[Senate Hearing 117-780]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]




                           


                                                        S. Hrg. 117-780
 
                           NOMINATION TO THE
                      FEDERAL MARITIME COMMISSION,
                     DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION,
                     AND THE DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

=======================================================================

                                HEARING

                               before the

                         COMMITTEE ON COMMERCE,
                      SCIENCE, AND TRANSPORTATION
                          UNITED STATES SENATE

                    ONE HUNDRED SEVENTEENTH CONGRESS

                             FIRST SESSION

                               __________

                            OCTOBER 20, 2021

                               __________

    Printed for the use of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and 
                             Transportation
                             
                             
                             
                             
   [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]                           
                             


                Available online: http://www.govinfo.gov
                
                
                
                            ______

             U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE 
 54-184-PDF             WASHINGTON : 2023 
 
          
                
                
                
                
       SENATE COMMITTEE ON COMMERCE, SCIENCE, AND TRANSPORTATION

                    ONE HUNDRED SEVENTEENTH CONGRESS

                             FIRST SESSION

                   MARIA CANTWELL, Washington, Chair
AMY KLOBUCHAR, Minnesota             ROGER WICKER, Mississippi, Ranking
RICHARD BLUMENTHAL, Connecticut      JOHN THUNE, South Dakota
BRIAN SCHATZ, Hawaii                 ROY BLUNT, Missouri
EDWARD MARKEY, Massachusetts         TED CRUZ, Texas
GARY PETERS, Michigan                DEB FISCHER, Nebraska
TAMMY BALDWIN, Wisconsin             JERRY MORAN, Kansas
TAMMY DUCKWORTH, Illinois            DAN SULLIVAN, Alaska
JON TESTER, Montana                  MARSHA BLACKBURN, Tennessee
KYRSTEN SINEMA, Arizona              TODD YOUNG, Indiana
JACKY ROSEN, Nevada                  MIKE LEE, Utah
BEN RAY LUJAN, New Mexico            RON JOHNSON, Wisconsin
JOHN HICKENLOOPER, Colorado          SHELLEY MOORE CAPITO, West 
RAPHAEL WARNOCK, Georgia                 Virginia
                                     RICK SCOTT, Florida
                                     CYNTHIA LUMMIS, Wyoming
                 Melissa Porter, Deputy Staff Director
       George Greenwell, Policy Coordinator and Security Manager
                 John Keast, Republican Staff Director
            Crystal Tully, Republican Deputy Staff Director
                      Steven Wall, General Counsel
                            C O N T E N T S

                              ----------                              
                                                                   Page
Hearing held on October 20, 2021.................................     1
Statement of Senator Cantwell....................................     1
Statement of Senator Wicker......................................     3
Statement of Senator Tester......................................    77
Statement of Senator Fischer.....................................    79
Statement of Senator Hickenlooper................................    84
Statement of Senator Thune.......................................    85
Statement of Senator Rosen.......................................    88
Statement of Senator Sullivan....................................    89
Statement of Senator Warnock.....................................    92
Statement of Senator Peters......................................    93
Statement of Senator Blackburn...................................    95

                               Witnesses

Hon, Ben Cardin, former U.S. Senator from Maryland...............     4
Max M. Vekich, Nominee to be a Commissioner, Federal Maritime 
  Commission.....................................................     5
    Prepared statement...........................................     7
    Biographical information.....................................     8
Christopher A. Coes, Nominee to be Assistant Secretary for 
  Transportation Policy, Department of Transportation............    17
    Prepared statement...........................................    18
    Biographical information.....................................    19
Laurie E. Locascio, Ph.D., Nominee to be Undersecretary of 
  Commerce for Standards and Technology, Department of Commerce; 
  and Director, National Institute of Standards and Technology...    30
    Prepared statement...........................................    31
    Biographical information.....................................    32

                                Appendix

Hon. Chris Van Hollen, U.S. Senator from Maryland, prepared 
  statement......................................................    99
Response to written questions submitted to Max M. Vekich by:
    Hon. Amy Klobuchar...........................................    99
    Hon. Kyrsten Sinema..........................................   100
    Hon. Roger Wicker............................................   101
    Hon. Mike Lee................................................   104
    Hon. Ron Johnson.............................................   106
    Hon. Shelley Moore Capito....................................   107
    Hon. Rick Scott..............................................   107
Response to written questions submitted to Christopher A. Coes 
  by:
    Hon. Maria Cantwell..........................................   108
    Hon. Amy Klobuchar...........................................   110
    Hon. Kyrsten Sinema..........................................   110
    Hon. Roger Wicker............................................   111
    Hon. Roy Blunt...............................................   111
    Hon. Mike Lee................................................   112
    Hon. Ron Johnson.............................................   114
    Hon. Shelley Moore Capito....................................   115
    Hon. Rick Scott..............................................   116
Response to written questions submitted to Dr. Laurie E. Locascio 
  by:
    Hon. Maria Cantwell..........................................   117
    Hon. Amy Klobuchar...........................................   118
    Hon. Kyrsten Sinema..........................................   119
    Hon. John Hickenlooper.......................................   121
    Hon. Raphael Warnock.........................................   121
    Hon. Roger Wicker............................................   122
    Hon. Roy Blunt...............................................   125
    Hon. Ron Johnson.............................................   125
    Hon. Shelley Moore Capito....................................   126
    Hon. Rick Scott..............................................   127


                           NOMINATION TO THE



                      FEDERAL MARITIME COMMISSION,



                     DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION,



                     AND THE DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

                              ----------                              


                      WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 20, 2021

                                       U.S. Senate,
        Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation,
                                                    Washington, DC.
    The Committee met, pursuant to notice, at 10:15, in room 
SR-253, Russell Senate Office Building, Hon. Maria Cantwell, 
Chair of the Committee, presiding.
    Present: Senators Cantwell [presiding], Klobuchar, 
Blumenthal, Peters, Rosen, Hickenlooper, Warnock, Wicker, 
Thune, Fischer, Moran, Sullivan, and Blackburn.

           OPENING STATEMENT OF HON. MARIA CANTWELL, 
                  U.S. SENATOR FROM WASHINGTON

    The Chair. We will now turn to today's Commerce committee 
hearing to consider the nomination of three individuals that 
will play critical roles in the advancing of our Nation's core 
infrastructure and enhancing the resiliency of the supply 
chain.
    I want to welcome the nominees and their families, so if 
they could come up to the dais and take a seat. First, we will 
consider the nomination of Dr. Laurie Locascio, who has been 
nominated to be the Deputy--to be the Department of Commerce 
Undersecretary of Standards and Technology, and who serves as 
the Director of the National Institute of Standards and 
Technology, or NIST.
    Dr. Locascio, welcome to you and your family. Senator 
Cardin will be providing a formal introduction, but I would 
also like to add a few words. NIST portfolio of work is 
expansive in setting standards for weights and measures it 
helps to provide--it helps to provide----
    [Laughter.]
    The Chair. That is what happens when you get attendance. 
OK. Provide common understanding of how to measure time, 
weight, and to ensure the safety of consumer products. NIST 
also provides critical guidance to companies on how to ensure 
cybersecurity and is tasked with establishing new Government 
industries, semiconductors research initiatives. The impact 
that our weakened supply chain has had on the semiconductor 
industry has exposed the need to reestablish manufacturing of 
most advanced semiconductor products in the United States, so 
we cannot afford to be dependent on other countries to access 
to this critical technology.
    The United States Innovation and Competitiveness Act, 
USICA, which I mentioned earlier, was passed in the Senate and 
included support for domestic semiconductor industry, and Dr. 
Locascio recently served as the Vice President of Research for 
the University of Maryland, where she was a professor and 
oversaw a $1 billion interdisciplinary research organization 
with 30 years of service, including a division as the Chief in 
Biochemical Sciences. I look forward to learning more about 
your work and the things that we have to tackle at NIST as we 
move forward in a very, very competitive environment.
    Next, we will consider the nomination of Max Vekich, who 
hails from the State of Washington to be the Commissioner of 
the Federal Maritime Commission. The Federal Maritime 
Commission is a critical, independent Federal agency that has 
the responsibility for ensuring that our ocean shipping and 
commerce remains fair and competitive. The importance of this 
Commission and the role that our nominee will fill is 
especially important in the light of overwhelming congestion at 
our ports.
    Port congestion is causing challenges not only for U.S. 
exporters attempting to bring their products to market, but 
also to companies trying to get imported goods off the ships 
and into the U.S. economy. The perspective and experience that 
Mr. Vekich will bring to this position of Commissioner is 
needed in this moment. He has a unique career, first serving as 
a member of the Washington legislature, followed by a long 
career as a longshoreman in Grays Harbor and in Seattle. And 
welcome to you and your wife, Marcy.
    We are glad you are here to take on this challenge. Mr. 
Vekich knows about port and shipping communities firsthand. He 
spent his life working in the maritime industry, knows the 
challenges faced by the maritime and intermodal transportation 
system, and I know he understands the importance of what a 
maritime economy is to the State of Washington's economy and 
knows how important it is to the Federal--to our national 
economy as well.
    Finally, we have the consideration the nominee of 
Christopher Coes to be Assistant Secretary for Policy at the 
Department of Transportation. I am sorry, is it Mr. Coes or 
Coose? Mr. Coes, welcome to you and your family. The Assistant 
Secretary of Policy serves as a key role in the development 
implementation of the Department's surface transportation 
policy initiatives. The position will be critical in 
implementing provisions of the Infrastructure Investment and 
Jobs Act, particularly the new multimodal freight initiatives 
by--created by this committee, and, if confirmed, will also be 
important adviser and aviation policy, especially the review of 
airport infrastructure programs.
    So, Mr. Coes currently serves as the Acting Assistant 
Secretary for Transportation Policy. Previously served as the 
Vice President for Land Use and Development at Smart Growth 
America, where he worked to build equitable and sustainable 
communities. In addition to his decade in this field, he will 
also bring a wealth of experience and transportation, community 
development and organizational development.
    So thank you to all the nominees for your willingness to 
serve. I also want to thank Senator Cardin for being here, but 
I am going to now call on the Ranking Member, Senator Wicker, 
for his opening statement.

                STATEMENT OF HON. ROGER WICKER, 
                 U.S. SENATOR FROM MISSISSIPPI

    Senator Wicker. Thank you, Senator Cantwell, for holding 
this hearing to consider the nominations of Max Vekich to be 
Commissioner of the Federal Maritime Commission, Mr. 
Christopher Coes to be the Assistant Secretary for 
Transportation Policy at the Department of Transportation, and 
Dr. Laurie Locascio to be the Undersecretary of Commerce for 
Standards and Technology and Director of the National Institute 
of Standards and Technology.
    Well over a year, the United States freight transportation 
system has been under unprecedented strain as ocean carriers, 
ports, truckers, railroads, and the transportation operators in 
between have struggled to move record volumes of freight. I 
want to applaud the transportation workers who have worked 
tirelessly throughout the pandemic to ensure that essential 
goods arrived safely and efficiently at their destination.
    Although many of the solutions to freight congestion will 
come from the private sector, the Federal Maritime Commission 
is the key Federal agency tasked with responding to these 
challenges. The role of the Maritime Commission--Commissioner 
has become more important than ever as the agency now oversees 
vast and complex freight operations, including reviewing ocean 
carrier agreements filed with the agency and rate and 
operational practices by carriers, marine terminal operators, 
and other stakeholders. So, I look forward to hearing Mr. 
Vekich's thoughts on the appropriate role of the Federal 
Government in addressing freight congestion issues and how his 
experience would support the Maritime Commission's oversight of 
the shipping sector.
    Mr. Coes has been serving as the Principal Deputy Assistant 
Secretary for Transportation Policy since January of this year, 
providing him with a valuable preview of the duties of 
Assistant Secretary. I hope Mr. Coes will share his views on 
how we can continue to improve our transportation system, 
including how the Federal Government can promote innovative 
safety technologies and ensure rural communities remain 
competitive. Dr. Locascio has noteworthy professional 
credentials as the President's nominee for Undersecretary of 
Commerce for Standards and Technology, and NIST Director.
    I am delighted that our colleague and friend, Senator 
Cardin, is here to speak more about her. Dr. Locascio is 
currently the Vice President for Research at the University of 
Maryland, but previously she spent 31 years, it is hard to 
believe, serving in various leadership roles at NIST. The 
agency's vital work in measurement and standards development 
promote U.S. innovation and competitiveness. NIST has a well 
earned a reputation for scientific excellence and thorough 
collaboration with industry, stakeholders.
    And I trust Dr. Locascio understands the critical need to 
uphold this reputation and prevent the agency from ever 
becoming politicized. I want to thank all the nominees for 
their willingness to serve and for their appearance before the 
Committee today, and again to thank my colleague, Senator 
Cardin. Thank you, Madam Chair.
    The Chair. Thank you, Senator Wicker. Again, welcome to 
Senator Cardin. Thank you for being here today and joining our 
committee. And we know you probably could speak a lot about the 
issues of all the nominees but thank you for being here for Dr. 
Locascio.

                 STATEMENT OF HON. BEN CARDIN, 
               FORMER U.S. SENATOR FROM MARYLAND

    Senator Cardin. Well, Madam Chair, Ranking Member Wicker, 
members of the Committee. I do want to thank all three of our 
nominees for their willingness to serve our country and thank 
them for putting up with our nomination process. So, we 
appreciate it very much in public service. It really is my 
honor, distinct pleasure to introduce Dr. Laurie Locascio, 
President Biden's nominee to serve as Undersecretary of 
Commerce for Standards and Technology. The Undersecretary also 
serves as Director of the National Institute of Standards and 
Technology, NIST, which is headquartered in Maryland and has a 
sound like campus in Boulder, Colorado.
    I have visited NIST many times, and I am proud that such a 
prestigious institution, one of the Nation's oldest physical 
sciences labs, is located in my home state. Congress 
established the agency in 1901 to remove a major challenge to 
U.S. industrial competitiveness at the time, measurement 
infrastructure that lagged behind the capabilities of the 
United Kingdom, Germany and other economic rivals. Its mission 
is to promote American innovation and industrial 
competitiveness. I cannot think of anyone more superbly 
qualified to lead this than Dr. Locascio. Dr. Locascio is the 
Vice President for Research at the University of Maryland 
College Park and the University of Maryland, Baltimore. That is 
where I got to know her best, and I saw the positive results of 
her talents.
    In this role, she oversees the University of Maryland's 
vibrant research and innovation enterprise, a combined $1.1 
billion in external research funding each year. She--her 
outstanding leadership has really made the work at the 
University of Maryland so critically important to our entire 
country. Dr. Locascio is responsible for the development of a 
large interdisciplinary research program technology, 
commercialization, innovation and economic development efforts, 
and strategic partnerships with industry, Federal, academic, 
and nonprofit collaborators.
    In other words, she brings all stakeholders together, which 
is exactly the type of leadership that we need at NIST. She is 
a professor in Maryland's Department of Engineering and in the 
Department of Pharmacology at the University of Maryland School 
of Medicine.
    Dr. Locascio received her bachelor's degree in chemistry 
from the James Madison University, a master's degree in 
bioengineering from the University of Utah, Ph.D. in toxicology 
from the University of Maryland, Baltimore. As a biomedical 
researcher, she has published more than 100 scientific papers, 
and she holds 12 patents. Dr. Locascio is a fellow of the 
American Chemical Society, American Institute for Medical and 
Biological Engineering, and the National Academy of Inventors. 
Dr. Locascio previously worked at NIST, as you both have 
pointed out, most recently as the Acting Principal Deputy 
Director and Associate Director responsible for leading the 
internal scientific research and laboratory programs across 
NIST's two campuses.
    So, she is eminently aware and qualified to lead this 
agency. She has a scientific, academic, and managerial 
experience to run this like an atomic clock, which incidentally 
is located at NIST. I can attest to Dr. Locascio's commitment 
to expanding the pipeline of diverse researchers at NIST, 
including those coming from HBCUs and minority serving 
institutions. This effort is critical to ensuring our future 
economic competitiveness as our Nation becomes more diverse. 
She is very well qualified to take on this responsibility.
    I thank her for her willingness to serve in this public 
position, and I urge the Committee to report her nomination 
expeditiously so Dr. Locascio can get to work. Thank you, Madam 
Chair.
    The Chair. Again, thank you, Senator Cardin, for being 
here. Certainly appreciate you taking time out to speak on 
behalf of this nominee. So thank you. We will now turn to our 
nominees for their opening statements. Again, thank you all for 
your willingness to serve. If you want to introduce anybody, 
family or friends that are here with you go ahead and do that, 
but you all have 5 minutes. And we will start with you, Mr. 
Vekich. And push a red button. Yes. Our buttons are----

   STATEMENT OF MAX M. VEKICH, NOMINEE TO BE A COMMISSIONER, 
                  FEDERAL MARITIME COMMISSION

    Mr. Vekich. Thank you. Chair Cantwell, Ranking Member 
Wicker, and members of the Committee, good morning. Thank you 
for this opportunity to appear before you and testify in 
support of my nomination to serve as a Commissioner on the 
Federal Maritime Commission. I am honored to be considered for 
this position and humbled the president's trust in me. I am 
pleased to be joined by my wife, Marcee Stone-Vekich. The 
values of public service were instilled in me at an early age 
when my father and uncles, all who fought in World War II.
    Throughout my life, I have sought ways to try and follow 
their example of service. To share a bit about me, I was raised 
in Aberdeen, Washington, a small rural seaport which on the 
West Coast has your reputation for being an industrious port. I 
inherited my father's love of ships and followed him to work on 
the docks as a longshoreman. I am proud that my son and 
daughter have chosen to make their livings as longshore workers 
in the Northwest Seaport Alliance.
    I am excited by the prospect of serving on the Federal 
Maritime Commission. This is an opportunity that will allow me 
to combine my 49 years of experience working in the maritime 
industry, my 8 years as State legislator, and my 15 years on 
the board of an international labor organization. I am 
confident these combined understandings provide me with a 
unique set of skills to consider the matters that come before 
the Commission. An overwhelmed supply chain with its consequent 
congestion, such as we see now, is an existential challenge to 
the national economy. My experience tells me if a logistics 
problem is not addressed, is left unaddressed, is likely to 
grow exponentially.
    I have accumulated five decades of hands-on experience 
working the waterfront, moving every sort of ocean cargo 
imaginable, imports and exports, containerized and bulk. I 
understand the value shipping brings to communities through the 
jobs it creates, the families it supports, and the revenues it 
generates. I recognize the important contribution that ocean 
link supply chains play in not only supporting American 
manufacturing and bringing goods to consumers, but also in 
providing the United States with an economic competitive 
advantage.
    The FMC is a competition enforcement agency rather than a 
utility regulator, but it plays an important role as an 
advocate for an efficient supply chain. I know that port 
congestion is on everyone's mind. I applaud Chairman Maffei's 
VOCC audit program, an examination the Commission has 
undertaken to investigate certain carrier surcharges. I am 
intrigued by Commissioner Dye's thoughts about commercial 
solutions to the supply chain congestion and her work on Fact 
Finding 29. Container return and the availability of expert 
containers are other areas where work needs to be done.
    The United States has so many excellent products to offer 
the world's markets. We should find ways to do everything we 
can to support our exporters. Throughout my career, I have been 
lucky enough to be associated with many export cargoes. I have 
helped export jeeps to China, soybean meal to the Philippines 
in Australia, corn to India, heavy equipment to Russia, wood 
products, potatoes and seafood to the Pacific Rim, to name just 
a few.
    If I am confirmed, I would support any Commission 
initiative designed to facilitate exports or address issues 
that export shippers face within the Commission's jurisdiction. 
I want to do everything I can to support American exports and 
American jobs. The FMC is comprised of five independent and co-
equal members. Each Commissioner brings their own skills and 
specialties to their duties.
    If confirmed, I envision my role as being able to provide a 
firsthand perspective of what is really involved in moving 
ocean freight. I understand the culture of the Commission is 
one of cooperation and cordiality, and I have enjoyed similar 
dynamics in the Washington legislature. Some of the best work I 
would--I did would not have been possible without engagement 
and collaboration. I am a Senior Supercargo, normally working 
the night and hoot shifts and the deepwater ports of Washington 
State. On the waterfront, we like to say, we run to the work. 
That is how I will approach my work as a Commissioner if I am 
fortunate enough to be confirmed.
    The FMC is frequently invoked in news stories reporting on 
supply chain problems, and I am still learning about parameters 
of the Commission's authorities in jurisdiction. I am an 
enthusiastic learner and will embrace the challenge of getting 
up to speed on what the agency can do to provide relief and 
improve cargo fluidity.
    Chair Cantwell, Ranking Member Wicker, if given the 
privilege to serve on the Federal Maritime Commission, I 
promise to follow the statutory requirements of the law. I 
pledge to you that I will be fully responsive and engaged with 
any demand or request of this committee.
    [The prepared statement and biographical information of Mr. 
Vekich follow:]

  Prepared Statement of Max M. Vekich, Nominee to be a Commissioner, 
                      Federal Maritime Commission
    Chair Cantwell, Ranking Member Wicker, and members of the 
committee, good morning.
    Thank you for this opportunity to appear before you and testify in 
support of my nomination to serve as a Commissioner on the Federal 
Maritime Commission. I am honored to be considered for this position 
and humbled by the President's trust in me.
    I am pleased to be joined by my wife, Marcee Stone-Vekich.
    The values of public service were instilled in me at an early age. 
My father and uncles all fought in World War II. Their experiences 
showed me the need for individuals to contribute in ways that benefit 
the many. Throughout my life, I have sought ways to try and follow the 
example of rendering service that was set by those who raised me.
    I am grateful to President Biden for nominating me to this position 
and appreciate his confidence, that if confirmed, I can make a 
contribution to the work of the Commission.
    To share a bit about me, I was raised in Aberdeen, WA, a small 
rural seaport, which on the West Coast has a reputation for being an 
industrious port. I inherited my father's love of ships and followed 
him to work on the docks, as a longshoreman. It was a gift to work with 
people who really knew how to work hard and work smart. I learned a lot 
from that experience and those old hands. Furthermore, this job allowed 
me to put myself through college, earning an associate's and bachelor's 
degrees. I am proud that my son and daughter have chosen to make their 
livings as longshore workers in the Northwest Seaport Alliance 
(Seattle-Tacoma).
    I am excited by the prospect of serving on the Federal Maritime 
Commission. This is an opportunity that will allow me to combine my 49 
years of experience working in the maritime industry, my eight years as 
a Legislator in the Washington State House of Representatives, and my 
15 years of executive work serving on the board of an international 
labor organization. I am confident that these combined understandings 
provide me with a particularly unique set of skills to consider matters 
that come before the Commission.
    An overwhelmed supply chain with its consequent congestion, such as 
we see now, is an existential challenge to the national economy. My 
experience tells me if a logistics problem is left unaddressed, it is 
likely to grow exponentially.
    I understand international trade and the shipping industry. I have 
accumulated five decades of ``hands on'' experience working the 
waterfront, moving every sort of ocean cargo imaginable--imports and 
exports, containerized, and bulk. I understand the value shipping 
brings to communities through the jobs it creates, the families it 
supports, and the revenues it generates. I recognize the important 
contribution that ocean-linked supply chains play in not only 
supporting American manufacturing and bringing goods to consumers, but 
also in providing the United States with an economic competitive 
advantage. I am anxious to contribute to keeping the supply chain and 
ocean shipping a vibrant, reliable international goods movement system.
    The FMC is a competition enforcement agency, rather than a utility 
regulator, but it plays an important role as an advocate for an 
efficient supply chain. I know that port congestion is on everyone's 
mind. I applaud Chairman Maffei's VOCC Audit Program to assess 
compliance with FMC rules on detention and demurrage. I also applaud 
the examination the Commission has undertaken to investigate surcharges 
of certain carriers making certain the fees were instituted properly. I 
am intrigued by Commissioner Rebecca Dye's thoughts about commercial 
solutions to the supply chain congestion and hope, if I am fortunate 
enough to be confirmed, I will be able to complement her work on that 
issue. I am especially interested in Fact Finding 29. Container return 
and the availability of export containers would be other areas I 
believe I could contribute to making progress that would benefit users 
of the system. Sending empty containers across the Pacific has always 
concerned me. I know repositioning equipment is necessary, but the 
United States has so many excellent products to offer the world's 
markets, we should find ways to do everything we can to support our 
exporters. I believe strongly in supporting exports and throughout my 
career, I have been lucky enough to be associated with many export 
cargoes. I have helped export Jeeps to China, soybean meal to the 
Philippines and Australia, corn to India, heavy equipment to Russia, 
wood products, potatoes, and seafood to the Pacific Rim to name just a 
few. If I am confirmed, I would support any Commission initiative 
designed to facilitate exports or address issues that export shippers 
face that are within the Commission's jurisdiction. I want to do 
everything I can to support American exports and American jobs.
    The FMC has a small, but key, role requiring cruise ships have the 
funds to reimburse consumers when appropriate. Passenger protection is 
always a good idea. I am glad to report that on October 8, 2021, I 
worked on The Norwegian ENCORE, an NCL cruise ship returning from 
Alaska. Safety protocols, some of the same ones advocated for by 
Commissioner Sola in Fact Finding 30, were followed. I am pleased that 
cruise ships are again calling communities in Alaska that were 
particularly hard-hit during the pandemic.
    The FMC is comprised of five independent and co-equal members. Each 
Commissioner brings their own skills and specialties to their duties. 
If confirmed, I envision my role as being able to provide a firsthand 
perspective of what is really involved in moving ocean freight. I also 
understand the culture of the Commission is one of cooperation and 
cordiality and I have enjoyed similar dynamics in the Washington 
Legislature. Some of the best work I did would not have been possible 
without engagement and collaboration.
    I am a Senior Supercargo normally working the night and hoot shifts 
in the deep-water ports of Washington state. On the waterfront we like 
to say, ``we run to the work.'' That is how I will approach my work as 
a Commissioner. The FMC is frequently invoked in news stories reporting 
on supply chain problems and I am still learning about parameters of 
the Commission's authorities and jurisdiction. I am an enthusiastic 
learner and will embrace the challenge of getting up to speed on what 
the agency can do to provide relief and improve cargo fluidity.
    Chair Cantwell and Ranking Member Wicker, if given the privilege to 
serve on the Federal Maritime Commission, I promise to follow the 
statutory requirements of the law in an objective and unbiased manner. 
Furthermore, I pledge to you that I will be fully responsive and 
engaged with any demand or request of this committee as you perform 
your legislative and regulatory oversight of the FMC.
                                 ______
                                 
                      a. biographical information
    1. Name (Include any former names or nicknames used):

        Max Milan Vekich
        Max Milan Vekich, Jr.
        Maxie

    2. Position to which nominated: Commissioner, Federal Maritime 
Commission.
    3. Date of Nomination: June 24, 2021.
    4. Address (List current place of residence and office addresses):

        Residence: Information not released to the public.
        Office: Information not provided.

    5. Date and Place of Birth: May 22, 1954; Aberdeen, Washington.
    6. Provide the name, position, and place of employment for your 
spouse (if married) and the names and ages of your children (including 
stepchildren and children by a previous marriage).

        Spouse: Marcella Stone-Vekich, Retired

        Children: Peter Frost Vekich--40

        Alexandra Upton Vekich--37

        Claire Elizabeth Donehue (stepdaughter)--33

    Note: Peter and Alexandra are my children with my first wife (Ivy 
Frost Vekich) who passed from cancer in 1995.
    7. List all college and graduate degrees. Provide year and school 
attended.

        Grays Harbor Community College, A.A. 1974
        University of Puget Sound, B.A. Political Science 1976

    8. List all post-undergraduate employment, and highlight all 
management-level jobs held and any non-managerial jobs that relate to 
the position for which you are nominated.

        2005 to present
        ILWU Supercargo Management, PMA Management
        Puget Sound and Coastal Ports

        2004-2005
        ILWU Marine Clerk, PMA
        Seattle, WA

        1983-2004
        A Registered Longshoreman, PMA
        Aberdeen, WA

        1983-1991
        Washington State Representative, State of Washington
        35th Legislative District

        1979-1983
        B Registered Longshoreman, PMA
        Aberdeen, WA

        1972-1979
        Casual Longshoreman, PMA
        Aberdeen, WA

    9. Attach a copy of your resume.
    See Attached.
    10. List any advisory, consultative, honorary, or other part-time 
service or positions with Federal, State, or local governments, other 
than those listed above, within the last ten years. None.
    11. List all positrons held as an officer, director, trustee, 
partner, proprietor, agent, representative, or consultant of any 
corporation, company, firm, partnership, or other business, enterprise, 
educational, or other institution within the last ten years.

        2020 to present, 2013-2018
        Member, Labor Relations Committee
        International Longshore Warehouse Union (ILWU) Local 52
        Seattle, WA

        2018-2019
        President
        International Longshore Warehouse Union (ILWU) Local 52
        Seattle, WA

        2003-2018
        International Executive Board Member
        Elected for Five Terms to represent Puget Sound and Coastal 
        Washington Area
        International Longshore Warehouse Union (ILWU)
        San Francisco, CA

    12. Please list each membership you have had during the past ten 
years or currently hold with any civic, social, charitable, 
educational, political, professional, fraternal, benevolent or 
religious organization, private club, or other membership organization. 
Include dates of membership and any positions you have held with any 
organization. Please note whether any such club or organization 
restricts membership on the basis of sex, race, color, religion, 
national origin, age, or handicap.
    None of the following organizations listed restricts membership on 
the basis of sex, race, color, religion, national origin, age, or 
handicap.

------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
------------------------------------------------------------------------
U.S. Naval Institute                      Current Member
Washington Arms Collectors                Life Member, 2021
Orders and Medals Society of America      Life Member, 2021
Catholic Relief Services                  2020 to present
Seattle Area Longshore Pensioner Club     2019 to present
Grays Harbor College Foundation,          2018 to present
 Aberdeen, WA
University of Puget Sound Alumni          2016 to present
 Association
34th Legislative District Democrats,      2008 to present
 Seattle, WA
Northwest Historical Miniature Gaming     1990 to present
 Society
Grays Harbor Historical Seaport,          1988 to present
 Aberdeen, WA
Beta Theta Pi Fraternity                  1974 to present
Croatian Fraternal Union                  1972 to present
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    13. Have you ever been a candidate for and/or held a public office 
(elected, non-elected, or appointed)? If so, indicate whether any 
campaign has any outstanding debt, the amount, and whether you are 
personally liable for that debt.
    Yes, I have been a candidate for and have held public office. I 
have no reason to believe the campaign has any outstanding debt.

------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Position      Date           Office          Jurisdiction       Debt
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Candidate         2009  Port of Seattle     King County, WA         None
                         Commission
Candidate         1994  Washington State    19th                    None
                         Representative      Legislative
                                             District
Candidate         1992  Washington State    19B Legislative         None
                         House of            District
                         Representatives
Candidate         1990  Washington State    35th                    None
                         House of            Legislative
                         Representatives     District
Public       1983-1991  Washington State    35th                    None
 Office                  House of            Legislative
                         Representatives     District
                         (4) 2-year terms
Candidate         1980  Washington State    19th                    None
                         Senate              Legislative
                                             District
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    14. List all memberships and offices held with and services 
rendered to, whether compensated or not, any political party or 
election committee within the past ten years. If you have held a paid 
position or served in a formal or official advisory position (whether 
compensated or not) in a political campaign within the past ten years, 
identify the particulars of the campaign, including the candidate, year 
of the campaign, and your title and responsibilities.
    None.
    15. Itemize all political contributions to any individual, campaign 
organization, political party, political action committee, or similar 
entity of $500 or more for the past ten years. Also list all offices 
you have held with, and services rendered to, a state or national 
political party or election committee during the same period.
        ILWU Political Action Fund
     $10 weekly donations from 2011 to 2021 (Donations never 
            exceeded $500/year).

                Federal Contributions over $500 Itemized
------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
------------------------------------------------------------------------
    2021     Patty Murray (D) U.S. Senate, WA                   $1000.00
    2020     Beth Doglio (D) WA-10th                            $ 550.00
    2020     Joe Biden (D) President                            $5800.00
    2019     Inslee for America (D), President                   $725.00
    2018     Jason Rittereiser for Congress, WA-8th              $500.00
    2018     Lisa Brown for Congress (D), WA-5th                 $500.00
    2018     Maria Cantwell (D) U.S. Senate, WA                 $1250.00
    2017     People for Patty Murray (D) U.S. Senate, WA        $1050.00
    2016     Udall for Us All (D) U.S. Senate, NM               $1125.00
    2016     Friends of Joe McDermott (D) WA-7th                 $700.00
    2015     Denny Heck for Congress (D) WA-10th                 $550.00
    2013     Begich for America (D) U.S. Senate, AK              $500.00
    2012     Obama for America (D) President                     $590.60
    2012     Maria Cantwell (D) U.S. Senate, WA                 $2150.00
------------------------------------------------------------------------


            State and Local Contributions over $500 Itemized
------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
------------------------------------------------------------------------
    2020     Jay Inslee (D) Governor, WA                       $1,570.00
    2020     Denny Heck (D) Lieutenant Governor, WA             $ 550.00
    2020     Dean Takko (D) State Senate--19th Legislative       $500.00
              District
    2019     Tom Quigg (NP) Port of Grays Harbor Commission      $500.00
    2018     Fred Felleman (NP) Port of Seattle (King            $500.00
              County, WA)
    2018     Shannon Braddock (D) State Senate--34th           $1,953.00
              Legislative District
    2017     Dow Constantine (NP) King County Executive, WA      $733.00
    2017     John Persak (NP) Port of Seattle (King County,      $600.00
              WA)
    2017     Lorena Gonzalez (NP) Seattle City Council           $510.00
              Position 9
    2017     Larry Brown (NP) Auburn City Council, WA            $500.00
    2016     Jay Inslee (D) Governor, WA                       $1,225.00
    2016     Tina Podlodowski (D) Secretary of State, WA         $525.00
    2015     Joe McDermott (NP) King County Council              $500.00
              District 8
    2015     Shannon Braddock (NP) Seattle City Council        $1,260.00
              District 1
    2015     John Persak (NP) Seattle City Council District      $500.00
              8
    2015     Leslie Harris (NP) Seattle School Board             $600.00
    2013     Peter Steinbreuck (NP) Mayor Seattle                $700.00
    2012     Randy Dorn (NP) WA Superintendent Public            $550.00
              Instruction
    2012     Jeff Davis (D) State Representative, WA--35th       $730.83
              Legislative District
    2012     Jay Inslee (D) Governor, WA                        $2929.00
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    16. List all scholarships, fellowships, honorary degrees, honorary 
society memberships, military medals, and any other special recognition 
for outstanding service or achievements.

------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1991                      Orders and Medals Society of America (OMSA)
                           Medal Best British Display Annual Convention
1991                      Citation of Outstanding Service, Washington
                           Dairy Farmers
1990                      Honorary Citizen City of Tacoma, Washington
1990                      Robert Gray Medal presented by WA State
                           Historical Society for distinguished
                           achievement in the field of Pacific NW
                           History
1990                      Washington Licensed Beverage Association
                           Legislator of the Year
1989                      Washington State Labor Council Legislator of
                           The Year 1989
1986                      WA Dairy Federation Legislator of the Year
1985                      National Rifle Association Legislator of the
                           Year
1980                      MVP Last Aberdeen-Hoquiam Thanksgiving Alumni
                           Game
1972-1974                 Phi Theta Kappa Honor Society
1974                      Twin Harbor Stevedore Safety Scholarship
1973                      Grays Harbor College Student Body President
                           Scholarship
1973                      ILWU Ladies Auxiliary #2 Scholarship
1973                      Norman Holmes GHC Memorial Scholarship
1972                      Grays Harbor College Choker Football full ride
                           scholarship
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    17. Please list each book, article, column, or publication you have 
authored, individually or with others. Also list any speeches that you 
have given on topics relevant to the position for which you have been 
nominated. Do not attach copies of these publications unless otherwise 
instructed.
Publications:
        Op-ed: ``Sonics Arena deal doesn't do enough to protect jobs'', 
        Westside Seattle, September 18, 2012:
        https://www.westsideseattle.com/ballard-news-tribune/2012/09/
        18/op-ed-sonics-arena-deal-doesnt-do-enough-protect-jobs

        Resolution: ''Renaming Maury Island'', Democratic Party of the 
        34th Legislative District Homepage, November 9, 2020 (Co-
        authored with Marcee Stone-Vekicb)
        https://34dems.org/proposed-renaming-maury-island/
Letters:
        https://www.ilwu.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/
        DispatcherDEC2020
        lores.pdf
Speeches:
    My political activity offered many opportunities to make numerous 
speeches, etc., many which may not be otherwise documented. The most 
accurate and representative sample of my speeches are cited below but 
there may be others that follow a similar context.

        Max Vekich Port of Seattle Candidate Address to Highland Park 
        Candidates' Forum, September 24, 2009 https://www.youtube.com/
        watch?v=p9wx_B2RVg0

        Max Vekich Port of Seattle Candidate Speech, Blue Festival, 
        Seattle, WA, 10/06/2009 https://www.youtube.com/
        watch?v=rCl9uOf_W-Y

        Max Vekich Port of Seattle Candidate at Young Voters League 
        Candidate Forum 2009 at Seattle Vocational Institute October 
        19, 2009 (3:42--5:14) https://www.youtube.com/
        watch?v=pWwkOmrtRjg

        Speech Lady Washington 25th Birthday July 3, 2013. Grays Harbor 
        Historical Seaport, Aberdeen, WA.
Part 1
        https://photos.google.com/share/AFlOipMZtLggaTmur5V-
        yapbMc2ZHMIEYpI
        KY65qNlbem21iuErYBPiwWemhbffpyjFP_g/photo/AFlQipOv-
        ls0ckkiJO_7zcWu
        lc6gFDduagG66jh4gM7v?key=RGVIZlVzb1FyR3hpNTFgdlRJeEJIRmtlS0dp
        ZDNn
Part 2
        https://photos.google.com/share/AFlOipMZtLggaTmur5V-
        yapbMc2ZHMIEYpI
        KY65gNlbem21iuErYBPlwWemhbfTpyjFP_g/photo/AF10ipPnnWXdCC-m_RF
        jwxOt9hrNvpGLfula4S5lDPv5?kev=RGVIZlVzb1FyR3hpNTFgdlRJcEJIRmtlS
        0dpZDNn
Endorsements:
        Senator Maria Cantwell Endorsing Max Vekich, September 29, 
        2009, Private Fundraiser https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-
        u0fbppw7DU

        Representative Jay Inslee (WA-JO) Endorsing Max Vekich, October 
        5, 2009 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UBf401NOW8c
Interviews (Quotes):
        https://www.foss.com/press-releases/foss-maritime-honored-for-
        safety-performance/

        https://westseattleblog.com/2016/06/air-pollution-annoyance-
        noise-truck-traffic-other-concerns-aired-at-second-hearing-for-
        terminal-5-review/

        https://westseattleblog.com/2015/01/arctic-drilling-support-
        fleet-at-west-seattles-termina1-5-after-impassioned -debate-
        port-commission-says-yes/

        https://www.seattlepi.com/seattlenews/slideshow/.King-County-
        Council-approves-Sodo-arena-46760.php--Photo

    18. List all digital platforms (including social media and other 
digital content sites) on which you currently or have formerly operated 
an account, regardless of whether or not the account was held in your 
name or an alias. Include the name of an ``alias'' or ``handle'' you 
have used on each of the named platforms. Indicate whether the account 
is active, deleted, or dormant. Include a link to each account if 
possible.

