    [Senate Hearing 117-415]
    [From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]

                                                            S. Hrg. 117-415

                            ENERGY AND WATER DEVELOPMENT
                         APPROPRIATIONS FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022

    =======================================================================

                                    HEARINGS

                                    BEFORE A

                              SUBCOMMITTEE OF THE

                COMMITTEE ON APPROPRIATIONS UNITED STATES SENATE

                        ONE HUNDRED SEVENTEENTH CONGRESS

                                 FIRST SESSION

                                       ON

                               H.R. 4549/S. 2605

     AN ACT MAKING APPROPRIATIONS FOR ENERGY AND WATER DEVELOPMENT FOR THE
         FISCAL YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 30, 2022, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES

                                   __________

                          Department of Defense--Civil
                              Department of Energy
                           Department of the Interior
                           Nondepartmental Witnesses

                                   __________

             Printed for the use of the Committee on Appropriations

    [GRAPHIC NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

            Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.govinfo.gov

                                   __________

                        U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE
    44-168 PDF                  WASHINGTON : 2023

    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

                          COMMITTEE ON APPROPRIATIONS

                        PATRICK LEAHY, Vermont, Chairman
    PATTY MURRAY, Washington             RICHARD C. SHELBY, Alabama, Vice
    DIANNE FEINSTEIN, California             Chairman
    RICHARD J. DURBIN, Illinois          MITCH McCONNELL, Kentucky
    JACK REED, Rhode Island              SUSAN M. COLLINS, Maine
    JON TESTER, Montana                  LISA MURKOWSKI, Alaska
    JEANNE SHAHEEN, New Hampshire        LINDSEY GRAHAM, South Carolina
    JEFF MERKLEY, Oregon                 ROY BLUNT, Missouri
    CHRISTOPHER A. COONS, Delaware       JERRY MORAN, Kansas
    BRIAN SCHATZ, Hawaii                 JOHN HOEVEN, North Dakota
    TAMMY BALDWIN, Wisconsin             JOHN BOOZMAN, Arkansas
    CHRISTOPHER MURPHY, Connecticut      SHELLEY MOORE CAPITO, West
    JOE MANCHIN, III, West Virginia          Virginia
    CHRIS VAN HOLLEN, Maryland           JOHN KENNEDY, Louisiana
    MARTIN HEINRICH, New Mexico          CINDY HYDE-SMITH, Mississippi
                                         MIKE BRAUN, Indiana
                                         BILL HAGERTY, Tennessee
                                         MARCO RUBIO, Florida

                       Charles E. Kieffer, Staff Director
               Shannon Hutcherson Hines, Minority Staff Director
                                     ------

                  Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development

                     DIANNE FEINSTEIN, California, Chairman
    PATTY MURRAY, Washington             JOHN KENNEDY, Louisiana, Ranking
    JON TESTER, Montana                  MITCH McCONNELL, Kentucky
    RICHARD J. DURBIN, Illinois          RICHARD C. SHELBY, Alabama
    JEANNE SHAHEEN, New Hampshire        SUSAN M. COLLINS, Maine
    JEFF MERKLEY, Oregon                 LISA MURKOWSKI, Alaska
    CHRISTOPHER A. COONS, Delaware       LINDSEY GRAHAM, South Carolina
    TAMMY BALDWIN,                       JOHN HOEVEN, North Dakota
    MARTIN HEINRICH,                     CINDY HYDE-SMITH, Mississippi
    PATRICK LEAHY, Vermont, (ex          BILL HAGERTY, Tennessee
        officio)

                               Professional Staff

                                   Doug Clapp
                               Jen Becker-Pollet
                                 Aaron Goldner
                                  Laura Powell
                             Tyler Owens (Minority)
                            Jen Armstrong (Minority)
                             Nora Khalil (Minority)

                             Administrative Support

                                  Teri Curtin
                           Sydney Crawford (Minority)

                                C O N T E N T S

                                  ----------

                                    HEARINGS
                            Wednesday, June 9, 2021

                                                                       Page

    Department of Defense--Civil: Department of the Army; Corps of
      Engineers--Civil...............................................     1
    Department of the Interior: Bureau of Reclamation................    14

                            Wednesday, June 23, 2021

    Department of Energy: Office of the Secretary....................    35

                                  ----------

                                  BACK MATTER

    List of Witnesses, Communications, and Prepared Statements.......   173
    Nondepartmental Witnesses........................................    75

    Subject Index....................................................   175
        Department of Defense--Civil.................................   175
            Department of the Army...................................   175
            Corps of Engineers--Civil................................   175
        Department of Energy.........................................   175
            Office of the Secretary..................................   175
        Department of the Interior...................................   175
            Bureau of Reclamation....................................   175

        ENERGY AND WATER DEVELOPMENT APPROPRIATIONS FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022

                                  ----------

                            WEDNESDAY, JUNE 9, 2021

                                           U.S. Senate,
               Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations,
                                                        Washington, DC.
        The subcommittee met at 10:04 a.m. in room SD-192, Dirksen
    Senate Office Building, Hon. Dianne Feinstein (chairwoman)
    presiding.
        Present: Senators Feinstein, Tester, Heinrich, Kennedy,
    Hoeven, Hyde-Smith, and Hagerty.

                          DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE--CIVIL

                             Department of the Army

                           Corps of Engineers--Civil

    STATEMENT OF MR. JAMIE PINKHAM, ACTING ASSISTANT
                SECRETARY OF THE ARMY (CIVIL WORKS)

                 opening statement of senator dianne feinstein

        Senator Feinstein. And the subcommittee on Energy and Water
    Development is in order. Today's hearing we will review the
    President's Fiscal 2022 Budget Request for the United States
    Army Corps of Engineers and the Bureau of Reclamation.
        Ranking Member Kennedy and I will each have an opening
    statement. Then I will recognize each Senator for an opening
    statement, if they wish to make one.
        We will then turn to our witnesses to present testimony on
    behalf of the Corps and the Bureau. Each witness will be
    allowed 5 minutes for opening remarks. At the conclusion of the
    witness testimony, I will then recognize Senators for 5 minutes
    of questions each, alienating between--excuse me--alternating
    between the majority and minority in the order in which they
    arrived.
        I would like to welcome our witnesses. And thank each of
    you for being here today. We have, Mr. Jamie, Pinkham, the
    acting assistant secretary of the Army for Civil Works;
    Lieutenant General Scott Spellmon, Chief of Engineers for the
    United States Corps of Engineers; and Mr. David Palumbo, Deputy
    Commissioner of Operations for the Bureau of Reclamation at the
    Department of Interior.
        I want to just thank the Army Corps and the Bureau for
    their very hard work in managing what is becoming an
    increasingly challenging water situation in California.
        California and other western states are in the midst of a
    mega drought caused by years of warming temperatures and failed
    rainy seasons, reducing critical snowpack that feed our rivers.
    The crippling cycle of drought, temperature increases, and
    severe weather is also affecting the frequency and size of our
    wildfires. Climate change, of course, is a major contributing
    cause of these changes. And I am really encouraged by this
    administration's commitment to address climate change and
    improve the Nation's infrastructure.
        Unfortunately, though, the commitment to battle global
    warming is not, as I see it, reflected in the Army Corps of
    Engineers fiscal year 2022 budget request.
        In fact, the proposed funding levels, Senator Kennedy and
    Senator Tester, are less than what Congress appropriated last
    year. First, the Army Corps' budget request represents more
    than a-billion-dollar cut to the Civil Works program. I am
    really disappointed that this administration has fallen to the
    same pattern of underfunding the Corps' budget.
        There are some bright spots, however, in the Army Corps
    request. I am very pleased to see a more proactive effort in
    the proposed budget for recommending new construction projects.
    This will be the first time in 4 years that the Corps has done
    this. So it is appreciated. I also appreciate the Corps'
    inclusion of important dam and flood control projects for
    California, including the Whittier Dam and West Sacramento
    levees. These investments are really critical to California. So
    I thank you on behalf of my State.
        With smart planning and innovative green infrastructure
    ideas, every project should be able to result in multiple
    benefits, when we dredge channels to maintain navigation, that
    fill material can be strategically placed to restore wetlands
    and combat sea level rise as the Corps has started to do in San
    Francisco Bay. And thank you very much for that as well.
        This brings me to the Bureau of Reclamation budget, which
    is particularly critical to my State given its operation of the
    Central Valley Project and water delivery infrastructure
    throughout the State. Reclamation's request for the water and
    related resources account is $145 million less than what we
    appropriated last year, General.
        I am very thankful for the $184 million investment in the
    Central Valley Project, but I am deeply disappointed that the
    administration requested none of the $206 million we included
    in last year's bill for implementation of the drought-related
    provisions in the 2016 WIIN (Water Infrastructure Improvements
    to the Nation) Act.
        For me, the WIIN Act is key to developing long-term
    solutions to worsening drought and other extreme weather
    events. There is no way that I can see, after more than 20
    years on this committee, that the west can survive the extreme
    drought without more investment in infrastructure to carry
    water from wet years to dry ones.
        The Bureau and several States have already drastically
    reduced water allocations. We need additional drought funding
    now to help water users in the environment get through the
    year. So I asked the Bureau to work with me on identifying
    projects that could be implemented in a 6- to 12-month
    timeframe that could help farmers, cities and the environment
    survive next year if this winter is another drought concern.
        Dam security, and let me touch on this because if things go
    bad, it could be devastating, dam security remains a big
    priority of mine. I would like to thank and applaud the Bureau
    for more than double funding for dam safety and rehabilitation
    projects from $86.5 million to $182.5 million, this will allow
    for $130 million in critically-needed repairs to the BF Sisk
    Dam, which is not only at high risk, but is also a key hub for
    California's water delivery system.
        I am also very pleased to see the Army Corps continues to
    focus efforts on dams with the most significant safety issues,
    such as Whittier in Los Angeles.
        Last year, we provided $12 million for the Army Corps
    Whittier program to provide low-interest loans for local dam
    safety projects. I encouraged the Corps and the administration
    to prioritize this program. Whittier should be a part of the
    administration's plan to invest in infrastructure. And I hope
    to hear more about it today.
        I would now like to recognize my distinguished Ranking
    Member Kennedy for his opening statement.

                       statement of senator john kennedy

        Senator Kennedy. Thank you, Madam Chair. I want to thank
    our witnesses today for being here. I want to thank you for
    giving so much to our country. I want to thank my team, my
    ranking member team for their hard work, especially--many of
    you know him--but I especially want to thank Bubba [phonetic]
    from my office, better known as Kennedy's brain when it comes
    to really technical details.
        It is a real pleasure for me to--a real joy for me to serve
    with Senator Feinstein. She is, and I am not just saying that,
    we have had--we have spent a lot of time together on the
    Judiciary Committee. She is an institutional compass for the
    Senate. When you get lost, you pull out your compass. And she
    has served that role for many, many years, and I have--and will
    continue to serve that role for many, many years--and I have
    learned an awful lot from just watching her and listening to
    her.
        Before I give them opening statement, I do want to
    recognize my good friend, Senator Tester, who, if you have not
    read it, he rocked a front page article in The Wall Street
    Journal this week. I mean, he rocked it. Okay. If you will go
    read it, you are going to want to follow him on Facebook. So he
    cannot say anything yet so I can--he will get his turn.
        Let me just say a word about Louisiana. We are a State that
    has a lot of water. We deal with storm surge from the Gulf of
    Mexico, during hurricanes and tropical storms, and that is
    ordinary for us, even in ordinary times, we deal with a lot of
    water. Lately, we have had to deal with isolated rainstorms,
    people who don't live near a tributary or a body of water, have
    flooded.
        And I don't--I don't profess to know why this is happening,
    and in the grand scheme of things, and in the long arc of
    history, maybe this is not unusual. But I do know this. If you
    get 8, 10, 12, 14 inches of rain in a short period of time you
    are going to flood. I don't care whether you are in the desert
    or on top of Pikes Peak.
        The Mississippi River, of course, runs through our State.
    We are blessed. It goes from the top of our State to the bottom
    of our State. It has the third largest drainage basin in the
    entire world, not the United States, the entire world. It is
    exceeded in size only by the watersheds of the Amazon and Congo
    Rivers. And now that is something--that is a blessing, but it
    can also cause issues.
        Our basin drains 41 percent of the 48 contiguous States of
    these United States. So this is not just a Louisiana jam, an
    issue. It is a national issue. Our basin, the Mississippi River
    Basin covers more than 1.25 thousand square miles. It includes
    all our parks of 31 States and two Canadian provinces. It
    roughly resembles a funnel, just like this, which has its spout
    at the Gulf of Mexico. I am not telling you, generally, I know
    anything you don't know, but I just think it is important to
    emphasize this.
        Water from as far away as New York, and as far west as
    Montana contributes to the flows into the Mississippi River, so
    the work of the U.S. Corps of Engineers to say it is vital to
    America and to Louisiana is a gross understatement. We need
    your help with flood control, we need your help with storm
    protection projects, and just as we need help from our
    government with respect to the fires in California, and the
    lack of water in some respects in their State.
        Because we are talking about--we are not just talking about
    projects, and I know you know this, we are talking about human
    life, we are talking about humanity, and we are talking about
    property that people work very hard for.
        Now, I just wanted to include these pictures, everybody
    loves pictures. This is a project that was authorized after
    Hurricane Katrina, you know it well; it struck New Orleans.
    Thank you, American taxpayer, and thank you Corps of Engineers
    for helping Louisiana when we were on our knees. This started
    in August of 2005, the planning for these projects. Katrina, of
    course, killed about 1,600 people in my State and destroyed the
    lives of many, many more.
        This project provides storm protection for the New Orleans
    region, not just New Orleans, but for the entire region, which
    is with you, together, we just built levees around the entire
    area, not just the city, we used levees and seawalls. We, you,
    together, we constructed the largest surge barrier of its kind.
    And this project also, as you know, includes the world's
    largest, not the United States' largest, the world's largest
    pump station. It is known as the Hurricane and Storm Damage
    Risk Reduction System. And, I just wanted to mention it. Maybe
    we will talk about it later.
        Thank you again for your service.
        Senator Feinstein. Thank you, Senator, for your words.
        Senator Tester, would you like to make a statement?
        Senator Tester. I will be brief. Thank you, Chairwoman
    Feinstein.
        Senator Feinstein. You are welcome.

                        statement of senator jon tester

        Senator Tester. It is good to be on the committee again
    under your leadership. And I look forward to working with
    Senator Kennedy. He is no Lamar Alexander, but he is a close
    second. Let's put it that way.
        And I would just say this, simply put, water is life. And,
    you guys have a lot of work to do. This budget is going to be
    critically important. As Senator Kennedy has already pointed,
    Montana is a headwater State, how we utilize our water, and how
    it is kept clean and functional is critically important, both
    for drinking water, and for irrigation primarily.
        I am one who believes that economic development is going
    to--it has been--but it is going to continue to revolve around
    water resources. And so your job is really important. I would
    just say one thing. There is a lot of talk about resiliency,
    most time when you talk about resiliency you are talking about
    climate change and it needs to be resilient to climate change
    and effective during a changing climate.
        We also need to be aware that we need to have resiliency is
    as it applies to cyber. And that is also very, very important
    moving forward in projects where they can be impacted by
    potential cyber criminals.
        So with that, I look forward to working with the witnesses,
    and the people on this committee to get a budget that works for
    America when it comes to our water resources. Thank you all for
    being here.
        Senator Feinstein. Thank you very much, Senator Tester.
        Senator Hyde-Smith, would you like to make some comments?
        Senator Hyde-Smith. Just appreciate everyone being here,
    and what you do. And Senator Kennedy could not have said it
    better because I am from Mississippi, the Mississippi Rivers.
    Thank you.
        Senator Feinstein. Thank you very much. Shall we proceed
    now with the testimony?
        Each witness has 5 minutes. Your written statements will be
    entered into the record. I would like to start with Mr.
    Pinkham, followed by General Spellmon, and then Mr. Palumbo. If
    that is agreeable, please proceed.

                     summary statement of mr. jamie pinkham

        Mr. Pinkham. Thank you. Chairwoman Feinstein, Ranking
    Member Kennedy, and members of this committee, thank you for
    the opportunity to be here today, to discuss the President's
    Budget Request for the Civil Works Program of the Army Corps of
    Engineers.
        The fiscal year 2022 budget request provides roughly $6.8
    billion for the Army Civil Works program, which is the highest
    annual budget ever proposed with a focus on investments that
    yield economic and environmental returns, increasing resiliency
    to climate change, facilitating safe, reliable, and sustainable
    commercial navigation, and accelerating and improving the water
    delivery resource projects.
        This budget relies on a foundation of strong relationships
    between the Corps and local communities, which allows us to
    work together to develop, manage, restore, and protect the
    Nation's water resources. And the budget does focus on the
    highest performing missions of the Army Civil Works program:
    commercial navigation, flood, and storm damage reduction and
    aquatic ecosystem restoration.
        In the budget we want to advance two key objectives. One,
    as the committee has talked about, is increasing infrastructure
    and ecosystem resilience to climate change and decreasing
    climate risks for communities based on the best available
    science, also promoting environmental justice in disadvantaged
    communities in line with the administration's Justice40
    Initiative, and creating good-paying jobs for the American
    people.
        The Budget supports a Corps program that has a diverse set
    of tools and approaches to working with local communities,
    whether this means funding projects with our cost-share
    partners, providing pioneering assistance and technical
    expertise to help communities make better informed decisions,
    or participating in the national and international
    conversations on how to best address our water resources
    challenges.
        The Budget also focuses on maintaining the vast water
    resources infrastructure that the Corps owns and manages, and
    on finding innovative ways to rehabilitate it or transfer
    ownership to willing recipients.
        For example, the Budget includes $13 million to complete
    six new major rehabilitation studies for inland waterways,
    locks and dams, and $2 million to investigate disposition of
    completed projects.
        At the top of the budget, the 2022 budget, it is funding:
    investigations at $106 million, the construction account is
    $1.8 billion, O&M (Operation and Maintenance) is at $2.5
    billion, the Harbor Maintenance Trust Fund $1.6 billion, the
    Inland Waterways Trust Fund at $52 million, the Mississippi
    River and Tributaries account at $270 million, flood control
    and coastal emergencies at $35 million, the regulatory program
    is at $204.4 million, the expenses for the Army Corps of
    Engineers $199.3 million, and the Office of the Assistant
    Secretary at $5 million.
        Of this, the Corps will use $3.4 billion to invest in
    projects that will facilitate commercial navigation, $1.7
    billion to help reduce the risk of damages from floods and
    storms, and $501 million to restore aquatic ecosystems to a
    more natural condition.
        Among these amounts in terms of the resiliency to climate
    change: $38 million will go to energy and water conservation
    measures at Corps projects, $23 million to updates to water
    control manuals, $8 million for charging--for changing the
    infrastructure needed to support a fleet of zero-emission
    vehicles, and $6 million to evaluate ways to increase the
    resilience of Corps' infrastructure over the longer term. And
    we look to the American Jobs Plan too, with the hope that
    additional resources will be brought to improve the ports and
    the waterways.
        The Budget includes $350 million for the South Florida
    Everglades Restoration Program, a $100 million increase, or 40
    percent above the 2021 enacted level. And Everglades
    Restoration Funding is also included in the American Jobs Plan.
    Taken together, we hope for a robust amount of funding to
    continue the significant progress on this ecosystem restoration
    program.
        There is also, within the budget, funding to initiate new
    work, including studies in Florida, Idaho, the eight States on
    a Great Lakes coastal area, New York, Rhode Island, South
    Carolina, and Wyoming.
        The budget includes funding to initiate construction at
    four new projects, including West Sacramento in California,
    McClellan-Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System, in Arkansas,
    Norfolk Harbor Channels in Virginia, and a project that will be
    both initiated and completed in Maryland, the Anacostia
    Watershed Restoration.
        In addition, we look to complete two additional projects,
    Calumet Harbor and river in Illinois and Indiana, and a project
    at the mouth of the Columbia River between Oregon and
    Washington.
        Within the budget, $1.6 billion is being proposed to be
    derived from the Harbor Maintenance Trust Fund, included in
    that is $787 million that would be used to support commercial
    navigation at the top 50 U.S. coastal ports across the Nation,
    which handle around 90 percent of the waterborne cargo that is
    shipped to or from the United States in foreign commerce. $252
    million for operation and maintenance of Great Lakes projects,
    and $63 million for five construction projects that will
    accommodate disposal of material dredged from coastal
    navigation projects.
        Within the budget there is also $10 million for new,
    innovative funding partnerships, which support the Corps'
    efforts to accelerate and improve the delivery of water through
    greater non-Federal participation to encourage State, Tribal,
    local, and private parties to move forward with investments
    they deem as priorities.
        In addition, the budget also proposes to return
    responsibility for management of the Formerly Utilized Sites,
    Remedial Action Program, FUSRAP for short, back to the
    Department of Energy. The budget will also begin the process of
    addressing the climate crisis as outlined in Executive Order
    14008, tackling the climate crisis at home and abroad. The Army
    will evaluate the Civil Works program to identify the
    appropriate actions the agency can take to support this policy
    objective in moving forward.
        The Army is also committed to securing environmental
    justice and spurring economic opportunity for disadvantaged
    communities that have been historically marginalized and
    overburdened by pollution and experience underinvestment in
    essential services.
        And so we will work with the Army to ensure that 40 percent
    of the benefits of climate and clean energy investments are
    directed to these disadvantaged communities, and we will begin
    to track how program expenditures can help impact, positively
    impact the disadvantaged communities, and consider metrics that
    will help track how our program benefits, accrue to help these
    communities.
        Now, I am honored to have been selected for this position
    to help implement the President's priorities for the Army Civil
    Works Program. I have been on board for just shy of 2 months,
    but I have had the opportunity to make two trips in the State
    of Washington, as well as another trip in West Virginia, and
    Ohio. And I will be visiting sites in Delaware next week.
        And I am grateful for the relationship that I have been
    building with General Spellmon and his staff. And I am
    impressed with the professionalism, the relationship they are
    working hard to develop with local communities, individuals
    who, as partners with so many members of society, working to
    advance the Army Corps, Civil Works mission.
        There is a lot that needs to be done, as outlined by this
    committee this morning. And I am excited to be a part of this
    team working alongside you to serve this Nation.
        Thank you for inviting me here today. And I look forward to
    your questions.
        [The statement follows:]
                   Prepared Statement of Mr. Jaime A. Pinkham
        Chairwoman Feinstein, Ranking Member Kennedy and distinguished
    members of the committee, thank you for the opportunity to be here
    today to discuss the President's Budget request for the Civil Works
    program of the Army Corps of Engineers.
        The Fiscal Year 2022 Budget request provides roughly $6.8 billion
    for the Army Civil Works program, which is the highest annual budget
    ever proposed, with a focus on investments that will yield high
    economic and environmental returns, increasing resiliency to climate
    change; facilitating safe, reliable and sustainable commercial
    navigation; and accelerating and improving the delivery of water
    resources projects.
        This Budget relies on a foundation of strong relationships between
    the Corps and local communities, which allow us to work together to
    help develop, manage, restore, and protect the Nation's water
    resources.
        The Budget focuses on the highest performing work within the three
    main missions of the Army Civil Works program:
      --commercial navigation,
      --flood and storm damage reduction, and
      --aquatic ecosystem restoration.
        In developing the Budget, consideration was given to advancing two
    key objectives including: (1) increasing infrastructure and ecosystem
    resilience to climate change and decreasing climate risk for
    communities based on the best available science; and (2) promoting
    environmental justice in disadvantaged communities in line with
    Justice40 and creating good paying jobs that provide the free and fair
    chance to join a union and collectively bargain.
        The Budget supports a Corps program that has a diverse set of tools
    and approaches to working with local communities, whether this means
    funding projects with our cost-sharing partners, providing planning
    assistance and technical expertise to help communities make better
    risk-informed decisions, or participating in the national and
    international conversations on how to best address our water resources
    challenges.
        The Budget also focuses on maintaining the vast water resources
    infrastructure that the Corps owns and manages, and on finding
    innovative ways to rehabilitate it or transfer ownership to willing
    recipients. For example, the Budget includes $13 million to complete
    six new major rehabilitation studies for inland waterways locks and
    dams and $2 million to investigate disposition of completed projects.
        The FY 2022 Investigations account is funded at $106 million, the
    Construction account at $1.8 billion, the Operation and Maintenance
    account at $2.5 billion, the Harbor Maintenance Trust Fund at $1.6
    billion, the Inland Waterways Trust Fund at $52 million, and the
    Mississippi River and Tributaries account at $270 million. Other
    accounts include the Flood Control and Coastal Emergencies account at
    $35 million, the Regulatory Program account at $204.4 million, the
    Expenses account at $199.3 million and the Office of the Assistant
    Secretary of the Army for Civil Works account at $5 million.
        The Army Corps will use $3.4 billion of these funds to invest in
    projects and activities that will facilitate commercial navigation,
    $1.7 billion to help reduce the risk of damages from floods and storms,
    and $501 million to restore aquatic ecosystems to a more natural
    condition. These amounts include:
      --$75 million to increase the resilience of Corps infrastructure to
            climate change, including $38 million for energy and water
            conservation measures at Corps projects, $23 million for
            updates to water control manuals at Corps projects that will
            account for a changing climate, $8 million for the charging
            infrastructure needed to support a Federal fleet of Zero
            Emission Vehicles, and $6 million to evaluate ways to increase
            the resilience of Corps infrastructure over the longer term;
            and
      --$29 million for Corps technical and planning assistance programs,
            through which the Corps is able to enable states and local
            communities to take steps to reduce their flood risks including
            risks associated with climate change. For example, the Budget
            supports Corps participation in joint Federal-State interagency
            teams known as the Silver Jackets, which work at the state
            level to help local communities to understand their flood risks
            and identify options to help them manage those risks, with
            emphasis on non-structural approaches.
        The American Jobs Plan also includes an additional $8 billion over
    five years for the Corps to improve ports and waterways.
        The Budget includes $350 million for the South Florida Everglades
    Restoration (SFER) program. The SFER request of $350 million is a $100
    million increase, or 40 percent, to the 2021 enacted level. SFER
    funding is also included in the American Jobs Plan. Taken together, a
    robust amount of funding is proposed for SFER, enabling significant
    progress on this ecosystem restoration program.
        The FY 2022 Budget includes funding to initiate seven new studies--
    Central & Southern Florida Flood Resiliency (Section 216), FL; Boise
    River, Garden City, Ada County, ID; Great Lakes Coastal Resiliency
    Study, IL, IN, MI, MN, OH, PA, NY & WI; Spring Creek South, Jamaica Bay
    (Howard Beach), Queens, NY; Little Narragansett Bay, RI; Waccamaw
    River, Horry County, SC; and Little Goose Creek, Sheridan, WY.
        The FY 2022 Budget also includes funding to initiate construction
    at four new projects--McClellan-Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System,
    Three Rivers, AR; West Sacramento, CA; Anacostia Watershed Restoration,
    Prince George's County, MD; and Norfolk Harbor and Channels, VA
    (Deepening) as well as to complete three construction projects--Calumet
    Harbor and River, IL & IN; Columbia River at the Mouth, OR/WA; and
    Anacostia Watershed Restoration, Prince George's County, MD.
        Within the $1.6 billion proposed in the FY 2022 Budget to be
    derived from the Harbor Maintenance Trust Fund, $787 million would be
    used to support commercial navigation at the top 50 U.S. coastal ports
    across the Nation, which handle around 90 percent of the waterborne
    cargo that is shipped to or from the Unities States in foreign
    commerce; $252 million for operation and maintenance of Great Lakes
    projects; $58 million for projects that support access by Native
    American tribes to their legally recognized historic fishing areas; and
    $63 million for five construction projects that will accommodate
    disposal of material dredged from coastal navigation projects.
        The FY 2022 Budget proposes $10 million for a new Innovative
    Funding Partnership program, which supports Corps efforts to accelerate
    and improve the delivery of water through greater non-Federal
    participation, and by removing barriers that prevent State, local, and
    private parties from moving forward with investments that they deem
    priorities. In addition, the Budget also proposes to return
    responsibility for management of the Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial
    Action Program (FUSRAP) back to the Department of Energy (DOE).
    Consolidation of FUSRAP with the other DOE cleanup programs under a
    single agency will allow DOE to consider a broader range of federal
    cleanup responsibilities in prioritizing work each fiscal year and
    result in efficiencies for taxpayers and the Army Corps would continue
    to perform cleanup of FUSRAP sites on a reimbursable basis with DOE.
        The FY 2022 Budget begins the process of addressing the climate
    crisis. As outlined in Executive Order 14008, Tackling the Climate
    Crisis at Home and Abroad, the Army will evaluate the Civil Works
    program to identify the appropriate actions the agency can take to
    support this policy objective in the FY 2023 Budget. The Army is also
    committed to securing environmental justice and spurring economic
    opportunity for disadvantaged communities that have been historically
    marginalized and overburdened by pollution and experience
    underinvestment in essential services. The Army will actively work
    towards ensuring 40 percent of the benefits of climate and clean energy
    investments are directed to disadvantaged communities. These actions
    will include an examination of the activities of key programs to
    determine whether those programs' benefits have accrued to
    disadvantaged communities. The Army will also begin to track program
    expenditures that impact disadvantaged communities and consider metrics
    that will help track how applicable covered program benefits accrue at
    specific disadvantaged communities.
        Finally, I would like to highlight one of the initiatives proposed
    in the Budget--an important technical change to the account structure
    of the Corps, which would improve our ability to oversee the spending
    financed through our two navigation trust funds. This proposal involves
    changes to the appropriations language for the Construction, Operation
    and Maintenance, and Mississippi River and Tributaries accounts, as
    well as the adoption of appropriations language for the Harbor
    Maintenance and Inland Waterways Trust Funds. It is needed and would
    enable greater transparency and accountability in how these funds are
    budgeted and spent.
        I am very honored to have been selected for this position, to help
    implement the President's priorities for the Army Civil Works program.
    I have been on-board for just a month or so. And, I've had the
    opportunity to make two short trips--one to Tacoma Harbor in Washington
    State, and another to multiple sites throughout West Virginia and
    northern Ohio. I have been very impressed with the professionalism and
    dedication of the Corps of Engineers employees, who build and maintain
    water resources facilities for our primary Civil Works missions. There
    is much work to be done, I'm excited to be a part of this great team--
    serving our Nation.
        Thank you all for inviting me here today. I look forward to your
    questions.

        Senator Feinstein. And thank you very much. I appreciate
    it. Thank you very much.
        Next, please, General.
    STATEMENT OF LIEUTENANT GENERAL SCOTT A. SPELLMON,
                CHIEF OF ENGINEERS AND COMMANDING GENERAL,
                U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS
        General Spellmon. Thank you, and good morning. Chairwoman
    Feinstein, Ranking Member Kennedy, and distinguished members of
    the subcommittee. Thank you for the opportunity to testify
    today.
        I have been in command of the Corps for a little bit over 8
    months now, and I would like to provide just a few brief
    highlights of the work our team is accomplishing as we are
    already making progress on three of my initial focus areas. And
    those are: transforming our organization for the increased
    workload, expanding research and development, and strengthening
    our already talented workforce.
        These are just a few of the key initiatives that we will
    use to optimally leverage annual appropriations, meet the
    priorities of both the administration's--the administration and
    the Congress, and ultimately deliver on our vision. And that is
    to engineer solutions for our Nation's toughest challenges.
        Over the past several years, the Corps has delivered an
    annual Civil Works program between $7- to $8 billion. And I
    would like to further develop that competency into one that can
    deliver double that benefit by stretching our dollars further
    through better partnering practices, revolutionizing our
    processes, and seeking efficiencies with functional pilot
    programs. Our Nation is again seeking to renew its
    infrastructure, and the Corps is poised to support this pivotal
    modernization.
        Some examples of the initiatives include the Corps'
    continued efforts to build upon public-private partnerships and
    other innovative financing solutions. We are all also working
    to streamline our regulatory program by providing
    straightforward, common-sense rules, but we continue to face
    challenges with a static funding stream during an ever-
    increasing demand on these resources.
        We will continue to seek efficiencies in project delivery
    by reducing cost, optimizing schedules, and eliminating
    unnecessary redundancies. We have successfully validated a
    number of these concepts through implementation of the regional
    dredge demonstration program, on the Gulf Coast; and we look
    forward to applying those concepts in other regions, as well as
    furthering potential efficiencies in our navigation program, by
    advancing the beneficial use of dredged material.
        I feel strongly that in order to achieve our vision, we
    also need to elevate our research and development programs; we
    are working to expand our R&D initiatives and strengthen our
    partnerships with academic institutions to leverage our
    Nation's scientists, the enormous capacity that they bring so
    that we can meet the challenges of the 21st Century, head-on.
        I believe that investment in research and development will
    help us find solutions for today's challenges, like those posed
    by harmful algal blooms, drought, wildfires, reservoir
    sedimentation, and of course, engineering with nature.
        And finally, successful innovation in the future cannot be
    accomplished without the talented and passionate professionals
    of our workforce. People remain our greatest resource,
    investing in our people, our leaders, and diversity in all its
    forms, as well as maintaining a culture and a commitment to
    safety are keys to developing our future team.
        For over 245 years, the Army Corps of Engineers has served
    as the Nation's engineers, we have risen to meet the challenges
    of the day, and today is no exception. We will engineer the
    future, but we do not do it alone. We need the help of our non-
    Federal partners, our project stakeholders, and the Congress to
    enable us to succeed. I look forward to continuing our great
    collaboration with this committee as we strive to finish
    quality projects on time and within budget.
        Thank you again, Madam Chairwoman, and members of the
    subcommittee. I look forward to any questions that you may
    have.
        [The statement follows:]
           Prepared Statement of Lieutenant General Scott A. Spellmon
        Chairwoman Feinstein, Ranking Member Kennedy, and Members of the
    Subcommittee:
        I am honored to testify before your committee today, along with Mr.
    Jamie Pinkham, the Acting Assistant Secretary of the Army for Civil
    Works, in regard to the President's Fiscal Year 2022 (FY 2022) Budget
    for the United States Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) Civil Works
    Program.
        Through its Civil Works Program, the Corps works with other Federal
    agencies, and with State, Tribal, and local agencies and others, to
    develop, manage, restore, and protect water resources, primarily
    through the construction, operation and maintenance, and study of
    water-related infrastructure projects. The Corps focuses on work that
    provides the highest economic, environmental, and public safety returns
    to the Nation. The Corps also regulates development in waters of the
    United States and works with other Federal agencies to help communities
    respond to, and recover from, floods and other natural disasters. The
    FY 2022 Budget invests in improving the Nation's water infrastructure,
    including U.S. coastal ports, while incorporating climate resilience
    efforts into the Corps' commercial navigation, flood and storm damage
    reduction, and aquatic ecosystem restoration work.
        The Corps' Military program also continues our work across the
    globe with presence in more than 110 countries supporting national
    security and our Combatant Commanders with civil works, military
    missions, and water resources research and development expertise.
                                    overview
        The Civil Works Program is performance-based. It uses a targeted
    approach to invest in our water resources and promote climate
    resiliency, which will benefit the Nation's economy, environment, and
    public safety--now and in the future. With the requested funds, the
    Corps will emphasize: Investments in High Return Projects; Increasing
    Resiliency to Climate Change; Facilitating Safe, Reliable and
    Sustainable Commercial Navigation; and Accelerating and Improving
    Delivery of Water Resource Projects.
        The Corps focuses on high-performing projects and programs within
    its three main water resources missions: commercial navigation, flood
    and storm damage reduction, and aquatic ecosystem restoration. The
    Budget includes $6.8 billion for these Civil Works activities
    throughout the Nation. The American Jobs Plan includes an additional $8
    billion over five years for the Corps to improve ports and waterways.
                             investigations program
        The Investigations program of the Corps is funded both in the
    Investigations account and in the Mississippi River and Tributaries
    account. The Corps uses these funds to evaluate water resources
    problems and opportunities, design projects within the Corps three main
    mission areas, and support related work. The Investigations program
    includes the Corps planning assistance and technical assistance
    programs, where the Corps shares its expertise with local communities
    to help them identify and understand their water resources problems,
    and helps them to develop options including ways that they can increase
    their resilience to, and preparedness for, flood risks. In addition to
    ongoing efforts, the FY 2022 Budget supports starting seven new studies
    including those which will further investigate problems and
    opportunities associated with the commercial navigation, flood and
    storm damage reduction, and aquatic ecosystem restoration missions of
    the Corps.
                              construction program
        The Construction program of the Corps is funded both in the
    Construction account and in the Mississippi River and Tributaries
    account.
        The goal of the construction program is to produce as much value as
    possible for the Nation from the available funds. The Corps also gives
    priority to investments, selected on a risk informed basis, in dam
    safety assurance, seepage control, and static instability correction
    work at dams that the Corps owns and operates.
        The Budget provides $350 million for the South Florida Everglades
    Restoration (SFER) program, which includes the everglades. This is $100
    million above the enacted level for FY 2021, an increase of 40 percent.
    Additional SFER funding is included in the American Jobs Plan. Taken
    together, these funds would enable the Corps to make significant
    progress on this restoration program.
        The Budget also invests in four previously unfunded construction
    projects: West Sacramento, California, a flood and storm damage
    reduction project; McClellan-Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System,
    Three Rivers, Arkansas, and Norfolk Harbor and Channels, Virginia
    (Deepening), which are commercial navigation projects; and Anacostia
    Watershed Restoration, Prince George's County, Maryland, an aquatic
    ecosystem restoration project.
                    operation and maintenance (o&m) program
        The O&M program of the Corps is funded both in the O&M account and
    in the Mississippi River and Tributaries account, with the Budget
    providing over $4 billion.
        All structures age and can deteriorate over time, causing a
    potential decline in reliability. As stewards of a large portfolio of
    water resources projects, the Corps is working to sustain the benefits
    that the key features of this infrastructure provides.
        The Corps continues to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of
    its operation and maintenance program. The Corps does so by targeting
    its investments in infrastructure maintenance, repair, and
    rehabilitation on a risk informed basis. It invests in the highest
    priority needs with emphasis on the key features of the infrastructure
    that the Corps owns and operates, and in work that will reduce long-
    term O&M costs in real terms.
        Generally, the O&M program supports completed works owned or
    operated by the Corps, including administrative buildings and
    laboratories. Work to be accomplished includes: operation and
    maintenance of locks and dams along the inland waterways; maintenance
    dredging of inland and coastal Federal channels; operation and
    maintenance of multi-purpose dams and reservoirs for flood risk
    reduction and related purposes such as hydropower; monitoring of
    completed navigation and flood damage reduction projects; and
    management of Corps facilities and associated lands including serving
    as a responsible steward of the natural resources on Corps lands.
                               regulatory program
        Through its Regulatory Program, the Corps protects the Nation's
    waters including wetlands, and regulates development that could impede
    navigation, while allowing reasonable development to proceed.
                              emergency management
        The Flood Control and Coastal Emergencies (FCCE) account funds the
    planning, training, exercises, and other preparedness measures that
    help the Corps respond to floods, hurricanes, and other natural
    disasters, and to support emergency operations in response to such
    natural disasters, including advance measures, flood fighting,
    providing potable water, and the repair of certain damaged flood and
    storm damage reduction projects. The FCCE funding proposed in the
    Budget is for preparedness work. The Corps also prepares for
    emergencies through funding provided under the National Emergency
    Preparedness program, an O&M account remaining item.
                              reimbursable program
        Through the Interagency and International Services (IIS)
    Reimbursable Program, the Corps assists other Federal agencies, state,
    local, tribal governments, and those of other countries with timely,
    cost-effective solutions. These agencies can turn to the Corps, which
    already has these capabilities, rather than develop their own internal
    workforce and expertise to act as their design and construction agent.
    The work is principally technical oversight and management of
    engineering, environmental, and construction projects. The work itself
    is typically performed by private sector firms and is financed by the
    agencies we service. We only accept agency requests that are consistent
    with our core technical expertise, in the national interest, and that
    can be executed without impacting our primary mission areas.
                                   conclusion
        The FY 2022 Budget for the Corps represents a continuing, fiscally
    prudent investment in the Nation's water resources infrastructure and
    the restoration of aquatic ecosystems. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
    is committed to a performance-based Civil Works Program, based on
    innovative, resilient, and sustainable risk-informed solutions.
        Thank you, Madam Chairwoman and Members of Subcommittee. This
    concludes my statement. I look forward to answering any questions you
    or other Members of the Subcommittee may have.

        Senator Feinstein. Thanks very much, General.
        Mr. Palumbo.

                           DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

                             Bureau of Reclamation

    STATEMENT OF MR. DAVID PALUMBO, DEPUTY COMMISSIONER OF
                OPERATIONS
        Mr. Palumbo. Thank you, Chair Feinstein, Ranking Member
    Kennedy, and members of the subcommittee for the opportunity to
    discuss with you the President's fiscal year----
        The Bureau of Reclamation is the largest supplier and
    manager of water in the Nation, and the second largest producer
    of hydro-power. Reclamation manages water for agricultural,
    municipal, and industrial uses, the environment, and provides
    flood control, and recreation.
        Reclamation enjoys a close bipartisan working relationship
    with the subcommittee. The relationship has helped us address
    long-standing and emerging challenges in the West. Many of
    these challenges will continue to require close cooperation and
    innovative solutions, addressing drought, climate change,
    issues of equity and sustainability are essential, as are the
    continuing needs to secure, modernize, and maintain our
    Nation's water infrastructure.
        Reclamation's request of approximately $1.5 billion in
    discretionary appropriations addresses these challenges. I
    would like to acknowledge what is probably at the forefront of
    many members' minds, the significant, expansive and persistent
    drought. As you can see from the current U.S. drought monitor
    map, nearly every State west of the 100th meridian is
    experiencing some level of drought, with many of the 17 western
    States experiencing extreme or exceptional drought.
        Many farmers, Tribes, stakeholders, and related communities
    have had to make significant sacrifices. This dire hydrologic
    situation highlights the need for actions to make our
    infrastructure more resilient to water resource scarcity and
    variability, as well as to maintain healthy ecosystems.
        Reclamation's priorities reflect this vital need through
    our commitment to drought planning and response activities,
    such as the Seven Basin States, Drought Contingency Plan, and
    system conservation agreements. This budget request also
    acknowledges the need to continue to deploy and develop
    science-based drought and climate change adaptation strategies.
        Reclamation's water smart and science technology programs
    directly contribute to these administration priorities. In
    addition to our ongoing water resource management activities,
    our budget request includes roughly $200 million related to
    drought.
        Reclamation also continues to provide an important source
    of renewable energy. The 400 million megawatt hours of clean
    energy we generate each year, displaces over 18 million tons of
    carbon dioxide emissions and supports grid stability and other
    renewables like wind and solar power.
        Reclamation must also plan for the future of its
    infrastructure. Reclamation's dams and reservoirs, water
    conveyance facilities, and power generation facilities serve as
    the water and power infrastructure backbone of the American
    West.
        However, much of this infrastructure is aging and in need
    of critical maintenance. B.F. Sisk Dam in California, for
    example, which provides 2 million acre-feet of water storage
    south of the Delta, is one of the most significant funding
    needs under Reclamation's Dam Safety Program. Our request
    includes $207 million for dam safety, and $125 million for
    other extraordinary maintenance.
        However, it is not sufficient to address infrastructure
    needs without considering economic inequities and the needs of
    underserved communities. This administration is committed to
    generating broader economic opportunities and fostering greater
    social inclusion. Reclamation is establishing and rebuilding
    water infrastructure for underserved populations by ensuring
    that water for multiple purposes is reliably provided to all
    communities.
        In addition to settlements with mandatory funds, our budget
    request includes $158 million for Indian Water Rights
    Settlements, as well as $200 million for Reclamation's Native
    American Technical Assistance Program, and $93 million for
    Rural Water Program.
        The Bureau of Reclamation remains committed to working with
    Congress and our operating partners and stakeholders in
    carrying out our mission responsibly planning for the future.
    The challenges of drought and climate change demands such
    action. And the need for more equitable outcomes and broader
    economic development do as well.
        I again thank the subcommittee and your excellent staff.
    And I am happy to answer any questions.
        [The statement follows:]
                      Prepared Statement of David Palumbo
        Thank you, Chair Feinstein, Ranking Member Kennedy, and members of
    the Subcommittee for the opportunity to discuss with you the
    President's Fiscal Year (FY) 2022 Budget for the Bureau of Reclamation.
    I am David Palumbo, Deputy Commissioner of Operations for the Bureau of
    Reclamation.
        The Bureau of Reclamation is the largest supplier and manager of
    water in the Nation and the second largest producer of hydroelectric
    power. Reclamation manages water for agriculture, municipal and
    industrial use, and the environment, as well as providing flood control
    and recreation for millions of people. Reclamation's activities,
    including recreation benefits, support economic activity valued at
    $66.63 billion, and support approximately 472,000 jobs. Reclamation
    delivers 10 trillion gallons of water to more than 31 million people
    each year, and provides water for irrigation of 10 million acres, which
    yields approximately 25 percent of the Nation's fruit and nut crops,
    and 60 percent of the vegetable harvest.
        Reclamation's fundamental mission and programs--modernizing and
    maintaining infrastructure, conserving natural resources, using science
    and research to inform decision-making, serving underserved
    populations, and staying as nimble as possible in response to the real-
    time resiliency and long-term adaptation requirements of drought and a
    changing climate--position our agency to deliver significant
    contributions to the Biden-Harris Administration's core priorities. The
    Bureau of Reclamation's FY 2022 budget provides the foundation to meet
    our mission: to manage, develop, and protect water resources,
    consistent with applicable State and Federal law, in a cost-effective
    and environmentally responsible manner in the interest of the American
    public. Reclamation remains committed to working with a wide range of
    stakeholders, including water and power customers, Tribes, State and
    local officials, and non-governmental organizations, to meet its
    mission.
        Reclamation is requesting $1,532,949,000 in gross Federal
    discretionary appropriations. Of the total amount, $1,379,050,000 is
    for the Water and Related Resources account, which is Reclamation's
    largest account, $64,400,000 is for the Policy and Administration
    account, and $33,000,000 is for the California Bay Delta account. A
    total of $56,499,000 is budgeted for the Central Valley Project
    Restoration Fund, to be offset by expected discretionary receipts in
    the amounts collected during the fiscal year. Reclamation also
    anticipates approximately $900 million in other Federal, including
    mandatory, and non-Federal funds to support FY 2022 activities.
        Racial and Economic Equity: Activities to Support Underserved
    communities, Tribal Programs & Tribal Water Rights Settlements:
    Reclamation tackles the challenges of racial equity and underserved
    communities through investments in tribal water rights settlements, the
    Native American Affairs technical assistance program, rural water
    projects, and investments in specific projects for underserved
    communities. Reclamation is confident in its ability to meet the
    legislated deadlines of tribal settlements.
        Reclamation's budget supports Indian water rights settlements,
    continuing the high prioritization of these projects to meet Tribal
    trust and treaty obligations. The FY 2022 budget request includes a
    total of $157.6 million for Indian water rights settlements consistent
    with settlement dates required by statute. In addition to requesting
    discretionary funding, these settlements will draw on available
    mandatory funding to support current settlement implementation
    activities.
        The FY 2022 budget includes $20.0 million for the Native American
    Affairs program to increase the capacity to work with and support
    Tribes in water resources development, including the resolution of
    water rights claims, sustainable and equitable water sharing
    agreements, and other water related technical and resource management
    activities. This funding will also strengthen Department-wide
    capabilities to achieve an integrated and systematic approach to Indian
    water rights negotiations to consider the full range of economic,
    legal, and technical attributes of proposed settlements.
        By means of its request of $92.9 million for the Rural Water
    program, Reclamation is also establishing and rebuilding clean water
    infrastructure for underserved populations, furthering the President's
    environmental justice goals as well as his commitment to Tribal Nations
    by ensuring that clean, safe drinking water is a right in those
    communities. The request consists of $68.1 million for construction and
    $24.8 million for operation, maintenance, and replacement of completed
    Tribal features.
        Conservation, Climate Resilience and Climate Science: Reclamation's
    projects were primarily designed and constructed in the first half of
    the 20th century with snowpack serving as the largest reservoir. The
    decrease in snowpack and earlier spring runoff have made climate
    resilience and adaptation an important focus area for Reclamation. Our
    investments address the unprecedented and persistent drought and our
    ability to combat climate change by continuing to fund the WaterSMART
    program, to improve water conservation and energy efficiency as well as
    proactive efforts to provide sound climate science, research and
    development, and clean energy. We will continue to seek to optimize
    non-Federal contributions to accomplish more with our Federal dollars.
        Reclamation is continuing efforts to manage drought. Across the
    west, we are seeing drought at a scale and intensity that we have not
    seen before. California is currently experiencing its third driest year
    on record; the second two consecutive driest years on record, and the
    driest year since 1977. In the Central Valley of California,
    precipitation has been far below normal, at the bottom 10th percentile
    of historic levels, which equates to snow and rain precipitation of
    less than half of average for this date. Reclamation plays a crucial
    role in managing and regulating water operations in California,
    coordinating closely with the State, fishery agencies and local
    operating partners to evaluate options. The FY 2022 budget continues to
    support drought mitigation and planning efforts, including a request of
    $184.7 million for operations within the Central Valley Project, which
    includes work to modernize facilities and take advantage of water
    conservation efforts. In addition, the FY 2022 Budget includes $33
    million for the California Bay-Delta Restoration account and $56.5
    million for the Central Valley Project Restoration Fund. In the
    Colorado River Basin, the period from 2000 through 2021 has been the
    driest 22-year period in more than 100 years of record-keeping and one
    of the driest in the past 1,200 years based on paleohydrology data. The
    FY 2022 budget includes salinity control efforts along the river with
    both the Title I ($17.6 million) and Title II ($7 million) Programs,
    while continuing to implement the Drought Contingency Plans (DCP) in
    coordination with the Seven Basin States through the Lower and Upper
    Colorado River Programs. Drought response activities include $15
    million for the DCP to conserve water in Lake Mead to reduce the
    likelihood of the Lake declining to further critical elevations and $3
    million for the Upper Colorado River Operations Program for Demand
    Management.
        The Klamath Basin is also experiencing one of the driest hydrologic
    years on record. The 2022 Budget includes $24.1 million for the Klamath
    Project with $3.3 million for water conservation, water quality
    monitoring, and water measurement operations; $15.7 million for Tribal
    Trust Obligations and Endangered Species Act compliance, and $2.5
    million for maintenance activities and the rehabilitation of Link River
    Dam.
        Climate change adaptation is a focus of Reclamation's science
    efforts. Funding will focus on innovation strategies that are necessary
    to address present and future hydrologic changes. The Desalination
    Program supports water purification science, development, and
    demonstrations for the purpose of converting unusable waters to useable
    water supplies. The Science and Technology Program addresses the full
    range of technical issues confronting Reclamation water and hydropower
    managers.
        WaterSMART: The WaterSMART Program directly contributes to
    Administration priorities for conservation, climate science,
    adaptation, and resiliency. WaterSMART also serves as the primary
    contributor to the Reclamation/Interior Water Conservation Priority
    Goal. Projects funded through WaterSMART since 2010, including
    WaterSMART Grants and Title XVI projects, are expected to save more
    than one million acre-feet of water each year, once completed. The FY
    2022 budget includes $54.1 million for WaterSMART programs.
        Modernizing and Maintaining Infrastructure: Reclamation's dams and
    reservoirs, water conveyance systems, and power generating facilities
    serve as the water and power infrastructure backbone of the American
    West. Reclamation's water and power projects throughout the western
    United States provide water supplies for agricultural, municipal, and
    industrial purposes. Reclamation's projects also provide energy
    produced by hydropower facilities and maintain ecosystems that support
    fish and wildlife, hunting, fishing, and other recreation, as well as
    rural economies. Changing demographics and competing demands are
    increasingly impacting already strained systems, and the proper
    management of this infrastructure is critical to Reclamation's ability
    to achieve progress on its mission objectives. This budget addresses
    priorities by allocating funds based on objective and performance-based
    criteria to most effectively implement Reclamation's programs and its
    management responsibilities for its water and power infrastructure in
    the West.
        Funding is provided for dam safety and Extraordinary Maintenance
    (XM) of Reclamation facilities. Reclamation manages 491 dams throughout
    the 17 Western States. Reclamation's Dam Safety Program has identified
    364 high and significant hazard dams. Through constant monitoring and
    assessment, Reclamation strives to achieve the best use of its limited
    resources to ensure dam safety and to maintain our ability to store,
    conserve, and deliver water and to generate hydropower. The FY 2022
    budget request includes $207.1 million for the Dam Safety Program.
    Reclamation's XM request is part of its overall Asset Management
    Strategy that relies on condition assessments, condition/performance
    metrics, technological research and development, and strategic
    collaboration to better inform and improve the management of its assets
    and address infrastructure maintenance challenges. Additional XM items
    are directly funded by revenues, customers, or other Federal agencies
    (e.g., Bonneville Power Administration). The FY 2022 budget includes
    $125.3 million for XM related activities.
        Renewable Energy: Reclamation owns 78 hydroelectric power plants
    and operates 53 of those plants that account for 15 percent of the
    hydroelectric capacity and generation in the United States. Each year
    on average, Reclamation generates about 40 million megawatt hours of
    electricity and collects over $1.0 billion in gross power revenues for
    the Federal Government. It would take more than 130 billion cubic feet
    of natural gas or about 7.1 million tons of coal to produce an equal
    amount of energy with fossil fuels; as a result, Reclamation's
    hydropower program displaces over 18 million tons of carbon dioxide
    that may have otherwise been emitted by traditional fossil fuel power
    plants.
        Reclamation's FY 2022 budget request includes $3.5 million to
    support Department energy initiatives through increasing Reclamation
    Project hydropower capabilities. These activities include: policy
    development, oversight, and support services facilitating non-Federal
    hydropower development on Reclamation projects through Lease of Power
    Privilege and Federal Energy Regulatory Commission licensing. These
    actions allow Reclamation to derive additional value and revenue from
    existing public infrastructure and reduce project operating costs
    (e.g., water and power delivery costs). Revenues derived from
    incremental hydropower production are invested in the underlying public
    infrastructure to ensure continued, reliable operations and benefits.
    These investments, in combination with prior year's efforts will ensure
    that Reclamation can continue to provide reliable water and power to
    the American West.
        Water management, improving and modernizing infrastructure, using
    sound science to support critical decision-making, finding
    opportunities to expand capacity, reducing conflict, and meeting
    environmental responsibilities were all addressed in the formulation of
    the FY 2022 budget. Reclamation continues to look at ways to plan more
    efficiently for future challenges faced in water resources management
    to improve the way it does business.
                             account level details
        The FY 2022 budget allocates funds to projects and programs based
    on objective, performance-based criteria to implement Reclamation's
    programs and its management responsibilities most effectively for its
    water and power infrastructure in the West.
        The FY 2022 budget for Reclamation totals $1.533 billion in gross
    budget authority. The budget is partially offset by discretionary
    receipts in the Central Valley Project Restoration Fund ($56.5 million)
    resulting in net discretionary budget authority of $1.476 billion.
                  water and related resources--$1,379,050,000
        The FY 2022 Water and Related Resources budget provides funding for
    five major program activities--Water and Energy Management and
    Development ($434.0 million), Land Management and Development ($49.1
    million), Fish and Wildlife Management and Development ($193.2
    million), Facility Operations ($322.0 million), and Facility
    Maintenance and Rehabilitation ($380.7 million). The funding proposed
    in Reclamation's FY 2022 budget supports key programs important to the
    Department and in line with Administration objectives.
        By far, the greatest portion of Reclamation's Water and Related
    Resources budget is dedicated to delivering water and generating power.
    This is accomplished within over 300 congressionally-authorized
    projects. Certain programs are also particularly notable, including Dam
    Safety-described above--and others, due to their unique nature and
    interest to Congress and other stakeholders. In addition to
    infrastructure needs and other overarching initiatives that fulfill the
    President's priorities noted above, a few additional programs that
    directly respond to Administration goals are described below.
        Reclamation's FY 2022 budget of $27.5 million for Research and
    Development (R&D) programs includes both Science and Technology, and
    Desalination and Water Purification Research-both of which focus on
    Reclamation's mission of water and power deliveries.
        The Science and Technology program supports engineering innovation
    that promotes economic growth, supports maintaining and improving our
    water and power infrastructure, and spurs continued generation of
    energy. Program outcomes enable reliable water and power delivery to
    our customers, improve safety, limit the impacts of invasive species,
    and ensure that Reclamation can meet its environmental compliance
    responsibilities. These activities support the Administration's
    priorities for the FY 2022 budget, including job creation by supporting
    technology transfer activities that may lead to new business
    opportunities for private industry. The program also supports
    Administration priorities related to maintaining and improving our
    water and power infrastructure by partnering with the U.S. Army Corps
    of Engineers to foster research projects to develop technologies that
    extend the operating life and reduce maintenance costs of Reclamation's
    structures. The Administration's priority related to energy from all
    sources is supported by hydropower research that ensures that
    Reclamation is maximizing reliability, reducing maintenance costs, and
    exploring new energy development opportunities. Research on safety is
    ensuring our workers can perform their jobs safely and securely.
        The Desalination and Water Purification Research program priorities
    include development of improved and innovative methods of desalination
    and reducing costs to develop new water supplies. The research and
    testing funded out of this program supports Executive Order 14008
    including job creation, by supporting innovative new solutions that
    spur the creation of new businesses by entrepreneurs and by advancing
    Reclamation's competitive edge in the area of water treatment and
    desalination.
        Reclamation's continued water delivery and power generation cannot
    be accomplished without meeting our environmental responsibilities.
    Reclamation meets these responsibilities associated with individual
    projects, such as the Central Valley Project and the Middle Rio Grande
    Collaborative Program, through a large number of activities. The FY
    2022 budget funds Reclamation's Endangered Species Act recovery
    programs and other programs that contribute towards these efforts, such
    as the Columbia/Snake River Salmon Recovery Program, the San Juan River
    Recovery Implementation Program, the Upper Colorado Recovery
    Implementation Program, and the Multi-Species Conservation Program
    within the Lower Colorado River Operations Program, among many others.
        Including other efforts, Reclamation helps address the West's water
    challenges through the WaterSMART program. Through WaterSMART,
    Reclamation works cooperatively with States, Tribes, and local entities
    as they plan for and implement actions to address current and future
    water shortages, including drought; degraded water quality; increased
    demands for water and energy from growing populations; environmental
    water requirements; and the potential for decreased water supply
    availability due to climate change, drought, and population growth.
        The Aquatic Ecosystem Restoration Program is a new program that
    addresses aquatic ecosystems in connection to Reclamation projects. The
    FY 2022 budget includes $1 million for the Aquatic Ecosystem
    Restoration Program. The program provides broad authority for
    Reclamation to fund fish passage improvements and aquatic habitat
    enhancement, including removal of dams or other aging infrastructure if
    such projects are supported by a broad multi-stakeholder group, and if
    it maintains water security for all involved. This new authority aligns
    with the Administration's priorities for climate change and climate
    resiliency.
        Aging Infrastructure Program and Account: Sec. 1101, Title XI of
    P.L. 116-260 amends 43 U.S.C. 510b to establish the Aging
    Infrastructure Account, authorizing an annual appropriation for
    Reclamation to provide for the extended repayment of work by a
    transferred works operating entity or project beneficiary to conduct
    extraordinary operation and maintenance work at a Reclamation facility.
    It is envisioned that the discretionary funds would be from a transfer
    from Water and Related Resources as proposed in FY 2022 appropriations
    language. The FY 2022 Budget includes $1 million. Mandatory funds would
    be appropriated from the receipt account.
        The account would receive deposits from repayment of reimbursable
    costs under a repayment contract. Under the program, Reclamation will
    provide funding to non-Federal partners who rehabilitate infrastructure
    projects that are owned by the Federal government. Those entities would
    repay the funds to the Aging Infrastructure Account over periods of up
    to 50 years. Funds from that account would be available to be spent
    without further appropriation for future projects.
        Electric Vehicles and Charging Infrastructure: A total of $3.5
    million is included in this request to support the DOI Zero Emission
    Vehicle (ZEV) investment strategy that is comprised of three core
    elements: replacing hydrocarbon powered vehicles with ZEVs; investing
    in ZEV charging infrastructure; and integrating ZEV fleet and
    infrastructure management.
          central valley project restoration fund (cvprf): $56,499,000
        This fund was established by the Central Valley Project Improvement
    Act, Title XXXIV of P.L. 102-575, October 30, 1992. The budget of $56.5
    million is expected to be offset fully by discretionary receipts based
    on what can be collected from project beneficiaries under provisions of
    Section 3407(d) of the Act. The discretionary receipts are adjusted on
    an annual basis to maintain payments totaling $30.0 million (October
    1992 price levels) on a three-year rolling average basis. The budget
    was developed after considering the effects of the San Joaquin River
    Restoration Settlement Act (P.L. 111-11, March 30, 2009), which
    redirects certain fees, estimated at $2.0 million in FY 2022, collected
    from the Friant Division water users to the San Joaquin Restoration
    Fund.
               california bay-delta restoration fund: $33,000,000
        The CALFED Bay-Delta Restoration Act (P.L. 108-361), as amended,
    authorized multiple Federal agencies to participate in the
    implementation of the CALFED Bay-Delta Program as outlined in the
    August 28, 2000, Record of Decision (ROD) for the CALFED Bay-Delta
    Program Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement and Environmental
    Impact Report. The legislation directed the implementing agencies to
    undertake a set of broadly described programmatic actions identified in
    the ROD to the extent authorized under existing law. In addition, the
    Act authorized $389.0 million in Federal appropriations for new and
    expanded authorities.
        The FY 2022 budget of $33.0 million implements priority activities
    pursuant to P.L. 108-361. Six Federal agencies--the Department of the
    Interior, Department of Commerce, Department of Agriculture, Department
    of the Army, Environmental Protection Agency, and the Council on
    Environmental Quality -work together to ensure that the Federal actions
    and investments the Administration is undertaking are coordinated in a
    fashion to help address California's current water supply and
    ecological challenges. This budget supports actions under the following
    program activities: $1.7 million for Renewed Federal State Partnership,
    $2.3 million for Smarter Water Supply and Use, and $29.0 million to
    address the Degraded Bay Delta Ecosystem.
                     policy and administration: $64,400,000
        The $64.4 million budget will be used to: 1) develop, evaluate, and
    directly implement Reclamation-wide policy, rules, and regulations,
    including actions under the Government Performance and Results Act; and
    2) manage and perform functions that are not properly chargeable to
    specific projects or program activities covered by separate funding
    authority. A new Diversity, Inclusion and Compliance initiative will
    address identified high priority needs in support of Executive Order
    13985, Advancing Racial Equity and Support for Underserved Communities
    through the Federal Government, and Executive Order 13988, Preventing
    and Combatting Discrimination on the Basis of Gender Identity and
    Sexual Orientation. In addition, $1.6 million is requested for
    increased cybersecurity as a sustained response to the SolarWinds
    attack, and to improve future protection and detection capabilities.
                 central utah protection completion act (cupca)
        The Department's 2022 CUPCA Program budget of $20 million reflects
    the Administration's commitment to strengthening our climate resiliency
    and supporting conservation partnerships. As authorized, the completion
    of the Central Utah Project (CUP) Utah Lake System pipelines will
    deliver 60,000 acre-feet of municipal and industrial water to Salt Lake
    and Utah Counties. The completed project will provide increased water
    security, helping communities adapt to and increase their resiliency
    under changing climate conditions.
        The request provides funding to continue construction of the
    system; support the recovery of endangered species; and implement fish,
    wildlife, and recreation mitigation and water conservation projects.
    One of the goals of the project is the recovery of the June sucker
    fish, a critical element of listed species recovery efforts.