   Facebook
     facebook.com/max.vekich
     facebook.com/Max4OurPort

   Pinterest
     @maxvekich

   LinkedIn
     Dormant, unknown profile

    19. Please identify each instance in which you have testified 
orally or in writing before Congress in a governmental or non-
governmental capacity and specify the date and subject matter of each 
testimony.
    Subcommittee on Employer-Employee Relations, Committee on Education 
and the Work Force, U.S. House of Representatives, ``Emerging Trends in 
Employment and Labor Law: Labor Management Relations in a Global 
Economy'', October 2, 2002.
    20. Given the current mission, major programs, and major 
operational objectives of the department/agency to which you have been 
nominated, what in your background or employment experience do you 
believe affirmatively qualifies you for appointment to the position for 
which you have been nominated, and why do you wish to serve in that 
position?
    I possess forty-nine years of experience moving maritime cargo 
through ports and into the supply chain. I worked my way up the ladder 
from being a ``Casual Longshoreman'' loading lumber on the CALMAR to a 
``Senior Supercargo'' loading vessels like the M/V BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, 
the largest container ship to ever call the U.S. West Coast. The 
knowledge and insight I have gained over the course of my professional 
life makes me uniquely qualified to serve in a regulatory capacity of 
the shipping industry. Over the course of nearly five decades, I have 
worked with shipping lines, terminal operators, labor unions, and 
governmental bodies to include the U.S. Customs and Border Protection, 
the U.S. Coast Guard, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the U.S. Army 
Corps of Engineers, port authorities, local first responders, and many 
more.
    As I was contemplating retirement from the ILWU, I realized my 
experiences could be of use to our country. I have always felt a call 
to public service and offered my services to President Biden. I am 
humbled by his nomination to serve on the Federal Maritime Commission.
    21. What do you believe are your responsibilities, if confirmed, to 
ensure that the department/agency has proper management and accounting 
controls, and what experience do you have in managing a large 
organization?
    Every leader, myself included, is fully accountable to ensure that 
his or her organization is managed in a way that promotes transparent 
stewardship, to include external controls and audits. In the private 
sector, I have served on the Executive Board of a 60,000-member 
international union for fifteen years working with professional staff, 
including lawyers, accountants, research and fiscal analysts in 
addition to office, clerical and media personnel. Six of those years I 
served as a Trustee of the Board and was engaged with the officers in 
budgets and expenditures, performance, audits, investigations, and 
legal affairs.
    I did not conduct audits, but reviewed audit reports and made 
recommendations to the Board on audit findings. I reviewed budgets and 
expenditures of the Union and made recommendations to the Board on 
fiscal matters. I also worked with the twelve union locals within my 
area and advised them when requested or necessary on matters requiring 
my stewardship.
    I have worked with marine terminal managers conducting many 
different operations simultaneously. I have worked with various 
stakeholders to focus on the needs of the supply chain from wood 
product manufacturers to agricultural exporters, from timber companies 
to dairy farmers.
    Lastly, I will draw on my own public sector experience. I have 
chaired quite a variety of state legislative committees staffed by non-
partisan attorneys, analysts (research and fiscal) and clerks. I also 
had oversight responsibilities over state agencies' programs and their 
efficacy.
    22. What do you believe to be the top three challenges facing the 
department/agency, and why?
    The top three challenges and issues facing the shipping industry 
are: 1) consolidation of carriers and how that affects shippers and 
other constituencies; 2) better handling trade increases and cargo 
``surges''; and 3) the empty container conundrum caused by refusal to 
provide empty containers for exports out of the United States.
    The liner shipping business has changed a lot since I first started 
working as a longshoreman. Through mergers, consolidations, and 
bankruptcies, there are far fewer shipping companies today than there 
were in the 1960s. It is a legitimate question to ask if ``bigger is 
always better''. With fewer and much larger carriers, what is the 
consequence to shippers and the American economy? Furthermore, are 
regulations sufficient to keep the big guys honest? Many businesses do 
not like regulation--unless it is of their competitor. I see regulation 
as a necessity to keep the playing fields level. The maritime industry 
is a vital artery of our economy. All shippers need access to the 
services carriers provide. Recent events have brought attention to 
challenges exporters face in securing containers for their goods and 
space aboard ships, as well as the high costs for transporting 
commodities. This has been an especially frustrating problem for our 
agricultural producers. All the above are issues related to market 
forces. The FMC touches each, but the tools it possesses to address 
them are limited.
    The United States is currently experiencing a cargo surge that is 
unprecedented. Choke points in the system must be identified and 
eliminated. This is an ``all hands-on deck'' moment and the Commission 
has a role to play in addressing immediate responses to alleviate 
congestion as well as how to improve the system to mitigate future 
shocks. The concept of working terminals 24/7 would squeeze more 
capacity out of facilities without necessarily having to physically 
expand a port. The Commission should inventory its tools and resources 
to evaluate if this is enough or are additional approaches necessary. 
If confirmed, my experience on the waterfront will be a source of 
information for how the Commission might do its part to meet these 
current challenges.
                   b. potential conflicts of interest
    1. Describe all financial arrangements, deferred compensation 
agreements, and other continuing dealings with business associates, 
clients, or customers. Please include information related to retirement 
accounts.
    My arrangements are fully described in Part 3 of my Public 
Financial Disclosure Report.
    2. Do you have any commitments or agreements, formal or informal, 
to maintain employment, affiliation, or practice with any business, 
association or other organization during your appointment? If so, 
please explain. No.
    3. Indicate any investments, obligations, liabilities, or other 
relationships which could involve potential conflicts of interest in 
the position to which you have been nominated.
    In connection with the nomination process, I have consulted with 
the Office of Government Ethics and the Commission's Designated Agency 
Ethics Official to identify potential conflicts of interest. Any 
potential conflicts of interest will be resolved in accordance with the 
ethics agreement I have entered into with the Commission's Designated 
Agency Ethics Official and that has been provided to this Committee. I 
am not aware of any other potential conflicts of interest.
    4. Describe any business relationship, dealing, or financial 
transaction which you have had during the last ten years, whether for 
yourself, on behalf of a client, or acting as an agent, that could in 
any way constitute or result in a possible conflict of interest in the 
position to which you have been nominated.
    In connection with the nomination process, I have consulted with 
the Office of Government Ethics and the Commission's Designated Agency 
Ethics Official to identify potential conflicts of interest. Any 
potential conflicts of interest will be resolved in accordance with the 
ethics agreement I have entered into with the Commission's Designated 
Agency Ethics Official and that has been provided to this Committee. I 
am not aware of any other potential conflicts of interest.
    5. Identify any other potential conflicts of interest, and explain 
how you will resolve each potential conflict of interest.
    In connection with the nomination process, I have consulted with 
the Office of Government Ethics and the Commission's Designated Agency 
Ethics Official to identify potential conflicts of interest. Any 
potential conflicts of interest will be resolved in accordance with the 
ethics agreement I have entered into with the Commission's Designated 
Agency Ethics Official and that has been provided to this Committee. I 
am not aware of any other potential conflicts of interest.
    6. Describe any activity during the past ten years, including the 
names of clients represented, in which you have been engaged for the 
purpose of directly or indirectly influencing the passage, defeat, or 
modification of any legislation or affecting the administration and 
execution of law or public policy.
    I have participated as an ILWU Representative on Pacific Northwest 
Waterway Association (PNWA) visits to Washington, D.C. The purpose of 
these trips was to provide information to Pacific Northwest lawmakers 
interested in hearing from all stakeholders regarding Western water 
policy. I have also partnered with supply chain entities to advocate 
for transportation infrastructure and improvement. I attended these as 
a rank-and-file ILWU member. Over the years, policymakers have also 
informally sought my advice or opinion on various matters.
                            c. legal matters
    1. Have you ever been disciplined or cited for a breach of ethics, 
professional misconduct, or retaliation by, or been the subject of a 
complaint to, any court, administrative agency, the Office of Special 
Counsel, professional association, disciplinary committee, or other 
professional group? If yes:

  a.  Provide the name of agency, association, committee, or group;

  b.  Provide the date the citation, disciplinary action, complaint, or 
        personnel action was issued or initiated;

  c.  Describe the citation, disciplinary action, complaint, or 
        personnel action;

  d.  Provide the results of the citation, disciplinary action, 
        complaint, or personnel action.

    No.
    2. Have you ever been investigated, arrested, charged, or held by 
any Federal, State, or other law enforcement authority of any Federal, 
State, county, or municipal entity, other than for a minor traffic 
offense? If so, please explain. No.
    3. Have you or any business or nonprofit of which you are or were 
an officer ever been involved as a party in an administrative agency 
proceeding, criminal proceeding, or civil litigation? If so, please 
explain, No.
    4. Have you ever been convicted (including pleas of guilty or nolo 
contendere) of any criminal violation other than a minor traffic 
offense? If so, please explain. No.
    5. Have you ever been accused, formally or informally, of sexual 
harassment or discrimination on the basis of sex, race, religion, or 
any other basis? If so, please explain. No.
    6. Please advise the Committee of any additional information, 
favorable or unfavorable, which you feel should be disclosed in 
connection with your nomination.
                     d. relationship with committee
    1. Will you ensure that your department/agency complies with 
deadlines for information set by congressional committees? Yes.
    2. Will you ensure that your department/agency does whatever it can 
to protect congressional witnesses and whistleblowers from reprisal for 
their testimony and disclosures? Yes.
    3. Will you cooperate in providing the Committee with requested 
witnesses, including technical experts and career employees, with 
firsthand knowledge of matters of interest to the Committee? Yes.
    4. Are you willing to appear and testify before any duly 
constituted committee of the Congress on such occasions as you may be 
reasonably requested to do so? Yes.
                                 ______
                                 
 
                                 
                                 

    The Chair. Thank you, Mr. Vekich. Thank you for--I just 
have to say, since we have served together in the Washington 
Legislature, very proud moment for us, for the State of 
Washington to have you here. For me, I feel like your statement 
hit the mark about what our Washington economy is about.
    And I would say that maybe we should get a list of all the 
products that you have moved for members of this committee 
because our ports move so many of them, but that was a good 
list. Mr. Coes, thank you very much. Look forward to your 
opening--your statement.

        STATEMENT OF CHRISTOPHER A. COES, NOMINEE TO BE

         ASSISTANT SECRETARY FOR TRANSPORTATION POLICY,

                  DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

    Mr. Coes. Chairman Cantwell, Ranking Member Wicker, members 
of this committee, I am humbled and honored to appear before 
you today as the nominee for Assistant Secretary for 
Transportation Policy for the U.S. Department of 
Transportation. I want to thank the President and Secretary 
Buttigieg for their trust in nominating me for this role. It is 
indeed a privilege of a lifetime. I would like to also take 
this opportunity to thank my amazing wife who is here today, 
and my mother, family, and many friends who are watching 
online. But I also would like to acknowledge the prayers, the 
aspirations, and sacrifices that those that came before me who 
paved the way for me to sit in front of you today.
    I have been a transportation, safety and economic 
development advocate since my youth. Growing up in Thomasville, 
a small rural community in Southwest Georgia, I saw firsthand 
and experienced the benefits of smart transportation 
investments and the impacts of decades of disinvestment on the 
economic, the health, and the social mobility of individuals 
and communities. For example, while waiting at a red light, my 
mother was hit by a speeding drunk driver. She was disabled and 
no longer pursued her own ambitions.
    Without any alternatives, I spent much of my youth as a 
caretaker for my mother and my aging great grandmother who 
relied on me walking or biking to do every day errands, at 
times on unpaved roads or while dodging car traffic. My 
experience is not unique. Many communities, rural and urban 
lack basic infrastructure or affordable and safe access to 
everyday destinations.
    Fortunately, my community and its surrounding rural areas 
banded together to bring broadband to thousands of residents 
and businesses. I leveraged these investments to enhance my own 
education and took advantage of new opportunities, including 
working here in Congress as an intern to Congressman Sanford 
Bishop and also as a part of the Congressional Black Caucus 
Foundation internship program. See, this is a great example of 
how smart infrastructure investments can ensure not only rural 
communities like mine no longer have digital dirt roads but can 
change lives.
    I have dedicated my career to advancing policies and 
public-private partnerships to ensure that all Americans, 
particularly those in rural communities and small towns like 
Thomasville, have the ability to live, work, and play in 
healthy, vibrant, and equitable communities. Since January 20, 
I have served as the Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary for 
Transportation Policy. In these last few months, I have worked 
with some of the most dedicated and professional public 
servants at the Department to manage the Office of the 
Assistant Secretary for Transportation Policy.
    Together, we are advising the Secretary on surface 
transportation reauthorization, leading many of the 
Department's multimodal initiatives to improve safety, to 
advance transportation equity, to address climate change, and 
foster innovation for the future. Prior to joining the Biden-
Harris Administration, I served as Campaign Adviser and Deputy 
Director for Transportation for America, Founding Executive 
Director of LOCUS, and as Vice President at Smart Growth 
America.
    While at Smart Growth America, I and my colleagues 
developed market data research on the impact of transportation 
and land use investments on local and regional economic, 
climate, and social equity performance. I have worked with--
closely with Federal agencies, including U.S. DOT, to support 
local community efforts to advance smart and equitable 
transportation investments, MP3s, such as the National 
Opportunities Zones Academy, U.S. DOT's Transit-Oriented 
Development Technical Assistance, and LadderSTEP Pilot Cities 
Programs.
    I also had the privilege to work with this committee in 
Congress in a bipartisan manner to ensure local communities had 
access to funding and financing tools to rebuild their rail 
infrastructure, promote road safety, and encourage greater 
private investment to build transit or in development and rural 
main streets. Building on these efforts will be critical to 
ensuring housing and particularly transportation options are 
available to average Americans and businesses.
    President Biden and Secretary Buttigieg have made combating 
COVID-19, creating high quality American jobs, fixing our 
crumbling infrastructure, reconnecting long divided 
communities, combating climate change as our Administration's 
top priorities. If confirmed, it would be an honor to continue 
this work with Congress on these efforts.
    Chair Cantwell, Ranking Member Wicker, and the members of 
this committee, thank you again for this opportunity to be 
here, and I will be pleased to answer any questions you may 
have. Thank you.
    [The prepared statement and biographical information of Mr. 
Coes follow:]

  Prepared Statement of Christopher A. Coes, Nominee to be Assistant 
 Secretary for Transportation Policy, U.S. Department of Transportation
    Chair Cantwell, Ranking Member Wicker and Members of the Committee, 
I am humbled and honored to appear before you today as the nominee for 
Assistant Secretary for Transportation Policy for the U.S. Department 
of Transportation.
    I want to thank the President and Secretary Buttigieg for their 
trust in nominating me for this role. It's a privilege of a lifetime.
    I would like to take this opportunity to thank my amazing wife, 
Candice, who is here today and my mother, family and friends who are 
watching online. I would also like to acknowledge the prayers, 
aspirations and sacrifices of those that came before me who paved the 
way for me to sit in front you today.
    I have been a transportation safety and economic development 
advocate since my youth. Growing up in Thomasville, a small rural 
community in southwest Georgia, I saw firsthand and experienced the 
benefits of smart infrastructure investments and the impacts of decades 
of disinvestment on the economic, health and social mobility of 
individuals and communities.
    For example, while waiting at a red light, my mother was hit by a 
speeding drunk driver. She was disabled and no longer able to pursue 
her own ambitions. Without any alternatives, I spent much of my youth 
as caretaker for my mother and great-grandmother, who relied on me 
walking or biking to do every day errands, at times on unpaved roads or 
while dodging car traffic. My experience is not unique. Many 
communities, rural and urban, lack basic infrastructure or affordable 
and safe access to every day destinations.
    Fortunately, my community and its surrounding rural areas, banded 
together to bring broadband to thousands of residents and businesses. I 
leveraged these investments to enhance my own education and took 
advantage of new opportunities, including working here in Congress as 
an intern with Congressman Sanford Bishop as part of the Congressional 
Black Caucus Foundation Internship Program.
    This is a great example of how smart infrastructure investments can 
not only ensure rural communities, like mine, no longer have digital 
dirt roads, but can change lives.
    I have dedicated my career to advancing policies and public private 
partnerships to ensure that all Americans, particularly those in rural 
and small-town communities like Thomasville, have had the ability to 
live, work and play in healthy, vibrant and equitable communities.
    Since January 20, 2021, I have served as the Principal Deputy 
Assistant Secretary for Transportation Policy. In the last few months, 
I have worked with some of the most dedicated and professional public 
servants at the Department to manage the Office of Assistant Secretary 
for Transportation policy.
    Together, we are advising the Secretary on surface transportation 
reauthorization and leading many of the Department's multimodal 
initiatives to improve safety, advance transportation equity, address 
climate change and foster innovation.
    Prior to joining the Biden-Harris Administration, I served as a 
Senior Campaign Advisor and Deputy Director for Transportation for 
America, founding Executive Director for LOCUS, and Vice President at 
Smart Growth America.
    While at Smart Growth America, I worked to develop market data 
research on the impact of transportation and land use investments on 
local and regional economic, climate and social equity performance.
    I worked closely with Federal agencies, including U.S. DOT, to 
support local communities' efforts to advance smart and equitable 
transportation investments and public-private partnerships, such as the 
National Opportunity Zones Academy, USDOT's Transit-Oriented 
Development Technical Assistance and LadderSTEP Pilot Cities programs.
    I also had the privilege to work with this Committee and Congress 
in a bipartisan manner to ensure local communities had access to 
funding and financing tools to rebuild their rail infrastructure, 
promote road safety and encourage greater private investment to build 
transit-oriented development (TOD). This type of development is 
critical to ensuring housing and transportation options are affordable 
to the average American.
    President Biden and Secretary Buttigieg have made combating COVID-
19, creating high-quality American jobs, fixing our crumbling roads, 
bridges and rail infrastructure, reconnecting long divided communities 
and combating climate change as this Administration's top priorities. 
If confirmed, it would be an honor to continue to work with Congress on 
these efforts.
    Chair Cantwell, Ranking Member Wicker, and Members of the 
Committee, thank you again for the opportunity to be here. I would be 
pleased to answer any questions you may have.
                                 ______
                                 
                      a. biographical information
    1. Name (Include any former names or nicknames used): Christopher 
A. Coes.
    2. Position to which nominated: Assistant Secretary for 
Transportation Policy.
    3. Date of Nomination: April 22, 2021.
    4. Address (List current place of residence and office addresses):

        Residence: Information not released to the public.
        Office: 1200 New Jersey Ave, SE, Washington, DC 20590.

    5. Date and Place of Birth: August 22, 1983 and Thomasville, GA.
    6. Provide the name, position, and place of employment for your 
spouse (if married) and the names and ages of your children (including 
stepchildren and children by a previous marriage).

        Candice D. Cooks, Manager for Lending Compliance and 
        Underwriting, Bank-Fund Staff Federal Credit Union, Washington, 
        DC (Spouse)

    7. List all college and graduate degrees. Provide year and school 
attended.

        St. John's University, Bachelor of Arts, Government and 
        Politics 2001-2005
        St. John's University, Master of Arts, 2005-2006

    8. List all post-undergraduate employment, and highlight all 
management-level jobs held and any non-managerial jobs that relate to 
the position for which you are nominated. Managerial and non-managerial 
jobs related to position are highlighted in gray below:

        US Department of Transportation
        Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary for Transportation Policy
        Washington, DC
        January 2021 to present

        George Washington University
        Professor
        Washington, DC
        January 2020 to present

        Brookings Institution, (non-paid, volunteer position)
        Nonresident Senior Fellow--Metropolitan Policy Program
        Washington, DC
        September 2020-January 2021

        Smart Growth America
        Vice President, Land Use and Development
        August 2018-January 2021
        Vice President, Real Estate, Policy and External Affairs
        September 2016-2018

                (Other SGA-related positions)
                TOD Finance and Advisors, Inc. (a SGA subsidiary)
                President & COO and Member of Board of Directors
                Washington, DC
                September 2016-January 2021

                LOCUS (a program of Smart Growth America)
                Executive Director
                November 2010-January 2021
                Washington, DC

        M+R Strategic Services
        Consultant June 2009-Nov 2010
        Senior Associate May 2008-May 2009
        Washington, DC

                (Other M+R related positions)
                Senior Campaign Advisor (in consulting capacity) July 
                2010-December 2010
                Deputy Director (in consulting capacity) May 2008-June 
                2010
                Transportation for America
                Washington, DC

        DCCC
        Research Analyst
        Washington, DC
        Mar 2007-May 2008

        Lois Murphy for Congress
        County Organizer
        Chester County, PA
        July-Nov 2006

        Parliamentarians for Global Action
        International Law Research Assistant
        New York, NY
        Jan-June 2006

        St. John's University
        Research Assistant
        New York, NY
        Aug 2005-June 2006

        Congressional Black Caucus Foundation, Inc.
        Congressional Intern for Rep. Sanford Bishop (GA-03)
        Washington, DC
        May-Aug 2005

    9. Attach a copy of your resume. See attached.
    10. List any advisory, consultative, honorary, or other part-time 
service or positions with Federal, State, or local governments, other 
than those listed above, within the last ten years. N/A.
    11. List all positions held as an officer, director, trustee, 
partner, proprietor, agent, representative, or consultant of any 
corporation, company, firm, partnership, or other business, enterprise, 
educational, or other institution within the last ten years.

   TOD Finance and Advisors, Inc (SGA-owned corporation) 
        President & COO and Board of Directors, May 2016-January 2021

   Up for Growth, Board of Directors, 2020-2021

   AAREP, Board of Directors, 2016-2021; Treasurer, 2017-April 2021

    12. Please list each membership you have had during the past ten 
years or currently hold with any civic, social, charitable, 
educational, political, professional, fraternal, benevolent or 
religiously affiliated organization, private club, or other membership 
organization. (For this question, you do not have to list your 
religious affiliation or membership in a religious house of worship or 
institution.). Include dates of membership and any positions you have 
held with any organization. Please note whether any such club or 
organization restricts membership on the basis of sex, race, color, 
religion, national origin, age, or disability.

    Real Estate Executive Council, Member, Chair of Partnership and 
        Advocacy May 2017-February 2021

   Urban Land Institute Member (2010 to present), member of TOD Product 
        Council (2015-2021)

   The Gathering Spot, Member (in Washington, D.C.) (2020 to present)

    13. Have you ever been a candidate for and/or held a public office 
(elected, non-elected, or appointed)? If so, indicate whether any 
campaign has any outstanding debt, the amount, and whether you are 
personally liable for that debt. No.
    14. List all memberships and offices held with and services 
rendered to, whether compensated or not, any political party or 
election committee within the past ten years. If you have held a paid 
position or served in a formal or official advisory position (whether 
compensated or not) in a political campaign within the past ten years, 
identify the particulars of the campaign, including the candidate, year 
of the campaign, and your title and responsibilities.

 Stacey Abrams for Governor, Volunteer, Albany, GA, November 2018
 Andrew Gillum for Governor, Volunteer, Tallahassee, FL, November 2018

    15. Itemize all political contributions to any individual, campaign 
organization, political party, political action committee, or similar 
entity of $200 or more for the past ten years.
Federal Elections
  Biden for President, $550, 2020.

   While I made very limited contributions to individual political 
        contributions over $200 over the past 10 years, the aggregate 
        amount of my contributions to certain entities has exceeded 
        $200 during individual campaign cycles. Those contributions are 
        listed below by date.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
     Committee  Name         Report  Year          Type           Employer              Date             Amount
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ACTBLUE                              2018          INDIVIDUAL           SGA            9/22/2018 0:00        100
ACTBLUE                              2018          INDIVIDUAL           SGA            9/10/2018 0:00         50
BIDEN FOR                            2020          INDIVIDUAL           SGA             7/1/2020 0:00        100
PRESIDENT
ACTBLUE                              2020          INDIVIDUAL           SGA            2/29/2020 0:00        100
BIDEN FOR                            2020          INDIVIDUAL           SGA            7/22/2020 0:00         25
PRESIDENT
BIDEN FOR                            2020          INDIVIDUAL           SGA            7/22/2020 0:00        100
PRESIDENT
ACTBLUE                              2020          INDIVIDUAL           SGA            6/18/2020 0:00        100
ACTBLUE                              2020          INDIVIDUAL           SGA             6/3/2020 0:00        100
ACTBLUE                              2020          INDIVIDUAL           SGA            7/22/2020 0:00         25
ACTBLUE                              2020          INDIVIDUAL           SGA             7/1/2020 0:00        100
ACTBLUE                              2020          INDIVIDUAL           SGA            7/22/2020 0:00        100
BIDEN FOR                            2020          INDIVIDUAL           SGA            8/22/2020 0:00        100
PRESIDENT
BIDEN FOR                            2020          INDIVIDUAL           SGA            10/7/2020 0:00         25
PRESIDENT
BIDEN FOR                            2020          INDIVIDUAL           SGA            9/22/2020 0:00        100
PRESIDENT
ACTBLUE                              2020          INDIVIDUAL           SGA            10/7/2020 0:00         50
ACTBLUE                              2020          INDIVIDUAL           SGA            10/7/2020 0:00         25
BIDEN FOR                            2020          INDIVIDUAL           SGA           10/22/2020 0:00        100
PRESIDENT
ACTBLUE                              2020          INDIVIDUAL           SGA           10/22/2020 0:00        100
ACTBLUE                              2020          INDIVIDUAL           SGA            11/9/2020 0:00      33.34
ACTBLUE                              2020          INDIVIDUAL           SGA            11/9/2020 0:00      33.33
ACTBLUE                              2020          INDIVIDUAL           SGA            11/9/2020 0:00      33.33
ACTBLUE                              2020          INDIVIDUAL           SGA            11/3/2020 0:00        2.5
ACTBLUE                              2020          INDIVIDUAL           SGA            11/3/2020 0:00        2.5
ACTBLUE                              2020          INDIVIDUAL           SGA            9/22/2020 0:00        100
ACTBLUE                              2020          INDIVIDUAL           SGA           11/28/2020 0:00         35
ACTBLUE                              2020          INDIVIDUAL           SGA            12/9/2020 0:00      33.33
ACTBLUE                              2020          INDIVIDUAL           SGA            12/9/2020 0:00      33.34
ACTBLUE                              2020          INDIVIDUAL           SGA            12/9/2020 0:00      33.33
ACTBLUE                              2020          INDIVIDUAL           SGA            8/22/2020 0:00        100
ACTBLUE                              2021          INDIVIDUAL           SGA             1/9/2021 0:00      33.33
ACTBLUE                              2021          INDIVIDUAL           SGA             1/9/2021 0:00      33.34
ACTBLUE                              2021          INDIVIDUAL           SGA             1/9/2021 0:00      33.33
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
State Elections: Stacey Abrams for Governor, $400, 2018
NOTE: The entries listed here are the result of electronic searches (e.g., FEC.gov) and reflect the best of my
  recollection. Should any additional contributions be identified, I will promptly let the Committee know.

    16. List all scholarships, fellowships, honorary degrees, honorary 
society memberships, military medals, and any other special recognition 
for outstanding service or achievements.

   Phi Sigma Alpha Honor Society

   Elks Lounge Public Speaking Scholarship

   Xerox Award

   St. Vincent de Paul Service Scholarship

   Omicron Delta Kappa Society

   President's Society

   Ronald McNair Scholar and Graduate Scholarship

   AAREP DC Emerging Leader Award 2015-2016

    17. Please list each book, article, column, Internet blog posting, 
or other publication you have authored, individually or with others. 
Include a link to each publication when possible. Also list any 
speeches that you have given on topics relevant to the position for 
which you have been nominated. Do not attach copies of these 
publications unless otherwise instructed.

 
  Publication/Organization/
            Topic                  Date                Source
 
AARP Livable Lesson:                  2021  https://www.aarp.org/livable-
 Equitable Development                       communities/livable-in-
                                            action/info-2021/video-
                                             christopher-coes-
                                             equity.html
NAIOP Pittsburgh and                  2021  Nothing written, but was
 Philadelphia                                recorded. Recording
                                             unavailable at this time.
The Great Real Estate Reset           2020  https://www.brookings.edu/
                                             essay/the-great-real-estate-
 
                                            reset-a-data-driven-
                                             initiative-to-remake-how-
                                             and-what-we-build/
Day One Project: Leverage TOD         2020  https://
 Loan program to accelerate                  www.dayoneproject.org/post/
 Recovery                                    leverage-transit-
                                            oriented-development-loan-
                                             programs-to-accelerate-
                                             equitable
                                            -economic-
                                             recovery#::text=Christophe
                                             r%,20Coes%20is
                                            %20the%20Vice,to%20build%20e
                                             guitable%2C%20
                                            sustainable%20communities.
The National Opportunity              2018  https://
 Zones Ranking Report                        smartgrowthamerica.org/
                                             sprawl-or-smart-growth-the-
                                             future-of-opportunity-zones
Example of OZ PPT                     2019  https://www.nhmrealtors.com/
                                             wp-content/uploads/2019/
                                            12/COES-New-Haven-Middlesex-
                                             OZ-Presentation-
                                            Slides.pdf
Interview at the DNC w/the            2016  https://
 Hill                                        smartgrowthamerica.org/
                                             locus-director-christopher
                                            -coes-talks-walkable-
                                             development-at-democratic-
                                             national-convention/
AARP Webinar: Future of               2018  https://www.aarp.org/livable-
 Equitable, Walkable                         communities/livable-in
 Neighborhoods                              -action/info-2019/the-future-
                                             of-equitable-walkable-
                                            neighborhoods-webinar.html
Next Stop: Making Transit                   https://www.youtube.com/
 Oriented Development Work                   watch?v=U5MyuWSu9T8
NAR: Planning for OZ                  2019  https://www.nar.realtor/
 investments                                 videos/planning-for-
                                             opportunity
                                            -zones-investments-2019-
                                             realtors-legislative-
                                             meetings
McAllen Tx OZ Summit (NAR)            2019  https://www.facebook.com/
                                             watch/?v=417153565837638
Gateway Cities Innovation             2019  https://massinc.org/2019/12/
 Awards Summit                               04/christopher-coes-four
                                            -crazy-ideas-to-catalyze-tod/
 
Mitigating Displacement from          2016  https://www.youtube.com/
 Transportation Investments''                watch?v=khRC--aRNYw
 session at 2016
 Transportation & Communities
 Summit.
Transformational Transit              2016  https://
 Summit 2016                                 connecthamptonroads.com/
                                             events/
                                            transformational-transit-
                                             summit/
Making TOD work for Rhode             2018  https://www.youtube.com/
 Island--Growth Smart RI                     watch?v=U5MyuWSu9T8&t=7s
The Promise and Peril of              2019  No written or recorded
 Opportunity Zones                           speech
NJ Governor's Conference--       2018-2019  No written or recorded
 Opportunity Zones Panel                     speech. https://re-nj.com/
                                             deve-
                                            lopers-state-officials-face-
                                             dual-task-with-opportunity-
                                             zone
                                            -projects/
NAR Opportunity Panel Series     2018-2019  Spoke to State and regional
                                             NAR affiliates on
                                             Opportunity Zones and Smart
                                             Infrastructure--Texas,
                                             Connecticut, Massachusetts,
                                             Chicago
 
NOTE: The items identified for the most up-to-date list of publications
  and speeches--to the best of my ability. If additional publications or
  speeches are identified following the submission of this
  questionnaire, I will promptly let the Committee know.

    18. List all digital platforms (including social media and other 
digital content sites) on which you currently or have formerly operated 
an account, regardless of whether or not the account was held in your 
name or an alias. Include the name of an ``alias'' or ''handle'' you 
have used on each of the named platforms. Indicate whether the account 
is active, deleted, or dormant Include a link to each account if 
possible.

   Facebook https://www.facebook.com/christophercoes (active)

   Twitter https://twitter.com/ChristopherCoes (active)

   Instagram instagram.com/ccoes202 (active)

   Pinterest @ccoesl935 (active)

   Snapchat metagen912 (deleted)

   LinkedIn https://www.linkedin.com/in/christopher-coes/

    19. Please identify each instance in which you have testified 
orally or in writing before Congress in a governmental or non-
governmental capacity and specify the date and subject matter of each 
testimony.

        1. Testimony to Senate, EPW, 2017
        https://www.epw.senate.gov/public/cache/files/c/6/c64ff7c0-
        096d9c-4b71-8e03
        -a8c20037dafd/0C1E091FA8DE4595ADE33D7CFD6278FF.christopher-
        coes-testi
        mony-07.12.17.pdf

        2. Testimony to House, Budget, 2019
        https://budget.house.gov/sites/democrats.budgethouse.gov/files/
        documents
        /Coes_Testimony_0.pdf

        3. Organizational Letter to House Budget on State of the 
        Highway Trust Fund.
        Surface Transportation Finance and the Highway Trust Fund, 
        February, 2012

    20. Given the current mission, major programs, and major 
operational objectives of the department/agency to which you have been 
nominated, what in your background or employment experience do you 
believe affirmatively qualifies you for appointment to the position for 
which you have been nominated, and why do you wish to serve in that 
position?
    For approximately fifteen years, I have dedicated my career to 
ensuring all Americans can live, work, and play in healthy, vibrant and 
equitable communities. I have served as the Principal Deputy Assistant 
Secretary for Transportation Policy since January 2021. In my Principal 
Deputy Assistant Secretary position I perform many of the chief 
responsibilities and duties of the Assistant Secretary for 
Transportation policy, including advising the Secretary on 
reauthorization proposals, managing the Department's INFRA and RAISE 
discretionary grant programs, and managing many of the Department's 
multimodal initiatives to improve safety, equity and access to the 
Department's Federal resources for disadvantaged and rural communities.
    Prior to joining the Biden-Harris Administration, I served as a 
Senior Campaign Advisor and Deputy Director for the Transportation for 
America (the largest transportation reform coalition), founding 
Executive Director for LOCUS (a national coalition of responsible real 
estate developers and investors), and Vice President for Land Use and 
Development at Smart Growth America. While at Smart Growth America, I 
advised cities and the private sector on sustainable transportation 
policy and equitable economic development, including serving as an 
advisor to USDOT's LadderSTEP Pilot Cities and FTA's Transit Oriented 
Development Technical Assistance programs. If confirmed, I will 
continue to leverage this valuable experience in my role at the 
Department of Transportation.
    21. What do you believe are your responsibilities, if confirmed, to 
ensure that the department/agency has proper management and accounting 
controls, and what experience do you have in managing a large 
organization?
    For the last four months, I have had the privilege to serve as the 
Acting Assistant Secretary in my role as the Principal Deputy Assistant 
Secretary for Transportation Policy. In this role, I have worked 
closely with the Office of the Under-Secretary and the Department's 
budget and management teams to ensure effective stewardship of budget 
and personnel management is occurring. If confirmed, I will continue to 
work closely with the Under Secretary for Transportation, and the 
management and budget staff to ensure effective budget stewardship and 
excellence.
    22. What do you believe to be the top three challenges facing the 
department/agency, and why?

  (1)  Safety is the number one priority at the Department. Whether in 
        rural, suburban or urban communities, the Department must be 
        committed to reducing the growing number of transportation-
        related crashes and fatalities, particularly in disadvantage 
        and rural communities. Additionally, the Department must 
        continue its leadership in ensuring safe, affordable, and 
        reliable movement of people and goods to combat the COVID-19 
        public health crisis and help spark an equitable and robust 
        economic recovery that secures America's economic future.

  (2)  Addressing the growing decline in transportation affordability. 
        Over the last decade, American middle to low-income household's 
        annual transportation costs have been on the rise. The 
        Administration recognizes that improving affordable access to 
        economic opportunity, services, and healthcare through an 
        integrated and fiscally responsible plan while providing 
        greater investments in local and regional mobility solutions is 
        key to improving the quality of life and economic 
        competitiveness.

  (3)  The Administration has made equity and climate key priorities. 
        For both, transportation will play a significant role in 
        advancing equity, climate, and mitigation outcomes. It will be 
        important to target Federal resources to disadvantaged 
        communities, including Tribal and rural, to ensure these 
        communities have the capacity to address the disparities of the 
        past as well meet the opportunities and challenges of the 21st 
        century, particularly in the clean energy economy. If 
        confirmed, I will continue to work with Congress on surface 
        reauthorization legislation while supporting the President and 
        Secretary's efforts to pursue the enactment of the American 
        Jobs Plan. The enactment of this Plan will help to reconnect 
        thriving communities and ensure Federal transportation 
        investments not only reduce greenhouse gas emissions and air 
        pollution but also produce the good paying jobs of the future 
        here in the United States.
                   b. potential conflicts of interest
    1. Describe all financial arrangements, deferred compensation 
agreements, and other continuing dealings with business associates, 
clients, or customers. Please include information related to retirement 
accounts.
    I do not have any financial arrangements, deferred compensation 
agreements, or other continued dealings with my former employer. I 
rolled my former employer-sponsored John Hancock retirement account 
into an IRA as of May 2, 2021.
    2. Do you have any commitments or agreements, formal or informal, 
to maintain employment, affiliation, or practice with any business, 
association or other organization during your appointment? If so, 
please explain. No.
    3. Indicate any investments, obligations, liabilities, or other 
relationships which could involve potential conflicts of interest in 
the position to which you have been nominated. Explain how you will 
resolve each potential conflict of interest.
    In connection with the nomination process, I have consulted with 
the Office of the Government Ethics and the Department of 
Transportation's Designated Agency Ethics Official to identify 
potential conflicts of interest. Any potential conflicts of interest 
will be resolved in accordance with the terms of the ethics agreement I 
have entered into with DOT's Designated Agency Ethics Official and that 
has been provided to this Committee. I am not aware of any other 
potential conflicts of interest.
    4. Describe any business relationship, dealing, or financial 
transaction which you have had during the last ten years, whether for 
yourself, on behalf of a client, or acting as an agent, that could in 
any way constitute or result in a possible conflict of interest in the 
position to which you have been nominated. Explain how you will resolve 
each potential conflict of interest.
    In connection with the nomination process, I have consulted with 
the Office of the Government Ethics and the Department of 
Transportation's Designated Agency Ethics Official to identify 
potential conflicts of interest. Any potential conflicts of interest 
will be resolved in accordance with the terms of the ethics agreement I 
have entered into with DOT's Designated Agency Ethics Official and that 
has been provided to this Committee. I am not aware of any other 
potential conflicts of interest.
    5. Identify any other potential conflicts of interest, and explain 
how you will resolve each potential conflict of interest.
    In connection with the nomination process, I have consulted with 
the Office of the Government Ethics and the Department of 
Transportation's Designated Agency Ethics Official to identify 
potential conflicts of interest. Any potential conflicts of interest 
will be resolved in accordance with the terms of the ethics agreement I 
have entered into with DOT's Designated Agency Ethics Official and that 
has been provided to this Committee. I am not aware of any other 
potential conflicts of interest.
    6. Describe any activity during the past ten years, including the 
names of clients represented, in which you have been engaged for the 
purpose of directly or indirectly influencing the passage, defeat, or 
modification of any legislation or affecting the administration and 
execution of law or public policy.
    While working for SGA, I occasionally met with Members of Congress 
and congressional staff, wrote and provided testimony to Congress, and 
served as a subject matter expert on matters related to brownfields, 
community development, equitable and walkable communities, climate and 
mitigation, surface transportation reauthorization, safety, public 
transportation, transit-oriented development, public private 
partnerships and innovative financing, including DOT Federal credit 
assistance programs.
                            c. legal matters
    1. Have you ever been disciplined or cited for a breach of ethics, 
professional misconduct, or retaliation by, or been the subject of a 
complaint to, any court, administrative agency, the Office of Special 
Counsel, professional association, disciplinary committee, or other 
professional group? No.
    If yes:

  a.  Provide the name of agency, association, committee, or group;

  b.  Provide the date the citation, disciplinary action, complaint, or 
        personnel action was issued or initiated;

  c.  Describe the citation, disciplinary action, complaint, or 
        personnel action;

  d.  Provide the results of the citation, disciplinary action, 
        complaint, or personnel action.

    2. Have you ever been investigated, arrested, charged, or held by 
any Federal, State, or other law enforcement authority of any Federal, 
State, county, or municipal entity, other than for a minor traffic 
offense? If so, please explain. No.
    3. Have you or any business or nonprofit of which you are or were 
an officer ever been involved as a party in an administrative agency 
proceeding, criminal proceeding, or civil litigation? If so, please 
explain. No.
    4. Have you ever been convicted (including pleas of guilty or nolo 
contendere) of any criminal violation other than a minor traffic 
offense? If so, please explain. No.
    5. Have you ever been accused, formally or informally, of sexual 
harassment or discrimination on the basis of sex, race, religion, or 
any other basis? If so, please explain. No.
    6. Please advise the Committee of any additional information, 
favorable or unfavorable, which you feel should be disclosed in 
connection with your nomination. None.
                     d. relationship with committee
    1. Will you ensure that your department/agency complies with 
deadlines for information set by congressional committees, and that 
your department/agency endeavors to timely comply with requests for 
information from individual Members of Congress, including requests 
from members in the minority? Yes.
    2. Will you ensure that your department/agency does whatever it can 
to protect congressional witnesses and whistle blowers from reprisal 
for their testimony and disclosures? Yes.
    3. Will you cooperate in providing the Committee with requested 
witnesses, including technical experts and career employees, with 
firsthand knowledge of matters of interest to the Committee? Yes.
    4. Are you willing to appear and testify before any duly 
constituted committee of the Congress on such occasions as you may be 
reasonably requested to do so? Yes.
                                 ______
                                 
 
                                 
                                 

    The Chair. Thank you, Mr. Coes. And again, thank you for 
your willingness to serve and will definitely have some 
questions for you related to our congestion challenges. Dr. 
Locascio, welcome. Thank you very much.