        Senator Feinstein. Thank you very much. We will proceed--if
    there is no objection--with questions.
        Deputy Commissioner Palumbo, more than 72 percent of the
    Western United States is now in severe drought, or worse, which
    is the--this is the most extensive, severe drought in the west
    in recorded history. California is unfortunately worse with 90
    percent of the State in severe drought. So this is a real
    emergency that requires our immediate action. Does the Bureau
    plan to send a reprogramming or supplemental funding request
    for drought?
        Mr. Palumbo. Thank you, Senator. Absolutely; the Bureau of
    Reclamation is currently working on finalizing a reprogramming
    and request to address a variety of factors related to drought.
    I would expect in the next coming weeks you will be seeing that
    reprogramming request with a significant focus on drought
    mitigation and adaptation strategies for the----
        Senator Feinstein. Well, I am glad to hear that. And I
    thank you for it. Can you tell us anything about the type of
    immediate actions which would be permitted under this revision
    that you are sending?
        Mr. Palumbo. Yes. Thank you, Senator. We are looking at a
    variety of tools, the immediate tools that we would deploy our
    water transfers, water purchases, groundwater substitutions, as
    well as salinity barriers to help with salinity in the Delta.
    Another variety of tools that we are looking at are related to
    fish hatcheries, making sure we have cool water available for
    the species that depend on water, as well as humans.
        Senator Feinstein. Well, I am pleased to hear that. I have
    worked hard with my colleagues to develop appropriate funding
    under the WIIN Act to build storage projects, to be able to
    capture precipitation for the dry years. Last year we worked to
    provide an additional $206 million in WIIN Act funding for
    water storage, desal, and water recycling and reuse projects.
    The President's budget recommends no funding for these critical
    projects this year. My question is, why?
        Mr. Palumbo. Thank you, Senator. The Bureau of Reclamation
    as well as the administration places a high emphasis on water
    infrastructure, including storage, desalinization and water
    purification. We are in the process of developing a request
    that we will be sending to the appropriations committees
    through the Secretary of the Interior in the very near future,
    with funding requests for both water storage as well as
    desalinization and water reuse.
        Senator Feinstein. When it is ready, will you please bring
    it to my attention?
        Mr. Palumbo. Absolutely.
        Senator Feinstein. Thank you very much. I have seen that
    the President's American Jobs Plan includes $2.5 billion over 5
    years for reclamation infrastructure, and we certainly need to
    invest more money in our infrastructure. And when can I expect
    the Bureau to provide more details on the President's
    infrastructure proposal?
        Mr. Palumbo. Very soon as well. We are working closely in
    the department to finalize opportunities, to put money to work
    on shovel-ready projects, using alternative delivery methods on
    pencil-ready projects, to get that infrastructure on the
    ground, put that money to work, put people to work. So we are
    working very hard, as we speak, on finalizing our plans.
        Senator Feinstein. Thank you. I take you at your word. We
    have 84 dams in California that are in less than satisfactory
    condition and would cause fatalities or significant property
    damage if they failed. In order to repair these dams, I have
    worked with my colleagues to include in last year's Energy and
    Water Bill $12 million to provide low-interest loans to restore
    non-Federal dams under the Water Infrastructure, Finance and
    Innovation Act Program.
        The Corps still needs to finalize the program rules in
    order to finalize a Federal funding opportunity for these
    critically needed grants. So the question is: How quickly can
    you finalize the program rules and get out these funds so we
    can start repairing dangerously deficient non-Federal dams?
        Mr. Pinkham. Madam Chair, if I could take that question,
    please? We are currently working with OMB (Office of Management
    and Budget) on the rule that is on the OMB spring agenda. So we
    are working closely with them. We have been able to model some
    of the rules after something that is already in place to
    Environmental Protection Agency. And so we are trying to move
    that along as quickly as we can.
        Senator Feinstein. Appreciate that. Do you have any time
    zone you can give us, because the temperatures change and the
    water levels change?
        Mr. Pinkham. Yes. Madam Chair, let me work with OMB and see
    if we can get you a more definitive timeline on it; I hate to
    give you something, and prove that I am wrong. And so let me
    get back to you on that, if I might?
        Senator Feinstein. Yes, you can. But please do. I will
    count on that. Thank you.
        Senator Kennedy.
        Senator Kennedy. Thank you, Madam Chair.
        Mr. Commissioner, I am probably going to direct most of my
    questions to the Secretary and the General. But I don't want
    you to think that I don't recognize the extraordinary work and
    importance of the Bureau of Reclamation.
        Mr. Palumbo. Thank you.
        Senator Kennedy. In my opening statement, gentlemen, I have
    talked about Hurricane Katrina and what we call, HSDRRS, if you
    are familiar with this project, where we built levees, flood
    walls, pumping stations all around the New Orleans metropolitan
    area.
        A miracle of engineering. Thank you. Of course this project
    didn't just happen. The money didn't just fall from heaven. We
    thank heaven for it, but it came out of taxpayers' pockets. The
    Federal Government put up most of it, but the State had to put
    up its share. After Katrina we were flat on our back literally
    and figuratively, especially economically, so we had to borrow
    the money from the American taxpayer.
        In the last water bill, with the help of my colleagues,
    thank you, we restructured Louisiana's debt, and we are about
    to make, our legislature just approved it, about a $400 million
    payment to meet, and I promise you, the check will clear, the
    money has been appropriated. This is going to require perhaps
    some guidelines in implementing this restructuring.
        Have you thought about that, Mr. Secretary General? If you
    are going to issue guidelines, if you could call me and we will
    work together to make sure that we both are on the same page.
        Mr. Pinkham. Senator Kennedy, we would be happy to work
    with you on the process going forward to make sure that the
    commitments are met. And if there are guidelines that need to
    be created, we are happy to work with you and your staff on
    what those guidelines are.
        Senator Kennedy. I will really would appreciate it.
    General.
        General Spellmon. Yes, sir, I appreciate that. And I
    appreciate the guidance. And I believe it was Section 351, in
    WRDA (Water Resources Development Act) 2020, and we are working
    with the Secretary's office on getting the appropriate guidance
    out to the field.
        Senator Kennedy. Good. Well, if you need me, call me,
    because we want to get this back right. And we are going to
    make our payments. And again, I want to thank my colleagues for
    working with me on helping us restructure this debt, because we
    were never going to be able to pay back the interest. It was
    just eating us alive.
        General Spellmon. Yes, sir.
        Senator Kennedy. Let me talk about the Morganza to the Gulf
    Hurricane Protection Project. I know you are familiar with it.
    This project is in Southeast Louisiana, below New Orleans. It
    is hugely important to us. And my people know that. They
    started taxing themselves back in, let's see, early-1990. And I
    know that is rare. And usually everybody comes to the Federal
    Government and says, money, please. My people said, look, we
    are going to put our money where our mouth is. They started
    taxing themselves.
        And of course, we went through the planning for the project
    and worked--working closely with the Corps, and the project is
    on its way. And our last Congress, we actually appropriated a
    little bit of money for it, but we got a long way to go. I
    wanted to get your thoughts about the Morganza to the Gulf
    Protection Project. So what do you think? What are we doing
    right? What are we doing wrong? Because I can assure you, I am
    going to be calling you a lot about it. Mr. Secretary?
        Mr. Pinkham. I will be honest with you. Senator Kennedy, I
    am not familiar with the project----
        Senator Kennedy. Oh, we are going to fix that.
        Mr. Pinkham. Well, I look forward to that, the opportunity
    to visit the site with you, and gather some information.
        Senator Kennedy. I am thinking, you must come--come to
    Louisiana. We are going to take a helicopter tour. We will take
    an airboat. I will show you some alligators. But all kidding
    aside, this is a big project. It is a big deal, and we have
    been working on it since the 1990s, and my people have put up a
    lot of their money and we are on our way. It is authorized that
    we--Congress appropriated a little bit of money, but we need to
    finish this. And I want you to know it as well as I do.
        Mr. Pinkham. Okay. I look forward to the trip.
        Senator Kennedy. Okay. General, have you got any thoughts?
        General Spellmon. Sure. I will just add, we understand the
    non-Federal sponsors have put over $400 million against this
    project. We are grateful for the New Start Authority that we
    received.
        Senator Kennedy. Yes.
        General Spellmon. In the fiscal year 2021. Sure, that is a
    good start, and about $12 million to get started on the Federal
    portion. So when we make our recommendation to the Secretary,
    life safety is always at the top of the list, and this is a
    critical life safety project for the people in that region.
        Senator Kennedy. Well, I am glad you mentioned the New
    Start Authority. I want to thank my colleagues again for
    helping me get the New Start Authority. And I want to thank all
    of you, and we will be in touch on this project. Thank you.
        Senator Feinstein. Thank you, Senator.
        Senator Tester.
        Senator Tester. Thank you, Chairwoman Feinstein, and
    Ranking Member Kennedy.
        I am going to start with you, Mr. Palumbo. I got first
    involved in the state legislature in 1998. I was introduced to
    a lot of water projects back then, and they are still there.
    One of these water projects is the St. Mary's Diversion Dam,
    which, if have not seen, come out to Montana, you need to look
    at it. It is an amazing piece of engineering. It is well over a
    hundred years old now, and it is shot. It was shot 25 years ago
    and it is worse today than it was then.
        At some point in time we have got to figure out whether we
    just shut the dam thing down, and let the Milk River run dry 6
    out of 10 years? Or are we going to fix it? It is not a cheap
    project, $52 million for replacing the dam, $200 million for
    the siphons and pumping stations, $50 to $80 million for Fresno
    Dam, which is downstream.
        This is water that is used for drinking water and
    irrigation. My question is: is we need some serious attention
    to this, because as I said, if Mother Nature has her way, if we
    wouldn't have done this project back in the early, early, early
    1900s, the Milk would be dry. And the Milk basically covers
    Eastern Montana, two-thirds of Eastern Montana, the entire
    Northern Tier.
        The question is: Will you commit to making this a priority?
    To try to figure out how we can get this dam project done? Two
    of the five drops failed last year, they were replaced due to
    some of your good work and the State's good work. Tell me your
    view on this and how we are going to get this baby done? And
    then I am going to get to the other projects.
        Mr. Palumbo. Thank you, Senator. I had the pleasure
    actually of meeting with you up on the Highline in 2016.
        Senator Kennedy. There we go.
        Mr. Palumbo. I have been out at the facilities. I worked
    with the Joint Border Control; wonderful folks.
        Senator Tester. Yeah, you got it.
        Mr. Palumbo. Absolutely, the Bureau of Reclamation is
    committed. We certainly recognized the high capital cost, as
    well as the cost shared, and reimbursability, the struggles
    that we need to work through.
        Senator Tester. Yes.
        Mr. Palumbo. But we are committed to doing that, and
    working closely with you.
        Senator Tester. Okay. Needless to say this budget doesn't
    reflect that. I am hoping we can get Congress to plus that up.
    But, you know, and I am going to tell you, there is some
    frustration here. I think the Chairwoman talked about it, for
    sure, in her opening remarks. That oftentimes I think that you
    guys low ballee is expecting Congress to increase them? And I
    am not being critical. I mean, it is a game that is being
    played. And I don't think if we are looking at infrastructure
    being critical for national security, which I believe it
    absolutely is, then we ought not be playing games. We ought to
    be just telling it like it is. And if it involves having to
    raise taxes to pay for critical infrastructure, we should be
    doing it. That is not for you. That is for us. Okay.
        Indian Water Rights Settlements, these are settlements that
    have been done. We owe the bill, the check hasn't been cut yet.
    The Blackfeet Water Settlement, and this is just one of many,
    expires, enforceability date of 2025. There is about a $172
    million needed to finish that, 2025 that is like day after
    tomorrow. There is, I think there is $40 million--no, no. I
    have got the wrong one; but the bottom line is, is there is not
    near enough in this proposal to deal with that. Do you have any
    suggestions on how we are going to deal with that?
        Mr. Palumbo. Thank you, Senator. We have looked very
    closely at all of our Indian Water Rights Settlements, we
    believe that we are on track with the Blackfeet to complete
    both in terms of our technical capability, as well as the
    funding stream that we have identified through discretionary
    and mandatory appropriations. So we think we are well
    positioned to make that 2025 date.
        Senator Tester. Okay. That is good. We will hold you to
    that. Now we are going to talk about regional water projects
    that fit around those Native American water settlements. One of
    them is where I live, although I don't personally get water
    from it, so I have no conflict of interest. The North Central
    Water Project deals with North Central Montana, a huge area,
    you know, 200 miles by a 100 probably, is what this water
    project does; square miles.
        The question is: Back in '98 it was a hundred-million-
    dollar project. Now it is well over 300 million. We pumped some
    money in, but we are still--we kind of lost ground. We are at
    $138 million needed to fix--to finish that project. Can you
    tell me how this budget can be adequate to deal with that
    problem?
        Mr. Palumbo. Thank you, Senator. What we are doing in the
    Bureau of Reclamation is prioritizing all of our funding needs,
    including rural water projects, projects in the State of
    Montana. Again, I think we are well positioned to make progress
    commensurate with our technical capability.
        Senator Tester. Once again, I will hold you to it.
        Just a question for the record, if I might, Madam Chair. I
    would like the Army Corps to give me a list of the ports.
    Montana's a landlocked State, but we need ports to push out our
    product. Could you give me a list of the ports that are in need
    of repair to take on the ships that take a large amount of
    water to get to the port? How many of them are adequate for
    that, and how many need to be rebuilt to deal with that issue?
        As I say, this is more of an issue for Kennedy than it is
    for me, or for Senator Feinstein than it is for me. But the
    truth is all of our drain goes to a port, and if we can't get
    it out, we are done. And so we need to have those export
    opportunities.
        So I would love to know what kind of shape our ports are
    in. And I am sure you have done that for somebody like Lindsey
    Graham before. So you probably have it easy at your fingertips,
    and if I could get those, that would also help make sure we
    have that infrastructure available. Okay?
        General Spellmon. Yes, sir.
        Senator Tester. Thanks.
        Senator Feinstein. Thanks, Senator Tester.
        Senator Hyde-Smith.
        Senator Hyde-Smith. Thank you, Madam Chairwoman.
        General Spellmon, you and I have discussed the Yazoo area
    pump--the Backwater Area Pump Project before, on several
    occasions, and I also believe you have flown over, and you have
    looked at it, and you have received briefings from the Corps of
    Vicksburg District, and the local sponsor of the Mississippi
    Levee Board. And as you know, the Yazoo Backwater Area has
    experienced flooding 9 out of the past 10 years.
        In 2019 alone, the flooding caused two deaths, hundreds of
    millions of dollars in damages, destroyed over 600 homes, and
    adversely affected the aquatic and terrestrial environment. And
    on a very cold day, with ice on the ground and snow, very
    unusual for Mississippi, I had to get in a four-wheel drive to
    get there, but the Mississippi Valley Division Commander signed
    a Record of Decision for a new proposed plan on January the
    15th. And the Vicksburg District is currently utilizing $11.2
    million provided for the fiscal year 2021 Omnibus
    Appropriations Bill to carry out the preconstruction,
    engineering and design activities.
        Unfortunately, the Corps' fiscal year 2022 budget request
    fails to mention the Yazoo Backwater Area Project. That is
    despite the fact that the Corps' estimated fiscal year 2022
    total capability for the project is approximately $25 million.
    Those funds could be used to complete the PED (Pre-Construction
    Engineering and Design) phase, continue NEPA (National
    Environmental Policy Act) documentation, and carry out other
    important activities to move this project alone.
        Should Congress provide the necessary funding for the Yazoo
    Backwater Area Project in the fiscal year 2022, Energy and
    Water Appropriations Bill? Are you committed to putting these
    funds to good use, to advance this much needed project?
        General Spellmon. Yes, ma'am, absolutely. We remain
    committed to this project. And as you know, I have had the
    opportunity to visit it several times. You mentioned $25
    million to complete preliminary engineering and design. What we
    would like to see is $7.5 million, if we are offered a work
    plan. That will allow us to complete PED for the first
    construction contract and actually start turning dirt on this
    very important project.
        Senator Hyde-Smith. Very reassuring. Thank you so much for
    your work, because you have been committed to this, and it is
    so needed.
        Assistant Secretary Pinkham. I was pleased to read in your
    testimony that one of your Corps' two key objectives in
    developing the fiscal year 2022 budget request was to promote
    environmental justice. Approximately 71 percent of the Yazoo
    Backwater Area population is minority. More than 30 percent of
    the population lives below the poverty threshold right now.
        The medium household income is roughly $31,000, far below
    the national average. And since 2010, the population area has
    declined by more than 10,000 people. People are losing jobs,
    businesses are leaving, the residents most affected don't have
    a safety net, the Corps' Environmental Justice Appendix of
    Company, its final environmental document concluded, ``The new
    proposed plan, as designed, would benefit low income and
    minority populations in the Yazoo study area.'' Is there any
    reason why moving forward with this project would not promote
    environmental justice? And until this project is completed, I
    would consider the perpetual flooding affecting the Yazoo
    Backwater Area to be a tremendous environmental injustice. So,
    is there any reason that we would not promote this moving
    forward?
        Mr. Pinkham. Senator Hyde-Smith, thank you for the
    question. And I have had a chance to look at the information
    you just shared as well in my briefings from the district, for
    the very reasons, this to me has an alignment with
    environmental justice for the facts that you have laid out, in
    the briefings that I have received on it.
        Senator Hyde-Smith. Thank you. And again, we so appreciate
    your work on this, and we look forward to making some good
    things happen, and making sure that we have a celebration soon
    to continue this project. Thank you so very much.
        Thank you, Madam Chair.
        Senator Feinstein. I have another round, and I would like
    to address this to Mr. Pinkham. We have 84 dams in California
    that are in less than satisfactory condition, and would cause
    fatalities, or significant property damage if they--pardon me?
        Well, let me ask this question. Last year, this committee
    provided an additional $7.5 million for the Corps to
    demonstrate the beneficial use of dredged material at existing
    projects.
        Mr. Pinkham, your testimony highlighted $63 million for
    projects to dispose of dredge material. I am interested if any
    of this funding addresses beneficial use. Nationwide 60 percent
    of the material, the Corps' dredges is not reused, and then I
    could talk a little bit about multiple benefits in San
    Francisco Bay. But what if any of the $63 million is for
    beneficial use?
        Mr. Pinkham. Madam Chair, I don't have that direct figure
    in front of me right now, but I would be happy to follow up
    with you. But certainly with just the short time that I have
    been here, looking at some of the challenges that communities
    are facing with disposal around contaminants, but there are
    some great examples where we are seeing beneficial use of
    dredge materials in reclaiming spawning habitat for salmon, and
    Puget Sound, the development of recreational areas in Delaware
    Bay, one I will visit next week.
        So there are some great innovations that are taking place
    with better use of disposable--the dredge materials; the exact
    figure, I will have to look that up and provide a response
    later.
        Senator Feinstein. Okay, if you would. One other quick
    question: regarding Corps assistance for 84 at-risk dams in
    California. How quickly can you finalize the program rules and
    get out these funds, so we can start repairing dangerously-
    deficient dams in California?
        Mr. Pinkham. Madam Chair, are you talking about the
    Whittier Dam?
        Senator Feinstein. Yes.
        Mr. Pinkham. Yes. On that one we are--we continue to work
    with OMB on finalizing the rule, it is on OMB's spring agenda.
    I would be happy to work with OMB on trying to get you a better
    timeline of when we can expect that rule to be made.
        Senator Feinstein. Would you do that? And would you keep in
    touch with us? I am really concerned. I mean, 84 is a big
    number of dams to be at reach. It is hard for me to know what
    is serious and what is not. So we really need that help, and I
    wanted to bring it to your attention. So thank you for
    following up. Appreciate it.
        Senator Kennedy.
        Senator Kennedy. I will defer to Senator Hagerty.
    Gentlemen, I am going to send you letter with a couple of
    requests dealing with some important bookkeeping, and of course
    Senator Feinstein and her excellent team will know all about
    it. If you could get back to us on that, I would be very
    grateful.
        Mr. Pinkham. Yes, sir.
        Senator Kennedy. But I don't want to take up any more time.
    I have had my bite at the apple.
        Senator Feinstein. Thank you, Senator.
        Senator Hagerty.
        Senator Hagerty. Thank you, Chairwoman Feinstein. And thank
    you very much Ranking Member Kennedy, for holding this hearing.
    And to our distinguished guests, thank you all for being here
    with us today.
        I would like to specifically talk about border security and
    our border wall. Between April 2019 and April 2020 the U.S.
    Army Corps of Engineers awarded some $3.6 billion in contracts
    for border wall construction. Specifically for fiscal year
    2021, Congress, in a bipartisan manner, by this committee
    appropriated $1.375 billion for border wall construction.
        My first question to you, General Spellmon, is for the
    border wall, how much of that $1.375 billion that was
    appropriated for fiscal year 2021 has the Department of
    Homeland Security obligated to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
    to award contracts for border wall construction?
        General Spellmon. Sir, I don't have that figure with me,
    but I can get that to you by the end of the day.
        Senator Hagerty. I would appreciate getting that figure.
    General, do you know now how much of that $1.375 billion has
    been awarded for border wall construction contracts?
        General Spellmon. Of the DHS (Department of Homeland
    Security) appropriation sir, specifically. No, no, sir, can get
    that to you, all those figures for you.
        Senator Hagerty. Well, if we could go to the, $4.5 billion
    that was appropriated between fiscal years 2017 and 2020, how
    much of that $4.5 billion, during that span, has been either
    paused or canceled?
        General Spellmon. Sir, if I can just--sir, let me take it
    from the top. So the total appropriation for border wall
    construction, is about on the order of $15 billion. So this was
    the DHS appropriation, which you specifically asked about, but
    it was also counter-drug funding, and then also deferred MILCON
    funding.
        Sir, we built up on the order of 455 miles with that--with
    those funds, $2 billion--a little bit more than $2 billion has
    been returned to the Department of Defense. These were MILCON
    (Military Construction) funds, sir, that were not going to be
    used on four projects. The remainder of those dollars will be
    used for termination costs. We have 20 contracts that we have
    terminated for the government's convenience, and we are in
    negotiations now with each of those 20 vendors to work through
    what those final bills will be.
        Senator Hagerty. And General, what are the grounds for the
    termination of those contracts?
        General Spellmon. So, sir, a Termination for Convenience
    clause is a standard clause in each of the government's
    contracts. So the guidance that we received from the
    administration, as you said, was to immediately pause work for
    a 60-day period while the administration considered its next
    steps. And so, sir, we are now, as I said, in the negotiation
    phase with each one of those vendors.
        Senator Hagerty. So to be clear, the administration told
    you to pause or suspend. Can you give me the exact direction
    that you received there?
        General Spellmon. So we paused all of that work. We made
    safe each of those construction sites down on the border. So
    what I mean by that, is we marked trenches where we had
    potential for people to fall. We blocked mountain roads that
    were designed for construction. We wanted to make sure that the
    public did not have access up there. We braced and secured a
    lot of steel that we had pre-positioned along the border for
    eventual placement.
        Senator Hagerty. So the funds that this committee, on a
    bipartisan basis, has appropriated have now been paused based
    on the direction that you received from the White House?
        General Spellmon. So we were paused, and then the new
    direction from the administration, and now, as I said, it was,
    we were going through a Termination for Convenience for each of
    those 20 contracts. And as I said, each one of those is a
    separate negotiation with the contractor.
        Senator Hagerty. So the decision to slow down, freeze, and
    otherwise not proceed, has been made based on guidance from the
    White House?
        General Spellmon. This is the guidance that we received
    from the administration. Yes, sir. For my case, through DoD
    (Department of Defense) and the Army.
        Senator Hagerty. Well, I will underscore the fact that this
    committee, on a bipartisan basis, has allocated these funds for
    a specific purpose. And I am very concerned about following the
    rule of law, and the possible impoundment of these funds, which
    I think you know, would be a great concern to me and every
    member of this committee. I appreciate you getting back to me
    with the information on the expenditures that you described.
    And I will yield back the rest of my time. Thank you.
        Senator Feinstein. Thank you, Senator.
        Senator Heinrich.
        Senator Heinrich. I have a number of questions, but I am
    just going to take a moment to talk a little bit about that
    situation, because I have seen border wall built in some of the
    most insane and unrealistic areas where, frankly, it is the
    wrong solution and for, you know, parts of the border where a
    wall doesn't provide you any additional security because it is
    on such a steep slope in a place where it is, so easy to evade
    that the biggest thing that it actually does is create an
    obstacle for our border patrol agents to actually have
    situational awareness.
        So I would commend this administration for actually looking
    at the details of some of these issues, and making sure that we
    are actually using the right technology on a--to secure our
    border.
        With that, Mr. Pinkham, I want to ask you a little bit
    about the Middle Rio Grande Endangered Species Program; that
    has been around for quite a few years. It has provided
    irreplaceable data. It has been effective at recovering a
    number of endangered species. It has been effective at
    protecting existing, and future water uses, and since 2010, the
    Corps has been supporting that program allocating upwards of
    $2.5 million per fiscal year.
        However, funding was stripped in 2021 by the previous
    administration. I want to acknowledge, and I want to thank this
    administration for restoring funding in the fiscal year 2022
    budget. And just ask you how we can work together to identify a
    more secure and sustainable funding source for this program so
    that we don't find ourselves in the same position in the
    future.
        Mr. Pinkham. Senator Heinrich, thank you for bringing that
    to my attention. I would like to spend more time learning about
    the project too, and making sure that we meet our ESA
    commitments that have been laid out there, so that we can move
    these pieces towards recovery. So I look forward to working
    with you on a solution.
        Senator Heinrich. We will engage with you on that. And
    credit where credit is due, this is really a work that, Senator
    Domenici and Senator Bingaman started a very effective program
    with a lot of collaboration, and we want to continue that. The
    Tribal partnership program is the only Corps authority that
    specifically targets Tribes as partners, identifying
    opportunities to work with entities that otherwise might not be
    reached.
        Continued support for this program, and the designated
    funding that it provides will allow Tribal communities
    throughout my State and others, to effectively plan for future
    development, as well as protect their land from
    overdevelopment, from flooding. A lot of other issues that you
    are aware of, with a growing awareness of this program an
    increasing number of Tribes have begun to approach the Corps to
    participate in these studies.
        However the 2022 budget only requests $175,000 for this
    program. Can you provide any explanation for why the budget
    request is so low compared to previous years?
        Mr. Pinkham. I can't provide a specific answer to that.
    But, I recognize that you are you are stating is there is that
    growing awareness amongst Tribes and using this for doing
    assessments, some planning work, and I know we have got actual
    construction work that is going on in a Missouri River with the
    Lower Sioux Brule Tribe. So this interest is growing, and I
    think this will speak well to the collaboration between our
    agency and this Congress about what are resources that we could
    bring to bear and put to good use on the ground.
        Senator Heinrich. I do think, given the focus on
    environmental justice from this administration, that this is a
    program that bears some attention and was under-considered in
    the current budget. The last thing for you, I want to ask you a
    little bit about--or at least put on your radar screen, I
    should say. The issue of acequias in the Southwest, these are
    community irrigation systems that have been around for hundreds
    and hundreds of years.
        We have had to fight continually for them to be considered
    the water development structures that they are. Actually back
    in the 1986 the Water Resources Development Act, Congress
    declared that restoration and preservation of these engineering
    works has cultural and historic value and, authorized critical
    funding for acequia infrastructure. And I just want to ask you
    to consider what your agency's plans should be for addressing
    acequia infrastructure in 2022, and how we can work together to
    preserve these assets, because I think it is an area that has,
    not received the attention that it is due, and it is a very
    culturally central issue to the State of New Mexico.
        Mr. Pinkham. Thank you.
        Senator Heinrich. Thank you, Chair.
        Senator Feinstein. Thank you, Senator.
        Senator Hoeven.
        Senator Hoeven. Thank you, Madam Chairwoman.
        Mr. Pinkham, you mentioned the Innovative Financing
    program, and, my first question for you would be, would the Red
    River Valley Flood Protection Project in North Dakota and
    Minnesota be a good candidate for that innovative program?
        Mr. Pinkham. Senator Hoeven, I am not familiar with that
    project yet. Will be happy to look into it and provide you a
    response.
        Senator Hoeven. Okay. It is a public-private partnership.
    It has been authorized. The Federal share is $750 million, of
    which $360 million has already been--roughly has already--has
    been expended. And it fixes the Federal share at about 35
    percent, which is 35 percent of the project, and the locals and
    the State are picking up 65 percent, which, you know, is the
    reverse of what you usually have to pay. So it seems to me like
    it is a heck of a good deal for you, and I would sure hope you
    would look at it and, see if you can't lend some support.
        Mr. Pinkham. All right. Will do. Thank you.
        Senator Hoeven. You are willing to do that? Are you
    willing----
        Mr. Pinkham. Yes. I am willing to take a look at it,
    Senator.
        Senator Hoeven. Okay, thanks. And General--oh. The other
    one is, for Minot which had a terrible flood--Minot, North
    Dakota, had terrible flood in 2011. And there is about a $1.2
    billion project of which we are trying to get $65 million for
    one of the phases of the project. We have broken it into eight
    phases, about $65 million out of it for the Corps. Benefit-cost
    ratio is an issue, but that phase would link together about
    half of the total flood protection for the community, which is
    clearly-roughly-50,000 people.
        But also at the air force base, just north of 12,000
    people, and when that flood occurred, those people couldn't get
    to grocery stores. So there is a national security aspect to it
    in terms of addressing that benefit-cost ratio to qualify for
    funding. And I would ask that you would look at that and
    hopefully help us with it. Is that something you are willing to
    look at?
        Mr. Pinkham. Yes, Senator.
        Senator Hoeven. Thank you.
        General Spellmon. Thank you. We appreciate you. Thanks for
    the work that you have done in a number of areas; thank you
    most recently for your work on the Dakota Access Pipeline, and
    for being open and willing to work with us on that. It has a
    huge impact, not only for the State of North Dakota, but for
    three affiliated Tribes. And, so I want to, again, express my
    appreciation to you and your crew for the straightforward way
    you have approached it, and been willing to work with us on it.
    Do you have a status update on the EIS and when you might
    complete EIS?
        General Spellmon. Sir, the technical work is ongoing by the
    Omaha District, as well as Tribal consultation with the--with
    the affected Tribes, and so we remain on a glide path right now
    for a March 2022 Record of Decision to complete that EIS.
        Senator Hoeven. And I also want to thank you for your work
    on the Red River Valley Flood Protection Project, for your
    willingness to come out and see it. We are making real progress
    there. The whole private sector bid is coming up here soon--or
    bid opening, I should say. As you know, that is now a $3.2
    billion project to which the State and locals have stepped up
    to cover 65 percent of it. Of the $750 million Federal
    authorization of which you have funded 360, will you commit to
    make sure that we get funding this year to do the work that is
    scheduled, so we keep this project on schedule?
        General Spellmon. So just a quick, you are aware of the
    $150 million that we did receive, that is going to funding the
    excavation for the Red River control structure, and the bulk of
    the Interstate 29 Raise. Sir, if we are offered a fiscal year
    2022 work plan, I would request $180 million to keep us on
    schedule.
        And, sir, that will fund much of the embankment work, and
    some of the mitigation contracts that follows, and that keep
    us--that sort of--that funding level would do it, would keep us
    on schedule for an operational system for a spring 2027 flood
    season.
        Senator Hoeven. Thank you for your help on this multi-
    State, very important flood protection project, and innovative
    public-private partnership. And as you know now, we have got
    both States on board, we have resolved the litigation. And so
    your help is really appreciated and we hope to stay on schedule
    with your help. Thank you.
        And my final question is for Mr. Palumbo. Will the Bureau
    of Reclamation continue to work with Congress and our State to
    ensure that the Northwest Area Water Supply Project is funded
    by the Federal Government as is consistent with the Dakota
    Water Resources Act?
        Mr. Palumbo. Yes, Senator, we will. We are very much
    committed to that project.
        Senator Hoeven. Okay. Again, let me express my appreciation
    with these important projects, to all three of you. Thank you.
        Thank you, Madam Chair.
        Senator Feinstein. Thank you. Are there other questions?
        Senator Hagerty. Madam Chair, if you would allow me just a
    few minutes to----
        Senator Feinstein. Yes, of course.
        Senator Hagerty [continuing]. Follow up on a couple of
    items, I very much would appreciate that.
        Senator Feinstein. Of course. Go ahead.
        Senator Hagerty. Mr. Pinkham, I would just like to bring to
    your attention the bridge failure on Interstate 40, between
    Memphis and Arkansas, connecting my State to the State of
    Arkansas, it has created an incredible emergency situation in
    my home State, as I am certain you are aware. It resulted in
    the shutdown of the Mississippi River for several days,
    hundreds of millions of dollars of commodities held up in that
    process, and has created just massive traffic problems because
    that bridge just has to be driven around and avoided.
        And May 15th I wrote a letter to President Biden asking for
    interagency cooperation to make certain that, of course, the
    coast guard that has primary jurisdiction over the waterways,
    the Department of Transportation, you know, had several
    conversations with Secretary Buttigieg on this. We are
    prioritizing this. Our State Departments of Transportation,
    both in Tennessee and Arkansas, are working on it. And I would
    be very interested to know the engagement that you have had,
    that the Corps has had on this project.
        Mr. Pinkham. Senator Hagerty, I have no personal
    engagement, but I would be happy to check with members of the
    staff.
        Senator Hagerty. If you would do that, I would appreciate
    it, Mr. Pinkham. And if you could also let me know if you have
    any sort of contingency plans put in place, or if you are
    working on contingent contingency plans, because this emergency
    situation right now may be a very long-term fix. And so
    understanding the increments to get there I think it will be
    extremely helpful.
        And I would just like to add one bit of thanks, Madam
    Chair, and this is about Chickamauga Dam. My predecessor,
    Senator Lamar Alexander, worked very hard on this. The team
    worked very hard on this for years. I went to visit the dam.
    $191 million has been committed by this subcommittee to
    complete that project. It should be completed, the team on the
    ground told me by April of 2024. It is a huge project,
    massively important, and I want to acknowledge the work of this
    subcommittee in making that happen for my State. And thanks to
    all of you for your support. Thank you very much. Thank you
    very much.
        Senator Feinstein. Thank you, Senator. And we appreciate
    it.
        Senator Hagerty. Indeed. Indeed.

                              SUBCOMMITTEE RECESS

        Senator Feinstein. And thank you, our witnesses. I think
    your testimony was well received.
        And we will be in recess--or adjourned, I should say.
        [Whereupon, at 11:20 a.m., Wednesday, June 9, the
    subcommittee was recessed, to reconvene subject to the call of
    the Chair.]

        ENERGY AND WATER DEVELOPMENT APPROPRIATIONS FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022

                                  ----------

                            WEDNESDAY, JUNE 23, 2021

                                           U.S. Senate,
               Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations,
                                                        Washington, DC.
        The subcommittee met at 10:01 a.m. in room SD-192, Dirksen
    Senate Office Building, Hon. Dianne Feinstein (chairman)
    presiding.
        Present: Senators Feinstein, Murray, Shaheen, Merkley,
    Coons, Kennedy, Hoeven, Hyde-Smith, and Hagerty.

                              DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

                            Office of the Secretary

    STATEMENT OF HON. JENNIFER GRANHOLM, SECRETARY
    ACCOMPANIED BY DR. CHARLES P. VERDON, ACTING UNDER SECRETARY OF ENERGY
                FOR NUCLEAR SECURITY AND ACTING ADMINISTRATOR FOR THE
                NATIONAL NUCLEAR SECURITY ADMINISTRATION

                 OPENING STATEMENT OF SENATOR DIANNE FEINSTEIN

        Senator Feinstein. Good morning, everyone. The Subcommittee
    on Energy and Water will come to order.
        Today's hearing is going to review the fiscal year 2022
    Budget Request for the Department of Energy. And of course that
    includes the National Nuclear Security Administration as well.
        Ranking Member Kennedy and I will each have a brief
    statement, which I am in the process of making. And then we
    will recognize each Senator for an opening statement, if they
    wish to make one. We will then turn to Secretary Granholm to
    present testimony on behalf of the Department of Energy.
    Welcome, Madam Secretary. It is good to see you again.
        At the conclusion of the witness' testimony, I will
    recognize Senators for 5 minutes of questions each, and the
    usual procedure.
        Secretary Granholm, and you, Dr. Verdon, for joining us
    today, thank you again. I am particularly pleased to see the
    Secretary who got her start at the University of California,
    Berkeley, was a Golden Bear, and later returned to the school
    as a faculty member. So your California roots are there, and I
    thank you for them.
        I would like to just quickly begin by a statement--with the
    statement on the fiscal year 2022 request for the Department,
    which totals $46.2 billion. This represents a more than $4
    billion increase over 2021. And that is a lot of money. I
    applaud the administration's resolve to follow California's
    model and act aggressively to combat climate change.
        We are experiencing a climate emergency today, and
    California is on the frontline of this crisis as evidenced by
    worsening droughts and wildfires. So we need to find those
    solutions that can reverse climate change, if that is possible,
    and promptly respond to climate-related disasters.
        The budget request makes investments in the fields of basic
    research and scientific discovery. We face an increasing
    challenge from China, which is seeking to supplant the United
    States as a leader technology. And so this also must be
    addressed. This budget's investment in research and development
    includes a $414 million increase for the Office of Science to
    make certain advances in priority areas that put quantum
    information science, Exascale computing, and artificial
    intelligence, and machine learning; we should, I think, go even
    further in funding these important areas.
        I will put the remainder of my statement in the record,
    but, we would like to proceed.
        So if I can, let me welcome the witnesses. No, let me
    welcome my Ranking Member. Thank you.

                       STATEMENT OF SENATOR JOHN KENNEDY

        Senator Kennedy. Thank you, Madam Chair. I will try to be
    brief.
        Mr. Under Secretary; welcome Madam Secretary. Welcome. I
    don't know whether to call you Secretary, or Governor, or
    general, as in attorney general, or professor. I think I will
    stick with Secretary.
        I am not going to concentrate as much on the arithmetic
    today, because I think we all know the President, whatever
    President, submits a budget and Congress kind of does what it
    wants. I shouldn't say Congress because I don't know how the
    House works. I have learned a little bit about how the Senate
    works. Senators are like cats. They do what they want.
    Sometimes it works out, sometimes it doesn't.
        But we are in the process of putting together a budget, and
    I don't think I am going out on the limb by saying it will be
    different than the President's submission. That is not personal
    to President Biden. That is always the case.
        I want to say a word about our energy policy. I know a lot
    of Departments touch on it, but I am pretty much an-all-of-the-
    above-energy type guy. I believe in fossil fuels. I believe if
    we can produce wind and so more efficiently, gosh, we ought to
    pursue it. I believe in hydrogen, the potential there, or
    hydroelectric potential, and nuclear.
        And I mean it. I am kind of an all-of-the-above guy. I just
    think we ought to pursue whatever works and whatever is most
    efficient. I will just make two quick points. I get concerned
    about the administration's hostility toward fossil fuels. I do.
    I think, not all, but I think with many members of the
    administration, it is more of an emotional reaction than a
    rational reaction, in my judgment.
        As a result of natural gas, we are one of the few major
    countries that has reduced our carbon emissions. And that is
    just a fact. And we did that because of natural gas. Some
    people who believe that we need to--well, they believe we need
    to start over with our energy policy, and get rid of fossil
    fuels, and if we do that, it is going to be pretty expensive.
        And I think for a fraction of the cost, we can try to make
    our fossil fuels cleaner. And I am talking about carbon
    capture, storage, and utilization. And it makes sense to me to
    pursue that. And I think a rational person will pursue that.
    Now, somebody who sees climate change, I don't mean this in a
    pejorative sense, but somebody who sees the climate change
    issue as a religion, is probably not going to look at that. But
    I don't think that is rational.
        Point two: I think nuclear can be a part of our mix, it is
    expensive but it is clean, and it is much safer. And I hope we
    can talk about that a little bit today. I watched with
    amazement when, Mrs. Merkel in Germany, who I think has done a
    pretty good job running her country. It is not my place to say,
    but I have got an opinion like everybody else; but I looked in
    amazement when she got rid of all of her nuclear and said the
    solution to our energy needs is to buy the gas from Russia. And
    it never made sense to me. But I guess none of us are perfect.
        But I wanted to share those thoughts with you. And I hope
    we can talk about some of them today. And welcome to both of
    you.
        Senator Feinstein. Thank you very much.
        Senator Hyde-Smith, Senator Hagerty, if you would both like
    to make opening statements. And, obviously the woman first,
    please.

                     STATEMENT OF SENATOR CINDY HYDE-SMITH

        Senator Hyde-Smith. Thank you, Madam Chairman, for that
    opportunity because I would, and I will be very brief.
        Thank you to both the witnesses that are here today that
    will testify. And, Madam Secretary, as you are well aware,
    energy issues continue to dominate the national agenda. And as
    Senator Kennedy spoke, you know, it is very much talked about
    right now, and in a concerning way to me as well, but as
    appropriators, it is our responsibility to find ways to keep up
    with the world's ever-extending energy demands, and while also
    increasing our capacity, and our security here at home.
        And one way that we can expand our power capacity is to
    increase the use of nuclear energy in America, in my opinion.
    And I am proud to highlight that the Grand Gulf Nuclear Site in
    Port Gibson, Mississippi, and I hope nuclear energy will play a
    larger role as clean, efficient energy source. And I have
    always supported energy diversification, and the development of
    energy sources that will expand our supply, but Mississippi has
    a diverse energy portfolio. But I believe it is critical that
    we recognize the important role fossil fuel resources will play
    in meeting the demands of Americans.
        But fossil fuels such as coal, and offshore, and oil and
    gas, they have been a main source of power for this country.
    And it is crucial that we find new ways to increase the
    potential by making fossil fuels cleaner, as Senator Kennedy
    mentioned, and to use them, but to not eliminate them
    altogether. That is a great concern of mine. Thank you.
        Senator Feinstein. Thank you.
        Senator Hagerty, would you like to make an opening
    statement?

                       STATEMENT OF SENATOR BILL HAGERTY

        Senator Hagerty. Thank you, Madam Chair. And I appreciate
    the opportunity. Ranking Member Kennedy, thank you as well; and
    I appreciate your comments.
        I would just like to echo, Secretary Granholm, we have
    talked about this, but echo the points raised by my colleagues
    that our energy security is a critical element of our national
    security. As we have discussed before in my previous role as
    U.S. Ambassador to Japan, I worked very hard to get our allies
    to work with us, to be our partners in energy security.
    America's energy independence is a vital component of our
    national security. And I think that our allies benefit from our
    ability to actually export energy to them so that they are not
    reliant on countries like Russia.
        And as I mentioned to them on numerous occasions in Japan,
    we are not only talking about exporting energy, we are talking
    about exporting freedom. So the national security elements of
    this I think are critically important, and I am very dismayed
    about the posture that the administration has taken against
    fossil fuels.
        The prices at the pumps today have gone up significantly. I
    am from Tennessee. We commute in our State, and the average
    person is seeing prices at the pumps rise more than 30 percent
    since the Biden administration has come into office. This is a
    tax on our middle-class, it is a tax felt by all, and it is
    going to create great economic pain, even if it is not included
    in the CPI (Consumer Price Index), every good has got to be
    transported in America.
        This has inflationary impacts that go well beyond the
    immediate strategy, I think, to make fossil fuels less
    desirable and create an economic subsidy for alternative fuel.
    So I am for all of the above, in terms of energy strategy. I am
    pleased to be from a State like Tennessee that has a great
    background in nuclear energy. And I look forward to talking
    more about Oak Ridge National Lab when I come back to
    questions. Thank you for being here.
        Senator Feinstein. Thank you very much.
        Senator Merkley, do you want to make an opening statement?
        Senator Merkley. No, Madam Chair. I think I am happy for us
    to proceed. Thank you.
        Senator Feinstein. And Senator.
        Senator Shaheen. No. I would like to talk about energy
    efficiency, which I think is one overlooked energy source, but
    I will save that for my questions. Thank you.
        Senator Feinstein. Thank you very much.
        Secretary Granholm, please make your opening statement, and
    we welcome you here.

                  SUMMARY STATEMENT OF HON. JENNIFER GRANHOLM

        Secretary Granholm. Great. Thank you so much for inviting
    me to testify. Thank you to Chair Feinstein, and Ranking Member
    Kennedy, and to the other members of the subcommittee. It is
    truly an honor to serve as the 16th Secretary of the Department
    of Energy, and to make comments about the President's 2022
    budget request for the Department of Energy.
        I am very pleased to report that since January 20, we at
    the Department of Energy have taken important steps toward the
    Department's priorities. Our budget request, obviously, would
    help us to further the activities that we have already begun.
        So far we have invested $1.5 billion to strengthen our
    national security, and to accelerate progress toward a net-zero
    economy, and much of that has gone toward improving and
    deploying existing market-ready solutions, setting new goals,
    for example, to cut solar in half yet, again, adding 30
    gigawatts of offshore wind capacity by 2030. So, that is
    existing, but at the same time we are supporting breakthroughs
    in clean energy.
        So our new Energy Earthshots Initiative will set a series
    of ambitious, achievable targets for commercializing emerging
    zero-carbon technologies. The first one, Senator Kennedy, you
    will be happy to know is our Hydrogen Shot. And that is setting
    a goal of getting the cost of clean hydrogen down to $1, for
    one kilogram, in one decade.
        And I would also note that last week we announced $12
    million funding opportunity to advance direct air capture
    technologies. And yesterday we announced a new $61 million
    investment on nuclear energy, which was distributed throughout
    the country, 30 States, 99 entities got money to advance
    research in advanced nuclear technology. Both of these are
    priorities that have been outlined in the budget proposal as
    well.
        So, Chairwoman Feinstein, these droughts, and these heat
    waves, and these wildfires that are plaguing the west and
    straining our energy system, remind us yet again, of course, of
    the need to enhance our power grid and expand resiliency on
    that grid, especially to all forms of extreme weather. And that
    is why we announced in April that we are making $8.25 billion
    available in loans to improve our Nation's transmission
    systems, and of course the ransomware attacks on Colonial
    Pipeline underscores the need for investment in cyber security
    on our Nation's energy infrastructure as well.
        We are engaging with the private sector around strategies
    for hardening the critical infrastructure against ransomware,
    and these evolving 21st century threats. We are also
    strengthening our energy security through a multi-agency effort
    to bolster domestic supply chains like for lithium batteries
    that we need for storage, and for electric vehicles.
        We released a report and a series of actions on this exact
    topic a couple of weeks ago. Since January 20th, our Vehicle
    Technologies Office has already made $362 million available for
    projects that advance battery technology, and reduce emissions
    from light- and heavy-duty vehicles.
        So we are proud of our work so far. We are grateful to this
    subcommittee for making this work possible through last year's
    appropriations. And we look forward to building on the
    progress. And let me just say, we know that if Congress were to
    pass the American Jobs Plan, or an iteration thereof, we would
    be able to, exponentially, expand on that work.
        But as the Chairwoman noted, in the meantime, our budget
    request would invest $46 billion in these key priorities,
    including a 65 percent increase in our Office of Energy
    Efficiency and Renewable Energy, and a record $1.8 billion for
    our nuclear energy program, which will, of course, all help us
    to deploy clean and cheap power on a reliable and resilient
    grid.
        The budget would also support greater research in clean
    energy and carbon reduction at the national labs, and usher in
    greater diversity in the STEM (Science, Technology,
    Engineering, and Mathematics) fields. And here I want to thank
    the Senate for passing the U.S. Innovation and Competition Act,
    which authorizes the Department $17 billion in support of our
    efforts to keep the country competitive in a global economy.
        And that funding, coupled with our budget request, is going
    to help the Department, and our 17 national labs put America at
    the forefront of clean energy innovation worldwide. And of
    course the budget would also strengthen the Department's
    nuclear security mission. And I am so glad that Dr. Verdon is
    here to talk about that today. And our Environmental Management
    program, for which we have asked for one of the highest levels
    of annual funding, and that would facilitate progress on our
    cleanup sites.
        All told these all represent a down payment on a cleaner
    and more prosperous future, but one that will not truly be
    fulfilled without that American Jobs Plan. The infrastructure
    bill that you all are negotiating, which would position our
    country to compete in a global clean energy market, and it
    would confront the climate crisis and create millions of good-
    paying jobs. And it would also, I would say build--lift up
    disadvantaged communities, including Tribal nations and
    communities of color that have been historically burdened by
    pollution.
        And I would say this, too. It would provide the
    Department--it would bolster our Department's ongoing efforts
    to provide fossil energy workers with real opportunities to
    forge careers in cleaner fossil, and clean energy. And that is
    what it means to build back better.
        So I know the request is large. We do believe the need is
    urgent. DOE (Department of Energy) will use the funding
    effectively, if appropriated, to tackle these big challenges. I
    am humbled by the opportunity to lead the Department.
        And I look forward to working with you all. And happy to
    answer any questions you may have.
        [The statement follows:]
              Prepared Statement of Secretary Jennifer M. Granholm
        Chairwoman Feinstein, Ranking Member Kennedy, and Members of the
    Committee, it is an honor to appear before you today to discuss the
    President's FY 2022 Budget request for the Department of Energy (``the
    Department'' or ``DOE'').
        It is a privilege to serve as the 16th Secretary of Energy and have
    the responsibility of leading the Department in delivering
    technological advancements, scientific discoveries, and advancing the
    energy, economic, and national security of the United States.
        I am proud to say we have accomplished a lot in my first few months
    at DOE.
        In addition, of course, to continuing to advance our core science
    and security missions, we have jump-started efforts to create jobs and
    build the clean energy economy of the future, an economy that works
    better for American families and an economy that works for all kinds of
    communities with jobs for all kinds of workers. We declared to the
    world that America is back at the table for climate action and followed
    it up with new funding opportunities for technologies ranging from
    carbon capture to geothermal energy to extracting critical minerals
    from coal waste. And we set ambitious new goals to cut solar costs by
    more than half and add 30 gigawatts of offshore wind capacity by 2030.
    We will deliver these goals while addressing long-standing and
    persistent racial and environmental injustice and taking action to
    benefit disadvantaged communities.
        We announced over $1 billion in new funding opportunities, grants,
    and awards for projects with the potential to punch through obstacles
    in our way to a net-zero carbon future by 2050. These new funding
    opportunities, grants, and awards for projects include developing
    cutting-edge solar technology, improving vehicle efficiency,
    modernizing water infrastructure, and
        researching everything from microelectronics that can launch the
    next digital revolution, to powerful particle accelerators that can
    help us answer some of our biggest questions about the universe. This
    funding also included $109.5 million in funding for carbon capture,
    critical mineral recovery, and geothermal energy projects that directly
    support job creation in coal communities impacted by changes in the
    energy economy.
        We announced multiple funding opportunities that provided
    demonstration and deployment support to the sustainable transportation
    sector, totaling $224M. This includes funding for bioenergy pre-pilot
    technologies to pilot scale and/or demonstration scale projects that
    support sustainable aviation and marine fuels, CO2
    conversion, waste and underutilized carbon feedstocks. This funding
    will demonstrate efficiency improvement and emission reduction
    opportunities in medium- and heavy-duty trucks and their associated
    freight systems.
        We launched the Energy Earthshots Initiative, an all-hands-on-deck
    call for innovation, collaboration and acceleration of our clean energy
    economy by tackling the toughest remaining barriers to quickly deploy
    emerging clean energy technologies at scale. The first Earthshot
    focuses on hydrogen, sets an ambitious yet achievable cost target to
    accelerate innovations and spur demand of clean hydrogen. We also
    announced new immediate policy actions to scale up a domestic
    manufacturing supply chain for advanced battery materials and
    technologies to accelerate our efforts to decarbonize the economy.
        We kicked off a 100-day plan to address cybersecurity risks to the
    U.S. electric system. And we witnessed Perseverance roving around the
    surface of Mars, powered by tech produced in our National Labs.
        Internally, we held our very first Jobs & Justice town hall,
    spelling out what it means to center job creation and equity in all of
    our work.
        We have kept our country safe by supporting a safe, secure, and
    effective nuclear stockpile, and a continued modernization program. And
    all the while, our labs continued working toward groundbreaking
    discoveries, including in the fight against COVID-19.
        But these investments are really just a down payment on what we
    need to do as a nation. To really build an economy that positions
    American families and American communities to thrive, we need the
    resources the American Jobs Plan and the FY 2022 Budget request will
    provide to take us further.
                             the american jobs plan
        In March, President Biden released the American Jobs Plan. This
    represents the biggest investment in America since World War II and is
    a once-in-a-generation investment in our nation's economy. Especially
    in our energy infrastructure and our ability to win the global energy
    market. This plan will put millions of people to work and lay the
    foundation for economic growth for decades to come.
        Globally, there is a $23 trillion market for clean energy products
    and for products that will reduce carbon pollution. This is a massive
    opportunity for this country. Other countries are seeing that
    opportunity as well, and our economic competitors are working to corner
    the market on those opportunities. The question is: Where are those
    products going to be built, and who will build them?
        Through the American Jobs Plan, our country is going to corner the
    market and lead on manufacturing these products, providing good-paying
    jobs to the American people. It's going to take a lot of work, but the
    pay-off will be worth it. It will provide millions of people in the
    United States opportunities to build clean energy technologies, energy
    products and energy infrastructure that not only will make our country
    stronger, but will allow them to support their families and strengthen
    their local economies. And we all know that, in the 21st Century,
    making sure that we have the right infrastructure is critical.
        Infrastructure is roads and bridges, it is the electrical grid that
    keeps the lights on, it is ports, airports, and trains, it is pipes
    that pump water into our homes, and it is the broadband that both
    brings the world and learning to our children and brings opportunity to
    our businesses. Infrastructure is so broad that it creates jobs in all
    pockets of America.
        I want to work with you to make these investments so that together
    we deploy the energy infrastructure that our economy needs now, while
    at the same time advancing cutting-edge clean energy technologies,
    creating millions of good-paying union clean energy jobs, and building
    an equitable clean energy future.
                       fy 2022 president's budget request
        President Biden's proposed FY 2022 Budget request for the
    Department of Energy invests $46.2 billion to advance key priorities
    including creating jobs through clean energy projects, bringing America
    to the forefront of clean energy innovation, tackling the climate
    crisis with the urgency that science demands, investing in communities
    that have been left behind, and ensuring the safety and security of the
    nuclear stockpile.
    Creating Jobs through Clean Energy Projects and Energy Efficiency
            Retrofits-
        The budget request supports the President's vision of achieving
    carbon pollution-free electricity by 2035 while creating good-paying
    jobs by investing $1.9 billion in a Building Clean Energy Projects and
    Workforce Initiative at DOE. This investment will support programmatic
    infrastructure for a new energy efficiency and clean electricity
    standard, a new Build Back Better Challenge Grant competition to
    support novel State-, local-, and tribal-level approaches to clean
    energy deployment that provides benefits to marginalized and
    overburdened communities and streamlined transmission investment. These
    investments will develop and deploy technologies that will deliver a
    clean energy revolution resulting in cheap, abundant clean power
    delivered on a modern energy grid that is resilient and reliable.
    Spurring Innovation in Clean Energy Technologies
        Within DOE, the budget request invests more than $8 billion for
    applied energy programs with a focus on clean energy and climate
    innovation. From investing in advanced nuclear, electric vehicles, and
    an Energy Earthshots Initiative, to funding innovative approaches to
    air conditioning and refrigeration, the FY 2022 request puts the Nation
    on a path to quadruple clean energy research in four years, emphasizing
    U.S. pre-eminence in innovating the technologies needed to tackle the
    climate crisis.
        Applied energy investments include:
      --$4.732B for the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy to
            jump-start progress toward the goal of a carbon pollution-free
            electricity sector by 2035 and net zero emissions, economy-
            wide, by no later than 2050.
      --$1.851B for the Office of Nuclear Energy, a 23% increase over FY
            2021 funding levels, to extend the impact of research,
            development, demonstration & deployment funding by leveraging
            mechanisms such as competitive awards, technical assistance,
            and programs targeted to small businesses. This enables the
            commercialization of climate change and clean energy
            innovations.
      --$890M for the Fossil Energy and Carbon Management Research and
            Development program to conduct research, development, and
            demonstration projects for technologies that help to ensure
            clean and affordable energy for all Americans; facilitate the
            transition toward a carbon-pollution-free economy, including by
            addressing the emissions and other environmental impacts of
            fossil fuel; rebuild a U.S critical minerals supply chain; and
            retain and create good paying jobs.
      --$327M for the Office of Electricity to lead the Department's
            efforts to strengthen, transform, and improve energy
            infrastructure so consumers have equitable access to resilient,
            secure, and clean sources of electricity.
        The Budget also includes $201M for the Office of Cybersecurity,
    Energy Security, and Emergency Response (CESER), which leads the
    Department's efforts to secure U.S. energy infrastructure against all
    hazards, reduce the risks of and impacts from cyber events and other
    disruptive events, and assist with restoration activities.
        These investments will leverage the tremendous innovation capacity
    of our 17 National Laboratories, America's universities, and
    entrepreneurs to transform our power, transportation, buildings, and
    industrial sectors to clean, emissions-free power sources and help
    achieve a net- zero emissions economy by 2050. The budget request
    advances us toward these goals by building on the basic science
    breakthroughs at our National Laboratories; and employing the resources
    that turn those science breakthroughs in energy and deployable
    technologies like those supported by the Advanced Research Projects
    Agency-Energy (ARPA-E).
        Meanwhile, the Department's energy programs, which run the gamut
    from renewables to efficiency, carbon capture to hydrogen, and grid
    technology to storage are going to make it their mission to bring clean
    energy solutions to life. Building on ARPA-E's success, the budget
    request also includes funding to establish the Advanced Research
    Projects Agency for Climate (ARPA-C), to develop transformative
    solutions for the climate crisis through R&D support for high-impact
    innovative technologies to address adaptation and resilience
    challenges, as well as non-energy emissions mitigation. ARPA-C will
    work with other Agencies to lay the foundation for future climate
    change solutions across the Federal Government.
    Revitalizing the Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management while
            Supporting Coal and Power Plant Communities
        The budget request supports increased funding for a revitalized
    Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management that will advance carbon
    reduction and mitigation in sectors and applications that are difficult
    to decarbonize, including the industrial sector, with technologies and
    methods such as carbon capture and storage, hydrogen, and direct air
    capture--all while ensuring the reduction in pollution and cumulative
    impacts to overburdened communities.
        The budget request also helps DOE build the energy economy back
    better in a way that lifts up communities who have not yet seen a
    future for themselves in the energy transition and those who have just
    been left behind for far too long. This includes funding DOE's role in
    supporting the newly established Interagency Working Group on Coal and
    Power Plant Communities and Economic Revitalization. By supporting the
    POWER+ Initiative, DOE will help communities impacted by the energy
    transition and ensure their success. DOE programs can support fossil
    fuel workers translating their skills to new positions in various
    areas, from extracting critical minerals from coal mine sites and
    upgrading pipelines to reduce methane leakage to building carbon
    capture and hydrogen systems on existing industrial and power plant
    facilities; from building zero-emissions buses and upgrading the power
    grid to drilling for geothermal energy. Their predecessors built the
    U.S. economy of the 20th Century; they will power the economy of the
    21st Century.
        The Department will also support communities of color living with
    the toxic legacy of air pollution, those who are still paying too much
    for their energy, and who are often the first and worst impacted by the
    climate emergency. With targeted investments, DOE will help communities
    impacted by the energy sector and advance environmental justice and
    equity.
    Expanding Foundational Research, Emphasizing Climate and Clean Energy
            Science
        The budget request invests $7.4 billion, an increase of more than
    $400 million over 2021 levels, in the Office of Science to better
    understand our changing climate, identify and develop novel materials
    and concepts for clean energy technologies of the future, advance
    artificial intelligence and quantum science, as well as the world's
    most advanced computing to enhance prediction and decision-making
    across numerous environmental and scientific challenges, and of course
    to support the national research community with cutting-edge scientific
    facilities. This investment in foundational research will support
    America's first-rate scientists, engineers, and entrepreneurs, who
    develop and deploy technologies that improve our lives and jumpstart
    new industries.
    Investing in Historically Black Colleges and Universities and Minority
            Serving Institutions
        The FY 2022 Budget request creates and enhances research funding
    opportunities and invests in infrastructure such as laboratory
    facilities upgrades for Historically Black Colleges and Universities
    (HBCUs) and other Minority-Serving Institutions (MSIs). It also
    increases resources for workforce development programs to augment
    pathways to good-paying Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math
    (STEM) careers for students attending these schools. New grant awards,
    including a research center focused on climate, will expand research
    capacity, and create new opportunities at HBCUs and other MSIs. The FY
    2022 Budget request will build on the Department's existing
    relationships with HBCUs and MSIs, establish new partnerships with
    these institutions, and include them in our efforts to target
    disadvantaged communities for new clean energy investments, jobs, and
    businesses, while doubling down on our commitments to racial justice.
    Cybersecurity Activities
        The FY 2022 Budget Request proposes to invest $642 million in
    cybersecurity activities, an increase of $189 million over the FY 2021
    Enacted level. This will enable the Department to make significant
    contributions toward modernizing cybersecurity defenses by protecting
    federal networks and strengthening the United States' ability to
    respond to incidents when they occur.
        The Department will be guided by the key areas, as identified in
    Executive Order 14028, which include; remove barriers to threat
    information sharing between government and the private sector;
    modernize and implement stronger cybersecurity standards; improve
    software supply chain security; improve investigative and remediation
    capabilities; and improve cybersecurity threat hunting and response
    through improved logging and data analytics.
    Sustaining Investment in Environmental Cleanup
        The Office of Environmental Management (EM) supports DOE to meet
    the challenges of the Nation's Manhattan Project and Cold War legacy
    responsibilities. The FY 2022 Budget Request includes $7.6B for EM to
    continue making progress in addressing millions of gallons of liquid
    radioactive waste, thousands of tons of spent (used) nuclear fuel and
    nuclear materials, large volumes of transuranic and mixed/low-level
    waste, huge quantities of contaminated soil and water, and thousands of
    excess facilities.
        Building on past successes, the FY 2022 request supports EM as it
    enters a new era of cleanup. The request includes approximately $2.5B
    for cleanup at the Hanford site in Washington state, and supports
    continued progress to initiate tank waste treatment by the end of 2023
    through the Direct Feed Low Activity Waste approach. The request will
    also enable progress in key risk reduction activities at Hanford,
    including work to transfer radioactive capsules to dry storage and work
    to remediate contaminated soil under the 324 Building.
        The request includes $1.75B for cleanup activities at the Savannah
    River Site in South Carolina, which supports efforts to ramp up tank
    waste treatment, as well as the safe storage, stabilization and
    disposition of EM-owned nuclear materials and other risk reduction
    activities.
        At the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant in New Mexico, integral to both
    the Department's legacy cleanup mission and ongoing national security
    work, the request would provide $437M for facility operations and
    continued infrastructure activities. The request would provide $334M
    for legacy cleanup activities at the Los Alamos National Laboratory.
        At the Oak Ridge site in Tennessee, the request would provide $561M
    to support slab and soil remediation activities at the East Tennessee
    Technology Park, along with work to address high-risk excess facilities
    at the Y-12 National Security Complex and Oak Ridge National Laboratory
    and continued efforts to disposition the remaining uranium-233 stored
    at the site, among other activities. The request also includes $381M
    for cleanup activities at the Idaho site that will complete buried
    waste exhumation and treatment of contact-handled sludge waste, ending
    a decades-long effort to treat legacy waste at the site.
    Strengthening the Nation's Nuclear Security
        The Department of Energy's (DOE) National Nuclear Security
    Administration (NNSA) is responsible for maintaining a safe, secure,
    and effective nuclear weapons stockpile; reducing global nuclear
    threats; and providing the U.S. Navy's submarines and aircraft carriers
    with militarily effective nuclear propulsion. The President's FY 2022
    Budget Request of $19.7 billion, maintains the historic level of
    investments in NNSA and includes an increase of $10.8 million over the
    FY 2021 enacted level.\1\ This reflects this administration's
    commitment to maintain and modernize the nuclear stockpile through our
    life extension and alteration programs; make substantial progress on
    maintaining, repairing, and recapitalizing NNSA's deteriorating
    infrastructure; provide policy and technical leadership to address all
    aspects of the nuclear threat reduction mission; and deliver nuclear
    propulsion that meets the U.S. Navy's operational requirements.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        \1\ The FY 2021 Enacted level does not include the mandated
    transfer of $91 million from Naval Reactors to Nuclear Energy for the
    operation of the Advanced Test Reactor.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
                Weapons Activities
        The FY 2022 budget request for the Weapons Activities account is
    $15.5 billion, an increase of $139.3 million, or 0.9 percent, over FY
    2021. This request supports stockpile management to maintain our
    existing weapons; design and production work on five programs of
    record; production modernization; and stockpile research, technology,
    and engineering (SRT&E).
        NNSA's major stockpile modernization programs stand at different
    levels of maturity, each one responding to a different Department of
    Defense (DoD) requirement. Some programs, such as the W93/Mk7 are in
    the initial phases of feasibility and design, while others are in
    production phases, such as the B61-12 gravity bomb. Together, these
    programs bolster the United States' long-term commitments to allies and
    partners while ensuring safety and reliability. NNSA continues to focus
    on the production capabilities of nuclear weapons components critical
    to weapon performance and is requesting funds to support the urgent
    need to recapitalize plutonium pit production fabrication at Los Alamos
    and Savanah River. SRT&E covers many critical programs for the nuclear
    security enterprise that allow the nuclear deterrent to be certified
    without the need for nuclear explosive testing. Capabilities include
    the Enhanced Capabilities for Subcritical Experiments (ECSE), the
    Exascale Computing Initiative (ECI), and the Inertial Confinement
    Fusion (ICF) program. Each of these are needed to support weapons
    design, warhead assessment and certification, and continued development
    of the underpinning science needed to support the nuclear stockpile
    long-term.
                Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation
        NNSA's Office of Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation (DNN) is critical
    to implementing the President's call to ``lock down fissile and
    radiological materials around the world.'' The FY 2022 budget request
    for the DNN account is $2.3 billion, an increase of $4.0 million, or
    0.2 percent, over the FY 2021 enacted level.\2\ DNN works worldwide
    with our partners to prevent state and non-state actors from developing
    nuclear weapons or acquiring weapons-usable nuclear or radiological
    materials, equipment, technology, and expertise.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        \2\ The FY 2022 amount does not include the proposed cancellation
    of $330 million of prior year balances from the Mixed Oxide Fuel
    Fabrication Facility project.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        Complementing the work of DNN is the Nuclear Counterterrorism and
    Incident Response (NCTIR) Program, which includes the Emergency
    Operations and Counterterrorism and Counterproliferation subprograms.
    NCTIR provides capabilities to counter and respond to nuclear incidents
    and accidents worldwide. The FY 2022 request for NCTIR is $370.8
    million, a decrease of $6.7 million, or 1.8 percent below, the FY 2021
    enacted level.
                Naval Reactors
        The Office of Naval Reactors remains at the forefront of
    technological developments in naval nuclear propulsion, with an
    unparalleled record of over 169 million miles safely steamed on nuclear
    power and over 7,300 reactor-years of operation. The FY 2022 budget for
    Naval Reactors is $1.9 billion, an increase of $182.7 million, or 10.8
    percent, over the FY 2021 enacted level.\3\ The budget request supports
    Naval Reactors' three major projects--COLUMBIA-Class reactor plant
    development, the refueling overhaul of a research and training reactor
    in New York, and the construction of the Naval Spent Fuel Handling
    Facility in Idaho.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        \3\ The FY 2021 Enacted level does not include the mandated
    transfer of $91 million from Naval Reactors to Nuclear Energy for the
    operation of the Advanced Test Reactor.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
                NNSA Workforce
        To manage this broad portfolio, NNSA depends upon recruiting,
    training, and retaining a highly technical Federal and M&O workforce.
    The FY 2022 budget request for Federal Salaries and Expenses (FSE) is
    $464.0 million, an increase of $20.8 million, or 4.7 percent, over the
    FY 2021 enacted level.
                                   conclusion
        In conclusion, I am humbled to reaffirm my commitment to lead the
    Department of Energy. I look forward to our continued partnership to
    achieve these ambitious yet necessary goals.
        Thank you for the opportunity to be here today. I am happy to
    answer your questions.