            STATEMENT OF LAURIE E. LOCASCIO, Ph.D.,

          NOMINEE TO BE UNDERSECRETARY OF COMMERCE FOR

            STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY, DEPARTMENT OF

  COMMERCE; AND DIRECTOR, NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND 
                           TECHNOLOGY

    Ms. Locascio. Thank you. Chair Cantwell, Ranking Member 
Wicker, distinguished members of the Committee, it is my great 
honor to appear before you today as Nominee for the Director of 
National Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST, and the 
Undersecretary of Commerce for Standards and Technology. And I 
really want to thank Senator Cardin for his remarks. Before I 
begin, I am proud to introduce my three sons, Peyton, Paul, and 
Patrick, who took time off to be here with me today. My sons 
are all hardworking individuals employed in industries that 
have been incredibly demanding during the pandemic, and I am 
glad they could join me.
    I am excited about the possibility of returning to NIST and 
humbled to be nominated to lead it. In my long tenure there, I 
saw the entirety of the organization. I understand its unique 
mission and its unrelenting focus on excellence. NIST helps 
U.S. industries compete and supports the great innovation 
economy for which America is known. I recognize the great 
responsibility of leading one of the world's premier scientific 
agencies when the power of science to change the world has 
never been so necessary and apparent.
    Our understanding and treatment of disease during this 
pandemic progressed with the speed that had no historical 
precedent. This is because our ability to understand the 
science of biology and the engineering behind biomanufacturing 
has intensified and accelerated in recent years. And science 
and engineering accelerate when we develop better tools and 
processes to make more sensitive and reliable measurements. 
NIST contributes to this progress with advanced measurement 
science and tools that push the boundaries of scientific 
discovery in areas like bioscience and quantum computing and 
AI.
    Ensuring NIST's continued pursuit of scientific and 
technical excellence will be a priority for me, if confirmed. 
The NIST mission is vital. I know that the work done by this 
agency is central to global competitiveness for both existing 
and emerging industries. Much in the way that the famed Bell 
Labs was the innovation engine for the telecom industry in the 
last century, the NIST labs have a longstanding reputation as 
the innovation engine for key industries in the U.S. And NIST's 
relentless pursuit of the best measurement science is the basis 
of U.S. innovation.
    NIST measurements and standards are trusted worldwide and 
underpin our commercial trade. And furthermore, NIST focuses on 
the health of all of our industries, contributes to quality of 
life in the U.S. that is unparalleled. From my background, you 
can see that I have experience as a researcher and inventor, a 
leader in standards and overseeing large scientific 
organizations. If confirmed, I will also lead manufacturing 
programs that are critical to the Nation's success.
    Manufacturing is a priority for me that draws upon my 
roots. I grew up in a small town in the foothills of the 
Appalachian Mountains in the region covered by Western 
Maryland, West Virginia, and Pennsylvania. And my dad was a 
physicist in West Virginia, and my mom worked for a 
pediatrician in Maryland. My town had a thriving manufacturing 
base that was decimated in the 1980s, leaving its population 
struggling for jobs.
    As a result, the town dwindled in size and has struggled to 
recover, and we must bring manufacturing back to places like my 
hometown all over America. The NIST Manufacturing Extension 
Partnership, MEP, and Manufacturing USA programs work in 
coordination with every state in the U.S. to help make that 
happen. If I am confirmed, I will work with this committee to 
support a thriving manufacturing base in all areas of this 
country.
    In this worldwide distributed economy, there is no reason 
why some parts of America should be left behind. I worked at 
NIST for three decades, and it provided me with a rich 
environment in which to learn and grow and excel, and NIST 
supported me when being a female leader in science was not well 
accepted. I have used that experience to build inclusive 
organizational cultures and to promote diversity in science and 
scientific leadership, knowing that success and innovation 
depends on our ability to engage everyone in creating 
solutions.
    The employees at NIST who help that organization meet as 
broad and unique mission, work with integrity, independence, 
and innovation. These are dedicated public servants who have an 
impact on our economy that ripples across the U.S. and the 
world.
    If confirmed, it would be my great honor to work with them, 
this committee, and stakeholders to lead that agency. Thank 
you, and I look forward to answering your questions.
    [The prepared statement and biographical information of Ms. 
Locascio follow:]

  Prepared Statement of Laurie E. Locascio, Ph.D., Nominee for Under 
  Secretary of Commerce for Standards and Technology, Director of the 
             National Institute of Standards and Technology
    Chair Cantwell, Ranking Member Wicker, Distinguished Members of the 
Committee, it is my great honor to appear before you today as nominee 
for Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology 
(NIST) and Undersecretary of Commerce for Standards and Technology.
    Before I begin, I am proud to introduce my three sons--Payton, 
Paul, and Patrick--who took time off work to be with me here today. My 
sons are all wonderful, hardworking individuals employed in industries 
that have been incredibly demanding during the pandemic--cybersecurity, 
food and beverage service, and behavioral health counseling.
    I am excited about the possibility of returning to NIST and humbled 
to be nominated to lead it. In my long tenure there I saw the entirety 
of the organization. I understand its unique mission and its 
unrelenting focus on excellence. NIST helps U.S. industries compete and 
supports the great innovation economy for which America is known.
    I recognize the great responsibility of leading one of the world's 
premier scientific agencies when the power of science to change the 
world has never been so necessary and apparent. Our understanding and 
treatment of disease during this pandemic progressed with a speed that 
had no historical precedent. This is because our ability to understand 
the science of biology and the engineering behind biomanufacturing has 
intensified and accelerated in recent years. Science and engineering 
accelerate when we develop better tools and processes to make more 
sensitive and reliable measurements. NIST contributes to this progress 
with advanced measurement science and tools that push the boundaries of 
scientific discovery in areas like bioscience, quantum computing, and 
AI. Ensuring NIST's continued pursuit of scientific and technical 
excellence will be a priority for me if confirmed.
    The NIST mission is vital: I know that the work done by this agency 
is central to global competitiveness for both existing and emerging 
industries. Much in the way that the famed Bell Labs was the innovation 
engine for the telecom industry in the last century, the NIST Labs have 
a longstanding reputation as the innovation engine for key industries 
in the U.S.
    NIST's relentless pursuit of the best measurement science is the 
basis of U.S. innovation. NIST measurements and standards are trusted 
worldwide and underpin our commercial trade. Furthermore, NIST's focus 
on the health of all our industries contributes to a quality of life in 
the U.S. that is unparalleled.
    From my background, you can see that I have experience as a 
researcher, an inventor, a leader in standards, and overseeing large 
scientific organizations. If confirmed, I will also lead manufacturing 
programs that are critical to the Nation's success. Manufacturing is a 
priority for me that draws from my roots. I grew up in a small town in 
the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains in the region covered by 
western Maryland, West Virginia and Pennsylvania. My dad was a 
physicist in West Virginia, and my mom worked for a pediatrician in 
Maryland. My town had a thriving manufacturing base that was decimated 
in the 1980s, leaving its population struggling for jobs. As a result, 
the town dwindled in size and has struggled to recover. We must bring 
manufacturing back to places like my hometown all over America. The 
NIST Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP) and Manufacturing USA 
programs work in coordination with every state in the U.S. to help make 
that happen. If I am confirmed, I will work with this committee to 
support a thriving manufacturing base in all areas of the country. In 
this worldwide distributed economy, there is no reason why some parts 
of America should be left behind.
    I worked at NIST for three decades, and it provided me with a rich 
environment in which to learn, grow and excel. NIST supported me when 
being a female leader in science was not well accepted. I have used 
that experience to build inclusive organizational cultures and to 
promote diversity in science and scientific leadership knowing that 
success and innovation depends on our ability to engage everyone in 
creating solutions.
    The employees at NIST who help the organization meet its broad and 
unique mission work with integrity, independence, and innovation. These 
are dedicated public servants who have an impact on our economy that 
ripples across the U.S. and the world. Maintaining the caliber and 
increasing the diversity of that superb workforce is vital to NIST's 
future. If confirmed, it would be an honor to work with them, this 
Committee, and stakeholders to lead the agency.
    Thank you for inviting me here today, and I look forward to 
answering your questions.
                                 ______
                                 
                      a. biographical information
    1. Name (Include any former names or nicknames used):
    Laurie Ellen Locascio; former name used: Laurie Ellen Brown.
    2. Position to which nominated: Undersecretary of Commerce for 
Standards and Technology.
    3. Date of Nomination: July 20, 2021.
    4. Address (List current place of residence and office addresses):

        Residence: Information not released to the public.
        Office: University of Maryland, 2133 Lee Building, College 
        Park, MD 20742.

    5. Date and Place of Birth: November 21, 1961; Cumberland, MD.
    6. Provide the name, position, and place of employment for your 
spouse (if married) and the names and ages of your children (including 
stepchildren and children by a previous marriage).
    Spouse: N/A
    7. List all college and graduate degrees. Provide year and school 
attended.

        Ph.D. TOXICOLOGY, May 1999, University of Maryland at 
        Baltimore, summa cum laude

        M.Sc. BIOENGINEERING, June 1986, University of Utah, cum laude

        B.Sc. CHEMISTRY, May 1983, James Madison University, magna cum 
        laude

    8. List all post-undergraduate employment, and highlight all 
management-level jobs held and any non-managerial jobs that relate to 
the position for which you are nominated.

        Vice President for Research, University of Maryland

        Acting Principal Deputy Director to the NIST Director and 
        Acting Associate Director for Laboratory Programs, NIST

        Director, Material Measurement Laboratory, NIST

        Division Chief, Biochemical Science Division, NIST

        Group Leader, NIST

        Contractor, University of Maryland

    9. Attach a copy of your resume.
    Attached.
    10. List any advisory, consultative, honorary, or other part-time 
service or positions with Federal, State, or local governments, other 
than those listed above, within the last ten years.

        Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Physical and Life 
        Sciences Directorate External Review Committee: Member and 
        Chair

        Life Sciences Advisory Board, Maryland Department of Commerce: 
        Member

        National Science and Technology Council, Subcommittee on the 
        Material Genome Initiative (Co-Chair, led and implemented first 
        National Strategy, 2013-2015)

        National Science and Technology C-0unci4 Subcommittee on 
        Biological Defense Research and Development (2012)

        Georgia Tech Research Corporation: Board of Trustees Georgia 
        Tech Applied Research Corporation: Board of Trustees University 
        of Maryland Enterprise Corporation: President

        M Square Research Park Inc.: President

    11. List all positions held as an officer, director, trustee, 
partner, proprietor, agent, representative, or consultant of any 
corporation, company, firm, partnership, or other business, enterprise, 
educational, or other institution within the last ten years.

        Precision Nano Assembly LLC (Co-Founder)--2021, in process of 
        dissolving company

        University of Maryland Enterprise Corporation (Chairperson and 
        President)--2017 to present

        M Square Research Park Inc. (Chairperson and President)--2017 
        to present

        University of Maryland College Park Foundation Board of 
        Trustees (Ex Officio Member)--2017 to present

        Georgia Tech Research Corporation Board of Trustees--2020-2021

        Georgia Tech Applied Research Corporation Board of Trustees--
        2020-2021

        LGC Inc. Science Advisory Board (Chair)--stepped down on July 
        19, 2021

        Association of Public and Land Grant Universities. Council on 
        Research Executive Committee--2019 to present

        Chemical and Biological Microsystems Society (Founding 
        Director)--2008-2011

        World Materials Research Institutes Forum (President)--2016-
        2017

        American Chemical Society, Analytical Division (Chair)--2006-
        2008

        U.S. Pharmacopoeia Council of Experts Nominating Committee--
        2009

        ASTM International Board of Directors--2016

        Global Biological Standards Institute Scientific Advisory 
        Council--2014-2017

        Analytical Chemistry (journal) Editorial Advisory Board--2003-
        2005

    12. Please list each membership yon have had during the past ten 
years or currently hold with any civic, social, charitable, 
educational, political, professional, fraternal, benevolent or 
religiously affiliated organization, private club, or other membership 
organization. (For this question, you do not have to list your 
religious affiliation or membership in a religious house of worship or 
institution.). Include dates of membership and any positions you have 
held with any organization. Please note whether any such club or 
organization restricts membership on the basis of sex, race, color, 
religion, national origin, age, or disability.

        National Academy of Inventors: Fellow and Member--2020

        American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering: 
        Fellow and Member American Chemical Society: Fellow and 
        Member--2016 to present

        Council on Competitiveness, Technology Leadership and Strategy 
        Initiative (TLSI), Working Group I-Developing and Deploying at 
        Scale Disruptive Technologies: Member and co-chair--2019 to 
        present

        Association of Public and Land Grant Universities, Council on 
        Research: Executive Committee Member--2019 to present

        Association of American Universities, Senior Research Officers' 
        Steering Committee: Member--2021

        Sigma Xi: Member--2009-2010, 2021
Social
        Opus Yoga Studio

        Yoga Bliss Yoga Studio

    13. Have you ever been a candidate for and/or held a public office 
(elected, non-elected, or appointed)? If so, indicate whether any 
campaign has any outstanding debt, the amount, and whether you are 
personally liable for that debt. No.
    14. List all memberships and offices held with and services 
rendered to, whether compensated or not, any political party or 
election committee within the past ten years. H you have held a paid 
position or served in a formal or official advisory position (whether 
compensated or not) in a political campaign within the past ten years, 
identify the particulars of the campaign, including the candidate, year 
of the campaign, and your title and responsibilities. None.
    15. Itemize all political contributions to any individual, campaign 
organization, political party, political action committee, or similar 
entity of$200 or more for the past ten years. None.
    16. List all scholarships, fellowships, honorary degrees, honorary 
society memberships, military medals, and any other special recognition 
for outstanding service or achievements.

        National Academy of Inventors: Fellow

        American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering: 
        Fellow

        American Chemical Society: Fellow

        NIST Gallery of Distinguished Scientists

        Washington Academy of Sciences Award, Distinguished Career in 
        Sciences Engineering Sciences, 2017

        American Chemical Society National Award: Earle B. Barnes Award 
        for Leadership in Chemical Research Management sponsored by the 
        Dow Chemical Company Foundation, 2017

        NIST Safety Award for leadership, 2016

        Analytical Scientist--The Power List Top 50 Influential Women, 
        2016

        ANSI Meritorious Service Award, 2014

        Sigma Xi Distinguished Lectureship, 2009-2010

        American Chemical Society Division of Analytical Chemistry 
        Arthur F. Findeis Award, 2008

        ASTM Distinguished Service Award, June 2006

        U.S. Department of Commerce Silver Medal Award, November 2006

        NIST Technical Achievement Award, October 2006

        U.S. Department of Commerce Bronze Medal Award, November 1991

        NIST Applied Research Award, 1993

        National Tour Speaker for the Society of Applied Spectroscopy, 
        1993-1994

        Certificate of Recognition, Department of Commerce, NBS, 
        September 1990

        Certificate of Recognition, Department of Commerce, NIST, 
        September 1989

        Certificate of Recognition, Department of Commerce, NIST, 
        September 1987

    17. Please list each book, article, column, Internet blog posting, 
or other publication you have authored, individually or with others. 
Include a link to each publication when possible. Also list any 
speeches that you have given on topics relevant to the position for 
which you have been nominated. Do not attach copies of these 
publications unless otherwise instructed.
(archival journals)
    1. Locascio, L. E.; Janata, J. ``Integrated Systems for 
Potentiometric Stripping Determinations'' Anal. Chim. Acta 1987, 194, 
99-107.
    2. Locascio-Brown, L.; Plant, A. L.; Durst, R. A. ''Use of 
Liposomes in Flow Injection Systems'' Anal. Chem. 1988, 60, 792-797.
    3. Plant, A. L.; Locascio-Brown, L.; Brizgys, M. V.; Durst, R. A. 
``Liposome-Enhanced Flow Injection Immunoanalysis'' Bio/Tech 1988, 6, 
266-269.
    4. Locascio-Brown, L.; Plant, A. L.; Durst, R. A. ``Liposome-Based 
Flow Injection Immunoassay System, Accuracy in Trace Analysis-
Accomplishments, Goals, Challenges'' J. Res. NIST 1988, 93(6), 663-665.
    5. Durst, R.A.; Locascio-Brown, L.; Plant, A.L.; Brizgys, M.V. 
``Liposome Enhanced Flow Injection Immunoanalysis'' Clin. Chem. 1988, 
34, 1700-1701.
    6. Plant, A. L.; Brizgys, M. V.; Locascio-Brown, L; Durst, R. A. 
``Generic Liposome Reagents for Immunoassays'' Anal. Biochem. 1989, 
176, 420-428.
    7. Locascio-Brown, L.; Brizgys, M. V.; Plant, A. L.; Durst, R. A. 
``Radiometric and Fluorometric Determination of Aminosilanes and 
Protein Covalently Bound to Thermally Pretreated Glass Surfaces'' Anal. 
Chim. Acta 1990, 228, 107-116.
    8. Locascio-Brown, L.; Plant, A. L.; Durst, R. A. ``Liposome Flow 
Injection Immunoanalysis: Implications for Sensitivity, Dynamic Range, 
and Antibody Regeneration'' Anal. Chem. 1990, 62(23), 2587-2593.
    9. Plant, A.; Locascio-Brown, L.; Choquette, S.J.; Durst, R.A. 
``Interaction of Liposomes with Solid-Phase Antibodies'' J. Cell. 
Biochem. Suppl. 14 Pat B 1990, 366.
    10. Plant, A. L.; Locascio-Brown, L; Durst, R. A. ``Immobilization 
of Binding Proteins on Monporous Supports: Comparison of Protein 
Loading, Activity and Stability'' Appl. Biochem. Biotech. 1991, 30,83-
98.
    11. Yap, W. T.; Locascio-Brown, L; Plant, A. L.; Choquette, S. J.; 
Horvath, W.; Durst, R. A. ``Liposome Flow Injection Immunoassay: 
Theoretical Analyses of Competitive Immunoreactions Involving Univalent 
and Multivalent Ligands'' Anal. Chem. 1991, 63(18), 2007-2011.
    12. Choquette, S. J.; Locascio-Brown, L;, Durst, R. A. ``Planar 
Waveguide Immunosensor with Fluoresent Liposome Amplification'' Anal. 
Chem. 1992, 64(1), 55-60.
    13. Locascio-Brown, L; Chesler, R.; Kroll, M.; Plant, A. L.; Durst, 
R. A. ``Determination of Theophylline in Serum by Liposome-Based Flow 
Injection Immunoassay'' Clin. Chem. 1993, 39, 386-391.
    14. Locascio-Brown. L.; Choquette, S. J.; ``Immunosensing in FIA 
Using Liposome Amplification for the Measurement of Estrogens'' Talanta 
1993, 40 (12), 1899-1904.
    15. Choquette, S.J; Locascio-Brown, L. ``Thermal Detection of 
Enzyme Labe1led Antigen Antibody Complexes Using Fiber Optic 
Interferometry''Sensors and Actuators B 1994, 22, 89-96.
    16. Locascio-Brown, L;, Martynova, L.; Christensen, R.G.; Horvai, 
G. ``Flow Injection Immunoassay using Solid Phase Entrapment'' Anal. 
Chem 1996, 68(9), 1665-1670.
    17. Roberts, M.R.; MacCrehan, W.A; Locascio-Brown, L. ``Behavior of 
Liposomes in Capillary Electrophoresis'' Anal. Chem. 1996, 68(19), 
3434-3440.
    18. Martynova, L.; Locascio, L.E.; Gaitan, M.; Kramer, G.W.; 
Christensen, R.G.; MacCrehan, W.A. ``Fabrication of Plastic Microfluid 
Channels by Imprinting Methods'' Anal. Chem. 1997, 69 (23), 4783-4789.
    19. Locascio, L.E; Perso, C.E.; Lee, C.S. ``Measurement of 
Electroosmotic Flow in Plastic Imprinted Microfluid Devices and the 
Effect of Protein Adsorption on Flow Rate'' J Chromatography A 1999, 
857, 275-284.
    20. Branham, M.L.; MacCrehan, W.A.; Locascio, L.E. ``Chemical 
Mapping of Imprinted Plastic Microchannel Surfaces using Group Specific 
Fluorescent Probes, J Capillary Electrophor. Microchip Technol. 1999, 6 
(1/2), 43-50.
    21. Xu, J.; Locascio, L; Gaitan, M.; Lee, C., ``Room Temperature 
Imprinting Method for Plastic Microchannel Fabrication'' Anal. Chem. 
2000, 72, 1930-1933.
    22. Rasmussen, A.; Gaitan, M.; Locascio, L.E.; Zaghoul, M. 
''Fabrication Techniques to Realize CMOS-compatible Microfluidic 
Microchannels'' J MEMS 2000, J0: (2), 286-297.
    23. Barker, S.L.R.; Tarlov, M. J.; Canavan, H.; Hickman, J.J.; 
Locascio, L.E. ``Plastic Microfluidic Devices Modified with 
Polyelectrolyte Multilayers'' Anal. Chem. 2000, 72(20), 4899-4903.
    24. Barker, S.L.R.; Ross, D.; Tarlov, M.; Locascio, L.E. ``Control 
of Flow Direction in Microfluid Devices with Polyelectrolyte 
Multilayers'' Anal. Chem. 2000, 72(24), 5925-5929.
    25. Johnson, T.J.; Waddell, E.A.; Kramer, G.W.; Locascio, L.E. 
``Chemical Mapping of Hot Embossed and UV Laser Ablated Microchannels 
in Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) Using Carboxylate Specific Fluorescent 
Probes'' Appl. Surf Science. 2001, 181 (1-2), 149-159.
    26. Ross, D.; Johnson, T.J.; Locascio, L.E. ``Imaging of Electro-
Osmotic Flow in Plastic Microchannels''Anal. Chem. 2001, 73(11), 2509-
2515.
    27. Esch, M.B.; Locascio, L.E.; Tarlov, M.J.; Baumner, A.; Durst, 
R.A ``Detection of Viable Cryptosporidium parvum using DNA Probes and 
Liposomes in a Microfluidic Chip'' Anal. Chem. 2001, 73(13), 2952-2958.
    28. Jiang, Y.; Wang, P-C; Locascio, L.E.; Lee, C.S. ``Integrated 
Plastic Microfluidic Devices with ESI-MS for High Throughput Drug 
Screening and Residue Analysis'' Anal.Chem. 2001, 73(9), 2048-2053.
    29. Gao, J.; Xu, J.; Locascio, L.E.; Lee, C.S. ``Integrated 
Microfluidic System Enabling Protein Digestion, Peptide Separation, and 
Protein Identification'' Anal. Chem. 2001, 73(11), 2648-2655.
    30. Ross, D.; Gaitan, M.; Locascio, L.E. ``Temperature Measurement 
in Microfluidic Systems Using a Temperature-Dependent Fluorescent Dye'' 
Anal. Chem. 2001, 73(17), 4117-4123.
    31. Johnson, T.J.; Ross, D.; Gaitan, M.; Locascio, L.E. ``Laser 
Modification of Preformed Polymer Microchannels: Application To Reduce 
Band Broadening around Turns Subject to Electrokioetic Flow'' Anal. 
Chem. 2001, 73(15), 3656-3661.
    32. Becker, H.; Locascio, L.E. ``Polymer Microfluidic Devices: A 
Review'' Talanta 2002, 56, 267-287.
    33. Locascio, L.E.; Hong, J.; Gaitan, M. ``Liposomes as Signal 
Amplification Reagents for Assays in Microfluid Channels'' 
Electrophoresis 2002, 23(5), 799-804.
    34. Johnson, T.J.; Ross, D.; Locascio L.E. ``Rapid Microfluidic 
Mixer'' Anal Chem. 2002, 74 (1), 45-51.
    35. Pugmire, D.L.; Waddell, E.A; Haasch, R; Tarlov, M.J.; Locascio, 
L.E. ``Surface Characterization of Laser Ablated Polymers Used for 
Microfluidics'' Anal. Chem. 2002, 74, 871-878.
    36. Henry, A.C.; Waddell E.; Shreiner, R.; Locascio, L.E. ``Control 
of Electroosmotic Flow in Laser Ablated and Chemically Modified Hot 
Imprinted Polymer Microchannels'' Electrophoresis 2002, 23(5), 791-798.
    37. Ross, D.; Locascio, L.E. ``Microfluidic Temperature Gradient 
Focusing'' Anal. Chem. 2002, 74(11), 2556-2564.
    38. Waddell, E.A.; Locascio, L.E.; Kramer, G.W. ``UV Laser 
Micromachining of Polymers for Microfluidic Applications'' JALA 2002, 7 
(1), 63-67.
    39. Johnson, T.J.; Locascio, L.E.''Characterization and 
Optimization of Slanted Well Designs for Microfluidic Mixing under 
Electroosmotic Flow'' Lab Chip 2002, 2(3), 135-140.
    40. Ross, D. J.; Locascio, L. E. ``Effect of Caged Fluorescent Dye 
on the Electroosmotic Mobility in Microchannels'' Anal. Chem. 2003, 
75(5), 1218-1220.
    41. Kulin S., Kishore R., Helmerson K., Locascio, L. ``Optical 
manipulation and fusion of liposomes as microreactors'' Langmuir 2003, 
19(20), 8206-821.
    42. Ross, D.J.; Ivory, C.F.; Locascio, L.E.; Van Co K.E. ``Peak 
Compression and Resolution for Electrophoretic Separations in Diverging 
Microchannels'' Electrophoresis 2004 25(21-22), 3694-3704.
    43. Vreeland W.N., Locascio L.E. ''Using bioinspired thermally 
triggered liposomes for high-efficiency mixing and reagent delivery in 
microfluidic devices'' Anal. Chem. 2003, 75 (24), 6906-6911.
    44. Jahn, A., Vreeland, W.N., Gaitan, M., Locascio, L.E. 
``Controlled Vesicle Self-Assembly in Microfluidic Channels with 
Hydrodynamic Focusing'' J. Am. Chem Soc. 2004, 126(9), 2674-2675.
    45. Evju, J. K. ; Howell, P. B.; Locascio, L. E.;. Tarlov, M. J ; 
Hickman, J. J. ``Atmospheric Pressure Microplasmas for Modifying Sealed 
Microfluidic Devices'' Appl. Phys. Lett. 2004, 84 (10), 1668-1670.
    46. Reyes, D.R.; Perruccio, E.; Becerra, S.P.; Locascio, L.E.; 
Gaitan, M. ``Patterning Neuronal (Retinal) Cells on Micropatterned 
Polyelectrolyte Multilayers'', Langmuir 2004, 20(20), 8805-8811.
    47. Gaitan M, Locascio L.E. ``Embedded Microheating Elements in 
Polymeric Micro Channels for Temperature Control and Fluid Flow 
Sensing'' J Res NIST 2004, 109 (3), 335-344.
    48. Forry, S.P.; Murray, J.R; Heien, M.L.A.V.; Locascio, L.E.; 
Wightman, RM. ``Probing Electric Fields inside Microfluidic Channels 
during Electroosmotic Flow with Fast Scan Cyclic Voltammetry'' Anal. 
Chem. 2004, 76(17), 4945-4950.
    49. Locascio, L.E. ``Microfluidic Mixing'' Analytical and 
Bioanalytical Chemistry 2004, 379(3), 325-327.
    50. Xiao, Y.; Telford, W.G.; Ball, J.C., Locascio, L.E.; Barker, 
P.E. ``Semiconductor nanocrystal conjugates, FISH and pH'' Nature 
Methods 2005, 2(10), 723.
    51. Brazhnik, K.P.; Vreeland, W.N.; Hutchiso J.B.; Kishore, R.; 
Wells, J.: Helmerson, K.; Locascio, L.E. ``Directed Growth of Pure 
Phosphatidylcholine Nanotubes in Microfluidic Channels'' Langmuir 2005, 
21(23), 10814-10817.
    52. Forry, S.P.; Reyes, D.R.; Gaitan, M.; Locascio, L.E. 
Dielectrophoretic Immobilization of Cells within Microfluidic 
Microenvironments'' Langmuir 2006, 22(13), 5770-5775.
    53. Shah, J.J.; Gei J.;Locascio, L.E.; Rao, M.V.; Gaitan, M.; 
Vreeland, W.N. ``Capillarity Induced Solvent-Actuated Bonding of 
Polymeric Microfluidic Devices'' Anal. Chem. 2006, 78 (10): 3348-3353.
    54. Krishnamoorthy, S.; Feng, J.; Henry, A.C.; Locascio, L.E.; 
Hickman, J.; Sundaram, S. ``Simulation and Experimental 
Characterization of Electroosmotic Flow in Surface Modified Channels'' 
Microfluidics and Nanofluidics 2006, 2 (4), 345-355.
    55. Jones, B. J.; Hayes, M.; Locascio, L.E. ``Radical Activated 
Cleavage: A Rapid Inorganic Alternative for Fragmentation of Peptides 
and Proteins'' Anal. Chem. 2007, 79(4); 1327-1332.
    56. Forry, S.P.; Reyes, D.; Gaitan, M.; Locascio, L.E. 
``Dielectrophoretic immobilization of cells within microfluidic 
microenvironments'',J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128 (42), 13678-13679.
    57. Shah, J.J.; Geist, J.; Locascio, L.E.; Rao, M.V.; Gaitan, M.; 
Vreeland, W.N. ``Surface modification of poly(methyl methacrylate) for 
improved adsorption of wall coating polymers for microchip 
electrophoresis'' Electrophoresis 2006, 27(19), 3788-3796.
    58. Kamande, MW.; Ross, D.J.; Locascio, L.E.; Lowry, M.; Warner, 
I.M. Simultaneous Concentration and ``Separation of Coumarins Using a 
Molecular Micelle in Micellar Affinity Gradient Focusing'' Anal. Chem. 
2007, 79 (5), 1791-1796.
    59. Jahn, A.; Vreeland, W.N.; Locascio, L.E.; Gaitan M.''Tailoring 
Liposome Size, Size Distribution, and Encapsu1ation Efficiency Using 
Microfluidic Facilitated Hydrodynamic Focusing'' Langmuir 2007, 23 
(11), 6289-6293.
    60. Jofre, A.; Hutchison, J.B.; Kishore, R; Locascio, L.E.; 
Helmerson, K. ``Amphiphilic block copolymer nanotubes and vesicles 
stabilized by photopolymerization'' J. Pltys. Chem. B 2007, 111(19); 
5162-516.
    61. Atencia, J.; Barnes, S.; Douglas, J.; Meacham, M.; Locascio, 
L.E. ``Using pattern homogenization of binary masks to fabricate 
microfluidic structures with 3D topography'' Lab Chip 2007, 7(11), 
1567-1573.
    62. Hong, J.; Vreeland, W.N.; Locascio, L.E.; Gaitan, M.; Raghavan, 
S. ``Liposome Templated Supramolecular Assembly of Responsive Alginate 
Gels'' Submitted, Langmuir 2008, 24(8), 4092-4096.
    63. Munson, M.; Meacham, J. M.; Locascio, L.E.; Ross, D.J. 
``Counterflow Rejection of Adsorbing Proteins for Characterization of 
Biomolecular Interactions by Temperature Gradient Focusing'' Anal. 
Chem. 2008 1, 172-178.
    64. Jahn, A.; Reiner, J.; Vreeland, W.; Devoe, D.; Locascio, L.E.; 
Gaitan, M. Preparation of Nanoparticles by Continuous Flow 
Microfluidics'' Langmuir 2007, 23(11), 6289-6293.
    65. Locascio, L.E.; Harper, B.; Robinson, M ``Standard practice for 
bulk sample collection and swab sample collection of visible powders 
suspected of being biological agents from nonporous surfaces: 
Collaborative study'' J. AOAC Intl 2001, 90 (1),299-333.
    66. Munson, M.S.; Meacham, J.M.; Ross, D.; Locascio, L.E. 
Development of Aptamer-Based Affinity Assays Using Temperature Gradient 
Focusing: Minimization of the Limit of Detection Electrophoresis 2008, 
29(16), 3456-65.
    67. Jahn, A; Reiner, J.E.; Vreeland, W.N.; DeVoe, D.L.; Locascio, 
L.B.; Gaitan, M. Preparation of Nanoparticles by Continuous Flow 
Microfluidics J. Nanoparticle Res. 2008, 10(6), 925-934.
    68. Kralj, J.G.; Player, A.; Sedrick, H.; Munson, M.S.; Peterson, 
D.; Forry, S.P.; Meltzer, P.; Kawasaki, E.; Locascio, L.E. T7-based 
Linear Amplification of Low Concentration mRNA Samples using Beads and 
Microfluidics for Global Gene Expression Measurements, Lab Chip 2009, 
9(7), 917-924.
    69. Atencia, J.; Morrow, J.; Locascio, L.E. The Microfluidic 
Palette: A Diffusive Gradient Generator with Spatio-Temporal Control, 
Lab Chip 2009, 9(18), 2707-14.
    70. Atencia, J.; Cooksey, G.A.; Jahn, A.; Zook, J.; Vreeland, W.N.; 
Locascio, L.E. Magnetic Connectors for Microfluidic Chips, Lab Chip 
2010, 10(2), 246-9.
    71. Crivat, G.; Da Silva, S.M.; Reyes, D.R; Locascio, L.E.; Gaitan, 
M.; Rosenzweig, N.; Rosenzweig, A. Quantum Dot FRET-Based Probes in 
Thin Films Grown in Microfluidic Channels, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 
132(5), 1460-1.
    72. Hong, J.; Stavis, S.; DePaoli Lacerda, S.; Locascio, L.; 
Raghavan, S.; Gaitan, M. Microfluidic Directed Self-Assembly of 
Liposome-Hydrogel Hybrid Nanoparticles, Langmuir, 2010, 26(13): 11581-
11588.
    73. Locascio, L.E.; Reipa, V.; Zook, J.M.; Pleus, RC. 
''Nanomaterial Toxicity: Emerging Standards and Efforts to Support 
Standards Development'' In Nanotechnology Standards; Murashov, V., 
Howard, J., Eds.; Springer, New York City, USA, 2010; 179-208.
    74. Zook, J.M.; MacCuspie, R.I.; Locascio, L.E.; Halter, M.D.; 
Elliott, J.T. Stable nanoparticle aggregates/agglomerates of different 
sizes and the effect of their size on hemolytic cytotoxicity, 
Nanotoxicology 2010, 5(4), 517-530.
    75. Atencia, J.; Cooksey, G.A.; Locascio, L.E. A robust diffusion-
based gradient generator for dynamic cell assays, Lab Chip 2011, 12(2), 
309-316.
    76. Forry, S.P.; Locascio, L.E. On-chip CO2 control for 
microfluidic cell culture, Lab Chip, 2011, 11(23), 4041-6.
    77. Stavis, S.M.; Geist, J.; Gaitan, M.; Locascio, L.E.; 
Strychalski, E.A. DNA molecules descending a nanofluidic staircase by 
entropophoresis, Lab Chip 2012, 12(6), 1174-1182.
    78. Strychalski, E., Geist, J., Gaitan, M., Locascio, L., Stavis, 
S. Quantitative measurements of the size scaling of linear and circular 
DNA in nanofluidic slitlike confinement, Macromolecules, 2012, 45(3), 
1602-1611.
    79. Plant, AL.; Locascio, L.E.; May, W.E.; Gallagher, P.O. Improved 
reproducibility by assuring confidence in measurements in biomedical 
research, Nat. Methods, 2014, 11(9):895-8.
(book chapters and proceedings)
    80. Brown, L. L.; Plant, A. L.; Kannuck, R. M.; Durst, R. A. 
``Immunoreactor-Based Flow Injection Analysis System'' In 
Bioelectroanalysis 1; Pungor, E., Ed.; Akademiai Kiado: Budapest, 1987; 
pp.15-33.
    81. Durst R. A.; Plant, A. L.; Brown, L. L.; Kannuck, R. M.; 
Bellarna, J.M. ``Research Directions for Bioanalytical Sensors 
Development'' In Bioelectroanalysis1; Pungor, E., Ed.; Adakemiai Kiado: 
Budapest, 1987, pp. 3-14.
    82. Choquette, S. J.; Locascio-Brown, L.E.; Durst, R. A. ``Planar 
Waveguide Optical Immunosensors'' Proc. SPIE. 1990, 1368, 258-263.
    83. Durst, R. A; Locascio-Brown, L; Plant, A. P. ``Automated 
Liposome-Based Flow Injection Immunoassay System'' In Flow Injection 
Analysis Based on Enzymes or Antibodies, GBF Monograph Series Vol. 14; 
Schmid, R.D., Ed.; VCH Publishers: Weinheim, 1990; pp 181-190.
    84. Choquette, S. J.; Locascio-Brown, L.; Durst, R. A. ``Planar 
Waveguide Optical Sensor'' Proc. Sensors Expo., 1990, 206 A, 1-9.
    85. Choquette, S. J.; Locascio-Brown, L.E.; Durst, R. A. ``Planar 
Waveguide Optical Immunosensors'' Proc. SPIE. 1990, 1368, 258-263.
    86. Plant, A. L.; Gray, M.; Locascio-Brown, L.; Yap, W. T. 
``Hydrodynamics of Liposomes and Their Multivalent Interactions with 
Surface Receptors'' In Liposome Technology, 2nd ed.; CRC Press: Boca 
Raton, 1991.
    87. Locascio, L.; Gaitan, M.; Hong, J.; Eldefrawi, M. ``Plastic 
Microfluid Devices for Clinical Measurements'' In Micro Total Analysis 
Systems '98; Harrison, D.J., van den Berg, A., Eds.; Kluwer Academic 
Publishers: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1998; pp 367-370.
    88. Locascio, L.E.; Gaitan, M. ``Integrated Silicon Microheating 
Elements using Silicon-on Plastic Drop-In Functionality'', In Micro 
Total Analysis Systems '00; van den Berg, A., Olthuis, W., Bergveld, 
P., Eds.; Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2000; 
pp 131-134.
    89. Barker, S.L.R; Tarlov, MJ.; Branham' M; Xu, J.; MacCrehan, 
W.A.; Gaitan, M; Locascio, L.E. ``Derivatization of Plastic 
Microfluidic Devices with Polyelectrolyte Multilayers'' In Micro Total 
Analysis Systems '00; van den Berg, A., Olthuis, W., Bergveld, P., 
Eds.; Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2000; pp 
67-70.
    90. Jiang, Y.; Gao, J.; Xu, J.; Lee, C.S.; Locascio, L.E.; Gaitan, 
M. ``High Throughput Screening/Residue Analysis and High Speed Protein 
Digestion using Miniaturized Membrane Reactor/Separator'' In Micro 
Total Analysis Systems '00; van den Berg, A., Olthuis, W., Bergveld, 
P., Eds.; Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2000; 
pp 485-488.
    91. Locascio, L.E.; Barker, S.L.R.; Ross, D.; Xu, J.; Roberson, S.; 
Tarlov, M.; Gaitan, M. ``Fabrication and Characterization of Plastic 
Microfluid Devices Modified with Polyelectrolyte Multilayers'' In 
Microfabricated Systems and MEMS V; Hesketh, P.J., Hughes, H.G., 
Bailey, W.E., Misra, D., Ang, S.S., Davidson, J.L., Eds.; The 
Electrochemical Society: Pennington, NJ, 2000; pp 72-79.
    92. Barker, S.L.R.; Tarlov, M.J.; Ross, D.; Johnson, T.J.; Waddell, 
E.; Locascio, L.E. ``Fabrication, Derivatization and Applications of 
Plastic Microfluidic Devices,'' In Proc. SPIE 200l1 4205, 112-118.
    93. Wimmer, R.F.; Waddell, E.; Barker, S.L.R.B.; Suggs, A.; 
Locascio, L.; Love, B.J.; Love, N.G. ``Development of an Upset Early 
Warning Device to Predict Defloculation Events'' In Proceedings, Water 
Environment Federation 75th Annual Conference and Exposition, 2002.
    94. Locascio, L.E.; Henry, A.C.; Johnson, T.J.; Ross, D.J. 
``Surface Chemistry in Polymer Microfluidic Systems'' In Lab-on-a-chip: 
Miniaturized Systems for (Bio)Chemical Analysis Synthesis; van den 
Berg, A., Oosterbroek, R.E., Eds.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, 2002; pp 65-82.
    95. Henry, A.C., Ross, D., Locascio, L.E., ``Molecularly Imprinted 
Stationary Phases for Plastic Microchip-Based Capillary 
Electrochromatography,'' In Micro Total Analysis Systems '02 Volume l; 
Baba, Y., Shoji, S., van den Berg, A., Eds.; Kluwer Academic 
Publishers: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2002; pp 434-436.
    96. Ross, D.J.; Locascio, L.E. ``Microfluidic Temperature Gradient 
Focusing'' In Micro Total Analysis Systems '02 Volume;, Baba, Y., 
Shoji, S., van den Berg, A., Eds.; Kluwer Academic Publishers: 
Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2002; pp 661-663.
    97. Locascio, L.E. ``Fabrication of Polymer Microchannels by Laser 
Ablation and Hot Embossing'' In Microchip Capillary Electrophoresis: 
Methods and Protocols. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol. 339; Henry, 
C. S., Ed; Humana Press: Totowa, NJ, 2006.
    98. Vreeland, W.N.; Locascio, L.E., ``Nature's Packaging: Using 
Bio-Inspired Liposomes for Rapid, High Efficiency Mixing in 
Microfluidic Systems'' In Micro Total Analysis Systems 2003; Northrup, 
M.A., Jensen, K.F., Harrison, D.J., Eds.; Transducers Research 
Foundation, Inc.: San Diego, 2003; pp. 37-40.
    99. Brazhnik, K.P.; Vreeland, W.N.; Howell, P.B.; Kishore, R.; 
Wells, J.; Helmerson, K.; Locascio, L.E., ``Manipulating Self-Assembled 
Nanotubes'' In Micro Total Analysis Systems 2003; Northrup, MA., 
Jensen, K.F., Harrison, D.J., Eds.; Transducers Research Foundation, 
Inc.: San Diego, 2003; pp. 689-692.
    100. Reyes, D.R; Perruccio, E.; Becerra, S.P.; Locascio, L.E.; 
Gaitan, M. ``Patterning Retinal Cells on Polyelectrolyte Multilayers'', 
In Micro Total Analysis Systems 2003; Northrup, M.A., Jensen, K.F., 
Harrison, D.J., Eds.; Transducers Research Foundation, Inc.: San Diego, 
2003; pp. 713-716.
    101. Locascio L.E.; Vreeland, W.N.; Jahn, A.; Gaitan, M. 
``Liposomes as Model Cellular Systems: Liposome Formation and 
Applications in Microfluidics'' In Lab on a Chip for Cellomics; 
Andersson, H., van den Berg, A., Eds.; Kluwer Academic Publishers: 
Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2004; pp. 59-81.
    102. Locascio, L.E.; Brazhnik, K.P.; Vreeland, W.N; Kishore, R; 
Helmerson, K. ``Microfluidic-Assisted Lipid Nanotube Formation and 
Manipulation with Light'' In Micro Total Analysis Systems 2004; 
Laurell, T., Nilsson, J., Jensen, K.F., Harrison, D.J., Kutter, J.P., 
Eds.; Royal Society of Chemistry: Cambridge, 2004; pp. 399-401.
    103. Jahn, A.; Vreeland, W.N.; Gaitan, M.; Locascio, L.E. 
``Multichannel Continuous Flow Microfluidic System for Single Molecule 
Vials'' In Micro Total Analysis Systems 2004; Laurell, T., Nilsson, J., 
Jensen, K.F., Harrison, D.J., Kutter, J.P., Eds.; Royal Society of 
Chemistry: Cambridge, 2004; pp. 345-327.
    104. Thomas, G.; El-Giar, E. M.; Locascio, L. E.; Tarlov, M. J. 
``Hydrogel-Immobilized Antibodies for Microfluidic Assays'', In 
Microfluidic Techniques: Reviews and Protocols, Vol 321 Minteer, S. D., 
Ed; Humana Press Inc.: Totowa, NJ, 2005; pp 83-95.
    105. Reyes, D.R.; Locascio, L.E.; Gaitan, M. ``Polyelectrolyte 
Multilayers'' In Encyclopedia of Biomaterials and Biomedical 
Engineering; Taylor & Francis, Abingdon, UK, 2005; 1-15.
    106. Forry, S.P., Reyes, D.R, Polk, B.J.; Gaitan, M., Locascio, 
L.E., ``Generating Cell Arrays in Microfluidic Networks'', In 
Proceedings of the mTAS Conference Volume 2; Jensen, K.F., Han, J., 
Harrison, D.J., Voldman, J., Eds.; Transducers Research Foundation, 
Inc.: San Diego, 2005; pp. 1398-1400.
    107. Hutchison, J.B.; Brazbnik, K.P.; Locascio, L.E. ``Construction 
of Integrated Micro- and Nanofluidic Systems: Application of 
Photopolymerizations and Block Copolymer Self Assembly'' In Proceedings 
of the mTAS Conference Volume 1; Jensen, K.F., Han, J., Harrison, D.J., 
Voldman, J. Eds.; Transducers Research Foundation, Inc.: San Diego, 
2005; pp. 690-692.
    108. Jones, B.J.; Locascio, L.; Hayes, M. ``Radical Activated 
Cleavage of Peptides and Proteins: An Alternative to Proteolytic 
Digestion'' In Proceedings of the mTAS Conference Volume 1; Jensen, 
K.F., Han, J., Harrison, D.J., Voldman, J. Eds.; Transducers Research 
Foundation, Inc.: San Diego, 2005; pp. 286-288.
    109. Auroux, P-A.; Shah, J. J.; Booth, J.; Rao, M. V.; Locascio, 
L.E.; Gaitan, M. ``Microfluidic Method for Thermal Cycling by Microwave 
Dielectric Heating'' In MicroTotal Analysis Systems 2006 Volume 2; 
Kitamori, T, Fujita, H., Hasebe, S. Eds.; Society for Chemistry and 
Micro-Nano Systems (CHEMINAS), Tokyo, 2006; pp. 1465-1467.
    110. Munson, M.S.; Shackman, J.G.; Locascio, L.E.; Ross, D. 
``Temperature Gradient Focusing for On-Chip Monitoring of Enzyme 
Reaction Products in Complex Sample Mixtures'' In MicroTotal Analysis 
Systems 2006 Volume 1; Kitamori, T, Fujita, H., Hasebe, S. Eds.; 
Society for Chemistry and Micro-Nano Systems (CHEMINAS), Tokyo, 2006; 
pp. 849-851.
    111. Reyes, D.R; Hutchison, J.B.; Locascio, L.E.; Gaitan, M. 
``Photopatterned Polyelectrolyte Multilayers for Cell Culture'' In 
MicroTotal Analysis Systems 2006 Volume 1; Kitamori, T, Fujita, H., 
Hasebe, S. Eds.; Society for Chemistry and Micro-Nano Systems 
(CHEMINAS), Tokyo, 2006; pp. 260-262.
    112. Vreeland, W.N.; Hong, J.S.; Jahn, A.; Raghavan, S.R.; 
Locascio, L.E.; Gaitan, M ``Microfluidic Directed Molecular Self 
Assembly and Templating of Bioinspired Nanoparticles'' In MicroTotal 
Analysis Systems 2006 Volume 1; Kitamori, T, Fujita, H., Hasebe, S. 
Eds.; Society for Chemistry and Micro-Nano Systems (CHEMINAS), Tokyo, 
2006; pp. 251-253.
    113. Jahn, A.; Vreeland, W.N.; DeVoe, D.; Locascio, L.E.; Gaitan, 
M. ``Precise Characterization of Liposome Populations formed in a 5-
Channel Flow Focused System'' In MicroTotal Analysis Systems 2006 
Volume 1; Kitamori, T, Fujita, H., Hasebe, S. Eds.; Society for 
Chemistry and Micro-Nano Systems (CHEMINAS), Tokyo, 2006; pp. 119-121.
    114. Forry, S.P.; Kralj, J.G.; Locascio, L.E. ``Gas Partial 
Pressures Controlled Between Microchannels'' In The Proceedings of uTAS 
2007 Volume 2; Viovy, J-L, Tabeling, P., Descroix, S., Malaquin, L., 
Eds.; Chemical and Biological Microsystems Society, San Diego, USA, 
2007; pp. 964-966.
    115. Meacham, J.M.; Zamitsyn, V.; Varady, M; Atencia, J.; Locascio, 
L.E.; Degerteldn, F.L.; Federov, A.G. ``Fabrication of a Disposable 
Electrosonic Microarray in Thio]ene and Performance Characterization 
for Biomolecule Delivery)) In The Proceedings of mTAS 2007 Volume 2; 
Viovy, J-L, Tabeling, P., Descroix, S., Malaquin, L., Eds.; Chemical 
and Biological Microsystems Society, San Diego, U.S. 2007; pp. 964-966.
    116. Kralj, J.G.; Player, A.; Peterson, D.; Forry, S.P.; Munson, 
M.S.; Kawasaki, E.; Locascio, L.E ''Non-PCR Linear Amplification of 
mRNA Toward Single Cell Whole Transcriptome Analyses'' In The 
Proceedings of mTAS 2007 Volume 2; Viovy, J-L, Tabeling, P., Descroix, 
S., Malaquin, L., Eds.; Chemical and Biological Microsystems Society, 
San Diego, U.S. 2007; pp. 964-966.
(opinion piece)
    Why Science Depends on Diversity, The Analytical Scientist January 
25, 2017, https://theanalyticalscientist.com/business-education/why-
science-depends-on- diver
sity?logintype=logout&cHash=f57015f5c25cbc8fbec00f8437da75d6
(publicly available videos)
   BioTalk with Rich Bendis, https://tunein.corn/podcasts/
        Business--Economics-Podcasts/BioTalk-with-Rich-Bendis-p1023388/
        ?topicId=163377203&utm_source
        =Publicate&utm_medium=e-mail&utm_content=listen-to-biotalk-
        with-rich-ben
        dis-on-tuncin&utm--campaign=210611+-+EMAIL

   Enterprising Women of Commerce https://www.youtube.com/
        watch?v=CVN2
        MTtWYJQ

   A Quantum Revolution: A Fireside Chat with Nobel Prize 
        Winner Bill Phillips https://mqa.umd.edu/

   UMB Town Hall Mulls Restarting Research, https://
        www.umaryland.edu/news/archived-news/may-2020/town-hall-mulls-
        restarting-research-at-umb.php

   DMD--Thank you, Faculty, https://umd.edu/research

   UMB Research Virtual Town Hall, https://www.youtube.com/
        watch?v=tLORP
        mHvOOQ

   Leadership Responds to Research Questions, https://
        www.umar.land.edu/news
        /archived-news/april-2020/move-to-severe-research-restrictions-
        prompts_ques
        tions.php

   2014 Biomanufacturing Technology Summit: Morning Session 
        Introduction, https://vimeo.corn/98489542

   Innovate Maryland 2021. https://president.umd.edu/
        inauguration/innovate-manland
PATENTS
    1. Controlled vesicle self-assembly in continuous two phase flow 
microfluidic channels
    Patent number: 9198645
    2. Microfluidic apparatus to control liposome formation
    Patent number: 8715591
    3. Magnetic connectors for microfluidic applications
    Patent number: 8337783
    4. Fabrication method of topographically modulated microstructures 
using pattern homogenization with UV light
    Patent number: 8236480
    5. Method and device for generating diffusive gradients in a 
microfluidic chamber
    Patent number: 8216526
    6. Fluidic temperature gradient focusing
    Patent number: 7029561
    7. Surface charge modification within preformed polymer 
microchannels with multiple applications including modulating 
electroosmotic flow and creating microarrays
    Patent number: 6982028
    8. Method for microfluidic flow manipulation
    Patent number: 6907895
    9. Polyelectrolyte derivatization of microfluidic devices
    Patent number: 6860980
    10. Chemical modification of substrates by photo-ablation under 
different local atmospheres and chemical environments for the 
fabrication of microstructures
    Patent number: 6703189
    11. Liposome immunoanalysis by flow injection assay
    Patent number: 5389523

    18. List all digital platforms (including social media and other 
digital content sites) on which you currently or have formerly operated 
an account, regardless of whether or not the account was held in your 
name or an alias. Include the name of an ``alias'' or ``handle'' you 
have used on each of the named platforms. Indicate whether the account 
is active, deleted, or dormant. Include a link to each account if 
possible.

        Facebook (active): https://www.facebook.com/
        profile.php?id=1532527769

        Twitter (active): https://twitter.com/lelocascio?lang=en

        Instagram (active): https://www.instagram.com/lelocascio/?hl=en

        LinkedIn (active): https://www.linkedin.com/in/laurie-locascio-
        37a9la9/

    19. Please identify each instance in which you have testified 
orally or in writing before Congress in a governmental or non-
governmental capacity and specify the date and subject matter of each 
testimony.

        June 28, 2017: House Committee on Science, Space and Technology 
        https://www.youtube.com/
        watch?app=desktop&v=vgpijQHdGbk&fbclid=IwAR3WyxlX-on-
        lLipAt97JNnKAhERI-CRQ17yZdkPWwVk1OjI_Ako20J0mUk

    20. Given the current mission, major programs, and major 
operational objectives of the department/agency to which you have been 
nominated, what in your background or employment experience do yon 
believe affirmatively qualifies you for appointment to the position for 
which you have been nominated, and why do you wish to serve in that 
position?
What in my background or employment experience affirmatively qualifies 
        me for appointment to the position to which I have been 
        nominated?
Vice President for Research (VPR) at a highly ranked tier one research 
        university.
    For the past four years, I have been responsible for Leadership, 
Management, and Strategy for the billion-dollar+, vibrant research 
enterprise at the University of Maryland (College Park and Baltimore 
campuses), and the first VPR responsible for managing the two campuses. 
In this role since 2017, some of the activities that I am responsible 
for include:

   Leading strategy for research at the University of Maryland 
        as a core member of the President's cabinet;

   Leading the ramp-down and restart of all research activities 
        during the COVID-19 pandemic at both campuses;

   Uniting two campuses under one research administration and 
        for the first time; combining research portfolios to catapult 
        University of Maryland in the rankings of U.S. research 
        universities to #14 research university in the country and #8 
        among public universities;

   Responsibly managing the flow and oversight of all funds 
        coming into the university through grants, contracts and 
        cooperative agreements (>$600M on the College Park campus 
        alone);

   Serving as Institutional Official overseeing research 
        compliance activities including human subjects use in research 
        animal care and use, and conflict of interest (at College 
        Park);

   Developing robust innovation, economic development and 
        entrepreneurship activities (at College Park);
   Launching and managing the University of Maryland 
        University-Affiliated Research Center (UARC), the Applied 
        Research Lab for Intelligence and Security, as a trusted 
        partner for the Department of Defense serving the intelligence 
        community in areas that include countering malign influence/
        disinformation campaigns and supply chain disruption;

   Working with the U.S. Congressional delegation to promote 
        research and provide input on new science and regulatory 
        policy;

   Developing and growing partnerships with Federal agencies 
        around the core strengths for the two campuses; and

   Spearheading a new approach to business and corporate 
        relationships and partnerships for the advancement of research.

    These activities demonstrate the following experience and 
qualifications: increasing the public's awareness of the organization; 
increasing the research and innovation rankings of the organization; 
advocacy and leadership in diverse areas of research (quantum, space 
science, countering malign influence, climate science, etc); fiscal 
responsibility; management of compliance efforts including foreign 
influence; leadership of secure facilities conducting classified 
research; professionalized approaches to business engagement, including 
improvement of technical transfer mechanisms.
Leadership positions at NIST, a premier Federal science agency.
    In my 31-year career at NIST, I held various positions including 
Acting Principal Deputy Director and Associate Director for Laboratory 
Programs (ADLP); Director of the Material Measurement Laboratory; 
Division Chief of Biochemical Science Division; Group Leader and Bench 
Scientist. As ADLP, I was responsible for Leadership, Management, and 
Strategy for NIST's seven Laboratory Directorates providing strategic 
direction and operational guidance for NIST's scientific and technical 
mission focused laboratory programs. As MML Director, I was responsible 
for NIST's largest scientific Laboratory at that time with1000 staff 
members (permanent and non permanent) in eight different locations 
around the U.S. (Gaithersburg and Rockville MD, Boulder CO, Charleston 
SC, Palo Alto CA, Long Island NY, Chicago, IL, Honolulu, ID) performing 
research and developing standards in the fields of chemical science, 
bioscience, and materials science and engineering. In these two roles, 
some of the activities that I was responsible for included:

   Led strategic planning for the NIST labs that included 
        prioritization of four NIST strategic focus areas that are 
        still in place today: AI, Quantum Information Sciences, 
        Bioscience, and Internet of Things

   Managed the financial health of a vibrant organization with 
        a $170 M budget

   Established and managed effective cross-organizational 
        programs increasing visibility and impact in areas of National 
        importance that include: Materials Genome Initiative, synthetic 
        biology, additive manufacturing and biomanufacturing

   Developed and enacted a plan for a total realignment of the 
        MML organizational structure consistent with new mission and 
        strategy

   Conceptualized and built the new Office of Data and 
        Informatics to put MML at the forefront of the data revolution 
        and compliance with Federal requirements for open data

   Selected, hired and mentored new laboratory management, 
        including Division Chiefs and Office Directors, assembling a 
        team with talent, vision, and a desire to collaborate

   Provided strategic vision and direction, planned and 
        selected priorities and areas for growth, and developed first 
        strategic plan for MML, to provide exciting scientific, 
        technical and operational goals to inspire and engage staff

   Developed plan for recruiting, retaining and hiring for 
        technical and operational excellence with initial focus and 
        success in developing partnerships with top tier universities 
        to function as pipelines for a diverse and rich talent pool in 
        areas of strategic importance

   Developed and guided new partnership with Stanford 
        University for research in synthetic biology and genomics to 
        help maintain U.S. industrial and academic leadership in the 
        biotechnology/biomanufacturing sector

   Developed and guided new partnership with University of 
        Chicago, Northwestern and Argonne National Labs to conduct 
        research to support NIST's visible and central role in the 
        President's Materials Genome Initiative

   Oversaw the laboratory-wide performance system working with 
        Laboratory leadership team to manage our staff for success

   Infused and supported a vital, healthy safety culture in MML 
        with increased staff awareness, engagement and empowerment; 
        develop innovative solutions (Hazard Review Database and iPad 
        app) to effectively manage the Laboratory safety program

   Managed, improved, and modernized the NIST-wide service 
        programs in data and reference materials to create an 
        accessible and sustainable enterprise

   Actively participated as a member of the NIST senior 
        leadership team developing lasting relationships for 
        collaboration and transparency

   Represented NIST on various high-level committees including 
        the following (to represent the breadth of activities): NSTC 
        Subcommittee on the Material Genome Initiative (Co-Chair, led 
        and implemented first National Strategy); NSTC Subcommittee on 
        Biological Defense Research and Development; Global Biological 
        Standards Institute Scientific Advisory Council; World 
        Materials Research Institutes Forum; Committee on Science, 
        American Chemical Society; ISO/TC229 Nanotechnologies, 
        Environmental Health and Safety (International Convener, led 
        development of consensus based standards); Organization for 
        Economic Cooperation and Development Working Party on 
        Manufactured Nanomaterials.

    These activities demonstrated the following experience and 
qualifications: focus on organizational excellence; building diverse 
and inclusive culture resulting in increased staff engagement and 
higher productivity; strategic visioning, planning and effective 
implementation; developing public-private partnerships to maximize 
impact; global leadership in standards development; national leadership 
in priority areas for the Federal government; collaboration with other 
agencies.
Leadership of international standards organizations.
    I held two leadership positions within the ISO Nanotechnology 
standards committee (Technical Committee 229, Nanotechnologies, 
Environmental Health and Safety-U.S. Chair and Lead U.S. Delegate/
International Convener); participated in a working group to recommend 
the formation of a new committee in ISO focusing on biotechnology 
(Technical Committee 276); held a position on the ASTM Board of 
Directors; chaired an ASTM committee to develop the first standards for 
the collection of suspected biological agents in the aftermath of the 
anthrax attacks in Washington DC; and participated in the Organization 
for Economic Cooperation and Development to recommend best practices 
for manufactured nanomaterials.
    These activities demonstrated the following: the negotiation of 
international standards to promote U.S. interests supported by strong 
and persuasive technical argument; the power of bringing together 
industry, Federal leaders and academics to build a case to support U.S. 
industrial competitiveness; the importance of working with 
international partners to ensure that truth in science is the dominant 
factor in the international standards process; the importance of 
unifying the Federal response to a crisis.
    The qualities that I have demonstrated include: persuasive and 
principled negotiation; national and international standards 
leadership; international cooperation.
Participation and Leadership of OSTP subcommittee.
    As co-chair of the National Science and Technology Council 
Materials Genome Initiative Subcommittee, I was responsible for leading 
a multiagency committee to actualize the President's vision for the 
Materials Genome Initiative. I led the development of the first 
national strategy for this initiative with the overarching goal of 
drastically reducing the time from discovery to manufacturing of new 
materials. This fundamental materials science initiative was and still 
is critical to all U.S. industries--from transportation (space, 
automotive) to advanced electronics (semiconductors, quantum) to 
biotechnology (artificial organs, synthetic skin). In the committee, we 
also aligned Federal budgets and programs to support its development 
across U.S. sectors.
    I also participated in the NSTC Subcommittee on Biological Defense 
Research and Development as the NIST representative addressing the 
global threat of biological warfare.
    These activities demonstrate the following experience and 
qualifications: uniting Federal agencies under one vision and strategy; 
developing robust strategies to promote U.S. industrial advantages.
Participation in Council on Competitiveness.
    The Council on Competitiveness is a non-partisan coalition of 
leaders from industry, academia and the national labs whose purpose is 
to advance policies to 'jump-start productivity and grow America's 
economy.'' Over the past few years, I participated in the development 
of a report entitled ``Competing in the Next Economy'' which provides 
recommendations for ensuring U.S. competitive advantage. My role was as 
one of the co-chairs for the Technology Leadership & Strategy 
Initiative, which developed priority recommendations regarding 
innovation policies (strategic technologies, grand challenges) for 
inclusion in this report.
    This experience was critical for my understanding of issues related 
to global competitiveness and international trade policy and critical 
investment, and also demonstrated the power of bringing together 50 
Chief Technology Officers from multiple sectors to brainstorm on 
solutions for global innovation and, in particular, our current 
competition with China.
Why do I wish to serve in the position as NIST Director and 
        Undersecretary of Commerce for Standards and Technology?
    First, I believe that NIST is a gem in the Federal scientific realm 
that punches far above its weight due to its pursuit of excellence in 
everything it does. I believe the NIST mission is vital: I know that 
the work done by this relatively small agency is central to global 
competitiveness. NIST scientists, engineers, and administrators work 
across the continuum from basic to applied scientific research. Their 
research has spawned new industries like quantum science and applied 
AI, and bas elevated and cultivated advanced manufacturing in the U.S. 
NIST develops standards that underpin American success in international 
trade and support U.S. industries, including small and mid-sized 
companies. There is a sense of pride that NIST researchers and 
administrators have in knowing that the rigor of the science done 
there, grounds important decisions in truth. It would be an 
extraordinary honor to be trusted with the leadership of this leading 
scientific agency and to take it forward at this time when the power of 
science to change the world has never been so necessary and apparent. 
It is also a critical time in U.S. competitiveness where the strategies 
that we pursue and promote in all areas that are central to the NIST 
mission (research, manufacturing, and standards) will help solidify our 
future position in the global competition with China--an aggressive 
competitor in these areas.
    Second, I believe in the power of public service. By being a public 
servant, you are given incredibly rich opportunities to solve some of 
society's greatest challenges. Public service empowers you to have very 
broad impact and contribute to creating and maintaining a quality of 
life in the U.S. that is unparalleled.
    Third, I feel strongly that it is my duty to give back to a great 
organization with the talent, education, and experience that I have 
gained from being part of that organization. I was employed at NIST for 
31 years, and it provided me with an incredible environment in which to 
learn, grow and excel. NIST supported me and nurtured my career at a 
time when being a woman and a leader in science was not well accepted. 
I have used that experience to build inclusive organizational cultures 
and to promote diversity and equity in science and scientific 
leadership knowing that success depends on everyone.
    21. What do you believe are your responsibilities, if confirmed, to 
ensure that the department/agency bas proper management and accounting 
controls, and what experience do you have in managing a large 
organization?
    At N1ST, excellence is a core value. This is often described as 
technical excellence, but while I was at NIST, we embraced a more 
wholistic value of organizational excellence. NIST must be a 
responsible steward of the taxpayer dollars with which it is entrusted. 
This includes operating transparently, incorporating proper financial 
controls and oversight, and conducting critical internal reviews of the 
personnel and processes. My role, as leader, is to ensure that these 
controls are in place and to actively manage those employees who are 
unable to perform effectively.
    I encourage and empower employees to innovate in the business realm 
to improve administrative and business processes. Inefficiencies waste 
time and add administrative burden to those whom we expect to excel in 
technical and operational areas. My expectation is that NIST will 
function in the most efficient and effective way possible, and I will 
manage under that guiding principle.
    I have experience in managing several large organizations 
effectively in this manner. At the University of Maryland, I am 
responsible for managing Federal grants and contracts flowing into, 
around. and through the university as subcontracts. At the College Park 
campus alone, awards in FY21 are anticipated to exceed $650M; and 
double that when including the Baltimore campus. I also manage all 
other areas of research compliance including human subjects research, 
institutional animal care and use. conflict of interest, and foreign 
influence.
    At NIST, as Director of the Material Measurement Laboratory, I 
managed an operating budget of $170M spread across seven units with 
1000 staff members in eight different locations. As Division Chief: I 
managed an operating budget of approximately $20M across four units 
with 100 staff members in two different locations. I also managed other 
aspects of research compliance in my areas including research safety.
    In all cases, I managed my financial resources responsibly, 
efficiently and effectively. In all cases, I was able to grow resources 
significantly while in the leadership role.
    22. What do you believe to be the top three challenges facing the 
department/agency, and why?
    I would respectfully suggest four key challenges that face NIST 
going forward:

    Challenge #l: To successfully carry out NIST's responsibilities on 
behalf of the Department of Commerce to maintain U.S. leadership in 
critical industries and American manufacturing: the CHIPS for America 
Act and Advanced Manufacturing programs (Manufacturing USA and 
Manufacturing Extension Partnership).

    NIST is positioned to play a central role in important initiatives 
to advance the U.S. economy and increase our global competitiveness. 
The CHIPS for America Act calls on NIST to ``carry out a program of 
research and development investment to accelerate the design, 
development and manufacturability of next generation 
microelectronics.'' NIST experts have carried out a program of 
research, development and standards working closely with the 
semiconductor industry since the early days of microelectronics. This 
field was born in the U.S. and, as a Nation, we have been dominant 
players from the beginning. The rise of other players in this market 
have weakened our position in the past decades, and as this technology 
is integral to industries from defense to transportation, we are at a 
vulnerable point in history.
    This act is a larger call to NIST to help cement the Nation's 
future position as a global leader in advanced electronics. This high-
priority initiative has far-reaching implications and it will be 
critical for NIST to perform this work for maximum success, including 
translation to industry practices. NIST is absolutely driven by its 
mission to ensure national competitiveness and will be a conscientious, 
trusted, and unbiased leader for this effort. The challenge is in 
carrying out this duty so that the U.S. is positioned for the next 
decades to remain dominant in this domain while ensuring both the 
security of the global supply chain and the development of American 
supply chains, which are necessary for current and future semiconductor 
electronics. NIST is a trusted partner with industry and will make use 
of new and existing strong public-private partnerships and coalitions 
to build an all-hands-on-deck response to the CHIPS for America Act.

    Challenge #2: To develop and implement a strategic approach to 
international standards to support the Nation's drive to increase 
innovation and competitiveness agenda.

    NIST is the premier national metrology institute in the world and, 
as such, develops measurement standards (volume, mass, length etc.) 
that are used to ensure the quality and reliability of products, goods 
and services that are sold by U.S. companies across the globe. Among 
its peers around the world, NIST is the premier national metrology 
institute. Every employee at NIST understands that excellence in the 
research, measurements and products that we provide are key to the 
success of the Nation's current and future industries.
    In the U.S., documentary standards are developed by organizations 
outside of NIST that include ASTM, IEEE, and others. NIST uses the 
expertise it has amassed through careful measurement science and 
interaction with industry to participate in and lead many national and 
international documentary standards committees that are managed by 
these independent entities and ANSI. Under the National Technology 
Transfer and Advancement Act, NIST is responsible for coordinating 
federal, state and local documentary standards activities so that the 
U.S. develops an effective portfolio of documentary standards to 
address industry's most pressing needs.
    International documentary standards can be used to present trade 
barriers to other countries if they are developed in such a way that 
the standard methods require or prohibit the use of a technology or 
approach that one particular country has adopted in its own industrial 
practices. I have witnessed countries trying to force the use of their 
own technologies by incorporation into standards to the detriment of 
other countries, ultimately with the goal of impeding trade. When that 
happens, it is critical that the leader of the international standards 
committee stays abreast of any issues that could arise that could force 
out other technologies or approaches, or that are biased against good 
science. Strong technical and ethical leadership is required to manage 
international standards committees.
    NIST has proven to be effective in safeguarding an approach to 
standards that is based on the best science in the world. In the 
current environment, this NIST role is even more essential as China 
aggressively works to gain positions of leadership in international 
standards committees that could tip the scales toward standards that 
favor Chinese technologies.
    Leveraging NIST's established credibility, we must respond to the 
threat from China with a strategy for international standards that will 
keep the U.S. at the leading edge of industries of the future.

    Challenge #3: To build a welcoming and inclusive environment within 
the agency that others want to emulate.

    Many research publications show that a diverse and inclusive team 
is more creative, more innovative in research. From personal 
experience, I have found that a diverse group can produce the most 
interesting and creative solutions provided that all voices at the 
table respect and listen to each other. It is important for the leader 
to set those expectations in order to build a community that is not 
only diverse, but also welcoming, inclusive, and respectful.
    We can create policies to ensure that equity and justice is first 
and foremost. We can create incentives to attract, promote and retain 
our diverse staff, faculty members and students. But until create a 
culture that welcomes all, where all voices are heard, and where we are 
united in our desire to work toward solving the national problem of 
inequity, we will not succeed. It takes strong leadership to tell that 
story, to address issues of social injustice, to speak openly, 
passionately and compassionately, and to engage everyone in the 
solution. A workplace that is known for its culture of inclusion will 
be the most coveted place to be. It will be an attracting force and 
will lead to success for everyone.
    Throughout my career at NIST. I worked to develop a pipeline to 
create a diverse workforce. And I have promoted the success of that 
diverse workforce, encouraging and supporting women and people of color 
to aspire to leadership positions within the organization and 
externally. I consider it my duty to ensure that future leaders do not 
all look and think the same. Our different opinions. expressed and 
considered openly, are what make teams great, helping both individual 
and organizations to excel.
    Like most scientific agencies, NIST does not have the most diverse 
workforce due to the limited pool of diverse applicants in the STEM 
fields. At NIST, I developed or managed several programs focused on 
creating a diverse pipeline and giving those who visited NIST a 
welcoming view into its incredibly impactful world of science. The 
agency must continue to be innovative in its approaches to attract a 
diverse talent pool and serve as a positive force that encourages young 
people to consider scientific and engineering fields.

    Challenge #4: To improve the research infrastructure so that NIST 
is well positioned to support the Nation's most critical industries.

    Like much of the scientific infrastructure in the U.S., the NIST 
facilities require significant upgrades and modifications due to their 
age. Most of the scientific and technical buildings on the NIST 
campuses are 50 years old or more with infrastructure that was designed 
for the equipment and applications of that era NIST will play an 
important role in supporting the most exciting, cutting-edge industries 
of the future: quantum information science, artificial intelligence, 
biotechnology, advanced semiconductor research, advanced 
communications, and climate and environmental research. In fact, it was 
the pioneering work of NIST researchers that led to today's new quantum 
industry that we are now seeing, with companies and countries building 
capabilities and assets to capitalize on the coming quantum revolution. 
NIST researchers have proven that they can excel in the 
responsibilities given to them to lead in the critical areas of our 
future economy. However, there is a significant need to upgrade and 
update their 1960s-era infrastructure in order to meet their mission to 
drive the Nation forward in key technology areas.
                   b. potential conflicts of interest
    1. Describe all financial arrangements, deferred compensation 
agreements, and other continuing dealings with business associates, 
clients, or customers. Please include information related to retirement 
accounts.
    Federal pension (FERS) from service at NIST.
    University of Maryland Retirement Accounts:

   Fidelity Freedom Index 2025 Fund Institutional Premium Class

   T Rowe Price Retirement Trust 2030 Trust B

    Eleven NIST-owned patents (no revenue generated at the current 
time)

   Patent number: 9198645

   Patent number: 8715591

   Patent number: 8337783

   Patent number: 8236480

   Patent number: 8216526

   Patent number: 7029561

   Patent number: 6982028

   Patent number: 6907895

   Patent number: 6860980

   Patent number: 6703189

   Patent number: 5389523

    Formation of company, Precision NanoAssembly, Inc.: Precision 
NanoAssembly planned to license technologies from NIST (2 patents) and 
build instrumentation for manufacturing in the U.S. Because of 
conflicts with the position for which I am being considered, a new 
company--PrecNA LLC--was recently formed to license the NIST patents 
and act on the original business plan that was developed for Precision 
NanoAssembly Inc. The CEO of PrecNA LLC is a former colleague who 
recently retired from NIST. I am not associated with PrecNA LLC. The 
original company, Precision NanoAssembly Inc, is now being dissolved to 
remove conflicts associated with possible personal financial gain from 
the licensing of this technology by NIST to Precision NanoAssembly. I 
have not received any compensation from Precision NanoAssembly.
    Do you have any commitments or agreements, formal or informal, to 
maintain employment, affiliation, or practice with any business, 
association or other organization during your appointment? If so, 
please explain. No.
    3. Indicate any investments, obligations, liabilities, or other 
relationships which could involve potential conflicts of interest in 
the position to which you have been nominated. Explain how you will 
resolve each potential conflict of interest.
    Precision NanoAssembly Inc is a company that I formed in 
partnership with other co inventors to develop technology for 
biomanufacturing nanotherapeutics. The company planned to license the 
technologies from NIST (2 patents) and build instrumentation for 
manufacturing in the U.S. Because of conflicts with the position for 
which I am being considered a new company--PrecNA LLC--was recently 
formed to license the NIST patents and act on the original business 
plan that was developed for Precision NanoAssembly Inc. The CEO of 
PrecNA LLC is a former colleague who recently retired from NIST. I am 
not, nor have I ever been, associated with PrecNA LLC. The original 
company, Precision NanoAssembly Inc, is now being dissolved to remove 
conflicts associated with possible personal financial gain from the 
licensing of this technology by NIST to Precision NanoAssembly.
    NIST has several strategic partnerships with the University of 
Maryland through the Joint Quantum Institute, Center for Quantum 
Information and Computer Science, and the Institute of Bioscience and 
Biotechnology Research, as well as other smaller research 
relationships. For the required 2 years, I would recuse myself from 
making decisions that impact NIST or other Department of Commerce 
funding to the University of Maryland.
    I have two outside paid consulting agreements with Lawrence 
Livermore National Laboratory and LGC, Inc. I understand that in my 
role as NIST director, I would have to sever those paid consulting 
agreements. I have already stepped down from my role at LGC Inc., and 
have informed Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory that I will step 
down following completion of the final report from our latest review 
(October 1, 2021).
    I currently hold several positions on boards that I would agree to 
step down from due to potential conflicts of interest. These include: 
University of Maryland Enterprise Corporation, M Square Research Park 
Inc., University of Maryland College Park Foundation Board of Trustees, 
Georgia Tech Research Corporation Board of Trustees, Maryland 
Department of Commerce Life Sciences Advisory Board.
    Other appointments that I hold with associations or honor societies 
will be continued.
    4. Describe any business relationship, dealing, or financial 
transaction which you have had during the last ten years, whether for 
yourself, on behalf of a client, or acting as an agent, that could in 
any way constitute or result in a possible conflict of interest in the 
position to which you have been nominated. Explain how you will resolve 
each potential conflict of interest.
    Precision Nano Assembly Inc is a company that I formed in 
partnership with other co-inventors to develop technology for 
biomanufacturing nanotherapeutics. The company planned to license the 
technologies from NIST (2 patents) and build instrumentation for 
manufacturing in the U.S. Because of conflicts with the position for 
which I am being considered, a new company--PrecNA LLC--was recently 
formed to license the NIST patents and act on the original business 
plan that was developed for Precision NanoAssembly Inc. The CEO of 
PrecNA LLC is a former colleague who recently retired from NIST. I am 
not, nor have I ever been, associated with PrecNA LLC. The original 
company. Precision Nano Assembly Inc, is now being dissolved to remove 
conflicts associated with possible personal financial gain from the 
licensing of this technology by NIST to Precision NanoAssembly.
    NIST has several strategic partnerships with the University of 
Maryland through the Joint Quantum Institute, Center for Quantum 
Information and Computer Science, and the Institute of Bioscience and 
Biotechnology Research, as well as other smaller research 
relationships. For the required 2 years, I would recuse myself from 
making decisions that impact NIST or other Department of Commerce 
funding to the University of Maryland.
    I have two outside paid consulting agreements with Lawrence 
Livermore National Laboratory and LGC, Inc. I understand that in my 
role as NIST director, I would have to sever those paid consulting 
agreements. I have already stepped down from my role at LGC Inc., and 
have informed Lawrence Livermore that I will step down following 
completion of the final report from our latest review (October 1, 
2021).
    I currently hold several positions on boards that I would agree to 
step down from due to potential conflicts of interest. These include: 
University of Maryland Enterprise Corporation, M Square Research Park 
Inc., University of Maryland College Park Foundation Board of Trustees, 
Georgia Tech Research Corporation Board of Trustees, Maryland 
Department of Commerce Life Sciences Advisory Board.
    Other appointments that I hold with associations or honor societies 
will be continued.
    5. Identify any other potential conflicts of interest, and explain 
how yon will resolve each potential conflict of interest. None.
    6. Describe any activity during the past ten years, including the 
names of clients represented, in which you have been engaged for the 
purpose of directly or indirectly influencing the passage, defeat, or 
modification of any legislation or affecting the administration and 
execution of law or public policy.
    In the past 4 years in my role as Vice President for Research at 
the University of Maryland, I have advocated for University of Maryland 
priorities on these dates:

   February 7, 2018, Members of the Maryland delegation: 
        Research on the Hill event--University of Maryland research and 
        policy forum on Innovative and Objective Approaches to Bias-
        Free Policing

   March 5, 2018, Congressional office: Visit to IonQ, a UMD 
        quantum spinoff, to discuss quantum priorities and quantum 
        startups

   April 12, 2018, Members of the Maryland Congressional 
        delegation: Advocating for quantum science and technology, and 
        funding to build out the University Affiliated Research Center, 
        the Applied Research Lab for Intelligence and Security, which 
        serves the intelligence community focusing on issues including 
        countering malign influence

   April 2, 2019, Members of Maryland Congressional delegation: 
        Advocating for University of Maryland priorities including 
        quantum

   May 23, 2019, Congressional office: Foreign influence in 
        higher education and University of Maryland's response

   June 12, 2019, Congressional office: Advocating for quantum 
        science and technology, and funding to build out the University 
        Affiliated Research Center, the Applied Research Lab for 
        Intelligence and Security, which serves the intelligence 
        community focusing on issues including countering malign 
        influence, and foreign influence in higher education

   Jun 19, 2020, Members of Maryland delegation: Terps on the 
        Hill event--Inviting and celebrating Maryland alumni

   Nov 14, 2019, Members of the Maryland delegation: Advocating 
        for quantum science and technology, and funding to build out 
        the University Affiliated Research Center, the Applied Research 
        Lab for Intelligence and Security, which serves the 
        intelligence community focusing on issues including countering 
        malign influence

   Jan 14, 2020, Congressional staff: Foreign influence in 
        higher education

   January 31, 2020, Staff of the Senate Appropriations 
        Subcommittee on Defense (Majority Member) and several other 
        Congressional offices: Advocating for the Applied Research Lab 
        for Intelligence and Security, which serves the intelligence 
        community focusing on issues including countering malign 
        influence

   February 7, 2020, Staff from the House Appropriations 
        Committee, Subcommittee on Defense: Advocating for the Applied 
        Research Lab for Intelligence and Security, which serves the 
        intelligence community focusing on issues including countering 
        malign influence

   Mar 23-24, 2021, Staff from Maryland Congressional 
        delegation offices: Advocating for the Applied Research Lab for 
        Intelligence and Security, which serves the intelligence 
        community focusing on issues including countering malign 
        influence

   Apr 9, 2021: Congressional office: Briefing on status of the 
        Applied Research Lab for Intelligence and Security

   May 6, 2021: Staff from the Maryland Congressional 
        delegation: Quantum briefing

   August 9, 2021: Senate office: Discussion of my NIST 
        nomination and the role of international standards in 
        competitiveness

   September 17, 2021: Senate office: Discussion of my NIST 
        nomination and the importance of promoting DEI in science and 
        technology

    In the past 4 years in my role as a representative of higher 
education through affiliation with the Association of Public and Land 
Grant Universities, I have advocated on these dates:

   Feb 18, 2021, Staff from Senate Armed Services Committee: 
        higher education priorities, including the Endless Frontiers 
        Act.

   Feb 18, 2021, Senator Schumer and staff: higher education 
        priorities including the Endless Frontiers Act.

   Feb 18, 2021, Congressional office: higher education 
        priorities including the Endless Frontiers Act.
                            c. legal matters
    1. Have you ever been disciplined or cited for a breach of ethics, 
professional misconduct, or retaliation by, or been the subject of a 
complaint to, any court, administrative agency, the Office of Special 
Counsel, professional association, disciplinary committee, or other 
professional group? No.
    If yes:

  a.  Provide the name of agency, association, committee, or group;

  b.  Provide the date the citation, disciplinary action, complaint, or 
        personnel action was issued or initiated;

  c.  Describe the citation, disciplinary action, complaint, or 
        personnel action;

  d.  Provide the results of the citation, disciplinary action, 
        complaint, or personnel action. N/A.