        Senator Feinstein. Thank you very much.
        Dr. Verdon, my understanding is that you are here today to
    answer questions. If you wish to make a brief statement, we
    will entertain that now.
        Dr. Verdon. That is okay. Thank you.
        Senator Feinstein. Okay. Thank you very much.
        Let me then begin the questions. Madam Secretary, this
    budget puts a heavy emphasis on deployment of climate
    solutions. There is $2.5 billion or a 45 percent increase in
    funding across the Department's applied energy programs
    compared to fiscal year 2021, and a $400 million request to
    create a new office of Clean Energy Demonstrations.
        Could you please explain to us, with as much detail as you
    can; how these new funding requests will translate into more
    clean energy development?
        Secretary Granholm. Sure. Thank you for the question. You
    know, we know that there are a lot of technologies that are on
    the shelf and that can be deployed. And so your question about
    a deployment is a key one, as well as demonstration. Those are
    the latter two stages, obviously, in the development of these
    clean energy technologies, and we should be really doing
    everything we can.
        So, for example, in the budget, you will see an almost 1000
    percent increase in the Federal Energy Management Program. And
    that of course helps to guide and ensure that all of our
    Federal agencies are deploying the best solutions for reducing
    our Federal carbon footprint. And that is a significant
    priority of the Biden administration, to make sure we lead by
    example, and make sure that our procurement also creates a
    market for clean energy products that are made in America. So
    that is a big example of deployment that we intend to do.
        Second, we see a significant increase as well in the
    Weatherization Assistance Program. That is a deployment
    strategy as well. We will be able to weatherize thousands more
    homes using again, we hope, products that are made in America,
    again creating markets for American businesses to be able to
    provide for weatherization of homes.
        In the budget as well, we have a component that is
    providing grants, State-based energy grants to States, and
    those energy grants will be tied, again, to making sure that
    demand is created in those States for clean energy products
    made in America, but also to help them achieve higher
    standards, whether it is on clean energy standards, or on
    building, building codes, et cetera.
        So we want to reward the States and localities for taking
    action. And that is also a deployment component that is in this
    budget. Bottom line is you will see this big plus-up in all of
    these lines. We have a whole deployment strategy for each of
    them. That is just three examples.
        Senator Feinstein. One other quick question, if I may?
    Congress included $20 million in last year's appropriations for
    consent-based siting of nuclear waste. This is something that
    concerns me a great deal. And I would like to ask if you can
    briefly elaborate on how you intend to break the stalemate on
    nuclear waste disposal, and what you plan to do in the near
    term to move that forward.
        Secretary Granholm. Yes. As I know you are aware, there was
    a 2012 commission on nuclear waste, and that that Blue Ribbon
    Commission recommended a consent-based siting strategy. And we
    are beginning that process this summer, we will be issuing a
    Request for Information, obviously, the States or localities
    that are willing, because we want to work with them, who are
    willing to be able to house this waste, it will----
        Senator Feinstein. I don't mean to stop you.
        Secretary Granholm. Yes.
        Senator Feinstein. But what I am asking for is: What is the
    administration's plan to deal with nuclear waste?
        Secretary Granholm. That is the plan is to get another
    site, not Yucca Mountain, but to get another place that is
    willing to be the home of nuclear waste. Obviously it will
    require some compensation for that local entity to be able to
    do that. There is some interest out there. We just have to make
    sure we complete this consent-based siting process and,
    hopefully, near term rather than long-term.
        Senator Feinstein. And when will that be developed into a
    proposal?
        Secretary Granholm. Well, the Requests for Information are
    going out within the next month. And so, hopefully, in the fall
    we will have a sense of what the landscape looks like, but this
    year we want to solidify the strategy.
        Senator Feinstein. Thank you.
        Senator.
        Senator Kennedy. Thank you, Madam Chair. As you could
    probably guess from my opening comments, Madam Secretary, I see
    the climate as a discrete scientific issue. I think it is a
    mistake to approach it with too much emotion. Passion is good,
    but not when it interferes with your judgment. I have got a
    couple of 30,000-foot--feet questions.
        How much money in public and private dollars does the
    Department think it would take to make the world carbon
    neutral?
        Secretary Granholm. I don't have a number for that, but
    probably a lot.
        Senator Kennedy. Yes. Hundreds of trillions of dollars, do
    you think?
        Secretary Granholm. It would be a lot, for sure.
        Senator Kennedy. Okay. How much money in public and private
    dollars does the Department think it would take to make the
    United States carbon neutral?
        Secretary Granholm. Again, it would be a lot.
        Senator Kennedy. Hundreds of trillions?
        Secretary Granholm. I don't know about hundreds of
    trillions, but it would be a lot of money.
        Senator Kennedy. It would be in the trillions?
        Secretary Granholm. Yes.
        Senator Kennedy. Mid-trillions?
        Secretary Granholm. I don't know.
        [Laughter.]
        Senator Kennedy. I understand. Here is my question, to make
    the United States carbon neutral based on the administration's
    plans, I think it would be fair to say it is going to cause
    displacement, major displacement. Now, I don't use that in a
    pejorative sense. I think it is just an accurate description.
    It is going to change our economy dramatically. Many people are
    going to gain, and many people are going to lose. And that is
    what I mean by displacement.
        If we, today, spent these, to be fair, tens of trillions of
    dollars that I think many members of the administration would
    like to spend, and make the United States of American carbon
    neutral, and nobody else has our aggressive--adopts our
    aggressive approach, and they only make modest gains in
    CO2 emissions. How much is it going to lower the
    world temperature, and how much of it--how much are we going to
    reduce carbon emissions?
        Secretary Granholm. I want to say that the administration
    has a really firm commitment to communities to be able to take
    advantage of that economic opportunity and in energy that means
    the----
        Senator Kennedy. I know, Madam Secretary, forgive me for
    interrupting, but we both know--now I really want to try to
    probe your mind here--we both know this is going to cause major
    displacement, let us don't kid each other. You are not going to
    turn coal miners into coders overnight, and you are not going
    to turn fossil fuel workers into solar experts overnight, and
    there are not as many solar jobs as in oil and gas. So I don't
    want to get off into that. And I am not trying to be critical
    of the administration, but these are important questions.
        If we become carbon neutral, and we don't get cooperation
    from China and India, what have we accomplished?
        Secretary Granholm. The goal is to get cooperation from
    China and India.
        Senator Kennedy. I know, but what if they don't?
        Secretary Granholm. Well----
        Senator Kennedy. What if we go spend these tens of
    trillions of dollars and President Xi Jinping--the people of
    China are wonderful people, by the way--President Xi, lies like
    he breathes. We know that. The Communist Party, they are
    gangsters. What if they--I mean, they have probably built a
    coal power--a coal-powered power plant while you and I have
    been talking. What have we achieved?
        Secretary Granholm. The administration has a strategy to
    make sure that all of our--all of the people who have signed on
    to this Paris Agreement meet the goals that they have
    articulated. And that means working with allies, and that means
    the strategy, and amount that----
        Senator Kennedy. I get it. I get it, but I am asking a very
    practical question. My son, who I love dearly, has a strategy
    to have his dad buy him a 911 Targa Porsche. It is not going to
    happen. And I am raising a very legitimate question I think. If
    we spend these trillions of dollars, and we go through all this
    displacement, and we don't get cooperation from China and
    India, what--is the pain worth the gain? And how do we know?
        Secretary Granholm. I would say, we have a strategy to get
    those countries on board. And if we don't pursue this strategy,
    what then? Then you have climate disasters that are upon us.
    California is now--could be on fire again this summer. And if
    we don't take action, then where are we with respect to the
    other disasters? So we have to approach our allies with the
    strategy----
        Senator Kennedy. Let me ask you one last question.
        Secretary Granholm [continuing]. And do our own.
        Senator Kennedy. I get it. I get it. Yes.
        If you can indulge me, Madam Chair? If we spend all the
    money that the Biden administration wants to spend, let's take
    in its current infrastructure bill to reduce CO2
    emissions, what percentage of the increase in carbon emissions,
    worldwide, not the United States, is going to be reduced?
        Secretary Granholm. All of these countries have signed on,
    all of them have.
        Senator Kennedy. No. I am talking about--I know when you
    are trusting----
        Secretary Granholm. No, verified.
        Senator Kennedy. But I believe in metrics.
        Secretary Granholm. Yes.
        Senator Kennedy. If you spend a lot of taxpayer dollars,
    you ought to know, first of all, what you expect to get, and
    realistically assess whether you are going to get it. I don't
    want a go to--let me ask you one last question. How come your
    budget doesn't request any funding for the Yucca Mountain
    licensing?
        Secretary Granholm. The President's--the administration
    doesn't support Yucca Mountain as a solution for nuclear waste.
        Senator Kennedy. Okay. Thank you, Madam Chair.
        Senator Feinstein. Thank you.
        Senator Shaheen.
        Senator Shaheen. Thank you.
        And thank you, Madam Secretary, for being here today, and
    for all of your hard work. And Dr. Verdon, we are delighted to
    have you here as well.
        As I said I really want to talk about energy efficiency,
    because I think it is the stepchild of energy use. It gets
    short shrift, and yet it is the cheapest, fastest way to deal
    with our energy needs. I was really glad to hear you talk about
    reducing the Federal carbon footprint, because the Federal
    Government is the biggest user of energy in the country. And we
    have got to do a better job.
        I would start with the Architect of the Capitol and see if
    he can't get climate controls in all of the rooms on Capitol
    Hill, because it is ridiculous that we can't control the
    temperature in the rooms, in this building, and throughout The
    Capitol. So that is just an aside.
        But one of the things that I would urge you to look at is
    the scoring for Energy Savings Performance Contracts, ESPCs.
    When I was Governor, we were able to significantly reduce the
    cost of heating our buildings and save on carbon emissions
    because we used ESPCs, and yet the way we score those here is a
    cost, not a savings. It is nuts that we don't recognize that we
    can bring in private contractors to do that and save us
    significant dollars. And yet when we do it, the scores charge
    us for that rather than looking at savings. And that is why it
    is so difficult to get done.
        But I want to go to the budget, because this budget calls
    for $16 million for building codes within the Building
    Technologies Office, and we know that our buildings use about
    40 percent of energy use in this country. Percentage-wise, that
    number is a big increase from the $10 million provided in 2021,
    but it is still a relatively small program. And when we know
    there are substantial energy savings being left on the table,
    it seems to me that that is an area that we ought to really
    take a hard look at. So can you talk about what we could do if
    we can increase that amount in terms of energy savings?
        Secretary Granholm. Yes. Thanks so much for that question
    and for your leadership in this energy efficiency space. This
    is a plus-up for this, and we want to be able to take it to the
    next level with respect to not just the Federal buildings, but
    State and local buildings, and assist those State and local
    entities in how they can achieve greater efficiency with new
    building codes, upgraded building codes, which we are in the
    final process of putting out through our Building Technologies
    Office.
        But you are right that it is a drop in the bucket, and if,
    for example, we were able to achieve the kind of investment
    that is seen in the American Jobs Plan, for example, that would
    allow us to really push this much further providing incentives
    to States, to really up their game on building codes and
    allowing us to up our game on advising and giving the technical
    assistance that is necessary to all of these local units of
    government to do the same.
        And as we know, I agree with you on your ESPCs, but this
    whole thing is such a big job provider upgrading the building
    envelope footprints.
        Senator Shaheen. Absolutely.
        Secretary Granholm. A huge opportunity for putting people
    to work.
        Senator Shaheen. And as you point out, building codes are
    really a low hanging fruit that we ought to be taking a look
    at. And it is disappointing to me that we have seen efforts in
    Congress blocked, Congress after Congress, by the home builders
    who don't want to spend a small additional amount, which over
    the lifetime is going to really provide savings to consumers.
        I want to talk about appliance standards also, because the
    appliance standards program has saved consumers, tens of
    billions annually on their utility bills. By 2030, it will have
    avoided a cumulative 7.3 billion tons of carbon dioxide
    emissions. That is an amount in excess of a year's worth of
    emissions for the entire U.S. economy. So going forward,
    updating standards could save an additional 1.2 to 2.9 billion
    metric tons, and achieve cumulative utility savings of another
    1.1 trillion by 2050. That is according to the American Council
    for an Energy-Efficient Economy.
        Unfortunately we saw the previous administration did not
    keep pace with the statutory deadlines to update appliance
    standards. So can you talk about what the status is of your
    review of that, and where you expect to go to make sure we get
    back on track with respect to appliance standards?
        Secretary Granholm. Yes. I agree a thousand percent on this
    as well. We have, I think, so far filed over 50 notices in the
    Federal Register of rolling back the rollbacks, essentially,
    and continuing the progress that was made. You listed a number
    of statistics in terms of savings. And for the average family,
    just on the basics, it is about $400 per year. And then you add
    another $400 perhaps for LED lighting. You can see significant
    savings from these on a very granular basis as well. We are
    completely committed to progressing significantly on the
    appliance standards issue.
        Senator Shaheen. Well, thank you. I look forward to working
    with you, and the Department on improving support for energy
    efficiency in the country.
        Secretary Granholm. Thank you.
        Senator Shaheen. Thank you, Madam Chairman.
        Senator Feinstein. Thank you, Senator.
        Senator Hyde-Smith.
        Senator Hyde-Smith. Thank you, Madam Chairman.
        Madam Secretary, the Gulf of Mexico is one of the Nation's
    most important regions for energy resources and accounts for a
    large portion of our crude oil, our Federal, offshore, natural
    gas production. What efforts are being taken by the Department
    to advance cleaner technologies for domestic fossil fuel
    resources?
        Secretary Granholm. Yes. We have a program that really
    works with the private sector to ensure that the existing
    production is both efficient and clean, as clean as it can be,
    including making sure that there is integrity at the wellbore,
    making sure that produced water is clean, et cetera. And we are
    going to--that is under our Fossil Energy Office, and we will
    continue to work with the private sector on making sure that
    that happens even as we transition to more, not just fuel
    efficient, but electric vehicles, et cetera.
        Senator Hyde-Smith. Thank you for that answer. And I am
    addressing my next question to both of the witnesses. And as I
    mentioned earlier, Mississippi is home to the largest U.S.
    nuclear power reactor, in terms of generating capacity, and
    with the administration's heavy agenda on cutting carbon
    emissions, what do you believe are the most promising nuclear
    efforts in our Nation right now?
        Secretary Granholm. First of all, I agree with everything
    that has been said about nuclear. That nuclear must be a part
    of our strategy to reduce our greenhouse gas emissions, and
    that we also should be doing everything we can to keep existing
    nuclear plants online. And we also need to be doing research
    into advanced nuclear demonstration projects, which we are. Our
    nuclear request in the budget is significantly more than last
    time. I want to say, it is maybe 28 percent, or something like
    that, above last year's effort, because we want to continue to
    work on these advanced nuclear designs.
        The modular reactors, the small modular reactors, as well
    as making sure that we can assist in whatever way possible to
    keep these plants online. Let me say, our budget doesn't
    subsidize existing nuclear plants that are already running,
    but, you know, if in the infrastructure package that is being
    negotiated, there is, or at least in the American Jobs Plan,
    there was a provision to help keep existing plants online, and
    as well as making sure that nuclear is part of the clean energy
    standard which would----both of which would be significantly
    for ensuring that we continued to keep the existing fleet
    operating as well as create new.
        Senator Hyde-Smith. And Dr. Verdon.
        Dr. Verdon. The Secretary covered it. There is nothing more
    to add.
        Senator Hyde-Smith. Okay. Thank you, Madam Chairman.
        Senator Feinstein. Senator Merkley.
        Senator Merkley. Thank you. And it is so good to have you
    here, Madam Secretary. Following up on my colleague from New
    Hampshire's point about energy efficiency, the fiscal year 2020
    Appropriations Bill required a study to lay out the investments
    needed in energy efficiency, and conservation to give us kind
    of a comprehensive view to help us guide legislation. And we
    have not received that report. The Trump administration dropped
    the ball. We have been in contact with your Department about
    it. Can you pick up that ball and, and help us get that clear
    understanding?
        Secretary Granholm. It was an energy efficiency study?
        Senator Merkley. Yes.
        Secretary Granholm. I have not--read in on it, but I will
    definitely get back to you on it.
        Senator Merkley. And conservation. Thank you.
        Secretary Granholm. And conservation.
        Senator Merkley. Second, my colleague from Louisiana talked
    about displacement. I saw displacement first-hand last year
    when we had fires sweep through the west side of the Cascades,
    and town after town was burned to the ground, and it was like
    walking in on the towns that had been firebombed in World War
    II, or something. It was just incredible. And we are seeing a
    huge impact on our rural communities from the impact on
    forests, on farming, and on fishing.
        And, so I just wanted to note that displacement is real
    right now, and not just from the fires in Oregon, but also from
    all kinds of other economic effects that are taking place, and
    more severe storms. So those costs are going to be
    extraordinary and it is only by the U.S. setting an example,
    and then working in partnership with the world that we have
    some way of turning the curve on this.
        I was very disturbed at the increasing pace of carbon
    saturation in the atmosphere. We hit a record last month of 419
    parts per million, way up from the 180 to 280 parts that
    characterized the last 800,000 years. We haven't been this
    level for 8 million years. The planet is in big trouble. I just
    want to keep emphasizing that. I know you understand that.
        Secretary Granholm. Thank you for that.
        Senator Merkley. Thank you. Turning to a piece of that
    clean electricity standard, do you think natural gas should be
    included in that standard?
        Secretary Granholm. I think that if you combined natural
    gas with carbon removal so that it really was clean and that
    you had zero carbon emissions, then it could be.
        Senator Merkley. But only under that condition?
        Secretary Granholm. Yes.
        Senator Merkley. The condition is that it is not carbon
    capture just to redeploy in gas fields where it will leak out,
    but true absolute capture?
        Secretary Granholm. And sequestration, yes.
        Senator Merkley. Yes. Thank you. And I doubt the costs of
    that are going to be less than the costs of renewable energy
    from solar and wind, plus battery storage, if you will. So I am
    certainly hoping that we don't create some false solution,
    research on it, great, pursue it if it is economical, and it is
    truly effective. But that is my concern.
        I am excited that Oregon is pioneering the use of electric
    tractors, we have three of them in operation. I invite you to
    come out and see them, see them in operation. And I am trying
    to figure out how electricity can start to be used in places
    where diesel has been used, is another piece of this frontier
    of conversion. And can DOE support efforts like that on new
    uses of electricity?
        Secretary Granholm. Of course, a thousand percent, that is
    what we do. In fact, as I speak, I think we have a funding
    opportunity request out for off-road vehicles, tractors would
    qualify for electrification.
        Senator Merkley. I think you are going to see a request in
    that regard from my State. Turning to plastics: plastics are
    not reduced, reused, recycled; they are burned, buried, and
    borne out to sea with huge environmental consequences. Because
    plastics are primarily a stream of natural gas, because a
    natural gas system leaks enormous amounts of methane, because
    methane is an incredibly powerful global warming gas, plastics
    are a climate problem, as well as a direct problem for human
    health, and great problem for ecosystems. I just wanted to
    raise this and see if you have some thoughts on that topic.
        Secretary Granholm. We are--the administration is looking
    at this methane issue very seriously. You are probably aware
    there was a vote, and a reversal of a rule that was lessened in
    the last administration on methane. Obviously this is in the
    EPA's (Environmental Protection Agency) jurisdiction in terms
    of the regulatory side. But in terms of the technology side, we
    want to be partnering to make sure that, oil and gas companies,
    one, do monitoring of methane leakage, and two, do closing of
    methane leakage. And this whole issue of methane is extremely
    high on the priority list, both of the Department of Energy,
    and of the EPA, and of the Biden administration as well. So
    stay tuned on that for more.
        Senator Merkley. Thank you very much. Because I think it is
    an under-recognized part of the challenge and is inherent in a
    system with millions of miles of joints in pipes, as well as
    abandoned wells, the leak never properly sealed, and so forth.
    And I know the administration is working on that. So thank you.
        I will just close by shifting to nuclear weapons. People
    forget that nuclear weapons are a huge part of energy
    portfolio. And we haven't had the nuclear evaluation, the
    Nuclear Posture Review, yet. But the administration has put
    forward in its budget funding for the W76 low-yield warhead, a
    warhead President Biden called a bad idea because of its impact
    on potential nuclear war.
        And also on the B83 mega weapon, if you will, and we are
    not talking about small dollars, we are talking about the
    administration proposing $100 million to fund the program. I
    hope that many of these projects, which seemed to have, kind of
    a nuclear industrial complex momentum, get evaluated very, very
    carefully, both because of their costs, and because of their
    risk.
        Secretary Granholm. Well, clearly then, because as you have
    noted, the Nuclear Posture Review is just starting. That will
    be looked at, they will be looked at, but I am wondering if Dr.
    Verdon has any follow-up on the two specific programs that you
    mentioned.
        Dr. Verdon. Yes, both programs will be looked at for a
    posture review, but right now we had to put forward----
        Secretary Granholm. You have to turn on your mic, I think.
        Dr. Verdon. Is it on?
        Secretary Granholm. There you go.
        Dr. Verdon. Both will be looked at as part of the posture
    review, and we put forward the budget that was required by the
    current program or record, to support the weapons that the
    STRATCOM commander identified were necessary. So that is why,
    you know, they are in the budget right now, but they will be
    examined. The whole portfolio will be looked at.
        Senator Merkley. Thank you.
        Senator Feinstein. I believe the next few names, based on
    arrival, Senators Hagerty, Coons, Murray, and probably there is
    more.
        But Senator Hagerty.
        Senator Hagerty. Thank you, Madam Chair. And again, thank
    you Under Secretary Verdon, and Secretary Granholm. I
    appreciate your being here today.
        As I mentioned in my opening remarks, I would like to turn
    our conversation Oak Ridge National Lab, which is the largest
    multipurpose energy and research laboratory that the Department
    of Energy supports. It is a true gem of Tennessee, $5.6 billion
    of economic impact every year is the estimate, and some 34,000
    jobs are supported by Oak Ridge National Lab in Tennessee,
    touching 50 of the 95 counties in my State.
        So it has an incredible economic impact. And I think a
    tremendous impact on advancing our Nation in terms of basic
    research. Beyond the great work that happens in Tennessee on
    nuclear energy, which I look forward to working with you on, I
    would like to talk for a moment about supercomputing.
        And one of the critical missions of Oak Ridge National Lab
    is the Summit supercomputer. It is the second fastest
    supercomputer in the world. And I am very pleased at Oak Ridge
    is going to unveil this year, an exascale computer called
    Frontier, which will be the fastest in the world, right in my
    home State of Tennessee.
        And we have talked about this before Madam Secretary, but I
    would like to join with my colleagues, Senator Blackburn and
    Congressman Fleischmann, to invite you to come and visit us at
    Oak Ridge National Lab, to see what is happening there, and to
    deepen our working relationships so we can continue to make
    these advances. So I hope you will be able to find time in your
    schedule soon to join us there.
        Secretary Granholm. I would very much like to do that,
    especially with the unveiling of the exascale computer. And I
    know that that is scheduled for early fall, and I am excited
    about seeing the incredible complex that is there.
        Senator Hagerty. Well today the fastest computer in the
    world is in Japan, and I have a fondness for that nation, but
    also a highly competitive nature. So I am delighted that we are
    going to retake the high ground on this, and given where the
    world is headed in computing, I think it is more than fitting
    that we be a leader in the world, and that Tennessee be at the
    forefront there.
        Speaking of Tennessee, I would like to share with you some
    insights from my predecessor, Senator Lamar Alexander, I know a
    good friend of the Chair, and many people on this committee. He
    has talked with me at length about what he has called the Oak
    Ridge Corridor. It is a way to capture the tremendous brain
    power that exists in Oak Ridge and the surrounding area.
        In fact, when you land at the Knoxville Airport near Oak
    Ridge, it welcomes you as the gateway to the Smokey's and to
    the Oak Ridge Corridor. It is something I think that we should
    market as an innovation hub. We have such incredible
    technologies. We draw from the Federal Government, we draw from
    my alma mater, Vanderbilt University, from the University of
    Tennessee, from the Tennessee Valley Authority, State and
    private industry.
        What I would like to ask you, is what role you see,
    Secretary Granholm, the Department playing as we recreate
    innovation hubs like the Oak Ridge Corridor, in a way that will
    support economic growth in underserved communities?
        Secretary Granholm. That is a great question. In fact, I
    was just on call with all of the lab directors yesterday, on
    this very subject.
        Senator Hagerty. Perfect.
        Secretary Granholm. Is how the labs--and some are doing
    more of this, and some are working on it. But how the labs can
    really connect, whether it is--you have talked about this as
    being a geographic hub, there may be some communities that are
    slightly outside of the immediate adjacency that are also
    underserved that could benefit.
        So one of it, one strategy of course, involves workforce
    development. A lot of these labs are looking to develop that
    STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics)
    pipeline and really want to be in the community to talk about
    the importance of science, technology, engineering, and math,
    both, you know, starting in high school, through college,
    partnering with local colleges and certainly partnering with
    the universities that are already there.
        So pipeline issues are one, economic development,
    technology transfer from the labs to--you know, to perhaps sort
    of technology hubs that are related to lab, but could be
    commercial--using products that could be commercialized outside
    of the lab. So we have a fantastic new leader of our Office of
    Technology Transfer, who is really focused on what are those
    opportunities to create, perhaps, incubators, either inside the
    lab structure or outside in adjacency, to be able to create a
    whole cluster of dynamic innovation, creating an innovation hub
    in an area that may be seen as often cloistered because it is
    inside of, perhaps, fencing, et cetera.
        Senator Hagerty. Well, may I extend our invitation to your
    head of Office of Technology Transfer to join us as well?
        Secretary Granholm. Yes.
        Senator Hagerty. Because we are working very hard in
    Tennessee to try to create just that type of innovation hub.
        Secretary Granholm. Oh.
        Senator Hagerty. Bringing the private sector together,
    transferring technology more efficiently. It is hard to do, and
    it always has been hard to do, but if we can find ways to make
    it more efficient, more effective, I think it has a great,
    great potential in terms of leveraging the massive investment
    we are making in basic research and translating that into
    applied results that can make a real difference for our economy
    and keep America at the forefront of innovation.
        Secretary Granholm. So, with your permission, I will have
    her reach out to your office to do a briefing and discussion
    with you.
        Senator Hagerty. Perfect.
        Secretary Granholm. Her name is Vanessa Chin.
        Senator Hagerty. Thank you, Madam Secretary.
        Secretary Granholm. All right. Thank you.
        Senator Hagerty. Thank you. Madam Chair.
        Senator Feinstein. Senator Murray.
        Senator Murray. Thank you very much, Chairman Feinstein.
    Good to see you, thank you for being here today.
        Secretary Granholm, let me start with, no surprise to you,
    the Hanford Site in Central Washington. As you know, the
    Federal Government has both a legal and a moral obligation to
    clean up the Hanford Site, and to work in partnership, of
    course, with my State of Washington in doing so.
        I was really pleased to see this year's request, which is a
    rejection of some of the dangerous cuts that were proposed in
    the last administration. And I think this year's request is, is
    much more realistic and closer to current year enacted levels.
    So thank you.
        But that being said, there is a laundry list of projects to
    be done at RL (Richland Operations Office) and ORP (Office of
    River Protection), not to mention the Tri-Party Agreement
    milestones already in place that require substantial funding
    and prudent financial stewardship. I remain concerned about the
    long-term projections for this site. A 2019 DOE report
    estimated that the lifecycle cleanup costs could be up to $677
    billion. And the work would not be completed until 2078. If
    those numbers are accurate, it would mean an average annual
    appropriation over $11 billion a year for the next 57 years.
    That is a long ways off the roughly $2.5 billion is funded out
    right now.
        Do you have any thoughts for us on, if there are
    opportunities to bring down these lifecycle costs while still
    safely, and effectively, and in compliance with the Tri-Party
    Agreement, and other legal requirements, to completing this
    cleanup?
        Secretary Granholm. Yes. This is a great question because,
    obviously, as we progress in our research and development, new
    strategies become available that we might not know of right
    now. There is a lot of being done at the labs, as I am sure you
    are aware, on how to best contain, how to reduce, how to
    mitigate, et cetera. And we are looking at that all the time.
        Right now I don't have the silver bullet that would bring
    it, you know, down to a much lower funding level at a much
    shorter time. What I can tell you is that we--and I appreciate
    you acknowledging that this is in fact the highest amount we
    have ever asked for cleanup at Hanford, but we have got a lot
    of work to do. I am glad we have been able to achieve some
    milestones. I look forward to coming to celebrate some of those
    milestones.
        Senator Murray. Great.
        Secretary Granholm. But milestones are just that. It is not
    the end goal. And so it is our desire as well to accelerate. It
    is our desire to find solutions that are less costly, but also
    safe. The point is we will continue to work with you and the
    community, which is really important to us that we do it in
    partnership and not in opposition with the community so that we
    can achieve our mutual goals.
        Senator Murray. Well, thank you for that. And of course we
    will be working with you on that goal. Let me turn to a related
    Hanford question. The payment in lieu of taxes, PILT: This
    year's request specifically propose to eliminate PILT funding,
    and just for the Hanford and Savannah River DOE sites. PILT
    funding is intended to compensate local governments for taxes
    they cannot collect because the land is Federal property. And
    they use that money to support their schools, and their
    hospitals, their libraries, emergency services, things like
    that.
        I have heard a lot of great things about your, and the
    Department's support for communities adjacent to DOE sites, so
    that was really surprising to me, and just not acceptable. PILT
    funding has long been an issue here, and I want to be clear, it
    cannot be eliminated or cut back in any way. The Tri-Cities
    really rely on that funding, and they are owed this funding, as
    a result of the sacrifices and commitments that community made
    during World War II, it is simply not their fault that hundreds
    and hundreds of square miles in Washington State are not
    taxable, lowering their ability to fund basic services.
        So can you explain to me what DOE's rationale for proposing
    to eliminate PILT payments, and why were Hanford and Savannah
    River specifically targeted?
        Secretary Granholm. I would say that, I know that
    historically the Department presents a budget that doesn't
    include PILT, and that Congress, that your leadership insists
    that it is included. And all I want to say is, I look forward
    to working with you on that.
        Senator Murray. Okay. And we would like to see it in the
    budget.
        Secretary Granholm. Yes.
        Senator Murray. Let me just finish by saying, I really want
    to thank you for spending some time with Pacific Northwest
    National Lab during your virtual visit.
        Secretary Granholm. Yes.
        Senator Murray. I hope you can come and visit in person
    someday. They are really a leader in climate science, and I was
    pleased to see the robust funding increases to the Biological
    and Environmental Research Program. As well as the--final year
    funding for the Grid Storage Launchpad. They are a leader
    nationally in the fight against climate change, and I really
    look forward to working with you on that. So thank you for
    that.
        Secretary Granholm. Okay. Thank you.
        Senator Murray. And Senator Coons, thank you for graciously
    allowing me to go ahead of you. Thank you.
        Senator Feinstein. Thank you, Senator.
        Senator Coons.
        Senator Coons. I believe it is Senator Hoeven's turn.
        Senator Feinstein. Yes. Senator Coons.
        Senator Coons. Fine. Senator Hoeven, thank you. I am happy
    to take the opportunity. Thank you.
        Chairwoman Feinstein, and absentia Ranking Member Kennedy.
    Thank you, Senator Granholm, and Dr. Verdon for testifying.
        And Madam Secretary, it is great to be with you in person.
    And I am so grateful for the job you have been doing as part of
    the Jobs Cabinet. Helping the American people understand the
    connection between combating climate and creating good, high-
    paying jobs.
        I enthusiastically support the President's vision,
    particularly with regards to the Department's budget and look
    forward to making sure that it is adequately funded to meet the
    challenges of this century. Just a few things I might, first on
    carbon capture utilization and storage. I was encouraged to see
    a revitalized Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management,
    CCUS, as a critical part of our strategy for moving forward.
        I have a bill with Senator Cassidy, the SCALE act, which
    would support wide-scale CCUS deployment by connecting sites of
    carbon dioxide capture to places where it can be stored and it
    would create thousands of jobs. Could you briefly discuss: the
    importance of carbon dioxide, transport, and storage
    infrastructure for both meeting our climate and job creation
    goal?
        Secretary Granholm. Yes. Thank you for asking this because
    I think it is--I agree with you. It is very important. It is
    important for the U.S., and I would say it is important around
    the globe. There is a lot of our allies across the world who
    want to know how they can take this kind of technology and
    affordably use it.
        So it is one of the reasons why the American Jobs Plan had
    in it these 10 projects, demonstration projects, for carbon
    capture use and sequestration, because the point is you can use
    it on a variety of different carbon sources, whether it is
    heavy industry, whether it is power plants. And we want to be
    able to show that it can be done, that it can be taken to
    scale, that it is affordable, and that it solves the problem.
        So, thank you for your leadership in it. Our Fossil Energy
    and Carbon Management Office currently has five demonstration
    projects running; one of them, Project Tundra, one of them--we
    want to make sure that we continue to demonstrate that ability.
    The five is great, but we need more to be able to take this
    to--and we need it quickly. We need to, because these are big
    projects.
        And let me just say one other thing is, American Jobs Plan
    is called ``Jobs Plan'' for a reason, which is that this kind
    of technology, especially with the pipelines that need to be
    installed, et cetera, is a huge job creator. So it is a win-
    win, and it makes sure that fossil communities are not left
    behind.
        Senator Coons. Senator Cassidy had an interesting
    perspective on it. He said: I have got lots of folks in
    Louisiana today working on building and maintaining and
    servicing pipelines that pull things out of the ground and put
    them into our economy. Why can't the same folks have jobs
    building and maintaining and servicing pipelines that take
    carbon dioxide and put it back out, under the ground and stored
    permanently? A simple, but powerful insight I think.
        Let us move towards one of the things that I think is a key
    component of a clean energy economy, hydrogen. The Department
    recently announced its Hydrogen Shot Initiative to bring down
    the cost of clean hydrogen. You traveled to Texas to visit an
    Air Liquide facility there. Their, I would say preeminent
    research facility in North America happens to be in Newark,
    Delaware. We would love to have you come visit there as well.
    And Air Liquide is teaming up with Bloom Energy and Chemours in
    Delaware, to look at the future of clean hydrogen. Could you
    just talk about your vision for the role of hydrogen,
    particularly in decarbonizing the hard to abate sectors, like
    industry and transportation?
        Secretary Granholm. Yes. I can't emphasize this enough, is
    that this technology is a technology that can be the game
    changer for the toughest areas, but also generally, I mean, we
    want to be able to, for example, right now we can't export
    renewable energy. We have to use it here. But clean hydrogen
    could do that. It could convert hydrogen into green ammonia,
    and be able to transport it. And the ammonia distribution
    system globally is already in place.
        So this is another reason why all of these other countries,
    I mean, if Senator Hagerty were here, he would know Japan, for
    example, shutting down their nuclear facilities, they have no--
    they don't have a whole lot of options. And so they are super-
    interested in hydrogen. We have been talking to Australia who
    is also doing a lot of experimentation in hydrogen. The
    American Jobs Plan has 15 demonstration projects that it would
    fund in clean hydrogen, that is very exciting, whether it is
    green, or blue, and the blue ends up being sequestered--the
    CO2 ends up being sequestered from natural gas.
        I am just--there is a huge opportunity here for us to
    create jobs and to lead the world in the solution that could
    actually allow all of these countries, especially those who
    have significant fossil communities, to be able to be net
    carbon zero.
        Senator Coons. Well, in terms of net carbon zero base load,
    I think next-generation nuclear is also an important part of
    the suite of approaches we need to take. Right at the end of
    last year, something big happened in energy policy. It didn't
    get much notice because there were other things going on with
    the election, but Chair Murkowski, Ranking Member Manchin, at
    the time of the Energy Committee, finally got passed the Energy
    Act of 2020. It had a lot of different bills in it.
        One of them that I had worked on for years, was a
    Modernization of the Weatherization Assistance Program, another
    was the Nuclear Energy Renewal Act, to sustain our nuclear
    fleet, but also invest in R&D (research & development) and
    advanced nuclear. Could you just discuss briefly the role of
    nuclear energy in ensuring the balance of decarbonizing base
    load power generation and our economy as a whole, and ensuring
    energy security for the United States?
        Secretary Granholm. Yes. We have to do--I was mentioning
    before you arrived, I think Senator Hyde-Smith had a similar
    kind of question, which was, we have got to do both research
    and development on next generation, nuclear, advanced, modular,
    et cetera. And we have to make sure that we keep our existing
    fleet operating, because the existing fleet provides such a
    significant part of our clean electricity today. And if we take
    it offline, it is going to be that much more difficult to get
    to the goals of net-zero, as well as 100 percent clean
    electricity.
        In the American Jobs Plan, as you are aware, the clean
    energy standard includes nuclear. And that would be one way to
    help the existing fleets maintain their status. A second thing
    would be to help to subsidize those who are ready to go offline
    so that they stay up. Those are both important, so both
    research for the future, as well as helping the existing
    nuclear fleet. Those are both really important aspects of what
    the clean energy mix must entail.
        Senator Coons. Well, and our national labs are an
    absolutely critical part of doing this R&D. I look forward to
    supporting the appropriations request for the national labs,
    both in nuclear technology, and in clean energy technology,
    more broadly.
        I appreciate the indulgence of the chair, and, very much
    look forward to working with you both. Thank you, Madam
    Secretary.
        Senator Feinstein. Thank you, Senator.
        Senator Hoeven.
        Senator Hoeven. Thank you. Madam Chair. And I am actually,
    Madam Secretary, going to pick up right where Senator Coons
    left off, and that is referencing the Energy Act of 2020. And
    you actually have touched on some of the things in your
    responses to him that I wanted to go into for just a minute.
        That legislation actually included six carbon capture
    projects, including two retrofits of coal-fired plants. You
    have mentioned one, which is the Minnkota Plant and Project
    Tundra, where DOE has already provided, I think, more than $43
    million. The company has put in a lot, and the State of North
    Dakota has put a lot of money in, and they are effectively
    moving forward on large scale carbon capture.
        And so I just want to ask if you support those carbon
    capture demonstration projects, and are committed to seeing
    them through, because it is a huge endeavor, a huge
    undertaking. And in fact, Matt McLennan, the CEO of the
    company, will be here today, because in our Energy Subcommittee
    of the full Energy Committee, he is testifying on carbon
    capture and talking about Project Tundra. Of course, that is
    one of the projects we want to take and show you, you know, in
    August when you come to visit.
        Secretary Granholm. Great, great. Well, yes, I support
    that. The CarbonSAFE (Carbon Storage Assurance Facility
    Enterprise), which is where the demonstration projects come out
    of----
        Senator Hoeven. Yes.
        Secretary Granholm [continuing]. For Fossil Energy and
    Carbon Management, we are asking for a 48 percent increase in
    that budget to be able to continue and further those
    demonstration projects, and add to them. But I will say, you
    know, if we were able to get this funding in the infrastructure
    American Jobs Plan, that there would be a significant more
    funding for carbon capture, which I fully support. And I think
    would be enormously helpful to getting, not just to net-zero,
    but to also making sure that these communities are able to
    continue to function.
        Senator Hoeven. Right. And the key pieces there are, I
    mean, it is the frontend investment, like we are talking with
    CarbonSafe, and Project Tundra, those kinds of things, it is
    the loan guarantees, which you have, and also Rural Utility
    Services have, and then it is enhancements to 45Q and 48A.
        Secretary Granholm. Right.
        Senator Hoeven. So I agree that, very much, we can include
    those things in our infrastructure/energy packages, I think
    that really advances the ball on carbon capture.
        Secretary Granholm. Yes. I agree.
        Senator Hoeven. The other thing is, that you answered,
    could you just talked about, is the CO2. So we have
    projects like we are talking about fossil-based projects, but
    we also have biofuels projects that are stripping
    CO2, and they need these pipelines. For example, in
    North Dakota, we can put the CO2 down hole, but in
    Minnesota, Iowa, South Dakota, you can't because you don't have
    the EPA regulatory regime in place. So they want to build
    pipelines to bring CO2 up to North Dakota, and put
    it down hole. So how do we get more of these pipelines built?
    You know how challenging that is to move CO2.
        Secretary Granholm. Another opportunity to make sure that
    the pipelines for CO2, and I would say pipelines
    eventually for hydrogen are in the infrastructure American Jobs
    Plan that you are negotiating, that too is a huge jobs creator,
    that too provides solutions, and you--obviously North Dakota
    has a unique geology that is----
        Senator Hoeven. Right.
        Senator Hoeven [continuing]. Positioned to be able to take
    a lot of that. And I think it is a big opportunity for the
    State. It is a big opportunity for employment as well.
        Senator Hoeven. Right. I mean, you need the geology.
        Secretary Granholm. Yes.
        Senator Hoeven. You need to have the regulatory and legal
    regime in place. So we are going to have to have those
    pipelines to move that, the CO2.
        Secretary Granholm. Right.
        Senator Hoeven. Thank you, Madam Secretary.
        And then, Dr. Verdon, as far as the, W80-4, and also the
    W87, one of which goes on the LRSO (Long Range Standoff), the
    other which goes on the new GBSD (Ground Based Strategic
    Deterrent). Update me on the schedules. And are you going to be
    able to--are the labs going to be able to keep up? Because, as
    you know, they are developing the rocket systems, the LRSO is
    progressing quite well. Are you going to be on track with the
    warhead piece?
        Dr. Verdon. Right now we are on track with both the W80-4,
    and the W87-1. But we do recognize that we have COVID impacts
    on the 80-4 that we are working with the Air Force, so there is
    no near-term impacts with that, but there could be a schedule
    adjustment, but we have a lot of margin if we have to do that.
    But we haven't reached a final conclusion yet. We are still
    working with external vendors who have--we stay in constant
    contact with about potential delays, and due to COVID issues in
    our institutions, as well as our own. So we are studying that.
    No final answer. But right now everything is on target, and we
    are supporting the services as required.
        Senator Hoeven. Both for the W80-4 and the W87-1?
        Dr. Verdon. For both systems. Yes.
        Senator Hoeven. Okay. Thank you very much. Appreciate it.
    Thank you, Madam Chair.
        Senator Feinstein. Thank you very much. I believe we have
    another round coming. So, Madam Secretary, please bear with us.
    I wanted to talk with you just a little bit about the
    increasing temperatures, the intense heat waves, and western
    wildfires, really becoming very, very dangerous. Last year in
    California, 4 million acres burned, 10,000 structures, 5,000 of
    them homes, burned. And one out of ten wildfire ignitions in
    our State is related to energy equipment. A lot of which, as we
    know, is decades and decades old, and it is big State, 40
    million people, big geography.
        What role do you see micro grids, renewables, and
    distributed power in making power grids more resilient? And I
    don't know what we do about those things that hit them and
    spark fires. And maybe you have some thoughts on that too.
        Secretary Granholm. Well, thank you for that. I think
    microgrids are an important piece of resilience. And so making
    sure that we have them, especially in areas where we know we
    continually see problems with the major distributed system--the
    major system, is important. And our Grid Modernization
    Initiative, a funding that you all have appropriated for that,
    microgrids are a piece of what we are doing. I also think that
    it is really important in States like California, States that
    are above sea level, that we consider undergrounding these
    wires.
        Senator Feinstein. I am sorry. I missed it. That we
    consider a?
        Secretary Granholm. Undergrounding the wires to the extent
    possible. It is expensive to underground transmission wires.
    However, other countries are doing it, we are doing research on
    it. And we are also doing research on how best to identify, in
    these old grids, where the weaknesses are.
        Senator Feinstein. So you think--if we could just have a
    bit of a back and forth.
        Secretary Granholm. Yes.
        Senator Feinstein. If you think a State as big as
    California, geographically, as well as population, can have a
    sufficient new grid structure, I don't see that happening
    statewide for a long time. There may be some of it. So what I
    am looking for are those things that can solve these problems,
    and really prevent fire from happening, if at all possible.
        Secretary Granholm. I agree a hundred percent. And I think
    that microgrids are one piece in some areas. Obviously there is
    not a one-size-fits-all solution for a State like California
    that is so diverse, but you do--you know where the pockets of
    intense fire problem are. And so in those areas, if we could
    look at solutions like microgrids, like undergrounding the
    wires, so that they are not exposed to create those sparks and
    that danger, the solutions like the--there are AI (Artificial
    Intelligence) drones that can identify where the weak spots are
    on the grid that are the most, have the most fire danger. These
    are all things that our Office of Electricity and our labs are
    working on, but we need more investment to make sure that this
    grid is resilient, and particularly targeted to areas where we
    know we have great problems.
        Louisiana, we have got a different kind of problem, right?
    We need to make the grid resilient from hurricanes, we need to
    make the grid resilient in both places. And in Louisiana, in
    New Orleans it is below sea level. So you wouldn't consider
    undergrounding, so a different kind of solution. But the bottom
    line is in the bill that is being negotiated, the American Jobs
    Plan, or the Energy Infrastructure Plan, there is a component
    that has a grid deployment authority that would be under the
    Department of Energy, where we could really target solutions in
    a granular way to areas where we know we have the biggest
    problems, both transmission, capacity, resilience, and I would
    say cyber issues as well. All of them could be, if we
    centralized, at least how these decisions are being made and
    the technologies to help to address them.
        Senator Feinstein. Well, would you be willing to let some
    of your people take a look at our State?
        Secretary Granholm. Oh, yes.
        Senator Feinstein. In terms of the grid structure.
        Secretary Granholm. Absolutely.
        Senator Feinstein. And make some recommendations. Now
    obviously the big problem is cost, and how do you redo an old
    structure that is huge? And I would certainly welcome any help
    that we could get from the Federal Government by way of advice
    and consultation. And so I am taking the opportunity of this
    hearing just to ask if you would be willing to take a look at
    it.
        Secretary Granholm. Of course, absolutely.
        Senator Feinstein. Well, thank you very much. I appreciate
    that?
        Senator.
        Senator Kennedy. Thank you, Madam Chair. Put that up real
    quick.
        Madam Secretary, does the administration support, if you
    know, the Strategic Petroleum Reserve?
        Secretary Granholm. Yes.
        Senator Kennedy. Okay. We have got a lot of vacancies at
    the Strategic Petroleum Reserve. And if you look at the
    website, I know this isn't your--you just got there, but the
    website says this page was last updated on December 15, 2017.
        Secretary Granholm. Oh.
        Senator Kennedy. Could you take a look at that for me?
        Secretary Granholm. Yes. I certainly will.
        Senator Kennedy. My understanding is that they are--they
    are understaffed there. I have watched you, Madam Secretary,
    for years on television, before you became Secretary, and you
    are very intelligent. And even though I don't always agree with
    you, you make very cogent arguments. Does your proposed budget
    include money for geoengineering?
        Secretary Granholm. No.
        Senator Kennedy. How come?
        Secretary Granholm. Well, it has not been a solution that
    we--I am not--I don't think it does. No? No, it does not. I
    think we want to address and mitigate as best we can, adapt
    where we can but we don't have geoengineering as part of our
    budget.
        Senator Kennedy. But if there is--I mean, geoengineering,
    my understanding of it, it is global cooling. There are things
    we can do to cool the earth that had--based on science. And
    cloud whitening, for example, that is just one--I mean, it
    would just seem to me, and there is a whole science out there.
    There is a lot of private dollars in R&D being spent on
    geoengineering. And if there is a way to cool the earth
    without, let's say, destroying the fossil fuel industry, why
    wouldn't we want to pursue that, if the objective is to reduce
    temperatures?
        Secretary Granholm. We are interested in all kinds of
    technologies to be able to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and
    to reduce our warming. But I will say, and I wanted to say this
    to you when you had the first engagement with me, that this
    administration is interested in carbon capture use and
    sequestration, is interested in hydrogen, is interested in
    direct air capture, and is interested in controlling or
    managing the emissions off of fossil fuels. So I just want you
    to understand that we are there with you on that.
        Senator Kennedy. Yes. And I know, you are being truthful
    and accurate, but there are a lot of members of the
    administration, I think, that don't see the climate as a
    discrete scientific problem, they see it as a religion, and
    they see it as a vehicle through which they can remake American
    society. And I think they are approaching the issue with more
    zeal than wisdom.
        I believe in metrics, I believe in the prudent allocation
    of scarce resources. You know what I am talking about.
    Governors have to balance their budgets. And I believe in
    metrics, and if we are going to spend, I don't know how many
    squillion dollars the President lately wants to spend on--that
    we don't have even 5 percent of--on the environment. And I
    believe in the environment, we all do. We all want clean air
    and bright water, but at some point you have to ask--you have
    to judge the expenditure of taxpayer dollars with metrics.
        And what I worry about is that we are going to turn the
    American economy upside down. We are going to turn a lot of
    American lives upside down. We are going to make them a bunch
    of promises, just like we made them with--made them promises
    with globalization. ``Don't worry. Your life will be better.''
    And think about that when you are in the unemployment line.
    That is what we tell a lot of Americans.
        That we are going to do this without a big picture in terms
    of where we are going to end up. Toward that end, let me ask
    you this question. If you know, and maybe the Under Secretary
    knows if you don't, because I know you can't know everything.
    Tell me five concrete steps that India is taking today to
    reduce its CO2 emissions.
        Secretary Granholm. Well, I know--I mean, India is looking
    at wind, looking at solar, looking at hydrogen, looking at
    carbon capture, and is trying to replace its coal with natural
    gas.
        Senator Kennedy. I know they are looking at all that stuff.
    President Xi, says they are looking at it too, as he
    continually builds----
        Secretary Granholm. I know they are deploying--excuse me
    for a minute. I don't mean to interrupt you.
        Senator Kennedy. That is okay.
        Secretary Granholm. But they are deploying those methods,
    including distributed strategies, like we were discussing where
    they don't have to have the grid, but some kind of distributed
    microgrid.
        Senator Kennedy. How much money did Modi spend last year in
    India?
        Secretary Granholm. I don't know.
        Senator Kennedy. To reduce CO2 emissions?
        Secretary Granholm. I don't know, sir. I don't know the
    answer to that.
        Senator Kennedy. Okay. It was under a billion, was not it?
        Secretary Granholm. I don't know the answer.
        Senator Kennedy. Okay. What you do is what you believe,
    everything else is just conversation. And, that is what worries
    me about this whole approach. Of course, President Xi, and Mr.
    Modi are going to say the right things. But you have to judge
    people by what they do. And I asked our EPA Administrator a few
    weeks--a few months ago, maybe weeks ago, time kind of runs
    together; I said, if we pass the President's infrastructure
    bill, only 5 percent of which is true traditional
    infrastructure, the rest is the Green New Deal and other
    things. How much is it going to reduce CO2 emissions
    in the world?
        And he couldn't answer that question. So we are going to
    spend, you know, how many trillions of dollars, and we don't
    know what the end game is. That is my problem.
        Secretary Granholm. Yes. We spent, I believe, $90 billion
    last year, cleaning up after these extreme weather events.
        Senator Kennedy. Mm-hmm.
        Secretary Granholm. So if we don't take action, it will be
    far more expensive as these events escalate. I would also say
    that there is a $23 trillion global market for the products
    that reduce CO2 emissions, $23 trillion.
        Senator Kennedy. Right.
        Secretary Granholm. And the question is, are we going to
    take advantage of that? Can we create economic opportunity for
    the people who work in the fossil fuel industry to be able to
    create energy 2.0?
        Senator Kennedy. Yes.
        Secretary Granholm. By managing the emissions.
        Senator Kennedy. And look. You made very good points, but
    here is my point. I am going to say it again, President Biden,
    what is the latest cost of his infrastructure bill, $2.5
    trillion?
        Secretary Granholm. $1.3, I think, is what we are
    negotiating.
        Senator Kennedy. Let's call it $2 trillion, to be fair.
    President Biden says, spend $2 trillion, a big chunk of that is
    the Green New Deal, and my question is very simple: If we spend
    this money to reduce CO2 emissions, how much is
    going to be reduced worldwide? Doesn't matter in the United
    States, it matters the world wide. And we don't have an answer
    to that.
        Secretary Granholm. The entire world has signed on to the
    agreement in the----
        Senator Kennedy. The entire world is not spending $2
    trillion.
        Secretary Granholm. The entire world is spending more than
    that.
        Senator Kennedy. But the entire world is not--most of this
    is lip service. You and I both know it.
        Secretary Granholm. Well, that is not what we are seeing. I
    agree that we have to verify, and that we have to make sure
    that people are living up to their commitments. And that is
    what these agreements are all about. But I understand your
    skepticism because you have to verify.
        Senator Kennedy. Yes, ma'am. And what I have verified is,
    that we are being asked to spend $2 trillion. And the world's
    biggest emitter of CO2 is China, third biggest is
    India and their attitude seems to be: Go get them. We will hold
    your coat while you do that. Meanwhile, President Xi keeps
    building power plants fueled by coal. And he has been known to
    reside on the scarce side of being honest.
        I went way over. I am in big trouble. I am sorry.
        Senator Feinstein. Thank you very much.
        Madam Secretary, I want to thank you for your forbearance.
    I want to just ask one thing that perhaps we might be able to
    talk about a little bit, and that is the $2.6 billion in
    funding for the ARPA-E (Advanced Research Projects Agency--
    Energy) area, and included in the budget is a new request for
    another ARPA focused on climate. And it is unclear exactly how
    that would work and why it is needed. And so I just like to put
    that on your agenda. I am very interested in what the answer
    is, and if I could get that answer, I would appreciate it very
    much.
        Secretary Granholm. Yes. Just briefly, there is $200
    million in our budget for this proposed ARPA-C (Advanced
    Research Projects Agency--Climate), and $300 million in other
    agencies. There are six other agencies that would be involved.
    So it would be a cross-departmental effort, housed at DOE in
    partnership with ARPA-E, but the C part means that they would
    be looking at technologies that impact climate, that are not
    necessarily energy.
        So, for example, the items that we were discussing about
    how to identify ways to mitigate wildfires, how to make
    communities more resilient, and the technologies associated
    with that, that is what ARPA-C would be looking at, in
    partnership with ARPA-E. We want to negotiate this and work on
    it with Congress, with the Senate, and the House. And it could
    be that there is a dotted line to both, so that they work in
    tandem with one another, because obviously they are related.
    But the C part, as we are seeing on a regular basis, is really
    necessary given the increasing amount of these energy events.
        Senator Feinstein. Well, let me just say thank you for
    that. Perhaps we could meet, and with some of your staff,
    develop that a little bit further. I am very worried about what
    the weather brings for the West Coast.
        Secretary Granholm. Yes.
        Senator Feinstein. And obviously, particularly the biggest
    State there, and 40 million people, and a lot of old
    infrastructure, very little of which in this area is new, I
    find. What do we do for the future? So that is long range. And
    I would not ask you to respond to that now, but if you would
    ask your people to look at that, and if we could have a meeting
    and discuss it, I would be very grateful.
        Secretary Granholm. Great. You got it.
        Senator Feinstein. Thank you. And thank you for being here;
    and your staff as well.

                         ADDITIONAL COMMITTEE QUESTIONS

        The hearing record will remain open for 10 days. Senators
    may submit additional information or questions for the record
    within that time, if they would like. And the subcommittee
    requests that all responses to questions for the record be
    provided within 30 days of receipt.
        [The following questions were not asked at the hearing, but
    were submitted to the Department for response subsequent to the
    hearing:]
                 Questions Submitted to Hon. Jennifer Granholm
                  Questions Submitted by Senator John Kennedy
               renewable fuel standard//small refinery exemptions
        Question. There is growing bipartisan consensus that the Renewable
    Fuel Standard (RFS) is broken. The 2005 law mandates an increasing
    percentage of transportation fuel be renewables, but as fuel economy
    drastically improved and refiners ran into the ``blend wall'' the
    mandates became untenable.
        As part of the RFS, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
    assigns refiners annual quotas for ethanol they must blend into
    gasoline or diesel fuel. The businesses get tradeable credits known as
    renewable identification numbers (RINs) for each gallon of renewable
    fuel. Those that don't meet their quotas have to buy RINs from other
    parties to comply.
        Ethanol RINs alone this year have hit their highest price in
    program history nearing $2 a gallon. Gasoline across the country is
    hitting 6-year highs and this is in no small part due to the broken
    RFS.
        It is estimated the ethanol mandate is adding about 30 cents a
    gallon to the cost of gas--Federal gas tax is 18.4 cents. In fact, many
    small and independent refiners --refiners that support vital east coast
    and rural Midwest markets-- spend more on compliance and RINs credits
    than on payroll, electricity and utilities.
        What is the Department of Energy doing to address the skyrocketing
    compliance costs associated with the RFS?
        Answer. DOE supports research in the production of renewable fuels
    to lower the cost of the ethanol and biodiesel that is blended into the
    transportation fuel pool.
        Additionally, DOE consults with EPA in determining which small
    refineries qualify for hardship relief through small refinery
    exemptions (SREs). SREs can influence the Renewable Identification
    Number (RIN) price and therefore the cost of compliance for refineries.
        DOE works with EPA to provide technical input into their efforts to
    set the renewable volume obligations (RVO). Mandated renewable fuel
    blending volumes should be achievable by the refining industry and
    continue to support renewable fuel producers.
        Question. Is the Department of Energy concerned that the volatile
    RIN market is forcing the closure of refineries that are vital to
    getting fuel to markets?
        Answer. RIN price volatility adds to the difficulty refineries have
    in controlling their RIN costs. The rising price of RINs has increased
    purchase cost of RINs for both small and large refineries.
        Question. Will the Department of Energy commit to working with the
    Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency to reign in the
    cost of RINs?
        Answer. DOE is committed to working with the EPA Administrator and
    staff to use the tools we have available to ensure that the price of
    RINs is fair and equitable both to refiners and bio-fuel producers.
        The RFS allows small refineries to receive an exemption from the
    RFS, if they can prove compliance would subject them to
    disproportionate economic hardship. There is no statutory definition
    for disproportionate economic hardship, and a small refinery may apply
    for an exemption at any time. When deciding whether to grant an
    exemption, EPA is to consult with the Secretary of Energy.
        Question. Now that the Supreme Court has affirmed the fact that
    small refineries may receive extensions of their RFS exemptions even if
    their earlier exemptions had lapsed, will the Department of Energy
    commit to supporting small refineries showing hardship?
        Answer. EPA is required by the Clean Air Act, as amended, to
    consult with DOE on small refinery exemption petitions. Additionally,
    DOE was required to provide EPA a study to determine whether compliance
    with the requirements of the Renewable Fuel Program would impose a
    disproportionate economic hardship on small refineries.
        DOE prepared a February 2009 Small Refinery Exemption Study and a
    subsequent March 2011 Small Refinery Exemption Study (2011 Study),
    which is the basis for determining disproportionate economic hardship,
    as required by statute. EPA uses the DOE's findings based on the
    metrics set forth in the 2011 Study in adjudicating the small refinery
    petition. DOE is committed to continue to provide EPA the findings from
    its disproportionate economic hardship analysis, as contemplated by the
    Clean Air Act, in the future.
        Question. The hack and subsequent shutdown of the Colonial Pipeline
    highlighted the importance of regional refining capacity. A number of
    refineries have shut down over the past few years with many of those
    directly reporting compliance costs associated with the RFS as being a
    leading factor in their shuttering. Does the dwindling refinery
    capacity as a result of the RFS concern the Department of Energy?
        Answer. In January 2020, ethanol RIN prices were below 20 cents per
    RIN. By March 2021, ethanol RIN prices increased to about $2.00 per
    RIN, greatly increasing RFS compliance costs. During the COVID-19
    pandemic, refineries faced high RIN prices as well as reduced gasoline
    and diesel demands. This placed financial stress on the refining
    industry due to lower refining margins and higher than usual RFS costs.
        Question. As the average lifespan of a vehicle in the United States
    is anywhere from 13-17 years, in addition to a recent Energy
    Information Administration (EIA) report indicating a year-to-year
    gasoline reduction of 14 percent, what is the Department doing to work
    with the EPA on making sure American vehicles are protected from
    increasing renewable fuel mandates?
        Answer. DOE works with EPA on setting the renewable volume
    obligations (RVO) for the current year as well as in setting the RVO
    for future years (2023 and beyond, when Congress has not set renewable
    fuel mandates). DOE works with EPA with the aim that the RVOs and
    renewable mandates that EPA recommends are achievable by the refining
    industry, provide appropriate fuel for the Nation's transportation
    fleet, and support renewable fuel producers per the original intent of
    the statute.
                                     ______

                Questions Submitted by Senator Susan M. Collins
                                 energy storage
        Question. I appreciate for the conversations we have had regarding
    the importance of energy storage research and innovation and was
    pleased to see that the Department's budget request includes funding
    for a multi-year series of competitive solicitations to conduct
    technology neutral commercial-scale energy storage demonstration
    projects.
        As you and I have previously discussed, my legislation to support
    energy storage research and development--the Better Energy Storage
    Technology, or BEST, Act--became law in December 2020 and authorized
    three commercial-scale energy storage demonstration projects. While I
    understand funding is critical to get these demonstration projects
    going, it is important that the Department has the necessary
    infrastructure to solicit proposals once the funding is available.
        What actions has the Department taken to ensure that when the
    funding is available that the energy storage demonstration projects
    will be able to get off the ground as quickly as possible?
        Answer. The Department of Energy (DOE) continues to conduct
    stakeholder outreach to better understand technology readiness and
    where energy storage demonstration projects would be most beneficial.
    These efforts have been undertaken in close collaboration with the
    Office of Electricity (OE) and Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
    (EERE), as well as other offices with a role in the demonstration and
    commercialization of energy storage. For example, DOE, via Sandia
    National Laboratories, hosted a ``Priorities and Pathways to Long-
    Duration Energy Storage'' workshop on March 9-10, 2021. Via Pacific
    Northwest National Laboratory, DOE hosted an ``Energy Storage for
    Social Equity Roundtable'' on June 28-29, 2021.
        DOE has also conducted energy storage workshops with utility
    regulators, including those from New Jersey, Iowa, Utah, Maryland,
    Nevada, New Mexico, Michigan, Wisconsin, and the New England Conference
    of Public Utility Commissioners. In addition, on July 14, 2021, DOE
    announced the second target within DOE's Energy Earthshots Initiative,
    ``Long Duration Storage Shot,'' which sets the goal to reduce grid
    storage costs by 90 percent for systems that deliver 10 or more hours
    of long duration energy storage by 2030. Finally, the fiscal year 2022
    Budget Request proposes new funding opportunities in OE, EERE, and the
    new Office of Clean Energy Demonstration.
                                 cybersecurity
        Question. I appreciate your response to the letter I sent with
    Senator Risch and others regarding the Office of Cybersecurity, Energy
    Security, and Emergency Response (CESER). As you are well aware, our
    adversaries are seeking to access and undermine our critical
    infrastructure, including our electric grid. The Colonial Pipeline
    cyber-attack by Russian-based hackers was one in a serious of
    significant cyber operations against our country this year. Foreign
    cyber operations against critical infrastructure, however, have been an
    ongoing problem. Russia's cyber-attacks against Ukraine's power grid in
    2015 and 2016 are an example.
        Given the cyber-attacks that have occurred this year, what is the
    Department of Energy doing to strengthen cybersecurity through CESER
    across our country's critical energy infrastructure and national labs?
        Answer. The Department of Energy (DOE)'s fiscal year 2022 Budget
    Request proposes to invest $201 million in the Office of Cybersecurity,
    Energy Security, and Emergency Response (CESER). As the office
    responsible for executing DOE's Sector Risk Management Agency and
    Emergency Support Function #12--Energy responsibilities, CESER works
    closely with energy sector partners and across all levels of government
    to prepare for and respond to growing and evolving cyber threats and
    attacks to U.S. energy infrastructure.
        The fiscal year 2022 Budget Request will strengthen CESER's ability
    to execute its energy and national security mission by enhancing the
    office's risk management, situational awareness and emergency response
    capabilities. Specifically, the fiscal year 2022 Budget Request will
    advance policies, technologies, and initiatives, including work with
    DOE national labs, to increase the visibility of physical and cyber
    threats in the operational technology environment, mature the
    cybersecurity supply chain, and support exercises and partnerships with
    states and other public and private sector organizations that will
    bolster the nation's energy security and resilience.
        CESER will also lead crosscutting cyber-R&D and ensure that
    cybersecurity is incorporated into the research and development
    activities for all of DOE's technology program offices.
                                 offshore wind
        Question. In 2020 alone, Europe added 2,918 megawatts of offshore
    wind power, bringing their total offshore wind capacity to more than
    25,000 megawatts. By comparison, only 30 megawatts of offshore wind has
    been installed in the U.S. I am pleased the Department is making
    offshore wind development a priority, with the goal of deploying 30,000
    megawatts of offshore wind by 2030, and has already acted on this
    commitment through recent approvals for offshore wind projects located
    off the costs of New York and New Jersey.
        A world-class consortium, led by the University of Maine, is
    pioneering a new era of energy independence by harnessing powerful
    deepwater offshore winds in the U.S. through one of DOE's offshore wind
    demonstration projects. When installed, Aqua Ventus will deploy the
    nation's first floating, deepwater offshore wind turbines off the coast
    of Maine. In my state alone, the offshore wind industry has the
    potential to support an annual average of more than 2,000 jobs through
    2030.
        Given UMaine's demonstration project, I encourage the Department to
    focus on floating deepwater offshore wind turbines technology, in
    addition to conventional offshore wind.
        How is the department prioritizing the advancement of domestic,
    innovative clean energy technologies through R&D, specifically in the
    deepwater, floating offshore wind space?
        Answer. The President's Fiscal Year 2022 Budget Request proposes an
    increase in funding level for the Wind Energy Technologies Office's
    (WETO) Offshore Wind subprogram that reflects the prioritization of
    research, development, demonstration, and deployment (RDD&D)
    innovations to drive U.S. offshore installations to contribute to the
    achievement of the Administration's goals of 100 percent clean
    electricity by 2035 and a net-zero carbon economy by 2050.
        Targeted funding will support a wide range of RDD&D activities,
    specifically including a focus on:
      --Innovative offshore wind environmental and siting solutions.
      --Cost-effective offshore wind floating platform design development.
      --Domestic offshore wind advanced manufacturing, supply chain
            development, and recycling.
      --Offshore wind storage hybrids and hydrogen production.
      --Acceleration of cost reductions to offshore wind system
            manufacturing, installation, and operations through technology
            innovations and industrialization.
                             advanced manufacturing
        Question. Advanced composite materials and manufacturing methods,
    including large-scale additive manufacturing and the manufacturing of
    bio-based composites, have the potential to revolutionize our
    manufacturing sector.
        Starting in fiscal year 2019, DOE awarded $20 million in funding to
    support an innovative collaboration between the University of Maine and
    Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Through this partnership, the University
    of Maine has secured the world's largest 3D printer and recently
    printed the world's largest 3D-printed boat at 25-feet, 5,000-pounds.
    According to Habib Dagher, executive director of UMaine's Advanced
    Structures and Composites Center, UMaine hopes to print with 50 percent
    wood products at 500 pounds per hour, producing materials with
    properties similar to aluminum. This ongoing initiative between UMaine
    and ORNL will provide needed opportunities and support job growth in
    the forest products, manufacturing, composites, wind, and boatbuilding
    industries.
        Would you elaborate on how the Department plans to maintain and
    foster these research collaborations between the National Labs and
    universities that will help us maintain American leadership in advanced
    manufacturing?
        Answer. DOE continues to support the innovative collaboration
    between the University of Maine and Oak Ridge National Laboratory to
    deliver novel, low-cost, low-impact bio- based materials for 3D
    printing and other applications. The partnership fosters accelerated
    place-based innovation and collaborative research by linking two
    regional centers of industrial and research expertise together to solve
    shared technical problems and accelerate research and development.
        Current and future research focus areas include: reducing cost and
    energy of cellulosic material refinement methods, development of next-
    generation large-format deposition strategies to achieve 500 lbs. per
    hour deposition, development of advanced molecular dynamic modeling and
    other simulation tools, and targeted technical demonstrations for high
    impact applications in wind, buildings, and marine applications. In
    addition to these long-term projects, the partnership allows for direct
    and fast industrial engagement through short, targeted research
    projects that support the technical portfolio.
                                     ______

                  Questions Submitted by Senator Bill Hagerty
        Question. Nuclear power accounts for 60 percent of the U.S. carbon-
    free electricity and nuclear power plays an important role in providing
    clean, cheap, and reliable power, especially for important national
    security facilities.
        However, the cost to build and operate today's large nuclear
    reactors is too high. Advanced reactors have the potential to be
    smaller, cost less, produce less waste, and be safer than today's
    reactors. The Department of Energy currently operates an important
    program that allows the Department to partner with industry to build
    two advanced reactors in the next 7 years. While this investment is
    important, one of the crucial aspects that has been overlooked by the
    two existing projects is a partnership with a utility. As the future
    owner-operator of new nuclear plants, utilities will be critical in
    deciding which technology design has the highest chance of success to
    actually be deployed onto the electrical grid and ultimately supplied
    to customers. The Tennessee Valley Authority currently has the only
    Nuclear Regulatory Commission early site permit for a Small Modular
    Reactor.
        Secretary Granholm, can you provide an update on the two Advanced
    Reactor Demonstration Projects currently ongoing at the Department of
    Energy? Are you concerned about them meeting the required seven-year
    time window given that neither has an NRC Early Site Permit, which as I
    understand means they have about 2 years' worth of work compared to
    sites which currently hold that permit?
        Answer. The Office of Nuclear Energy (NE) has completed
    negotiations and finalized awards to both of the selected Advanced
    Reactor Demonstration Project (ARDP) demonstration awardees; the X-
    energy Xe-100 high temperature gas reactor and the TerraPower Natrium
    sodium-cooled fast reactor. NE is now actively supporting and
    overseeing the Federal investment in these projects. While it is still
    early in the project lifecycles, the two lead companies are already
    making significant progress in the design, engineering, and licensing
    of these important technologies and have met initial scheduled
    milestones established within their respective awards.
        The seven-year timeline to commercial demonstration established by
    Congress is very ambitious. To ensure that we selected the
    demonstration applicants best prepared to meet the program goal, the
    Department considered a range of views by subject matter experts
    experienced in the licensing and operation of nuclear plants in our
    evaluation process. The Department also entered into an agreement with
    the Nuclear Regulatory Commission to obtain their independent expertise
    and consultation on licensing options and pathways, including
    feasibility of advanced reactor licensing timing and schedules. While
    an Early Site Permit provides a schedule advantage in licensing a
    reactor demonstration, it should be noted that the ARDP demonstration
    project selection process considered many factors besides licensing,
    including technology innovation, design diversity, and capabilities
    that exceed that of the existing fleet, as well as potential for future
    sales and fleet-level deployment.
        Question. Secretary Granholm, have you considered partnering
    directly with a utility with experience building and operating nuclear
    reactors, as your Department works to increase opportunities for new
    nuclear deployment? What would be the central factors of that
    consideration?
        Answer. Initial demonstration projects under the Department's
    Advanced Reactor Demonstration Program (ARDP) are being executed via a
    Funding Opportunity Announcement that solicited project proposals that
    could potentially result in the commercial operation of the reactor in
    five to 7 years.
        The merit review and selection process employed to evaluate
    proposals included an assessment of the applicant's ability to meet
    specific criteria such as the technical feasibility and likelihood that
    the demonstration reactor could be designed, licensed, constructed, and
    operational within the seven-year window, the robustness of the
    applicant's project management processes, the affordability of the
    design and competitiveness in the commercial market, and the technical
    abilities, qualifications and commitment of the project team.
    Applicants generally teamed with architect and engineering firms and
    utilities that had experience in the construction of nuclear reactors.
    The ultimate demonstration selections under the ARDP were made based on
    a combined scoring of all the above factors.
                                     ______

                  Questions Submitted by Senator Patrick Leahy
        Question. In some areas of Vermont, vermiculite affects 10 percent
    of households eligible for the Weatherization Assistance Program (WAP).
    The fiscal year 2018 and fiscal year 2019 appropriations bills included
    language directing the Department of Energy to make $500,000 available
    to current WAP grant recipients via the Weatherization Innovation Pilot
    Program to develop and implement strategies to treat harmful
    substances, including vermiculite. The set-aside for this work
    increased to $1,000,000 in the fiscal year 2020 and fiscal year 2021
    bills. It is my understanding that much of this money has been spent on
    developing strategies to remediate vermiculite, rather than the
    implementation of those strategies.
        Please provide the details of how the Department of Energy has
    issued this money to current Weatherization Assistance Program
    recipients specifically to implement solutions, rather than develop
    those solutions.
        Answer. DOE's approach to addressing vermiculite was discussed with
    Senate Energy and Water Subcommittee staff in July of 2018. DOE has
    tasked the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) to perform a field
    study to measure the effects of current approaches used by Grantees and
    Subgrantees to weatherize homes with vermiculite insulation. The study,
    which is currently on-going, will include research elements that will
    identify any mitigating actions that may be applicable in performing
    such retrofits.
        DOE's Weatherization Assistance Program (WAP) envisions the project
    will monitor 50-100 dwellings from 3-5 Grantees, including Vermont's
    (VT) Department for Children and Family's (DCF). Indoor quality testing
    will be done both before and after weatherization activities are
    performed, and any homes that require asbestos or vermiculite
    mitigation will receive it. VT's DCF has agreed to participate in the
    ORNL project to help ORNL better assess current approaches to
    remediating vermiculite in homes, and ORNL will issue contracts
    directly to the Subgrantees, in concert with the VT WAP.
        This field study is focused on data collection that includes, house
    occupant and weatherization worker exposures to asbestos before,
    during, and after the weatherization of the houses containing
    vermiculite insulation using four identified approaches:
      --Weatherizing the house as normal after testing reveals that the
            vermiculite insulation contains less than 1 percent asbestos by
            weight.
      --Avoiding areas of the house where vermiculite insulation is
            installed and weatherizing the remaining areas of the house as
            normal.
      --Blowing cellulose or other insulation over the existing vermiculite
            insulation.
      --Weatherizing the areas of the house where vermiculite insulation is
            installed using unique/alternative approaches developed
            specifically for that house.
        Completed activities to date for the field study:
      --Initial interview of Grantees and identification of approaches
            being taken by various states, narrowing down the Grantees of
            interest based on their approaches
      --Development of the detailed Experimental Plan and its iterative
            improvement
      --Identification of necessary equipment, sampling procedures, and
            analytical methods
      --Environmental Protection Agency Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response
            Act- certified asbestos sampling training of project Principle
            Investigator
      --Communication and discussions of the Experimental Plan with
            Weatherization Grantees (States) and Subgrantees (private non-
            profits and local units of government)
      --Institutional Review Board (IRB) review completion.
        Currently, the project is 6-8 months behind schedule based on the
    submitted 2020 Experimental Plan. This is due to two factors. First,
    the IRB full board review required several modifications to the
    procedures outline in the Experimental Plan. Moreover, the 2019 novel
    coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2, or COVID-19) pandemic has also delayed
    progress in moving forward due to the stoppage of weatherization work
    at the beginning of the pandemic.
        The remaining tasks to complete the study and their expected
    deadlines are:
      --Identify subcontractors formally and implement a bidding process
        --Completion by late September 2021
      --Subcontracting with asbestos sampling firms or contractors,
            Subgrantees, and analytical laboratories
        --Completion by November 2021
      --Training of subcontractors based on the standard operating
            procedures developed for the study
        --Completion by December 2021
      --Data collection
        --Completion by December 2022
      --Sample analysis
        --Completion by June 2023
      --Final Report
        --Completion by September 2023
        Question. How does the Department of Energy plan to build off of
    the vermiculite remediation strategies it has developed to directly
    assist homeowners seeking assistance through state Weatherization
    Assistance Programs?
        Answer. Once the field study referenced above is finalized, Oak
    Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) will issue a final report on the
    effects of Grantees' current approaches on weatherized dwellings
    containing vermiculite. The study results will be used by DOE to
    develop additional guidance on existing and potential strategies
    identified during the process to address asbestos contamination in
    vermiculite insulation (i.e., how to better approach and complete
    weatherization of dwellings with vermiculite insulation, including
    precautions needed, avoidance criteria, etc.). Appropriations bills
    from fiscal year 2018 to fiscal year 2021 have included report language
    encouraging the Department of Energy, while administering the Clean
    Cities program, to prioritize projects in States where the
    transportation sector is responsible for a higher percentage of the
    State's total energy consumption and is its largest source of
    greenhouse gases. This emphasis is particularly important for rural
    states like Vermont, where transportation accounts for nearly 40
    percent of total emissions--almost 10 percent more than the national
    average--and where progress on vehicle emissions reduction provides a
    significant opportunity to achieve State and national climate goals.
        Question. Can you provide an update on how the Department
    prioritizes projects within Clean Cities, and whether recent funding
    cycles have emphasized States with higher transportation sector fuel
    consumption and emissions?
        Answer. Clean Cities competitive funding opportunities are designed
    to implement and facilitate education, outreach, and training projects
    focused on helping to accelerate the adoption of alternative fuels and
    other advanced vehicle technologies. Funding applications for
    deployment projects include scoring criteria that address impacts on
    fuel consumption and emissions. In addition, a national network of more
    than 75 active coalitions covering nearly every state and 80 percent of
    the U.S. population, brings together stakeholders in the public and
    private sectors to use alternative and renewable fuels, idle-reduction
    (IR) measures, fuel economy improvements, and new transportation
    technologies as they emerge.
        In 2019 these collective efforts resulted in a cumulative impact in
    energy use equal to 1 billion gasoline gallon equivalents and prevented
    nearly five million carbon dioxide equivalent tons of emissions. An
    analysis of the eight states where transportation accounts for 50
    percent or more of emissions shows that for fiscal year 2018-fiscal
    year 2020, there have been 30 Clean Cities projects funded in those
    states representing $22 million of Federal funding. Projects seeking
    funding for fiscal year 2021 are currently being reviewed.
        Appropriations bills from fiscal year 2018 to fiscal year 2021 have
    included report language encouraging the Department of Energy, while
    administering the Clean Cities program, to prioritize projects in
    States where the transportation sector is responsible for a higher
    percentage of the State's total energy consumption and is its largest
    source of greenhouse gases. This emphasis is particularly important for
    rural states like Vermont, where transportation accounts for nearly 40
    percent of total emissions--almost 10 percent more than the national
    average--and where progress on vehicle emissions reduction provides a
    significant opportunity to achieve State and national climate goals.
        I appreciate your focus and commitment to achieving widespread
    national deployment of electric vehicles (EVs) as a cornerstone of the
    President's climate agenda, represented in both the fiscal year 2022
    budget request and in the Bipartisan Infrastructure Bill. In some parts
    of the country where colder temperatures reduce battery range, many
    buyers are apprehensive about purchasing an EV as their primary mode of
    transportation, even as the costs of EVs continue to decrease and
    become more accessible. Particularly in largely rural and car-dependent
    communities, like those in Vermont, reduced battery range during the
    winter poses a significant obstacle for many drivers. Importantly, EV
    charging infrastructure is especially critical to facilitate EV
    adoption in these areas. I am also concerned that a lack of
    standardization in EV charging technology across the sector--including
    unique and proprietary features--remain an obstacle for widespread
    adoption and deployment.
        Question. How will the Department of Energy work with other
    Departments and agencies to ensure that EV charging infrastructure
    funding is appropriately disbursed geographically to allow the most
    car-dependent communities--specifically in colder and rural areas--to
    transition to zero emission transportation?
        Answer. The Department will work with other Federal agencies and
    state offices to ensure that Federal EV charging funding is disbursed
    equitably and across the entire nation to provide access to convenient
    charging to all Americans based on nationwide detailed analyses of
    charging needs and infrastructure placement and on roadmaps built in
    coordination with local stakeholders. A national charging system will
    need to include high-power charging along highways and a combination of
    low and high-power charging in communities to ensure equitable access
    to EV charging for residents who do not have access to private
    charging. This includes investing in workplace charging, curbside
    charging, and public-access locations such as transportation hubs,
    commercial destinations, libraries, and government buildings.
        The department is also studying how to address barriers to
    installing EV charging for residents of multi-family housing through
    innovative charging and management technology, outreach and education
    efforts targeting developers and property managers, and finance models.
    Ensuring equitable access to charging for rural communities will
    require coordination with utilities on electric service capacity and
    demand charges as well as investments in distributed energy resources.
    These are all areas the department will work on as it seeks to expand
    EV charging for all Americans.
        Question. As the Biden administration works to achieve its goal of
    500,000 EV charging stations across the country by 2030, what efforts
    are underway to encourage industry standardization of charging
    infrastructure and systems to ensure access for all communities and
    widespread adoption?
        Answer. The Department believes a seamless charging experience for
    all electric vehicle (EV) users and effectively integrating EV charging
    with the grid will be important for the success of EVs. This requires
    physical interoperability, accessible payment, and open data protocols
    both to provide station data to users and for back-end communication
    between the charging equipment, network operators, and the electric
    utilities. We are ready to work with other agencies and industries to
    develop solutions tackling all these elements. On physical
    interoperability, in particular, we recognize the challenges that are
    created by the existence of two EV Direct Current Fast Charger (DCFC)
    connector standards, SAE Combined Charging System (CCS) and CHAdeMO (a
    charging standard for EVs), and one non-standardized, proprietary
    connect, Tesla. Tesla has not announced specifics yet. At this point,
    DOE would still stress a seamless and interoperable charging
    environment and it's possible that the Supercharger network could
    provide this in the future.
        Today, in the United States the automakers selling EVs using non-
    proprietary connectors are converging on the use of the CCS connector
    and the non-proprietary charging networks are predominantly installing
    DCFC with CCS connectors, with only a small number of CHAdeMO equipped
    DCFC to support legacy CHAdeMO EVs. While these advances are
    encouraging, physical interoperability is only one element and the
    Department will be working with EV stakeholders to develop a National
    EV Charging Technical Roadmap to identify the key system enablers and
    technologies that will allow for a reliable, resilient, and convenient
    charging network that will support the widespread adoption of EVs in
    all communities.
                                     ______

                   Questions Submitted to Dr. Charles Verdon
                  Questions Submitted by Senator Bill Hagerty
        Question. The Uranium Processing Facility in Tennessee is one of
    the Federal Government's largest construction projects. Over the past 7
    years, this Subcommittee has provided significant funding for this
    project, including $750 million in fiscal year 2021.
        The President's budget proposes $524 million to continue
    construction of the Uranium Processing Facility. However, I understand
    that $620 million is needed to keep this project on schedule.
        Dr. Verdon, is the Uranium Processing Facility still on track to be
    completed by 2025 at a cost of no more than $6.5 billion?
        Answer. NNSA completed an independent review the week of February
    22-25, 2021, which identified that the staffing and material
    improvements over the past 6 months have been insufficient to maintain
    a December 2025 completion date. However, multiple opportunities exist
    over the next 4 years to improve schedule performance and potentially
    complete on-time. Since that review, NNSA has increased staffing and
    material deliveries and appears to have improved performance, making
    the December 2025 completion date and the total project cost
    potentially more attainable. We believe that available carryover and
    the $524 million in the President's Budget will address planned work in
    fiscal year 2022.
        Question. Dr. Verdon, has the pandemic had an effect on
    construction and on-budget ability to finish this project?
        Answer. UPF project construction continued throughout the COVID-19
    pandemic, and suppliers were notified that their deliveries to the UPF
    project were part of NNSA's critical infrastructure work and should
    continue. Additionally, enhanced cleaning, staggered shifts, masks, and
    an increase in the bus fleet used to transport personnel to the job
    site limited the overall impact to UPF construction.
        The project continues to take mitigation measures as some
    deliveries have been impacted, and construction execution experienced
    some decrease in efficiency at peak COVID cases during the past holiday
    season.
        It is too early to determine COVID cost impacts as we are still
    operating with pandemic related protocols.
        Question. Dr. Verdon, what lessons have we learned from the Uranium
    Processing Facility that are being applied to the other big
    construction project at the Department of Energy? Specifically, the
    Lithium Processing Facility--another multi-billion-dollar construction
    project slated to begin at Y-12.
        Answer. NNSA will continue to use lessons learned from UPF and our
    entire portfolio to improve early project planning and requirements
    development. For example, NNSA recently started assigning project
    directors immediately after Analysis of Alternatives are complete. NNSA
    also will institute a rigorous change control program to limit scope
    growth.
        NNSA's fiscal year 2022 budget request also asks for appropriate
    staff to ensure that NNSA has the right numbers of qualified
    acquisition and project management specialists to oversee our growing
    portfolio. Finally, NNSA will complete designs before baselining,
    procure long lead materials as early as practicable to optimize cost
    and schedule performance, and break large projects into subprojects to
    better manage scope.
                             conclusion of hearings
        Senator Feinstein. So, Madam Secretary, it is wonderful to see you.
    Thank you for being here.
        Thank you so much. And the meeting is adjourned.
        [Whereupon, at 11:29 a.m., Wednesday, June 23, the hearings were
    concluded, and the subcommittee was recessed, to reconvene subject to
    the call of the Chair.]

        ENERGY AND WATER DEVELOPMENT APPROPRIATIONS FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022

                                  ----------

                                           U.S. Senate,
               Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations,
                                                        Washington, DC.

                           NONDEPARTMENTAL WITNESSES

        [Clerk's note.--The subcommittee was unable to hold
    hearings on nondepartmental witnesses. The statements and
    letters of those submitting written testimony are as follows:]
                 Prepared Statement of Aclara Technologies, LLC
        As a leading technology provider to electric, gas and water
    utilities, Aclara Technologies, LLC--a wholly-owned subsidiary of
    Hubbell Incorporated \1\--respectfully urges you to prioritize
    modernization of the nation's electric distribution systems and funding
    to improve the performance, efficiency, and safety of our nation's
    energy and water distribution infrastructure in the Fiscal Year (FY)
    2022 Energy and Water Appropriations bill. We thank you for this
    opportunity to express our support for this funding and appreciate your
    consideration.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        \1\ Hubbell Incorporated is an international manufacturer of high
    quality, reliable electrical and utility solutions for a broad range of
    customer and end market applications. With 2020 revenues of $4.2
    billion, Hubbell Incorporated operates 70 manufacturing facilities in
    the United States, employing over 9,550 Americans, and has additional
    facilities and employees around the world. The corporate headquarters
    is located in Shelton, CT. Hubbell Inc. acquired Aclara Technologies in
    2018.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        Aclara Technologies, LLC (``Aclara'') provides smart infrastructure
    technologies to electric, gas and water utilities, with offerings in
    advanced metering, utility automation, methane sensing, device
    networking and communications, data management, analytics, and customer
    service. Over 1,100 utilities in thirty-six countries rely on proven
    Aclara solutions. There are currently 1,000 Aclara clients located in
    all 50 states and Aclara employs over 1,500 staff in the United States
    and over 195 internationally. Companies like Aclara prove that smart
    technologies mean jobs, not just at Aclara, but also at utilities in
    the form of installation and monitoring jobs.
        Aclara offers its strong support for the advancement of
    technologies that can improve our nation's energy and water
    distribution networks by providing enhanced monitoring, detection, and
    control capabilities. These technologies are an important and cost-
    effective way to increase reliability, efficiency, and safety of our
    ageing infrastructure. Supporting the advancement of these technologies
    will be crucial as the country's energy and water distribution networks
    continue to age and as the risks for utilities and network operators
    rise.
                     electrical distribution infrastructure
        The U.S. currently has over 500 million above-ground utility poles
    with over 5 million miles of overhead distribution conductors fed from
    greater than 62,000 distribution substations. Aclara understands that
    electric utilities must divide their collective attention between many
    priorities including maintaining the vast distribution infrastructure
    mentioned above and adapting the infrastructure to the deployment of
    distributed energy resources such as solar, wind, and storage. The
    technology to verify the health of the distribution assets such as the
    position and orientation of utility poles and the attached conductors
    is in development to enable utilities to sense, for example, a car has
    collided with a utility pole or an overhead conductor has dropped from
    the utility pole. Other key analytics about clusters of these
    conditions, as when windstorms or ice buildups cause cascade failures
    of conductor support systems, enable utilities to respond in real time
    to failure events as well as better estimate resources required for
    large scale recoveries. The technology in development is also very
    cost-effective, as it can be installed on new distribution system
    construction and easily retrofitted to existing distribution
    infrastructure. In addition to ensuring funds are dedicated to the
    advancement of distribution infrastructure, we also urge you to support
    appropriations for technologies to make our electrical distribution
    asset monitoring systems ``smarter,'' particularly when failure of
    these systems presents a safety risk to the public.
        Specifically, for FY22, we urge support for two important
    demonstration projects to be carried out within the DOE Office of
    Electricity's Resilient Distribution Systems Grid Sensors and Sensor
    Analytics program. The first demonstration project should focus on
    utilizing data from advanced distribution sensors that are deployed on
    existing distribution lines to predict and/or detect vegetation contact
    in order to mitigate wildfires and wildfire impacts.The second
    demonstration project should focus on measuring the condition of
    utility poles in terms of their position, impacts, and presence of high
    temperatures. Data from the sensors should be utilized and visualized
    from these devices to provide useful and immediate analytics to improve
    the safety of the general public and improve electrical distribution
    network performance indices.
        Also of importance in discussions about electric grid
    infrastructure is the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. For
    decades, sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) has been used as a dielectric
    insulator in gas insulated systems. One pound of SF6 has the same
    global warming potential as 22,800 pounds of CO2.
    Additionally, since it is such a stable compound, it has a life of
    3,200 years in the atmosphere vs 200 years for CO2. The US
    Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has established a voluntary
    program in which partner companies agree to reduce SF6 emissions
    through technically and economically feasible actions. Although SF6
    designs have been commercially available and have functioned reliably
    for the past 30 years, new available technologies have emerged at
    comparable prices that offer superior performance and a greatly reduced
    carbon footprint. These alternatives should be strongly promoted in
    grid devices operating under 72kV. Unfortunately, there has not been a
    good alternative found for SF6 for grid equipment above 72kV. As such,
    we urge DOE to advance safe and effective capture and reuse
    technologies for SF6 in grid equipment above 72kV.
                              water infrastructure
        Although many of our nation's water and wastewater systems have
    been around for more than a century, water infrastructure spending has
    received a significantly smaller and decreasing share of total
    infrastructure investment. the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
    (EPA) estimates a needed investment of $750 billion over the next 20
    years to maintain the nation's drinking water and wastewater
    infrastructure. Without the necessary federal funding to close the gap,
    communities across the country will continue to face rate increases
    that disproportionately impact our most vulnerable communities.
        Water leaks cost many cities as much as 10 to 30 percent loss of
    their water, leaks that also waste a lot of energy. The EPA estimates
    that drinking water and wastewater systems account for 30 to 40 percent
    of total energy consumed by municipalities. As much as 8.4 billion
    kilowatts is wasted each year moving water nationwide. Due to ageing
    infrastructure, significant energy savings are possible through the use
    of leak detection and pressure monitoring technologies to improve
    operational efficiencies and reduce water loss.
        Water system efficiency and smart water networks should be a
    clearly stated goal of any investments made in our nation's water
    infrastructure. Water distribution systems should be modernized in a
    way that increases water and energy efficiency and enables customers
    and utilities to interact with it as never before. This will require
    smart water networks that facilitate the collection of data via sensors
    along distribution networks, advanced analytics, and the incorporation
    of communications technologies to optimize performance, preempt
    problems, and allow for rapid response.
        The utilization of infrastructure solutions such as distribution
    network leak detection, pressure monitoring, and sanitary and combined
    sewer monitoring technologies during upgrades to water and wastewater
    systems help optimize water delivery performance, reduce energy usage,
    limit water waste in distribution systems, and enhance modeling of
    sewer collection networks. This will help to improve operations,
    maintenance, and capital expenditure in planning and budgeting, and
    increase spatial and temporal monitoring data available on U.S. water
    quality and quantity.
        One key aspect of smart water networks is advanced metering
    infrastructure (AMI). AMI can offer communities multiple advantages to
    improve their management of water, reducing water and energy waste, and
    decrease costs for distributors, operators, and consumers. Detailed
    consumption data provided by AMI can help reduce water use in many
    ways, including:
      --Detects system leaks--Non-revenue water costs utilities $4.9
            billion per year. AMI can help drastically reduce water leaks
            and associated costs by creating a continuous flow of
            information from advanced meters, combined with advanced data
            analytics, that enables water suppliers to rapidly and
            precisely identify water losses and conservation opportunities.
      --Helps consumers save water (and money)--AMI allows for hourly data
            to be made available to end consumers. Providing this kind of
            detailed water use information to consumers through an
            associated consumer engagement application or customer portal
            is proven to increase conservation, thereby saving consumers
            money on their monthly water bills.
      --Provides resilience during and following natural disasters--for
            example, Aclara's system in New York City, which serves more
            than 9 million people, weathered Hurricane Sandy with minimal
            disruption. Aclara's water meter transmission units have a 20
            year battery life and its data collectors offer a rugged,
            weather-proofed design that stores 28 days of data with a 14
            day back up battery life. Deployments offer redundancy so that
            if an individual data collector is disabled, another collector
            can continue to obtain meter data for that area, offering
            resiliency critical after earthquakes, floods or other
            disasters.
                           natural gas infrastructure
        The U.S. currently has 2.4 million miles of natural gas pipeline
    infrastructure and approximately 400 storage fields, which combined
    carry around 25% of the total energy consumed in the U.S. The low cost
    and relative abundance of natural gas is driving the aggressive
    expansion of new pipeline infrastructure. It is also causing increased
    use of existing infrastructure, putting pressure on an ageing system.
    As our reliance on natural gas continues to expand, so will the
    pressures on our natural gas infrastructure. As such, it is imperative
    that adequate funding be provided for both pressure management--which
    increases the efficiency of natural gas distribution networks--as well
    as methane detection technology, which can reduce the occurrence and
    severity of methane leaks which cost utilities money and can present a
    significant risk to public health.
        Continuous gas pressure monitoring enhances early leak detection by
    recognizing and interpreting gas line pressure fluctuations. A sudden,
    unexplained drop in pressure could be a burst pipe or a gas leak.
    Utilizing an AMI supported gas pressure monitoring system will provide
    utilities with a constant stream of data to alert them to these
    potential issues. Smart pressure monitoring requires a wireless
    communications system including sensors that measure pressure at
    critical points, software that analyses the pressure status at such
    points and calculates responses to achieve a desired pressure, and a
    controller device to prompt smart valves whose use can save energy.
    Smart gas pressure management will allow utilities to better monitor
    and control system gas pressures according to demand. While reducing
    potential leaks, it can also reduce operating cost associated with site
    visits and ``linepack''.
        Advanced leak detection technologies are crucial to curbing methane
    emissions from natural gas pipelines and storage fields and decreasing
    the risk of major gas leaks and accidents. Take, for example, the Aliso
    Canyon methane leak in California, which lasted over four months and
    released approximately 97,100 metric tons of methane into the
    atmosphere (more than the estimated total annual emissions from the
    entire U.S. pipeline infrastructure). Leaks like the one in Aliso
    Canyon demonstrate that the magnitude of risk faced by the natural gas
    industry is great, and that even more substantial risks exist for
    citizens living in the surrounding area and the environment. The key to
    reducing methane leakage--and associated environmental, safety, and
    economic impacts--from natural gas distribution networks is being able
    to locate and close leaks quickly and effectively. While traditional
    infrastructure replacements, upgrades, and periodic monitoring
    technologies do not allow utilities to do this, innovative technology
    is being developed that does.
        Some of this new technology is already on the market. For example,
    Aclara offers several technology-based solutions and pipeline safety
    enhancements for natural gas transmission, storage, and distribution
    companies. Aclara's technologies enable continuous remote monitoring
    via infrared point sensing with automatic reads and near real-time
    alarms, which allow utilities to proactively identify potential issue
    areas in their network and significantly reduces the chances of a small
    leak and/or disturbance turning into a catastrophic burn hole. The key
    to this technology is a focus on early detection, which is the most
    essential aspect of effective, proactive risk management and safety
    practices. The technology is also very cost-effective, as it can be
    easily fitted to existing AMI networks and the data it generates can be
    transmitted by existing utility communications networks, thus
    eliminating the high operational costs of data communication charges
    with cellular modems or other cost intensive communication
    technologies.
        We urge Congress to encourage increased coordination with industry
    and U.S. Department of Transportation Pipeline and Hazardous Materials
    Safety Administration on methane leak detection technology--
    particularly in regards to deployment--and to support investment in
    smart pipeline sensors and controls, internal pipeline inspection and
    repair, and composite and advanced material science technologies. We
    support the expanded use of gas pressure monitoring, both real time and
    hourly, in distribution systems to improve system integrity and safety,
    as further deployments of methane detection sensors closer to the
    consumer would add to overall safety. We also urge Congress to consider
    mandatory use of gas pressure monitoring, both real time and hourly, in
    distribution systems to improve system integrity and safety.
        We urge you to ensure that FY2022 appropriations, as well as any
    potential infrastructure package put together during this congress,
    includes funds for the advancement of technologies that will make our
    electric, water and natural gas distribution networks smarter, safer,
    and more efficient. Again, thank you for providing this opportunity to
    submit testimony.

        [This statement was submitted by Kumi Premathilake, Senior Vice
    President,
    Division Vice President, AMI and Services at Hubbell Utility
    Solutions.]
                                     ______

              Prepared Statement of the American Geophysical Union
        The American Geophysical Union (AGU), a non-profit, non-partisan
    scientific society, appreciates the opportunity to submit testimony
    regarding the Fiscal Year (FY) 2022 appropriations request for the
    Department of Energy (DOE). AGU, on behalf of its community of 130,000
    in the Earth and space sciences, respectfully requests that the 117th
    Congress appropriate the following:
      --$7.7 billion for DOE Office of Science
      --$500 million for DOE Advanced Research Project Agency--Energy
                              department of energy
        AGU requests that Congress appropriate $7.7 billion for DOE's
    Office of Science, which represents a 9.6% increase over FY2021
    spending levels. Additionally, we request $500 million for DOE's
    Advanced Research Project Agency--Energy (ARPA-E), which is in line
    with the bipartisan Energy Act of 2020. These funding levels will
    ensure that DOE is able to continue its work to preserve U.S.
    leadership in scientific discovery by developing new cutting-edge
    technology, fostering innovation, and training the nation's future
    scientific workforce.
                               office of science
        As the primary funder of basic research in the physical sciences,
    DOE's Office of Science is at the forefront of scientific discovery,
    innovation, and the shaping of our nation's energy future. The Office
    of Science oversees a breadth of programs and technical infrastructure
    essential to the nation's economic growth, energy and national
    security, future scientific and engineering talent, and the development
    of innovative technologies.
        The Office of Science is playing a crucial role in our nation's
    fight against the COVID-19 pandemic. Not only has it previously funded
    mRNA research used to develop the vaccine, but it is harnessing its
    supercomputing capabilities to advance our understanding of the
    coronavirus and its spread and creating and distributing better
    personal protective equipment for healthcare workers.
        Through competitive grants awarded to national laboratories, more
    than 300 universities and colleges, and other organizations in all 50
    states and the District of Columbia, the Office of Science fosters
    collaboration between sectors that helps contribute to our nation's
    strategic priorities.
        DOE's Office of Science also supports more than 34,000 researchers-
    including Ph.D. scientists, engineers, graduate students,
    undergraduates, and technical and support personnel--who
    collaboratively work on high-risk, high-reward research projects that
    foster cutting-edge energy technologies. The Office of Science provides
    essential resources and opportunities, including access to
    sophisticated scientific capabilities, beyond those offered by industry
    and academic institutions. The Office of Science has also been critical
    in the creation of industrial breakthroughs and annually partners with
    about fifty Fortune 500 companies as well as small businesses.
        In addition, DOE's Office of Science supports exploration of both
    the frontiers of science such as quantum science and technology,
    artificial intelligence, and genomics and advances energy research such
    as solar energy, bioenergy, and batteries that will be the bedrock of
    the country's move to clean energy. With a 92% rate of timely
    completion of projects within budget, researchers supported by the
    Office of Science are making key advances in energy and safeguarding
    our nation's security by leading us towards energy independence.
        Sustained and robust federal investment in scientific research is
    essential if the U.S. hope to remain globally competitive, especially
    as other countries like China aggressively increase their investments
    in scientific research. Moreover, as our nation recovers from the
    pandemic, the opportunities provided by the Office of Science to
    students, researchers and businesses are critical to help our country
    regain our economic strength and advance our energy security. Overall,
    the DOE Office of Science has been proven to be a smart investment now
    and for the future.
                    advanced research project agency-energy
        The Advanced Research Project Agency-Energy (ARPA-E) was
    established to surmount the barriers posed to high-risk, long-term
    energy technology development. In its short ten-year history, ARPA-E
    has supported more than 1,000 projects, 177 of which have attracted
    over $4.9 billion in private-sector follow-on funding, and 88 of which
    have gone on to form new companies. Additionally, ARPA-E is making
    significant contributions to advancing U.S. leadership in cutting edge
    energy science and technology. ARPA-E projects have submitted more than
    4,614 peer-reviewed journal articles and been issued 716 patents by the
    U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. ARPA-E has also shown itself to be a
    responsible steward of taxpayer resources by ceasing funding for
    projects that fail to meet milestones.
        We are at a moment when other nations, especially China, Korea, and
    Russia, are making significant investments into advanced energy
    technologies and are poised to seize the economic and geopolitical
    advantages afforded by technological supremacy in this field. With
    global demand for energy projected to increase by almost 30% by 2040--
    combined with the often decade long development cycles for energy
    technologies--those nations making commitments to dominate this
    economic opportunity today will be the ones to reap the rewards in the
    years to come. The U.S. is exceptionally well positioned to capitalize
    on key advantages, including the work of cutting-edge agencies such as
    ARPA-E, but only if they are adequately funded.
        Significantly, the transformative clean energy research and
    development funded by ARPA-E is critical to our nation's efforts to
    combat climate change. Additionally, ARPA-E 's investment in scaling up
    transformative solar, geothermal, battery, biofuels and advanced
    surface coating technologies has the potential to drastically alter our
    clean energy landscape.
        Overall, ARPA-E projects create jobs and innovation, enhance our
    national energy security, and boost economic activity in communities
    across the country. Continued and stable investment into this
    transformative program is necessary to ensure its success and bolster
    our nation's science and technology leadership.

        [This statement was submitted by Brittany Webster, Program Manager,
    Science Policy & Government Relations.]
                                     ______

     Prepared Statement of the American Indian Higher Education Consortium
                                request summary
        On behalf of the nation's Tribal Colleges and Universities (TCUs)
    that collectively are the American Indian Higher Education Consortium
    (AIHEC), we thank you for this opportunity to share our recommendations
    regarding the Department of Energy (DOE), National Nuclear Security
    Administration's (NNSA) Minority Serving Institutions Partnership
    Program (MSIPP).
        Department of Energy (DOE): National Nuclear Security
    Administration--Minority Serving Institutions' Partnership Program--
    Tribal Education Partnership Program (NNSA-MSIPP-TEPP): TCUs urge the
    Subcommittee to continue funding for the newly established Tribal
    Education Partnership Program, a TCU-specific sub-program within the
    NNSA-MSIP, at $5,000,000 for FY2022. With funding from NNSA-MSIPP, the
    TCU Advanced Manufacturing Network Initiative (TCU AMNI) was created
    with a pilot cohort of five TCUs in collaboration with AIHEC. Since
    2015, each of the participating TCUs has established a basic advanced
    manufacturing facility that offers training and education programs with
    support from NNSA National Laboratory partners. TCUs are uniquely
    positioned to catalyze economic transformation in Indian Country,
    because they have the capacity to train a specialized workforce and
    develop critical research and development partnerships with NNSA
    National Laboratories as well as major national companies such as
    Boeing Company and Ford Motor Company.
        The TCU AMNI program provides an important partnership model for
    the Department of Energy and the nation's TCUs. The program creates a
    career pipeline for American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) students,
    beginning with the development of technical skills required to operate
    advanced manufacturing systems, which are coming to dominate the global
    manufacturing sector. Students completing technical training at TCUs
    are also prepared to pursue engineering programs, which are in demand
    at all stages of manufacturing. The TCU AMNI program contributes to the
    growth of a well-trained Native workforce: technicians, engineers,
    designers, and entrepreneurs. Through this initiative, TCUs are in a
    strong position to help tribes develop advanced manufacturing
    enterprises, which, in turn, generate significant economic activity and
    create high-skilled jobs for their young people. These efforts will
    contribute to breaking the cycle of poverty that has plagued tribal
    communities for generations.
        TCU efforts in advanced manufacturing have direct economic impacts
    on tribes and have even proven impactful in the field of public health.
    During the current coronavirus pandemic, the Bay Mills Indian Community
    Chairman asked Bay Mills Community College (BMCC) to produce personal
    protective equipment (PPE) for the tribally operated Bay Mills Health
    Center and nearby War Memorial Hospital in the Upper Peninsula of
    Michigan. BMCC collaborated with Lake Superior State University and the
    local school district to 3-D print face mask headgear using a design
    developed by BMCC. BMCC also 3-D printed venturi valves, a component of
    medical ventilators, which were also in short supply, for War Memorial
    Hospital. BMCC worked with the other four ANMI TCUs to produce 3-D
    printed PPEs and other needed medical equipment for their local tribal
    health services providers and the Indian Health Service.
    MSIPP TCU Report Language Needed for Funding
        TCU AMNI represents a model for a partnership between the DOE and
    the nation's 37 TCUs that can help address the need for a more diverse
    STEM workforce within the NNSA National Laboratory system while
    promoting economic growth in Tribal communities. Historically, the
    competitive MSIPP grant program lacked distinct support for TCUs and
    Tribal communities. In the FY2020 DOE budget, $5 million was explicitly
    provided for a separate TCU program; however, a program was not
    initially established. Instead, the funds were added to the
    competitively awarded MSIPP grant program broadly available to
    Historically Black College and Universities and other Minority Serving
    Institutions. In conducting the FY2020 MSIPP grant competition, NNSA
    did not include provisions specifically for TCUs, nor was an outreach
    strategy implemented to solicit TCU grant applications to ensure that
    TCUs would receive the $5 million in Congressionally directed funding.
    Due to the lack of outreach by NNSA, few TCUs submitted proposals.
    After extensive feedback from AIHEC, NNSA released a new TCU-specific
    sub-grant program under MSIPP entitled: Tribal Education Partnership
    Program. While NNSA eventually took steps to administer Congressionally
    directed TCU funding, we respectfully request that report language and
    funding be included to ensure continuity in the newly established
    Tribal Education Partnership Program.
    Success of the TCU Advanced Manufacturing Network Initiative
        The TCU AMPI is creating very promising and exciting projects on
    five TCU campuses. Below are summaries from the five participating
    TCUs.
    Navajo Technical University--Crownpoint, NM
        The Center for Digital Technology at Navajo Technical University
    (NTU) in Crownpoint, NM has established an advanced manufacturing
    program with a state-of-the-art facility including metal 3-D printers,
    computer numerical control (CNC) machines and high-tech inspection, and
    validation instrumentation. Students at NTU are developing knowledge
    and skills in design engineering, manufacturing processes, and
    performance analysis. The Navajo Nation is making a significant
    investment in this program and has recruited major industry partners
    for manufacturing contracts resulting in employment for NTU graduates.
    This program provides a model for how TCUs and Tribes can join the
    global manufacturing supply chain ecosystem, generate significant
    economic activity, and train students to join the technology and
    engineering workforce.
    Bay Mills Community College--Brimley, MI
        Bay Mills Community College (BMCC), located in the Upper Peninsula
    of Michigan, operates the Great Lakes Composites Institute, a wholly
    owned subsidiary of the college that functions as a Tier II/Tier III
    manufacturing supplier. It has established a technical leadership
    position as a supplier of composite materials and products focusing on
    thermoplastic fiber reinforced polymeric innovations and next-
    generation thermoplastic fiber-reinforced products. Industry partners
    include the Army Tank Research, Development, and Engineering Center
    (TARDEC), Ford Motor Company, and the Chrysler Corporation.
    Cankdeska Cikana Community College--Fort Totten, ND
        Cankdeska Cikana Community College (CCCC), located in rural North
    Dakota, has developed an advanced manufacturing certificate program
    that builds on an existing engineering program partnership with North
    Dakota State University. CCCC is partnering with the University Centers
    for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) on the design of environmental
    monitoring systems specifically to support local Tribal resource
    management requirements.
    Salish Kootenai College--Pablo, MT
        Salish Kootenai College (SKC) has established an Advanced
    Manufacturing Prototyping Lab (AMPL) used for both lab courses and open
    hours for students interested in exploring additive manufacturing
    projects, following the FabLab model. SKC faculty are implementing an
    underwater drone project, similar to that at CCCC, focusing on drones
    capable of carrying instrumentation needed to monitor hydrology,
    biology, and lake sedimentology of Flathead Lake, the largest
    freshwater lake west of the Mississippi River.
    Turtle Mountain Community College--Belcourt, ND
        Turtle Mountain Community College (TMCC), located 10 miles from the
    Canada-U.S. border, is expanding their partnership with North Dakota
    State University. The partnership was developed through a collaborative
    engineering program in which students complete their first two years of
    engineering at TMCC and continue on to complete their degree at NDSU.
    The engineering program integrates the college's advanced manufacturing
    program, providing students the opportunity to carry out engineering
    design projects and research using the college's advanced manufacturing
    facility.
                                   conclusion
        Struggling economies are endemic in Indian Country. We ask that
    Congress join us in bringing Tribal nations into the evolving global
    manufacturing community; transforming Tribal economies while addressing
    national energy technology challenges. TCUs provide quality higher
    education opportunities to thousands of AI/ANs and other rural
    residents, as well as essential community programs and services to
    those who might otherwise not have access to such possibilities. The
    modest federal investment in TCUs have paid great dividends in terms of
    employment, education, and economic development. We greatly appreciate
    your previous and your continued support of the nation's Tribal
    Colleges and Universities and your careful consideration of our FY2022
    appropriations requests.
                                     ______

          Prepared Statement of the American Society for Microbiology
        The Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science is a leader in
    advancing critical industries of the future, including quantum
    information science, artificial intelligence, high performance
    computing, advanced communications networks, future energy
    technologies, and engineering biology. As we rise to meet the
    challenges of the 21st Century, microbial science funded by the
        DOE Office of Science remains vitally important. ASM urges Congress
    to fund the DOE Office of Science at $7.7 billion in fiscal year (FY)
    2022, an increase of 9.6% over FY2021. ASM also encourages Congress to
    continue to fully fund the Bioenergy Research Centers at $100 million,
    and the National Microbiome Database Collaborative (NMDC) at $10
    million in FY2022.
        The American Society for Microbiology (ASM) appreciates the
    opportunity to submit outside witness testimony for the Fiscal Year
    2022 Energy and Water Development, and Related Agencies appropriations
    bill in support of increased funding for the Department of Energy
    Office of Science. The American Society for Microbiology (ASM) is one
    of the largest professional societies dedicated to the life sciences
    and is composed of 30,000 scientists and health practitioners. ASM's
    mission is to promote and advance the microbial sciences.
        Funding from the DOE Office of Science through the National
    Laboratories, universities, and other programs has generated some of
    our most economically important innovations and is the primary driver
    of basic research in the physical sciences, as well as critical areas
    of genome scale, quantitative analysis of microbial research. This
    support has enabled researchers to use microbes to solve energy and
    environmental problems, and to bring those solutions to scale by
    developing empirical, computational, and mechanistic modeling tools.
    Office of Science funding led to the creation of the Bioenergy Research
    Centers, which support research into viable and sustainable domestic
    biofuel and bioproducts industries. Each of the four Centers is led by
    a DOE national laboratory or university, and each take an innovative
    approach to improving and scaling up advanced biofuel and bioproduct
    production processes. Recent investments in the National Microbiome
    Data Collaborative, an open-source database, will lead to more
    effective analysis of microbiome data and better coordination of
    multidisciplinary microbiome research across the federal government. In
    addition, DOE National Laboratories were effectively deployed in the
    fight against COVID-19, using their supercomputing and modeling
    capabilities to both understand components of the virus and to find
    drug compounds to treat it.
          microbial research is needed to face 21st century challenges
        Our society faces several large, complex, and interconnected
    challenges, many of which can be addressed through microbial research.
    Inexpensive renewable sources of energy, fuels, and chemicals are
    essential for continued economic growth, but the environmental
    tradeoffs of increased energy production must also be considered.
    Microbial science funded by DOE Office of Science can lead the way in
    developing sustainable strategies to feed an ever-growing population by
    increasing plant and agricultural productivity and quality; by
    providing strategies to ensure that future US citizens enjoy clean air,
    water, and a high standard of living; in transforming human health by
    providing everything from new pharmaceuticals, reagents for precision
    medicine, and next generation antibiotics; and by producing cost-
    competitive fuels, chemicals, and materials from abundant renewable
    resources. These and other advances in decarbonization, the production
    of biomaterials or bio-based polymers, and others based on new
    microbial catalysts will only happen with strong, stable investments in
    the Office of Science.
        Discoveries in targeted areas such as quantum science and
    technology, genomics, microelectronics, and machine learning have
    potential far-reaching impacts that spawn the creation of new
    industries. For example, DOE has also taken the lead on bio-based
    energy, fuel and chemicals innovation. The Office of Science currently
    funds four Bioenergy Research Centers (BRC), which support research
    into viable and sustainable domestic biofuel and bioproducts
    industries. These four Centers are developing viable and sustainable
    domestic biofuels and bioproducts derived from non-food plant biomass,
    such as poplar, switchgrass, and sorghum. This research will lead to
    lower greenhouse gas emissions, bring jobs to rural areas, and boost
    our energy security, and we strongly encourage Congress to continue
    fully funding the BRCs at $100 million in FY2022.
                doe-funded microbiome research spawns innovation
        In its stewardship of innovation at DOE's National Laboratories,
    universities, and other programs, the Office of Science is a critical
    partner in advancing areas of national need, supporting research in key
    emerging areas including artificial intelligence and microbiome
    research. Thousands of projects funded by NIH and NSF utilize DOE
    facilities each year, and more than fifty Fortune 500 companies and
    many small businesses use these facilities to conduct the underlying
    research required to develop new technologies and products that drive
    the economy, including the growing bioeconomy.
        Microbiome science aims to advance understanding of microbial
    communities (microbiomes) for applications in areas such as health
    care, food production, and environmental restoration to benefit
    individuals, communities, and the environment. Understanding of the
    microbiome has evolved significantly since the concept of the human
    microbiome emerged roughly two decades ago. Today it is understood that
    microbial communities exist on, in, and around people, plants, animals,
    soil, oceans, and the atmosphere, making the microbiome relevant to all
    living things. The rapid pace of discovery has led to greater
    technology needs and data sharing infrastructure.
        The Interagency Strategic Plan for Microbiome Research, FY2018-
    2022, developed by the Microbiome Interagency Working Group (MIWG),
    provides recommendations for improving coordination of microbiome
    research among Federal agencies and between agencies and nonFederal
    domestic and international microbiome research efforts. The five-year
    Strategic Plan coordinates microbiome research activities across 21
    government agencies, describing the interagency objectives, structure
    and operating principles, and research focus areas and provided three
    recommended areas to transform microbiome discoveries to solutions:
        1. Supporting interdisciplinary and collaborative research to
    enable a predictive understanding of the function of microbiomes in
    diverse ecosystems to enhance public health, food, and environmental
    security and grow new bioeconomy product areas.
        2. Developing platform technologies to generate critical insights
    and to improve access to and sharing of microbiome data across
    ecosystems.
        3. Expanding the microbiome workforce through educational
    opportunities, citizen science, and public engagement.
        Recent advances in DNA sequencing technologies have increased our
    awareness of the complexity and diversity in networks of
    microorganisms. Yet there remains much to discover regarding how
    microbiomes function as communities, interact with their hosts and
    environment, and how they can be leveraged to improve health and
    ecosystems. As noted in the Interagency
        Strategic Plan for Microbiome Research, microbiome data is ``Big
    Data'', which requires consistent and reliable database and resource
    coordination to facilitate data collection, analysis, interoperability,
    and data sharing. The NMDC is aimed at empowering this type of
    microbiome research. Spearheaded by Lawrence Berkeley National
    Laboratory, in partnership with Los Alamos, Oak Ridge, and Pacific
    Northwest national laboratories, the NMDC is leveraging DOE's existing
    data-science resources and high-performance computing systems to
    develop a framework that facilitates more efficient use of microbiome
    data for applications in energy, environment, health, and agriculture.
    In support of these ongoing efforts, ASM requests continued funding of
    $10 million for the National Microbiome Database Collaborative (NMDC)
    for FY2022.
        Our nation's ability to make significant advances in solving energy
    and environmental problems depends on advances in the microbial
    sciences. This will only be possible if Congress continues its
    commitment to robust and sustained funding increases for the Department
    of Energy's Office of Science.