    2. Have you ever been investigated, arrested, charged, or held by 
any Federal, State, or other law enforcement authority of any Federal, 
State, county, or municipal entity, other than for a minor traffic 
offense? If so, please explain. No.
    3. Have you or any business or nonprofit of which you are or were 
an officer ever been involved as a party in an administrative agency 
proceeding, criminal proceeding, or civil litigation? If so, please 
explain. No.
    4. Have you ever been convicted (including pleas of guilty or nolo 
contendere) of any criminal violation other than a minor traffic 
offense? If so, please explain. No.
    5. Have you ever been accused, formally or informally, of sexual 
harassment or discrimination on the basis of sex, race, religion, or 
any other basis? If so, please explain. No.
    6. Please advise the Committee of any additional information, 
favorable or unfavorable, which you feel should be disclosed in 
connection with your nomination. N/A.
                     d. relationship with committee
    1. Will you ensure that your department/agency complies with 
deadlines for information set by congressional committees, and that 
your department/agency endeavors to timely comply with requests for 
information from individual Members of Congress, including requests 
from members in the minority? Yes.
    2. Will you ensure that your department/agency does whatever it can 
to protect congressional witnesses and whistle blowers from reprisal 
for their testimony and disclosures? Yes.
    3. Will you cooperate in providing the Committee with requested 
witnesses, including technical experts and career employees, with 
firsthand knowledge of matters of interest to the Committee? Yes.
    4. Are you willing to appear and testify before any duly 
constituted committee of the Congress on such occasions as you may be 
reasonably requested to do so? Yes.
                                 ______
                                 

                                 
                                 
                                 

    The Chair. Thank you, Dr. Locascio, and I am going to start 
with you. Senator Wicker and I worked on legislation directing 
NIST to grow the regional alliance and multi-stakeholder 
partnership stimulation ramps. We are looking at this shortage 
that we have in the cyber work force. And however, the program 
was not in the president's budget request. If confirmed, will 
you commit to helping us address the over 400,000 person gap in 
cybersecurity workforce and reviewing programs like ramps?
    Ms. Locascio. Thank you for that question, Senator. It is 
clearly important and NIST does a lot of great work in 
cybersecurity and has programs to develop the next generation 
of cybersecurity experts. My son, in fact, one of my sons was 
also retrained as a cybersecurity expert here today. So, yes, 
absolutely. I would agree. I would be--it would be a pleasure 
of mine to work with this committee to try to address that very 
important gap for this country.
    The Chair. And obviously, our committee is having lots of 
hearings about privacy and data security. What role do you 
think NIST can play in better helping us define standards that 
would help in getting people to understand what we should be 
doing to better protect individuals' data?
    Ms. Locascio. Thank you for that question, Senator. NIST 
has recently developed the privacy framework modeled after what 
they had done with the cybersecurity framework, and that 
effort, of course, was done as NIST always works in partnership 
with industry and other agencies in the community to come up 
with the right approach that can be readily and easily adopted. 
And if confirmed, I would be happy to continue along that 
course to make sure that the U.S. has the appropriate means by 
which to protect our security.
    The Chair. Thank you. Thank you. Mr. Coes, there is 
probably not a subject area of infrastructure that doesn't 
matter to the State of Washington right now. Aviation for sure. 
And obviously moving forward on the bipartisan infrastructure 
bill, which includes many investments in air transportation. 
But I also wanted to draw your attention to a program that we 
have authorized there as it relates to fixing culverts and 
things that impact our streams. What can you tell us about 
getting, once this legislation is passed, getting that culvert 
removal, replacement, and restoration program implemented 
quickly?
    Mr. Coes. Thank you for that question, Senator. And again, 
thank you for your leadership on the success of getting that 
program included in the bill. If passed, I can tell you right 
now that the Department is working tediously to begin the 
implementation process of that program as well as the success 
of the other provisions within the bill. If confirmed, I would 
look forward to working with your staff to make sure that 
program is a success.
    The Chair. Thank you. Mr. Vekich, you mentioned your 
children being longshoremen as well. Obviously, it is not lost 
on many of us that we have a longshoreman gap, that we need 
more people to join the ranks. What is it that you can tell us 
about what we need to do to get more people in the workforce 
for the maritime sector?
    [Technical problems.]
    Mr. Vekich. I have contributed two children, and now a 
daughter in law is training today to enter the workforce of the 
union as well. We have to talk about the need for more people 
in the maritime industry. We have to push this through to the 
education system, through vocational schools, mainly word of 
mouth, but these are great jobs. My generation is almost gone. 
We were the big demographic on the waterfront labor force. But 
we need their replacement, we need our children to step up. We 
need to recruit in all the communities who have needs for 
employment. And we need to do a better job of recruiting into 
the education system. Community college in our state are a 
really valuable and really powerful tools for reemployment and 
vocational training. Better utilization of those, I think, 
would be a big help.
    In Des Moines to Washington, they have a maritime high 
school that they are starting up. I mean, I would say it is 
great, but also I say, it is about time. So we are paying for 
the sins of lack of preparation in making the supply chain 
resilient and redundant. And it is part of the infrastructure, 
and I think that is how we ought to approach training and 
retraining.
    The Chair. Thank you. And then to President Biden's request 
to work 24 hours through the process. I mean, obviously don't 
we have a current shortage right now that--in the workforce?
    Mr. Vekich. Despite the current shortage--and I don't know 
where you are going to find a million truck drivers. That is 
not my lane. But I tell you, my people that I have worked with, 
they are willing to work 24/7 if given the opportunity. The 
Port of L.A. Long Beach, cargo is up 30 percent from last year. 
That is with a pandemic, and that is with port congestion. And, 
you know, if port congestions on the West Coast, that is the 
end of one--end of the supply chain. There are problems all the 
way through the supply chain.
    But I believe, the 24/7 thing, longshoremen love to hear 
that. Marine corps love to hear that. We love the concept. But 
we have always been aware that if the customers don't want to 
move the cargo at night, and if they don't want to have trucks 
driving and warehouses open, it is not going to be realistic. 
So if those things can be put into place and maybe President 
Biden's proposal will accomplish that, and that is a positive 
thing because Chair Cantwell, Ranking Member Wicker, we have 
got to move cargo. That is what we got to do.
    And when I was a longshoreman and first came to the docks, 
the whole point was keep that cargo hook moving. That is what I 
was taught, and I think it still applies today. You have to 
move cargo and keep it moving. When cargo is sitting still, 
that is a problem.
    The Chair. Thank you. Senator Wicker.
    Senator Wicker. Mr. Vekich, why would customers not want to 
move cargo at night?
    Mr. Vekich. Well, some of the shipping companies--some of 
the carriers don't want to pay the money. And it is a cost 
issue, I think----
    Senator Wicker. It is a carrier rather than the 
manufacturer of the product or the recipient of the product?
    Mr. Vekich. You know, when I worked in Mills, we were happy 
to get spare parts, we were happy to get new machinery, and I 
think whenever it came through, we would be happy to get it. 
But I think manufacturers need that, need the infrastructure, 
need the machinery, they need whatever we can get. And we got 
to--we have an obligation, I believe, and I believe this since 
I was a State legislator, to do what we can for American jobs.
    Senator Wicker. Let me ask you, there is a debate among 
people in your professions, some Commissioners believe that the 
Maritime Commission needs more statutory authority. Others note 
that the FMC has all the authority it needs. In questions for 
the Committee, you say FMC's tools are limited. Do you 
believe--so it seems that maybe you come down on the side that 
the Maritime Commission needs more authority to oversee the 
ocean shipping industry adequately. Do the Commissioners have 
all the authority they need? And if not, what authorities 
should be granted to them?
    Mr. Vekich. I am glad you asked that, Senator. But and as a 
former legislator, I was so tempted to weigh into that, but I 
don't think it's appropriate for me to take sides in that fight 
at this point in time when I am not confirmed. And after I am 
confirmed, maybe I would have a better feel. And because I 
haven't learned everything I need to know about what the agency 
does and what their powers are. I have studied to this point in 
time. And do I think they need more? You know, I would be much 
more comfortable if I had a better grasp----
    Senator Wicker. I think it would be alright--since you seek 
to be confirmed, I think it would be alright to share with us 
your thoughts about this. I am going to be asking for advice on 
what legislation we might enact.
    Mr. Vekich. Well, I would be happy--I think all the 
Commissioners have a great set of skills and experience. And I 
would be happy to, once confirmed, to weigh into that. But I 
think that is really--as a former legislator, I know I was very 
jealous of legislative prerogatives, and I frankly think that 
is congressional prerogative. And I am offering myself to do a 
job and to work as directed.
    Senator Wicker. OK, I understand that you are reluctant to 
answer that question. What do you think about data sharing 
technologies and port automation? How much of a solution would 
that be to the current crisis?
    Mr. Vekich. Well, I have seen automation be portrayed as 
the great be all, end all and the salvation of everything, but 
I think the problem with moving cargo is you still got to move 
it one container at a time. And it is not rocket science, it is 
physics. You just got to move those car--those containers. So 
the idea that there is a technological fix, I don't--I am not 
convinced. We still need the bodies, we need the workers to 
move the cargo. Now, as far as sharing information, notifying 
truck drivers of their appointment times, appointment slots and 
all that, anything we can do to make those truck drivers have a 
more realistic chance of making it into the terminal and 
getting out of the terminal in a speedy time, I think is a 
positive thing. And I think tech has a role there and I have 
seen it used there.
    Senator Wicker. So data sharing, yes. And automation is 
really not that big of a help on the port. Is that your 
testimony?
    Mr. Vekich. I think it works. Yes and no. There are some 
systems I have seen, automation systems that work well, and 
there are some that don't work very well at all. And so where I 
know there is a problem with the system, it would be, I can't 
say it works in every case.
    Senator Wicker. You mentioned the Commissioner Rebecca 
Dye's thoughts on commercial solutions in your testimony. 
What--could you be more specific about your impressions of 
those recommendations from Commissioner Dye?
    Mr. Vekich. Well, I think in Fact Finding 29, where she 
talks about having the containers--the drivers and the 
containers come back to the terminal of origin and drop their 
chassis there, and, or pick up a load there at the same time, 
so it prevents a double move, I think that is one of her first 
findings in Fact Finding 29, first recommendations. Makes a lot 
of sense to me. And the idea that notice when terminals are 
closed, the drivers, that makes a lot of sense to me. If they 
are not going to keep them open 24/7, we should at least let 
everyone know when they are open, because I as--I have dealt 
with truck drivers one on one and it seems--I hate to turn them 
away.
    Senator Wicker. Retaliation, attorney fees, 
representational complaints, have any thoughts about her 
recommendations in that regard?
    Mr. Vekich. I am sorry, Senator, I am not quite following 
you there.
    Senator Wicker. Well, she made recommendations concerning 
clarifying policy regarding retaliation, attorney fees, and 
representational complaints. Perhaps you can submit answers to 
the record on those questions.
    Mr. Vekich. Thank you. I would be happy to.
    Senator Wicker. OK. Thank you, sir.
    The Chair. Senator Tester.

                 STATEMENT OF HON. JON TESTER, 
                   U.S. SENATOR FROM MONTANA

    Senator Tester. Thank you, Madam Chair. Thank you all for 
putting yourselves up for confirmation. Appreciate you being 
here. I am going to ask you tough--I mean, a complicated 
question, Mr. Vekich, but hopefully you can answer it very 
quickly. You have touched on it with the other questioners, and 
that is you can't turn the nightly news on at night and not see 
a bunch of ships out in the middle of the ocean ready to be 
unloaded. I am a farmer in my real life, and quite frankly, the 
containers are going back empty, which is a waste of energy and 
resources. Can you give me three things that we need to do 
today that would make a difference? Or is this not a situation 
is going to be solvable in the next year or two or three?
    Mr. Vekich. Well, I think we are making progress, Senator, 
and I think there are things that can happen.
    Senator Tester. Talk to me, what are the three?
    Mr. Vekich. Well, I think number one, we can be serious 
about enforcement, FMC powers now have enforcement on demurrage 
and detaining--and detention. Don't reinforce people's or 
carriers not moving cargo. Demurrage is rent, basically. And so 
that is not right. Let's not---I have a visceral reaction about 
shipping empty containers across the ocean.
    Senator Tester. Me too.
    Mr. Vekich. I mean, and I am a super cargo, so I get to see 
these ships half full of empty containers. Frankly, Senator it 
is driving me nuts. And I question it. I take it up the supply 
chain. I read the command chain. And I am supposed to be in 
charge. But there is this whole parallel organization of these 
management guys that are younger and don't know--quite have the 
same experience. And I am frustrated, so I--at every level I 
try to talk about, let's find export cargoes, let's use it. I 
have attended forums with exporters, and I want to continue to 
do that. And I think their message is good----
    Senator Tester. I have got you. You are acting like a 
legislator on me. Don't filibuster me, OK, man. Give me the 
third one because I got two other questions for the other guys 
too. Go ahead.
    Mr. Vekich. Well, you know, infrastructure would help, but 
I think it is too long coming. Let's better use--let's better 
use what we got right now. Better use our chassis, get the 
quick return on containers. And you know, we have got to use 
what we got. Let's use our labor force and let's put them to 
work. When these terminal operators say they don't want to put 
people to work, well they are the ones who ordered labor. 
Longshore workers don't just show up at the docks and say, here 
we are, we are going to work now and load ships. They have to 
be ordered by management, by companies.
    Senator Tester. OK. So, I hope you can do something about 
this because I think it is a big problem.
    Mr. Vekich. I hope so, too.
    Senator Tester. Alright. And so that is good. Mr. Coes, you 
talked about priorities for rural America, and I come from 
rural America. My nearest neighbors a mile away. Three quarters 
of a mile away. So when you are developing grants for programs, 
how do you develop these programs when in many parts of rural 
America, we are seeing declining population? So how do you 
develop those programs? What are you going to use for metrics 
in those programs to determine what programs are going to be 
important to invest money in through the grants?
    Mr. Coes. Thank you for that question, Senator. There are, 
to use the three ways that we approach that. First or foremost, 
as we saw in the bipartisan infrastructure bill, a number of 
the discretionary grant programs that the Department would 
manage how clear set aside for rural communities. Second, one 
of the things that my colleagues within the Office of Policy 
are doing right now and will be doing over the next several 
months as anticipation of the infrastructure bill passage is 
recognizing that rural communities need the technical 
assistance to actually apply to these loans.
    As you mentioned, many communities that have declining 
population oftentimes don't have the resources to hire 
consultants, to put together applications. That is the effort 
that I am really focusing on right now. How do we build 
capacity for rural communities? Third, right now, as--in the 
current Administration, we are aggressively standing up the 
roots program. As you know, the infrastructure bill that is 
pending actually authorized that.
    We are looking to expand that to be a one stop shop for 
communities to actually apply to a variety of resources, but 
also to be thinking about the future. So, those are just some 
examples of that we are taking. And if confirmed, we would love 
to work your staff to make sure that is a success.
    Senator Tester. Thank you. Ms. Locascio. First of all, 
thank you for--what three decades of service in NIST, is that 
what you said? You don't look it, OK. So the question is, is in 
your testimony, you said the power of science to change the 
world. And we come from similar generations, and I agree with 
that. Unfortunately, now I hear a different set of statements 
being made about science and that there is real science denial 
out there among a large part of the population. If you are 
confirmed this position, what can you do to elevate science to 
where it was in the 60s and 70s?
    Ms. Locascio. Well, thank you for that question, Senator. 
It is a really important question. And you know, the National 
Institute of Standards and Technologies, it is all about trust, 
building trust with the community, building trust with the 
industry, building trust with other agencies, building trust 
with everybody in partnership. And I really believe that an 
agency like NIST, with the way that they approach their work 
with incredible integrity and building trust in everything that 
they do can be a very strong voice at this time when there is 
doubt that science is ruling.
    Senator Tester. I am over time, but tell me how you get 
that message out from NIST?
    Ms. Locascio. There are several ways to get that message 
out from NIST, and one way is that NIST, through its programs, 
are really in every community in the country. We are in every 
State, through the MEP program and in the Manufacturing USA 
program, but also the work that they do is in such close 
partnership and so important across all regions of the United 
States.
    So the standards that we develop to support manufacturing 
and the work that we do to develop cyber security framework and 
privacy framework. You know, these are ways and now the work 
that we are doing in trustworthy AI, they are really ways to 
rebuild trust and community around scientific integrity.
    Senator Tester. Thank you. Thank all three of you. Thank 
you, Madam Chair. I apologize for going over.
    The Chair. Thank you. Senator Fischer.

                STATEMENT OF HON. DEB FISCHER, 
                   U.S. SENATOR FROM NEBRASKA

    Senator Fischer. Thank you, Madam Chairman. Mr. Coes, as 
you may know, the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act 
included a provision in the bill that would provide livestock 
haulers with an additional 150 air miles on the destination of 
the hull. This was supported by myself and Senator Tester. In 
fact, it was in the Committee markup that we passed here in 
Commerce committee and then made it into the bill.
    Senator Buttigieg--I am sorry, Secretary Buttigieg or Mayor 
Pete, Secretary Buttigieg put it well when he said during his 
nomination hearing that, ``sometimes our policies cannot tell 
the difference between live animals and other cargo.'' Do you 
agree and will you work with me to provide livestock haulers 
with regulatory flexibility?
    Mr. Coes. Thank you for the question, Senator, and in the 
words of my Secretary, yes, I will. If confirmed, we will 
continue to work with your staff to move that forward.
    Senator Fischer. Thank you. Also, our country is 
experiencing extreme freight backlog. We just heard that 
expressed by Senator Tester and I have heard from many 
Nebraskans about the continued toll that this is taking on 
their businesses. I know the Administration has released a fact 
sheet that notes ports and certain carriers are moving to 24/7 
operations. If confirmed, what other efforts will you take to 
help address that freight backlog. For example, has the 
Administration considered any additional hours of service 
flexibilities, such as those implemented by FMCSA?
    Mr. Coes. Thank you, Senator, for that question. And again, 
I want to reiterate it is the Department's number one priority 
to address this issue in concert with our Federal sister 
agencies. In addition, we are looking at other measures. As you 
mentioned, my colleagues at Motor Carrier Safety Administration 
are looking into hours of service.
    We are also working with a number of State DOTs to figure 
out how to increase the number of commercial driver's license, 
as well as other activities. Again, if confirmed, I would love 
to continue to work with your staff to move this issue forward.
    Senator Fischer. I would really like to work with you on 
that as well. You know, we look at the shortage in truck 
drivers. This isn't new. It has been going on for years and it 
is getting worse every year. And we are seeing the--really the 
explosion of a policy that has, I think, contributed to the 
cause of a shortage. I introduced a few years ago a bill that 
would have had a pilot program in place for younger drivers to 
be able to get into the field.
    We continue to look at ways that we can let the public know 
that these younger drivers are on the road right now. You know, 
they could drive from San Diego up to San Francisco, but they 
can't cross state lines. They can drive from the panhandle of 
Nebraska to Omaha, but they can't cross the bridge into Iowa. 
So, I think it is an education as well. Do you have any 
thoughts on how we could help with that?
    Mr. Coes. Well, first I would say thank you for your 
leadership. I know that legislation very well. There was a 
portion of that was included in the bipartisan infrastructure 
bill. I will commit, if confirmed, working with my colleagues 
at the Motor Carriers about that advisory committee. But also, 
I can tell you right now the Department is deeply developing 
strategies on how we can increase and diversify our workforce 
not only within the trucking industry, but particularly across 
the transportation industry.
    This is an entire system failure that we need to increase, 
particularly as we see these technologies start coming down 
like AVs. We have to train, and we have to get people into the 
job market as soon as possible.
    Senator Fischer. Thank you very much. Dr. Locascio, I am 
interested in talking more with you on technology and 
competition. Last year, I led a bill to advance U.S. policy on 
the Internet of Things and emerging technologies, and that 
became law. The DIGIT Act seeks to ensure that the United 
States remains competitive on the development and the 
deployment of IoT. The law directs the Secretary of Commerce to 
convene a public-private working group in order to promote this 
endeavor. And as I understand, the Commerce Department has 
given NIST to a key role in standing up DIGIT's working group. 
If confirmed as the Undersecretary, would you prioritize NIST's 
role in implementing the DIGIT Act's working group structures?
    Ms. Locascio. Thank you for that question, Senator. 
Obviously, IoT is such an important technology right now, all 
the Internet of things and linking everything that we do 
together. There are so many important parts of that, including 
the security and safety and the reliability of those devices. 
And so absolutely, I would be happy and look forward to 
partnering with you on that.
    Senator Fischer. How would you--you mentioned the security 
and being able to have the connectivity be a secure structure. 
How would you approach that with stakeholders, with private 
businesses? What would be--briefly, what would be the 
Government's role in trying to work with those busy businesses 
so that there is buy in from all stakeholders?
    Ms. Locascio. Well, thank you for that question, Senator. I 
am not currently in NIST, of course, but if I am confirmed, I 
understand that they do have work already ongoing in 
cybersecurity of Internet of Things. And they will--if I am 
confirmed, I would continue to prioritize that because it this, 
the connectedness really is also--could be a vulnerability. And 
so we need to make sure we have security built in.
    Senator Fischer. Thank you very much. Thank you, Madam 
Chair.
    The Chair. Thank you, Senator Fischer. We do have a vote 
underway, so I am not sure if the members are joining us, so I 
am just going to call out a few names here. If Senator Rosen is 
available or Senator Hickenlooper. If not, Senator Blackburn. 
While we are waiting to see if we have any other members who 
are either coming or joining us remotely, I wanted to go back 
to the NIST question on cybersecurity.
    In the Executive Order, Improving the Nation's 
Cybersecurity that the President offered, it included 
directions for NIST to help form a consumer and software device 
security program. If confirmed, will you work with vendors, 
consumers, and international partners on these standards and 
best practices? And how do you think the best way to achieve 
that is?
    Ms. Locascio. Thank you for that question, Senator. And 
there are a lot of tasks outlined in that particular Executive 
Order that are important for NIST. And as I understand it, NIST 
is really already producing and delivering on the goals of that 
particular Executive Order. If I am confirmed, it is critical 
that we do--we are able to move forward in all of these areas 
related to the security of our cyber infrastructure and our 
cyber supply chain and all--and the hardware also involved in 
our supply chain. So yes, if I am confirmed, I would look 
forward to working on this important problem.
    The Chair. Well, we have--this, along with the workforce 
issue--we feel we have to upgrade the digital hygiene in 
America and certainly we feel like NIST plays a critical role 
in that. And we just need to figure out how we can continue to 
create a standard environment. And certainly we on this side 
are going to be looking at ways to implement stronger laws, but 
we certainly need NIST to play a stronger role as we continue 
to evolve in an information age.
    So thank you for that. Mr. Coes, I wanted to go back to 
aviation for a second. One of the things that we haven't--well, 
we have made some progress on Next Gen, but we need to make 
more. How do you suggest we move forward to modernize the air 
transportation system from a technology perspective?
    Mr. Coes. Thank you, Senator, for that question. One of the 
things I would say is that over the last two Administrations, 
we have made significant progress on Next Gen. Much of the 
system itself is in place. What we see in terms of next is 
recognizing that we do need to provide greater resources for 
private sector to equip Next Gen on their equipment. Also 
updating our flight controllers. And I know my colleagues at 
FAA are thinking through that. So if confirmed, I would 
definitely commit to working with my colleagues at FAA to make 
sure we are working with Congress in a bipartisan manner to 
make sure we have the resources both for the private sector and 
in the Government to make sure Next Gen is a success.
    The Chair. OK. And what do you think, where we are, where 
we have been--I feel like we have been talking about this for 
so long as a country. Where do you put this as it relates to 
the larger discussions we are having on climate change and on 
efficiency and on competitiveness and security?
    Mr. Coes. Oh great question, Senator. And as I stated in my 
opening remarks, one of the top priorities is fostering 
innovation for the future. And as I have pointed out before, 
now is the time for making sure we are working closely with the 
private sector, that we can adopt these technologies to improve 
efficiencies to help reduce emissions, but more importantly, 
making sure America is a global competitor in not only aviation 
but in our entire transportation system.
    The Chair. Thank you. Well, I think I will--I think what we 
are going to have to do, unless we have other members who are 
willing to ask questions or indications. Senator Fisher, do you 
have a follow on? Yes, go ahead. Thank you.
    Senator Fischer. Thank you, Madam Chair, for the 
opportunity to continue the discussion. Dr. Locascio, in a 
Commerce Department speaker series a few years ago, you said 
that you felt your biggest strength was your vision. And when 
it comes to building on our Nation's technological and 
scientific capabilities, can you outline key parts of what your 
unique vision would be as NIST director?
    Ms. Locascio. Thank you for that question, Senator. You 
know, it is such a critical time to have a thriving and robust 
agency like NIST. In this--in this time of global 
competitiveness, where we have a very strong and aggressive 
competitor, we need to really be playing the game with 
everything at the table. And NIST as an incredible agency that 
needs to move forward with strength.
    And my vision for NIST is that it would have strong 
intramural laboratory programs and very strong and thriving 
extramural programs like MEP and Manufacturing USA, because 
NIST really works across this continuum from basic research in 
areas like quantum computing to applied research like materials 
science that help our manufacturers every day, to the 
development of standards and AI and communications 
technologies, and all the way through to manufacturing. And 
that is a beautiful continuum that is necessary to support the 
health of our Nation at this time when we are in such an 
important competition with China.
    Senator Fischer. Thank you.
    Ms. Locascio. Thank you.
    Senator Fischer. And Mr. Vekich, much of your career has 
been spent in the ocean carrier industry. And if confirmed, 
your role will be to balance the needs of both ocean carriers 
as well as shippers. How would your previous experience in the 
private sector impact your approach to the work you would do on 
the FMC?
    Mr. Vekich. Thank you, Senator, for that question. You 
know, you develop relationships over the years, and you develop 
feelings about impressions of various cultures, various 
companies have their own. And I have definite thoughts about 
the willingness of some of these companies to pay for what they 
need and provide the right equipment and do the right thing in 
the work force, and in fact, in their own self-interest.
    And I have seen a lot of the companies pursue their self-
interest and what I thought was appropriately. And I have seen 
others be totally, you know, oblivious. So, I have that 
understanding that it may not be for the best in the supply 
chain interest of what individual companies do. Sometimes it is 
penny wise and a pound foolish, and I am always frustrated by 
the lack of investment into every aspect. But you know, 
everyone likes new and shiny and things that work, but in the 
waterfront is spend a lot of secondhand stuff, a lot of 
substandard things and false economies. And so in the effort of 
the FMC, I think those are questions I would be asking about.
    And in especially when it comes to making sure we are 
regulating fees and surcharges and like the audits that are 
going on now, I think we need to ask questions, have a better 
knowledge of the supply chain, a better knowledge of the ocean 
carriers and their business practices, and I think that will 
help us make sure that one size of regulations are appropriate 
for all like they are supposed to be, but that they are 
effective, and that the American exporter and importer benefit 
from those regulations and helps the efficiency of the supply 
chain, which is an FMC task, as I understand it.
    Senator Fischer. Thank you. Also, we discussed earlier 
about the containers going back empty. And I would ask, will 
you commit to ensuring that our agricultural exporters have 
fair access to those shipping routes and to make sure that we 
don't continue to see containers with exports of American goods 
and products going back empty instead of being filled with 
those products?
    Mr. Vekich. Thank you for that question, Senator. In my 
previous life, I chaired the Agriculture committee in the House 
of Representatives in the State of Washington. Although at the 
time it was offered to me, I don't think they were doing me a 
favor, but I learned so much. And I sure--that experience gave 
me such an appreciation of American agriculture, and so much 
for that I actually worked for the dairy industry after I was 
out of office. And so those are great people, great American 
jobs, and they do a heck of a lot. It seems the least we can do 
is make sure they have a can to put their products in.
    Senator Fischer. Thank you.
    Mr. Vekich. Thank you.
    Senator Fischer. Thank you, Madam Chair.
    The Chair. Thank you. Senator Hickenlooper.

             STATEMENT OF HON. JOHN HICKENLOOPER, 
                   U.S. SENATOR FROM COLORADO

    Senator Hickenlooper. Yes, thank you, Madam Secretary. And 
I am in a phantom tollbooth. I apologize for not being that 
person. Dr. Locascio, I wanted to follow up on our conversation 
regarding this work around cybersecurity, artificial 
intelligence, wireless spectrum. As you know, Colorado is the 
proud home to the NIST campus up in Boulder, which is really 
doing some of the most remarkable work. And this is obviously, 
as we discussed, developing voluntary artificial intelligence 
risk management framework that will ensure that AI systems are 
trustworthy, reliable, and safe. I think the first public 
workshop I think is this week. Anyway, should be--the framework 
should be completed by 2023. Can you discuss just a little bit 
of some of the potential challenges NIST may confront in 
developing the AI risk management framework?
    Ms. Locascio. Well, thank you for that question, Senator, 
and thank you for meeting me earlier in the week. So moving 
forward, NIST has been asked and tasked to develop a framework 
for trust in AI. And it is really a critical time that we do 
this as a country because AI is ubiquitous. It is really in 
everything that we do these days. It is in our--everywhere, 
from biotech to banking, to of course, our autonomous vehicles.
    And really, the industry can't progress forward anymore 
unless we develop trust in AI that the consumers can know that 
when they are using something that has AI built into it, that 
they can trust that, and they can believe that that is 
functioning properly. And so of course, there are several 
components to trust in AI. There is--it needs to be unbiased 
and secure and explainable. And so working very closely with 
industrial partners.
    As you said, there is a workshop going on today at NIST, as 
I understand it. And this will really bring together the 
community, all the experts. NIST has deep expertise in AI and 
AI research, but bringing together all the other experts in the 
United States to really come and think about how do we build a 
framework that we can ensure trust in this very important 
technology for the future?
    Senator Hickenlooper. Absolutely. I think, you know, the 
one of the things you made clear when we talked, but also in 
your introductory statement today really emphasized the 
importance of standards in all facets of science, especially in 
these applications that are so crucial today, and that if 
anything, this should be bipartisan.
    I hope I have talked to Republican members of this 
committee and pushed them to make sure we get you approved with 
unanimous consent just because I think you are exactly the kind 
of person who has--you have spent your whole life in this type 
of standards based evaluations and deliberations, and they are 
going to be so key to allowing the United States to fight back 
against the large investments being made by the Chinese 
Government.
    Let me ask you another question. We did discuss, and you 
have already discussed in some detail cybersecurity, and AI, 
and privacy. As we have discussed these frameworks, all the 
work that NIST does are deliberative, and they guide U.S. 
companies with best practices. If you are confirmed, how will 
you promote NIST frameworks to international partners? Again, I 
don't want to keep harping on this, but the competition against 
the Chinese Government is foremost in many people's thoughts. 
So how would you promote NIST framework to international 
partners?
    Ms. Locascio. Well, thank you for that question, Senator. 
And if I could just spend a second talking about the importance 
of standards, which you brought up and I didn't really speak 
about it. The importance of the United States having strong 
representation on international standards committees is 
crucial. And we know that China has a very aggressive strategy. 
As you have mentioned several times, they have sort of laid 
down the gantlet saying that they want to lead in international 
standards with their standards 2035 strategy.
    And the reason why is because they want to own these 
important industries like AI, communication technologies, 
quantum. They want to own that, and so therefore they want to 
be leaders on these international standards bodies. I think 
important--it is critical moving forward that we also have a 
strategy to protect these emerging industries, which are also 
obviously very critical for the United States, including AI and 
quantum and other emerging sectors of this economy.
    So, I would like to just address that, that having a strong 
strategy at NIST and how we are going to work with our industry 
and develop the best possible technical standards that can 
promote our own industries is critical moving forward. How 
would we promote standards on the international scene? Well, we 
usually do that by working in partnership through these 
international standards bodies.
    And when NIST can provide--NIST and the U.S. can provide 
very strong sound, scientific and technical arguments, and that 
standard wins the day, then it is adopted on the international 
scale. Thank you for that question.
    Senator Hickenlooper. Thank you very much. I will yield 
back the time, I do want to mention one more question about our 
National Cyber Security Center in Colorado Springs, but I will 
file that for the record, and you can answer that separately. 
Again, thank you so much. I yield back to Madam Chair.
    The Chair. Thank you, Senator Hickenlooper. Senator Thune, 
are you ready for----

                 STATEMENT OF HON. JOHN THUNE, 
                 U.S. SENATOR FROM SOUTH DAKOTA

    Senator Thune. Yes. Thank you, Madam Chair, and thank you 
to all of you for being here. I do want to because I understand 
the question has already been asked by Senator Fischer of 
Nebraska, associate myself with her remarks regarding 
flexibility for the trucking industry in this country to deal 
with the port challenge. You know, we are facing this 
unprecedented supply chain crisis and we have got a lot of 
Americans who are encountering already empty store shelves, 
long wait times, rising costs and we have got the holiday 
season approaching.
    In my state, agricultural producers are also feeling the 
crunch, with capacity for their goods being hampered by a 
combination of surging demand for containerized shipping and a 
massive backlog at our Nation's ports, particularly L.A. Long 
Beach. This inefficiency has downstream effects on commodity 
prices, hurting farmers and ranchers across the country, 
including in South Dakota. In addition to investments in 
capacity, our Nation's ports are desperately in need of two 
things.
    One is modernization, and the other one is transparency. 
The fact that a move to 24/7 operations at L.A. Long Beach, 
which is a standard practice in much of the rest of the world, 
merits a Presidential announcement is baffling, especially with 
dozens of ships anchored off the coast waiting to be unloaded. 
Failure to invest in terminal automation and port efficiency 
initiatives such as data sharing compounds the problems we are 
facing today and puts United States below the global average in 
vessel wait times.
    A resolution of this crisis is imperative, and I look 
forward to--I know you have already spoken to some--on some 
level to this issue, but I would like to earlier get comments 
from all of you on that issue. Mr. Vekich, as this committee 
begins crafting an FMC reauthorization, there has been 
substantial discussion regarding the assessment of detention 
and demurrage fees on shippers by ocean carriers and marine 
terminal operators who often allege such charges are made in 
error. Concern with these charges has only been exacerbated by 
the supply chain crisis.
    The FMC's fact finding investigation number 29 recommended 
that more information be required to accompany detention and 
demurrage charges similar to the Surface Transportation Board. 
If confirmed, will you commit to working with your fellow 
Commissioners to address this recommendation and improve the 
transparency of detention and demurrage charges?
    Mr. Vekich. Thank you for that question, Senator. And 
frankly, helping and reinforcing the efforts to better oversee 
the supply chain and sharing my face, efforts on audits, 
especially on demurrage and detentions, are one of the reasons 
I think I want to do this and help regulation, and provide 
reinforcement and encouragement to continue to keep fairness 
and keep this supply chain--do what we can to alleviate supply 
chain congestion. Supply chain--the port congestion, frankly, 
was one of the reasons I thought I should apply for the job. 
And I have hands on experience, and I want to do what I can to 
help move cargo.
    Senator Thune. Mr. Coes, if confirmed, how would you work 
to address these supply chain challenges, particularly at our 
Nation's ports?
    Mr. Coes. Thank you again, Senator, for that question. 
There are two approaches. There is a short term and long term. 
Through my office, we will be working with our other modal 
leadership, one to continue to address the hours of service to 
provide additional flexibilities. Right now, the Department is 
working with a number of State DOTs to figure out how we 
increase commercial driver's license permits because we need 
more drivers. Third, we are already, as you may be aware, made 
significant investments, particularly through the infra 
program, to support port infrastructure. But this is not 
enough.
    This is going to be a whole of Government and a whole of 
country approach. One of the things I also recognize in my work 
prior to joining the Administration in the private sector is 
that it is one thing to try to get the cargos, but you also 
need the workers to get there. And this is one of the reasons 
why we are emphatically endorsing the passage of the 
infrastructure package because it is going to bring significant 
resources to make sure workers can get there, whether it is 
through public transportation or other mobile means. And so 
with those, does are the approaches I would like to take if 
confirmed, but again, we would love to continue to work with 
your staff. You have been a leader on this issue moving 
forward.
    Senator Thune. Thank you. And I will just say I think we 
need a Marshall plan on the ports right now. I mean, it should 
be a whole of Government. Everybody should be looking in and 
not just looking, but coming up solutions to help address it. 
We got a half a minute left. Let me just, Dr. Locascio, I 
introduced the Quantum Network Infrastructure and Workforce 
Development Act with Senator Hassan, which was included in the 
United States Innovation Competitiveness Act.
    Among other things, the bill seeks to build on the 
expertise of NSF, NIST, and the DOE to improve existing 
research and quantum networking and encryption, and better 
prepare students and workers for this emerging sector. If 
confirmed, how would you work to promote U.S. competitiveness 
and development--in the development standardization of 
innovative technologies?
    Ms. Locascio. Thank you for that question, Senator. And 
NIST has been in the quantum game for a long time and all of 
their basic research has really contributed, in partnership 
with several universities, including the one where I am now at 
University of Maryland and University of Colorado has really 
put the United States at the forefront of the quantum 
revolution that we are experiencing now. And so it is critical 
that, you know, as we look forward to what quantum can do, 
quantum computing and quantum information systems and quantum 
communications in general are really these leapfrog 
technologies that push us into new boundaries of measurement 
and computing that we haven't experienced before.
    And this can allow us to do great things with complex 
problems like climate science and biotechnology. I would work 
with you to make sure we have robust internal laboratory 
programs partnering with universities all over the country, but 
also making sure that the manufacturing of these great 
innovation technologies--innovative technologies is done here 
and we don't lose that to another country like we lost a lot of 
our manufacturing in the United States.
    Senator Thune. Thank you. Thank you, Madam Chair.
    The Chair. Thank you, Senator Thune. I am going to call on 
Senator Rosen, followed by--unless Senator Blackburn shows up, 
Senator Sullivan. So, I am going to run and vote because I 
haven't done that yet. And but turn it over to Senator Rosen 
and will call on Senator Sullivan unless Senator Blackburn 
shows up. Thank you, Senator Rosen.

                STATEMENT OF HON. JACKY ROSEN, 
                    U.S. SENATOR FROM NEVADA

    Senator Rosen. Thank you, Chairman Cantwell and Ranking 
Member Wicker. I really appreciate the nominations hearing and 
thank you to all the nominees for your service, for your 
commitment. I want to talk a little bit about highways in 
Nevada and think of the lack of highways or the congestion of 
our highways, because members of this committee frequently hear 
me talk about the importance of expanding Interstate 11, which 
is the number one highway infrastructure project for the Nevada 
and Arizona delegations.
    Nevada has a booming population and in fact, one of the 
fastest growing states in America, and we need new highway 
infrastructure to meet the increased demand. Such investments 
must include Interstate 11 that connects Nevada and Arizona, 
running from the U.S.-Mexico border, through Phoenix, through 
Las Vegas, all the way up to Reno and Northern Nevada. Senate 
passed bipartisan infrastructure--we passed a bipartisan 
Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, which I was proud to 
help write as a member of the G22.
    And so that is maybe a step toward that reality. We are 
looking forward to continue the Administration's support for 
this project. But in addition, Interstate 15 in Southern Nevada 
is the only highway connecting Southern California to the Las 
Vegas Valley. It is the main route for transportation and goods 
and tourism. The same goes for I-80 in Northern Nevada, the 
main route from California, Northern California for 
transportation for goods and tourists. This lack of access is 
severely impacting our economy in every single way.
    So, Mr. Coes, will you commit to work with me to address 
the congestion issues along Interstate 15 and Interstate 80 for 
the benefit of Nevada's economy and tourism industry?
    Mr. Coes. Thank you for the question, Senator. And first, I 
want to say thank you for your leadership on this issue. Yes, 
if confirmed, I commit to working with you and your staff to 
make sure this is a success.
    Senator Rosen. Thank you. I am going to again talk to Mr. 
Coes. I have asked many of the DOT nominees to come before this 
committee, including Secretary Buttigieg, for their commitment 
to move forward on I-11, and I would love to get yours as well. 
Will you commit to working with me or our Nevada delegation, 
me, Senator Cortez Masto, and of course, Senator Sinema and 
Kelly in Arizona to fund, develop, and construct expansion of 
I-11, connecting our state's economy, bringing more visitors, 
and more goods? It is going to create jobs. It is good for all 
of us.
    Mr. Coes. Senator, thank you again for that question. And 
yes, if confirmed, I will commit to working with you and the 
entire delegation on making that happen.
    Senator Rosen. Thank you. I appreciate that. Of course, we 
are going to build all this. There is a lot of emerging 
transportation technology. And so Nevada is proud to be on the 
cutting edge of innovative transportation technologies. In 
fact, that includes hosting the only statewide FAA authorized 
drone test site to participate in several autonomous vehicle 
and smart transportation pilot projects.
    And we are home to the Hyperloop One testbed. So again, Mr. 
Coes, can you talk about how you plan to use your position as 
Assistant Secretary for Transportation Policy, if confirmed, to 
encourage creativity and innovation in our transportation 
sector for all this technology that we are talking about?
    Mr. Coes. Thank you, Senator, for that question. I will say 
in the current role of a Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary, 
I work with a number of colleagues along with the Office of 
Research and Technology to support the NETT Council. We are 
currently having discussions about how we can strengthen the 
NETT council.
    Also, as you are aware, there is a reauthorization of the 
NETT Council as part of the bipartisan infrastructure bill. 
Again, we will love to continue to work with your staff and the 
rest of the Committee to make sure that we are fostering 
innovation that reduces efficiencies, allow us to win the 
competitive advantage on these emerging technologies.
    Senator Rosen. And of course, we are going to hopefully 
build the freeways of the future. We are going to have our 
drones, autonomous cars. Who knows what is on the horizon? But 
we need to have people to do the work. And so how would you use 
your role to attract traditionally underrepresented groups such 
as women and people of color to the transportation technology 
sector? How can DOT partner with agencies to promote and create 
training opportunities to build the pipeline for people to fill 
these jobs and build the future?
    Mr. Coes. Again, Senator, thank you for that specific 
question. In my current role, I work with all of modal 
leadership on a range of multimodal initiatives, and workforce 
development training is one of the top ones we are focusing on.
    In addition, as I mentioned with Senator Fischer, there are 
a number of tools that are embedded in the bipartisan 
infrastructure bill that you supported, that will allow us to 
partner with academic institutions, as well as other 
organizations to build a pipeline, particularly with labor 
unions when it comes to create apprenticeships and the like.
    And again, if confirmed, I will continue to work with your 
staff, as well with the rest of the Committee, to figure out 
how we can build the infrastructure pipeline and workforce 
first pipeline to support the infrastructure of the future.
    Senator Rosen. Wonderful. I say my time is up. I look 
forward to working with all the nominees in your different 
capacities. Thank you.