        [This statement was submitted by Allen Segal, Director of Public
    Policy and
    Advocacy, American Society for Microbiology.]
                                     ______

         Prepared Statement of the American Society of Plant Biologists
        On behalf of the American Society of Plant Biologists (ASPB), we
    submit this written testimony to support $7.7 billion for the
    Department of Energy's (DOE) Office of Science in fiscal year (FY)
    2022. Within this amount, ASPB supports proportional increases in
    funding for the Office of Basic Energy Sciences and the Office of
    Biological and Environmental Research. ASPB also supports at least $500
    million for the Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E) in FY
    2022. ARPA-E has proven to be an innovative and valuable program that
    advances high-impact energy technologies, including biotechnology,
    imaging, carbon capture, and sustainable crop systems that are
    important to the plant science community and to the nation.
        The following testimony highlights the importance of biology-
    particularly plant biology, which is a necessary backbone of efforts to
    enhance bioenergy production-as the nation seeks to address energy
    security and other vital issues. We thank the Subcommittee for its
    consideration of this testimony and for its support for the basic
    research mission of the DOE Office of Science. ASPB recognizes the
    difficult fiscal environment our nation faces but believes investments
    in scientific research will be a critical step toward economic
    recovery.
        ASPB, founded in 1924 as the American Society of Plant
    Physiologists, was established to promote the growth and development of
    plant biology, to encourage and publish research in plant biology, and
    to promote the interests and professional advancement of plant
    scientists in general. ASPB members educate, mentor, advise, and
    nurture future generations of plant biologists; they work to increase
    understanding of plant biology, as well as science in general, in K-16
    schools and among the general public; they advocate in support of plant
    biology research; they work to convey the relevance and importance of
    plant biology; and they provide expertise in policy decisions world-
    wide. Overall, ASPB members, as representatives of the society, work to
    disseminate information and excitement about plant sciences, especially
    through ASPB's advocacy, outreach activities, conferences, and
    publications.
        fuel, food, environment, and health: plant biology research and
                                america's future
        Plants are vital to our very existence. They harvest sunlight,
    converting it to chemical energy for food and feed; they take up carbon
    dioxide and produce oxygen; and they are essential to life on Earth.
    Indeed, plant biology research is making many fundamental contributions
    in the areas of domestic fuel security and environmental stewardship;
    the continued and sustainable development of better fuels, foods,
    fabrics, pharmaceuticals, and building materials; and in the
    understanding of basic biological principles that underpin improvements
    in plant growth and home-grown energy sources for all Americans.
        In particular, plant biology is at the center of numerous
    scientific breakthroughs in the increasingly interdisciplinary world of
    alternative energy research. For example, researchers at National
    Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) just published research that
    demonstrates the ability to convert wet waste carbon (food waste
    derived from fatty acids) to sustainable aviation fuels-highlighting
    the potential to simultaneously and synergistically address aviation
    needs and environmental challenges. Similarly, with the increase in
    plant genome sequencing and functional genomics, the interface of plant
    biology and computer science has become essential to our understanding
    of complex biological systems, ranging from single cells to entire
    ecosystems. This research is critical for our future bioenergy
    production.
        Despite the fact that foundational and mission-oriented plant
    biology research-the kind of research DOE funds-underpins vital
    advances in practical applications in energy, health, and the
    environment, plant scientists have had to maximize and leverage modest
    federal funding to understand the basic function and mechanisms of
    plants. Sustained strong investments in plant biology research are
    important considering the significant positive impact crop plants have
    on the nation's economy and in addressing some of our most urgent
    challenges, like energy and food security. For example, continued basic
    and applied research in fields like synthetic biology will enable the
    creation and production of more energy dense, carbon neutral fuels and
    expand the production of energy-efficient biomass.\1\
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        Nearly 10 years ago, ASPB organized a two-phase Plant Science
    Research Summit with support and funding from DOE, the National Science
    Foundation, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the Howard Hughes
    Medical Institute. The Summit brought together representatives from
    across the full spectrum of plant science research to develop a
    research agenda and resulted in a report-Unleashing a Decade of
    Innovation in Plant Science: A Vision for 2015-2025.\2\ This vision has
    helped guide our community towards significant gains in foundational
    and applied plant science. Importantly, novel crop varieties and
    precision agriculture technologies are producing more food per acre
    with less exogenous inputs. However, as climate change continues to
    threaten our agriculture systems, the work of the plant science
    research community is more pressing than ever. Additional significant
    progress is possible, but will require a bold commitment of resources
    from the federal government. As a research community, our continued
    vision is to create plant systems that are flexible and adaptable to
    both new and existing challenges by increasing the predictive and
    synthetic abilities of plant biology. In achieving these goals, the
    plant science research community will make significant contributions
    to:
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    plantsciencedecadalvision10-18-13.pdf.
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      --Exploring, conserving, and utilizing our natural resources;
      --Protecting, maintaining, and improving energy crop productivity;
      --Creating new plant-inspired bioproducts, companies, and industries;
            and
      --Reducing the environmental impact and energy footprint of
            agriculture.
                   securing the plant science talent pipeline
        As discussed above, many of the challenges that come with our
    changing world must be addressed specifically by plant scientists. A
    significant--but sustainable--increase in crop productivity will be
    needed to match the demand for food expected from the rate of
    population growth. At the same time, climate change will present new
    trials for crops and other plant ecosystems. These challenges will
    require efforts to increase productivity beyond current practices,
    including improvement in crop water use efficiency and enhanced crop
    photosynthesis efficiency and performance, to name just a few
    approaches. More knowledge and innovation will be needed to replace
    chemicals from non-renewable sources (from fuels to biomedical
    applications) with plant-derived metabolites. These types of
    innovations will require contributions from basic and applied plant
    science fields and collaboration with other sciences, computation, and
    engineering.
        To tackle these challenges, a strong and diverse community of plant
    scientists, with increased involvement from women and marginalized
    scientists, will be needed. However, the current training pipeline does
    not appear prepared to ensure the availability of this workforce.
    Overall, the number of Ph.D. degrees awarded in the US in biomedical
    sciences in the last two decades has increased at an unsustainable
    rate, even triggering warnings from members of the National Academy of
    Sciences; however, this trend has not been paralleled by increases in
    plant-related Ph.D. degrees. In fact, plant science doctoral degrees,
    both basic and agronomy-related, have remained stagnant during this
    time period. Clearly, a strong investment in plant science research,
    both basic and applied, renewed efforts to transform public perceptions
    of plant biology and plant biologists, and a push to increase the
    number of students entering the pipeline leading to plant science
    degrees are necessary to change these trends. Developing the workforce
    that will contribute the solutions to future challenges is urgent.
        With this need in mind, ASPB applauds the awards DOE has made in
    training the next generation of scientists. Most recently, DOE has
    invested $20 million at the Oak Ridge Institute with the goal of
    training 150 Ph.D.s in energy related fields in the next five years.
    More investments like this, including outreach to women and individuals
    in marginalized groups, is vital for the US to maintain its energy
    leadership.
                              doe recommendations
        Because the ASPB membership has extensive expertise and
    participation in the academic, industry, and government research
    sectors, ASPB is in an excellent position to articulate the nation's
    plant science priorities as they relate to fundamental plant biology
    and, specifically, with regard to recommendations for bioenergy
    research funding through DOE's Office of Science.
        Within the Office of Science, the programs in Biological and
    Environmental Research (BER) and Basic Energy Sciences (BES) are
    crucial to understanding how basic biological processes operate.
    Sustained funding for these programs is vital, because the discoveries
    made in these areas will ultimately be the foundation for the next
    fuels and technologies we use in our daily lives.
        Support from ARPA-E is critical to advancing plant synthetic
    biology technologies, and ASPB implores the committee to include
    sustained, targeted funding for synthetic biology research in the
    program.
        In addition:
      --We commend the DOE Office of Science, through its programs in BES
            and BER, for having funded the Bioenergy Research Centers and
            the Energy Frontier Research Centers. These centers provide a
            model for collective science innovation that complements DOE's
            essential investment in individual investigator and small group
            science. ASPB strongly encourages additional funding for the
            DOE Office of Science that would specifically target funding at
            individual and small-group grants for bioenergy and plant
            growth research.
      --Considerable research interest is now focused on the processing of
            plant biomass for energy production. Fundamental discoveries of
            the genes that control plant growth and enable plant growth in
            response to stresses, including drought, are needed to secure
            our energy future. If biomass crops, including woody plants,
            are to be used to their full potential, extensive effort must
            be expended to improve our understanding of their basic biology
            and development, as well as their agronomic performance and
            conversion efficiency in processing to fuels and high-value co-
            products. Therefore, ASPB calls for DOE to support research
            targeted at efforts to increase the utility and agronomic
            performance of bioenergy feedstocks, both in the field and for
            their end users in the bioeconomy.
        Thank you for your consideration of our testimony on behalf of the
    American Society of Plant Biologists. For more information about the
    American Society of Plant Biologists, please see www.aspb.org.
                                     ______

      Prepared Statement of the Assiniboine and Sioux Rural Water Supply
                   System and Dry Prairie Rural Water System
                        fiscal year 2022 budget request
        The Assiniboine and Sioux Rural Water Supply System and Dry Prairie
    Rural Water System respectfully request FY 2022 appropriations of
    $17.760 million, part of the Bureau of Reclamation Rural Water Program
    (Table 1).
        The FY 2022 federal funding request is $7.021 million for the
    Assiniboine and Sioux Rural Water Supply System (ASRWSS) and $10.739
    million for the Dry Prairie Rural Water System (DPRWS) to fully
    complete project construction. The combined request leaves a projected
    appropriation of $548,000 in FY 2023 to account for final indexing and
    any adjustments for non-federal cost shares or other.

        The project expresses the greatest appreciation to the Chairman and
    Subcommittee for its unwavering support during the construction of this
    vital infrastructure in a vast area of Montana.
        FY 2022 funds will be used to construct all remaining important
    elements of the Fort Peck Reservation Rural Water System, Montana, (PL
    106-382, October 27, 2000). The request is within the capability to
    spend funds in FY 2022. Design, cultural resource surveys, wetland
    surveys, and easements related to all proposed project features will be
    completed by the ASRWSS and Dry Prairie and approved by Reclamation in
    advance of the use of FY 2022 funds. Those activities are already
    underway on most FY 2022 projects.
                        project status and funding needs
        As shown in Table 2, the overall project will be 94% complete at
    the end of FY 2021. ASRWSS will be 97% complete, and DPRWS will be 89%
    complete. ASRWSS has built the regional intake, water treatment plant
    and all main transmission interconnections that serve both ASRWSS and
    Dry Prairie.
        Construction funds remaining to be spent after FY 2021 total
    $17.759 million within the current authorization, including a projected
    federal overrun on Dry Prairie of $4.285 million (in October 2020
    dollars). FY 2022 appropriations at the level requested will leave a
    projected need for $548,000 in FY 2023 to adjust for inflation at the
    rate experienced over the last 5 years (3.72%), for final adjustment of
    non-federal cost shares and for other adjustments necessary to complete
    the project.

        The ASRWSS project features to complete its Reservation portion of
    project are currently under budget by $726,000. The ASRWSS portion of
    the project can be completed if appropriations cited above are
    available in FY 2022. The funds currently under budget will be spent on
    beneficial and federally approvable projects within the authorized
    construction ceiling.
        Congress has authorized three amendments of PL 106-382 to extend
    the project completion most recently to December 31, 2026. The project
    funding will be completed in FY 2022 unless there are significant
    reductions in appropriations for the rural water program in FY 2022.
                                project history
        The project has reached 94% completion over a period of 20 years
    (averaging about 4.7% completion annually). Continued Congressional
    support is needed for the Reclamation Rural Water Program to complete
    our currently authorized project funding in FY 2022. Fixed annual
    overhead costs have reduced funding that can be allocation to
    construction of project features because the project was required to
    build over twice the number of years anticipated at authorization.
    Despite the additional overhead costs, the project will be completed
    within budget, subject to a current federal project cost overrun on Dry
    Prairie of $4.285 million that resulted unexpectedly due to lower
    indexing in FY 2020 due to the COVID 19 pandemic. The expected indexing
    based on historic trends was not enough to cover actual increases in
    unit prices for construction. Dry Prairie is working with Reclamation
    to reduce the overrun.
        ASRWSS and DPRWS have worked extremely well and closely with the
    Bureau of Reclamation since the authorization of the project in FY
    2000. The Commissioner, Regional, and Area Offices of the Bureau of
    Reclamation have been consistently in agreement with the need, scope,
    total costs, and the ability to pay analysis that supported the federal
    and non-federal cost shares. There have been no areas of disagreement
    or controversy in the formulation or implementation of the project.
                                     ______

                       Prepared Statement of Aurora Water
        I am requesting your support for appropriations in the President's
    recommended budget for FY 2022 to the Bureau of Reclamation, Upper
    Colorado Region for the Upper Colorado River Endangered Fish Recovery
    Program and the San Juan River Basin Recovery Implementation Program.
    The budget items and amounts requested in the President's budget for
    these programs are described below.
        Endangered Species Programs: The Endangered Species Program also
    provides $5.7 million for the Upper Colorado and San Juan River
    Endangered Fish Recovery programs for construction of facilities need
    to recover endangered fish species: $2,500,000 for construction of a
    fish barrier at the Farmer's Mutual Ditch diversion structure on the
    San Juan River in northwest New Mexico, $500,000 for floodplain habitat
    development in northwest New Mexico on the San Juan River, $2,550,000
    for rehabilitation of the fish screen and passage at the Grand Valley
    Irrigation Company diversion on the Colorado River near Grand Junction
    Colorado, and $150,000 for Upper Colorado Program Management for
    contracting, budgeting, reporting, contract administration, tracking
    expenditures, and addressing issues and concerns associated with
    capital project construction.
        Colorado River Compliance Activities: The President's budget
    requests $21,400,000 for Colorado River Compliance Activities that
    includes:
      --$8,640,000 for the Upper Colorado and San Juan Endangered Fish
            Recovery Programs to restore critical habitat, enhance stream
            flows, maintain fish ladders and screens, augment and
            conservation of genetic integrity through hatcheries and
            stocking efforts, manage non-native and sport fish, and
            research and monitoring to provide the scientific basis to
            guide decision making.
      --$11,360,000 for the Glen Canyon Adaptive Management Program for
            scientific investigations, experimentation using Glen Canyon
            Dam releases and other tasks required to increase understanding
            of how to operate Glen Canyon Dam to meet statutory
            requirements, and experimental flow research.
      --$1,400,000 for water quality and consumptive use studies to provide
            data required to meet legal agreements that regulate the flow
            and quality of the river and support consumptive use studies of
            water for municipal, industrial, agricultural uses.
        This funding for the recovery programs is authorized by P.L. 106-
    392, as amended.
        These highly successful, cooperative programs are ongoing
    partnerships among the states of New Mexico, Colorado, Utah and
    Wyoming, Indian tribes, federal agencies and water, power and
    environmental interests. The programs' objectives are to recover
    endangered fish species while water use and development proceeds in
    compliance with the Endangered Species Act. The programs provide ESA
    compliance for approximately 2,500 water projects in the Upper Colorado
    River Basin, including every Reclamation project upstream of Lake
    Powell.
        I appreciate the Subcommittee's past support and request the
    Subcommittee's assistance for fiscal year 2022 funding to ensure the
    Bureau of Reclamation's continuing financial participation in and
    provision of federal cost sharing for these vitally important programs.
        Sincerely.

        [This statement was submitted by Marshall Brown, General Manager,
    Aurora Water.]
                                     ______

                       Prepared Statement of Aurora Water
        I am requesting your support for appropriations in the President's
    recommended budget for FY 2022 to the Bureau of Reclamation, Upper
    Colorado Region for the Upper Colorado River Endangered Fish Recovery
    Program and the San Juan River Basin Recovery Implementation Program.
    The budget items and amounts requested in the President's budget for
    these programs are described below.
        Endangered Species Programs: The Endangered Species Program also
    provides $5.7 million for the Upper Colorado and San Juan River
    Endangered Fish Recovery programs for construction of facilities need
    to recover endangered fish species: $2,500,000 for construction of a
    fish barrier at the Farmer's Mutual Ditch diversion structure on the
    San Juan River in northwest New Mexico, $500,000 for floodplain habitat
    development in northwest New Mexico on the San Juan River, $2,550,000
    for rehabilitation of the fish screen and passage at the Grand Valley
    Irrigation Company diversion on the Colorado River near Grand Junction
    Colorado, and $150,000 for Upper Colorado Program Management for
    contracting, budgeting, reporting, contract administration, tracking
    expenditures, and addressing issues and concerns associated with
    capital project construction.
        Colorado River Compliance Activities: The President's budget
    requests $21,400,000 for Colorado River Compliance Activities that
    includes
      --$8,640,000 for the Upper Colorado and San Juan Endangered Fish
            Recovery Programs to restore critical habitat, enhance stream
            flows, maintain fish ladders and screens, augment and
            conservation of genetic integrity through hatcheries and
            stocking efforts, manage non-native and sport fish, and
            research and monitoring to provide the scientific basis to
            guide decision making.
      --$11,360,000 for the Glen Canyon Adaptive Management Program for
            scientific investigations, experimentation using Glen Canyon
            Dam releases and other tasks required to increase understanding
            of how to operate Glen Canyon Dam to meet statutory
            requirements, and experimental flow research.
      --$1,400,000 for water quality and consumptive use studies to provide
            data required to meet legal agreements that regulate the flow
            and quality of the river and support consumptive use studies of
            water for municipal, industrial, agricultural uses.
        This funding for the recovery programs is authorized by P.L. 106-
    392, as amended.
        These highly successful, cooperative programs are ongoing
    partnerships among the states of New Mexico, Colorado, Utah and
    Wyoming, Indian tribes, federal agencies and water, power and
    environmental interests. The programs' objectives are to recover
    endangered fish species while water use and development proceeds in
    compliance with the Endangered Species Act. The programs provide ESA
    compliance for approximately 2,500 water projects in the Upper Colorado
    River Basin, including every Reclamation project upstream of Lake
    Powell.
        I appreciate the Subcommittee's past support and request the
    Subcommittee's assistance for fiscal year 2022 funding to ensure the
    Bureau of Reclamation's continuing financial participation in and
    provision of federal cost sharing for these vitally important programs.
        Sincerely.

        [This statement was submitted by Marshall Brown, General Manager,
    Aurora Water.]
                                     ______

          Prepared Statement of the Building Performance Association,
              E4TheFuture, and the Building Performance Institute
        As leaders in the residential energy efficiency industry, the
    Building Performance Association, E4TheFuture, and the Building
    Performance Institute respectfully urge your support, through the
    Fiscal Year (FY) 2022 Energy and Water Development Appropriations bill,
    to provide robust funding to advance programs at the Department of
    Energy (DOE) that invest in residential energy efficiency and whole-
    house initiatives. The President's FY 2022 budget request makes
    significant investments in the Weatherization Assistance Program, State
    Energy Program, and Building Technologies Office. For the many reasons
    detailed below, we urge Congress to continue support for these programs
    and work to ensure that sub accounts within the DOE Office of Energy
    Efficiency and Renewable Energy are robustly funded so that their
    important work may continue and expand. On behalf of our stakeholders
    and members, we thank you for this opportunity to express our support
    for these important programs and initiatives that pay for themselves
    many times over and are a wise and modest investment that help
    Americans save money, improve energy security, and live and work in
    safe and comfortable buildings.
        The Building Performance Association (BPA) is a membership-driven
    501(c)6 industry association dedicated to advancing the home and
    building performance industry by delivering improved energy efficiency,
    health, safety, and environmental performance of buildings through our
    key stakeholders. With over 9,500 member companies operating in every
    state, BPA supports home performance contractors, weatherization
    agencies and training centers, product manufacturers and distributors,
    program sponsors and implementers, building scientists, and non-profits
    focused on residential and commercial energy efficiency.
        E4TheFuture is non-profit 501c(3) organization which collaborates
    with industry stakeholders to provide expert policy solutions,
    education, and advocacy to advance residential clean energy and energy
    efficiency solutions on the federal, state and local level.
        The Building Performance Institute (BPI) is the nation's premier
    building performance credentialing, quality assurance, and standards
    setting organization. Approved by the American National Standards
    Institute, Inc. (ANSI) as an accredited developer of American National
    Standards and as a certifying body for personnel credentials, BPI
    develops technical standards and professional certifications that help
    raise the bar in home performance contracting.
        BPA, E4TheFuture, and BPI offer their strong support for DOE's
    residential efficiency programs and initiatives, as they are critical
    to the continued growth of the energy efficiency industry across the
    country. Public programs that support the energy efficiency industry
    are vital as it continues to develop and, as evidenced by a grassroots
    letter from U.S. taxpayers \1\ to House and Senate Energy and Water
    Appropriations subcommittee leadership, there is tremendous public
    support for these programs. The grassroots letter includes signatures
    from over 1,160 U.S. taxpayers from 48 states plus the District of
    Columbia.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        \1\ https://e4thefuture.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/FY22-
    Appropriations-Sign-On.pdf.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        Energy efficiency equals jobs--it is the largest employer and
    fastest growing sector in the energy industry. The 2020 ``Energy
    Efficiency Jobs in America'' \2\ report from E4TheFuture found that the
    energy efficiency industry employs nearly 2.4 million Americans and,
    prior to the pandemic, was adding more jobs than any other energy
    sector. Through 2019, the energy efficiency industry featured twice as
    many workers as the entire U.S. fossil fuel industry and led the
    nation's energy economy in new job creation. The industry was expected
    to see another 3% growth in 2020. Instead, over 18% of the energy
    efficiency workforce (430,000 workers) lost their jobs in the initial
    months of the COVID-19 pandemic.\3\ While other sectors experienced
    robust recoveries in the second half of 2020, energy efficiency did
    not: In December 2020, over half of energy efficiency workers laid off
    in the spring (230,000) were still out of work. A significant portion
    of the energy efficiency jobs in the U.S. are in the residential
    sector, and approximately 56 percent of energy efficiency jobs involve
    construction and repairs. These are the contractors--the ``boots on the
    ground''--installing energy efficiency products and technologies and
    working to reduce energy waste in homes and buildings across the
    country. These local, family-sustaining jobs exist all across the
    country. In fact, 99.9% of U.S. counties have energy efficiency jobs
    and nearly 400,000 of these jobs are in rural areas.\4\ Residential
    energy efficiency jobs were hit particularly hard by the pandemic and
    statewide lockdown orders. Supporting these jobs as part of our
    nation's recovery will be critical.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        \2\ https://e4thefuture.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/
    EE_Jobs_America_2020.pdf.
        \3\ https://e2.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Clean-Energy-Jobs-
    December-COVID-19-Memo-Final-Revised.pdf.
        \4\ https://e2.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/E2-2021-Clean-Jobs-
    America-Report-04-19-2021.pdf.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        Dollar for dollar, investments in energy efficiency create more
    jobs than investment in the utility sector or fossil-fuels,\5\ and
    investments in DOE programs that support energy efficiency--like the
    Building Technologies Office, Weatherization Assistance Program, and
    State Energy Program--lead to job creation and economic growth. For
    example, investment in weatherization creates direct jobs in sales and
    installation and indirect jobs in equipment manufacturing and
    distribution.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        \5\ ACEEE. N.d. Energy Efficiency and Economic Opportunity.
    Retrieved from http://aceee.org/files/pdf/fact-sheet/ee-economic-
    opportunity.pdf.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        In addition to economic and jobs benefits, residential energy
    efficiency also plays a key role in public health. A DOE report on the
    Weatherization Assistance Program \6\ found that home improvements
    focused on energy efficiency can improve indoor air quality, which
    reduces respiratory illness and sick days, and improves mental
    alertness and productivity for both children and adults. Two additional
    reports from 2016--E4TheFuture's ``Occupant Health Benefits of
    Residential Energy Efficiency'' \7\ and the U.S. Department of Energy's
    ``HomeRx: The Health Benefits of Home Performance'' \8\--also found
    that residential energy efficiency upgrades can help to address asthma
    triggers and other chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD),
    leading to reduced healthcare costs. Under the pandemic, these health
    co-benefits from residential energy efficiency have grown even more
    vital.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        \6\ https://energy.gov/eere/wipo/downloads/weatherization-
    assistance-program-national-evaluation.
        \7\ https://e4thefuture.org/occupant-health-benefits-of-
    residential-energy-efficiency/.
        \8\ https://energy.gov/eere/buildings/downloads/home-rx-health-
    benefits-home-performance-review-current-evidence.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        Promoting building efficiency is also vital to achieving carbon
    reduction goals. Buildings are responsible for 31% of all U.S.
    greenhouse gas emissions,\9\ and are therefore critical to any
    emissions reduction strategy. A recent report from ACEEE found that
    energy efficiency alone can cut energy use and U.S. greenhouse gas
    emissions in half by 2050, and buildings deliver 33% of the total
    emissions reductions in the report's model.\10\ The residential
    buildings sector in particular remains largely untapped. Residential
    buildings account for 21% of total U.S. energy consumption,\11\ use
    more electricity than any other sector,\12\ and are the largest
    contributor to peak demand.\13\ Addressing this sector is essential
    from a carbon emissions reduction standpoint.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        \9\ Total combined emissions from the residential and commercial
    sectors with electricity-related emissions distributed. https://
    www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2019-04/documents/us-ghg-inventory-
    2019-main-text.pdf.
        \10\ https://aceee.org/sites/default/files/publications/
    researchreports/u1907.pdf.
        \11\ https://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/pdf/mer.pdf.
        \12\ https://www.eia.gov/electricity/annual/html/epa_01_02.html.
        \13\ https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2019/04/f61/bto-
    geb_overview-4.15.19.pdf.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        The below programs at the Department of Energy deserve the support
    of the American taxpayer as these programs are proven to provide a
    significant return on investment. When funded they will continue to
    provide energy cost relief to households, support American-based
    industry and American jobs, ameliorate issues with the aging electrical
    grid, and support national security goals. We also urge additional
    funding either through regular appropriations or supplemental funding
    in the event an energy/infrastructure package is considered. In the
    event that opportunity presents itself, we would urge:
        1. Title VI of the House-passed, FY21 House Energy and Water
    Development Appropriations Bill as a starting point to fund the State
    Energy Program (SEP) ($730 million--$3.8 billion if adjusted for
    inflation from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act [ARRA]) (for
    base, formula funds), Weatherization Assistance Program (WAP) ($3.25
    billion--$6.2 billion if adjusted for inflation from ARRA) ; and
        2. the HOPE for HOMES program to advance workforce training and
    residential retrofit rebates supported by the President's Budget
    Request ($2 billion in FY22).
                      regular fy22 appropriations requests
        $80 M for Residential Buildings Integration program within the
    Building Technologies Office (BTO), which has the capacity to
    fundamentally transform the performance of homes and greatly improve
    the energy efficiency in the 115 million existing residential buildings
    throughout this country. As mentioned above, residential buildings
    account for 21% of total U.S. energy consumption, use more electricity
    than any other sector, and are therefore an essential (albeit often
    overlooked) part of the carbon reduction equation. RBI can
    significantly improve the energy efficiency in the residential sector
    through its partnerships with the thousands of small businesses in this
    sector, the construction trades, equipment, smart grid technology and
    systems suppliers, integrators and state and local governments. To
    date, approximately 950,000 energy efficiency improvement projects have
    been completed on existing homes through the Home Performance with
    ENERGY STAR program. We recommend that this program receive a line item
    in the budget for at least $80 million and that the funding be focused
    on facilitating later-stage research, demonstration, and widespread
    deployment of technology solutions in new and existing homes, with an
    emphasis on whole-house energy efficiency retrofits (including
    outreach, engagement and training to private sector contractors) and
    continuing efforts to advance grid-interactive residential buildings
    and smart home technology. We encourage the direct engagement with
    residential contractors and businesses, which are crucial to the
    success of buildings programs. The President's FY22 budget supports
    increasing funding for this program to $72 million, but we respectfully
    urge Congress to fund Residential Buildings Integration at no less than
    $80 million.
        $90 M for State Energy Program (SEP). We urge the Committee to
    provide funding of at least $90 million for SEP, which provides funding
    and technical assistance to states, territories, and the District of
    Columbia to enhance energy security, advance state-led energy
    initiatives, and maximize the benefits of decreasing energy waste. The
    President's FY22 budget supports increasing funding for this program,
    but we request that at least $90M of funding be used for direct formula
    grants to the states. Over the past 30 years, SEP has proven to be the
    critical link in helping states improve efficiency in hospitals and
    schools, establish business incubators and job training programs, and
    establish relationships with energy service companies and small
    businesses to implement cost-effective energy efficiency programs
    across their state. The Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) found that
    every dollar invested in SEP by the federal government yields over $10
    leveraged for energy-related economic development and realizes $7.22 in
    energy cost savings for U.S. citizens and businesses--a tremendous
    economic value. SEP provides extraordinary value and flexibility, which
    is why governors across the country strongly support continued funding.
    It is important to note that SEP defers to the governors all decisions
    on allocating resources provided by DOE to meet their states'
    priorities such as energy emergency planning and response and energy
    related economic development.
        $360 M for Weatherization Assistance Program (WAP). We ask the
    Committee to provide funding of at least $360 million for WAP, which
    helps low-income and rural families, seniors, and individuals with
    disabilities make lasting energy efficiency improvements to their
    homes. WAP has a proven track record of creating new jobs and
    contributing to the economy through the program's large supply chain of
    vendors, suppliers, and manufacturers. Since 1976, WAP has helped make
    more than 8 million homes more efficient, saving the average recipient
    about $4,200 over the lifetime of their home. A peer-reviewed study
    from ORNL found that the program is cost-effective at even conservative
    levels of evaluation. Each dollar that goes toward weatherization
    assistance yields at least $2.30 in benefits, and by some estimates as
    much as $4.10 to the home and society. The President's FY22 budget
    request proposes a significant increase to WAP, funding the program at
    $390M. We respectfully ask the Committee to continue support for the
    program in Fiscal Year 2022 in order to assist America's low- and
    moderate-income citizens.
        Aside from the very important programs noted above, BPA,
    E4TheFuture, and BPI would like to request the Committee support the
    U.S. Energy and Employment Report (USEER) within the Department of
    Energy. The annual USEER is an invaluable resource for both employers
    and policymakers and, in this moment of economic turmoil, supporting
    the report is particularly critical. Funding from DOE makes USEER
    possible every year. Without future reports, the economic fallout from
    the pandemic and its impacts on the energy sector nationwide will not
    be fully recorded, depriving decisionmakers of crucial employment
    information.
        In addition, we respectfully ask the Committee to support existing
    training programs that fund clean energy and energy efficiency jobs
    within the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE).
    These EERE workforce development programs assist and support workers in
    trades and activities required for the continued growth of the U.S.
    energy efficiency and clean energy sectors. Seismic shifts in the
    energy workforce caused by COVID-19 have underlined the continuing need
    for these programs. We urge the Committee to support the USEER, funded
    at $2 million in FY22, as well as these workforce development programs
    within EERE.
        In conclusion, BPA, E4TheFuture, and BPI offer their strong support
    for DOE's residential efficiency programs and initiatives, as they are
    critical to the continued advancement of the energy efficiency
    industry, which contributes to the country's overall economic growth,
    energy independence, and international competitiveness, and also
    represents a significant and largely untapped resource for carbon
    reduction. Public programs that support the energy efficiency industry
    are vital as it continues to develop and there is tremendous public
    support for these programs. The very small investments in the programs
    discussed above pay for themselves many times over and are a wise and
    modest investment that help Americans save money, improve energy
    security, and live and work in safe and comfortable buildings. Again,
    thank you for providing this opportunity to submit testimony. We look
    forward to working with you.

        [This statement was submitted by Steve Skodak, President & CEO,
    Building Performance Association,Stephen Cowell, President,
    E4TheFuture, and Larry Zarker, CEO, Building Performance Institute.]
                                     ______

       Prepared Statement of the Business Council for Sustainable Energy
        The Business Council for Sustainable Energy (BCSE) urges Congress
    to make clean energy and demand-side energy efficiency central to
    infrastructure improvement measures enacted in the 117th Congress, with
    a focus on resilience and improved public health and safety. A key
    aspect of rebuilding our nation's infrastructure will be to enact
    robust funding for clean energy programs managed by federal agencies,
    in particular the Department of Energy, in the FY2022 Energy and Water
    Development Appropriations bill. A document containing clean energy
    industry funding requests for BCSE members in the renewable energy,
    energy efficiency and natural gas sectors for the FY2022 Energy and
    Water Appropriations Bill can be found here for your reference.
        Federal investment in clean energy innovation has received
    bipartisan support because Congress recognizes the United States of
    America must lead the world in sustainable energy technologies to meet
    the need for grid reliability and safety, while boosting economic
    growth and reducing environmental impacts.
        For these reasons, the Business Council for Sustainable Energy
    urges Congress to continue to adequately fund Department of Energy
    (DOE) clean energy programs for the offices of Energy Efficiency and
    Renewable Energy (EERE), Fossil Energy and Carbon Management (FE),
    Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability (EDER), Advanced Research
    Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E) and other essential DOE clean energy
    programs. These federal research development and deployment funds can
    be used to leverage business investment to accelerate deployment and
    emissions reductions in all sectors of the economy.
        The BCSE is a coalition of companies and trade associations from
    the energy efficiency, energy storage, natural gas, renewable energy,
    sustainable transportation and emerging decarbonization technology
    sectors. It includes independent electric power producers, investor-
    owned utilities, public utilities, equipment manufacturers, commercial
    end users and service providers in energy and environmental markets.
    Founded in 1992, the coalition's diverse business membership is united
    around the revitalization of the U.S. economy and the creation of a
    clean, secure and reliable energy future in America.
        The BCSE is pleased to have an independent small- and medium-size
    businesses initiative under its banner, the Clean Energy Business
    Network (CEBN). Together, the BCSE and CEBN represent a broad range of
    the clean energy economy, from Fortune 100 companies to small
    businesses working in all 50 states and over 350 Congressional
    districts. On a national basis, these industries support over 3 million
    U.S. jobs.
        The 2021 Sustainable Energy in America Factbook recently released
    by the BCSE and BloombergNEF shows that despite major headwinds brought
    about due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the transformation of how the U.S.
    produces, delivers, and consumes hydrocarbons, electrons and heat
    marched onward.
        Congress has the opportunity to build on market conditions by
    funding research, development and deployment across a broad portfolio
    of technologies and industries, including energy efficiency and CHP,
    hydropower and marine energy, geothermal energy, wind, solar, energy
    storage, microgrids, carbon management and utilization, hydrogen,
    critical minerals, sustainable transportation and others to meet the
    need for grid reliability and safety, while boosting economic growth
    and reducing environmental damage.
        The Council welcomes the opportunity to share information from the
    Factbook with you and we look forward to working with you throughout
    the FY2022 budget cycle.

        [This statement was submitted by Lisa Jacobson, President, Business
    Council for Sustainable Energy.]
                                     ______

         Prepared Statement of the Carbon Utilization Research Council
        Summary of CURC FY 2022 Recommendation: The Carbon Utilization
    Research Council (``CURC'') is an industry coalition focused on
    technology solutions for the responsible use of our fossil energy
    resources in a balanced, low carbon generation portfolio.\1\ CURC
    recommends $1,388,250,000 for the CCUS & Power Systems Program, funded
    by the Fossil Energy Research and Development (FE R&D) budget.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        \1\ For more information, please visit www.curc.net.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        Benefits of Investment in Carbon Management Technologies:
    Deployment of carbon management technologies including carbon capture,
    utilization, and storage (CCUS) will have emissions reductions
    benefits, contribute to a growing economy, and play a critical role in
    the ongoing energy transition. In addition to providing low-carbon,
    dispatchable electricity to load follow intermittent renewables on the
    electric grid, CCUS provides a mean to reduce emissions from hard-to-
    decarbonize industrial processes including cement production and
    steelmaking and can help to create low- and zero- carbon fuels
    including hydrogen that have a wide variety of applications to
    decarbonize transportation, hard-to-abate industries, and provide long
    term, seasonal storage for the grid. International climate authorities
    like the International Energy Agency have determined that reaching
    economywide net-zero emissions in any scenario is ``virtually
    impossible'' without CCUS.
        Federal investment in CCUS RD&D will also substantially benefit
    U.S. economic competitiveness, as the technology will allow us to
    maintain existing jobs and expertise in incumbent industries in
    addition to creating new, high-wage jobs in the energy and
    manufacturing sectors.
    CURC-EPRI Roadmap:
        CURC and the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) continuously
    evaluate technology needs that reflect changing markets and policies
    that impact fossil fuel use in the electric sector, which are
    communicated through an Advanced Technology Roadmap. The Roadmap
    identifies a suite of CCUS technologies that, if implemented, can
    deliver low carbon emission, fossil-fueled power plants between 2025-
    2035 that are cost-competitive with other sources of electricity.
    Several technologies identified in the Roadmap are readying for large-
    scale pilot testing while others are preparing for commercial
    demonstration. It is critical that a program is implemented to
    successfully commercialize these technologies to successfully meet any
    proposed net-zero objectives. This means annual federal budgets must
    increase to support the scale-up effort.
    Federal Support of RD&D:
        The U.S. has been a leader in the development of fossil energy
    technology with the support of the DOE's world class CCUS RD&D
    programs. In 2020, Congress recognized the need for expedited
    development and deployment of these technologies through the enactment
    of P.L. 116-260, which authorized approximately $6.7 billion over five
    years for carbon management RD&D. These authorizations are in alignment
    with the recommendations of the CURC-EPRI Roadmap and will allow DOE to
    continue to make substantial progress in the development and
    commercialization of CCUS technologies for applications across sectors,
    including electric power.
         ccus & power systems program fiscal year 2022 specific budget
                                recommendations
        CURC recommends full funding of the authorization levels for Carbon
    Management activities included in P.L. 116-260. However, CURC has
    several overarching comments regarding FY 2022 funding for the CCUS and
    Power Systems Program:
        1. Any additional funding provided by Committee for new program
    activities should not come at the expense of existing initiatives, for
    which the Department has already made substantial progress to
    commercialize technologies.
        2. Funding for selected projects under the Coal FIRST Initiative
    should be provided to construct project facilities, as each project is
    intended to demonstrate technologies that will result in net-zero
    carbon electricity and hydrogen production and are in line with the
    objectives of this Administration.
        3. Continued funding should be directed to the Department to
    retrofit existing coal- and natural gas-fired electric power
    facilities, which will be critical to achieve the Administration's
    electric sector decarbonization objectives.
        4. Substantial investment is needed to enable large-scale carbon
    storage, which underpins the entire value proposition of electric power
    and industrial sector carbon capture as well as negative emissions
    carbon capture technologies.
    Carbon Capture Commercialization:
        CURC recommends $500M. CURC recommends funding for the Department
    to initiate a Carbon Capture Commercialization Program consistent with
    commercial demonstration objectives authorized in PL 116-260 and
    recommends that expanded funding for the Department be used to fund
    commercial-scale applications of carbon capture technologies for coal,
    natural gas, and industrial applications.
    Carbon Capture:
        CURC recommends $205M. Consistent with the objectives of P.L. 116-
    260, CURC's recommendation includes funding to support research,
    development, large-scale pilot projects, and carbon capture test
    centers for a variety of transformational carbon capture technologies
    to improve the efficiency and lower the cost of carbon capture in both
    power and industrial sector applications. Funding for carbon capture
    should also be applied to new transformational technologies that are
    part of the DOE's Advanced Energy Systems program (addressed below), as
    intended by the carbon capture program authorization in the Energy Act
    of 2020, as those technologies inherently include carbon capture as
    part of the overall process. CURC supports efforts to evaluate
    industrial carbon capture and negative emissions technologies, but not
    at the expense of critical existing R&D for post- and pre-combustion
    capture technologies. CURC recommends full funding for the National
    Carbon Capture Center (NCCC), which is a critical path for testing and
    scaling up new technologies.
    Front-End Engineering and Design:
        CURC recommends $50M for a front-end engineering and design (FEED)
    program on coal, natural gas, and industrial applications of carbon
    capture technologies, consistent with objectives authorized in P.L.
    116-260, which will provide technical and economic data necessary to
    accelerate CCUS project deployment. Funds within this appropriation
    should also be utilized to conduct FEED studies of carbon dioxide
    storage complexes that may be part of the carbon capture projects
    selected for a DOE award.
    Carbon Storage:
        CURC recommends $200M. CURC supports the authorized funding levels
    for Carbon Storage activities included in P.L. 116-260. CURC notes that
    direct air capture and other negative emissions technologies will also
    be dependent on a robust carbon storage industry and recommends a more
    robust program as follows:
      --Storage Infrastructure: CURC--$180M.
        --Regional Initiatives: CURC--$30M to diversify the Regional
                Initiatives' efforts, which were spun out of the Regional
                Carbon Sequestration Partnerships (RCSPs). The Regional
                Initiatives develop the geologic framework and
                infrastructure necessary to validate and deploy carbon
                storage, including the assessment of locations for
                CarbonSAFE or other commercial-scale carbon storage
                projects.
        --CarbonSAFE: CURC--$150M to fully fund CarbonSAFE Phase III
                projects selected in fiscal year 2020 through to Phase IV
                and, with remaining funds, solicit proposals for additional
                CarbonSAFE projects. CarbonSAFE Phase III effort will seek
                permits, continue to integrate efforts with regional
                sources of CO2, demonstrate technical viability
                of storage sites and support development of the
                qualification processes necessary for a site to begin to
                commercially accept CO2.
      --CCUS Storage R&D: CURC--$20M. CURC recommends continued focus on
            R&D at all TRL levels to address technical gaps to improve
            reliability of CCUS storage, including continued
            characterization of potential storage opportunities, monitoring
            and modeling technologies, risk assessment and mitigation tools
            should be supported.
    Carbon Utilization:
        CURC recommends $55.25M. CURC recommends funding for Carbon
    Utilization RD&D activities consistent with P.L. 116-260.
    Advanced Energy Systems:
        CURC recommends $273M. P.L. 116-260 includes authorizing language
    for R&D and large-scale pilot projects for a variety of
    transformational carbon management technologies, including those
    covered by the Advanced Energy Systems program that inherently include
    carbon capture as part of their system process. CURC recommends funding
    for specific subprograms as follows:
      --Advanced Gasification Systems: $20M. CURC recommends continued
            focus on research for low cost, modular gasification
            technologies that will increase efficiency and lower capital
            costs for coal and biomass to hydrogen or power applications,
            as well as research to support a broad range of R&D.
      --Advanced Turbines: $50M. CURC recommends funding to undertake R&D
            to improve the efficiency of gas turbines, to utilize 100%
            hydrogen as well as hydrogen-natural gas blends as well as
            ammonia and ammonia-hydrogen blends, and to test and validate
            components and their performance as an integrated system.
      --Fuel Cells: $40M. CURC recommends funding for the development of
            next generation fuel cell technologies to produce both power
            and hydrogen from fossil fuels.
      --Advanced Combustion Systems: $68M. CURC recommends funding to
            advance novel energy conversion technologies, including
            chemical looping ($11M), pressurized oxycombustion ($29M), and
            supercritical CO2 systems ($38M) for bench-scale work as well
            as to advance promising technologies to pilot-scale testing.
    Supercritical CO2 Technology (STEP):
        CURC recommends $20M. CURC recommends efforts, consistent with the
    original scope of work, to complete the necessary design and
    construction of the 10-MW pilot and to conduct the necessary testing
    for the facility. CURC also recommends funds for competitively awarded
    research and development activities, coordinated with the Offices of
    Nuclear Energy (NE) and Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE),
    to advance the use of supercritical power cycles.
    Transformational Coal Pilot Plant Program:
        CURC recommends $10M, consistent with FY 2021 appropriations, to
    continue funding Phase III projects selected in FY 2021.
    Cross Cutting R&D Program:
        CURC recommends $75M. CURC's recommendations for Cross Cutting R&D
    include:
      --Sensors and Controls: $8M to improve monitoring of systems and
            apply solutions to mitigate stress on fossil systems that
            increasingly operate under cycling load conditions.
      --Extreme Environmental Materials: $16M. CURC recommends $8M to
            support high temperature and pressure component testing under
            real operating conditions, a project underway between DOE and
            industry; and $8M for the A-USC Materials Consortium.
      --Water Management R&D: $15M for thermoelectric applications of water
            use and reuse, reduced water withdrawals, clean-up of water
            discharge, and zero liquid discharge (ZLD) technologies.
      --Computational Science: $11M.
      --Advanced Energy Storage Initiative: $5M. CURC supports funding for
            thermal, mechanical, and chemical storage systems that can be
            integrated with fossil power systems.
      --University Training and Research: $4M to develop the next
            generation workforce for the fossil energy generation industry
            which is experiencing a very large generation gap.
    Other Initiatives Within Fossil Energy Research and Development:
        Outside of the CCUS and Power Systems Program, CURC provides the
    following recommendations within the broader FE R&D portfolio:
      --Natural Gas Utilization: $40M. CURC recommends the establishment of
            a new research and development initiative within the Natural
            Gas Technologies office to effectively utilize natural gas for
            decarbonization solutions. Within those funds, CURC recommends
            $40,000,000 for sustainable fuels and chemicals research and
            development focused on conversion of natural gas, natural gas
            liquids and other gas streams to low-carbon products, including
            chemicals and fuels such as ammonia and low carbon hydrogen.
            Comprehensive planning approaches for transitioning segments of
            the economy to hydrogen and other low-carbon fuels should be a
            part of the program, including analysis of the infrastructure
            required to store and transport these fuels. CURC also supports
            the establishment of a Center for Sustainable Fuels and
            Chemicals at the National Energy Technology Lab and a funding
            level of up to $15,000,000 for this initiative from within
            available funds for sustainable fuels and chemicals research
            and development.
      --Hydrogen RD&D: $86M. CURC encourages the FE to expand hydrogen
            research, development and demonstration activities that support
            fossil fuel-derived hydrogen production equipped with CCUS
            technologies that results in significantly reduced carbon
            dioxide intensity. CURC encourages the Committee to recognize
            the importance of low- and zero-carbon hydrogen production for
            a variety of end uses and to support continued collaboration
            with the EERE, OE, and NE.

        [This statement was submitted by Shannon Angielski, Executive
    Director, Carbon Utilization Research Council.]
                                     ______

     Prepared Statement of the Central Arizona Water Conservation District
        On behalf of the Central Arizona Water Conservation District
    (CAWCD), I encourage you to include an allocation of $10.7 million for
    the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation's Salinity Control Basinwide Program for
    the Colorado River Basin in the Fiscal Year 2022 Energy and Water
    Development Appropriations bill. Continued funding for the Basinwide
    Program, which supports salinity control projects, will help protect
    the water quality of the Colorado River that is used by approximately
    40 million people for municipal and industrial purposes and used to
    irrigate approximately 4 million acres in the United States. CAWCD
    further supports continued prioritization of funding for the Drought
    Contingency Plan designed to reduce risks to the Colorado River basin
    from ongoing drought.
        CAWCD manages the Central Arizona Project, a multi-purpose water
    resource development and management project that delivers Colorado
    River water into central and southern Arizona. The largest supplier of
    renewable water in Arizona, CAP delivers an average of over 1.5 million
    acre-feet of Arizona's 2.8 million acre-foot Colorado River entitlement
    each year to municipal and industrial users, agricultural irrigation
    districts, and Indian communities.
        Our goal at CAP is to provide an affordable, reliable and
    sustainable supply of Colorado River water to a service area that
    includes more than 80 percent of Arizona's population. These renewable
    water supplies are critical to Arizona's economy and to the economies
    of Native American communities throughout the state. Nearly 90% of
    economic activity in the State of Arizona occurs within CAP's service
    area. The canal provides an economic benefit of $100 billion annually,
    accounting for one-third of the entire Arizona gross state product. CAP
    also helps the State of Arizona meet its water management and
    regulatory objectives of reducing groundwater use and ensuring
    availability of groundwater as a supplemental water supply during
    future droughts. Achieving and maintaining these water management
    objectives is critical to the long-term sustainability of a state as
    arid as Arizona.
      the colorado river basin salinity control program--its history and
                                  significance
        Recognizing the rapidly increasing salinity concentration in the
    Lower Colorado River and its impact on water users, Arizona joined with
    the other Colorado River Basin States in 1973 and organized the
    Colorado River Basin Salinity Control Forum (Forum). In 1974, in
    coordination with the U.S. Department of the Interior and the U.S.
    State Department, the Forum worked with Congress in the passage of the
    Colorado River Basin Salinity Control Act (Act) to offset increased
    damages caused by continued development and use of the waters of the
    Colorado River. Title I of the Salinity Control Act deals with the
    United States' commitment to the quality of water being delivered to
    Mexico. Title II of the Act deals with improving the quality of the
    water delivered to the U.S. users.
        In the early years of the Program, Reclamation implemented salinity
    control through large projects that were funded with specific line item
    amounts. In 1995, Congress amended the Act and created Reclamation's
    Basinwide Program. Under this program, Reclamation funds competitive
    proposals that will decrease the salt load to the Colorado River. Most
    of the received proposals target off-farm irrigation distribution
    systems such as canals and laterals. The lining or piping of canals and
    laterals prevents leakage into the groundwater and the dissolution and
    transportation of salts to the Colorado River and its tributaries.
    States provide a 30 percent cost share of the projects implemented by
    Reclamation. CAWCD and other key water providers in the United States
    and Mexico are working to maintain salinity standards.
                     negative impacts of concentrated salts
        Natural and man-induced salt loading to the Colorado River creates
    environmental and economic damages. The Environmental Protection Agency
    (EPA) has identified that more than 60 percent of the salt load of the
    Colorado River comes from natural sources. With the significant federal
    ownership in the Basin, most of this comes from federally administered
    lands. Human activity, principally irrigation, adds to the salt load of
    the Colorado River. Further, natural and human activities concentrate
    the dissolved salts in the River.
        The U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) has estimated the
    current quantifiable damages of salt at about $454 million per year.
    Modeling by Reclamation indicates that quantifiable damages would
    increase to approximately $671 million annually by 2040 if the program
    were not to continue.
        These damages include: a reduction in the yield of salt sensitive
    crops and increased water use to meet the leaching requirements in the
    agricultural sector; increased use of imported water and cost of
    desalination and brine disposal for recycling water in the municipal
    sector; a reduction in the useful life of galvanized water pipe
    systems, water heaters, faucets, garbage disposals, clothes washers,
    and dishwashers, and increased use of bottled water and water softeners
    in the household sector; an increase in the cost of cooling operations
    and the cost of water softening, and a decrease in equipment service
    life in the commercial sector; an increase in the use of water and the
    cost of water treatment, and an increase in sewer fees in the
    industrial sector; a decrease in the life of treatment facilities and
    pipelines in the utility sector; and difficulty in meeting wastewater
    discharge requirements to comply with National Pollutant Discharge
    Elimination System permit terms and conditions, and an increase in
    desalination and brine disposal costs due to accumulation of salts in
    groundwater basins.
         u.s. bureau of reclamation and drought contingency plan (dcp)
        Federal legislation was enacted in 2019 to authorize the
    implementation of the DCP at the federal level. The DCP was designed to
    protect the Colorado River system through reductions in use and
    increased incentives for storage in Lake Mead, the Lower Basin's
    principal reservoir.
        The DCP agreements were developed through a collaborative process
    amongst the federal government, states, water users and Mexico. CAWCD
    encourages Congress to continue to prioritize support for the
    implementation of the DCP, including resources for the Bureau of
    Reclamation to achieve the goal to conserve up to 100,000 acre-feet per
    year as part of the DCP, and to continue to explore means to augment
    Colorado River system supplies consistent with the Colorado River Basin
    Project Act.
                                   conclusion
        Implementation of salinity control practices through Reclamation's
    Basinwide Program has proven to be a very cost-effective method of
    controlling the salinity of the Colorado River. In fact, the salt load
    of the Colorado River has now been reduced by roughly 1.2 million tons
    annually. However, shortfalls in recent Basinwide Program funding
    levels have led to inefficiencies in the implementation of the overall
    Program. The Plan of Implementation, as adopted by the states and
    approved by EPA, calls for 63,500 tons of additional salinity control
    measures to be implemented by Reclamation, the Bureau of Land
    Management and the USDA's Natural Resources Conservation Services
    (NRCS) through 2021, or approximately 9,100 tons of new control each
    year by Reclamation.
        The current drought that has significantly impacted the West
    affects the amount of and quality of available water, which in turn has
    the potential to exacerbate the salinity concentration levels. As such,
    we respectfully request $10.7 million for the U.S. Bureau of
    Reclamation's Basinwide Program for the Colorado River Basin in the
    Fiscal Year 2022 Appropriations bill. Continuation of adequate funding
    levels for salinity within this program will prevent further
    degradation of water quality of the Colorado River and significant
    increases of economic damages to its nearly 40 million municipal,
    industrial and irrigation users. In addition, we encourage Congress to
    continue to prioritize support for the implementation of the DCP.