                STATEMENT OF HON. DAN SULLIVAN, 
                    U.S. SENATOR FROM ALASKA

    Senator Sullivan. Well, I appreciate the witnesses here. I 
am going to call on myself for the next round of questioning 
without the Chairman here. Let me follow up on Senator Thune's 
discussions, and I know it is an issue that we all care about 
on ports. And in particular, I need a commitment from all of 
you. If confirmed, again, go on up to the great State of Alaska 
to see our infrastructure, but particularly the port of Alaska. 
Can I get that from everybody?
    Mr. Coes. Yes.
    Senator Sullivan. And I am not even requiring it like in 
February when it is 30 below.
    [Laughter.]
    Senator Sullivan. You can come in the summer. Go fishing 
too if you like to fish.
    Mr. Vekich. Would be happy to Senator, especially on a 
Seattle cruise ship to Southeast Alaska.
    Senator Sullivan. There we go. Good. Commitment to come to 
Alaska.
    Ms. Locascio. Absolutely. Thank you, Senator.
    Senator Sullivan. Alright, so we have what is called the 
Port of Anchorage, Port of Alaska. It is one of the DOD 18 
strategic ports. This port and the Port of Tacoma, the Chair 
has a strong interest in both the Port of Tacoma, as you can 
imagine, but also the Port of Alaska, she has talked about that 
a lot, both of us--this is a bipartisan issue, but it needs 
some significant investment, both on the DOT side, DOD side. It 
is also 90 percent of all supplies and food that come to Alaska 
come through this port.
    So, can I get a commitment from each of you, particularly 
you, Mr. Vekich, and Mr. Coes, to work with me and the Chair 
because I know she cares about this, on both the Tacoma port 
and the Anchorage port, because in the DOD study that was done 
on the 18 strategic ports, Tacoma and Anchorage were the ones 
that actually came in kind of with the worst grade.
    And if we ever need them--well, we do need them for our 
military, but also for commerce. It is really critical that 
these--our ports get Federal attention. I have talked to the 
Secretary of Transportation about this and MARAD and the 
Maritime Commission is certainly aware as well. Can I get your 
commitment to work with me and this committee on these 
important ports?
    Mr. Vekich. Senator Sullivan, absolutely happy to work with 
you, and I have firsthand experience working in Tacoma and on 
those facilities that send cargo to Alaska. They are vital. I 
haven't had the pleasure to be in Anchorage yet, but it is on 
my to do list and I look forward to visiting that and seeing 
the facilities there. But yes, it is important we connect those 
dots and strengthen them. That is a vital--it is a vital 
channel of goods movement. But firsthand knowledge, I am happy 
to invest my time and effort into working with you on that.
    Senator Sullivan. Good. And we will get you literally to 
the port to see it. And it is connected to the Port of Tacoma. 
As you can imagine, a lot of the economic activity is very 
interconnected between our two states, as the Chair certainly 
knows. Mr. Coes?
    Mr. Coes. Senator, again, first, thank you for that 
question. Second, thank you for the conversation we had where 
you brought this up, and again, as I reiterated then, I will 
reiterate now, the Secretary believes it is important for us to 
improve our port infrastructure, which is why we were 
advocating for additional dollars in the bipartisan 
infrastructure bill. You have our commitment to work with you 
and the rest of the community to make sure that we follow 
through on that.
    Senator Sullivan. Good. Madam Chair, I am talking about the 
Port of Tacoma and the Port of Anchorage as priorities for this 
committee. So, I don't want to speak for you, but I think it is 
safe to say you are fairly----
    The Chair. Very important--yes----
    Senator Sullivan. invested as well. Mr. Coes, let me turn 
next to aviation safety. We have talked about that. You may 
have seen the big FAA plan that just came out. I applauded the 
Administrator and his team for working on that. But can I get 
your commitment? This is the aviation safety plan for Alaska. 
Unfortunately, we have way too many airplane crashes, given how 
many people fly, given how big our state is, and given how 
rough the terrain is and how difficult the weather can be.
    But can I get your commitment to work with me and the FAA 
in this committee, because I think people care about you even 
if they are not from Alaska? We shouldn't have crash rates and 
mortality rates, you know, twice the national average. A lot of 
that is because a lack of infrastructure. We have airports. 
Over 200 communities in my state that are not connected by 
roads, so we need airports, and we don't have the 
infrastructure that every single other airport in the lower 48 
gets. We just don't get it. People say, well, it is expensive. 
I am like, well, damn it, they are Americans too.
    And if they got it in another State, they should have it in 
my State, especially if you don't have a road to the community 
and people are dying. So, I need your strong commitment to help 
us with regard to the implementation of that really good first 
step. The FAA put a lot of effort into it. I know DOT was 
involved as well. National Transportation Safety Board, too. 
Can I get your commitment to work with me in this committee and 
the FAA on that important issue?
    Mr. Coes. Senator, it is important for me to say that the 
number one priority for the Department is safety. And in my 
current--my role, if confirmed, as Assistant Secretary of 
Transportation, is a major refresh with that policy. If 
confirmed, I will definitely work with my colleagues at FAA and 
Administrator Dickerson to make sure we are following through 
on that promise. And I definitely love to work with your staff 
to figure out how we can make sure that aviation, regardless of 
where it is in the country, is safe.
    Senator Sullivan. Regardless of where you live. It 
shouldn't matter where you live, right?
    Mr. Coes. Correct.
    Senator Sullivan. You are an American, you should get the 
ability to have the infrastructure for safety that every other 
American gets in the lower 48, correct?
    Mr. Coes. That is how we stay a competitor--a global 
competitor in the country.
    Senator Sullivan. That is how we save lives. That is even 
more important than that.
    Mr. Coes. Exactly.
    Senator Sullivan. OK, great. Thank you. Thank you, Madam 
Chair. I will have more questions for the record.
    The Chair. Thank you, Senator Sullivan.
    Senator Warnock.

              STATEMENT OF HON. RAPHAEL WARNOCK, 
                   U.S. SENATOR FROM GEORGIA

    Senator Warnock. Thank you so much, Chair Cantwell. Before 
I jump into my questions, as a point of pride for my state, I 
want to note that it is great to see the number of Georgians 
nominated to lead the Department of Transportation during this 
transformational and critical time in our country. We just 
voted to advance the nomination of Mr. Bose, who grew up in the 
Atlanta region, to lead the Federal Railroad Administration. 
And now it is great again to see you, Mr. Coes of Thomasville, 
Georgia, I have spent some time at Thomasville, great folks 
there, to be Assistant--nominated now to be Assistant Secretary 
for Transportation Policy. It was great to see you not long ago 
with Secretary Buttigieg at the Transit Equity Roundtable.
    Georgia is home to one of the most advanced and diverse 
economies in the nation, and it has been a real pleasure to 
move around the state, see what is happening all across our 
state. Plants like Kia Motors in West Point, Georgia, where 
they are producing everyday vehicles and I think the most 
popular SUV in the country. Semiconductors are critical input 
in many of the goods that are being manufactured in places like 
Kia and other places all across our state. So when this factory 
had shut down twice, losing a total of 2 weeks of production 
due to global semiconductor shortage, it didn't just harm the 
workers in West Point, Georgia, it harmed their families, local 
suppliers, and the entire community.
    Another major company in Georgia technology sector is NCR, 
which produces ATMs, cash registers, and other point of sale 
systems critical technology for small businesses and consumers. 
They are also experiencing significant delays due to the 
shortage in semiconductors. I know that NIST has been tasked 
with working with industry partners to identify supply chain 
challenges.
    Dr. Locascio, will you commit to working with my office to 
investigate the needs of Georgia businesses in the 
semiconductor supply chain?
    Ms. Locascio. Thank you for that question, Senator. And 
yes, I can't imagine a more pressing problem right now in the 
country than what we are experiencing with our shortages in our 
supply chains in numerous areas. We have all felt that through 
the pandemic, and the semiconductor electronics industry has 
been most obvious, impacting automobiles and computers and home 
appliances and National Security. And so absolutely, this is 
something I would be--look forward to working with you on.
    Senator Warnock. Everything from automobiles to home 
appliances to National Security. So can you say more about how 
you will prioritize semiconductor research at NIST to promote 
chips manufacturing and supply chain resiliency right here in 
the United States?
    Ms. Locascio. Thank you for that question, Senator. 
Clearly, the supply chain disruptions and dislocations that we 
are seeing in this country right now with semiconductors are 
because we don't manufacture enough here. And I think we only 
manufacture about 12 percent of the global supply, and we 
consume about 30 percent. So we really do have to first and 
foremost think about boosting manufacturing in the United 
States around semiconductor electronics.
    And that is sort of the long term issue of solving that 
manufacturing deficit. The internal laboratory programs at 
NIST, they have had long standing programs related to 
semiconductor electronics, working very closely in partnership 
with the industry as it had grown through the United States and 
really continued to do research at National Institute of 
Standards and Technologies to support the industry as it exists 
now today, pushing forward new measurement science, new 
capabilities, new technologies, always--and new standards, but 
always, always in partnership and close partnership and trusted 
partnership with industry. And I would prioritize that, if I am 
confirmed.
    Senator Warnock. Thank you so much. I think it is 
absolutely critical that this committee continues to monitor 
the situation and that we ensure that we have adequate supply 
of chips and other supplies that are so critical to the Georgia 
economy, the American economy, and as you point out, National 
Security. Thank you so much, Madam Chair.
    The Chair. Thank you, Senator Warnock. Is Senator Blackburn 
available? If not, Senator Peters.

                STATEMENT OF HON. GARY PETERS, 
                   U.S. SENATOR FROM MICHIGAN

    Senator Peters. Thank you, Madam Chair, for recognition, 
and to each of our nominees say, congratulations. Mr. Vekich, I 
have heard from numerous small businesses, especially those 
businesses involved in the auto industry, that the substantial 
congestion that we are currently seeing in our Nation's ports 
is contributing, as I know you are well aware as we spoke of 
earlier, to delays and problems for them in their supply chain, 
which of course ripples, as we have heard from previous 
Senators as well, throughout the broader economy.
    I chair the Commerce Committee, Surface Transportation, 
Maritime Freight, and Port Subcommittee, and I am certainly 
eager to look into ways that we can strengthen these supply 
chains and address the issues that we are seeing at our ports 
and build greater resiliency. And I certainly believe that part 
of the solution to this ongoing congestion and supply chain 
disruption is to make better use of the ports in the Great 
Lakes, which can play a significant role in easing the 
congestion and improve more efficient movement of freight.
    However, in order to achieve these goals, we need to ensure 
that all seaports have equitable access to Federal resources 
and all ports are held to the same standards. And that is why I 
am committed to working with our smaller seaports as they work 
to balance security concerns and evolving threats with our port 
business operations and the need to move freight. I strongly 
support efforts to increase funding for MARAD's Ports 
Infrastructure Development Program.
    These grants can be used to support needed infrastructure 
improvements, as you know. And I, along with Chair Cantwell, 
led a letter to Senate and House leadership last month, urging 
them to include $2.5 billion in reconciliation for this 
critically important program. My question for you is, what are 
your thoughts on equitable resource distribution for ports. And 
perhaps more broadly, do you agree that we must prioritize 
investment in our ports infrastructure if we truly want to 
alleviate some of the congestion issues that we are seeing?
    Mr. Vekich. Thank you, Senator, for that question. It 
probably is more a question of national survival if we are 
going to be a leading economical power in the world that we--
our ports are absolutely vital to that end. And to circle back 
to your underutilized rural ports, I am from one of those 
underutilized rural ports. And I think finally, one of the 
solutions to the massive influx of shipping from the Pacific 
Rim is more use of some of those lesser ports.
    The smaller ports, they are getting busier, they are being 
sought out by companies and cargo is being put there. But they 
don't all have the capability of handling containers. They 
don't have the capacity of handling large ships. And I am 
sometimes frustrated that we have gotten too big for our 
britches when it comes from the international trade that idea 
of building great big ships is great, but when you have--when 
the capacity is not in real deep berths in smaller rural areas, 
in smaller rural parts, then perhaps that is not the right way 
to go for a future that is going to benefit all.
    But I would absolutely commit to working with you on the 
development of all of our ports and rural ports, especially. 
They are an untapped, underutilized resource. And too often 
they are not being mentioned as one of the answers to the 
supply congestion problem. And I am--I was happy to discuss 
this with you earlier and I would be happy to work with you 
further on this down the road.
    Senator Peters. I appreciate that, and we are talking about 
smaller ports, but sometimes a fairly decent sized ports in the 
Great Lakes, as well as always throughout our history, has been 
a significant artery for transport up the St. Lawrence Seaway 
into the Great Lakes, and you are immediately into the 
heartland of the country as well with those waterways.
    So, we look forward to working with you and appreciate your 
commitment here today. Mr. Coes, my next question is to you, 
and it relates to autonomous vehicles, something that I have 
focused a great deal of efforts on and appreciated the Chair's 
support of our efforts to look at utilizing this technology in 
the future. Probably one of the most critical benefits from 
this technology is lifesaving.
    We lose nearly 40,000 people on our highways every year, 
and we know a lot of the advanced technology related to 
autonomous vehicles or before we get the full autonomy, the 
safety features that are incorporated, can prevent probably 
nearly most of those accidents when you consider well over 90 
percent are human error. So it is significant that we continue 
to invest in this technology, plus the from a competitive 
standpoint. We know our competitors in China in particular, in 
other Asian areas and Europeans are all investing substantial 
resources.
    And I certainly want to make sure that the United States 
continues to lead in autonomous vehicles, that we make those 
vehicles in the United States with American workers, and it is 
an American technology that leads the world. So my question to 
you is, if confirmed, will you commit to working with this 
committee as well as my office to inform our efforts as we work 
on legislation related to autonomous vehicles?
    And will you also commit to use your position to help us 
retain leadership in this critical area? Give me your thoughts 
about the future for our autonomous vehicles.
    Mr. Coes. Thank you, Senator, for that question. I would 
like to say prior to joining the Administration, I know my 
organization worked very closely with your staff when it comes 
to autonomous vehicles. I will say that as an Administration 
again, our Department believes safety is our number one 
priority. But autonomous vehicles also an opportunity--gives 
the opportunity to actually address that directly. And I 
definitely would commit, if confirmed, to work with your staff, 
continue to make sure that autonomous vehicles are done in a 
safe manner.
    In addition, one of the things that I think our office is 
also potentially looking into to, and I think we will love to 
work with your staff, is how do we make sure that not only is 
the U.S. a global leader in autonomous vehicles, but do we have 
the workforce to actually do that? And that is one of the 
questions that I know your staff has been interested in. I know 
you have been as well. Will love to work with your staff to 
make that possible.
    Senator Peters. Well, thank you. I have appreciated your 
past work, and I look forward to your future work on this 
critical issue. Thank you so much.
    The Chair. Thank you. Senator Blackburn.

              STATEMENT OF HON. MARSHA BLACKBURN, 
                  U.S. SENATOR FROM TENNESSEE

    Senator Blackburn. Thank you, Madam Chairman, and thank you 
all for being patient with us this morning. I want to return to 
the supply chain issue. Mr. Vekich, let me talk with you for 
just a few moments on this because I think in the position that 
you are nominated for, it is critical that you be an advocate 
for our U.S. exporters. We have got a lot of Ag production in 
Tennessee.
    We have a lot of aftermarket auto parts in Tennessee, and 
much of this ends up going into export. And they really do 
depend on equitable and efficient treatment at the port so that 
they can remain competitive. And I am from Tennessee. The Port 
of Memphis is vitally important for us. So as you look at the 
nomination that is there for you, should the FMC's involvement 
include vigorous enforcement against ocean carrier conduct that 
increases cost and inefficiencies for the supply chain, and for 
these individuals who are exporting and depending on this 
supply chain?
    Mr. Vekich. Yes, thank you for that question. Senator. I am 
told the FMC is not a rate setting organization. What it does 
do is have a robust monitoring of anti-competitive behavior. 
And to that level, there is a one level, one rule, one standard 
for all. And I think that's that is the statutory obligation.
    And how as we move forward, I think vigorous enforcement of 
that may vary over time with certain periods of time. And this 
is a time when we need that vigorous enforcement to make sure 
there is not anti-competition effort going on, to see if there 
are unfair surcharges to our American exporters especially, to 
see and to police fleets, the industry like it is the job of 
the FMC to do.
    Senator Blackburn. Let me ask you about another issue. You 
know, the Memphis supply chain innovation team. This is 
something that the FMC created in 2018. And one of the problems 
that they have flagged is the shortage of chassis and not 
having the chassis that are needed. This is an issue. So talk 
to me a little bit about what your experience is with the 
chassis issue and what should be next steps there to deal with 
this shortage because this is something that is an inefficiency 
in the system.
    Mr. Vekich. Thank you, Senator. I have been anticipating 
this conversation and this question, and I am so happy I have a 
chance to now share my angst over the chassis issue. In my real 
life, there never were enough chassis on the terminals I worked 
on, on the ships I was working on. There never were the right 
size chassis. There never were the right line chassis. There is 
so many different problems and it all boils down to how we use 
them.
    Are we--for the best use of the resource, the tools? And I 
really appreciate the work the Memphis group has done that you 
are under--I believe it is under your tutelage, and I know 
Commissioner Dye, who has had some involvement as well. And I 
think we need to pursue and dive deeper into that issue.
    Senator Blackburn. Yes. If you were confirmed, I look 
forward to getting you to Memphis so that we can work on, 
because that is the issue. Ms. Locascio, I have got a question 
for you about NIST and what their role should be in standard 
setting bodies. When we talk about competition with China, 
whether it is great power competition, whether it is commercial 
competition, their Belt and Road Initiative, one of the things 
that we continue to hear from innovators is the need for us to 
lead in these standard setting body. So how can NIST use that 
role to help the U.S. lead in not only research, but 
development and commercialization of new technologies?
    Ms. Locascio. Thank you for that question, Senator. And it 
is an important strategy in trying to combat what China is 
currently doing in their very aggressive strategy through 
China's standards 2035, but also, as you mentioned through the 
Belt and Road Initiative, where they are essentially forcing 
people to adopt their standards if they are in--providing 
funding for infrastructure in their country.
    And so, you know, moving forward, if I am confirmed, I 
believe that NIST should also adopt a very important national 
strategy or strategy to have all of the right people at the 
table to be able to assume leadership roles in areas that are 
of clear importance to the United States and our economy moving 
forward.
    Senator Blackburn. Thank you. I will look forward to 
further conversations on that. Thank you, Madam Chairman.
    The Chair. Thank you, Senator Blackburn. I think that is 
all the members that we know of, unless there is somebody 
online that would still like to ask a question. If not, I would 
like to just ask the nominees--this is a standard question we 
ask of all nominees. Mr. Vekich, Mr. Coes, Dr. Locascio, if 
confirmed, will you pledge to work collaboratively with this 
committee, provide thorough and timely responses to our 
requests for information as we put together and address 
important policy issues, and appear before the Committee when 
requested?
    Mr. Vekich. I pledged to do so.
    Mr. Coes. Yes.
    Ms. Locascio. Yes, absolutely.
    The Chair. OK, thank you for that commitment. Senators will 
have 72 hours to submit questions for the record to the 
Committee. Witnesses will have a week to respond. That 
concludes our hearing today. Thank you all for your willingness 
to serve and answering our questions. This hearing is 
adjourned.
    [Whereupon, at 12:01 p.m., the hearing was adjourned.]

                            A P P E N D I X

Prepared Statement of Hon. Chris Van Hollen, U.S. Senator from Maryland
    I am proud to support the nomination of Dr. Laurie Locascio to 
serve as the next Director of NIST: the National Institute of Standards 
and Technology. Dr. Locascio is an exceptional choice for this role--
not only because she hails from my great State of Maryland, is a 
graduate of the University of Maryland, Baltimore, and has been a 
leader in the University of Maryland's research endeavors since 2017--
but also because she brings years of experience working at all levels 
of the agency and possesses the character, skills, vision, and 
knowledge to serve with distinction at NIST's helm.
    For the past four years, Dr. Locascio has held the position of Vice 
President for Research at the University of Maryland, College Park and 
the University of Maryland, Baltimore, where she has managed UMD's 
vibrant research and innovation programs on both campuses. But before 
taking on this role, she spent three decades at NIST--starting out as a 
research staffer and rising to become Acting Principal Deputy Director 
and Associate Director for Laboratory Programs. Among her many 
achievements at NIST, Dr. Locascio directed the Material Measurement 
Laboratory, one of NIST's largest laboratories which spans eight 
different locations around the United States, boasts over 1,000 
research staff, and operates a $175 million annual budget. Her track 
record proves she brings the experience and knowledge required of the 
next Director of NIST.
    If confirmed, Dr. Locascio will be placed in charge of NIST at a 
pivotal moment for the agency. The work that happens at NIST has 
touched almost every aspect of American life for decades, and I've long 
been proud to have NIST headquartered in my home state of Maryland. But 
the agency's efforts have taken on an added measure of urgency in 
recent years as we work to sharpen America's competitive edge in the 
arenas of research and technology. It's for that very reason that 
President Biden has expressed his vision for strengthening NIST by 
proposing a 45 percent expansion of the agency's budget that would help 
strengthen manufacturing programs at NIST--including initiatives 
focused on supply chain security and boost the agency's research 
programs in quantum science, artificial intelligence, climate research, 
biotechnology, and more.
    When I met with Dr. Locascio over the summer, she expressed her 
enthusiasm for leading NIST at this exciting moment in the agency's 
history, and she emphasized her commitment to restoring U.S. leadership 
in international standards, investing in quantum technology, and using 
the tools at NIST to strengthen our supply chains--including the 
semiconductor chip supply chain, which is a top priority for this 
government. That conversation made clear what I already knew to be 
true: Dr. Locascio brings a clear vision and a lifetime of experience 
to this role. I have full confidence that she will guide NIST towards 
continued success--and I urge this committee to advance her nomination.
                                 ______
                                 
   Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Amy Klobuchar to 
                             Max M. Vekich
    Port Infrastructure. The Port of Duluth supports industries from 
agriculture to manufacturing--it's the largest and busiest port on the 
Great Lakes with 900 vessels and an average of 35 million short tons of 
cargo per year. And in 2017, a new intermodal terminal opened for 
Canadian National Railway and Duluth Cargo Connect to improve the flow 
of freight in and out of the Midwest.

    Question 1. Can you speak to how investments in multi-modal port 
infrastructure can help reduce delays and congestion in the shipment of 
goods?
    Answer. I am grateful for your recognition, and the recognition of 
all your colleagues of the need for infrastructure investment, 
especially infrastructure that helps move freight.
    A single container in international transit moves from one mode to 
another. Simplifying the process for the purposes of an example, 
getting a container from origin to destination requires trucking, ocean 
carriage, and trucking or rail again. On its journey, the container 
will travel on or through highways, local roads, marine terminals, 
equipment cargo yards, rail lines, rail yards, and even navigable 
inland waterways.
    All these are elements of the ocean-linked freight delivery system 
and are essential to commerce. Costs of construction and maintenance 
for these components are expensive. Costs of not having these are 
devastating. Most of our supply links are down narrow ribbons of road, 
rail, or water. Keeping them uncongested and fluid is the key to 
supporting commerce. Staging, stacking, siding, straightening are verbs 
that keep the ports better at handling cargo. The goal must be to keep 
cargo moving. To do that, you need the right infrastructure and 
constant investment in the system across all modes related to goods 
movement.

    Question 2. Can you also speak to the importance of viable ports in 
supporting rural communities?
    Answer. This question hits home. I am from a small timber town on 
the Olympic Peninsula. The town's pulp and paper mills, and sawmills 
have closed. The local port had been a major exporter of wood products. 
Changes in forestland management, environmental protections, and 
changing global markets led to economic decline. Community stakeholders 
recognized the critical need to revitalize the port. Local business and 
labor leaders worked together to find a new customer for the port. 
After years of economic distress, cargo from the Midwest was flowing 
again through the
    Port of Grays Harbor thanks to connecting a soybean cooperative 
located in the Heartland to our community. This rejuvenated the short 
line railway, increased the longshore workforce, and led to the 
construction of grain elevators. Now there is 24-hour shore to ship 
loading at the Port of Grays Harbor. Since 2003, 23 million tons of 
Nebraska produced soybean meal has been exported to the Pacific Rim 
from the Port of Grays Harbor.
    In the Pacific Northwest, there are ports supporting rural 
communities in Bellingham, WA, Kalama, WA, Port Angeles, WA, Astoria, 
OR, Coos Bay, OR, and Lewiston, ID to name just a few. This region has 
the most concentration of small rural ports on the West Coast. All 
these communities have been sustained by their rural ports. Where ports 
did not remain viable, like Raymond, WA, Port Ludlow, WA, and Rainier, 
OR, communities ceased to thrive.
    As a former State Representative and Chair of the Washington State 
House Agriculture Committee, I saw how communities suffered when their 
links to markets were severed during the days of rail abandonment. Many 
agricultural areas never recovered from losing rail service.
    Duluth is a great example of supporting rural communities. The 
Great Lakes were North America's highways before highways were 
invented. Despite Duluth being so far inland, it attracts ``Lakers'' 
and ``Salties''. This is because waterborne transportation is always 
the best way to transport bulk cargoes. There is no question that 
Duluth's location has brought both jobs and commerce to the Iron Range.
                                 ______
                                 
   Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Kyrsten Sinema to 
                             Max M. Vekich
    Port Congestion. My constituents are experiencing the effects of 
supply chain difficulties, especially when products are delayed and 
consumers see increased prices. I am encouraged by reports that the 
Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach, California have begun operating 
continuously to address congestion issues, notably the dozens of ships 
waiting to dock and off-load their cargo.

    Question 1. If confirmed, how will you address port congestion in 
your role as a Commissioner of the Federal Maritime Commission?
    Answer. If confirmed, I would continue the work of the Commission 
to keep cargo moving by supporting Chairman Maffei's Vessel-Operating 
Common Carrier Audit Program efforts. Further, I would also explore how 
I might be able to support Commissioner Dye's Fact Finding 29 efforts 
to relieve Port Congestion. I will apply my experience in cargo 
movement to the Commission's efforts and initiatives. I especially want 
to support efforts to use existing equipment and facilities 
effectively.

    Question 2. How will remedial actions taken at maritime ports help 
goods flow more quickly over rail and by truck to states such as 
Arizona that do not have maritime ports of entry?
    Answer. Thank you for recognizing the tremendous effort that has 
gone on in the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach.
    Arizona benefits from its proximity to those two ports, and though 
Arizona is landlocked, the Southern California maritime industry sees 
it as an important portion of their market. The key to serving that 
market well is keeping the cargo moving. The workforce is willing to 
work 24/7 and as you note, the two port authorities are inviting round 
the clock operations. All parties involved in moving ocean cargo should 
embrace this opportunity to move more cargo over more hours.
    Providing financial incentives to truck drivers could make a 
difference in attracting more people to the profession. We have a 
shortage of truck drivers and once a container is offloaded, it is more 
often than not being handed off to a truck. We need enough truck 
drivers, with reliable access to chassis to be able to realize maximum 
advantage of extended gate hours.

    Question 3. When do you expect Arizonans to start seeing supply 
chain improvements in terms of lower prices and increased inventories 
when they purchase everyday goods that have been shipped overseas to 
the United States?
    Answer. Estimates for how long supply chain congestion will last 
have consistently shifted over the past 18 months. At this moment, the 
consensus seems to be that it will not be until sometime in 2022 before 
we see a return to conditions in shipping and goods movement that each 
of us would consider more normal. None of what we are now experiencing 
is new to anyone who works at ports or is in the business of moving 
international ocean freight.

    Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA). My bipartisan 
Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act invests 16.6 billion dollars 
over five years in our Nation's seaports, coastal infrastructure, and 
waterways, among other infrastructure priorities.

    Question. How will the IIJA's investments revitalize America's port 
infrastructure? Will the legislation's investments help prevent future 
port congestion issues by enabling ports to build larger docks and 
purchase additional equipment to offload containers?
    Answer. I appreciate your determination to improve seaport 
infrastructure. I am hopeful lessons will be learned from the cargo 
surge especially on the West Coast, where there is a desperate need for 
more resiliency. Investment in our Nation's seaports is smart, timely 
and overdue.
    Even with the port congestion crisis, productivity is up 30 percent 
over last year in the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach.
    As a nominee to serve in an Executive Branch agency, it would not 
be appropriate for me to offer a formal position on legislation that is 
pending before the Congress. Broadly speaking though, I certainly 
support the overall objective of investing in America's infrastructure 
generally, and in programs and projects that promote the more efficient 
movement of freight of all kinds.
    An important thing to remember about ocean cargo is that it is 
dependent upon many different modes of transportation travelling over 
and through many different kinds of conveyances. Investing in a bridge 
that crosses the Mississippi River means that ocean cargo moving over 
the Memphis railhead can flow fluidly. While our ports and port related 
intermodal connectors need investment, infrastructure investment does 
not need to take place at a port to benefit cargo velocity. 
Additionally, given how many states an ocean container travels through 
before arriving at its destination, better coordination between regions 
and states on goods movement is a goal we should all share.
    Without offering an endorsement of any bill before the Congress, I 
can say our transportation workers are giving their all to make cargo 
move under unprecedented conditions. We should invest in our 
infrastructure to not only make their jobs easier, but for the benefit 
of all Americans. Proposals such as your legislation go a long way 
toward reaching that goal.
                                 ______
                                 
    Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Roger Wicker to 
                             Max M. Vekich
    Question 1. Over the past twenty years, marine terminal companies 
in regions of the U.S. have filed collaboration agreements with the FMC 
to allow port terminals to jointly explore and develop technology 
initiatives that can enhance port efficiencies, and the Commission has 
endorsed those agreements. Do you agree with the ongoing approach to 
allow for collaboration on innovative technologies?
    Answer. I believe American ports need to realize their fullest 
potential. I know there are many under-utilized ports, that could help 
port congestion and would benefit from exploring technology initiatives 
and development. I agree with continuing this approach for port 
terminals to collaborate on innovative technologies that provide 
American jobs and American commerce. Moreover, I believe more needs to 
be done to boost exports, and that the FMC has started that process, 
which I would like to see evolve and pursued.

    Question 2. In response to a question in your committee 
questionnaire about the top three challenges facing the FMC, you said 
one of the top challenges was carrier consolidation. You went on to 
say, ``Furthermore, are regulations sufficient to keep the big guys 
honest?'' Could you explain what you mean by that comment? Are you 
suggesting there is action stronger than regulations that the FMC 
should take against carriers, and if so, what would that action be?
    Answer. The role of the FMC role is to preserve competition between 
ocean carriers, protect the integrity of the marketplace, and guard 
against any monopolistic trends and practices.
    The quote about ``keep the big guys honest'' was a reference to the 
late Senator Warren Magnuson's comments about monopolistic behavior. I 
was not suggesting that existing regulations are insufficient, or that 
new regulations are necessary, rather I was trying to make the point 
that making certain sufficient oversight is being exercised to protect 
the integrity of the marketplace is vital. Robust monitoring and 
enforcement by FMC is crucial to its mission.

    Question 3. As you heard during the hearing, the freight congestion 
crisis is a major concern. If confirmed, what actions would you take on 
your first day as Commissioner to address this crisis?
    Answer. I would start by seeking meetings with each of the other 
four Commissioners to understand their views on congestion and where 
the consensus is among them about agency priorities for addressing 
congestion.
    Additionally, I would seek meetings with the key career staff at 
the Federal Maritime Commission. Both to begin learning in more detail 
about the agency bureaus and offices, but also to learn specifics about 
actions the FMC has taken in response to events of the last 18-months 
and what further actions might be pending. There are some specific 
areas that I would like the opportunity to gather more information, 
which include the Commission's complaint processes, further details 
about the VOCC Audit Program, the Commission's enforcement processes 
and functions, and Fact Finding 29 and the direction Commissioner Dye 
is moving with this effort.
    Finally, I would begin my search for my Counsel. Each Commissioner 
has an advisor, and I would seek the advice of senior staff about what 
qualities, experience, and knowledge a Counsel should possess.

    Question 4. The current Commissioners have taken a ``divide and 
conquer'' approach to FMC's portfolio, with each Commissioner focusing 
on a different topic. If confirmed, what topic, within the FMC's 
jurisdiction, do you plan to devote your attention to while at the FMC?
    Answer. If confirmed as the newest Commissioner, one aspect of my 
role will be getting up to speed on all issues before the FMC as soon 
as I can.
    An immediate contribution I can make is to serve as resource for 
other Commissioners and professional staff for information on how the 
waterfront works and how ocean cargo actually moves from an operational 
perspective.
    I am interested in ongoing work at the Commission related to 
addressing COVID-19 related impacts to the supply chain, changing 
behavior on detention and demurrage and other fees, and enforcement 
actions overall. I would look to support these initiatives and to offer 
any assistance that would be of help to Commissioners who are working 
on these issues.
    One area of interest to me, and would complement other ongoing 
efforts, is to examine the potential rural and underutilized ports 
present for adding capacity to the ocean-linked supply chain or for 
facilitating exports.

    Question 5. I want to follow up on our discussion during the 
hearing. In response to my question about whether the FMC has the 
authority it needs or if it needs more authority to address the freight 
congestion crisis, you said, ``I don't think it's appropriate for me to 
take sides'' on whether the FMC needs more authority or not. Further, 
you said, ``I would be happy to, once confirmed, weigh into that.'' How 
should the Senate Commerce Committee consider your nomination if we are 
not able to know your perspective on FMC authority until after you are 
confirmed? I found your response particularly puzzling given your 
willingness to provide recommendations on increasing the workforce, 
your concerns about port automation, and your willingness to ask 
questions at the FMC about fees, surcharges, and ocean carrier 
practices.
    Answer. Thank you for the opportunity to address this question.
    I am aware that the Commission does not possess expansive 
authorities and certainly nothing near the power that many in the trade 
community believe it might have or wish it did. I know the Commission 
does not have the authority to set rates. It does not possess emergency 
powers to intervene in the marketplace. The Commission cannot dictate 
where equipment should flow or what specific shippers should be served 
by ocean carriers.
    I have heard and read comments by Chairman Maffei articulating that 
the Commission's authorities should be modernized to reflect changes in 
the industry and allow the agency to exercise its oversight functions 
more effectively. Broadly speaking, I have no objection to that goal, 
but would want to learn more about the specifics of what the Chairman 
has in mind before committing to supporting any particular proposal.
    I have also heard and read comments by Commissioner Dye indicating 
the Commission has sufficient authorities to address issues related to 
detention and demurrage as well as other fees and surcharges.
    The positions of Chairman Maffei and Commissioner Dye are not 
mutually exclusive. Becoming more intimately familiar with the exact 
authorities of the Commission will be top of my priorities if 
confirmed. The Commission must have the authorities necessary to 
protect the integrity of the marketplace, but on balance, the shipping 
public has been well served by access to reliable and historically 
consistent, stable rates to move cargo by ocean. While there is a call 
for the Commission to be given new authorities in response to supply 
chain congestion and high rates for ocean carrier services, a cautious 
and reasoned approach is always a wise course to follow. As a former 
legislator, I respect the prerogative of the Legislative Branch to 
determine the authorities and jurisdiction of an Executive Branch 
agency and will defer to the priorities set by policymakers.

    Question 6. On different occasions during the hearing, you talked 
about policies for workforce development and recruitment as well as 
policies regarding infrastructure. While I understand that your 
responses were in response to Senators' questions, what authority do 
you believe the FMC has over workforce development or infrastructure 
policy at ports?
    Answer. The Commission has no direct jurisdiction over workforce or 
infrastructure.
    The Commission does play an important and key role as an advocate 
for an efficient ocean-linked supply chain and in recent years has 
taken on a useful role by convening parties involved in moving cargo to 
address operational challenges and identify solutions that can be 
pursued by the private sector.
    My experience is on the waterfront, handling cargo and making it 
move off the docks and into American commerce. If confirmed, I can 
translate this experience into identifying issues related to the need 
to recruit and train sufficient numbers of workers to replace the 
generation of longshoremen who are rapidly reaching retirement age. 
Similarly, I can suggest where there are improvements to industrial 
infrastructure that can aid in moving cargo or gaining more 
efficiencies to the system overall.
    Individual Commissioners can speak to issues related to the supply 
chain and international trade, but I understand the limitations of the 
office. I am under no illusion that if confirmed I will have the 
ability or authority to set in motion any initiative that will result 
in policy or regulation mandating construction of projects, the hiring 
of workers, or workplace regulations.

    Question 7. During the hearing, I asked you for your thoughts on 
Commissioner Dye's interim recommendations as part of Fact Finding 29. 
Her recommendations included three changes to statute related to 
addressing shipper concerns about retaliation if they file complaints 
with the FMC, authorizing the FMC to seek double reparations for 
unlawful detention and demurrage practices, and authorizing the FMC to 
order refund relief in enforcement proceedings. Now that you have had 
the opportunity to read Commissioner Dye's recommendations, what are 
your thoughts on the issue?
    Answer. Thank you for an opportunity to provide a more complete 
response.
    Commissioner Dye's interim recommendations add teeth to FMC 
enforcement tools and would remove some barriers for private parties to 
seek relief at the FMC.
    I understand her proposals enjoy the support of her colleagues and 
the Commission is moving forward to adopt her recommendations that do 
not require legislative change.
    I certainly support the objectives of what she has recommended.
                                 ______
                                 
      Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Mike Lee to 
                             Max M. Vekich
    Question 1. If confirmed, what will be your key priorities?
    Answer. If I am fortunate enough to be confirmed my priorities will 
be:

   Bring my ``hands on'' experience of moving cargo to the 
        Commission.

   Support in any way I can Chairman Maffei's and Commissioner 
        Dye's efforts to reduce port congestion through activities such 
        as the Vessel-Operating Common Carrier Audit Program and Fact 
        Finding 29. I would gladly take on any task asked of me toward 
        the achieving their desired policy outcomes.

   Support Exports.

   Finding ways to support rural and underutilized ports as 
        assets that can be used to move international containerized 
        trade and serve as additional capacity during times of cargo 
        surge or supply chain disruption.

    Question 2. Conducting cost-benefit analyses for proposed 
regulations has been a practice undertaken by agencies under both 
Democrat and Republican Administrations.

   Please explain your views on the use of cost-benefit 
        analysis when considering proposed regulations. Should all FMC 
        regulations be considered with a cost-benefit analysis?

   If regulatory costs outweigh the benefits, should that be a 
        determining factor that prevents FMC from moving forward with a 
        proposed regulation?
    Answer. I believe that cost-benefit analysis is an important 
consideration whenever an Executive Branch agency considers new 
regulations, and in particular, those that seek to regulate commercial 
conduct. The results of that analysis, and public input on that 
analysis, should be fully considered before adjusting or finalizing 
proposed regulations. FMC must also abide by the direction of Congress 
to do its work with a minimum of government intervention and regulatory 
costs.

    Question 3. When considering regulatory proposal, should FMC 
prioritize policies that allow market participants to freely compete 
with FMC regulatory action or is the market more successful when the 
FMC actively guides the market through regulatory action?
    Answer. The marketplace for container shipping has been highly 
deregulated for decades. Notwithstanding events of the past 
approximately 18 months, shippers have had access to reliable ocean 
shipping services at rates that have essentially been relatively low 
and consistently stable for more than 20 years. The Federal Maritime 
Commission has the responsibility for ensuring the integrity of the 
marketplace and that it is free of collusive and anticompetitive 
behavior by shipping lines. In response to dramatic rate increases 
since summer of last year, some are calling for a return of at least 
some regulation of the industry. It is warranted to examine if the 
regulatory regime the Commission administers needs to be adjusted. 
Nevertheless, the debate must recognize the benefits users of ocean 
transportation have enjoyed from conditions where the Commission is 
protecting the integrity of the marketplace as opposed to guiding the 
marketplace to a certain outcome. Further, the FMC must also abide by 
the purposes established by Congress within the statutory framework for 
the agency.

    Question 4. I would like to learn more about your views on the use 
of the FMC's rulemaking power:

   Should the FMC promulgate rules if the rulemaking power is 
        not expressly granted by Congress?

   Can the FMC use its rulemaking power to circumvent legal 
        precedents with which it disagrees?

   Can the rules passed by the FMC insulate market incumbents 
        from competition?
    Answer. The FMC's authority to issue rules derives from the 
statutory framework and authority established by Congress. In other 
words, the FMC's rulemaking power and approach must be guided by the 
boundaries set by Congress. The FMC also has the ability to set 
precedent through Commission decisions on individual cases. While I 
understand that it is possible for the Commission to override a past 
Commission precedent with a notice and comment rulemaking, that is not 
a frequent occurrence. Finally, the rules issued by the FMC must be 
guided by the purposes set by Congress in 46 U.S.C. 40101 for the 
agency's operation.

    Question 5. What do you consider to be the main cause(s) of the 
current supply chain crisis and congestion at our U.S. ports?
    Answer. There are many causes for current port congestion and 
degradation of the ocean-linked supply chain.
    The system that moves cargo internationally is truly global and 
highly interconnected. Problems in Asia or Europe manifest themselves 
in the United States and vice versa. Shippers--those who contract with 
ocean carriers to move cargo--everywhere in the world are contending 
with the same frustrations as American shippers.
    One key cause for current conditions is simply the historic and 
overwhelming volumes that have been moving via ocean carriage since 
approximately July 2020. The press releases issued by any major 
container port in the United States have reported month after month of 
record cargo volumes transiting their gateways. This has simply 
overwhelmed a domestic landside cargo delivery system that does not 
have excessive extra capacity to handle surges or disruptions.
    Other contributing factors include lack of sufficient numbers of 
truck drivers, intermodal chassis, and intermodal rail capacity. There 
is insufficient space at warehouses to accept cargo at the volumes it 
is flowing, and that sector is facing manpower shortages. If cargo 
cannot move, it backs up, most noticeably at ports and railyards. 
Marine terminals and inland railyards are at beyond their operational 
capacity, which impacts the ability of ports to work ships, which in 
turn causes delays to ship schedules. Our attention might be turned to 
video of ships waiting at anchor to call the Nation's ports, but ports 
are where problems with the domestic freight delivery system manifest 
themselves rather than the cause for the congestion itself.

    Question 6. Given that the longshoremen have demonstrated for years 
that they can effectively collectively bargain, what factors are 
contributing to their labor shortages?
    Answer. The record volumes of container volumes that have transited 
American ports that handle containers. This could not have been done 
without port workers, which include but are not limited to longshore 
labor, reporting for duty consistently over the duration of the 
pandemic. The biggest issue facing longshore labor is that many workers 
are approaching retirement age. It will be important to make certain 
that sufficient numbers of new workers are being recruited, trained, 
and brought into the workforce.