        [This statement was submitted by Theodore C. Cooke, General
    Manager, Central Arizona Water Conservation District.]
                                     ______

           Prepared Statement of the Clean Hydrogen Future Coalition
                  summary of clean hydrogen future coalition
                        fiscal year 2022 recommendation
        CHFC (Clean Hydrogen Future Coalition) recommends $1,280,000,000
    for clean hydrogen research, development, and deployment (RD&D)
    activities at the Department of Energy for FY 2022. These
    recommendations would direct $1,100,000,000 to clean hydrogen programs
    within the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) and
    $180,000,000 to clean hydrogen programs within the Office of Fossil
    Energy. However, CHFC stresses the importance of collaboration among
    the Offices of EERE, Fossil Energy, Nuclear Energy, and Science to
    effectively and efficiently utilize funds and ensure a comprehensive
    approach to clean hydrogen production, transport, and utilization.
    Background on the Clean Hydrogen Future Coalition:
        The Clean Hydrogen Future Coalition (CHFC) is a diverse group of
    stakeholders supporting federal clean hydrogen policies that will
    stimulate the adoption of clean hydrogen in the U.S. and enable our
    country to achieve national decarbonization objectives while also
    increasing U.S. global competitiveness. CHFC members represent a broad
    spectrum of forward-thinking entities in industries that will play a
    critical role in the transition to a clean energy economy with a robust
    role for clean hydrogen.
    Importance of Scaling Clean Hydrogen:
        With its ability to be used as a fuel source for transportation, as
    an industrial or chemical feedstock, or to produce and store
    electricity, clean hydrogen will have a critical role in accelerating
    decarbonization across all sectors of our economy. For example, clean
    hydrogen will be necessary to decarbonize heavier modes of transport--
    including heavy-duty trucking, shipping, and aviation--that are
    substantially more difficult, if not impossible, to electrify than
    passenger vehicles. Clean hydrogen can also be substituted for fossil
    fuels to power certain high-temperature industrial processes that
    cannot be electrified and for which other mitigation options are
    limited or unavailable. In the electric power sector, clean hydrogen
    can be used to produce CO2 emissions-free electricity and can be used
    to enable the long-duration energy storage necessary to achieve the
    net-zero emission electric grid envisioned by the Biden administration.
        In order to create a clean hydrogen economy at the scale necessary
    to achieve national decarbonization objectives, the U.S. must take
    action to significantly reduce the cost of clean hydrogen production,
    propel its investment in clean hydrogen infrastructure, and incentivize
    its use in various end-use market applications. Scaling clean hydrogen
    will also provide an opportunity to transition existing--and create
    new--skilled, high wage jobs needed to support the clean energy
    transition.
    Importance of Federal Support for RD&D:
        Given the level of clean hydrogen production, infrastructure, and
    end-use demand that must be in place to power a clean hydrogen economy
    at scale, a comprehensive and coordinated federal investment strategy
    is required from the Department of Energy. The Department of Energy has
    demonstrated commercialization successes across its applied energy
    research offices and federal support has long played a critical role in
    commercializing energy technologies and making them economically viable
    for the private sector. There are typically long lead times for
    advancing energy technologies from concept to demonstration, then to
    commercialization, and each phase carries significant technical and
    cost risks as well as uncertainty in market requirements and timing. To
    accelerate the energy transition, robust federal support is necessary
    to scale up clean hydrogen technologies through each of these stages,
    particularly if they are to be made available in a sufficient period of
    time to contribute to domestic decarbonization objectives.
      fiscal year 2022 specific budget recommendations--office of energy
                        efficiency and renewable energy
        The CHFC recommends $1.1 billion for clean hydrogen RD&D activities
    within the EERE. While EERE has traditionally housed the majority of
    federal RD&D programs related to hydrogen, CHFC encourages the
    Committee to provide direction to DOE requiring cross-Department
    collaboration on hydrogen RD&D activities.
    Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies:
        CHFC recommends $800 million. The CHFC recommends funding as
    follows:
      --H2@Scale Commercial Demonstration: CHFC recommends $500 million for
            the initiation of a commercialization program for technologies
            that have the potential to produce, transport, or utilize
            hydrogen with low-, net-zero, or net-negative carbon dioxide
            emissions. There are a number of clean hydrogen production
            technologies for which funding should support, including hybrid
            hydrogen production integrated with clean electricity
            generation, autothermal reforming, compact hydrogen generators,
            biomass combustion to hydrogen, and solid waste and plastics to
            hydrogen. The CHFC encourages the Committee to recommend that
            DOE utilize clean hydrogen produced from one commercial
            demonstration facility for the purposes of supplying hydrogen
            for medium- and heavy-duty hydrogen fuel cell vehicles and the
            associated fueling infrastructure to demonstrate the
            integration of clean hydrogen production with specific end use
            applications. The CHFC recommends that these activities be
            conducted in coordination with the Office of Fossil Energy.
      --H2@Scale Front-End Engineering and Design: CHFC recommends $150
            million for a front-end engineering and design (FEED) program
            for technologies that have the potential to produce, transport,
            or utilize hydrogen with low-, net-zero, or net-negative carbon
            dioxide emissions. The CHFC recommends that these activities be
            conducted in coordination with the Office of Fossil Energy.
      --Research, Development, and Demonstration: CHFC recommends $150
            million to expand clean hydrogen research, development and
            demonstration activities based on the priorities described in
            the Department of Energy's 2020 ``Hydrogen Program Plan'' and
            work in coordination with the Offices of Fossil and Nuclear
            Energy to advance the priorities outlined in the strategy.
            Within available funds, CHFC recommends continued research on
            novel onboard hydrogen tank systems, trailer delivery systems
            to reduce cost of delivered hydrogen, novel chemical hydrogen
            carriers, and development of material-based storage and
            hydrogen storage materials. CHFC also recommends continued
            electrolyzer development, including high-temperature
            electrolyzer RD&D activities, cost-shared with the office of
            Nuclear Energy, with a focus on improving the efficiency and
            reducing costs of electrolyzers. CHFC recommends continued fuel
            cell technology development for the transportation fleet,
            including for long haul and heavy-duty trucking. The CHFC
            encourages the Department to consult regularly with industry to
            avoid duplication of private-sector activities and to work with
            the Department of Transportation and industry on coordinating
            efforts to deploy hydrogen fueling infrastructure.
        SuperTruck III Program: CHFC recommends $300 million for continued
    funding of the SuperTruck III program to improve the energy and freight
    efficiency of heavy- and medium-duty long- and regional-haul vehicles.
    Within this funding, CHFC recommends demonstration of hydrogen fuel
    cell technologies capable of meeting cost, efficiency, and performance
    targets identified by the Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies Office
    for hydrogen-fueled long-haul Class 8 trucks.
      fiscal year 2022 specific budget recommendations--office of fossil
                                     energy
        The CHFC recommends $180 million for the Office of Fossil Energy to
    undertake hydrogen-related RD&D activities within the Fossil Energy
    Research and Development (FE R&D) Program. The FE R&D Program can
    leverage existing expertise to further develop clean hydrogen
    production from fossil fuels coupled with carbon capture, utilization,
    and storage (CCUS) with low- and net-zero CO2 emissions, or net-
    negative emissions when fossil fuels are co-fired with sustainable
    biomass resources. The Office of Fossil Energy is also home to existing
    expertise within the Department on hydrogen transport via pipeline and
    the use of clean hydrogen in industrial and power applications.
    Natural Gas Technologies:
        The CHFC recommends $90 million for the Natural Gas Technologies
    Program as follows:
      --Clean Hydrogen RD&D: CHFC recommends $40 million to establish a new
            research and development initiative within the Natural Gas
            Technologies Office to decarbonize the use of natural gas to
            produce clean fuels, including low- or zero-carbon hydrogen and
            other low carbon fuels or feedstocks such as ammonia.
            Comprehensive planning approaches for transitioning segments of
            the economy to hydrogen and other low-carbon fuels should be a
            part of the program, including analysis of the infrastructure
            required to store and transport these fuels.
      --Natural Gas Infrastructure: CHFC recommends $50 million. The CHFC
            recognizes the importance of leveraging our existing
            infrastructure and its potential for transporting clean
            hydrogen. Hydrogen blending in natural gas pipelines is being
            studied, and there is a need for additional research to
            understand the impacts to existing infrastructure. Within this
            funding, the CHFC recommends not less than $10 million to
            conduct research and development for hydrogen transportation
            and storage infrastructure, which should address the safety,
            mechanical integrity, and regulatory impacts of blending
            hydrogen into existing natural gas pipelines and assess whether
            those blends can be utilized throughout the distribution
            system. Pipeline research should also focus on novel, low-cost
            materials for use in pipelines to assess compatibility of
            higher-strength steels with hydrogen and first-of-a-kind
            demonstrations of novel pipeline technologies. Storage research
            should focus on geologic storage of hydrogen. Comprehensive
            planning approaches for transitioning segments of natural gas
            users to increased hydrogen use should be part of the program,
            including analysis of the infrastructure required to store and
            transport hydrogen
    CCUS and Power Systems:
        CHFC recommends $90 million for hydrogen-related RD&D activities
    within the CCUS and Power Systems Program as follows:
      --Advanced Turbines R&D: Within available funds for Advanced Energy
            Systems, CHFC recommends $50 million for Advanced Turbines R&D,
            with direction to use funds for a research and development
            program focused on utilizing clean hydrogen, clean hydrogen-
            natural gas blends, and ammonia and ammonia-hydrogen blends, to
            test and validate components and their performance as an
            integrated system, working cooperatively with industry,
            universities, and other appropriate parties. Funding should
            also support demonstrating hydrogen turbines that can be fueled
            with pure hydrogen.
      --Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: Within available funds for Advanced Energy
            Systems, CHFC recommends $40 million for the development of
            next generation solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) technologies to
            produce power and hydrogen from fossil fuels. This activity
            builds on significant progress made through research and
            development in this program to enable efficient, cost-effective
            electricity generation and hydrogen production with minimal use
            of water. These activities will result in development of SOFC
            technologies to produce hydrogen from fossil fuels while
            benefiting from synergies with EERE's Hydrogen and Fuel Cell
            Technologies Program relative to infrastructure developments
            and safety of end use. This funding will preserve U.S.
            leadership in SOFC technology, ensure utilization of extensive
            fossil fuel resources in the U.S., and will result in ultra-
            high efficiency production of power and hydrogen.

        [This statement was submitted by Shannon Angielski, President,
    Clean Hydrogen Future Coalition.]
                                     ______

     Prepared Statement of the Colorado River Basin Salinity Control Forum
        Waters from the Colorado River are used by approximately 40 million
    people for municipal and industrial purposes and used to irrigate
    approximately 5.5 million acres in the United States. Natural and man-
    induced salt loading to the Colorado River creates environmental and
    economic damages. In 2020 the Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation)
    estimated the quantifiable damages to Lower Basin water users due to
    elevated salinity levels at about $354 million per year. Congress
    authorized the Colorado River Basin Salinity Control Program (Program)
    through the Colorado River Basin Salinity Control Act (Act) (P.L. 93-
    320) in 1974 to offset increased damages caused by continued
    development and use of the waters of the Colorado River. Modeling by
    Reclamation indicates that the quantifiable damages will rise to
    approximately $671 million annually by the year 2040 without
    continuation of the Program. Congress has directed the Secretary of the
    Interior to implement a comprehensive program for minimizing salt
    contributions to the Colorado River. Reclamation serves as the lead
    federal agency in implementing the Program. Reclamation primarily
    institutes salinity control through its Basinwide Program. A funding
    level of $10.7 million is required in 2022 to prevent further
    degradation of the quality of the Colorado River and a commensurate
    increase in downstream economic damages to water users.
        EPA has identified that more than 60 percent of the salt load of
    the Colorado River comes from natural sources. The majority of land
    within the Colorado River Basin is federally owned, much of which is
    administered by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM). In authorizing the
    Program, Congress recognized that most of the salts in the Colorado
    River originate from federally owned lands. Title I of the Act deals
    with programs downstream of Imperial Dam that enable the U.S. to meet
    its commitment regarding the quality of waters being delivered to
    Mexico (Minute No. 242 of the International Boundary and Water
    Commission, United States and Mexico). Title II of the Act addresses
    measures upstream from Imperial Dam, thus improving the quality of the
    water delivered to users in the United States. This testimony deals
    specifically with Title II efforts.
        In the early years of the Program, Reclamation implemented salinity
    control through large projects, which were funded with specific line-
    item amounts. In 1995, Congress amended the Act and created
    Reclamation's Basinwide Program. Under this program, Reclamation funds
    competitive proposals for projects which will decrease the salt load to
    the Colorado River. Most of the received proposals target off-farm
    irrigation distribution systems such as canals and laterals. The lining
    or piping of canals and laterals prevents leakage of water into the
    groundwater system and the dissolution and transportation of salts to
    the Colorado River and its tributaries. It is more efficient and cost
    effective for Reclamation to perform the off-farm distribution system
    improvements prior to NRCS treating the on-farm acres with salinity
    control practices (i.e., Reclamation should pipe a canal or lateral
    prior to the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) putting a
    pressurized sprinkler system on farm). Shortfalls in recent Basinwide
    Program funding levels have led to inefficiencies in the implementation
    of the overall Program. The funding amount identified above is required
    to get the Basinwide Program back on pace with the overall Program
    implementation needs.
        Concentration of salt in the Colorado River causes approximately
    $354 million annually in quantified damages and significantly more in
    unquantified damages in the United States and results in poor water
    quality for United States users. Damages, by water usage sector,
    include the following:
      --a reduction in the ability to reclaim and reuse water for
            beneficial uses, including drinking water and irrigation water
            supplies, due to high salinities in the water delivered to
            water treatment and reclamation facilities,
      --a reduction in the yield of salt sensitive crops, increased water
            use to meet leaching requirements and additional actions
            necessary to comply with the Clean Water Act within the
            agricultural sector,
      --increased use of imported water and cost of desalination and brine
            disposal for recycling water in the municipal sector,
      --a reduction in the useful life of galvanized water pipe systems,
            water heaters, faucets, garbage disposals, clothes washers and
            dishwashers, and increased use of bottled water and water
            softeners in the household sector,
      --an increase in the cost of cooling operations and the cost of water
            softening, and a decrease in equipment service life in the
            commercial sector,
      --an increase in the use of water and the cost of water treatment,
            and a corresponding increase in sewer fees in the industrial
            sector,
      --a decrease in the lifespan of treatment facilities and pipelines in
            the utility sector, and
      --difficulty in meeting wastewater discharge requirements to comply
            with National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permit
            terms and conditions, and an increase in desalination and brine
            disposal costs necessary to minimize accumulation of salts in
            groundwater basins.
        The Colorado River Basin Salinity Control Forum (Forum) is composed
    of gubernatorial appointees from Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada,
    New Mexico, Utah and Wyoming. The Forum is charged with reviewing the
    Colorado River's water quality standards for salinity every three years
    to facilitate compliance with Section 303(c) of the Clean Water Act
    (P.L. 92-500). In so doing, it adopts a Plan of Implementation
    consistent with these standards. The level of appropriation requested
    in this testimony is in keeping with the adopted Plan of
    Implementation. If adequate funds are not appropriated, significant
    damages from higher salinity concentrations in the water will be more
    widespread in the United States and Mexico.
        In summary, implementation of salinity control practices through
    Reclamation's Basinwide Program has proven to be a very cost-effective
    method of controlling the salinity of the Colorado River and is an
    essential component to the overall Program. Adequate funding levels for
    salinity control within this Program will prevent the water quality of
    the Colorado River from further degradation and significant increases
    in economic damages to municipal, industrial and irrigation users. A
    modest investment in source control pays huge dividends in improved
    water quality for nearly 40 million Americans.

        [This statement was submitted by Don A. Barnett, Executive
    Director, Colorado River Basin Salinity Control Forum.]
                                     ______

    Prepared Statement of the Colorado River Basin Salinity Control Program
                                    summary
        This Statement is submitted in support of Fiscal Year 2022
    appropriations for the Colorado River Basin Salinity Control Program
    (Program) of the Department of the Interior's Bureau of Reclamation
    (Reclamation). Reclamation serves as the lead federal agency in
    implementing the Program. Reclamation primarily institutes salinity
    control through its Basinwide Program. A total of $10,700,000 is
    requested for Fiscal Year 2022 to implement the authorized salinity
    control program of the Bureau of Reclamation. An appropriation of
    $10,700,000 for Reclamation's salinity control program is needed to
    protect water quality standards for salinity and to prevent unnecessary
    levels of economic damage from increased salinity in water delivered to
    the Lower Basin States of the Colorado River.
                                   statement
        The water quality standards for salinity of the Colorado River must
    be protected while the Basin States continue to develop their compact
    apportioned waters of the river. The salinity standards for the
    Colorado River have been adopted by the seven Basin States and approved
    by the Environmental Protection Agency. While currently the standards
    have not been exceeded, salinity control projects must be brought on-
    line in a timely manner to counter the effects of future development
    that could result in unnecessary damages from higher levels of salinity
    in the water delivered to the Lower Basin States of the Colorado River.
        The seven Colorado River Basin States, in response to the Clean
    Water Act of 1972, formed the Colorado River Basin Salinity Control
    Forum (Forum), a body comprised of gubernatorial representatives from
    the seven states. The Forum was created to provide for interstate
    cooperation in response to the Clean Water Act and to provide the
    states with information necessary to comply with Sections 303(a) and
    (b) of the Act. The Forum has become the primary means for the Basin
    States to coordinate with federal agencies and Congress to support the
    implementation of the salinity control program for the Colorado River
    Basin.
        The Colorado River Basin Salinity Control Act was authorized by
    Congress and signed into law in 1974. This authorized the Secretary of
    the Interior to initiate the Program, and it created the Colorado River
    Basin Salinity Control Advisory Council representing the seven Basin
    States. This federal advisory committee works closely with the Forum.
        Colorado River water is used by approximately 40 million people and
    irrigates approximately 5.5 million acres in the United States. Bureau
    of Reclamation studies show that quantified damages from Colorado River
    salinity to United States water users are about $354 million per year.
    Unquantified damages are greater. Reclamation's modeling indicates that
    the quantifiable damages would increase to $671 million per year by
    2040 if the Program is not continued. Control of salinity is necessary
    for the states of the Colorado River Basin, including New Mexico, to
    continue to develop their compact-apportioned waters of the Colorado
    River.
        Timely appropriations for the funding of the salinity control
    program are essential to comply with the water quality standards for
    salinity, prevent unnecessary economic damages in the United States,
    and protect the quality of the water that the United States is
    obligated to deliver to Mexico. The Basin States and federal agencies
    agree that increases in the salinity of the Colorado River will result
    in significant increases in damages to water users in the Lower
    Colorado River Basin. Continued strong support and adequate funding of
    the salinity control program is required to control salinity-related
    damages in the United States and Mexico.
        Congress amended the Colorado River Basin Salinity Control Act in
    July 1995 (Public Law 104-20), creating Reclamation's Basinwide
    Program. The Basinwide Program has proven to be cost-effective, and the
    Basin States provide up-front cost-sharing. Proposals from public and
    private sector entities in response to Reclamation's requests for
    proposals and funding opportunity announcements have exceeded available
    funding appropriated in recent years. The Basin States' cost-sharing
    adds 43 cents for each federal dollar appropriated.
        Public Law 106-459 gave the Bureau of Reclamation additional
    spending authority for the salinity control program. With the
    additional authority in place and cost-sharing available from the Basin
    States, it is important that the salinity control program be funded at
    the level requested by the Forum and Basin States to protect the water
    quality of the Colorado River. Some of the most cost-effective salinity
    control opportunities occur when Reclamation improves irrigation
    delivery systems concurrently with on-farm irrigation improvements
    undertaken by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Environmental
    Quality Incentives Program (EQIP). The Basin States cost-share funding
    is available for both on-farm and off-farm improvements. The EQIP
    funding appears to be adequate to accomplish the on-farm work. Adequate
    funding for Reclamation's off-farm work is needed to maintain timely
    implementation and effectiveness of salinity control measures.
        I urge Congress to appropriate $10.7 million to the Basinwide
    Program of the Bureau of Reclamation for the Colorado River Basin
    Salinity Control Program. This investment in water quality will pay for
    itself many times over. Also, I fully support testimony by the Forum's
    Executive Director, Don Barnett, in request of this appropriation.

        [This statement was submitted by Rolf Schmidt-Petersen, Director,
    New Mexico Interstate Stream Commission.]
                                     ______

    Prepared Statement of the Colorado River Basin Salinity Control Program
                                    summary
        This Statement is submitted in support of Fiscal Year 2022
    appropriations for the Colorado River Basin Salinity Control Program
    (Program) of the Department of the Interior's Bureau of Reclamation
    (Reclamation). Reclamation serves as the lead federal agency in
    implementing the Program. Reclamation primarily institutes salinity
    control through its Basinwide Program. A total of $10,700,000 is
    requested for Fiscal Year 2022 to implement the authorized salinity
    control program of the Bureau of Reclamation. An appropriation of
    $10,700,000 for Reclamation's salinity control program is needed to
    protect water quality standards for salinity and to prevent unnecessary
    levels of economic damage from increased salinity in water delivered to
    the Lower Basin States of the Colorado River.
                                   statement
        The water quality standards for salinity of the Colorado River must
    be protected while the Basin States continue to develop their compact
    apportioned waters of the river. The salinity standards for the
    Colorado River have been adopted by the seven Basin States and approved
    by the Environmental Protection Agency. While currently the standards
    have not been exceeded, salinity control projects must be brought on-
    line in a timely manner to counter the effects of future development
    that could result in unnecessary damages from higher levels of salinity
    in the water delivered to the Lower Basin States of the Colorado River.
        The seven Colorado River Basin States, in response to the Clean
    Water Act of 1972, formed the Colorado River Basin Salinity Control
    Forum (Forum), a body comprised of gubernatorial representatives from
    the seven states. The Forum was created to provide for interstate
    cooperation in response to the Clean Water Act and to provide the
    states with information necessary to comply with Sections 303(a) and
    (b) of the Act. The Forum has become the primary means for the Basin
    States to coordinate with federal agencies and Congress to support the
    implementation of the salinity control program for the Colorado River
    Basin.
        The Colorado River Basin Salinity Control Act was authorized by
    Congress and signed into law in 1974. This authorized the Secretary of
    the Interior to initiate the Program, and it created the Colorado River
    Basin Salinity Control Advisory Council representing the seven Basin
    States. This federal advisory committee works closely with the Forum.
        Colorado River water is used by approximately 40 million people and
    irrigates approximately 5.5 million acres in the United States. Bureau
    of Reclamation studies show that quantified damages from Colorado River
    salinity to United States water users are about $354 million per year.
    Unquantified damages are greater. Reclamation's modeling indicates that
    the quantifiable damages would increase to $671 million per year by
    2040 if the Program is not continued. Control of salinity is necessary
    for the states of the Colorado River Basin, including New Mexico, to
    continue to develop their compact-apportioned waters of the Colorado
    River.
        Timely appropriations for the funding of the salinity control
    program are essential to comply with the water quality standards for
    salinity, prevent unnecessary economic damages in the United States,
    and protect the quality of the water that the United States is
    obligated to deliver to Mexico. The Basin States and federal agencies
    agree that increases in the salinity of the Colorado River will result
    in significant increases in damages to water users in the Lower
    Colorado River Basin. Continued strong support and adequate funding of
    the salinity control program is required to control salinity-related
    damages in the United States and Mexico.
        Congress amended the Colorado River Basin Salinity Control Act in
    July 1995 (Public Law 104-20), creating Reclamation's Basinwide
    Program. The Basinwide Program has proven to be cost-effective, and the
    Basin States provide up-front cost-sharing. Proposals from public and
    private sector entities in response to Reclamation's requests for
    proposals and funding opportunity announcements have exceeded available
    funding appropriated in recent years. The Basin States' cost-sharing
    adds 43 cents for each federal dollar appropriated.
        Public Law 106-459 gave the Bureau of Reclamation additional
    spending authority for the salinity control program. With the
    additional authority in place and cost-sharing available from the Basin
    States, it is important that the salinity control program be funded at
    the level requested by the Forum and Basin States to protect the water
    quality of the Colorado River. Some of the most cost-effective salinity
    control opportunities occur when Reclamation improves irrigation
    delivery systems concurrently with on-farm irrigation improvements
    undertaken by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Environmental
    Quality Incentives Program (EQIP). The Basin States cost-share funding
    is available for both on-farm and off-farm improvements. The EQIP
    funding appears to be adequate to accomplish the on-farm work. Adequate
    funding for Reclamation's off-farm work is needed to maintain timely
    implementation and effectiveness of salinity control measures.
        I urge Congress to appropriate $10.7 million to the Basinwide
    Program of the Bureau of Reclamation for the Colorado River Basin
    Salinity Control Program. This investment in water quality will pay for
    itself many times over. Also, I fully support testimony by the Forum's
    Executive Director, Don Barnett, in request of this appropriation.

        [This statement was submitted by Rolf Schmidt-Petersen, Director,
    New Mexico Interstate Stream Commission.]
                                     ______

          Prepared Statement of the Colorado River Board of California
        This testimony is in support of Fiscal Year (FY) 2022 funding for
    the Department of the Interior for Title II Colorado River Basin
    Salinity Control Act of 1974 (P.L. 93-320), as amended. In the Act,
    Congress designated the Department of the Interior, Bureau of
    Reclamation (Reclamation) to be the lead agency for salinity control in
    the Colorado River Basin. Reclamation primarily implements salinity
    control through its Basinwide Program, established by Congress through
    an amendment to the Act in 1995. Funding levels for the Basinwide
    Program have fallen behind in recent years, and a funding level of
    $10.7 million is requested to be provided in FY-2022 to prevent further
    degradation of the quality of Colorado River water supplies and
    increased economic damages.
        The Colorado River System is used by approximately 40 million
    people for municipal and industrial purposes and used to irrigate
    approximately 5.5 million acres in the United States, and supplies
    municipal and agricultural uses in Mexico. Within Southern California,
    the Colorado River serves close to 20 million residents and 860,000
    acres of irrigated agriculture, including municipal, industrial, and
    agricultural water users in Imperial, Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside,
    San Bernardino, San Diego, and Ventura Counties. Natural and human-
    induced salt loading to the Colorado River creates environmental and
    economic damages. In 2020 Reclamation estimated the quantifiable
    economic damages from salt in the Colorado River at about $354 million
    per year. Modeling by Reclamation indicates that these economic damages
    could rise to nearly $671 million annually by the year 2040 without
    continued implementation of the Basinwide Program.
        The Colorado River Board of California is the state agency charged
    with protecting California's interests and rights in the water and
    power resources of the Colorado River system. In this capacity,
    California participates along with the other six Colorado River Basin
    states in the Colorado River Basin Salinity Control Forum (Forum), the
    interstate organization responsible for coordinating the Basin States'
    salinity control efforts. In close cooperation with the U.S.
    Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and pursuant to requirements of
    the Clean Water Act, the Forum is charged with reviewing the Colorado
    River's water quality standards every three years. Every three years
    the Forum also adopts a Plan of Implementation consistent with these
    water quality standards. The level of appropriation being supported by
    this testimony is consistent with the Forum's 2020 Plan of
    Implementation for continued salinity control efforts within the
    Colorado River Basin. The Forum's 2020 Plan of Implementation can be
    found on this website: https://coloradoriversalinity.org/docs/
    2020%20REVIEW%20-%20Final%20w%20appendices.
    pdf.
        If adequate funds are not appropriated to Reclamation's Basinwide
    Program, significant environmental and economic damages associated with
    increasing salinity concentrations in Colorado River water will become
    more widespread in the United States and Mexican portions of the
    Colorado River Basin. For example, damages occur from:
      --A reduction in the ability and increased costs to reclaim and reuse
            water for consumptive beneficial use, including drinking water
            supply and irrigation, due to high salinities in the water
            delivered to water treatment and reclamation facilities;
      --A reduction in the yield of salt-sensitive crops, increased water
            use to meet the leaching requirements to maintain crop
            productivity, and additional actions necessary to comply with
            the Clean Water Act in the agricultural sector;
      --Increased use of imported water and increased cost of desalination
            and brine disposal for recycling water in the municipal sector;
      --A reduction in the useful life of galvanized water pipe systems,
            water heaters, faucets, garbage disposals, clothes washers and
            dishwashers, and increased use of bottled water and water
            softeners in the residential sector;
      --An increase in the cost of cooling operations and the cost of water
            softening, and a decrease in equipment service life in the
            commercial sector;
      --An increase in the use of water and the cost of water treatment,
            and a corresponding increase in sewer fees in the industrial
            sector;
      --A decrease in the lifespan of treatment facilities and pipelines in
            the utility sector; and
      --Difficulty in meeting wastewater discharge requirements to comply
            with National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permit
            terms and conditions, and an increase in desalination and brine
            disposal costs necessary to minimize accumulation of salts in
            groundwater basins.
        The 2020 Plan of Implementation, as adopted by the Basin States and
    approved by EPA, calls for 62,400 tons annually of additional salinity
    control measures to be implemented by Reclamation, Natural Resources
    Conservation Service, and Bureau of Land Management by 2024. Over the
    past years, the Basinwide Program has proven to be a very cost-
    effective approach to help mitigate the impacts of increased salinity
    in the Colorado River. Adequate federal funding of this important
    program is essential. Based on current program cost levels,
    Reclamation's funding for the Basinwide Program must be at least $10.7
    million to meet those annual salinity control targets.
        The Colorado River is, and will continue to be, a major and vital
    water resource to the nearly 20 million residents of southern
    California, including municipal, industrial, and agricultural water
    users in Imperial, Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, San
    Diego, and Ventura Counties. The protection and improvement of Colorado
    River water quality through an effective salinity control program
    avoids additional economic and environmental damages to California, the
    other Colorado River Basin states and Mexico that rely on Colorado
    River water resources.
        Thank you for your consideration of this testimony.

        [This statement was submitted by Christopher S. Harris, Executive
    Director,
    Colorado River Board of California.]
                                     ______

                Prepared Statement of Colorado Springs Utilities
        Dear Chairman Feinstein and Senator Kennedy:
        I am writing to you on behalf of Colorado Springs Utilities to
    request your support for appropriations included in the President's
    recommended budget for FY 2022 to the Bureau of Reclamation, Upper
    Colorado Region for the Colorado River Compliance Activities and
    Endangered Species Programs.
        Colorado Springs Utilities is the largest community-owned, not-for-
    profit, four-service utility in the nation. We provide water,
    wastewater, gas, and electric utility services to approximately 500,000
    residents in the Pikes Peak Region of Colorado. The successful
    continuation of the Colorado River Compliance Activities and Endangered
    Species Programs are of great importance to Colorado Springs Utilities
    and our community. These collaborative programs are critical to
    improving, conserving, and recovering endangered fish species, while
    maintaining water use and development, ESA compliance, and federal
    project authorized purposes.
        The President's recommended budget included the following items and
    amounts:
        Endangered Species Programs: The Endangered Species Programs
    provide $5.7 million for the Upper Colorado and San Juan River
    Endangered Fish Recovery programs for construction of facilities needed
    to recover endangered fish species: $2,500,000 for construction of a
    fish barrier at the Farmer's Mutual Ditch diversion structure on the
    San Juan River in northwest New Mexico, $500,000 for floodplain habitat
    development in northwest New Mexico on the San Juan River, $2,550,000
    for rehabilitation of the fish screen and passage at the Grand Valley
    Irrigation Company diversion on the Colorado River near Grand Junction
    Colorado, and $150,000 for Upper Colorado Program Management for
    contracting, budgeting, reporting, contract administration, tracking
    expenditures, and addressing issues and concerns associated with
    capital project construction.
        Colorado River Compliance Activities: The President's budget
    requests $21,400,000 for Colorado River Compliance Activities that
    includes:
      --$8,640,000 for the Upper Colorado and San Juan River Endangered
            Fish Recovery Programs to restore critical habitat, enhance
            stream flows, maintain fish ladders and screens, augment and
            conserve genetic integrity through hatcheries and stocking
            efforts, manage non-native and sport fish, and research and
            monitoring to provide the scientific basis to guide decision
            making.
      --$11,360,000 for the Glen Canyon Adaptive Management Program for
            scientific investigations, experimentation using Glen Canyon
            Dam releases and other tasks required to increase understanding
            of how to operate Glen Canyon Dam to meet statutory
            requirements, and experimental flow research.
      --$1,400,000 for water quality and consumptive use studies to provide
            data required to meet legal agreements that regulate the flow
            and quality of the river and support consumptive use studies of
            water for municipal, industrial, and agricultural uses.
        These highly successful, cooperative programs are ongoing
    partnerships among the states of New Mexico, Colorado, Utah and
    Wyoming, Indian tribes, federal agencies and water, power and
    environmental interests. The programs' objectives are to recover
    endangered fish species while water use and development proceeds in
    compliance with the Endangered Species Act. The programs provide ESA
    compliance for approximately 2,500 water projects in the Upper Colorado
    River Basin, including every Bureau of Reclamation project upstream of
    Lake Powell.
        We appreciate the Subcommittee's past support and request the
    Subcommittee's assistance for fiscal year 2022 funding to ensure the
    Bureau of Reclamation's continued financial participation in and
    provision of federal cost sharing for these vitally important programs.
        Sincerely.

        [This statement was submitted by Earl Wilkinson III, Chief Water
    Compliance
    Innovation Officer, Colorado Springs Utilities.]
                                     ______

                Prepared Statement of Colorado Springs Utilities
        Dear Chairman Feinstein and Senator Kennedy:
        I am writing to you on behalf of Colorado Springs Utilities to
    request your support for appropriations included in the President's
    recommended budget for FY 2022 to the Bureau of Reclamation, Upper
    Colorado Region for the Colorado River Compliance Activities and
    Endangered Species Programs.
        Colorado Springs Utilities is the largest community-owned, not-for-
    profit, four-service utility in the nation. We provide water,
    wastewater, gas, and electric utility services to approximately 500,000
    residents in the Pikes Peak Region of Colorado. The successful
    continuation of the Colorado River Compliance Activities and Endangered
    Species Programs are of great importance to Colorado Springs Utilities
    and our community. These collaborative programs are critical to
    improving, conserving, and recovering endangered fish species, while
    maintaining water use and development, ESA compliance, and federal
    project authorized purposes.
        The President's recommended budget included the following items and
    amounts:
        Endangered Species Programs: The Endangered Species Programs
    provide $5.7 million for the Upper Colorado and San Juan River
    Endangered Fish Recovery programs for construction of facilities needed
    to recover endangered fish species: $2,500,000 for construction of a
    fish barrier at the Farmer's Mutual Ditch diversion structure on the
    San Juan River in northwest New Mexico, $500,000 for floodplain habitat
    development in northwest New Mexico on the San Juan River, $2,550,000
    for rehabilitation of the fish screen and passage at the Grand Valley
    Irrigation Company diversion on the Colorado River near Grand Junction
    Colorado, and $150,000 for Upper Colorado Program Management for
    contracting, budgeting, reporting, contract administration, tracking
    expenditures, and addressing issues and concerns associated with
    capital project construction.
        Colorado River Compliance Activities: The President's budget
    requests $21,400,000 for Colorado River Compliance Activities that
    includes:
      --$8,640,000 for the Upper Colorado and San Juan River Endangered
            Fish Recovery Programs to restore critical habitat, enhance
            stream flows, maintain fish ladders and screens, augment and
            conserve genetic integrity through hatcheries and stocking
            efforts, manage non-native and sport fish, and research and
            monitoring to provide the scientific basis to guide decision
            making.
      --$11,360,000 for the Glen Canyon Adaptive Management Program for
            scientific investigations, experimentation using Glen Canyon
            Dam releases and other tasks required to increase understanding
            of how to operate Glen Canyon Dam to meet statutory
            requirements, and experimental flow research.
      --$1,400,000 for water quality and consumptive use studies to provide
            data required to meet legal agreements that regulate the flow
            and quality of the river and support consumptive use studies of
            water for municipal, industrial, and agricultural uses.
        These highly successful, cooperative programs are ongoing
    partnerships among the states of New Mexico, Colorado, Utah and
    Wyoming, Indian tribes, federal agencies and water, power and
    environmental interests. The programs' objectives are to recover
    endangered fish species while water use and development proceeds in
    compliance with the Endangered Species Act. The programs provide ESA
    compliance for approximately 2,500 water projects in the Upper Colorado
    River Basin, including every Bureau of Reclamation project upstream of
    Lake Powell.
        We appreciate the Subcommittee's past support and request the
    Subcommittee's assistance for fiscal year 2022 funding to ensure the
    Bureau of Reclamation's continued financial participation in and
    provision of federal cost sharing for these vitally important programs.
        Sincerely.

        [This statement was submitted by Earl Wilkinson III, Chief Water
    Compliance
    Innovation Officer, Colorado Springs Utilities.]
                                     ______

               Prepared Statement of the Colorado Water Congress
        I am requesting your support for appropriations in the President's
    recommended budget for FY 2022 to the Bureau of Reclamation, Upper
    Colorado Region for the Upper Colorado River Endangered Fish Recovery
    Program and the San Juan River Basin Recovery Implementation Program.
    The budget items and amounts requested in the President's budget for
    these programs are described below.
        Endangered Species Programs: The Endangered Species Program also
    provides $5.7 million for the Upper Colorado and San Juan River
    Endangered Fish Recovery programs for construction of facilities need
    to recover endangered fish species: $2,500,000 for construction of a
    fish barrier at the Farmer's Mutual Ditch diversion structure on the
    San Juan River in northwest New Mexico, $500,000 for floodplain habitat
    development in northwest New Mexico on the San Juan River, $2,550,000
    for rehabilitation of the fish screen and passage at the Grand Valley
    Irrigation Company diversion on the Colorado River near Grand Junction
    Colorado, and $150,000 for Upper Colorado Program Management for
    contracting, budgeting, reporting, contract administration, tracking
    expenditures, and addressing issues and concerns associated with
    capital project construction.
        Colorado River Compliance Activities: The President's budget
    requests $21,400,000 for Colorado River Compliance Activities that
    includes
      --$8,640,000 for the Upper Colorado and San Juan Endangered Fish
            Recovery Programs to restore critical habitat, enhance stream
            flows, maintain fish ladders and screens, augment and
            conservation of genetic integrity through hatcheries and
            stocking efforts, manage non-native and sport fish, and
            research and monitoring to provide the scientific basis to
            guide decision making.
      --$11,360,000 for the Glen Canyon Adaptive Management Program for
            scientific investigations, experimentation using Glen Canyon
            Dam releases and other tasks required to increase understanding
            of how to operate Glen Canyon Dam to meet statutory
            requirements, and experimental flow research.
      --$1,400,000 for water quality and consumptive use studies to provide
            data required to meet legal agreements that regulate the flow
            and quality of the river and support consumptive use studies of
            water for municipal, industrial, agricultural uses.
        This funding for the recovery programs is authorized by P.L. 106-
    392, as amended.
        These highly successful, cooperative programs are ongoing
    partnerships among the states of New Mexico, Colorado, Utah and
    Wyoming, Indian tribes, federal agencies and water, power and
    environmental interests. The programs' objectives are to recover
    endangered fish species while water use and development proceeds in
    compliance with the Endangered Species Act. The programs provide ESA
    compliance for approximately 2,500 water projects in the Upper Colorado
    River Basin, including every Reclamation project upstream of Lake
    Powell.
        I appreciate the Subcommittee's past support and request the
    Subcommittee's assistance for fiscal year 2022 funding to ensure the
    Bureau of Reclamation's continuing financial participation in and
    provision of federal cost sharing for these vitally important programs.
        Sincerely.

        [This statement was submitted by Doug Kemper, Executive Director,
    Colorado Water Congress.]
                                     ______

          Prepared Statement of the Columbia Basin Development League
        Chairman Feinstein, Ranking Member Kennedy, members of the
    Subcommittee, thank you for giving the Columbia Basin Development
    League (League) the opportunity to submit testimony on the Bureau of
    Reclamation's budget for fiscal year 2022. This testimony is submitted
    on behalf of the League, its members, and stakeholders. The League is
    made up of farmers, businesses, civic and economic groups, and
    individuals that recognize the importance of completing the Bureau of
    Reclamation's Columbia Basin Project (CBP). The CBP is the largest
    Reclamation project in the U.S. and generates over $5.81 billion in
    annual, cumulative economic activity. The League was organized in the
    early 1960's to support the CBP so as to ensure delivery of essential
    water supplies to highly productive agricultural land in Washington
    State.
        The League's long-term goal is full development of the CBP; but
    today it remains about 3/4 developed. And while the CBP is an existing
    line item in the Bureau of Reclamation's budget, we request an increase
    to that line item with funding dedicated to a critical economic and
    environmental issue: the decline of the Odessa Aquifer. The Odessa
    Aquifer is on the eastern-most side of the CBP in a region authorized
    to receive water. The State of Washington issued ground water permits
    in the 1960's and 1970's so agricultural and economic development could
    begin in the area while local communities waited for the federal
    government to build out the CBP. As already mentioned, the CBP is 3/4
    completed. While communities and farmers waited, ground water levels
    severe declined in the Odessa region.
        Saving the Odessa Aquifer would keep and create jobs in both the
    near and long term, maintain agricultural production, improve food
    security, protect and bolster economic vitality of Eastern Washington's
    communities, and fulfill a federal commitment--decades in the making--
    by providing access to the critical resource of water.
        Since 1980, ground water levels in the Odessa area have dropped
    approximately 200 feet. In some cases, ground water must be pumped from
    wells as deep as 2,400 feet. Pumping water from this depth is costly
    and water found at this depth is of poor quality: high sodium
    concentrations, and often requiring treatment before use. Numerous
    farmers, and increasingly, municipalities drawing from the same aquifer
    have wells that are no longer productive, or produce water of such poor
    quality that is not useable. As the aquifer continues to decline, well
    failures increase.
        Many parts of the United States are dealing with declining aquifers
    and share the economic consequences. However, the ground water supplies
    in the Odessa, unlike many other areas, can be replaced with a
    sustainable supply of surface water. The water and associated water
    rights are available and already secured. However, the water delivery
    infrastructure necessary to secure the entire region's economic
    vitality needs to be completed.
        To solve this issue, the Odessa Ground Water Replacement Project
    (OGWRP) was established as the preferred alternative in the 2012 Odessa
    Subarea Special Study Final Environmental Impact Statement. OGWRP seeks
    to supply surface water from the CBP to irrigate land currently using
    ground water (as planned by the Bureau of Reclamation for build-out of
    the CBP). In addition to other dedicated CBP funding, the OGWRP
    received $1.28 million in formulated funding and $222,000 in additional
    capacity in FY2021. The President's FY2022 budget request includes
    $27,985,000 for the CBP. A portion of these funds would be used for a
    variety of programs, including the phased development of the OGWRP.
        We respectfully request Congress invest an additional $18,525,000
    specifically for the OGWRP in FY2022.
        The OGWRP is an environmental and regional economy rescue program.
    Ground water supplies conserved, as a result of OGWRP, will be reserved
    for domestic and municipal uses while preserving highly productive
    irrigated lands that drive thousands of jobs in the region. The program
    has completed all required environmental, water rights and Endangered
    Species Act reviews and is already in phased construction. A series of
    pumping plant and pipeline systems are being built along East Low Canal
    to serve land now irrigated from deep wells. The first system to be
    constructed at East Low (EL) canal mile 47.5 began operating this
    irrigation season. Three more systems are in the design phase. Our
    request of this subcommittee is for the necessary funding to complete
    those designs and begin design on additional systems required to
    implement Reclamation's preferred alternative for the program, which
    has a positive benefit/cost ration allowing Reclamation investment. Our
    request also includes $1,676,000 to automate East Low Canal (ELC)
    gravity head gates to adjust for fluctuations resulting from conveyance
    of new pump plant diversions. The automated gates will create
    consistent lateral flows regardless of canal fluctuations, reducing
    waste and labor and resulting in water conservation and safe
    operations.
        The State of Washington and local land owners recognize the vital
    importance of finding a sustainable water supply. Since 2005, the state
    has contributed over $125 million in funding for projects to supply
    water to the Odessa region. This includes construction of major
    infrastructure components (including structures like siphons) which
    become the property of the federal government upon completion. Local
    landowners also invest in this project through the repayment of
    municipal bonds secured by the East Columbia Basin Irrigation District.
    These are significant investments in federally-owned projects.
        Funding for OGWRP presents an excellent opportunity for federal
    investment in an innovative infrastructure project for rural and
    underserved communities. Additional funding will specifically help
    complete expansion of the East Low Canal and build out the pump and
    pipeline infrastructure necessary for surface water deliver to farmers.
    These are shovel ready projects that are vital for the continued
    development of the CBP as well as the preservation of groundwater for
    multiple municipalities across the region. Details for the various
    components are provided below. Without OGWRP, the aquifer will continue
    to decline at an unsustainable rate and both agricultural water
    supplies and the domestic water supply of many underserved communities
    will dry up. Allocating an additional $18,525,000 to the Bureau of
    Reclamation for OGWRP will help save these communities and protect
    annual economic activity that sustains the region.
        The League recognizes the Senate Committee on Appropriations, and
    the Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development face numerous
    challenges as a part of the FY2022 appropriations process. We greatly
    appreciate the efforts of the Appropriations Committee as it works to
    address these challenges. We also appreciate the support and work of
    the Bureau of Reclamation, the State of Washington, and Washington's
    Congressional delegation. Their efforts are integral to meeting current
    and future water supply needs.
        Chairman Feinstein and Ranking Member Kennedy, thank you again for
    giving the League the opportunity to provide testimony and thank you
    for your efforts to fund our nation's water infrastructure. Please let
    us know if the League and its members can be of assistance to you
    during this process.
        Respectfully.

        [This statement was submitted by Vicky Scharlau, Executive
    Director, Columbia Basin Development League.]
                                     ______

     Prepared Statement of the Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission
        Madam Chair and members of the subcommittee, the Columbia River
    Inter-Tribal Fish Commission (CRITFC) is pleased to share its view on
    the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) FY2022 budget. My testimony
    addresses FY 2022 and includes a summary of Corps projects developing
    in coming years. We specifically identify the following FY 2022
    requests:
      --$25.7 million--Columbia River Fish Mitigation--WA-OR-ID
        --$22M--Columbia River Biological Opinion
        --$3.7M--Willamette River Biological Opinion
      --$3.0 million--John Day Mitigation/The Dalles Dam Pre-Engineering
            and Design with FY 2022 Workplan support
      --$1.01 million--Tribal Partnership Program (TPP) for a Columbia
            River Zone 6 Tributary Delta Feasibility Study to address
            sediment management issues
        The CRITFC request will support implementation of the Columbia
    River and Willamette River Biological Opinions, continued funding
    support for the full implementation of the John Day/The Dalles Dam
    Mitigation program and funds for the initiation of a Tribal
    Participation Project focused on Columbia River Bonneville Pool
    sediment issues. We appreciate the support in FY 2021 for Corps-
    implemented Pacific lamprey projects in fulfillment of federal
    commitments under the Columbia Basin Fish Accords.
        Program Description: The Corps' Columbia River Fisheries Mitigation
    (CRFM) program mitigates impacts to anadromous fish resulting from the
    development and operation of federal dams on the mainstem Columbia and
    Snake rivers. Authority for this program is contained in the original
    Congressional dam construction and operation authorities.
        The partnership between the Corps and the Lower Columbia River
    treaty tribes has expanded under the Columbia Basin Fish Accords.
    Multiple projects have been developed, funded, and completed. The
    record of success drove the agreement for a four-year extension of the
    Accords (2019-2022) to support projects in progress or in development.
        Reviewing the BiOp and Proposed Action (PA) and commitments made in
    those documents, this level of funding is inadequate to meet these
    needs let alone additional needs that the tribes and other regional
    entities have identified. In addition, new needs are becoming more
    apparent such as the need for additional detections both upstream and
    downstream of Bonneville Dam to ensure reach survivals can be
    calculated. The new flex spill program has, through its success of
    diverting more migrating fish away from powerhouses, reduced detections
    and thus made it challenging if not impossible to estimate reach
    survivals. Future management actions will be based on this information.
    The BiOp and PA also outline a need to evaluate the flex spill program
    yet no funds have been identified for this.
        The operation and management budget (O&M) has been flat funded and
    continues to be so. However, the new BiOp and PA has shifted more
    actions and responsibilities to the O&M budget, such as avian
    dissuasion and monitoring in the estuary. When one considers inflation
    and salary increase, it is apparent that this is an untenable position.
    These plans are requiring more from a budget that is already stretched
    too thin. The O&M budget is struggling to maintain the existing system
    let alone dealing with the aging infrastructure without even
    considering new obligations.
        The Tribes are concerned that the Administration's trend in recent
    years of decreases to the CRFM budgets and this year's more than 29%
    proposed decrease in funding for CRFM--Columbia River leaves critical
    projects without budget support resulting in, for example:
        --Reduction in management for avian predators, including the
                estuary and dam tailraces;
        --Delay of the Bonneville Dam Second Powerhouse fish guidance
                improvement that would benefit both power operations and
                fish survival;
        --Reductions by half the Corps' contribution to habitat
                improvements in the Columbia River estuary;
        --Reductions by more than half of funds needed for research and
                development in the CRFM project area; and
        --Additional pressures on already under-funded operations and
                maintenance budgets.
        Recently, the Corps expanded the purposes of CRFM to include
    implementation of fish passage related improvements to Corps dams in
    the Willamette River basin and implementation of lamprey passage
    improvements at mainstem dams on the Columbia and Snake rivers through
    agreements detailed in the Columbia Basin Fish Accords. The revised
    cost and schedule from the Corps is calculated at $2.79 million through
    2023. The Administration's request is contrary to that schedule.
    John Day & The Dalles Fish Mitigation: Achieving In-place, In-kind
            Mitigation
        Prior to hydropower development, the mainstem Columbia River from
    Celilo Falls to the confluence of the Snake River was one of the most
    important spawning and early rearing areas for upriver bright fall
    chinook. Construction of The Dalles Dam in 1957 and John Day Dam in
    1967 inundated much of the available spawning habitat for fall chinook
    in the mainstem Columbia River. In the John Day and The Dalles Dam
    Mitigation program (JDTDM) Congress authorized the Corps to mitigate
    for anticipated future natural production losses caused by construction
    of the dams as early as 1948. Funding for JDTDM was used initially to
    produce fall chinook at Bonneville State Hatchery and Spring Creek
    National Fish Hatchery, both of which are located downstream from the
    areas affected by the John Day and The Dalles dams and centuries old
    tribal fisheries.
        While several production program adjustments have occurred in the
    last 10 years, additional work is still needed to meet in-place/in-kind
    mitigation objectives under the COE's JDTDM program to put the right
    fish (upriver bright fall chinook) in the right places (in the area
    impacted by the John Day and The Dalles Dams). Additional hatchery
    infrastructure is necessary to accommodate increased production of
    upriver bright fall chinook at an expanded Ringold Springs Hatchery or
    alternative to be developed by the Corps in FY 2022. To implement the
    plan developed in collaboration by the Corps, the treaty tribes and
    state co-managers and federal fish agencies, we anticipate the Corps
    will make a budget request for design and construction at the Ringold
    Springs Hatchery or other suitable alternative for FY 2022.
    Pacific Lamprey Restoration Projects Restarted with FY 2020 Workplan
            Support
        The Corps and the Commission's member tribes have been implementing
    a multi-year lamprey plan while simultaneously implementing high
    priority lamprey actions. The Columbia Basin Fish Accords have given
    both flexibility and stability to tribal projects and the contracting
    process. We are able to plan projects over longer--more meaningful--
    timeframes and adjust tasks between years, where necessary, for the
    good of the project or to address regional needs. The result is
    improved and more efficient projects and process. And the lamprey
    resource has responded, as measured through increased counts at
    mainstem Columbia River dams, increases in volitional returns of adults
    to the tributaries (guided by larval pheromones), documented spawning
    success, increases in larval abundance, and detections of translocation
    offspring and upper Columbia Basin siblings in the mainstem as
    outmigrants and in adult collections from the ocean. The long and
    complex life cycle of Pacific lamprey ( up to 10 years from hatching
    to returning adults), combined with the lack of homing, requires a
    long-term strategy to address critical uncertainties and support
    conservation and restoration efforts. However, the numbers remain well
    below historical accounts of lamprey populations throughout the
    Columbia Basin. It should be noted that the benefits that lamprey
    provide to other fish and wildlife species cannot be overstated.
        The Tribal-Corps lamprey technical team has worked collaboratively
    to identify priority lamprey actions throughout the Accord and Accord
    Extension periods. We are grateful for the robust commitment of project
    funds in the FY2021 Workplan in fulfillment of the Corps' four-year
    Accord extension. The Corps, CRITFC member tribes, and others are
    prioritizing the work to be accomplished with this funding. Priority
    actions being discussed include (but are not limited to) evaluating
    juvenile lamprey survival and downstream passage success through
    Columbia and Snake river dams, modifying fishways and lamprey-specific
    structures to improve upstream adult passage, and upgrading tribal
    translocation program infrastructure. Workplan funding has given
    assurance these projects will go forward, the investments made in the
    prior 12 years of work under the Accords will be protected, and lamprey
    populations will begin to reverse their precipitous decline. Based on
    the current inventory of unfunded projects, we expect that similar
    workplan commitments will be on-going into the foreseeable future.
        We ask Congress to fully support the Columbia River and Willamette
    River Biological Opinions through the Columbia River Fish Mitigation
    program above the request to include all capability identified by the
    Corps. These tribal recommendations total $25.7 million for FY2022.
    History and Background of the Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish
            Commission
        CRITFC was founded in 1977 by the four Columbia River Treaty
    Tribes: Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation,
    Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs Reservation of Oregon,
    Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation, and the Nez Perce
    Tribe. CRITFC provides coordination and technical assistance to these
    tribes in regional, national and international efforts to protect and
    restore our shared salmon resource and the habitat upon which it
    depends. Our collective ancestral homeland covers nearly one-third of
    the entire Columbia River basin in the United States, an area the size
    of the State of Georgia.
        In 1855, the U.S. entered into treaties with the four tribes \1\
    whereupon we ceded millions of acres of our homelands to the U.S. In
    return, the U.S. pledged to honor our ancestral rights, including the
    right to fish in all Usual and Accustomed locations. Unfortunately, a
    perilous history brought the salmon resource to the edge of extinction
    with 12 salmon and steelhead populations in the Columbia Basin listed
    under the Endangered Species Act (ESA).
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        \1\ Treaty with the Yakama Nation, June 9, 1855, 12 Stat. 951;
    Treaty with the Tribes of Middle Oregon, June 25, 1855, 12 Stat. 963;
    Treaty with the Umatilla Tribe, June 9, 1855, 12 Stat. 945; Treaty with
    the Nez Perce Tribe, June 11, 1855, 12 Stat. 957.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        The CRITFC tribes are globally recognized leaders in fisheries
    restoration and management working in collaboration with state,
    federal, and private entities. We are principals in the region's
    efforts to halt the decline of salmon, lamprey, and sturgeon
    populations and rebuild them to levels that support ceremonial,
    subsistence, and commercial harvests. To achieve these objectives, our
    actions emphasize 'gravel-to-gravel' management including
    supplementation of natural stocks, restoring healthy watersheds, and
    committing to collaborative efforts.
    Ongoing and Future Need Areas Addressing Sedimentation in Lower
            Columbia Pools
        Years of sediment accumulation behind federal hydropower projects
    in the lower Columbia River, and especially at the mouths of
    tributaries, is affecting the physical and biological characteristics
    of project reservoirs.
        These characteristics are manifesting in ecosystem distress,
    navigation problems, and limiting access to treaty-protected tribal
    fishing access sites. Sediment accumulation affects invasive and non-
    native species management, anadromous fish migration, water quality
    temperature impairment, tribal fishing sites access, navigation
    hazards, increased need and risk in providing emergency response, and
    increased risk for recreational activities.
        The Corps, in partnership with the Columbia River treaty tribes,
    have initiated work under the Water Resources Development Act and the
    Tribal Partnership Program on a feasibility study to identify a suite
    of possible management actions needed to address sediment issues in the
    Bonneville Pool on the Washington side of the river. Lessons learned in
    this pilot effort will be expanded to the Oregon side of the river as
    well as upstream into the other reservoirs created by the Columbia
    River Power System.
        In summary, through the combined efforts of the four Columbia River
    treaty tribes, supported by a staff of experts, we are proven natural
    resource managers. Our activities benefit the region while also being
    essential to the U.S. obligation under treaties, federal trust
    responsibility, federal statutes, and court orders. We ask for your
    continued support of our efforts. We are prepared to provide additional
    information you may require on our views of the U.S. Army Corps of
    Engineers FY2022 Budget. Contact: Paul Ward, Director of Governmental
    Affairs, CRITFC, warp@critfc.org.

        [This statement was submitted by Jeremy Takala, Chairman, Columbia
    River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission
                                     ______

            Prepared Statement of Dolores Water Conservancy District
        I am requesting your support for appropriations in the President's
    recommended budget for FY 2022 to the Bureau of Reclamation, Upper
    Colorado Region for the Upper Colorado River Endangered Fish Recovery
    Program and the San Juan River Basin Recovery Implementation Program.
    The budget items and amounts requested in the President's budget for
    these programs are described below.
        Endangered Species Programs: The Endangered Species Program also
    provides $5.7 million for the Upper Colorado and San Juan River
    Endangered Fish Recovery programs for construction of facilities need
    to recover endangered fish species: $2,500,000 for construction of a
    fish barrier at the Farmer's Mutual Ditch diversion structure on the
    San Juan River in northwest New Mexico, $500,000 for floodplain habitat
    development in northwest New Mexico on the San Juan River, $2,550,000
    for rehabilitation of the fish screen and passage at the Grand Valley
    Irrigation Company diversion on the Colorado River near Grand Junction
    Colorado, and $150,000 for Upper Colorado Program Management for
    contracting, budgeting, reporting, contract administration, tracking
    expenditures, and addressing issues and concerns associated with
    capital project construction.
        Colorado River Compliance Activities: The President's budget
    requests $21,400,000 for Colorado River Compliance Activities that
    includes:
      --$8,640,000 for the Upper Colorado and San Juan Endangered Fish
            Recovery Programs to restore critical habitat, enhance stream
            flows, maintain fish ladders and screens, augment and
            conservation of genetic integrity through hatcheries and
            stocking efforts, manage non-native and sport fish, and
            research and monitoring to provide the scientific basis to
            guide decision making.
      --$11,360,000 for the Glen Canyon Adaptive Management Program for
            scientific investigations, experimentation using Glen Canyon
            Dam releases and other tasks required to increase understanding
            of how to operate Glen Canyon Dam to meet statutory
            requirements, and experimental flow research.
      --$1,400,000 for water quality and consumptive use studies to provide
            data required to meet legal agreements that regulate the flow
            and quality of the river and support consumptive use studies of
            water for municipal, industrial, agricultural uses.
        This funding for the recovery programs is authorized by P.L. 106-
    392, as amended.
        These highly successful, cooperative programs are ongoing
    partnerships among the states of New Mexico, Colorado, Utah and
    Wyoming, Indian tribes, federal agencies and water, power and
    environmental interests. The programs' objectives are to recover
    endangered fish species while water use and development proceeds in
    compliance with the Endangered Species Act. The programs provide ESA
    compliance for approximately 2,500 water projects in the Upper Colorado
    River Basin, including every Reclamation project upstream of Lake
    Powell.
        Dolores Water Conservancy District believes that this program,
    which is successfully recovering the four ESA listed Upper Colorado and
    San Juan River Basin species, remains our best avenue to sustain our
    rural economy in southwestern Colorado in compliance with the necessary
    conservation of these fish. Any cessation of these programs would
    jeopardize the years of positive progress made to date and have
    rippling effects through our rural farming community supported by the
    Dolores Project, an integral part of the Colorado Ute Indian Rights
    Settlement.
        I appreciate the Subcommittee's past support and request the
    Subcommittee's assistance for fiscal year 2022 funding to ensure the
    Bureau of Reclamation's continuing financial participation in and
    provision of federal cost sharing for these vitally important programs.
        Sincerely.

        [This statement was submitted by Kenneth W. Curtis III, General
    Manger,
    Dolores Water Conservancy District.]
                                     ______

              Prepared Statement of the Edison Electric Institute
        The Edison Electric Institute (EEI) submits this testimony for the
    record to the Senate Committee on Appropriations Subcommittee on Energy
    and Water Development regarding fiscal year (FY) 2022 carbon-free
    energy research, development, demonstration, and commercial
    applications (RDD&CA) activities for the Department of Energy (DOE).
        EEI is the association that represents all U.S. investor-owned
    electric companies. Our members provide electricity for 220 million
    Americans and operate in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. As
    a whole, the electric power industry supports more than 7 million jobs
    in communities across the United States. In addition to our U.S.
    members, EEI has more than 65 international electric companies as
    International Members, and hundreds of industry suppliers and related
    organizations as Associate Members. We are united in our commitment to
    get the energy we provide as clean as we can as fast as we can, without
    compromising on the reliability or affordability that are essential to
    the customers and communities we serve. Overall, carbon emissions from
    the electric power sector are at their lowest level since 1978-and
    continue to fall. Collectively, EEI's member companies are on a path to
    reduce their carbon emissions at least 80 percent by 2050, compared
    with 2005 levels, with many companies pledging to reduce their
    emissions even further and even faster. As of 2020, the industry is 40
    percent below 2005 carbon emission levels. And, 40 percent of our
    nation's electricity comes from carbon-free resources.
        Existing technologies can get us much of the way to a 100-percent
    clean energy future. Completing the work will require new, affordable,
    carbon-free, 24/7 technologies. As a result, there is an urgent need to
    significantly increase investments in these new clean energy
    technologies. Technology will drive the timeline to a 100-percent clean
    energy future.
        Because of how electric companies are regulated at the state and
    federal levels, they cannot invest heavily in RDD&CA of new
    technologies; our industry is not like others, such as the defense or
    pharmaceutical industries, which spend billions of dollars annually on
    research and development (R&D) activities. This is a major reason why
    EEI believes we cannot afford a ``business-as-usual'' approach to
    federal investments in carbon-free power technologies. The federal
    government's RDD&CA activities are a critical resource for our
    industry.
        EEI has joined with non-governmental organizations to form the
    Carbon-Free Technology Initiative (CFTI), which is focused on
    implementation of federal policies that can help ensure the commercial
    availability of affordable, carbon-free, 24/7 power technology options
    by the early 2030s, when EEI's member companies must make investment
    decisions that will enable them to reach their longer-term climate
    commitments. The CFTI includes EEI and its member electric companies,
    Clean Air Task Force, Bipartisan Policy Center, Center for Climate and
    Energy Solutions, ClearPath, Great Plains Institute, Information
    Technology & Innovation Foundation, Nuclear Energy Institute, and Third
    Way.
        The CFTI focuses on policy recommendations to advance a number of
    key technology areas:
      --Long-duration energy storage and advanced demand efficiency;
      --Advanced, 24/7, and renewable super hot rock deep geothermal;
      --Zero-carbon fuels, such as hydrogen;
      --Advanced nuclear energy (both fission and fusion);
      --Carbon capture, utilization, and storage; and
      --Advanced wind and solar energy systems.
        CFTI also supports the creation of a domestic supply chain and
    increased demonstration projects for advanced clean energy
    technologies.
        For FY 2022, CFTI recommends a nearly tripling of funds above the
    roughly $4.2 billion authorized levels for specific DOE RDD&CA programs
    for carbon-free power-sector technologies. Funding projects beyond R&D
    will be critical to achieving deep carbon reductions. At a minimum, key
    new authorizations from the Energy Act of 2020 should be fully funded
    in FY 2022 and should be increased above authorization levels through
    FY 2025.
        The President's budget request for FY 2022 invests more than $10
    billion in clean energy innovation across multiple non-defense
    agencies, DOE's budget request would make historic investments that
    would lay the foundation to build a clean energy economy and help the
    electric power industry reach its long-term carbon emission reduction
    goals.
        We are very pleased that the President's budget request includes
    $400 million to create the Office of Clean Energy Demonstrations at
    DOE. This new entity would become the hub for scaling up near- and mid-
    term clean energy technology projects and provide awards for multi-year
    demonstration projects in conjunction with private-sector partners. The
    CFTI recommends the creation of the new office. It is essential that
    the federal government play a role in demonstrating new clean energy
    technologies to help provide enough certainty about the performance of
    a technology that lenders, plant owners, and customers consider it to
    be sufficiently de-risked for commercial use.
                                advanced nuclear
        We recommend $2.23 billion in FY 2022 funding for high-priority
    advanced nuclear programs. This would include:
      --Doubling appropriations to at least $340 million per FY for 5 years
            for nuclear fission technologies R&D within the light water
            sustainability reactor program, advanced reactor technology
            program, and used nuclear fuel disposition program;
      --Providing up to $900 million per FY for the next 5 years to ensure
            that the Versatile Test Reactor (VTR) will come online by 2026;
      --Establishing multi-year funding sufficient to support the existing
            Advanced Reactor Demonstration Program (ARDP) and providing
            continuing rounds of risk reduction awards to the projects
            awarded under ARDP's first phase, as well as expanding ARDP to
            fund additional projects, including additional awards for the
            commercial demonstration of 3 Generation IV reactor designs and
            an award for the commercial demonstration of 2 micro-reactor
            technologies that can be commercially deployed by 2027;
      --Maintaining funding for existing programs benefitting advanced
            reactor development, such as the advanced small modular reactor
            cost-share; and
      --Providing additional and consistent funding of at least $150
            million per FY for at least 5 years to the Nuclear Regulatory
            Commission for advanced reactor licensing.
        In addition, we recommend providing $1.2 billion per FY for the
    next 5 years for the applied fusion program that was authorized in the
    Energy Act of 2020.
                                 energy storage
        We recommend funding critical energy storage programs at the $648
    million authorized level for FY 2022 and focusing the funding on
    longer-duration storage. We support:
      --Maintaining or increasing funding for Energy Storage Grand
            Challenge, Grid Storage Launchpad, HydroWIRES, and ARPA-E DAYS;
      --Increasing appropriations for the Grid Modernization Initiative
            (GMI) and ARPA-E's Green Electricity Network Integration
            (GENI);
      --Establishing a financial assistance program to support demand
            efficiency R&D and pilot demonstrations involving upgraded
            software platforms, power system planning tools, and modeling
            platforms; and
      --Directing DOE to utilize existing grant funding programs to
            prioritize pilot demonstration projects involving the
            integration of demand efficiency technologies.
                               zero-carbon fuels
        We recommend appropriating $3.43 billion in FY 2022 for high-
    priority RDD&CA activities for zero-carbon fuels (ZCF), such as
    hydrogen. We support:
      --Providing DOE with approximately $3 billion annually to support
            integrated demonstrations on a variety of use cases with ZCF
            and increasing appropriations for ZCF-related RDD&CA efforts to
            $400 million per FY;
      --Fully funding at FY 2020 levels for at least 5 years (a 5-year, $50
            million initiative) the H2NEW consortium and other existing
            Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies (HFTO) consortia; and
      --Increasing funding for HFTO and other DOE offices to create new
            consortia of electric companies and other types of energy and
            infrastructure companies to foster one or more integrated ZCF
            ``value chain'' demonstrations.
                carbon capture, utilization, and storage (ccus)
        Carbon capture for natural gas facilities is critical given the
    essential role that natural gas plays in providing 24/7 electricity as
    companies continue to add variable resources to the grid. For FY 2022,
    we recommend $4.995 billion for critical CCUS programs. We support:
      --Establishing an additional grant program with at least $1.2 billion
            per FY for the 5 years that would be available to commercial-
            scale carbon capture projects to complete construction;
      --Appropriating at least $500 million per FY through FY 2025 to
            facilitate the commercialization of large-scale saline storage
            locations with the capacity to accept at least 10 million tons
            of carbon dioxide (CO2);
      --Increasing appropriations by $100 million annually for 5 fiscal
            years to provide funding to cover front-end engineering and
            design (FEED) studies for commercial-scale capture plants;
      --Increasing appropriations to $700 million over the next 5 years for
            the Carbon Storage Assurance Facility Enterprise (CarbonSAFE)
            program to complete existing projects under Phase VI (covers
            six existing projects), and to initiate at least 4 new
            CarbonSAFE projects and provide support for their completion
            from Phase I to Phase VI;
      --Increasing appropriations to $450-650 million per FY for at least 5
            years for the Office of Fossil Energy's activities to improve
            the cost and performance of capture technologies;
      --Providing $20 million for FEED study grants for CO2 transportation
            infrastructure.
                      super hot rock (shr) deep geothermal
        We recommend appropriating $100 million in FY 2022 for SHR deep
    geothermal, including:
      --At least $30 million per FY for 5 years for a dedicated program and
            laboratory focus on SHR geothermal innovation through
            coordination between ARPA-E and the Geothermal Technologies
            Office; and
      --$70 million per FY for 5 years to support demonstration projects
            under different scenarios.
                         advanced wind and solar energy
        We recommend funding advanced wind and solar programs at the $425
    million authorized funding level in FY 2022. In particular, we
    recommend identifying specific cost reduction targets and timetables
    across the value chain for advanced renewables R&D to help achieve cost
    targets by 2030 and amending R&D priorities to include offshore wind,
    onshore wind, solar, grid modernization, and end-of-life reuse.

        [This statement was submitted by Thomas R. Kuhn, President, Edison
    Electric
    Institute.]
                                     ______

      Prepared Statement of the Electric Drive Transportation Association
        The Electric Drive Transportation Association (EDTA) is the cross-
    industry trade association promoting the advancement of electric drive
    technology and electrified transportation. We are writing to support
    robust FY2022 funding for the Department of Energy (DOE) electric
    transportation programs, including the Vehicle Technologies Program,
    Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies Office, ARPA-E, ARPA-C, Department
    of Energy Loan Programs, and Clean Cities. DOE's research, development
    and deployment programs speed clean technology innovation, increase
    U.S. competitiveness and will play an important role in achieving the
    Administration's goals for electric transportation.
        EDTA's members represent the entire value chain of electric drive,
    including vehicle manufacturers, battery and component manufacturers,
    utilities and energy companies, smart grid and charging infrastructure
    developers. Collectively, we are committed to realizing the economic,
    national security and environmental benefits of displacing oil with
    electricity in hybrid, plug-in hybrid, battery, and fuel cell electric
    vehicles. The Department's research and work with private partners will
    help the many industries that comprise the electric drive ecosystem to
    meet net zero emissions goals.
        This Committee has consistently recognized that electric
    transportation is critical to the effort to reduce emissions, create
    good-paying jobs and livable communities and increase U.S.
    competitiveness in the global marketplace. In her testimony to the
    Subcommittee on May 6, 2021, Secretary Granholm echoed that
    recognition, emphasizing the Department's role in addressing climate
    change, including over funding opportunities to advance clean energy
    R&D projects and the Department's loan programs, including Title 17 and
    Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing (ATVM).
        The importance of electrifying transportation has been widely
    documented. Emissions from the transportation sector have exceeded
    those from power plants since 2016. Electric transportation solutions
    reduce emissions, while advancing our leadership in global energy
    technology markets. The Union of Concerned Scientists studied the total
    emissions reductions of electric drive in every region of the country.
    The study found that no matter where in the U.S. an EV is charged and
    operated, it has fewer total well-to-wheels emissions than the average
    gasoline-powered vehicle sold today.
        Electrification is also a national security imperative. In 2019,
    the transportation sector accounted for approximately 28 percent of the
    nation's energy use; 91 percent of that energy came from petroleum
    fuels. This reliance is a chronic threat to U.S. energy and economic
    security. It also keeps consumers vulnerable to volatile markets and
    fluctuating prices for petroleum.
        As the global transportation sector electrifies, the U.S. needs to
    secure leadership in this market. By 2040, electric vehicles are
    projected to account for 58 percent of all passenger vehicle sales and
    make-up more than one-third of the global fleet. Electrification is
    growing in all transportation applications: 67 percent of municipal
    buses, 47 percent of two-wheelers, and 24 percent of light-duty
    commercial vehicles are expected to be electric by 2040. International
    governments have made clear their intentions to dominate this market.
    China is investing heavily in research and development, expanding
    efforts to secure critical component materials.
        EDTA also supports efforts to strengthen and diversify the battery
    supply chain and expand advanced manufacturing capacity in the U.S. We
    support the Department's initiatives to fund R&D for advanced battery
    materials and the use of ATVM loans to build, update, re-tool, and
    expand manufacturing facilities to support this domestic imperative.
        DOE's portfolio of electrification programs is vital to addressing
    these emissions, security and competitiveness challenges. Specifically,
    DOE's Vehicle Technologies Program is a critical element of the
    national effort to decarbonize transportation, leveraging private
    sector investments to promote innovation in advanced vehicles,
    infrastructure and manufacturing chains. The program advances research
    in batteries and power electronics, electric drive motors, components
    and charging technologies. Increased range, reduced costs, and improved
    performance are battery advances supported by the Battery and Electric
    Drive Technology subprogram. Critical supporting infrastructure,
    including charging systems and codes and standards for communication
    with the grid, are being developed in the Vehicle Systems Simulation &
    Testing program.
        The Vehicle Technologies Program is also advancing electric
    alternatives in commercial vehicles. The truck and transit segment is
    projected to grow rapidly in the next two decades. Research,
    demonstration, and deployment of electric drive technologies for
    combination tractors, heavy-duty pickup trucks and vans and vocational
    vehicle technologies' systems and components will speed technology
    breakthroughs and contribute to cost reductions while providing public
    health benefits and energy cost savings throughout the economy.
        The SuperTruck 3 Program is an important part of this effort. We
    support increased program investment in Class 7 and Class 8 vehicles,
    which are a significant part of the commercial fleet. An expanded
    program should continue to engage partners from across the
    manufacturing chain--chassis original equipment manufacturers,
    intermediate and final stage manufacturers, including hybrid system
    suppliers, and infrastructure providers--to improve performance in
    vocational vehicles.
        Through the Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies Office, DOE is
    working with industry to accelerate the availability of fuel cell
    electric vehicles, which are essential zero-emission options in the
    transportation portfolio. Three light-duty fuel cell vehicles are
    commercially available today, with several new models planned for
    release through 2023, including buses and trucks in the medium- and
    heavy-duty segment. At the same time, hydrogen fueling infrastructure
    is being built out as a critical component of this emerging market.
        The Department's recently announced Hydrogen Shot is an important
    program to reduce the cost of clean hydrogen to advance the deployment
    of light-, medium-, and heavy-duty fuel cell vehicles. Developing lower
    costing carbon-free hydrogen is a critical step in cutting emissions
    for long-haul trucking, last mile delivery vehicles, light-duty
    passenger vehicles, and other industrial applications. Hydrogen Shot's
    goal of achieving $1 per kilogram for clean carbon--an 80% reduction--
    will help create good-paying jobs while supporting American innovation.
        We ask that the Subcommittee continue its record of support for
    these programs, particularly in vehicle and infrastructure deployment
    activities and in early market development, education, validation and
    enabling activities. At this early market juncture, public/private
    collaborations are especially important in accelerating technology
    development and private infrastructure investment.
        ARPA-E has advanced pre-commercial technologies such as Robust
    Affordable Next Generation Energy Storage Systems (RANGE) and Batteries
    for Electrical Energy Storage in Transportation (BEEST) that improve
    performance and reduce costs of batteries. The program can also
    expedite innovation in critical materials, secondary uses and recycling
    of batteries. ARPA-E's role is essential in overcoming high-risk
    technological barriers that the private sector may not attempt in the
    early stages of research and development.
        Similarly, ARPA-C would develop technologies to help move the U.S.
    toward a net zero economy by 2050. This new initiative's focus on zero-
    emission vehicles and transit systems, carbon-free hydrogen, and energy
    storage are key levers in achieving net zero emissions. Reducing
    emissions across all segments of the economy will benefit all
    communities, especially low-income and BIPOC communities who are
    disproportionately affected by poor air quality.
        As the Administration has highlighted with its procurement goals,
    the federal government can lead the electrification of transportation,
    reducing the fleet's energy costs and its carbon footprint. At the same
    time, government purchasing power will reinforce private investment in
    infrastructure, and promote the development of advanced power and
    storage solutions that maximize the potential of electric vehicles as a
    grid asset.
        EDTA also strongly supports the Clean Cities program. Clean Cities
    works with nearly 100 local and regional coalitions to expand
    deployment of electric drive and alternative fuel cars and trucks and
    recharging/fueling infrastructure. These voluntary and locally driven
    efforts have a demonstrated record of success, including the cumulative
    displacement of more than 8.5 billion gallons of petroleum with
    alternative fuels since the program began in 1993.
        We appreciate the Committee's long-standing support for the
    important research, development and deployment programs at Department
    of Energy. These programs will play an even more critical role in
    achieving the Administration's goals for net-zero emissions by 2050 and
    in speeding the electrification of the transportation sector. We
    respectfully request that appropriations for FY2022 reflect the
    magnitude of our national energy, economic and environmental challenges
    and the enormous opportunities to address them through electric
    transportation innovation.
        Thank you for your consideration.

        [This statement was submitted by Genevieve Cullen, President,
    Electric Drive Transportation Association.]
                                     ______

        Prepared Statement of the Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
        We, the undersigned, write today to urge you to support robust
    energy efficiency investments at the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)'s
    Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE). Investing in
    energy efficiency is an investment not only in reducing energy costs
    for consumers and businesses across the nation; it is an investment in
    domestic job creation, manufacturing, competitiveness, and innovation.
    Energy efficiency improves energy affordability, security, reliability,
    and resilience; it achieves these outcomes by simply doing more with
    less. Today, the United States uses two-thirds less energy than it
    would otherwise consume without the investments in energy efficiency
    since 1980, according to the American Council for an Energy-Efficient
    Economy.
        Energy efficiency is a workhorse, leading the clean energy sector
    at more than 2 million jobs, down from nearly 2.4 million prior to the
    pandemic. Energy efficiency jobs are located in 99.7% of counties
    across all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Energy efficiency
    jobs support families, with workers earning 28% more than the national
    median, according to Environmental Entrepreneurs, and cannot be
    exported. Furthermore, EERE RDD&D programs enable cost-effective
    emissions reductions and energy affordability through innovative
    partnerships and focused deployment programs that shepherd emerging
    technologies from concept to market, enabling cost reductions for
    businesses and consumers, and achieving critical scale needed to avoid
    the worst impacts of the climate crisis.
        We respectfully request FY2022 regular appropriations funding for
    the following DOE programs:
        Buildings Technologies (BTO): $530 million to develop innovative,
    cost-effective technologies, tools, and solutions that help U.S.
    homeowners, consumers, and businesses achieve peak energy efficiency
    performance in their buildings across all sectors of our economy.
    Robust funding is needed for:
      --Residential Buildings Integration (RBI): $80 million for DOE to
            collaborate with the residential building industry to improve
            the energy efficiency of both new and existing homes. RBI
            develops critical technologies, tools, and solutions that help
            U.S. consumers and businesses achieve peak efficiency
            performance in residential buildings across the country. RBI's
            work supports workforce development and training and has
            partnerships with thousands of small businesses in this sector,
            the construction trades, equipment, smart grid technology and
            systems suppliers, integrators, and state and local
            governments. The integration research, demonstration and market
            transformation activities of RBI are critical as we transform
            America's new and existing residential buildings and work
            towards the Administration's goal of weatherizing 2 million
            homes.
      --Commercial Building Integration (CBI): $80 million for the
            program's research, development, and evaluation, to help
            advance a range of innovative building technologies and
            solutions, paving the way for high performing buildings that
            could use between 50% and 70% less energy than typical
            buildings. CBI works with industry, small businesses, academia,
            the national labs, and other entities to advance energy
            efficiency solutions and technologies for commercial buildings.
            The program, which considers buildings as systems and as part
            of the electric grid, continues to be transformative in moving
            industry partners to embrace innovation.
      --Efficiency Standards, Building Codes, and Test Procedures: $60
            million for appliance standards and $100 million for the
            Building Energy Codes Program. DOE is responsible for setting
            minimum energy efficiency standards for appliances, equipment,
            and lighting to ensure new models continue to make progress on
            efficiency as technology matures. The Department is far behind
            in issuing new appliance standards, making an increased focus
            critical. DOE plays an important support and technical
            assistance role in the development and implementation of
            building energy codes, which are adopted by states and local
            governments for new construction and renovations of residential
            and commercial buildings, that reflect developments in building
            energy efficiency and ``lock in'' savings for the life of the
            building. Education, training, and technical assistance have
            been woefully underfunded over the past several years and can
            be very impactful in assisting in codes' adoption and effective
            implementation.
      --Emerging Technologies (ET): $160 million for the program to enable
            cost-effective, energy-efficient technologies to be developed
            and introduced into the marketplace. ET funds and directs
            applied research and development (R&D) for technologies and
            tools that support building energy efficiency, particularly
            electric technologies for a carbon free grid.
      --Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings (GEB): $50 million for DOE to
            ensure that a high level of energy efficiency is a core element
            of this new crosscutting program and a baseline characteristic
            for GEBs which are also connected, smart, and flexible. The
            Office should engage with the public and private sectors,
            including the building and manufacturing industries and state
            and local governments, to share information on GEB
            technologies, costs, and benefits, and to provide information
            to position American companies to lead in this area. Funding
            for demonstrations and deployment programs such as Connected
            Communities, the Low Carbon Buildings Pilot, and other BTO
            deployment activities is encouraged.
        Advanced Manufacturing Office (AMO): $800 million to enable the
    research, development, demonstration and deployment of industrial
    energy efficiency and advanced manufacturing technologies. This level
    of funding is intended to accommodate and ambitious agenda of
    decarbonizing U.S. manufacturing by midcentury. This goal of dramatic
    reductions requires increases in activity level across the office and
    some important changes in the orientation of the office's goals. AMO
    should expand its efforts from promoting energy efficiency to include
    efforts to reduce carbon emissions for manufacturing and reduce the
    embodied carbon in manufactured products. Additionally, as AMO rebuilds
    its staffing, the office should focus on adding expertise in important
    decarbonization technology areas identified in its research road
    mapping.
      --Energy Management: $10 million for efforts to promote Strategic
            Energy Management practices and $30 million for the
            establishment of a program to provide competitive grants to
            companies for the hiring or designation of plant energy
            managers. For Strategic Energy Management, AMO should focus
            efforts on small- and medium-sized manufacturing plants.
      --Save Carbon Now: $55 million for the Better Plants program to
            expand that program to offer comprehensive assessment and
            engagements to the 1,500 largest greenhouse gas emitting
            manufacturing facilities. These engagements shall include, but
            not be limited to, targeted assessments, staff training,
            technical analyses of opportunities, and education.
      --Industrial Assessment Centers: $25 million for the Industrial
            Assessment Centers (IAC) program to expand that program in
            order to increase the number of university-based centers to 40;
            to establish satellite centers at community colleges, technical
            schools, and union training facilities; and to establish an
            apprenticeship program with matching funding for IAC students
            at facilities that have received assessments in the recent past
            to facilitate the implementation of recommendations.
      --Flex Tech: $40 million for the establishment of a program that
            provides competitive grants to states and tribal governments in
            partnership with educational institutions and trade
            associations to provide assessments of energy and greenhouse
            gas (GHG) reducing measures and loans to implement those
            measures to medium sized manufacturers.
      --Transformative Technology Adoption: $100 million for the
            establishment of a competitive grant program that provides
            cost-share payments to manufacturing sites or consortiums that
            make first-three, at-scale implementation of transformative
            technologies to reduce GHG emissions in the most GHG-intensive
            manufacturing processes as determined by the Secretary.
      --Existing Low-Carbon Technology: $60 million for the establishment
            of a competitive grant program to provide cost-share payments
            to manufacturing plants for the installation of underutilized
            existing low-carbon technologies.
      --Smart Manufacturing: $30 million for support of the development and
            adoption of smart manufacturing practices directed towards
            small and medium-sized manufacturers. This includes, but is not
            limited to, expanded funding for the Clean Energy Smart
            Manufacturing Innovative Institute (CESMII) to increase
            educational and technical assistance activities directed toward
            smart manufacturing adoption.
      --Industrial Process Heating Decarbonization: $55 million for the
            establishment of a research, development, and deployment effort
            by AMO to develop and promote the adoption of technologies that
            can dramatically reduce the GHG emissions from process heating
            applications. Efforts may include the establishment of one or
            more new Manufacturing USA Innovation Institutes that might
            focus on electrification and/or hydrogen and low-carbon fuels.
        Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP): At least $56 million to
    provide project and policy support to all federal agencies, including
    $2 million for the Performance Based Contract National Resource
    Initiative and at least $20 million for the AFFECT grant program. With
    minimal funding, FEMP supports all agencies of the Federal government
    in their quest to save energy and money for the American taxpayer while
    improving agency infrastructure and addressing deferred maintenance.
    FEMP is at the forefront of efforts to improve federal building energy
    performance, which is accomplished in part by accessing and leveraging
    private capital in performance contracts. The additional private
    capital has been used to finance hundreds of projects across two dozen
    agencies, creating 30,000 jobs and reducing energy outlays by $8
    billion over the next 18 years. Note: Our request for AFFECT represents
    a minimum funding request for FY22 as the initial installment towards
    the President's request of $400 million for AFFECT, which we strongly
    support. AFFECT provides small grants to federal agencies to maximize
    their retrofits through performance contracting. AFFECT leverages at
    least $10 for every federal grant dollar invested, thereby maximizing
    federal infrastructure investments and addressing backlog maintenance.
        Weatherization (WAP) and State Energy Program (SEP): $477 million.
    Within this amount, at least $325 million is recommended for WAP, with
    $10 million for training and technical assistance at DOE, and $21
    million for the new Weatherization Readiness Fund. At least $121
    million is recommended for State Energy Program grants including $25
    million to be used for energy and related air quality in schools. At
    least $90 million of the SEP funds shall be utilized for direct formula
    grants to the states, with $6 million for technical assistance. Since
    1976, WAP has helped make more than 8 million homes more efficient,
    saving the average recipient about $4,200 over the lifetime of their
    home. R&D investments will continue to make emerging technologies
    cheaper and more accessible, but DOE's Weatherization Assistance
    Program is particularly important for bringing energy efficiency to
    communities and families that need it most. According to the Energy
    Information costs, while over 12 million households report being unable
    to use their heating or cooling equipment. The Weatherization Readiness
    Fund will provide critical repairs to prepare homes for weatherization
    while increased training and technical assistance will empower DOE to
    implement modernized and innovative practices. Each WAP dollar produces
    $4.50 in benefits, including energy savings as well as improved health
    and safety. Federal weatherization assistance also helps workers and
    small businesses, directly supporting more than 8,500 jobs and
    supporting thousands more in related industries. SEP leverages over $10
    for every federal dollar invested and saves over $7 for every federal
    dollar invested. In addition to energy efficiency and renewable energy
    programs, SEP is critical for dealing with cyber security and energy
    emergency preparedness and response. SEP is extremely flexible and is
    the basis for a variety of partnership programs.
        U.S. Energy & Employment Report (USEER): $2 million for the Office
    of Policy to complete the annual U.S. energy employment report that
    includes a comprehensive statistical survey to collect data, publish
    the data and provide a summary report. The information collected will
    include data related to employment figures and demographics in the U.S.
    energy sector. The report presents a unique snapshot of energy
    efficiency employment in key sectors of the economy, including
    construction and manufacturing.
        Energy Information Administration: $135 million to continue
    important data collection, analysis, and reporting activities on energy
    use and consumption including the Commercial Buildings Energy
    Consumption Survey and the Residential Buildings Energy Consumption
    Survey.
        We would urge the Subcommittee to consider additional funding
    either through regular appropriations or supplemental funding in the
    event an energy/infrastructure package is considered.
        In the event that opportunity presents itself, we would urge the
    Subcommittee to consider the following additional items:
      --Title VI of the House-passed, FY21 House Energy and Water
            Development Appropriations Bill as a starting point to fund the
            State Energy Program (SEP)($730 million--$3.8 billion if
            adjusted for inflation from the American Recovery and
            Reinvestment Act [ARRA]) (for base, formula funds),
            Weatherization Assistance Program (WAP)($3.25 billion--$6.2
            billion if adjusted for inflation from ARRA) and the Energy
            Efficiency and Conservation Block Grant (EECBG) ($2.25
            billion--$3.9 billion if adjusted for inflation from ARRA)
            (distributed via the statutory formula, with an increase for
            the competitive fund);
      --Federal Energy Management Program's (FEMP) incremental AFFECT grant
            funding if not fully funded in annual appropriations as
            requested in the President's FY22 Budget Request of $400
            million;
      --Advanced Manufacturing Office (AMO) large manufacturing energy
            audits and tech assistance ($1 billion over ten years),
            establishment of a program at DOE to support the hiring of
            energy managers by paying a portion of annual salary costs ($1
            billion over ten years), and a federal program to provide
            grants to states to fund follow-up project implementation
            following assessments ($1 billion over ten years);
      --Building Technology Office (increase to $100 million for building
            energy codes training and technical assistance and an increase
            of $50 million for grid interactive efficient buildings);
      --HOPE for HOMES program to advance workforce training and
            residential retrofit rebates supported by the President's
            Budget Request ($2 billion); and
      --``Open Back Better'' (Smith/Blunt-Rochester legislation to fund
            resilience upgrades at mission-critical facilities with private
            financing for energy efficiency and renewable energy
            investments), which is scalable and could be implemented
            through the existing SEP and AFFECT programs.
        We stand ready to work with Congress, the White House, and federal
    agencies, to identify ways the U.S. can improve the affordability and
    access of energy-efficient technologies, unlock utility savings for
    consumers, reduce energy-related carbon emissions, and improve public
    health.
        Sincerely.

    A. O. Smith
    Acuity Brands Lighting Inc.
    Alliance to Save Energy
    American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy (ACEEE)
    Association of Energy Engineers (AEE)
    Building Performance Association (BPA)
    Digital Climate Alliance (DCA)
    E4TheFuture
    Environmental and Energy Study Institute
    Federal Performance Contracting Coalition
    Intel Corporation
    International Copper Association
    Institute for Market Transformation (IMT)
    National Association of State Community Services Programs (NASCSP)
    National Association of State Energy Officials (NASEO)
    Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC)
    Polyisocyanurate Insulation Manufacturers Association (PIMA)
    Schneider Electric
    U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC)
    Uplight

                                     ______

          Prepared Statement of the Federal Energy Management Program
        Chairman Leahy, Ranking Member Shelby, and members of the
    Subcommittee, as you deliberate on the important programs to be funded
    in the FY22 appropriations bills, we respectfully request that $36
    million be allocated to the Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) in
    Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) at the
    Department of Energy (DOE) with an additional $400 million designated
    to the FEMP Federal Energy Efficiency Fund (FEEF), also known as AFFECT
    grants.
        We also request the following report language be included:
        ``The Committee directs FEMP to prioritize the full amount
    allocated to the Federal Energy Efficiency Fund (FEEF) (formally
    referred to as AFFECT) to continue to be used to leverage private
    sector investment in federal infrastructure to ensure maximum overall
    investment in resiliency, efficiency, emissions reductions and
    security. Funding should be directed to projects that achieve a 5-1
    return for each federal dollar through public-private partnerships like
    energy savings performance contracts (ESPCs) and utility energy service
    contracts (UESCs).''
        The President's FY22 Budget request included $400 million to be
    FEMP with an increase in the funding for FEEF. The FPCC recommends that
    this funding continue to be leveraged with performance contracting to
    address resiliency, backlog maintenance, critical upgrade and
    maintenance needs, and other infrastructure on our federal sites such
    as military bases, VA hospitals and GSA building. The FPCC knows that
    we can address such critical infrastructure needs using much less
    dedicated federal dollars through performance contracting and the FEEF
    program facilitates just that.
        The FPCC believes that using smaller amounts of appropriated
    dollars for particular priorities such as cybersecurity and resiliency
    will net more: more dollars invested in the federal government, more
    resiliency, more savings over time, and more attention to operations
    and maintenance, and replacement costs. In fact, fewer dollars can be
    appropriated overall if they are leveraged with private sector dollars
    allowing not only the ability to focus precious federal resources on
    mission, but also transferring the risk of projects to the private
    sector. With this increase in the FEEF program, hundreds of additional
    buildings and facilities across the agencies can utilize grants to make
    reduce the carbon emissions from its facilities and make these
    buildings more efficient.
        FEMP is the appropriate place for these dollars as they will be
    available to leverage performance contracting for all federal agencies.
    For the past several years, FEMP has provided small amounts of
    appropriated dollars to leverage performance contracting through the
    AFFECT Grant program. The $11 million appropriated in FY2020 was
    invested in 16 projects that when combined with the investment from the
    private sector could surpass $439 million. These projects, which focus
    on new technologies and resiliency, will help agencies across the
    federal government address backlog maintenance, which the Office of
    Management and Budget (OMB) estimates is $169 billion government wide.
    It would specifically address the $9-15 billion in energy related
    backlog maintenance already identified in Congressionally mandated
    audits (EISA 2007, Section 432), which must now be addressed after the
    passage of the Energy Policy Act of 2020 included as part of the
    omnibus package.
        FEMP, with very minimal funding, supports all agencies of the
    federal government in their quest to save energy and money for the
    American taxpayer while improving aging infrastructure and addressing
    deferred maintenance. The most significant activity of FEMP, and that
    which utilizes most of its funding, is to support performance
    contracting throughout the government.
        In an Energy Savings Performance Contract (ESPC) or Utility Energy
    Savings Contract (UESC), the private sector works with the government
    customer to develop a project, but then the private company implements
    that project, measures and verifies savings every year, and guarantees
    that the savings will accrue. The private sector is repaid out of these
    guaranteed utility bill savings allowing for no added expenditures by
    the federal government. Since inception, ESPCs have achieved over $20
    billion in guaranteed energy savings across the federal government.
        FEMP's role in this is instrumental. It provides the overall
    contract for ease of use for agencies, technical and financial
    assistance, and training for personnel in all federal agencies.
    Additionally, FEMP provides life of contract oversight for every single
    ESPC during the performance period. Because agencies are reducing
    personnel, this is a critical function and was cited as such by the
    Heritage Foundation in a recent report as a necessary FEMP role.
        Utilizing performance contracting to address infrastructure
    improvements instead of using appropriations funds for direct services
    is a commonsense approach that reduces risk to the federal government
    and ensures that projects are well managed since the private sector
    partner must guarantee performance to get paid.
        Over the past few years, when appropriated dollars have been
    scarce, FEMP funding has leveraged between $800 million and $1.4
    billion in private investment in federal infrastructure with no added
    cost to the federal government, using money from existing funding
    streams. A 2013 report by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)
    titled Beyond Guaranteed Savings: Additional Cost Savings Associated
    with ESPC Projects found that for a typical ESPC the actual cost
    savings to the federal government is 174% to 197% of the guaranteed
    savings by the contractor.
        The members of Federal Performance Contracting Coalition (ABM,
    AECOM, Ameresco, Constellation, CEG Solutions, Energy Systems Group,
    Honeywell, Johnson Controls Inc., Noresco, Siemens, Schneider Electric,
    SitelogIQ, Southland Energy, and Trane (an Ingersoll Rand company) know
    firsthand how impactful ESPCs are in saving energy costs, taxpayer
    money, and creating jobs in every state in the country. Our members
    represent approximately 95% of the Energy Savings Performance Contracts
    (ESPCs) in federal facilities.
        Thank you for your consideration of our request.

        [This statement was submitted by Ms. Jennifer Schafer, Executive
    Director,
    Federal Energy Management Program.]
                                     ______

        Prepared Statement of the Federation of American Societies for
                              Experimental Biology
                                    summary
        Federal investments in fundamental research have led to remarkable
    progress in the biological and biomedical sciences. Basic research was
    the groundwork for the speed--months instead of years--in the
    development of COVID-19 vaccines, and pre-clinical research, such as
    animal studies, has been essential to every step of achieving medical
    progress.
        Despite Congress' bipartisan support for investing in science,
    federal funding for research has not kept pace, posing a threat to our
    nation's competitiveness. We face a real threat of losing our edge in
    industries such as biotechnology if we do not prioritize increasing
    investments in science and building a diverse workforce.\1\ The U.S.
    spends less on research and development (R&D) than many countries. If
    the U.S. is to be prepared to respond to future threats, our scientific
    leadership must progress. According to Science Is Us, there is the
    added benefit of jobs. STEM supports 69 percent of U.S. gross domestic
    product, touches two out of three workers, and generates $2.3 trillion
    in tax revenue.\2\
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        \1\ NSF Science Indicators 2018.
        \2\ STEM and the American Workforce. You've heard it before: STEM
    jobs--...by Science is US Medium.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        The federal government should commit to robust, predictable, and
    sustained funding increases for science agencies.
                           the doe office of science
        The DOE Office of Science (SC) is the nation's largest funder of
    basic physical sciences research. Transformative innovations and
    technologies can be traced to its work, including solar cells,
    superconductors, and nanotechnology.
        Agencies like NIH, NSF, and DOE SC work in concert to advance
    research in key areas including artificial intelligence and genomics.
    SC supports the network of DOE national laboratories and builds and
    operates the most sophisticated, world-class scientific user facilities
    used by over 34,000 researchers from universities, industry, and other
    federal agencies. National Labs were integral to the creation of the
    National Virtual Biotechnology Laboratory and the COVID-19 High
    Performance Computing Consortium that brought together the best minds
    to address Covid.
        Recent budget increases have allowed the office to proceed with key
    facility upgrades. However, for the U.S. to remain at the forefront of
    science and technology, Congress must sustain and expand DOE SC
    infrastructure investments. A FY 2022 budget of $7.4 billion ($380
    million above FY 2021) would enable continued critical facilities
    upgrades and support pathbreaking research in emerging areas such as
    quantum science.
        FASEB FY 2022 recommendation: at least $7.4 billion for DOE SC.

        [This statement was submitted by Ellen Kuo, Associate Director,
    Legislative
    Affairs, FASEB.]
                                     ______

       Prepared Statement of the Fuel Cell & Hydrogen Energy Association
        Chairwoman Feinstein, Ranking Member Kennedy, and members of the
    Committee, I would like to thank you for the opportunity to discuss the
    funding priorities of the fuel cell and hydrogen industry for Fiscal
    Year 2022. My name is Morry Markowitz and I serve as the President of
    the Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Energy Association (FCHEA). FCHEA is the
    national trade association representing nearly 60 leading companies and
    organizations that are advancing innovative, clean, safe, and reliable
    fuel cell and hydrogen technologies. FCHEA member organizations
    represent the full global supply chain for hydrogen and fuel cells,
    including automakers; material, component, stack and system
    manufacturers; hydrogen producers and energy companies; trade
    associations; utilities; and end users. Collectively, our members
    employ hundreds of thousands of people across the country. On behalf of
    the members of FCHEA, our organization is requesting $300 million for
    hydrogen and fuel cell activities managed by the Hydrogen and Fuel Cell
    Technologies Office (HFTO) within the Office of Energy Efficiency and
    Renewable Energy (EERE) for hydrogen fuel and infrastructure research
    and development, fuel cell research and development, market
    transformation and technology acceleration activities, the H2@Scale
    initiative, safety, codes, and standards initiatives for vehicle and
    infrastructure safety, and advanced fuel cell and hydrogen component
    manufacturing. FCHEA requests $100 million for EERE's Advanced
    Manufacturing Office (AMO) to work in conjunction with HFTO on large-
    scale hydrogen production, fuel cell supply chain, infrastructure
    supply, on-site hydrogen production, and hydrogen for industrial
    applications such as materials production and as an alternative heating
    source for industrial processes. FCHEA additionally requests $160
    million for solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) activities and fossil-based
    hydrogen within the Office of Fossil Energy (FE), with $50 million
    reserved for the SOFC Program, and $15 million reserved for the Office
    of Oil and Natural Gas. This funding is vital to completing work on
    fuel cell technologies deployed around the country, as well as fueling
    the transition from fossil sources to renewable hydrogen. Finally,
    recognizing the versatility and numerous applications of hydrogen and
    fuel cells, FCHEA request specific language directing the Department of
    Energy to coordinate hydrogen and fuel cell funding across its
    different offices to ensure the maximum effectiveness of funding.
        Fuel cell and hydrogen energy technologies are capable of
    significantly contributing to the widespread decarbonization of
    transportation, power generation, heating, and industrial markets,
    while providing economic growth through investments and jobs. A recent
    report by McKinsey and Company, Road Map to a US Hydrogen Economy,
    determined that the hydrogen sector has the potential to generate
    700,000 jobs and $140 billion in revenue by 2030. By 2050, that
    economic impact could grow to 3.4 million jobs, $750 billion in
    revenue, 16% reductions CO2 emissions, 36% reduction in
    NOx emissions, and account for 14% of US energy demand.
        Fuel cells generate electricity through a combustion-free
    electrochemical reaction with hydrogen, with the sole byproduct being
    water vapor. Hydrogen is an environmentally friendly fuel, and when
    used in a fuel cell or as feedstock in an industrial process, there are
    no carbon, NOx, SOx, or particulate matter
    emissions. When hydrogen is generated from renewable or low-carbon
    sources--such as wind, solar, biomethane, or natural gas with carbon
    capture and sequestration--carbon emissions are either completely or
    nearly eliminated, or carbon negative.
        Today there are nearly 10,000 light-duty, zero-emission fuel cell
    vehicles (FCVs) operating in California offered by major automakers,
    with more companies planning to enter the marketplace in the near-
    future. Fuel cell cars are the only vehicles capable of replicating
    today's driving experience of a 300 to 400-mile range on a single tank
    of fuel along with refueling in just three to five minutes. Beyond
    light-duty cars, fuel cells are being used across the country in more
    than 40,000 forklifts, dozens of buses, and several demonstrations of
    Class 7 and 8 trucks. Due to the scalability of fuel cells, hard-to-
    decarbonize markets such as medium- and heavy-duty vehicles, aviation,
    and maritime applications are looking to fuel cells as a zero-emission
    alternative for power. McKinsey's US Hydrogen Road Map suggests that by
    2030, the fuel cell industry has the capability of reaching 1,200,000
    FCV sales, 4,300 hydrogen fueling stations, and $8 billion in annual
    investments in the United States.
        Fuel cells are also enhancing our capacity, efficiency, and
    reliability of our overall energy system. Stationary fuel cells are
    commercially available with over 550 megawatts of systems deployed
    across the country today at power utility substations, data centers,
    cell phone towers, corporate headquarters, schools, universities,
    hospitals, and more. Fuel cells are able to provide distributed, clean
    primary power to fill needs when renewable power is intermittent, as
    well as improve the reliability and stability of an electric grid with
    a high penetration of renewable power generation. Fuel cell systems
    generate 24/7, clean, load-following power at close to 100% capacity
    factors. Compared to other front-of-the-meter distributed energy
    resources (DER), the combination of fuel cell high efficiency and
    extremely high-capacity factor results in the displacement of more GHG
    emissions than equivalent-sized intermittent resources.
        Hydrogen is increasingly being viewed as the first viable avenue
    for long-term and large-scale seasonal energy storage. Hydrogen energy
    storage is a process wherein the surplus of energy created by
    renewables during low energy demand periods is used to power
    electrolysis, a process in which an electrical current is passed
    through water to produce hydrogen. The hydrogen can be stored in large
    quantities for weeks or months at a time for later use in a variety of
    energy applications. The International Energy Agency predicts that
    hydrogen generated from wind will be cheaper than natural gas by 2030.
        While the fuel cell and hydrogen industry has been gaining
    significant momentum in recent years, this progress could not have been
    possible without the support and partnership from the Department of
    Energy's fuel cell and hydrogen programs. America is currently the
    world leader in fuel cell technologies, however that gap is quickly
    tightening due to government interest abroad. 2020 saw one of the
    greatest increases of hydrogen interest across the globe, with
    countries from in Europe, Asia, North America, and South America
    releasing dedicated national hydrogen strategies along with committing
    billions of dollars to developing and deploying hydrogen and fuel
    cells. For example, Germany plans to invest =9 billion ($11 billion)
    into its hydrogen economy, and France has pledged =2 billion ($2.4
    billion). Spain, Finland, Italy, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands,
    Australia, South Korea, Japan, Chile, Canada, India, and China have all
    committed to a hydrogen future through new policies or the release of
    hydrogen strategies. The European Commission's hydrogen strategy calls
    for the installation of 6 gigawatts of renewable hydrogen electrolyzers
    by 2024, and 40 gigawatts by 2030. It is important that America
    recognizes the importance of hydrogen technologies, as other countries
    have, and massively scale up investments or we could risk ceding our
    technology leadership abroad.
        Immense progress has been made to date through the collaboration of
    industry and the DOE through HFTO. The cutting-edge research developed
    through DOE funding has led to more than 730 hydrogen and fuel cell
    patents, including more than 30 commercial technologies such as fuel
    cell catalysts, high-pressure hydrogen tanks, electrolyzers and low
    carbon hydrogen production, and fuel cell system components. DOE-funded
    research has also cut the cost of automotive fuel cells by 60% in the
    last decade, quadrupled durability to over 120,000 miles, cut
    electrolyzer stack costs by 80% since 2002. We are excited by Biden
    administration's interest in hydrogen and our industry looks forward to
    working with DOE to on the recently announced Hydrogen Energy Earthshot
    Initiative to accelerate reductions in the cost of hydrogen.
        Further support is still needed for early, middle, and late-stage
    development, demonstration, and deployment activities to help industry
    clear the remaining technical and regulatory barriers to accelerated
    adoption of fuel cells and hydrogen energy, and to ensure the
    incorporation of these technologies into a grander clean energy plan to
    combat the climate crisis. FCHEA is grateful for the past support that
    the Senate Energy and Water Development Appropriations Subcommittee has
    given to DOE's hydrogen and fuel cell programs. While the funding
    levels requested are a significant increase from previous years, we
    believe now is the time to double down on hydrogen and fuel cell
    technologies to launch the technology into the mainstream. It is
    crucial that hydrogen and fuel cells are adequately funded so that they
    may become an integral component of America's climate and economic
    strategy. We urge the Subcommittee, under your bipartisan leadership,
    to continue this support with our FY 2022 appropriations request and
    ensure the long-term success of our innovative, sustainable energy
    industry. By supporting continued development fuel cell and hydrogen
    technologies, America can both mitigate the causes of climate change,
    while supporting our economic future and maintaining our nation's
    energy technology leadership. Thank you for your consideration.

        [This statement was submitted by Morry B. Markowitz, President,
    Fuel Cell & Hydrogen Energy Association.]
                                     ______

         Prepared Statement of the Grand Valley Water Users Association
        My name is Mark Harris. I am the General Manager of the Grand
    Valley Water Users Association in Grand Junction, Colorado. We are
    deeply involved with the Upper Colorado River Endangered Fish Recovery
    Program. We are requesting your support for appropriations in the
    President's recommended budget for FY 2022 to the Bureau of
    Reclamation, Upper Colorado Region for the Upper Colorado River
    Endangered Fish Recovery Program and the San Juan River Basin Recovery
    Implementation Program. The budget items and amounts requested in the
    President's budget for these programs are described below.
        Endangered Species Programs: The Endangered Species Program also
    provides $5.7 million for the Upper Colorado and San Juan River
    Endangered Fish Recovery programs for construction of facilities need
    to recover endangered fish species: $2,500,000 for construction of a
    fish barrier at the Farmer's Mutual Ditch diversion structure on the
    San Juan River in northwest New Mexico, $500,000 for floodplain habitat
    development in northwest New Mexico on the San Juan River, $2,550,000
    for rehabilitation of the fish screen and passage at the Grand Valley
    Irrigation Company diversion on the Colorado River near Grand Junction
    Colorado, and $150,000 for Upper Colorado Program Management for
    contracting, budgeting, reporting, contract administration, tracking
    expenditures, and addressing issues and concerns associated with
    capital project construction.
        Colorado River Compliance Activities: The President 's budget
    requests $21,400,000 for Colorado River Compliance Activities that
    includes:
      --$8,640,000 for the Upper Colorado and San Juan Endangered Fish
            Recovery Programs to restore critical habitat, enhance stream
            flows, maintain fish ladders and screens, augment and
            conservation of genetic integrity through hatcheries and
            stocking efforts, manage non-native and sport fish, and
            research and monitoring to provide the scientific basis to
            guide decision making.
      --$11,360,000 for the Glen Canyon Adaptive Management Program for
            scientific investigations, experimentation using Glen Canyon
            Dam releases and other tasks required to increase understanding
            of how to operate Glen Canyon Dam to meet statutory
            requirements, and experimental flow research.
      --$1,400,000 for water quality and consumptive use studies to provide
            data required to meet legal agreements that regulate the flow
            and quality of the river and support consumptive use studies of
            water for municipal, industrial, agricultural uses.
        This funding for the recovery programs is authorized by P.L. 106-
    392, as amended.
        These highly successful, cooperative programs are ongoing
    partnerships among the states of New Mexico, Colorado, Utah and
    Wyoming, Indian tribes, federal agencies and water, power and
    environmental interests. The programs' objectives are to recover
    endangered fish species while water use and development proceeds in
    compliance with the Endangered Species Act. The programs provide ESA
    compliance for approximately 2,500 water projects in the Upper Colorado
    River Basin, including every Reclamation project upstream of Lake
    Powell.
        We appreciate the Subcommittee's past support and request the
    Subcommittee's assistance for fiscal year 2022 funding to ensure the
    Bureau of Reclamation's continuing financial participation in and
    provision of federal cost sharing for these vitally important programs.

        [This statement was submitted by Mark Harris, General Manager,
    Grand Valley Water Users Association.]
                                     ______

                     Prepared Statement of Hannon Armstrong
        As a leading investor in climate solutions, including energy
    efficiency, renewable energy and other sustainable infrastructure
    projects, Hannon Armstrong respectfully urges your support for funding
    the Federal Energy Management Program (``FEMP''), an important program
    that oversees and facilitates the implementation of Energy Savings
    Performance Contract (ESPC) and Utility Energy Service Contract (UESC)
    activities, which are currently contemplated in the Fiscal Year (FY)
    2022 Energy and Water Development Appropriations bill. We urge you to
    support an increase in funding for FEMP in FY22.
        Hannon Armstrong (NYSE: HASI) has 40 years of experience in
    sustainable infrastructure financing. We specialize in providing
    preferred or senior level capital to established sponsors and high-
    credit quality obligors, such as U.S. federal, state and local
    governments, Global 1000 corporations and private developers, for
    assets that generate long-term, recurring and predictable cash flows.
        Our company provides and arranges debt and equity financing for a
    broad range energy efficiency projects that reduce energy usage or the
    cost of energy use. We often work with global energy service companies
    (ESCOs), which design and install improvements to various building
    components, including HVAC systems, lighting, energy controls, roofs,
    windows and/or building shells. We originate many of our transactions
    through programmatic finance relationships with ESCOs as well as
    renewable energy manufacturers, developers, and operators who own and
    operate renewable energy projects, including a number of U.S. utility
    companies.
        In December 2020, we announced that the company has exceeded $6
    billion in energy efficiency investments from more than 600 individual
    transactions with leading behind-the-meter energy service companies
    serving federal, state, local and commercial energy efficiency markets
    since 2000. Hannon Armstrong's total investments in energy efficiency
    projects have an average CarbonCount(r) score of 0.38 metric tons of
    CO2 equivalent (``CO2e'') emissions avoided annually per $1,000
    invested, as well as a WaterCount(tm) score of 658 gallons of water
    consumption avoided annually for every $1,000 invested. The estimated
    21.2 million tons of CO2e avoided emissions over 20 years is equivalent
    to the amount of CO2e emissions from 116,390 rail cars of coal, which
    would stretch from Annapolis, Md. to Kansas City, Mo. when linked end
    to end. The 36.3 billion gallons of water consumption saved by these
    investments over the same period could fill three bathtubs for every
    person in the United States.
                         the numerous benefits of espcs
        ESPCs are a highly effective public-private partnership model to
    improve building energy efficiency. In this budget-neutral approach,
    future guaranteed energy savings are used to pay the financing cost of
    facility upgrades. Federal ESPCs have been one of the most efficient
    and successful programs reducing energy use and carbon emissions while
    improving resiliency in the federal built environment. ESPCs allow
    federal agencies to procure energy savings and facility improvements
    with no up-front capital costs or special appropriations from Congress.
    Studies by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory show that, on average,
    actual cost savings exceed guaranteed savings for federal ESPC
    projects.\1\ Projects under the FEMP ESPC program reported achieving
    14.155 million MMBtu in energy savings in FY2019, outperforming
    estimates.\2\
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        \1\ https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/12/f58/
    2016_savings_espcs.pdf.
        \2\ https://info.ornl.gov/sites/publications/Files/Pub150841.pdf.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        ESPCs and UESCs enable agencies to procure energy services and
    projects without relying solely on appropriated funds to replace,
    operate, and maintain aging energy-using equipment. At no added cost to
    the government, ESPCs and UESCs assist agencies and installations in
    reducing their energy intensity, saving taxpayer dollars and in many
    cases improving mission readiness. These innovative contracts also
    require the assurance of financial savings.

        ESPCs and UESCs have also resulted in the creation of thousands of
    local and un-exportable jobs. According to the Federal Performance
    Contracting Coalition (FPCC), for every $10 million of investment in
    ESPCs and UESCs an estimated 95 high paying jobs are created. 40 of
    these jobs are created in the manufacturing sector, 35 jobs are created
    with subcontractors and installers and finally, 20 of the 95 jobs
    created are with the ESCOs.
        ESPC and UESC contracts are excellent examples of the federal
    government leveraging private capital. With more than 350,000 energy-
    using buildings and structures representing nearly 2.4 billion square
    feet of facilities, the federal government is our nation's largest
    energy consumer. Federal agencies have a tremendous opportunity and an
    obligation to reduce energy and water use in their operations.
    According to the most current data from the Department of Energy, there
    are nearly $8 billion in identified energy conservation measures for
    federal agencies, which would save the government almost $800 million a
    year in energy and water-related costs. Implementing these measures
    would avoid approximately 3 million metric tons of CO2e emissions
    annually.
        ESPCs can and should be used to leverage private sector dollars--
    this allows important and often mission critical projects to be
    accomplished with far less taxpayer dollars. ESPCs often have a very
    strong return on investment, as well as a host of additional benefits,
    including accelerated project timelines, reduced energy infrastructure
    costs, and low-cost financing. The budget-neutrality of ESPCs ensure
    financial stability in both the short- and long-term. Agencies should
    prioritize leveraging private sector financing to take full advantage
    of these numerous benefits, creating jobs while saving taxpayer dollars
    and improving facility performance.
        As the federal program responsible for providing services to enable
    all agencies to implement successful ESPC and UESC projects, FEMP
    provides crucial assistance, guidance, and training. We therefore
    strongly urge funding of $36 million for FEMP so it may continue its
    vital work to cut energy waste and increase efficiency across the
    federal government through the public-private partnerships required
    under ESPCs and UESCs. Of that funding, we request $2 million to
    support the Performance Contracting National Resource Center (PCNRC), a
    hub within FEMP housing all of DOE's best practice resources and
    solutions for ESPCs. We also request $400 million for the Assisting
    Federal Facilities with Energy Conservation Technologies (AFFECT)
    program within FEMP, in alignment with President Biden's budget
    request-as long as it continues to leverage private financing to get
    the greatest return on investment for the American taxpayer. The AFFECT
    program increases resilience and cybersecurity in Federal performance
    contracts by leveraging private capital. AFFECT grants can be used to
    help fund those energy related measures that typically have very long
    paybacks but, when included with an ESPC, can create a deep retrofit
    and enhanced resiliency for federal agencies. The Biden FY22 Budget
    request prioritizes deep retrofits under AFFECT, in accordance with
    these aims.
        The AFFECT grant program supports agency projects that spur energy
    generation, energy efficiency, and energy storage projects across the
    country. In 2020, the program distributed $11 million in grants to 16
    federal agency projects, which will lead to a total investment of over
    $439 million.\3\ The FY22 funding for FEMP would increase support of
    ESPCs, which are a cost-effective way to make much needed upgrades and
    increase resiliency of vital federal assets, including military
    facilities. FEMP's most important effort is the coordinated and defined
    program management of ESPCs for federal agencies. FEMP staff help
    agencies use ESPCs in several ways: advising agencies on scoping,
    procurement, and performance requirements for energy conservation
    measures (ECMs); helping agencies select third-party ESCOs; finalizing
    contracting terms and project approval; and monitoring project
    implementation and performance.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        \3\ https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/2020-assisting-federal-
    facilities-energy-conservation-technologies-affect-federal-agency.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        FEMP is at the forefront of efforts to improve federal building
    energy performance, which is accomplished in part by accessing and
    leveraging private capital in performance contracts. The additional
    private capital has been used to finance hundreds of projects across
    two dozen agencies, creating 30,000 jobs and reducing energy outlays by
    $8 billion over the next 18 years. As mentioned, the President
    requested $400 million for AFFECT via the Federal Energy Efficiency
    Fund--which could be used to leverage at least 10 dollars for every
    federal grant dollar invested--and is critical to tackling the backlog
    of needed maintenance in our federal infrastructure, while also leading
    by example and addressing climate change through supporting clean
    energy in buildings.
        FEMP is the program ma-nager for the critical ESPC contracting tool
    used by federal agencies for the implementation of ESPCs--the
    Department of Energy, Indefinite Delivery Indefinite Quantity, Energy
    Savings Performance Contract (DOE IDIQ ESPC). These contracts have
    historically been instrumental in achieving the aforementioned energy
    and cost savings as well as the job creation outcomes for the nation.
    Since the inception of the DOE IDIQ ESPCs in 1998, 431 projects have
    been awarded and approximately $7.66 billion has been invested in
    federal energy efficiency and renewable energy improvements. These
    improvements have resulted in approximately 618.7 trillion Btu in life
    cycle energy savings and $17.53 billion in cumulative energy cost
    savings for the federal government.\4\
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        \4\ https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/awarded-doe-idiq-energy-
    savings-performance-contract-projects.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        Fiscal year 2020 was the most successful year in the history of the
    DOE IDIQ ESPC program with a record $842 million total project
    investment which will generate $1.7 billion in energy and water savings
    for the federal government.\5\ We also urge FEMP to increase its
    support to military services seeking ESPCs for upgrades to military
    facilities across the county. One of the main reasons these
    infrastructure and resiliency upgrades remain uncompleted is lack of
    appropriated funding. Employing ESPCs to make these much-needed
    upgrades is a cost-effective way to increase the resiliency of
    important infrastructure systems and the services they provide to base
    personnel and operations.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        \5\ https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/awarded-doe-idiq-energy-
    savings-performance-contract-projects.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        Again, we strongly urge a total of $36 million in funding for FEMP,
    including $2 million for the Performance Contracting National Resource
    Center, alongside $400 million for the AFFECT program--so that FEMP may
    continue its vital work as the program manager of ESPCs and the ESPC
    DOE IDIQ ESPC contract in FY2022 and beyond. We thank you for providing
    this opportunity to submit this testimony and we look forward to
    working with you.