    Question 7. What is your view on the use of technology to automate 
our Nation's ports? Has the lack of its adoption at U.S. ports had any 
effects on costs and efficiency? Should U.S. ports have the option to 
automate their ports and accept automated ships?
    Answer. Technology has a place on marine terminals and in the 
supply chain and can create added capacity throughout the freight 
delivery system. Information and data sharing is one area where there 
is an emerging consensus improvement to America's domestic freight 
delivery system can be achieved. I understand that Chairman Maffei and 
other Commissioners at the Federal Maritime Commission are interested 
in what strides can be made in increasing information and data sharing 
among parties involved in moving containerized ocean cargo. The 
Commission's agreement authority could be a useful tool for those who 
wish to collaborate to make progress in this area.

    Question 8. What is your view on FMC regulation of ocean freight 
rates? Should the FMC actively regulate freight rates or is it more 
appropriate for markets to determine rates?
    Answer. The marketplace model for determining the price to ship a 
container has largely worked well over an extended period of time in 
that it has yielded rates that have been essentially stable. Given the 
historically high rates being charged to ship containers, it is 
understandable why some are advocating for the Commission to have the 
authority to intervene in the marketplace. This would be a dramatic 
change to how American shippers are charged to purchase ocean cargo 
transportation services. Careful consideration would need to be given 
to such a dramatic change to a business model that has benefitted 
shippers for decades.

    Question 9. What is your view on FMC regulation of ocean carrier 
contract provisions? Should the FMC actively regulate ocean carrier 
contract provisions? Is government regulation or contract negotiation 
preferred for the determination of contract provisions?
    Answer. As I understand the authorities of the Commission, the 
agency does not regulate service contracts. Service contracts are 
individual agreements between a shipper and an ocean carrier or an 
ocean transportation intermediary. Given that something in the order of 
700,000 plus service contracts and service contract amendments are 
filed at the Commission each year, reviewing each individually would 
require personnel and resources that the agency simply does not 
possess. I believe the Commission is examining ways to make better use 
of the information contained in these filings to further their 
understanding of market trends and to engage in oversight that might 
lead to enforcement actions. If confirmed, I plan on learning more 
about the specific proposals being considered.
                                 ______
                                 
    Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Ron Johnson to 
                             Max M. Vekich
    Question 1. According to the International Longshoremen's 
Association, there are 65,000 longshoremen in the U.S. You stated 
during the hearing that there is a shortage of longshoremen and many 
are facing retirement age. Many businesses are concerned they will lose 
workers if there is a vaccine mandate.

   What percentage of longshoremen have received the COVID-19 
        vaccine?

   How would a vaccine mandate impact the availability of 
        longshoremen and the congestion at the ports?
    Answer. I am not in a position to know how many longshoremen 
nationally, or even on the West Coast, have been vaccinated against 
COVID-19. The Ports of Seattle and Tacoma have made vaccines available 
to all port workers who want to receive the vaccine. Anecdotally, the 
majority of people who I work with on the docks sought the shot.
    Depending on the success of vaccinating the workforce at any given 
port will dictate how many workers are available to work vessels and 
move cargo. It is possible that there might be a shortage of available 
workers if a significant number of port workers have not been 
vaccinated.

    Question 2. Do you believe there should be exemptions to vaccine 
mandates for individuals that can demonstrate natural immunity from a 
prior-COVID infection?
    Answer. As someone who works in an environment where accidents can, 
and do, easily cause serious bodily harm and even be fatal, I am always 
concerned about maintaining a safe workplace and limiting risks. I have 
a ``safety first'' mindset and I do not apologize for that. 
Nonetheless, I am not a safety expert nor am I a public health 
official. It is difficult for me to opine on the merits of vaccine 
mandate exemptions for individuals who can demonstrate natural immunity 
to COVID.
    Philosophically, I am not opposed to such an exemption, or any 
other vaccine exemption granted for religious or medical reasons, as 
long as the safety of the workplace is maintained.

    Question 3. Aside from the labor shortage, what do you believe are 
the additional barriers to relieving congestion at the ports?
    Answer. There are many barriers to relieving congestion at ports 
and throughout the domestic freight delivery system. Limited hours that 
marine terminals are open to discharge cargo is one factor. Clogged 
railyards, especially in the Midwest, cause back-ups of cargo at the 
ports. A lack of truck drivers and intermodal chassis are also key 
contributors to congestion. Chassis are in such short supply; it is 
even a challenge to find available ones to use to train new truck 
drivers. If a truck driver cannot be trained to move intermodal 
containers, it is difficult to make progress in addressing the driver 
shortage, which is an excellent example of the interconnectedness of 
the issues that are undermining the ability to get cargo off ships, out 
of terminals and into the flow of commerce. A shortage of space in 
warehouses and distribution centers is also a problem, if cargo has 
nowhere to go it will sit at a marine terminal.

    Question 4. Please provide specific ways to address congestion at 
the ports. Do you believe ports should operate 24 hours a day, 7 days a 
week?
    Answer. Though our ports are congested, and our domestic freight 
delivery system is overwhelmed with the historic volumes of ocean 
freight American consumers and companies are importing, it is important 
to note that cargo is moving. The system is not working optimally, but 
it is working. Everyone involved in moving ocean freight, whether labor 
or management, is doing the best they can under challenging 
circumstances. I am not certain I can remember another time in my 50-
year career where I have seen more unity of purpose than I have over 
the past 18 months. Maintaining that commitment to keep cargo moving is 
one of the most important priorities we can set for, at the very least, 
managing through the current situation.
    Having ports and marine terminals operate ``24/7'' could be a 
productive step toward relieving congestion but it is not one that can 
be taken in isolation. To realize the potential gains from having gates 
open around the clock there need to be truck drivers to haul containers 
and warehouses and distribution centers open to accept shipments.
    Finding ways to make intermodal equipment, especially chassis, more 
available would be an invaluable step in the right direction. I know 
that the Commission generally, and Commissioner Dye specifically, is 
working to find ways to improve the container return process. I support 
any effort that results in making more equipment available.
    Even if cargo cannot be offloaded from a ship and sent to its final 
destination, getting containers off marine terminals would be another 
positive development. I know in Seattle, the port has opened two unused 
marine terminals to store cargo. This is inefficient in terms of how 
cargo should move, but it is a positive step in that it creates room on 
terminals that are servicing ships to offload containers and keep boxes 
moving. I believe other ports throughout the Nation are looking for 
similar near port container storage options.
    There are ports that can handle container ships where there is 
capacity for vessels to call and cargo to be worked. For example, some 
container ship traffic has returned to Portland, Oregon as vessel 
operators and shippers seek alternates to traditional gateways for 
containerized trade that have become congested. Work would need to be 
done to make certain sufficient capabilities to move cargo from these 
ports to destination or railheads exist but making use of underutilized 
ports could be beneficial.
    Attracting people to work as truck drivers and warehouse workers 
should also be a priority. Both these sectors are facing personnel 
shortages which serves as a contributing cause to supply chain 
inefficiency.
    The causes for port congestion are many, they are complicated, they 
are interconnected, and they feed off one another.

    Question 5. Does the U.S. have sufficient dredge capacity to deepen 
and widen U.S. ports?
    Answer. As I appreciate the jurisdiction of the Federal Maritime 
Commission, dredging is an issue that is the responsibility of the Army 
Corps of Engineers.

    Question 6. If confirmed as Commissioner, will you commit to 
reviewing regulations that slow or prevent the deepening and widening 
of U.S. ports?
    Answer. Though other agencies have responsibility for dredging and 
ports, the Commission does have an interest in advocating for 
infrastructure that contributes to an efficient supply chain system. 
Port facilities capable of handling the vessels that operate in 
international trade is an important part of that system. If confirmed, 
and if I identify issues related to dredging that are undermining the 
performance of the supply chain, I will call attention to those 
conditions.
                                 ______
                                 
Response to Written Question Submitted by Hon. Shelley Moore Capito to 
                             Max M. Vekich
    Question. On June 16th, I wrote a letter to Federal Maritime 
Commission (FMC) Chairman Maffei regarding the ongoing shipping crisis. 
I appreciate Chairman Maffei's expeditious and thorough response to my 
letter and the FMC's commitment to doing whatever it can--within their 
jurisdiction--to address the issue. In Chairman Maffei's response, he 
noted that securing intermodal equipment over the past year has been a 
challenge for shippers, especially American exports. In your testimony, 
you also mention the return and availability of containers. If 
confirmed, what steps would you take as Commissioner to making progress 
on this issue?
    Answer. The key to moving cargo, which is the key to working our 
way out of the port congestion problem, is to best use existing 
equipment and resources. Shippers, both exporters and importers, need 
containers and chassis. Progress on issues like container return and 
chassis return would make a meaningful contribution toward improving 
cargo flow and starting to address some of the problems causing supply 
chain congestion. I applaud Chairman Maffei's commitment to the FMC 
doing all within its power to contribute to improved equipment 
availability. If confirmed, I would do anything requested of me by the 
Chairman to support this objective. Commissioner Dye's work leading 
Fact Finding 29 has yielded interim recommendations that are practical 
and implementable. I would be interested in any further or future 
recommendations she might make that would help improve equipment flow 
and would be happy to support her efforts in any way I can.
                                 ______
                                 
     Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Rick Scott to 
                             Max M. Vekich
    Question 1. How would you use your position to solve the current 
port congestion and supply chain bottlenecks?
    Answer. It is important to note that the Federal Maritime 
Commission has limited statutory authorities and jurisdiction to 
intervene in the marketplace. Many of the actions people would like the 
Commission to take, such as stepping in to cap rates being set by 
supply and demand, are beyond the power of the agency.
    Nevertheless, the Commission can play an important role in 
contributing to efforts to address port congestion and supply chain 
inefficiency. Because of its role, the Commission has direct relations 
with all the parties involved in moving an ocean container. It has the 
ability to call attention to issues and to convene leaders who can 
offer private sector improvements to operational challenges.
    Furthermore, the Commission can use the authorities it does have to 
make a difference. For example, through Fact Finding 29, the Commission 
is addressing detention and demurrage fees and making certain that such 
charges serve the purpose of incentivizing the movement of cargo and 
the return of intermodal equipment as opposed to another revenue stream 
for ocean carriers. Another Commission effort toward that goal is the 
Vessel-Operating Common Carrier Audit Program established at the 
direction of Chairman Maffei this past summer. This undertaking is 
assessing the nine top carriers by market share calling the United 
States for their compliance with the Commission's Interpretive Rule on 
Detention and Demurrage. Similarly, the Commission's Bureau of 
Enforcement launched an investigation in August 2020 into the timing 
and legal sufficiency of certain announced or initiated fees and 
surcharges by eight different ocean carriers.
    The Commission can play a role in making improvements to the 
container return process and equipment availability. I understand 
Commissioner Dye is working on these efforts and if confirmed, I would 
offer her whatever support I could. Similarly, the Commission can play 
a role in efforts to improve information and data sharing, both by 
bringing attention to the need for progress in this area and through 
its agreement process. This is another policy objective I would support 
and would be pleased to offer my assistance and efforts on if 
confirmed.

    Question 2. How would you use your position to foster a free 
market-based system for determining carrier rates and combating 
anticompetitive practices?
    Answer. The key responsibility of the Federal Maritime Commission 
is to ensure that the marketplace for liner ocean services is free of 
collusive and anticompetitive behavior. The Commission engages in 
continuous and close monitoring of the marketplace and the behavior of 
shipping lines to make certain shippers are not unfairly disadvantaged.
    If confirmed, I will carry out my duties as prescribed by the 
authorities Congress grants the Federal Maritime Commission.
    It is important to enforce the law and make certain that all actors 
in the marketplace are competing on an even playing field. I will do 
everything within my authority as a Commissioner to realize that 
outcome.
                                 ______
                                 
   Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Maria Cantwell to 
                          Christopher A. Coes
    National Culvert Removal, Replacement, and Restoration Grant 
Program. The Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act includes a number 
of new programs that will take time and resources to establish. One key 
program is the bipartisan National Culvert Removal, Replacement, and 
Restoration Grant Program. This program would fund $1 billion dollars 
in competitive grants to address culverts that are blocking fish 
migration. In the Pacific Northwest, these funds will be crucial to 
addressing salmon migration and help us make real process on endangered 
salmon recovery.

    Question. If confirmed, how will you work to ensure the National 
Culvert Removal, Replacement, and Restoration Grant program is 
implemented quickly?
    Answer. The National Culvert Removal, Replacement, and Restoration 
Grant Program included in the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act 
(IIJA) would provide funding for the Department of Transportation (DOT) 
to create a new program aimed at removing, replacing or restoring 
culverts, which will enable the recovery of salmon passage and 
habitats. DOT is already laying the groundwork to stand up this program 
quickly once the IIJA is passed and signed into law. In anticipation of 
IIJA's enactment, DOT is planning and identifying the resources 
required to implement the National Culvert Removal, Replacement and 
Restoration Grant Program. DOT will make this program a priority and 
seek to accomplish the important steps necessary to get it up and 
running as quickly as possible, including seeking out collaborative 
opportunities with the other relevant Federal agencies. If confirmed, I 
look forward to keeping you and your team apprised of developments and 
making this program a success.

    Purpose. The FAST Act required Department of Transportation (DOT) 
to finalize the multimodal freight network within one year of the 
passage of the FAST Act, or December 2016. The Department is nearly 
five years late completing this requirement. This question is intended 
to increase pressure within DOT to finalize the network.

    National Multimodal Freight Network. The FAST Act required the 
Department of Transportation to publish a National Multimodal Freight 
Network by December 2016. The Surface Transportation Investment Act of 
2021 (S.2016), which was included in the Infrastructure Investment and 
Jobs Act, provided significant additional resources dedicated to 
freight projects. The National Multimodal Freight Network will be 
critical for ensuring that these funds are prioritized to best enhance 
the efficient and timely movement of freight across our country.

    Question. When can we expect the Department to finalize the 
National Multimodal Freight Network?
    Answer. Safe, reliable, and efficient freight transportation boosts 
exports, enhances commerce, and powers economic growth. Our robust 
national multimodal freight system consists of millions of miles of 
highways, railways, inland waterways and pipelines, as well as hundreds 
of ports, airports, border crossing, and intermodal facilities. This 
system is experiencing significant congestion related to increased 
consumer demand and highlights the need for identifying critical 
freight assets and infrastructure.
    DOT released the National Freight Strategic Plan (NFSP) in 2020, 
which includes a vision and strategic goals to inform infrastructure 
planning, coordinate investments, and improve the safety and efficiency 
of the entire freight system. Following the completion of the NFSP, DOT 
has turned its attention to finalizing the National Multimodal Freight 
Network (NMFN). We have also noted that section 21103 of the IIJA 
legislation passed by the Senate and currently under consideration in 
the House would modify the statutory requirements for finalizing the 
NMFN, including by providing States an opportunity to submit additional 
proposed designations, which must then be reviewed and accepted by DOT. 
If confirmed, I look forward to keeping you and your team apprised of 
our progress as we implement these additional requirements and work to 
finalize the NMFN.

    Offshore Oil Pipelines. Washington's $30 billion-dollar maritime 
economy supports over 146,000 jobs from fisheries, trade, tourism and 
recreation--but it could all be devastated in an instant by an oil 
spill. Earlier this month California faced that exact scenario--a 
pipeline off the Southern California Coast leaked over 125,000 gallons 
of crude oil.
    While the investigation is still ongoing, reports have indicated 
the pipeline was likely struck by an anchor and damaged months--
possibly even a year--prior to the leak. Current safety regulations 
only require inspections for offshore oil pipelines in high consequence 
once every two years. Given the current congestion our ports are facing 
and the potential for similar incidents, this sporadic oversight is 
concerning.

    Question. Will you commit to reviewing this and other regulations 
in light of this California spill to ensure that DOT's pipeline safety 
enforcement program is truly keeping our shores and our economy safe?
    Answer. The Department of Transportation's Pipeline and Hazardous 
Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) is committed to continuous 
improvement of its safety oversight program, which includes training, 
inspection, enforcement, and guidance, among other activities. As part 
of its investigation into the Beta Offshore (a subsidiary of Amplify 
Energy Corp.) release, if confirmed, I will work with PHMSA to look for 
opportunities to apply lessons learned and review regulations. PHMSA 
regulations require pipeline operators to provide continuous 
surveillance of pipeline facilities and internally inspect pipelines in 
high consequence areas as frequently as necessary to address identified 
threats. PHMSA will also continue to work with state and Federal 
partners to ensure coordination and cooperation in ongoing inspection 
and enforcement programs within the scope of our authority.

    Aviation Manufacturing Jobs Protection Program. The Department of 
Transportation's (DOT) first round of Aviation Manufacturing Jobs 
Protection program (AMJP) awards totaling $482 million to 313 aerospace 
supply chain companies, with $41 million in awards to 32 Washington 
state companies, will be critical to supporting aerospace jobs. I 
understand there are at least 191 additional applicants for the second 
round of AMJP. Applicants from 41 states plus Puerto Rico have applied 
for AMJP funds. This continued and broad interest in the program 
demonstrates the value of a second round, and could suggest that 
additional rounds of awards could be administered to eligible supply 
chain companies who have experienced difficulty applying for the 
program or those who have yet to file their applications for 
consideration.

    Question. With over approximately $2.2 billion in remaining funds 
available out of $3 billion in total appropriations for the AMJP 
program, can you please explain the Department's plans for making 
additional awards and spending these remaining funds to support the 
aerospace supply chain? How will the Department work with additional 
applicants to ensure robust participation in the program moving 
forward?
    Answer. DOT conducted extensive public outreach about the AMJP 
program, including a public website, press releases, social media 
postings, and mass-distribution e-mails to more than 14,000 
representatives of potentially eligible businesses. DOT also hosted two 
public webinars and continued to make the recordings of those webinars 
publicly available and promoted the program through trade associations 
and DOT's Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization 
(OSDBU). DOT was very pleased to announce initial awards to 315 
businesses in 37 states plus Puerto Rico, totaling more than $482 
million. Of those 315 eligible businesses, 60 percent have fewer than 
100 employees, and 80 percent have fewer than 250 employees.
    Due to statutory provisions governing the administration of the 
AMJP program, DOT originally planned to conduct only a single round of 
applications. When DOT became aware that some businesses might have 
decided not to apply because of a misunderstanding about the Employee 
Retention Tax Credit (ERTC), DOT reopened the application process and 
received another 191 applications--roughly half the number in the 
initial round. DOT is in the final stages of evaluating those second-
round applications and plans to announce the additional recipients 
soon. The Department looks forward to keeping you and your team 
apprised of its AMJP-related efforts.
                                 ______
                                 
    Response to Written Question Submitted by Hon. Amy Klobuchar to 
                          Christopher A. Coes
    Investing in Public Transit. Investments in public transit systems 
are critical to getting people back to work. We worked hard to secure a 
$929 million U.S. Federal Transit Administration (FTA) grant for the 
Southwest Light Rail--a 14.5-mile, 16 station extension of the METRO 
Green Line connecting Minneapolis to Eden Prairie, the largest in 
Minnesota state's history.

    Question. In your testimony, you highlighted your work on USDOT's 
Transit-Oriented Development Technical Assistance to help local 
communities apply for transit funding. If confirmed, how do plan to 
continue to help small and local communities leverage Federal transit 
funds?
    Answer. I have had the privilege to work with this Committee and 
Congress in a bipartisan manner to ensure local communities have access 
to funding and financing tools to rebuild their rail infrastructure, 
promote road safety and encourage greater private investment to build 
transit-oriented development (TOD). This type of development is 
critical to ensuring housing and transportation options are affordable 
to the average American.
    The Biden-Harris Administration's goals on equity are part of 
building a transportation system that works for all Americans. That 
means ensuring that in discretionary grant programs, all communities, 
especially those that have historically been left behind or suffered 
from underinvestment, have a fair shot. This Administration has put a 
priority on ensuring that its discretionary programs, consider equity 
when making project selections. For example, the Federal Transit 
Administration (FTA) announced the availability of approximately $10 
million in competitive grant funds through a Notice of Funding 
Opportunity (NOFO) for TOD planning. If confirmed, I am committed to 
supporting comprehensive planning and capacity building efforts that 
help connect communities, improve access to public transportation and 
affordable housing, and support President Biden's call to combat 
climate change, advance environmental justice, and promote equitable 
delivery of benefits to underserved communities.
                                 ______
                                 
   Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Kyrsten Sinema to 
                          Christopher A. Coes
    Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA). The bipartisan 
Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act provides a significant 
investment of $550 billion additional dollars over five years in 
America's transportation infrastructure. The Department of 
Transportation (DOT) will oversee the distribution of many the funds 
authorized by the IIJA, should be it become law.

    Question 1. If confirmed, how will you in your role as assistant 
secretary for transportation policy ensure these funds are expended in 
a fair and efficient manner according to Congressional intent?
    Answer. The bipartisan Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act 
(IIJA) is a once-in-a-generation investment in our infrastructure. The 
legislation includes around $550 billion in new Federal investment in 
America's roads and bridges, water infrastructure, resilience, 
internet, and more. The IIJA will grow the economy, enhance our 
competitiveness, create good jobs, and make our economy more 
sustainable, resilient, and just. If confirmed as Assistant Secretary 
for Transportation Policy, I would have significant responsibility for 
the overall policy direction and coordination of the Department's 
implementation efforts to ensure that IIJA is completed in accordance 
with the Administration's priorities and congressional mandates and 
intent. I will provide regular updates to the Secretary, to our 
external partners, and to Congress in coordination with the Office of 
Governmental Affairs. I am committed to ensuring IIJA funds are 
expended in a fair and efficient manner according to Congressional 
intent.

    Question 2. Should the IIJA become law, how would its investments 
revitalize America's transportation infrastructure?
    Answer. As mentioned above, the bipartisan Infrastructure 
Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA) is a once-in-a-generation investment in 
our infrastructure. The legislation includes around $550 billion in new 
Federal investment in America's roads and bridges, water 
infrastructure, resilience, internet, and more. The IIJA will grow the 
economy, enhance our competitiveness, create good jobs, and make our 
economy more sustainable, resilient, and just. In particular, the IIJA 
includes:

   The largest Federal investment in public transit ever.

   The largest Federal investment in passenger rail since the 
        creation of Amtrak.

   The single largest dedicated bridge investment since the 
        construction of the interstate highway system.

   The largest investment in clean energy transmission and EV 
        infrastructure in history.
                                 ______
                                 
    Response to Written Question Submitted by Hon. Roger Wicker to 
                          Christopher A. Coes
    Question. The Office of Transportation Policy plays an important 
role at the Department of Transportation in reviewing new regulations 
and setting policy for benefit-cost analysis of proposed infrastructure 
projects. Would you commit to giving sufficient consideration to the 
burdens imposed by new regulations? Would you commit to giving 
sufficient consideration to the economic benefits of discretionary 
grants for infrastructure in smaller cities and rural areas across the 
entire United States?
    Answer. I agree that it is important to consider the burdens that 
might be imposed by a regulatory action. Under the Department's 
recently updated procedures on rulemaking, such actions undertaken by 
DOT and its Operating Administrations are required to include an 
assessment of the potential benefits, costs, and other important 
impacts of the regulatory action, as well as any significant 
distributional impacts, in accordance with the requirements of 
Executive Order 12866 and OMB Circular A-4.
    As you note, the Office of Transportation Policy at DOT is also 
responsible for setting policy for benefit-cost analyses of proposed 
infrastructure projects under our discretionary grant programs. While 
the context and specific solutions may be very different in certain 
areas, we believe that all Americans want a transportation system that 
is safe, efficient, and enhances their quality of life and access to 
economic opportunity, and our guidance on quantifying the benefits of 
transportation investments reflects those values. In our experience, we 
have found that projects aimed at addressing the real infrastructure 
challenges faced by rural America are often some of the strongest 
candidates when considering their expected benefits and costs.
                                 ______
                                 
      Response to Written Question Submitted by Hon. Roy Blunt to 
                          Christopher A. Coes
    Question. Mr. Coes, I'd like to raise with you an important project 
that I have long supported and recently received a Port Infrastructure 
Development Program (PIDP) grant through the Maritime Administration 
(MARAD). In October of last year, the Kansas City Port Authority 
received a $10 million PIDP grant for the Missouri River Terminal 
Project. The grant will be used to provide regional access to the 
marine river network, rail, and highway transportation network. This 
project includes advanced project planning and redevelopment activities 
of the Missouri River Terminal site such as preventative flooding 
maintenance, environmental remediation efforts, site design, land 
acquisition, and limited pavement and rail access development. Since 
one year has passed since the original award announcement, can you 
provide a status update on this project and how soon will MARAD will 
finalize a grant agreement with the Kansas City Port Authority? Given 
the length of time that has transpired, the applicant has accrued costs 
associated with the project. What flexibilities are there for 
reimbursement of certain costs for the project prior to the grant 
agreement being finalized? If confirmed, will you commit to work with 
me and the Port on finalizing this grant agreement as quickly as 
possible?
    Answer. If confirmed, I commit to working with you, MARAD, and the 
Port Authority of Kansas City to finalize the grant agreement as 
expeditiously as possible so that the grantee can begin work on the 
project. In October 2020, the Port Authority of Kansas City received a 
$9,880,000 Port Infrastructure Development Program (PIDP) grant for the 
Missouri River Terminal Intermodal Facility project. MARAD staff and 
Port Authority representatives have been working diligently since 
awards were announced last October.
    The program's Notice of Funding Opportunity (NOFO) identified the 
flexibilities for reimbursement of costs incurred prior to a grant 
agreement being finalized. In general, costs need to comply with the 
Federal requirements in the NOFO (for example, the provisions in 2 CFR 
part 200, Uniform Administrative Requirements, Cost Principles and 
Audit Requirements for Federal Awards) and be identified in advance and 
be accounted for in the final grant agreement. Port Authority and MARAD 
staff are working to address this as part of the grant agreement 
development process.
                                 ______
                                 
      Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Mike Lee to 
                          Christopher A. Coes
    Question 1. If confirmed, what will be your key priorities?
    Answer. President Biden and Secretary Buttigieg have highlighted 
key priorities, including combating COVID-19, creating high-quality 
American jobs, fixing our crumbling infrastructure, promoting safety 
for all Americans, reconnecting long divided communities, and combating 
climate change. If confirmed, it would be an honor to continue to work 
with Congress on these efforts.

    Question 2. Conducting cost-benefit analyses for proposed 
regulations has been a practice undertaken by agencies under both 
Democrat and Republican Administrations.

   Please explain your views on the use of cost-benefit 
        analysis when considering proposed regulations. Should all DOT 
        regulations be considered with a cost-benefit analysis?

   If regulatory costs outweigh the benefits, should that be a 
        determining factor that prevents DOT from moving forward with a 
        proposed regulation?
    Answer. Under the Department's recently updated procedures on 
rulemaking, regulatory actions undertaken by DOT and its Operating 
Administrations are required to include an assessment of the potential 
benefits, costs, and other important impacts of the action, as well as 
any significant distributional impacts, in accordance with the 
requirements of Executive Order 12866 and OMB Circular A-4. When 
metrics and outcomes in the public interest have been identified, the 
economic analysis should characterize any identified impacts. If 
quantification is not possible, impacts should be described 
qualitatively. Under Executive Orders 12866 and 13563, to the extent 
permitted by law, DOT and other agencies must only propose or adopt a 
regulation only upon a reasoned determination that its benefits justify 
its costs, recognizing that some benefits and costs are difficult to 
quantify.

    Question 3. When considering regulatory proposal, should DOT 
prioritize policies that allow market participants to freely compete 
with DOT regulatory action or is the market more successful when the 
DOT actively guides the market through regulatory action?
    Answer. DOT's top priority is safety, and we strive to provide a 
regulatory framework with enforceable, performance-based requirements 
that allow flexibility and competition in achieving the desired safety 
outcomes. In conducting rulemaking activities, DOT adheres to the 
principles articulated in the President's Executive Order on 
``Promoting Competition in the American Economy,'' issued on July 9, 
2021. In that Executive Order, the President set forth the 
Administration's policy for a fair, open and competitive marketplace. 
The Executive Order also directs the Secretary to take actions to 
protect consumers and improve competition, as appropriate and 
consistent with applicable law. If confirmed, I commit to supporting 
this effort.

    Question 4. I would like to learn more about your views on the use 
of the DOT's rulemaking power:

   Should the DOT promulgate rules if the rulemaking power is 
        not expressly granted by Congress?
    Answer. DOT prescribes rules in accordance with the procedural 
requirements of the Administrative Procedure Act and the Department's 
statutory authorities.

   Can the DOT use its rulemaking power to circumvent legal 
        precedents with which it disagrees?
    Answer. DOT will not initiate a rulemaking action for which there 
is insufficient legal basis.

   Can the rules passed by the DOT insulate market incumbents 
        from competition?
    Answer. DOT issues regulations to ensure the United States 
transportation system is the safest in the world and addresses other 
urgent challenges facing the Nation, including the coronavirus disease 
2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, job creation, equity, and climate change. We 
strive to provide a regulatory framework with enforceable, performance-
based requirements that allow flexibility and competition in achieving 
the desired safety outcomes. In conducting rulemaking activities, DOT 
adheres to the principles articulated in the President's Executive 
Order on ``Promoting Competition in the American Economy,'' issued on 
July 9, 2021.

    Question 5 and 6. Has the Federal government overextended itself in 
funding infrastructure projects? Should we expand or reduce the scope 
of the Federal government in funding infrastructure projects?

    What is the appropriate role of the states, and what is the 
appropriate role of the Federal government regarding infrastructure 
projects?
    Answer. This Administration is committed to addressing the 
infrastructure needs of all communities, and we know that our Nation's 
challenges will take an all-of-government approach. DOT's current grant 
and Federal aid programs are not able to provide the sufficient funds 
to address our Nation's infrastructure backlog. Many states are also 
facing budgetary constraints that prevent them from funding essential 
infrastructure projects. This has been reflected in the strong demand 
that the Department continues to receive from applicants to each of our 
discretionary grant programs for transportation infrastructure.
    It is also why DOT is already laying the groundwork to support the 
new funding levels contained in the IIJA that will allow DOT to 
successfully partner with state, local, and Tribal governments across 
the Nation and pool sufficient resources to plan, design, and construct 
the needed infrastructure to create jobs, help communities, and support 
our economy.
    In anticipation of IIJA's enactment, DOT is planning and 
identifying the resources required to implement IIJA and provide 
technical assistance and guidance to state, local, and Federal 
governments who each have important and necessary roles in solving our 
Nation's infrastructure challenge.

    Question 7. How would you describe the current financial state of 
the Highway Trust Fund? Can we continue to afford spending more out of 
the Highway Trust Fund than we are taking in?
    Answer. In October, the Department reported to Congress that the 
Highway Account of the Highway Trust Fund probably will not need an 
additional transfer from general revenues until summer 2022 at current 
spending rates and estimated tax receipt levels. There has also been a 
slowdown in spending in the Mass Transit Account. While a continued 
slowdown in spending due to a slowdown in construction in colder states 
is expected over the next few months, without additional funding, the 
Trust Fund will continue to head towards insolvency starting in March 
2022. This introduces unnecessary uncertainty into local, state, and 
regional planning and we need to do better to help us recover. We need 
to find a path towards a more sustainable, resilient transportation 
system--and the funding to make that possible. If confirmed, I look 
forward to working with the Committee and Congress to address our long-
standing Highway Trust Fund challenges.

    Question 8. Do you support the raising of the Federal gas tax or 
other tax increases in order to fund the Highway Trust Fund shortfall?
    Answer. Since 2008, we have seen an ongoing and growing imbalance 
between Highway Trust Fund spending and receipts. We need to find a 
path towards a more sustainable, resilient transportation system--and 
the funding to make that possible. The Biden-Harris administration has 
also made clear that it will not raise taxes for individuals making 
less than $400,000.
    I look forward to working with the Committee and the Congress to 
address our long-standing funding challenges.

    Question 9. The CDC's COVID-19 mask mandate currently requires 
masks to be worn on public transportation conveyances and on the 
premises of transportation hubs, including airports and on airplanes. 
The CDC has also said that vaccinated individuals do not need to wear 
masks in public. Is the CDC's requirement that vaccinated individuals 
must continue to wear masks in airports and on public transportation 
consistent with the agency's own policy and research?
    Answer. DOT has, and will continue to, rely on the science and 
public health determinations made by interagency partners and experts 
in infectious disease. The Department will continue to support CDC, 
TSA, and other interagency partners in applying the public 
transportation mask mandate, which remains in effect, and sharing 
resources and messaging with stakeholders across all forms of 
transportation on the benefits and need for vaccination throughout the 
community.

    Question 10. If confirmed, would you advocate or support a Federal 
requirement that Americans must be vaccinated for COVID-19 as a 
prerequisite for interstate travel, transportation, or movement?
    Answer. If confirmed, I commit to continue to support DOT's Federal 
partners as well as health officials at all levels of government to 
encourage vaccinations and safe travel to the extent that is 
practicable and within the power of the Federal government. Examples 
include the public transportation mask mandate and the President's 
recent announcements to safely resume global travel with vaccination 
and testing requirements for international travelers entering the U.S.
                                 ______
                                 
    Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Ron Johnson to 
                          Christopher A. Coes
    Question 1. There are over 3.5 million truck drivers in the U.S. 
and 1.1 million truck drivers are needed in the next decade. Reports 
indicate that the extended hours at the west coast ports are largely 
unutilized due to the shortage of drivers. Reports also indicate that 
less than 50 percent of truck drivers are vaccinated.

   Do you believe that President Biden's vaccine mandate will 
        result in the loss of critical transportation workers like 
        truck drivers?

   Do you believe there should be exemptions to vaccine 
        mandates for individuals that can demonstrate natural immunity 
        from a prior-COVID infection?

   Do you believe a vaccine mandate will worsen the labor 
        shortage in the transportation sector?
    Answer. The Administration is fully committed to ensuring our 
Nation's transportation networks are safe and fully able to meet the 
needs of the American people. A robust, well-trained, dependable 
transportation workforce pipeline is critical to delivering on this 
commitment. We need to keep these networks moving, and believe 
vaccinations are a critical measure to maintaining network continuity 
and protecting the health and safety of their vital transportation 
workers. It is our hope that transportation workers, and for that 
matter all Americans, regardless of past vaccination or COVID-19 
infection status, follow recommendations and requirements to get 
vaccinations--which remain the most effective tool in combatting COVID-
19--so that U.S. transportation and other sectors can avoid any labor 
shortage impacts.

    Question 2. If confirmed as Assistant Secretary, will you commit to 
reviewing regulations that slow or prevent innovation and development 
in the transportation sector?
    Answer. Mobility has transformed dramatically over the last 20 
years and we need to anticipate and adapt to these advancements. Well 
intended rules written over a generation ago may necessitate different 
approaches today. It's on the Department, working with our 
stakeholders, to understand new innovations and to potentially shape 
programs and regulatory frameworks appropriately. Ultimately, the 
Department's policies must keep pace with innovation and we need to be 
mindful of the implications--on safety and security, the environment, 
racial equity, workforce and global competitiveness--as we shape these 
areas. If confirmed, I commit to reviewing regulations that slow or 
prevent deployment of innovations within the transportation sector.
                                 ______
                                 
Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Shelley Moore Capito to 

                          Christopher A. Coes
    Statement: Thank you for sharing your heartbreaking story about 
your mother, but she raised a selfless and dutiful son. Should you be 
confirmed, I look forward to working with you on curbing the impacts of 
drunk driving.

    Question 1. The Senate has already done its work in passing the 
Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA). This bipartisan 
legislation will address our Nation's core infrastructure needs and 
will make significant investments across the nation, especially in West 
Virginia. In the legislation, close to $1.2 trillion will be allocated 
to core infrastructure projects, with a significant portion of that 
funding going to the Department of Transportation. I appreciate you 
mentioning the importance of both urban and rural infrastructure 
investment, especially for broadband investment.

   How do you plan on prioritizing both the needs of the 
        current programs at the Department while also standing up these 
        new programs?

   If confirmed, do you commit to ensuring urban and rural 
        infrastructure investments are given equal focus?
    Answer. Thank you Senator for your kind words about my mother--
family means everything to me. If confirmed, I look forward to working 
you and your staff on this issue.
    With regards to your question, I understand that rural communities 
and small towns have unique needs, including resource challenges and 
extensive unmet maintenance. I also know that infrastructure 
investments in rural America are key to supporting economic growth and 
to ensuring that residents have access to jobs, education, and 
essential basic services like health care. This Administration has 
placed a high priority on addressing our Nation's historic 
underinvestment in infrastructure as demonstrated by the President's 
priorities, in both urban and rural areas.
    I am also looking for ways to streamline our grant application 
processes, both to enable the Department to more efficiently run the 
suite of new and existing programs, but more importantly to make the 
process of applying for DOT discretionary grants less of a burden for 
our state and local partners. I am well aware of the challenges that 
smaller or rural local governments face in assembling grant 
applications that convey their needs, and I want to find the simplest 
ways for them to do so while ensuring that we have the information we 
need to make the best decisions on allocating our taxpayer dollars to 
meet their transportation needs.
    In anticipation of IIJA enactment, DOT currently is planning and 
identifying the resources required to implement IIJA and provide 
technical assistance and guidance to communities, particularly our 
small towns, rural counties, Tribes, and other disadvantage 
communities. If confirmed, I will commit to ensuring that the 
Department appropriately balances the needs of both urban and rural 
communities, including in our discretionary grant and credit assistance 
programs.

    Question 2. You understand firsthand the challenges and unmet 
transportation needs that rural communities face. Communities like 
yours in Georgia--and like many in my home state of West Virginia. You 
have outlined potential solution to improve transportation access and 
connectivity, such as Transit-Oriented Development and other multi-
modal initiatives.

   How will you ensure that these initiatives, and others that 
        you have described, are not overly prescriptive so that rural 
        communities would have the flexibility to pursue solutions they 
        feel will best address their unique transportation needs--such 
        as roadway construction and expansion and bridge projects?

   Are you committed to ensuring that the policies and 
        initiatives of the Department do not disadvantage rural 
        communities by restricting the solutions they can deploy to 
        address their unique transportation needs?
    Answer. I agree that rural communities have different needs from 
urban ones, and our programs will reflect that. If confirmed, I will 
ensure that our programs help rural communities make their roads safer, 
revitalize their main streets, improve their accessibility to 
opportunity, and meet their future transportation and mobility needs. 
The fact is that despite regional transit authorities stretching every 
dollar, rural communities often still lack access to public 
transportation and affordable transportation options on evenings and 
weekends to everyday destinations and cash-strapped towns struggle to 
maintain their roads. Both urban and rural transportation projects need 
to be supported so regional equity can truly be addressed. In order to 
support this, DOT is taking a look at flexibilities that could be 
adopted long term.
    I am absolutely committed to ensuring that rural communities will 
not be disadvantaged by the policies and initiatives of the Department. 
Our rural strategy will ensure that all relevant grant and finance 
programs incorporate rural considerations so that rural communities can 
access the funding and financing they need to address their unique 
transportation needs.
                                 ______
                                 
     Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Rick Scott to 
                          Christopher A. Coes
    Question 1. How would you address the fact that the Highway Trust 
Fund (HTF) is going insolvent, and do you believe we need to increase 
the Federal gas tax?
    Answer. The Biden-Harris administration has made clear that it will 
not raise taxes for individuals making less than $400,000. In a 
bipartisan agreement, IIJA included pay-fors that upholds the 
Administration's commitment and would keep the Highway Trust Fund 
solvent at expected spending levels until approximately 2026. If 
confirmed, I look forward to working with the Committee and Congress, 
in a bipartisan manner, as we work together to ensure sustainable and 
reliable revenues to support a cleaner, more environmentally 
sustainable and equitable transportation future.

    Question 2. How would you use your position to solve the current 
port congestion and supply chain crisis?
    Answer. The Biden-Harris Administration recognizes the impact of 
port congestion and supply chain issues on the U.S. economy and is 
focused on bringing the resources of the Federal government to bear in 
finding and implementing solutions in both the near term and long term. 
The President launched the Supply Chain Disruptions Task Force in June, 
including the Department of Transportation, which included a focus on 
transportation and logistics bottlenecks to the U.S. economic recovery. 
After meeting with local government leaders and companies to diagnose 
the problems and identify solutions, Port Envoy John Porcari was 
appointed in August to help drive coordination between the many private 
firms who control the transportation and logistics supply chain. The 
DOT team is working closely with the task force and Envoy Porcari to 
ensure our supply chains meet historic demand as the economy recovers 
under President Biden.
    In October, the Administration convened business leaders, port 
leaders, and union leaders to discuss the challenges at ports across 
the country and actions each partner can take to address the delays and 
congestion across the transportation supply chain. The President met 
with the leadership from the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach and 
the International Longshore and Warehouse Union (ILWU) to discuss the 
actions they are each taking to address these challenges in Southern 
California. These leaders announced a series of public and private 
commitments to move more goods faster, and strengthen the resiliency of 
our supply chains, by moving towards 24/7 operations at the Ports of 
Los Angeles and Long Beach. The companies committing to act include 
Walmart, UPS, FedEx, Samsung and Home Depot.
    These announcements build on previous actions by the Department to 
address supply chain challenges, including supporting states in issuing 
more commercial drivers' licenses (CDLs); supporting the swift flow of 
goods and assistance during the recovery from the pandemic; and 
offering grants to strengthen multimodal supply chains and support rail 
connections.
    I am committed to working with the DOT team and the Administration 
to build on these efforts. The Department is conducting an assessment 
of the Nation's freight and logistics sector in response to President 
Biden's Executive Order 14017: ``America's Supply Chains,'' which will 
provide specific recommendations to address our supply chain 
challenges. In developing this report, DOT has been engaged with 
stakeholders across the spectrum, and we received a robust response to 
our recent Request for Information on this topic. The supply chain 
assessment is expected to be completed by early next year, and I look 
forward to working with the Committee and Congress on actions we can 
take together to improve the resilience of America's supply chains. 
Finally, the passage of IIJA would provide historic investments--
including $17 billion in our Nation's ports, and billions more for our 
freight systems--that my office would work to coordinate and implement 
effectively.

    Question 3. Some in the Biden Administration believe that the 
supply chain crisis our Nation is currently facing is a ``high class 
problem''. Do you believe that is accurate?
    Answer. As our economy has strongly recovered coming out of the 
pandemic, our supply chains have been stretched by unprecedented levels 
of consumer demand. Some of these global supply chain issues have been 
decades in the making, and both households and business across the 
entire country are feeling the effects today. We are working closely 
within DOT, across the Administration in the supply chain disruption 
task force, and with Port Envoy Porcari to address supply chain 
challenges--and have made progress, for example, with the announcement 
of moving toward 24/7 operations at the Ports of Los Angeles and Long 
Beach in October. Going forward, the IIJA legislation would provide 
significant investment to modernize our transportation infrastructure 
and improve the resiliency of the system, while addressing major 
freight bottlenecks. I look forward to working with the Committee and 
Congress on addressing these supply chain challenges and helping to 
ensure our freight systems remain safe and efficient.
                                 ______
                                 
   Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Maria Cantwell to 
                         Dr. Laurie E. Locascio
    Supply Chain. The nation is experiencing considerable supply chain 
disruptions, including shortages in semiconductors. PACCAR, a truck 
manufacturer based in Bellevue, Washington, reported 9,000 unfinished 
trucks parked in lots waiting for semiconductors to be available. This 
is just the tip of the iceberg in the auto industry--it is estimated 
that there will be a production shortfall of almost 8 million vehicles 
by the end of this year. The United States Innovation and Competition 
Act (``USICA'') would appropriate funds towards the CHIPS for America 
Fund, directing $39 billion to the Department of Commerce to help 
alleviate long-term issues with the semiconductor supply chain and $11 
billion specifically to NIST for research that will strengthen the U.S. 
semiconductor ecosystem. USICA would also increase funding for the NIST 
Manufacturing Extension Partnership, which, among other 
responsibilities, helps small manufacturers understand and manage 
supply chain risks.

    Question. What steps will you take as NIST Director to help protect 
the Nation's supply chains and to ensure that CHIPS for America 
appropriations, and other funds dedicated to supply chain resiliency, 
are efficiently executed, well spent, based on national need, and free 
of political interference?
    Answer. The microchip shortage is an urgent concern across many 
sectors, and legislation like the CHIPS Act and USICA reflects the need 
to address this issue in a serious manner. If confirmed, I commit to 
meeting with leaders from across the semiconductor industry, 
representative trade groups and associations, and leaders from impacted 
industries including the automotive industry in Washington State, to 
hear firsthand about the challenges and threats they are facing, and to 
engage them in a dialog about the best possible solutions to meet the 
demands of the U.S. economy and national security. To solve these 
problems, we must work together in partnership--government and 
industry--for the benefit of the Nation.
    If confirmed, my top priority will be put into place the people, 
processes and partnerships necessary to implement the strategic efforts 
outlined in the CHIPS Act and USICA. I commit to working to establish 
robust programs that incentivize competitive U.S. semiconductor 
manufacturing and contribute to U.S. economic security through a 
domestic supply chain with measurable deliverables and timelines. I 
will work to grow the internal laboratory programs to meet the needs of 
the semiconductor community, building on the strengths of a 
longstanding research program in semiconductor electronics and in 
partnership with experts in industry, academia and other Federal 
agencies. And I commit to support the NIST MEP program to work closely 
with the states to assess regional and national supply chains to 
address national shortages that we see across many sectors that are 
important to each state. If confirmed, and if this funding is 
appropriated by Congress and entrusted to NIST, I will ensure that the 
process for managing these dollars will be managed with the highest 
level of integrity, transparency, and accountability.

    Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion. In March, NIST published the 
results of an internal survey on diversity and inclusion. The survey 
produced some troubling conclusions. More women than men reported being 
interrupted in meetings, not receiving credit for their ideas, and, 
``[B]elieve they have to work harder, wait longer for promotion and 
opportunities for leadership.'' Other surveys have shown that women and 
minorities are less likely to be promoted than their peers. Your resume 
demonstrates a commitment to nurturing diversity and diversifying the 
STEM community.

    Question. As NIST Director, how will you ensure that NIST recruits 
and maintains a welcoming environment for women and underrepresented 
minorities?
    Answer. Diversity, equity, and inclusion in STEM are topics that I 
am very passionate about, and I have been an advocate for a diverse 
workforce and diversification of leadership for my entire career. I 
understand the importance and responsibility of being a good role model 
for others and take that role very seriously.
    My approach to this topic has always included:

   setting expectations of a respectful and inclusive workplace 
        as the organizational leader;

   putting equitable processes in place so that all employees 
        feel that they have the opportunity to be their best at work;

   engaging everyone in helping to develop an inclusive culture 
        through compassionate and open dialog;

   actively mentoring and supporting women and underrepresented 
        minorities;

   intentionally recruiting and creating pipelines by 
        partnering with women and minority-based STEM organizations as 
        well as universities that have strong STEM minority development 
        programs; and

   educating the workforce about the benefits of diversity.

    If confirmed, I will use my past experiences, and invite others to 
the table so that I can learn from them, so that together we can build 
solutions. The organization that does this right is the place that 
people will want to be a part of now and in the future. My goal is that 
NIST will be that place.
                                 ______
                                 
   Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Amy Klobuchar to 
                         Dr. Laurie E. Locascio
    Research on Algorithms at NIST. As you know, artificial 
intelligence and algorithms are everywhere. They decide which 
apartments we're allowed to rent, which jobs we get interviews for, and 
which food items go on sale at our local grocery store.

    Question 1. In your testimony, you discussed NIST's role in 
developing standards that are trusted worldwide. If confirmed, how will 
you lead NIST in developing standards to ensure artificial intelligence 
technologies are transparent and accountable to consumers?
    Answer. NIST activities in the field of AI are very important to 
the future of AI technology development and deployment. In order to 
achieve broader adoption and acceptance of AI in all sectors from 
banking to transportation to medicine, we need to have confidence that 
the AI systems are secure, explainable, and unbiased. NIST is 
developing an Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework with 
stakeholders from across the world and has fundamental and applied AI 
research programs. My understanding is that NIST staff, through this 
work, is dedicated toward cultivating trust in AI. This trust will 
ensure we can realize the full potential of AI, and I look forward to 
working with you to strengthen NIST's role in this area.
    Additionally, I understand that discussions are already underway 
with the EU and other like-minded government counterparts to promote 
global cooperation in AI. If confirmed, I commit to supporting the 
Secretary of Commerce in engagements with our counterparts in these 
discussions. I will also ensure that NIST's AI experts are at the table 
meeting with their technical counterparts in standards bodies and in 
bilateral and multilateral meetings to address the issues of 
transparency and accountability to consumers.

    Question 2. Algorithms are powered by data--often massive amounts 
of data. In your view, what is the relationship between algorithms and 
data privacy?
    Answer. In order to promote the development of reliable and 
trustworthy AI, there must be access to reliable data upon which to 
train the algorithms. Of utmost importance in accessing that data, is 
protecting the privacy of those whose data is being used.
    In January 2020, NIST released the NIST Privacy Framework and is 
actively working with stakeholders to promote its voluntary adoption. 
If confirmed, I will work with this committee and with NIST's ongoing 
activities to continue to promote its adoption and to assess whether 
there are gaps that need to be filled to address the committee's 
concerns.
    Speaking to my own background, I have extensive experience in 
managing privacy of individuals' data as I manage the human subjects 
protections program at the University of Maryland. There are robust 
checks and balances that are put into place that are required by law in 
order to ensure that we protect the privacy of human subjects involved 
in research.

    Voluntary Voting System Guidelines. In February, the Election 
Assistance Commission (EAC) approved updated guidelines for voting 
systems known as the Voluntary Voting System Guidelines (VVSG) 2.0. The 
National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST) is charged with 
providing support to the EAC in developing the VVSG, producing testing 
methodologies in accordance with the VVSG, and with accrediting 
laboratories to test voting systems. The current guidelines (VVSG 1.0) 
were approved nearly 16 years ago, so it is critical that all 
components of VVSG 2.0 are finalized quickly and that voting system 
manufacturers can begin submitting new equipment for testing.

    Question. If you are confirmed, do you commit to ensuring NIST 
provides the resources necessary to make VVSG 2.0 operational as soon 
as possible and to fully support the EAC in accordance with NIST's 
responsibilities?
    Answer. At this point in time, when many have lost their trust in 
U.S. elections, it is critical that we are able to instill confidence 
in the integrity of our voting systems. It is not an overstatement to 
say that democracy is at stake, and the American people must believe 
that they can trust that their votes are counted and recorded 
accurately. If confirmed, I commit to working with this committee and 
with the EAC to identify and address its cybersecurity priorities for 
election systems. This will include that NIST has the resources needed 
to make VVSG 2.0 operational and to support the EAC in accordance with 
NIST's clear responsibilities.
                                 ______
                                 
   Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Kyrsten Sinema to 
                         Dr. Laurie E. Locascio
    Semiconductors. A global semiconductor shortage has affected the 
supply of many goods that American families and businesses rely on. The 
U.S. Innovation and Competition Act (USICA) builds on my CHIPS for 
America Act by allocating over $50 billion in investments for our 
domestic semiconductor industry. The National Institute of Standards 
and Technology will likely have a role in distributing these funds 
through an incentive program for domestic semiconductor manufacturers.

    Question 1. If USICA becomes law and you are confirmed, how will 
you ensure NIST makes prudent investments in the semiconductor industry 
that ensure our Federal dollars provide maximum benefit for domestic 
manufacturing?
    Answer. The microchip shortage is an urgent concern across many 
sectors, and legislation like the CHIPS Act and USICA reflects the need 
to address this issue in a serious manner. If confirmed, I commit to 
meeting with leaders from across the semiconductor industry, as well as 
representative trade groups and associations, and leaders from impacted 
industries to hear firsthand about the challenges and threats they are 
facing, and to engage them in a dialog about the best possible 
solutions to meet the demands of the U.S. economy and national 
security. To solve these problems, we must work together in 
partnership--government and industry--for the benefit of the Nation.
    If confirmed my top priority will be put into place the people, 
processes and partnerships necessary to implement the strategic efforts 
outlined in the CHIPS Act. I commit to working to establish robust 
programs that incentivize competitive U.S. semiconductor manufacturing 
and contribute to U.S. economic security through a domestic supply 
chain with measurable deliverables and timelines. If confirmed, and if 
this funding is entrusted to NIST, I will ensure that the process for 
managing these dollars will be managed with the highest level of 
integrity, transparency, and accountability.

    Question 2. How will these investments make our Nation less 
dependent on other countries for new semiconductor chips?
    Answer. Investments to increase U.S. manufacturing and production, 
including packaging, of semiconductor chips to a level that is 
commensurate with U.S. demand (30 percent of global demand) will 
decrease reliance on other countries for supply and decrease 
vulnerabilities in our supply chain for key sectors of the economy. 
Additionally, investments in cutting edge semiconductor research 
through the National Semiconductor Technology Center should increase 
our ability to innovate past current technologies and provide the 
bridge to manufacturing for next generation electronics in this 
country. These are both part of a long-term strategy which is necessary 
given the state of semiconductor manufacturing in the world today with 
the U.S.'s global position shrinking significantly in the last 30 
years.
    If confirmed, my position at NIST will be focused on planning and 
implementation of the programs established by the CHIPS Act, if funded.
    Additionally, I will do what I can to support the Secretary of 
Commerce in her efforts to address short term supply chain issues 
through outreach to foreign governments and foreign semiconductor 
companies.

    Manufacturing. NIST operates the Manufacturing USA program to bring 
together academics, manufacturers of varies sizes, and state and local 
partners to collaborate on manufacturing research. In addition, NIST's 
Hollings Manufacturing Extension Partnership provides consultations to 
small-and medium-sized manufacturers through state-based centers.

    Question. What actions will you take to ensure Arizona small 
business continue to have access to these NIST programs?
    Answer. The Manufacturing USA Program and its network of 16 
institutes, supported by NIST, the Department of Defense, and the 
Department of Energy, are a critical part of America's overall goal to 
bring manufacturing back and strengthen U.S. competitiveness and 
innovation. Nearly 2,000 companies, universities, and non-profit 
organizations from across the U.S. participate in these institutes 
which serve as innovation hubs for manufacturing, providing real value 
to U.S. industry. These hubs will position the U.S. to compete globally 
in existing and emerging critical technologies. These hubs benefit the 
public by outreach to local K-12 students and teachers, stimulating 
workforce development in new technical fields, and providing for 
improved job opportunities.
    Another important component in the U.S. efforts to bring back 
manufacturing is the NIST MEP program. I believe the MEP, working in 
every state in close partnership with local and regional assets, is 
critical to building a more healthy and vibrant manufacturing base 
across all of the U.S. If confirmed, I commit to support the MEP 
program and its extension in Arizona in partnership with the Arizona 
Commerce Authority. If confirmed, I would look forward to working with 
you in the continued growth and acceleration of manufacturing for the 
Nation.

    Cybersecurity. The National Institute of Standards and Technology 
(NIST) plays an important role in developing cybersecurity and privacy 
standards, best practices, and technology to protect Federal government 
and private sector networks. Over the past year, several new laws, the 
President's Executive Order 14028 ``Improving the Nation's 
Cybersecurity'', and new policies have tasked NIST with carrying out 
numerous cybersecurity-related requirements and with increasing 
collaboration with public and private sector entities.

    Question. What challenges does NIST face in meeting these new 
requirements? Are there other cybersecurity best practices, standards 
or technology that NIST wish it could pursue if it had the appropriate 
resources?
    Answer. In May 2021, the President's Executive Order on Improving 
the Nation's Cybersecurity (EO 14028), issued in response to the 
SolarWinds hack, charges multiple agencies--including NIST--with 
enhancing the security of the software supply chain. In July 2021, the 
President's National Security Memorandum on Improving Cybersecurity for 
Critical Infrastructure Control Systems, issued in response to the 
Colonial Pipeline attack, directs DHS to work with the Department of 
Commerce (and NIST as the Department's lead on cybersecurity) in 
developing cybersecurity performance goals. And in August 2021, at the 
White House Cybersecurity Summit, it was announced that NIST will 
collaborate with industry and other partners to develop a new framework 
to improve the security and integrity of the technology supply chain.
    In my experience, NIST prioritizes its efforts effectively in order 
to meet critical deadlines. NIST is also an incredibly collaborative 
organization with private and public sector stakeholders and works 
effectively through partnership. That said, these are critically 
important and highly visible tasks that NIST has been assigned. The 
challenge NIST faces is it must manage these assignments while 
continuing to perform cutting edge cybersecurity research that can lead 
to future standards and guidelines. Cybersecurity is a high priority 
for NIST and we must not get behind. If confirmed, I will work with the 
committee and the Department of Commerce to ensure NIST's cybersecurity 
efforts are adequately resourced to help address the Nation's critical 
cybersecurity needs.

    Cyberspace Workforce. The FY 2021 National Defense Authorization 
Act (P.L. 116-283, Section 9402) enhanced NIST's ability to ``identify 
and develop standards and guidelines for improving the cybersecurity 
workforce for an agency as part of the National Initiative for 
Cybersecurity Education (NICE) Cybersecurity Workforce Framework (NIST 
Special Publication 800-181), or successor framework.'' Originally, the 
NICE program was created as part of the Obama Administration's 
Cyberspace Policy Review (2009) and Comprehensive National 
Cybersecurity Initiative.

    Question 1. What are some of NIST's short-and long-term priorities 
in carrying out this responsibility and what are its plans in taking on 
the central lead to coordinate the efforts and outcomes for numerous 
educators and agencies with their own independent cyber education 
initiatives? What role will the new Office of the National Cyber 
Director play in these efforts?
    Answer. The NDAA tasks NIST with identifying career pathways for 
cyber security positions in the public and private sectors, 
establishing cooperative agreements between the National Initiative for 
Cybersecurity Education (NICE) and regional alliances, initiating 
national cybersecurity challenges, and carrying out programs to award 
competitive prizes, among other assignments. If I am confirmed as the 
next NIST Director, I would prioritize cybersecurity workforce 
development and support the use of all possible tools for attracting 
talent and building a robust cybersecurity pipeline. If confirmed, I 
would also support the development of cooperative agreements between 
NICE and regional alliances to develop training and assessment of the 
cybersecurity workforce around the Nation. I look forward to working 
with the committee on this important goal.

    Question 2. In your testimony, you mentioned having a family member 
take part in a reskilling program to become a cybersecurity expert. Are 
there any lessons you witnessed from this that would help inform 
reskilling efforts within NIST to ensure it has the skilled workforce 
it needs for the future?
    Answer. My son worked for several years in another field and was 
attracted into the cybersecurity workforce by the promise of potential 
career growth, flexibility, mobility, opportunity for remote work, and 
a stable high-paying job to support his young family. His initial 
retraining was a 6-month online program and not through a 4-year 
university. On the job, he now has opportunities for further 
retraining. From this experience, I see that it is important to have 
incredibly robust outreach activities to show people what is available, 
what the future opportunities are for growth, and how to retrain and 
upskill without a 4-year educational commitment. During the pandemic, 
we have lost millions of people from the workforce. I believe that 
cybersecurity jobs could be an attractor to pull some of these people 
back into the workforce.
                                 ______
                                 
 Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. John Hickenlooper to 
                         Dr. Laurie E. Locascio
    Cyberattacks. Cyberattacks continue to impact small businesses, 
hospital networks, and other critical infrastructure throughout the 
Nation. As Governor of Colorado, I helped establish The National 
Cybersecurity Center in Colorado Springs as an organization dedicated 
to cyber innovation and awareness that serves both public and private 
organizations and individuals through training, education, and 
research. If confirmed, I would like to invite you to the NCC to see 
the great work underway there. At the Federal level, NIST plays an 
important role in cybersecurity by defining standards and best 
practices for organizations to build effective cyber defenses and 
mitigation plans.

    Question. How do clear definitions and standards produced by NIST 
help us measure and track cyber-related incidents so we can develop 
effective policies and protections? How can market solutions, such as 
cyber insurance, align incentives and remove barriers to help 
businesses of all sizes successfully adopt NIST's cybersecurity 
guidance?
    Answer. Thank you for the invitation to visit the National 
Cybersecurity Center (NCC) in Colorado Springs. If confirmed, I would 
be delighted to visit. It sounds like a wonderful model to shore up 
cybersecurity for public and private entities in your state. I would 
look forward to seeing how NIST might engage with the NCC.
    Guidance, standards, and definitions produced by NIST in 
collaboration with public and private stakeholders can help to build an 
understanding and agreement of the appropriate metrics by which to 
gauge the effectiveness of our national cybersecurity efforts. In order 
to remove barriers to adoption of the Framework, NIST should continue 
to develop partnerships with potential stakeholders, conduct 
educational outreach, and work through the MEP program to reach small 
and medium sized manufacturers. A comprehensive approach to increasing 
adoption could include potential market solutions to incentivize 
adoption and increase awareness even further.
    If confirmed, I would prioritize NIST's cybersecurity programs and 
look forward to working with you and the committee on these issues.
                                 ______
                                 
  Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Raphael Warnock to 
                         Dr. Laurie E. Locascio
    Regional Supply Chain. As one of his first acts in office, 
President Biden gave an executive order for a 100-day review of all 
American supply chains, including identifying risks for material 
sourcing, reviewing transportation needs, and assessing workforce skill 
matching. I was happy for NIST to be a part of the Biden 
Administration's supply chain review. However, the needs and challenges 
facing a small business manufacturer in Valdosta or Rome, Georgia are 
simply not the same as one in California, Indiana, or New York.

    Question. Dr. Locascio, do you believe that NIST should conduct a 
supply chain review that addresses regional supply chain differences in 
the country and provides localized findings and recommendations?
    Answer. The NIST MEP program and the Manufacturing USA program 
worked closely with the states during the pandemic to assess regional 
supply chain issues and it is my understanding that this information 
was passed back through the national network to assist manufacturers in 
locating parts and services across the national landscape. It is clear 
that we need an understanding of local, regional, and statewide supply 
chain issues to address the national shortages that we see across many 
sectors that are important to each state. To compete in this global 
economy and to ensure our quality of life, we must engage all states 
and regions in the U.S.

    Cybersecurity. Every day, Georgians rely on digital and online 
networks for school, work, and health, to just name a few applications. 
However, security gaps in these networks can make it easier for bad 
actors to exploit vulnerabilities and cause long-lasting damage in our 
communities, including by accessing personal data and attacking 
critical infrastructure. I've heard from Georgia's Manufacturing 
Extension Partnership, based out of Georgia Tech, that smaller 
manufacturers across the state struggle to implement cybersecurity best 
practices because they lack the resources of larger corporations.

    Question 1. Dr. Locascio, if confirmed, would you commit to 
prioritizing cybersecurity issues at NIST, including through increased 
local and regional outreach by Manufacturing Extension Partnerships?
    Answer. The NIST Manufacturing Extension Partnership can be a 
powerful mechanism by which to promote cybersecurity efforts within 
small and medium sized manufacturers. The MEP can work to help those 
with fewer resources become familiar with the NIST Cybersecurity 
Framework, and can also assist those manufacturers with its 
implementation. NIST can also work to ensure that its cybersecurity 
resources are produced in formats that are more practical and 
actionable for small businesses. If confirmed, I will commit to 
prioritizing cybersecurity issues at NIST, including outreach to 
Georgia manufacturers through the GaMEP in partnership with Georgia 
Tech.

    Question 2. What steps would you take to encourage industry to 
implement NIST's cybersecurity framework?
    Answer. In order to remove barriers to adoption of the 
Cybersecurity Framework, NIST should continue to develop partnerships 
with potential stakeholders, conduct educational outreach, and work 
through the MEP program to reach small and medium sized manufacturers. 
If confirmed, I would prioritize NIST's cybersecurity programs and look 
forward to working with you and the committee to discuss further 
incentivization to increase adoption of the Framework.
                                 ______
                                 
    Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Roger Wicker to 
                         Dr. Laurie E. Locascio
    Question 1. The Cryptographic Module Validation Program (CMVP) is a 
joint effort between the National Institute of Standards and Technology 
and the Canadian Centre for Cyber Security, a branch of the 
Communications Security Establishment. The goal of the CMVP is to 
promote the use of validated cryptographic modules and provide Federal 
agencies with a security metric to use in procuring equipment 
containing validated cryptographic modules. According to NIST, CMVP is 
``experiencing a significant backlog in the validation process.'' If 
confirmed, what steps do you plan to take to streamline the 
Cryptographic Module Validation Program (CMVP) process to ensure the 
government can benefit from the most current version of products and 
services to stay ahead of the evolving cyber threat?
    Answer. I am aware of the Cryptographic Module Validation Program 
and understand its importance in helping to assess the security of 
encryption products purchased by the Federal government. This is a 
critical component in the overall cyber defense strategy to reduce our 
exposure to existing and future cyber threats. If confirmed, I will 
review the program to identify the necessary resources to improve the 
security, efficiency, and timeliness in such validation.

    Question 2. Based on your vast experience with NIST, what types of 
initiatives do you believe could improve the efficiency and timeliness 
of CMVP validation, including training programs, improving 
communication with vendors through automation and standardization of 
messages at each stage of validation, digitizing and streamlining 
documentation that vendors are required to complete, and identifying 
overlapping of compliance frameworks?
    Answer. It will be important to do a quick comprehensive assessment 
of the program to identify the root cause of the backlog. If confirmed, 
I look forward to working with you, industry, and other Federal 
agencies to review the program, as well as efforts undertaken by other 
organizations and international partners to ensure harmonization.

    Question 3. Will you commit to addressing the dilemma caused by the 
need for frequent updates and patches to stay ahead of cyber-attacks 
and the existing CMVP validation process that may not permit rapid 
implementation of these updates while maintaining a validated status?
    Answer. If confirmed, I commit to addressing this dilemma in order 
to increase the overall security of our system.

    Question 4. As I'm sure you are aware, NIST facilities are now 60-
70 years old and suffering from a large back log of maintenance needs. 
58 percent of facilities are in poor to critical condition per 
Department of Commerce standards, with older labs unable to support 
controlled environments required for advanced research. Currently, the 
backlog of deferred maintenance has reached $834.5 million. Moving 
forward, how do you plan to address this immediate and continually 
growing issue?
    Answer. When I was last at NIST, the institute's infrastructure was 
in dire need of resources and refurbishment. Unfortunately, this 
remains true today. While at NIST, I worked with a large team on the 
development of an Integrated Master Plan for Facility Renovations to 
prioritize the renovation and building of state-of-the-art facilities 
for research in Gaithersburg and Boulder. If confirmed, I will make it 
a priority to work closely with Congress and NIST leadership to 
prioritize and obtain the resources to make sustained progress on 
NIST's critical infrastructure projects. Facility renovations will be 
important for enabling NIST to perform more cutting-edge research in 
key emerging science and technology domains like quantum, biotechnology 
and next generation communications.

    Question 5. Congress has directed NIST to work with both private 
and public sectors to develop an Artificial Intelligence Risk 
Management Framework to assist design, deployment, use, and evaluation 
of AI technologies. The purpose of this voluntary framework is to help 
the community incorporate characteristics of trustworthiness into these 
systems and technologies. In your view, how important are these 
activities to the future of AI technology development and deployment in 
the U.S.? Additionally, how would you recommend NIST work with its 
European and other government counterparts to promote global 
cooperation around trustworthy AI standards?
    Answer. These activities are very important to the future of AI 
technology and deployment in the U.S. In order to have broader adoption 
and acceptance of AI in all sectors from banking to transportation to 
medicine, we need to have confidence that the AI algorithms are secure, 
unbiased, and explainable. My understanding of NIST's work on the 
development of the Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework 
with stakeholders from across the U.S., as well as its fundamental and 
applied AI research programs, is that they are dedicated toward 
cultivating trust in AI. This trust will ensure we can realize the full 
potential of this emerging technology, and I look forward to working 
with you to strengthen NIST's role in this area.
    I understand that discussions are already underway with the EU and 
other like-minded government counterparts to promote global cooperation 
in AI. If confirmed, I commit to supporting the Secretary of Commerce 
to engage our counterparts in these discussions. I will also ensure 
that NIST's AI experts are at the table meeting with their technical 
counterparts in standards bodies and in bilateral and multilateral 
meetings to address these issues.

    Question 6. NIST plays a vital role in the coordinated U.S. 
government approach to being the world leader in quantum technology 
through university collaborations such as JILA, the Joint Quantum 
Institute (JQI) and the Joint Center for Quantum Information and 
Computer Science (QuICS), as well as activities to enable and grow the 
quantum industry through the Quantum Economic Development Consortium. 
What is your vision for the continued growth of their activities, and 
collaborations with both U.S. and allied international stakeholders?
    Answer. Quantum is a critical emerging technology space that the 
U.S. must own as dominance in this area will lead to great economic 
strength and national security advantage. NIST and its partners have 
been global leaders for more than a decade and a half in quantum 
science and technology. NIST has a long history of not only conducting 
world class quantum research but also supporting industry efforts in 
quantum information science. The three institutes you mentioned are key 
examples of NIST's investment in this area and its' strong 
collaborations with academia in developing the workforce for important 
industries of the future, as I have witnessed firsthand in my role at 
the University of Maryland.
    If confirmed, I will continue to support strong research and key 
collaborations with industry and academia in quantum science and 
technology, with the goal of enhancing and maintaining U.S. leadership 
and competitiveness in this critical technology area. I would look 
forward to partnering with other agencies, including NSF, to continue 
to promote the advancement of quantum in the U.S.

    Question 7. The Facial Recognition Vendor Test (FRVT) program is 
among NIST's initiatives to provide biometrics vendors the opportunity 
to test their technologies and further NIST's efforts to conduct 
research to improve and benchmark the accuracy, efficacy, and anti-bias 
capability of biometric identification systems. A robust testing 
infrastructure is required to keep pace with the rapid development and 
deployment of such systems in the field. For example, testing cloud-
based systems or human recognition algorithms in addition to facial 
recognition algorithms may require additional investments. How would 
you ensure that NIST has the capacity, in light of resource 
constraints, to comprehensively test and develop standards for 
biometric identification systems through programs including FRVT? How 
would you suggest NIST work with the private sector and other Federal 
agencies to align its testing programs with their needs?
    Answer. In the area of biometrics, NIST has been working with 
public and private sectors since the 1960s. Biometric technologies 
provide a means to establish or verify the identity of humans based 
upon one or more physical or behavioral characteristics. NIST responds 
to government and market requirements for biometric standards, 
including facial recognition technologies, by collaborating with other 
Federal agencies, law enforcement, industry, and academic partners to: 
research measurement, evaluation, and interoperability to advance the 
use of biometric technologies including face, fingerprint, iris, voice, 
and multi-modal techniques; develop common models and metrics for 
identity management, critical standards, and interoperability of 
electronic identities; support the timely development of scientifically 
valid, fit-for-purpose standards; and develop the required conformance 
testing architectures and testing tools to test implementations of 
selected standards.
    We have seen a considerable rise in facial recognition technologies 
and other key biometrics in both the public and private sector. NIST 
plays an important role in developing biometric standards, including 
through research on different biometric technologies and common metrics 
for testing. If confirmed, I look forward to seeing how NIST's role can 
be strengthened to ensure the responsible development and use of 
technology. If confirmed, I will work to ensure that NIST will continue 
to seek out strong collaborations with other agencies and private 
sector partners in the area of biometrics.

    Question 8. R&D plays a critical role in promoting American 
leadership in technology, innovation, and standardization. It is 
imperative that the U.S. maintain its leadership, and a strong U.S. 
patent system that rewards and protects investments in R&D is a 
necessary component of a thriving innovation ecosystem. In your 
experience leading a university technology transfer program, what 
difference has the role of licensing, technology transfer, 
collaboration agreements, and the U.S. patent system played in 
encouraging innovation and investments?
    Answer. U.S. universities receive funding from the Federal 
government to do research, to innovate, and to discover. Then they take 
those discoveries into market for the benefit of the U.S. through 
patenting, licensing, and spinning off companies based on the IP 
developed--most often supported by Federal grants. Both the inventor 
and the university can profit from these tech transfer activities, and 
the university is assigned with the duty of managing any potential 
conflicts of interest that arise. Four years ago, the University of 
Maryland spun out a company from its quantum research program. IonQ is 
the first pure-play quantum computing company to go public in the U.S. 
When it was announced that it would go public in early 2021, it was 
valued at $2 billion. This is a great success story out of innovation 
that started at a university with sustained public research funding.
    The U.S. needs to have a continued focus on policies that allow for 
universities and other institutions to patent and license their 
technologies. Entrepreneurs and innovators at universities and other 
institutions should be able to profit from their inventions to 
incentivize the transfer of technology for economic benefit. Supporting 
tech transfer through Federal grants would be extraordinarily helpful 
to universities all over the U.S. Doing tech transfer right is a costly 
enterprise and universities have a lot of competing financial 
priorities that impinge on patent/licensing budgets as well as 
resources for our entrepreneurs.
    I also believe that we should provide more flexibilities for 
inventors in the Federal government to spin off companies and profit 
from their inventions. Without greater flexibilities and incentive 
programs, we will continue to miss out on the potential economic 
benefit associated with the inventions made by our Federal workforce.
    If confirmed, I would look forward to working with the committee in 
these areas.
                                 ______
                                 
     Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Roy Blunt to 
                         Dr. Laurie E. Locascio
    Question 1. Ms. Locascio: One of NIST's key roles is to assist the 
Nation's talented manufacturing industry so we remain the world leader 
when it comes to competitiveness and innovation. One way NIST serves 
this role is by administering Manufacturing USA, a program that Senator 
Brown and I helped to establish back in 2014, and which we worked to 
expand through the United States Innovation and Competition Act of 
2021. I have been proud to lead the way in support of advanced 
manufacturing initiatives like Manufacturing USA at the Federal level, 
to help leverage the talent of our innovative private sector and world-
class educational institutions--institutions like Ozarks Technical 
Community College, which is currently building a new state of the art 
education facility to help harness the talent of Missouri's workforce 
and bring prosperity and progress in advanced manufacturing not only to 
southwest Missouri, but the whole nation. Ms. Locascio, in your 
opinion, how important is Manufacturing USA in strengthening U.S. 
competitiveness and innovation, including with respect to technology, 
supply chain issues, and workforce development? Further, how important 
is U.S. leadership in advanced manufacturing, in terms of our economic 
well-being and national security?
    Answer. The Manufacturing USA Program and its network of 16 
institutes, supported by NIST, the Department of Defense, and the 
Department of Energy, are a critical part of America's overall goal to 
bring manufacturing back and strengthen U.S. competitiveness and 
innovation. Nearly 2,000 companies, universities, and non-profit 
organizations from across the U.S. participate in these institutes 
which serve as innovation hubs for manufacturing, providing real value 
to U.S. industry. These hubs will position the U.S. to compete globally 
in existing and emerging critical technologies. These hubs benefit the 
public by outreach to local K-12 students and teachers, stimulating 
workforce development in new technical fields, and providing for 
improved job opportunities. If confirmed, I would look forward to 
supporting you in the continued growth and acceleration of this 
important program for the Nation.
    Throughout the pandemic, the U.S. has become increasingly aware of 
fragile vulnerabilities and dislocations in our supply chain that have 
had clear economic impact and potential national security impact. Many 
of the supply chain disruptions have been caused by the offshoring of 
major manufacturing in the U.S. over the course of the last several 
decades. The loss of manufacturing base in this country has also 
decimated many towns and cities all over America impacting the quality 
of life for so many. It is critical for economic security, national 
security, and quality of life, that we bring back a strong 
manufacturing base to the U.S. If confirmed, I will work with this 
committee through NIST programs--Manufacturing USA, MEP, and the NIST 
labs--to help accomplish this goal.
                                 ______
                                 
    Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Ron Johnson to 
                         Dr. Laurie E. Locascio
    Question 1. I hear from just about every manufacturer I meet with 
that they cannot find enough skilled workers.

   Do you believe the current U.S. policies and institutions 
        prepare workers for the jobs required by manufacturers?

   If not, what do you believe would correct the skills 
        mismatch and worker shortage described by U.S. manufacturers?
    Answer. I believe we can do more to prepare workers for jobs 
required by manufacturers. The NIST MEP program and Manufacturing USA 
institutes can be part of this solution working in partnership with 
every state in the country engaging with local industries, 
universities, community colleges and trade schools. If confirmed, I 
will work with this committee to prioritize workforce development for 
manufacturing in the U.S.

    Question 2. What will you do, if confirmed as Director of NIST, to 
support and encourage pathways to the trades that do not require 
college degrees?
    Answer. If I am confirmed as the next NIST Director, I would 
prioritize workforce development for manufacturing in every state by 
working through the NIST MEP and Manufacturing USA programs. These 
programs already engage closely with regional stakeholders and, if 
appropriately resourced, can assess the workforce needs and promote 
workforce development through local and regional entities. The national 
network can also serve to share best practices and programs that can 
become national training programs.

    Question 3. The Biden Administration supports tariffs and expanding 
Buy American provisions. Do you believe protectionist policies create 
resilient and competitive businesses and industries?
    Answer. I believe that our current issues related to global 
competitiveness will be best addressed through well-constructed 
multifaceted solutions grounded in data. If I am confirmed, I will work 
with this committee to ensure NIST's policy solutions are grounded in 
data.
                                 ______
                                 
Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Shelley Moore Capito to 

                         Dr. Laurie E. Locascio
    Question 1. I share your passion for supporting female leadership 
and encouraging more participation of women in STEM, especially amongst 
our young women and girls. As the first female Senator from West 
Virginia, I have worked to inspire other young women to pursue 
leadership positions and instill confidence in themselves.

   If confirmed, will you work with me on this issue?

   Would you also be willing to visit West Virginia, again, and 
        do an event focused on encouraging young women into STEM?
    Answer. As you mentioned, this is a subject that I have been 
extremely passionate about throughout my career. I would truly look 
forward to working with you on this issue. I would be happy to visit 
West Virginia to speak with young women about pursuing STEM fields. 
Thank you for this invitation. It would be a pleasure.

    Question 2. Growing up in a small Appalachian town, I am sure you 
are familiar with the struggles and obstacles facing rural academic 
institutions and their having access to Federal research support. 
Thankfully this Committee, and the full Senate, passed the United 
States Innovation and Competition Act (USICA) which takes a number of 
steps to build research and education capacity in more rural states. 
Could you speak to the importance of a more balanced geographic 
distribution of Federal research funding?
    Answer. I truly believe that all areas of the U.S. must have better 
access to research funding so that every state and every person can 
have the ability to participate in our innovation economy. The U.S. has 
a wealth of talent and capacity in every state. It will be important to 
take advantage of all our strengths and drive innovation beyond Silicon 
Valley, Boston, and New York. NIST has a strong foundation of rigorous 
and open competition for resources and funds work across the country. 
If confirmed, I will work to ensure that NIST continues the efforts and 
works to create new opportunities for underserved communities. In this 
worldwide distributed economy with a strong competitor, we just cannot 
afford to leave anyone behind.

    Question 3. Thank you for mentioning the importance of the 
Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP) Program in your testimony. In 
West Virginia, the WVU Industrial Extension--West Virginia's 
representative of NIST's MEP National Network--has been doing 
exceptional work across the state. These partnerships are critical to 
bridge small and medium companies with economic development partners, 
industry focused agencies, and third-party providers. If confirmed, do 
you commit to support the MEP Program?
    Answer. In FY 2020, the MEP National Network interacted with 27,574 
manufacturers, leading to $13.0 billion in new and retained sales, $2.7 
billion in cost savings, $4.9 billion in new client investments, and 
helping to create and retain 105,748 U.S. manufacturing jobs. I believe 
the MEP, working in every state in close partnership with local and 
regional assets, is critical to building a more healthy and vibrant 
manufacturing base all across the U.S. If confirmed, I commit to 
support the MEP program and its extensions in West Virginia and beyond.

    Question 4. This Congress I, along with my Senate colleague Senator 
Peters, reintroduced the Composite Standards Act. This legislation 
would establish a design data clearinghouse to disseminate existing 
guidelines and standards for using composite materials in 
infrastructure projects. This would support the work being done in 
universities across the country, but especially at WVU as a member of 
the NSF's Center for the Integration of Composite into Infrastructure 
(CICI). Could you speak to the importance of incorporating composite 
technology into rebuilding our Nation's roads and bridges?
    Answer. NIST has a robust research programs in materials design and 
testing and also in building, infrastructure and community resilience. 
It is critical that we design new infrastructure and shore up existing 
infrastructure using state-of-the-art materials and approaches. If 
confirmed, I would look forward to discussing this important issue and 
the accompanying legislation with you.
                                 ______
                                 
     Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Rick Scott to 
                         Dr. Laurie E. Locascio
    Question 1. This past June, the Surfside community and the entire 
State of Florida experienced a tremendous loss when Champlain Towers 
South tragically and unexpectedly collapsed, taking innocent lives and 
devastating hundreds of families. In your position, how will you ensure 
NIST properly investigates this in a timely manner to learn what 
happened and do what is needed to prevent another tragedy?
    Answer. The collapse of Champlain Towers South was a tragedy that 
has had devastating impacts. It is my understanding that NIST, working 
under the authority of the National Construction Safety Team Act, sent 
a team of experts to Surfside to launch a full technical investigation 
working in close partnership with the State of Florida, the local 
community, and other Federal partners. As it has done in the past, NIST 
will conduct a thorough and complete investigation to determine 
technical cause. From the results of that investigation and analysis, 
NIST may recommend changes that will lead to improved building safety 
for Surfside, the state of Florida and across the U.S. If confirmed, I 
ensure you that NIST will work diligently to complete this work in 
partnership with the State. It is critical that this be done in a 
timely manner to prevent, wherever possible, another tragedy from 
occurring.

    Question 2. What would you do to combat Communist China's growing 
aggression to influence standards setting organizations?
    Answer. Standards have become a key battleground in the global 
competition for technology leadership. Backed by the People's Republic 
of China (PRC), Chinese companies have greatly increased their 
participation in international standards development organizations 
(SDOs). Although participation is not an indicator of influence when it 
comes to technical standard outcomes, it does appear this part of a 
broader effort by the PRC to influence critical and emerging technology 
areas. In particular, the PRC is aggressively seeking leadership roles 
in strategic areas such as advanced communications (5G, 6G, and beyond) 
and artificial intelligence (AI).
    I know from my own experience in the international standards arena 
while previously with NIST, that increased participation in standards 
development is something we must take seriously. Engagement in 
documentary standards development is a critical element of the NIST 
mission where NIST works to ensure the U.S. approach to international 
standards development is based on the principles of transparency; 
openness; impartiality, and consensus. If confirmed, I look forward to 
working with Congress in developing aggressive strategies to strengthen 
the U.S. Standards system in ways that (1) promote robust U.S. 
participation in international standards development organizations; and 
(2) increase U.S. R&D coordination and cooperation with likeminded 
partners and allies.