        [This statement was submitted by Robert Johnson, Senior Vice
    President, Hannon Armstrong.]
                                     ______

            Prepared Statement of the Izaak Walton League of America
        The Izaak Walton League of America appreciates the opportunity to
    submit testimony concerning appropriations for fiscal year (FY) 2022
    for programs under the jurisdiction of the Subcommittee. The League is
    a national, nonprofit organization founded in 1922 with 40,000 members
    and 200 local chapters nationwide. Our members are committed to
    advancing common sense policies that safeguard wildlife and habitat,
    support community-based conservation, and address pressing
    environmental issues. The following pertains to programs administered
    by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Missouri River Recovery Program
    construction at $30.4 million, Missouri River Recovery Program
    operations and maintenance at $5.2 million, Upper Mississippi River
    Restoration Program at $31.17 million, and the South Florida Ecosystem
    Restoration Program at $725 million).
    Army Corps of Engineers, Construction and Operations and Maintenance,
            Missouri River
                The Missouri River Recovery Program
        The League urges the Subcommittee to reject the President's request
    of $8 million for construction for the Missouri River Recovery Program
    (MRRP) and instead appropriate $30.4 million for FY 2022 for the MRRP.
    This funding level will adequately fund the Army Corps to successfully
    implement the Missouri River Recovery Management Plan (Plan) and the
    Fish and Wildlife Mitigation Project for the Bank Stabilization and
    Navigation Project (BSNP). We ask that the funding meet the Corps
    capability level identified in the Environmental Impact Statement for
    the Plan, $30.4 million for construction and $5.2 million for
    operations and maintenance of existing projects. With this funding, the
    Corps, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), states, and other partners
    can continue important ecosystem restoration efforts that are producing
    long-term ecological and economic benefits.
        The requested increased FY 2022 funding would allow the Corps to
    fund long neglected aspects of the BSNP Fish and Wildlife Mitigation
    Project for the Missouri River. Funding for this critical effort has
    been severely lacking in recent years. Mitigation Project goals are
    falling further and further behind projections and expectations.
        The BSNP Fish and Wildlife Mitigation Project, as authorized by
    Section 601(a) of WRDA 1986 and Section 334(a) of WRDA 1999, is
    required to offset habitat loses from the Corps' ongoing maintenance
    and operation of the Missouri River System. The Fish and Wildlife
    Mitigation Project will help reduce Missouri River flooding, improve
    water quality, provide for self-sustaining fish and wildlife
    populations and increase recreation for families in the basin.
        Funding the full capability will enable the Corps to collaborate
    with a growing list of landowners willing to help reduce flood risk and
    restore critical habitat. Years of declining funding has caused the
    Corps to fall further and further behind established habitat and
    species targets identified in Congressionally mandated recovery plans.
    Over 100,000 acres of previously authorized mitigation that would build
    resiliency to flooding and benefit fish and wildlife has not been
    secured due to insufficient appropriations for the MRRP. Willing
    landowners are anxiously waiting on the Corps to fulfill its BSNP
    Mitigation obligations.
        With adequate funding, habitat restoration efforts could include
    reconnecting portions of the river to floodplain wetlands, bottomland
    forests, and native prairies. This will increase the river's capacity
    and resiliency and increase the ability to capture carbon and reduce
    the movement of nutrients to the Gulf of Mexico. These actions will
    also reduce the river's stage and velocity during high flows, while
    creating much needed slow and slack water habitat for the pallid and
    other fish species during other times of year.
        In 2011, the Missouri Department of Conservation and the Nebraska
    Game and Parks Commission found recreational spending provides $68
    million in annual economic impact to communities along the Missouri
    River from Yankton, South Dakota to St. Louis, Missouri. In addition to
    the economic boost from tourism, restoration projects support job
    creation throughout the entire region. The Corps contracts with local
    construction companies, creating jobs, and injecting dollars into local
    economies through purchases of materials, fuel, food and lodging. With
    the funding requested, the Corps could readily implement more of these
    important restoration projects.
    Army Corps of Engineers, Construction, Upper Mississippi River
                Upper Mississippi River Restoration Program
        The League is an active and long-time proponent of restoring the
    Upper Mississippi River (UMR) ecosystem. We have supported the Upper
    Mississippi River Restoration (subaccount for the Environmental
    Management Program) since its inception and continue to support this
    vital restoration initiative. We urge the Subcommittee to continue to
    provide $33.17 million for the UMRR-EMP as provided in the FY 2021
    omnibus.
        The Upper Mississippi River is one of the most complex ecosystems
    on earth. It provides habitat for 50 species of mammals, 45 species of
    reptiles and amphibians, 37 species of mussels, and 241 species of
    fish. The need for ecosystem restoration is unquestionable. As the
    Corps correctly stated in its study of navigation expansion, this
    ecosystem is ``significantly altered, is currently degraded, and is
    expected to get worse.'' Researchers from the National Academy of
    Sciences have determined that river habitat is disappearing faster than
    it can be replaced through existing programs such as the Upper
    Mississippi River Restoration (UMRR) program, which was authorized at
    $33.2 million annually by Congress in 1999. Since its inception, the
    UMRR has restored critical fish and wildlife habitat on more than
    100,000 acres across Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, and
    Missouri. The UMRR is also able to deliver the restoration of these
    acres at the average cost of $3,000 per acre, an impressively low cost.
        Our nation relies on a healthy Mississippi River for commerce,
    recreation, drinking water, food, and generation of electricity. More
    than 12 million people annually recreate on and along the Upper
    Mississippi River spending $1.2 billion and supporting 18,000 jobs.
    More people recreate on the Upper Mississippi annually than visit
    Yellowstone National Park. Each of the more than 50 completed
    restoration projects generates half of its labor from local workers
    living near the sites. During construction, each of these projects
    infuses an average of $750,000 into the local economies and small
    towns.
    Army Corps of Engineers, Construction, South Florida Ecosystem
            Restoration
        The League requests the Subcommittee reject the President's request
    for $350 million and appropriate $725 million for construction for the
    South Florida Ecosystem Restoration (SFER) for FY 2022 as requested by
    Florida Congressional delegation, Florida state officials, and the
    Everglades conservation community. This request prioritizes funds
    needed now to adequately restore the Everglades, reduce polluted
    discharges from Lake Okeechobee, and protect drinking water for 8
    million Americans living in Florida.
        This funding will advance important restoration projects under the
    Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP), including the
    critical Everglades-Agricultural Area Reservoir recently authorized in
    WRDA 2018. The reservoir would allow water to flow south from Lake
    Okeechobee and be stored and treated before flowing into Everglades
    National Park and Florida Bay, greatly reducing the need for the Army
    Corps to release polluted lake water into the Caloosahatchee and St.
    Lucie Rivers, which can lead to harmful algal blooms on Florida's Gulf
    and Atlantic coasts. Adequately funding SFER would also allow the Army
    Corps to complete other CERP projects vital to restoration of the
    Everglades, including Picayune Strand Restoration, Broward County Water
    Preserve Area, Biscayne Bay Coastal Wetlands, and Indian River Lagoon-
    South.
        Economic benefits that would come from restoration of the
    Everglades are astronomical. Gains in biodiversity, groundwater
    purification and aquifer storage, increasing property values, park
    visitation, carbon sequestration, and improved fish and wildlife
    habitat that would come from a full restoration of the Everglades, as
    described in the CERP, would drive an economic increase of $46.5
    billion. Even with a price tag of $11 billion, much of which will be
    borne by non-federal partners, restoration of the Everglades represents
    an impressive benefit to cost ratio greater than 4.00.
        The Izaak Walton League appreciates the opportunity to testify
    about these important issues.

        [This statement was submitted by Jared Mott, Conservation Director,
    Izaak
    Walton League of America.]
                                     ______

        Prepared Statement of Methane Action and Remineralize the Earth
        Madam Chair et al.,
        Yesterday, the world-renowned former science advisor to the U.K.,
    Sir David King of Cambridge University, declared that he believes we
    have five years left to solve the climate crisis. He announced the
    formation of a new Climate Crisis Advisory Group to help reduce
    emissions, remove greenhouse gases already emitted and restore the
    climate to truly healthy temperatures and functioning. See, https://
    www.businessgreen.com/news/4033355/reduce-remove-repair-climate-crisis-
    advisory-group-sketches-climate-priorities.
        In April Sir David led a group of 31 scientists in writing a letter
    in advance of the White House Climate Summit declaring that governments
    need to expedite the reduction of emissions, the deployment of methods
    of removing ambient methane and other greenhouse gases (GHGs) and the
    development of governance capable of ensuring the safe and effective
    use of those methods. (See, MethaneAction.org).\1\
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        \1\ Today we learned that a Penn State research team has shown that
    oil and gas methane emissions are larger than EPA inventory values by
    48% to 76%. (https://phys.org/news/2021-06-ethane-proxies-methane-oil-
    gas.html).
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        Our testimony focuses primarily on how this Subcommittee can
    expedite the research and development of the technologies that can buy
    us time as we seek to restore safe levels of GHGs including
    CO2 below 300 ppm and methane below .8 ppm. Peer reviewed
    science and on-going laboratory tests indicate we can achieve that
    methane goal within this decade buying time to deal with the longer-
    term problem of CO2. We filed complementary testimony on the
    24th with the Interior-EPA Subcommittee and recommend that you compare
    notes with them in order to ensure the best fit for each Subcommittee
    and recommendation that you find useful. For example, some of the work
    we have recommended that the EPA direct could be initiated by ARPA-E
    but (1) not all are energy related as methane and other GHGs have other
    sources and sinks, and (2) some of the research would be done more
    efficiently in some cases with non-U.S. principal investigators who are
    already, with too little funding, working on these approaches, and (3)
    the overall program should in any case be geared for both international
    cooperation and policy coordination. So we will not repeat those
    requests here. Our testimony will largely be in the legislative
    language we recommend from here on:

    (I) Reducing emissions and concentrations of climate forcing agents.
        In order to reduce greenhouse gases and other climate forcing
    agents to historically healthy levels as soon as possible, the
    Secretary of Energy, in consultation with the Administrator of the
    Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Secretaries of Agriculture,
    the Interior, State and Treasury, the Administrator of USAID, the Chief
    Executive Officers of the Millennium Challenge Corporation and the U.S.
    International Development Finance Corporation and the Export Import
    Bank, using funds appropriated for their other relevant programs as
    well as those appropriated for this Title, shall, as directed below:

        (A) Review existing and pending patents for methods of removing
            climate forcing agents and limiting the emissions thereof, and
            grants and contracts for the development of such technologies
            made by the U.S. and other governments, including but not
            limited to the United Kingdom, and foundations and ensure, in
            consultation and cooperation with the Special Envoy and
            Domestic Advisor on Climate Change and the appropriate
            departments and agencies, including but not limited to the
            Chair of the Council on Environmental Quality, and foreign and
            international governments, that the research, development, and
            deployment of such methods is completed and advanced each year
            to the extent practicable, and incorporated in their actions,
            including but not limited to their foreign assistance,
            intergovernmental cooperation, and international finance
            programs, and provisions. The Secretary shall complete the
            steps of paragraph (A) and its subparagraphs by July 1, 2022
            unless otherwise noted in the schedule set forth as follows:

          (i) Develop an interagency agreement on GHG Drawdown Research,
                Development and Deployment to collaborate with the
                Administrator of the EPA and the Commandant of the Coast
                Guard, as the U.S. liaison to the International Maritime
                Organization, on research, development, assessment and
                trials of methods of methane oxidation and catalysis for
                near source and ambient removal and measure co-benefits
                including removing other pollutants such as Nitrous Oxide,
                CO2, soot and preventing ground level ozone.
                (See Interior-EPA testimony of Methane Action and RTE for
                research projects.)

          (ii) Surface-based Photocatalytic Enhanced Methane Oxidation
                (SPEMO). In cooperation with the Environmental Protection
                Agency and the Secretary of State and the Administrator of
                USAID the Secretary of Energy shall contract for three
                years of research and development of surface-based
                photocatalytic enhanced methane oxidation (SPEMO) to: (I)
                Lower methane emissions from coal mines, oil wells and
                animal farms, to ensure that the CH4 concentration from
                ventilated air is less than 1.7 ppm by volume; and (II)
                Apply photocatalytic paint to buildings, rooftops,
                photovoltaic panels, or in a ventilated conduit to reduce
                methane in the general atmosphere as a complement to
                commercial photocatalytic paints and coatings already being
                used because of their self-cleaning property and ability to
                reduce urban pollution such as nitrogen oxides and volatile
                organic compounds. At $1,000,000, or one third of that from
                each of three agencies, per year for a total contract in
                FY2022 for (I) and (II) of: $3,000,000

        (B) Integrate GHG removal in Development Assistance and Trade.

        (1) The Secretary of Energy, Directors of the DOE Office of Fossil
    Energy and Carbon Management and the Advanced Research Projects Agency-
    E, the Chief Engineer of the USACE and the Commissioner of the Bureau
    of Reclamation shall assist the U.S. Customs and Border Protection, and
    the Administrator of US EPA, in calculating the difference between the
    climate forcing agents emitted in the production of fuels,
    hydroelectric power of different types, other energy sources, wetlands
    management (e.g. draining or re-watering) and the production of the
    goods and services in other countries and those emitted in the United
    States, the extent to which other countries remove emitted GHGs and the
    economic costs thereof and inform U.S. Trade Representative, the
    Secretary of Commerce by June 1, 2022 of the results of those
    calculations so that they may ensure that those receiving assistance in
    programs under their jurisdiction or control or exporting goods or
    services to the United States will limit and sequester, oxidize or
    otherwise remove the climate forcing agents or the carbon dioxide
    equivalent thereof to the extent practicable currently and endow a fund
    for the future reclamation of such agents as technical or natural
    capacities for so doing are available.

        (2) Assist the U.S. Customs and Border Protection, and the
    Administrator of US EPA, and the U.S. Trade Representative and the
    Secretary of Commerce, in calculating by June 1, 2022 tariff and trade
    adjustments that would internalize the avoided costs and externalities
    that exceed those of comparable production in the United States; so
    that they are in a position to impose tariffs and embargoes accordingly
    by September 1, 2022.

        (C) Ensure Global Governance of GHG Removal Methods. Beginning no
            later than one week after the date of enactment and continuing
            thereafter, the Secretary shall assist the Secretary of State,
            the Administrator of the EPA and the US Trade Representative,
            in consultation with the Special Envoy for Climate Change, the
            Commandant of the Coast Guard and other agencies participating
            in the affected U.S. delegations, in proposing and pursuing
            resolutions and agreements for supporting the proper assessment
            and deployment and governance of methods of reducing the
            atmospheric presence of climate forcing agents to historic
            healthy levels; of assessing the effects thereof to ensure the
            sufficient, safe and proper use of technologies for reducing
            the emissions of carbon dioxide, methane, CFCs, HFCs, black
            soot and other climate forcing agents or the climate forcing
            impact of them; and for actively removing such agents from the
            atmosphere, within or apart from existing international
            agreements in a manner that is complementary to their
            objectives and not preemptive of conservation and restoration
            efforts. Those agreements shall include but not be limited to
            the UNFCCC and its protocols and accords, the London Convention
            on Marine Pollution (via the International Maritime
            Organization), the Vienna Convention on the Protection of the
            Ozone Layer and its protocols, UNECE Convention on Long-range
            Transboundary Air Pollution, the Convention on Migratory
            Species, the Convention on Biological Diversity and other
            conservation agreements, the major international trade
            agreements, and the United Nations, and UNEP, FAO, UNDP and any
            other relevant subsidiary bodies; $3,000,000

        (D) Report on Plans. The Secretary of Energy in cooperation with
            the Secretary of State shall form a Committee on Climate
            Restoration comprised of the Secretaries and agency heads
            tasked under this Title to report as directed in subsections
            (D) and (E) to the Committees of jurisdiction within ninety
            days of enactment on their training programs and plans for
            cooperating with the United Nations, the Organization for
            Economic Cooperation and Development and their subsidiary
            bodies, other interested nation states in implementing
            paragraphs (A)-(D) and for incorporating these elements in
            their work and measuring the success of their implementation;
            and

        (E) Report on Results. Within 180 days of enactment and annually
            thereafter the Committee on Climate Restoration shall report to
            the Secretaries and Administrators listed in Section I, and the
            Congressional Committees of jurisdiction, on their progress and
            report any requests and suggestions for expediting the
            deployment of methods found to be effective in light of their
            direct and indirect costs and co-benefits as informed in more
            detail every two years by the assessments produced by those
            agencies and other competent authorities. The Secretary shall
            ensure that the report and plan are produced with the
            cooperation of appropriate government agencies, including but
            not limited to the EPA, EIA, USAID and those included elsewhere
            in this Section. The Secretary shall further ensure that
            authors include a range of conservation biology, oceanic,
            agronomy and atmospheric scientists, among others, as well as
            economists, engineers, policy makers, regulatory experts. The
            federal agencies should also provide a companion report
            discussing their efforts, progress and challenges. The
            Secretary is directed to fund from his regular budget a report
            updating the initial report every 2 years.
        For this Title in addition to the amounts specified above:
    $8,000,000
    II. Integrating Climate Restoration across the Government.
        The program requirements of these Sections are to be integrated
    into the regular order of business and carried out within the budget
    authorities and amounts appropriated for each of the affected agencies
    independent of further appropriations, this section however, hereby
    also provides such authorization as may be necessary through FY2028 as
    well as appropriations for FY2022.
                                     ______

       Prepared Statement of the Metropolitan Water District of Southern
                                   California
        The Metropolitan Water District of Southern California
    (Metropolitan) encourages the Subcommittee's support for fiscal year
    2022 federal funding of $10.7 million for the U.S. Bureau of
    Reclamation's (Reclamation) Colorado River Basin Salinity Control
    Program (Salinity Control Program), Title II--Basinwide Program to
    prevent further degradation of Colorado River water quality and
    increased economic damages.
        The salt concentration in the Colorado River causes an estimated
    $354 million in quantifiable damages to water users each year. While
    this figure is significant, had it not been for the efforts of the
    Salinity Control Program, damages would be much higher. Salinity
    Control Program actions have reduced the salinity of Colorado River
    water at key locations over 90 milligrams per liter (mg/L) from what
    they would have been without the actions. Modeling by Reclamation
    indicates that quantifiable damages could rise to approximately $671
    million by the year 2040 without continuation of the program.
        Metropolitan is the regional water supplier for most of urban
    Southern California, providing supplemental water to retail agencies
    that serve approximately 19 million people.
        Water imported via the Colorado River Aqueduct has the highest
    salinity level of all of Metropolitan's sources of supply, averaging
    around 630 mg/L since 1976. This salinity level causes economic damages
    to all sectors. For example, high salinity has the following impacts:
      --It reduces the useful life of water heaters, faucets, garbage
            disposals, clothes washers, and dishwashers, and increases use
            of water softeners in the household sector;
      --It increases the cost of cooling operations, the need for and cost
            of water softening, and decreases equipment service life in the
            commercial sector;
      --It increases water use, the cost of water treatment, and sewer fees
            in the industrial sector;
      --It decreases the life of treatment facilities and pipelines in the
            utility sector;
      --It increases the cost of desalination and brine disposal for
            recycled water in the municipal sector;
      --It reduces the yield of salt sensitive crops and increases water
            use for leaching in the agricultural sector;
      --It increases desalination and brine disposal costs due to
            accumulation of salts in groundwater basins, and reduces
            opportunities for water recycling due to groundwater quality
            deterioration;
      --It reduces the ability to replenish groundwater in basins with
            relatively low salinity standards;
      --It reduces the ability to reclaim and reuse water due to high
            salinities in the water delivered to water treatment and
            reclamation facilities; and
      --It makes it more difficult to meet wastewater discharge
            requirements to comply with National Pollutant Discharge
            Elimination System permit terms and conditions.
        There has been concern over salinity levels in the Colorado River
    for many years. To address the concern, the International Boundary and
    Water Commission signed Minute No. 242, Permanent and Definitive
    Solution to the International Problem of the Salinity of the Colorado
    River in 1973, and the President signed the Colorado River Basin
    Salinity Control Act of 1974 (Act) into law. Title I of the Act deals
    with the U.S. commitment to the quality of waters being delivered to
    Mexico. Title II of the Act deals with improving the quality of the
    water delivered to users in the United States. This testimony deals
    specifically with Title II efforts. To further foster interstate
    cooperation and coordinate the Colorado River Basin states' efforts on
    salinity control, the seven Basin states formed the Colorado River
    Basin Salinity Control Forum.
        The Forum is charged with reviewing the Colorado River's water
    quality standards for salinity every three years. In so doing, it
    adopts a Plan of Implementation consistent with these standards. The
    level of appropriation requested in this testimony is in keeping with
    the adopted Plan of Implementation, which is to be implemented by
    Reclamation, the Bureau of Land Management, and the Natural Resources
    Conservation Service (NRCS).
        In implementing the Act, Congress recognized that most of the salt
    load in the Colorado River originates from federally owned lands. The
    majority of land within the Colorado River Basin is federally owned and
    administered. The salts in the Colorado River Basin are naturally-
    occurring and pervasive, mostly resulting from saline sediments in the
    Basin that were deposited in prehistoric marine environments. They are
    easily eroded, dissolved, and transported into the river system, and
    enter the River through both natural and anthropogenic processes. The
    Salinity Control Program reduces salinity by preventing salts from
    dissolving and mixing with the River's flow. Irrigation improvements
    (sprinklers, gated pipe, lined canals) and vegetation management reduce
    the amount of salt transported to the Colorado River. Point sources
    such as saline springs are also controlled.
        The Salinity Control Program benefits Lower Basin water users,
    hundreds of miles downstream from salt sources in the Upper Basin,
    through reduced salinity of Colorado River water.
        The Salinity Control Program, as set forth in the Act, also
    benefits the Upper Colorado River Basin water users through more
    efficient water management and increased crop production, and benefits
    local economies through construction contracts and environmental
    enhancements.
        In the early years of the program, Reclamation implemented salinity
    control through large projects which were funded with specific line
    item amounts. In 1995, Congress amended the Act and created
    Reclamation's Basinwide Program. Under this program, Reclamation funds
    competitive proposals for projects that will decrease the salt load to
    the Colorado River.
        Most of the proposals target off-farm irrigation distribution
    systems such as canals and laterals. The lining or piping of canals and
    laterals prevents leakage into the groundwater and the dissolution and
    transportation of salts to the Colorado River and its tributaries.
        The requested funding level of $10.7 million is required to keep
    the Basinwide Program on pace with the overall Salinity Control Program
    implementation needs. These federal dollars will be augmented by state
    cost sharing of 30 percent and by an additional 25 percent provided by
    the agricultural producers with whom the U.S. Department of Agriculture
    contracts for implementation of salinity control measures.
        Over the past years, the Salinity Control Program has proven to be
    a cost-effective approach to mitigating the impacts of increased
    salinity in the Colorado River. Adequate federal funding of this
    important program is essential. Metropolitan urges the Subcommittee to
    fund the Bureau of Reclamation's Salinity Control Program, Title II--
    Basinwide Program for fiscal year 2022 in the amount of $10.7 million.
    This modest investment in source control pays dividends in improved
    drinking water quality to nearly 40 million Americans.

        [This statement was submitted by Jeffrey Kightlinger, General
    Manager,
    Metropolitan Water District of Southern California.]
                                     ______

       Prepared Statement of the Mid-West Electric Consumers Association
        Chair Feinstein, Ranking Member Kennedy, and members of the
    Subcommittee, I am Jim B. Horan, Executive Director of the Mid-West
    Electric Consumers Association (Mid-West). Mid-West represents the
    interests of over 300 consumer-owned utilities across the Upper Great
    Plains that purchase power from the federal hydroelectric generators
    that are part of the Pick-Sloan Missouri Basin Program. That power is
    marketed by the Western Area Power Administration (WAPA), an agency of
    the U.S. Department of Energy, and is sold to Mid-West Members in the
    states of Colorado, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, North
    Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming. Mid-West's members rely on this
    cost-based, renewable, federal hydroelectric power for a significant
    portion of their power supply requirements.
        Mid-West requests that the Subcommittee provide the full funding
    for Purchase Power and Wheeling (PP&W) authority requested by WAPA in
    the FY 2022 budget request. Mid-West also supports the continued use of
    ``net-zero'' for annual expenses and the public partnership financing
    that has worked so successfully in the Pick-Sloan Region for over 20
    years.
                          purchase power and wheeling
        The PP&W authority is necessary for WAPA to fulfill its contractual
    obligations to deliver firm power to Mid-West's members and other WAPA
    customers, including federal and state agencies and Native American
    Tribes. These funds can only be used for PP&W costs and they are
    available until expended. While WAPA may not always spend the full PP&W
    appropriation in every year, a severe and prolonged drought can cause
    WAPA to incur PP&W costs that exceed their available funding. In that
    event, WAPA must use cash from other planned expenditures, including
    repaying customer advances for the rehabilitation of federal assets.
    This disruption to asset rehabilitation midstream can cause
    significantly higher costs due to contractor work stoppages and
    restarts, interest that accrues on money already spent on the project,
    replacement power due to asset outages, etc.
        The PP&W budget is prepared approximately two years in advance of
    the fiscal year. Each legislated project for which WAPA markets and
    transmits power has unique power production and marketing
    characteristics, which results in differing methods to budget for
    purchase power. For the Pick-Sloan Missouri Basin Program--Eastern
    Division, WAPA staff look at the last 10-11 years of rolling hydrologic
    conditions, which include a multi-year drought, and averages the 5
    median years, eliminating the other 6-7 higher and lower water years.
        Using the hydrologic data, WAPA staff then prepare a conservative
    power price forecast for the period. The combination of forecasted
    water conditions, consequent purchase power and wheeling volumes, and
    the power price forecast yield the estimate of PP&W costs over the
    forecast period.
        It is important to note, however, that a drought with worse
    hydrologic conditions than any of the years included in the study will
    likely yield PP&W costs significantly above what is forecast. Mid-West
    is committed to working with the Subcommittee staff and the
    Congressional Budget Office (CBO) to resolve any remaining issues
    associated with the methodology involving PP&W. We are very concerned
    that CBO changed a two decades-old agreement that PP&W appropriations
    would not score against the federal deficit. Despite the fact that all
    PP&W expenditures are paid by the WAPA customers (Mid-West member-
    utilities), CBO still proposed to score these expenditures. We hope any
    lingering issues can be resolved. This is very important to the
    customer-owners of the region, since federal cost-based hydropower is
    the life-blood of the regional economy and key to maintaining energy
    affordability.
                                   conclusion
        The Subcommittee's longstanding support of the federal power
    program is greatly appreciated, and we thank you for your consideration
    of this testimony. We stand ready to respond to any questions.

        [This statement was submitted by Jim B. Horan, Executive Director,
    Mid-West Electric Consumers Association.]
                                     ______

                  Prepared Statement of the Mni Wiconi Project
    1. FY 2022 OMR Request
        The Mni Wiconi Project respectfully requests $ 45.080 million in
    appropriations for operation, maintenance and replacement (OMR)
    activities in FY 2021, including $1.997 million \1\ for the Bureau of
    Reclamation (Reclamation). The OMR request includes $ 21.6 million for
    necessary Coreline storage towers, crossing, and pump station.
    Additionally, the OSRWSS Core needs $38 million for South Core Line
    (Phase V) Replacement (see Section 2). Report language is also
    requested.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        \1\ This testimony uses figures provided by Reclamation for its
    FY21 work plan. We applied 2.3% inflation to those figures.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        OMR funds will be used as summarized in Table 1 by the Oglala Sioux
    Rural Water Supply System (OSRWSS), Rosebud Sioux Rural Water System
    (RSRWS), and Lower Brule Sioux Rural Water System (LBSRWS).

                                                         TABLE 1
                                               MNI WICONI PROJECT SPONSOR
                                                       AGENCY: BOR
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                 OSRWSS
                                      ---------------------------    RSRWS        LBSRWS    Reclamation     TOTAL
                                         Coreline   Distribution
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Number of Employees..............           17            33           17           13            8           88
    Labor and Fringe Benefits........   $1,372,027    $2,053,402     $927,271     $972,800   $1,003,563   $6,329,063
    Labor Overhead Costs.............      626,879       831,628  ...........      192,700      409,200    2,060,407
    Non-Labor Costs
        Electricity/Natural Gas/           650,000       753,239      211,160      135,800      258,819    2,009,018
         Propane.....................
        Telephone/Communications.....       40,000        50,499       23,500       33,900  ...........      147,899
        Water Treatment Chemicals/         400,000       236,050       30,000      104,000  ...........      770,050
         Supplies....................
        Wells, Pumps, Motors &             590,000        85,933       82,500      101,500  ...........      859,933
         Replacement.................
        Water Testing................      120,000        31,827       10,000  ...........  ...........      161,827
        Vehicle OMR..................       83,000       290,687       78,000       91,700       18,414      561,801
        Water Service Providers......  ...........  ............      250,500  ...........  ...........      250,500
        Travel-Training..............       60,000        90,177        8,000       32,900       25,575      216,652
        Other........................      257,000        92,297      318,729      199,200      281,325    1,148,551

    Extraordinary Replacements
        Meter vault, fuel tank &       ...........  ............  ...........      150,000  ...........      150,000
         security upgrades...........
        Increase Capacity of           ...........  ............  ...........  ...........  ...........  ...........
         Reservoir (New).............
        GPS/GIS......................  ...........       100,000  ...........       25,000  ...........      125,000
        Zebra Mussel Infestation.....  ...........  ............  ...........      200,000  ...........      200,000
        CB #4-6, Electrical/Generator  ...........       200,000  ...........  ...........  ...........      200,000
        Replace #5 Reservoir 1 MG....  ...........     3,000,000  ...........  ...........  ...........    3,000,000
        Increase Pipe Size:8" to 12    ...........     2,500,000  ...........  ...........  ...........    2,500,000
         (Sharps to Rockyford--15 mi)
        Replace Sharps East            ...........     2,000,000  ...........  ...........  ...........    2,000,000
         Reservoir:1 MG..............

    Existing Community Transfer
        Manderson OM&R...............  ...........        25,000  ...........  ...........  ...........       25,000
        Oglala North OM&R............  ...........        40,000  ...........  ...........  ...........       40,000
        Sharps Corner OM&R...........  ...........        25,000  ...........  ...........  ...........       25,000

    Priority Community System
     Upgrades
        Production Well Replacements.  ...........  ............      700,000  ...........  ...........      700,000

    Reservoir Upgrades/Projects
        South Core Reservoir 1.......    5,000,000  ............  ...........  ...........  ...........    5,000,000
        South Core Reservoir 2.......    5,000,000  ............  ...........  ...........  ...........    5,000,000
        South Core Reservoir 4.......    6,000,000  ............  ...........  ...........  ...........    6,000,000
        White River Bore Crossing....    3,800,000  ............  ...........  ...........  ...........    3,800,000
        High Service Pump Station VFD    1,800,000  ............  ...........  ...........  ...........    1,800,000
                                      ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
          TOTAL......................  $25,798,906   $12,405,738   $2,639,660   $2,239,500   $1,996,896  $45,080,700
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        The OSRWSS Core System is the heart of the Mni Wiconi Project and
    serves the three Indian Reservations and the West River/Lyman-Jones
    Rural Water System (WRLJ) in 7 off-reservation counties covering
    southwestern South Dakota with a design capacity of 52,000 people. The
    Project now serves 41,250. Public Law 100-516, as amended, our
    authorizing legislation, found that:

          ...the United States has a trust responsibility to ensure that
            adequate and safe water supplies are available to meet the
            economic, environmental, water supply, and public health needs
            of the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, Rosebud Indian
            Reservation and Lower Brule Indian Reservation...
        The request as presented in Table 1 will meet the purposes of the
    Act. Appropriation by Congress of adequate funds will fulfill the
    fiduciary responsibilities of the United States as articulated in the
    Act.
        The Project has been treating and delivering more water each year
    from the OSRWSS Water Treatment Plant near Fort Pierre. The population
    will continue to grow within the service area and will reach the design
    population late in the next decade. The OMR budget must be adequate to
    (1) keep pace with the system and its growing population and (2)
    protect and preserve the $470 million investment held by the United
    States in trust for the Tribes and by WRLJ. Funds are needed to
    properly operate and maintain the infrastructure.
        We appreciate the President's focus on improving critical water
    infrastructure in his Discretionary Request and await his specific
    requested funding level for the Mni Wiconi Project. However, we remind
    you of the Project's overall needs, including Coreline storage towers
    and OMR for community systems when they are transferred into the
    Project, along with the actual costs of the upgrade work. We also
    remind you that the oversight budget decreases funds for routine
    maintenance and extraordinary replacements as referenced in Section 7.
    2. Coreline Storage Towers, Crossing, and Phase V Project/Existing
            Community Transfers/Extraordinary Replacements
        Included in Table 1 is $21.6 million for OSRWSS Coreline Storage
    Towers, a crossing and pump station replacement. The OSRWSS needs to
    build these towers on the Coreline for added storage. They are
    necessary for the Project to function properly in scenarios when all
    Project Sponsors are pulling 100% of their allocations. The Coreline
    needs $16 million for these towers. The Coreline also needs $ 3.8
    million to replace the White River Coreline crossing because there is a
    leak in the steel pipe under the river that is growing in size. This
    crossing is essential for the Pine Ridge Reservation and surrounding
    area south of the White River crossing. It also needs $1.8 million for
    the High Service Pump Station VFD Project.
        Not included in Table 1 for the OMR request, but a critical need
    for the OSRWSS Core is the South Core Replacement (Phase V) Project,
    which will move the lines around the City of Ft. Pierre to address
    recurrent leaks in the area. Project costs are estimated at $38
    million.
        Annual budgeting by the Administration must reflect: (1) increases
    in water deliveries as project population was added between 2013 and
    2015 with no corresponding increase in funding; (2) aging facilities in
    need of maintenance and replacement (since start of construction in
    1994 and through end of construction in FY 2015); and (3) 40 existing
    communities that must be transferred to the respective Indian rural
    water systems. It is critical that Project features not fall into
    disrepair and that sufficient funds are available for the OMR of
    existing community systems that are scheduled for inclusion in the
    Project in FY 2022 (or were transferred earlier). Funding is also
    needed for the actual upgrade work, costs for which total in the tens
    of millions for the Indian Project Sponsors. We also ask the
    Subcommittee to be mindful of what Reclamation calls ``extra-ordinary
    replacements,'' which are actually necessary and routine when pumps,
    water treatment equipment, pipelines, and other facilities fail and
    require replacement to continue operations.
        The Mni Wiconi Project should be a shiny, new project that stands
    out as a beacon of modern technology. It provides under-privileged
    communities with safe and adequate drinking water of the highest
    quality and to improve the health and well-being of a low-income
    population, purposes that have been frustrated by inadequate attention
    to infrastructure maintenance.
        It is important to remember that for OMR activities, the Indian
    projects are left with the appropriated figure minus the approximate $2
    million that Reclamation takes for oversight. The reduced amount does
    not account for the needed storage towers, crossing replacement, the
    community upgrade work, any additional community system transfers, or
    unexpected extraordinary replacements.
        The Promise Zone designation for the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation
    was announced in April 2015. It focused on developing solutions to
    infrastructure challenges and the necessary resources to upgrade
    existing community systems, among other things, to revitalize the
    region. The request in Table 1 is consistent with the Promise Zone
    designation (and last Administration's Opportunity Zone designation),
    and underscores the need for OMR funding for routine maintenance,
    ``extra-ordinary'' replacements and existing community systems
    following transfer.
        The need is the same on the Rosebud and Lower Brule Indian
    Reservations. Adequate funding for all activities, including community
    water systems that are transferred, is a necessity for the three Indian
    rural water systems in the Mni Wiconi Project. The following report
    language is requested (see previous Congresses for similarity):
        Mni Wiconi Project, South Dakota.-Reclamation is directed to
    continue working with the Tribes and relevant Federal agencies, such as
    the Department of Agriculture, the Environmental Protection Agency, the
    Bureau of Indian Affairs, the Indian Health Service, and the Department
    of Housing and Urban Development to coordinate use of all existing
    authorities and funding sources to finish needed community system
    upgrades and connections, as well as any transfers of those systems, as
    quickly as possible. The Administration is encouraged to include
    appropriate funding for transferred community systems in future budget
    requests. (House Report 114-532, FY 2017)
        Reclamation's annual budget requests properly included the transfer
    of existing community systems and responsibility for operation and
    maintenance. The budget needs to reflect those transfers:

          ...The project consists of new systems to be constructed, as well
            as 40 existing Mni Wiconi community systems. Responsibilities
            of the Secretary under the Act include the operation and
            maintenance of existing water systems and appurtenant
            facilities on the Pine Ridge, Rosebud, and Lower Brule Indian
            Reservations. (FY 2012-18 Budget Justifications, p. GPR-49)
        Reclamation and other federal agencies are now assisting the Tribes
    with a pathway for funding transfers and future OMR activities for the
    40 existing community systems as they become part of the Project and
    eligible for funding. It is crucial that these efforts continue. OMR
    funding is needed for communities that were upgraded and will be
    transferred (or have been transferred) to the Project.
    3. OSRWSS Regional Core Facilities
        The staff of the OSRWSS core system includes 17 employees. The
    staff operates and maintains the 14 million gallon per day regional
    water treatment plant, 203 miles of main transmission pipeline from 12
    inches to 27 inches in diameter, nine major pumping stations (4
    Megawatt total capacity), nine reservoirs (4.2 million gallons of
    capacity) and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system,
    necessary to deliver safe and adequate drinking water to the service
    areas of OSRWSS, RSRWS, LRSRWS and WRLJ. Again, the Core Facilities
    need an additional three new Coreline storage towers, a crossing
    replacement, and pump station project at a cost of $21.6 million. The
    OSRWSS Core also needs $38 million for the South Core Line Replacement
    (Phase V) Project.
    4. OSRWSS Distribution on Pine Ridge Indian Reservation
        The OSRWSS Distribution's 33 employees are responsible for
    maintaining 760 miles of PVC water mains and service lines, 30 high
    production water wells, 33 booster pumps and treatment stations, 38
    water storage reservoirs, and 2,206 metered residences. The water
    system has been designed and constructed over a 24-year period, and
    services a total population of 21,510 residents on the Pine Ridge
    reservation. The construction of the water system is now complete and
    valued in excess of $100 million, although 20 additional community
    system upgrades are still pending. To operate and maintain our water
    system has become a challenge. The core system east of Kyle has 4
    reservoirs which have a total of 520,000 gallons of storage, this
    equates to only enough for less than 6 hours of storage in emergency
    situations. Table 1 shows a proposed 1-million-gallon reservoir to be
    constructed adjacent to Reservoir #5 which is near the reservation
    boundary north of Wanblee, SD. This added reservoir should increase our
    storage to more than 24-hours. In preparation for the projected South
    Unit development, Table 1 also proposes increasing the existing 8''
    waterline to a 12'' line over the 15 mile stretch from Sharps to the
    Rockyford Hwy 27/Hwy 2 Intersection, and a proposed 1 million-gallon
    reservoir to be constructed adjacent to the Sharps East Reservoir.
    5. Rosebud Sioux Rural Water System (RSRWS)
        The staff of RSRWS or Sicangu Mni Wiconi will total 17 full-time
    employees in FY 2021. The staff operates and maintains 425 miles of
    mainline, 15 major pumping stations, 20 water storage reservoirs, 9
    supply wells with two associated chlorination facilities, and SCADA
    system. A new production well is still needed for Rosebud Rural Water
    System due to decreased production and water supply. A previous RAX
    project request for a new production well was proposed and denied.
    Asset management indicates renovations are needed at some of the oldest
    constructed facilities in the project. A few RAX requests for system
    renovations have been submitted and some approved. The RSRWS budget
    also includes water service contracts with the City of Mission and
    Tripp County Water Users District (TCWUD) and others in the secondary
    service area at a total cost of $250,500 which reflects a reduction due
    less pumping for the Mission system. In 1995 the citizens of Mission
    voted to transfer their municipal system to the Mni Wiconi Project and
    in 2003 a final agreement between the Tribe, City of Mission and
    Reclamation was consummated and the former municipal system is now held
    in trust for the Tribe as part of the RSRWS. The inclusion and OMR of
    the Mission system are authorized by Section 3A (a) (8) of the Mni
    Wiconi Project Act, as amended. The completed community upgrades in
    Antelope, Butte Creek, and Okreek communities are in the transfer
    process. Parmelee, Upper Swift Bear, and Spring Creek community water
    system upgrades will be completed by the end of FY 2022. RSRWS is
    proposing a budget request of $2,639,660.00 for FY2021 including the
    RAX request for a new production well.
    6. Lower Brule Rural Water System
        The Lower Brule Rural Water System (LBRWS) consists of a water
    treatment plant, six booster stations, three tanks/reservoirs,
    approximately 75 miles of core pipeline and approximately 300 miles of
    distribution pipeline. LBRWS has a staff of 12 full-time and two part-
    time employees to provide the operation and maintenance of these
    facilities. As shown in Table 1, wages and fringe benefits total
    $972,800.
        The budget continues to include $150,000 to upgrade main line meter
    vaults and $25,000 to obtain the GPS location of water lines installed
    by ranchers and to add the lines to the current GIS database. The meter
    pit upgrades will improve access to the meter vaults and prolong the
    life of the equipment within the meter pits, while the GPS/GIS
    information will provide needed information for the operation and
    maintenance as well as the management of the system.
        Zebra mussels were found in Lake Sharpe in 2019. Recent
    investigations of the LBRWS intake and intake pumps have found the
    zebra mussel infestation becoming a detriment to the LBRWS system. The
    result is a need to remove the zebra mussels currently on the
    infrastructure as well as installing a system to attempt to control the
    zebra mussel infestation on and within the LBRWS infrastructure. As a
    result, the budget includes $200,000 to deal with the zebra mussel
    infestation in Lake Sharpe. LBRWS will continue to work with the Bureau
    of Reclamation and the other sponsors to prioritize their needs and
    ensure that their system is operating to the standards that have been
    established over the past several years.
    7. Bureau of Reclamation (BOR)
        The BOR's budget is for oversight of operation and maintenance
    activities for all tribal systems, including the employment of an
    equivalent 8.0 persons. BOR pays the Western Area Power Administration
    for Project preference power used by the OSRWSS core system and Rosebud
    core system. BOR also pays for cathodic protection services for OSRWSS
    core system, Rosebud, and OSRWSS on-reservation DWM&C systems.
    Reclamation costs are expended before funds reach the Project.

        [This statement was submitted by Ron Blacksmith, Core System
    Manager, Oglala Sioux Rural Water Supply System, Chuck Jacobs,
    Distribution System Director, Oglala Sioux RWSS, Young Colombe,
    Manager, Rosebud Sioux Rural Water System, and Jim McCauley, Manager,
    Lower Brule Sioux Rural Water System.]
                                     ______

      Prepared Statement of the National Association for State Community
                               Services Programs
        As Weatherization Director for the National Association for State
    Community Services Programs (NASCSP), I am pleased to submit testimony
    on the FY 2022 Energy and Water Appropriations bill. Specifically, I am
    writing in support of the Department of Energy's (DOE) Weatherization
    Assistance Program (WAP) and seeking an FY 2022 appropriations total of
    $356 million, with $325 million for the WAP, $10 million for Training
    and Technical Assistance at DOE, and $21 million for the Weatherization
    Readiness Fund. This funding level is essential to expand current
    program operations and empower the WAP to improve client services,
    develop workforce training, innovate efficiency technologies, and
    ensure equitable delivery of services.
        NASCSP is the member organization representing the weatherization
    grantees in all 50 States, the District of Columbia, Native American
    Tribes and US Territories, who oversee a weatherization workforce
    operating in every county. The state offices represented by our
    organization would like to thank the members of this Committee for
    their support of the WAP over the years, particularly the
    reauthorization of the program last year and the increase provided in
    FY 2021. The WAP is a comprehensive whole-house retrofit program
    serving people with low incomes by improving energy efficiency,
    resident health and safety, and client finances through lower utility
    costs. WAP workers are highly trained energy auditors, certified by a
    national network of accredited nonprofits, small businesses, and
    educational institutions in the use of advanced tools and technologies
    to diagnose home performance. The WAP is a proven investment in the
    sustainability, health, and resiliency of our communities, not only by
    permanently benefiting low-income families disproportionally burdened
    by energy costs, but also through supporting thousands of quality green
    jobs in the building trades. As we continue the recovery from the
    COVID-19 pandemic, the WAP is an opportunity to invest in a growing
    clean energy workforce, improve the health of thousands of families,
    and fight climate change.
       formula funding--leveraging funds for energy & non-energy benefits
        The Department of Energy (DOE) funding appropriated by Congress has
    allowed more than 8 million homes to be weatherized since the program's
    inception in 1976. Each home receives a site-specific suite of energy
    efficiency measures to be installed, such as insulation, air sealing,
    and high efficiency HVAC systems. By improving the energy efficiency of
    the home, these long-term investments save families money when they are
    installed and for years to come. With lower energy bills, families have
    more to spend on essentials like food, clothing, education, and health
    care. These whole-home benefits are central to the WAP's mission.
        A robust appropriation for weatherization and DOE Training &
    Technical assistance is key to ensuring equitable allocation of
    funding, sustained WAP impact on a nationwide scale, and consistent and
    growing workforce development. WAP measures completed with DOE funds
    are subject to at least three layers of quality assurance: quality
    control is performed on every job by a local certified inspector; at
    least 5 percent of all completed jobs receive a second inspection by a
    state quality assurance monitor; and DOE monitors the quality assurance
    practices of all state WAP offices. This multi-layered approach to
    monitoring is designed to maximize the benefits from public funds and
    to ensure clients in every state receive the best possible services.
        Another critical WAP benefit is improved health and safety for
    families. In homes that are cold and drafty, or affected by mold and
    excess moisture, there is an increased risk of chronic illnesses.
    Studies have shown the weatherization measures result in a healthier
    living environment. An evaluation by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory
    Evaluation \1\ found that residents of weatherized homes experienced
    fewer asthma, allergy, and cold symptoms, as well as fewer missed days
    of work and school. Weatherization mitigates factors that can trigger
    an asthma attack, resulting in fewer emergency room visits and
    hospitalizations. WAP measures can also prevent other life-threatening
    events such as carbon monoxide poisoning and fires from unsafe heating
    sources. These benefits are especially critical at a time when many are
    staying at home more than ever. These outcomes pay off--every
    weatherization dollar spent returns $2.78 in non-energy benefits.\2\
    The Oak Ridge Evaluation found that families reported decreased out of-
    pocket medical expenses by an average of $514 and the total health and
    household-related benefits for each unit weatherized is estimated to be
    $14,148.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        \1\ Oak Ridge National Lab, ``Health and Household-Related Benefits
    Attributable to the Weatherization Assistance Program'', 2014. https://
    weatherization.ornl.gov/Retrospectivepdfs/ORNL_
    TM-2014_345.pdf.
        \2\ Oak Ridge National Lab, ``Weatherization Works--Summary of
    Findings'', 2014. https://weatherization.ornl.gov/Retrospectivepdfs/
    ORNL_TM-2014_338.pdf.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
             creating the energy efficiency workforce of the future
        The WAP is overseen by the Office of Weatherization and
    Intergovernmental Programs within the Office of Energy Efficiency and
    Renewable Energy (EERE). DOE's focus on research and development brings
    the WAP significant benefits including technical expertise, access to
    the latest building science, and opportunities for collaboration with
    other critical energy efficiency and clean energy initiatives. DOE's
    technical standards and state offices' rigorous monitoring ensure that
    clients receive the latest weatherization measures, maximizing the
    benefits to low-income families. DOE's Standard Work Specifications \3\
    and Home Energy Professionals \4\ certifications have become the gold
    standard for residential energy efficiency.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        \3\ Standard Work Specifications for Home Energy Upgrades https://
    sws.nrel.gov/.
        \4\ Home Energy Professionals Certifications https://
    www.energy.gov/eere/wipo/guidelines-home-energy-professionals.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        Every state crafts and implements a training and technical
    assistance plan to build a strong workforce in their state network and
    maintain skilled labor that meets the necessary DOE requirements. The
    WAP provides training and workforce development opportunities in the
    very same communities in which it is delivering energy efficiency
    services, introducing low-income people to a rewarding career field
    they may not have encountered otherwise. The energy efficiency work of
    the WAP supports more than 8,500 jobs in weatherization and thousands
    more across the supply chain of suppliers, trainers, and manufacturers.
    Additionally, because of the advanced diagnostics and technology
    developed in WAP, the program forms the foundation for the home
    performance industry, which employs thousands of workers who complete
    energy efficiency retrofits across the entire residential sector,
    contributing to the overall 2.38 million energy efficiency jobs found
    across the nation and in 99.8% of all US counties.\5\
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        \5\ Energy Futures Initiative and the National Association for
    State Energy Officials, ``U.S. Energy & Employment Report'', 2020.
    https://www.usenergyjobs.org/.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        As the WAP workforce and its impact grows, the training and
    technical assistance provided by DOE becomes even more critical. Since
    FY 2014 DOE has received $3 million or less each year for these
    purposes. As we have shown above, DOE's training, technical assistance,
    and technological support is critical to the WAP and the broader energy
    efficiency industry. By raising training and technical assistance
    support to $10 million, DOE will continue to develop new technologies,
    improve the health and wellbeing of thousands of low-income people, and
    ensure the United States leads the world in energy efficient and
    quality housing.
                   continuing the wap's history of innovation
        The State WAP grantee is a key driver in developing new best
    practices for weatherization services. There are numerous examples of
    States across the country building on the success of the WAP and
    maximizing the impact of weatherization.
      --Workforce Development & Career Building
        Positions within the residential energy efficiency and building
    science trades offer workers extensive career advancement and training
    opportunities, in addition to a compelling mission helping their low-
    income neighbors. Numerous states partner with local technical colleges
    and community groups to provide excellent training opportunities,
    including to people with low incomes who may be served by the program.
    For example, the Illinois Home Weatherization Assistance Program offers
    trade school tuition reimbursement for new and existing employees and
    cosponsors a High School Energy Efficiency Summer Internship program.
        We recognize the great potential of workforce development
    initiatives like these to provide quality careers to people from
    disadvantaged backgrounds while also ensuring the United States is a
    leader in the growing energy efficiency sector.
    Enhancement & Innovation Grants
        When the WAP allocation surpasses $275 million, DOE has the option
    to provide Sustainable Energy Resources for Consumers (SERC) grants for
    the purpose of expanding the materials, benefits and tools covered by
    the WAP.\6\ The new WAP reauthorization established an additional WAP
    Enhancement and Innovation Competitive Grant Program, which utilizes 6%
    of the WAP appropriation for developing new practices. DOE plans to
    implement both SERC and the Competitive Grant Program in the coming
    year, providing a boost of investment in new technologies, innovative
    service delivery practices, and enhancement energy auditing techniques.
    State WAP grantees support innovation through both programs by
    implementing and evaluating new best practices. An evaluation from Oak
    Ridge National Lab \7\ found that the national weatherization network
    is highly capable of installing and delivering a wide range of new and
    innovative renewable energy and energy efficiency measures and
    services.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        \6\ 42 U.S.C. Chapter 81 Sec. 6872. Authorization of
    appropriations.
        \7\ Sustainable Energy Resources for Consumers Grant Program
    Evaluation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL/TM-2017/703).
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Reducing Deferrals Through Pre-Weatherization Programs
        Particularly severe conditions in a home can make installing
    weatherization measures unsafe or ineffective, causing the home to be
    deferred from receiving WAP services until the conditions are
    addressed. For example, standing water in a basement can damage
    appliances, old electrical wiring can be a fire hazard with insulation,
    and major structural or roofing deficiencies can make working in spaces
    unsafe. States have taken the lead with innovative Pre-WAP programs
    utilizing leveraged (non-DOE) funding sources to make homes
    weatherization ready. Pre-WAP initiatives like Ohio's Home
    Weatherization Assistance Program Enhancement fund and Pennsylvania's
    Homes in Need Program are formed through partnerships with their state
    Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Program to perform needed energy-
    related repairs. Washington's Deferral Pilot Program leverages State
    funding to address structural and mechanical issues at deferred homes
    while also developing best practices for tracking these deferrals. The
    success of these individual examples illustrates that additional
    investment in non-energy related upgrades leads to reduced deferrals
    and improved delivery of services to homes that otherwise would be
    excluded from receiving the benefits of WAP. These conditions exist in
    all States and highlight the need for investing in a Weatherization
    Readiness Fund to address deferrals.
    Weatherization Plus Health
        Many States are implementing pilot programs or partnering with
    State housing agencies to implement Weatherization plus Health
    initiatives. The need for programs addressing indoor air quality have
    become particularly pronounced due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Beyond the
    inherent health benefits of weatherization, these efforts leverage
    weatherization service providers to incorporate additional healthy
    homes measures, like hard surface flooring, enhanced ventilation, mold
    abatement, and accessibility improvements. Local WAP agencies have
    partnered with community health workers to provide enhanced client
    education on energy and health. Combined with basic weatherization
    measures, Weatherization Plus Health can target those with chronic
    health conditions that result from in-home factors, adding substantial
    healthcare savings on top of energy benefits.
                                    closing
        In closing, I would like to underscore the critical need for
    continued Department of Energy funding for the Weatherization
    Assistance Program. An FY 2022 appropriations total of $356 million,
    with $325 million for the WAP, $10 million for Training and Technical
    Assistance at DOE, and $21 million for the proposed Weatherization
    Readiness Fund will sustain and expand the program as its scope and
    impact continue to grow. Through enhancing weatherization services,
    developing innovative new technologies, and building a strong and well-
    trained workforce, the Weatherization Assistance Programs uplifts low-
    income communities and cements the United States as a leader in
    residential energy efficiency.
        We look forward to working with Committee members in the future to
    ensure the WAP continues to deliver cost effective results that support
    our economy and make a difference in the lives of the most vulnerable
    in our communities. Thank you.
        Respectfully submitted.

        [This statement was submitted by Andrea Schroer, WAP Director,
    National
    Association for State Community Services Programs.]
                                     ______

        Prepared Statement of the National Association of State Energy
                                   Officials
        Chairman Feinstein, Ranking Member Kennedy, and members of the
    Subcommittee, I am David Terry, Executive Director of the National
    Association of State Energy Officials (NASEO). I am testifying on
    behalf of our 56 governor-designated state and territory members. NASEO
    respectfully requests funding for the following U.S. Department of
    Energy (DOE) programs: $121 million for the U.S. State Energy Program
    (SEP) with $90 million directed for formula grants to the states (plus
    $5 million for technical assistance to states and $25 million to
    address energy and air quality in schools); $325 million for the
    Weatherization Assistance Program (WAP) (plus $10 million for technical
    assistance); $530 million for the Building Technologies Office,
    including $100 million for building energy codes-especially funding to
    support state and local technical assistance, and $50 million for grid-
    interactive efficient buildings; $400 million for the Vehicle
    Technologies Office; $280 million for the Solar Energy Program; $56
    million for FEMP, including $2 million for the state collaborative;
    $252 million for the Office of Cybersecurity, Energy Security, and
    Emergency Response, including $50 million for energy-sector risk
    mitigation grants to states and $20 million for program direction; $225
    million for the Office of Electricity, including $25 million for
    Transmission Permitting and State Technical Assistance; and $2 million
    for Office of Policy to produce the U.S. Energy Employment Report. The
    $90 million SEP request and $325 million WAP request is supported by
    the ``Dear Colleague'' letter, signed by 45 members, you received last
    week, led by Mr. Reed and Ms. Collins. These requests are separate from
    additional funding necessary for infrastructure and climate change
    responses. Section VI of the FY21 House Energy and Water Development
    Appropriations bill is a good starting point for addressing climate and
    infrastructure, with funding for SEP, WAP and EECBG. DOE must move
    quickly to fill the 150 jobs within EERE, or the Subcommittee's
    objectives and the Administration's agenda will not be satisfied.
        The underlying SEP statute provides extraordinary flexibility and
    reflects the states' approach to advancing renewable energy, energy
    efficiency, transportation electrification, energy workforce
    development, resilience and climate actions, and energy-sector
    security. For example, the eight state REVWest initiative is advancing
    EV infrastructure and many states use SEP funds to accelerate this
    work. Southeastern states use SEP funds to collaborate on energy
    emergency planning, response, and resilience. States are coordinating
    on workforce development and equity programs with SEP. In addition,
    states from across regions use SEP funds to accelerate energy
    technology innovation initiatives in coordination with universities and
    the private sector. All of this work is accomplished through the SEP
    formula funds. Past Administrations have sought to ``slice off'' a
    portion of the SEP formula funds provided by Congress for DOE-directed
    competitive awards in areas selected by DOE. NASEO strongly opposes the
    use of this approach which limits states collaborative work on priority
    activities.
        According to two Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) studies, SEP
    provides exceptional value. ORNL found that each dollar of SEP formula
    funds used by the states leverages $10.71 of state and private funds
    and realizes $7.22 in energy cost savings for citizens and businesses.
        The State Energy Offices lead or co-lead energy emergency planning
    and response across electricity, natural gas, and petroleum products.
    This state-federal-private function is a hallmark of SEP. NASEO also
    strongly supports the role of CESER. It is critical to increase program
    direction funds to manage and deliver these critical functions.
    Finally, SEP is one of the only connections between billions of dollars
    spent by DOE on R&D and the priorities of states. A greater reliance by
    DOE on the states to ensure federal R&D meets real world conditions
    would maximize the impact of R&D funding and leverage the vast
    deployment capability of states. Greater coordination among EERE, FE,
    OE, CESER, ARPA-E and the states is necessary.
        Below are a few examples of the states' utilization of SEP funding:
        Alabama.--The Alabama Department of Economic and Community Affairs
    (ADECA) supported energy efficiency upgrades at wastewater treatment
    plants and local facilities. ADECA issued 21 grants to local
    governments, universities, and nonprofits to reduce energy costs by
    making their facilities more efficient.
        Alaska.--Support LED Streetlight Replacement in 64 Rural Alaska
    Communities. The Alaska Energy Authority (AEA) used SEP funds to
    support outdoor lighting retrofits in rural communities. Through a
    public-private partnership, AEA's Village Energy Efficiency Program
    (VEEP), and despite the COVID-19 pandemic, communities have actively
    managed to implement their projects totaling $2,156,851. Fourteen sites
    are complete, 594 lights have been replaced, and 225,774 kilowatt-hours
    (kWh) per year will be saved. Cost per kWh in these communities ranges
    between $0.19--$0.86. All 64 sites are expected to be complete by
    September 30, 2021.
        California.--Supports Development of Appliance Standards.
    California uses SEP funds to develop and implement appliance and
    building standards. In 2020, appliance standards became effective for
    general services lamps (GSL), walk-in coolers and freezers, ceiling
    fans, ceiling fan light kits, portable air conditioners, spray
    sprinkler bodies, and pool pumps. New appliance standards will lead to
    energy and cost savings. For example, after GSL stock turns over,
    annual electricity savings will be 4,000-13,600 gigawatt-hours;
    portable air conditioners will realize 369 gigawatt-hours in savings;
    spray sprinkler bodies will save 150 billion gallons of water per year;
    and pool pump motors will save 62 gigawatt-hours annually.
        Delaware.--Evaluation of Energy Efficiency, Green Energy and
    Weatherization Programs. The Delaware Department of Natural Resources
    and Environmental Control's Division of Climate, Coastal and Energy
    recently completed the Year 2 comprehensive evaluation of our Energy
    Efficiency Investment Fund (EEIF), Green Energy Fund (GEF) and
    Weatherization Assistance Program (WAP). The evaluation was done by an
    independent contractor as required by the Evaluation, Measurement and
    Verification (EM&V) regulations that are promulgated in Delaware. The
    Total Resource Cost (TRC) test results from the evaluation were 2.98
    for EEIF; 1.38 for GEF; and 1.22 for WAP. In other words, with TRCs
    above 1.0, our programs are successfully leveraging funds at a rate
    greater than every dollar we invest.
        Illinois.--Achieved 2,431,955 kWh Annual Savings in Environmental
    Justice Communities. The Illinois Energy Office used SEP funds to
    support upgrades at four publicly-owned wastewater treatment plants in
    2020, leveraging $16,018,574 in matching funds from municipalities and
    saving 2,431,955 kWhs annually. Of the total $2,527,424 in funds
    awarded, 79% of was granted to facilities serving EJ communities.
        Kentucky.--Support COVID-19 Energy System Response, Provided
    Generators for COVID-19 Testing Sites. The Kentucky Office of Energy
    Policy (KY OEP) used SEP funds to perform critical emergency functions
    in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. During the commonwealth's
    response, KY OEP coordinated with the Kentucky Public Service
    Commission to support Emergency Support Function 12--Energy (ESF-12);
    Commonwealth agencies' response to energy issues in the Commonwealth;
    state level situational awareness around energy issues during an
    emergency; and with the private sector for the emergency repair and
    restoration of critical public energy utilities (i.e. gas, electric,
    fuels, etc.).
        Louisiana.--Key Corridor LED Lighting Results in Energy Cost and
    GHG Reductions. The Louisiana State Energy Office partnered with
    Orleans Parish to install LED street lighting along two highway
    corridors, resulting in an estimated savings of approximately 40
    percent in utilities costs, annual energy savings of 9,520,754 kWh,
    7,946 tons of greenhouse gas emissions. The project was made possible
    through the SEP-supported Energy Efficiency Revolving Loan Fund, a
    program that was established in 2001 to offer low interest, tax exempt
    financing for public entities implementing approved renewable energy
    and energy efficient upgrades. The program has resulted in over 30 low
    interest public sector loans totaling $23.6 million.
        Maine.--Support Clean Energy and Climate Efforts, Energy Efficiency
    Initiatives, and COVID Coordination. In Maine, the Governor's Energy
    Office (GEO) used SEP funding to pursue, develop, and implement nation-
    leading energy initiatives, including a floating offshore wind
    demonstration project and new programs aimed at installing 100,000 new
    high efficiency air source heat pumps by 2025. In 2020, the GEO
    assisted in the development of the state's 4-year climate action plan--
    Maine Won't Wait. This plan outlines how Maine will achieve the
    statutory requirement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions of 45 percent
    by 2030 from 1990 levels and 80 percent by 2050.
        Michigan.--Energy Efficiency Upgrades Help Michigan Communities
    Save $241,874 Annually. The Michigan Energy Office-supported Community
    Energy Management (CEM) program enabled energy benchmarking in 708,380
    square feet of buildings, with initial savings estimates of $241,874
    annually after energy efficiency upgrades. CEM, funded in part by SEP,
    offers financial incentives directly to municipalities, tuition-free K-
    12 schools, and other community-serving public entities to accelerate
    the transition to energy efficiency and renewable energy. Projects
    range from creating energy plans, benchmarking and auditing, lighting
    and HVAC, to solar installations. This program allows communities to
    lead by example.
        Montana.--Delivers Personal Protective Equipment to Essential
    Workers, Leads Energy Emergency Response. The Montana Energy Office
    leveraged SEP funding to respond to energy emergencies resulting from
    the COVID-19 pandemic, including delivering personal protective
    equipment to essential energy workers. The Montana Energy Office
    coordinates the state's Emergency Support Function 12 (ESF-12), the
    team charged with monitoring and responding to energy supply
    emergencies. Leveraging key funding from the State Energy Program,
    Montana's ESF-12 team reached out to utilities, refineries, and
    businesses across the energy sector to determine impacts of the
    pandemic on energy supply operations.
        New Hampshire.--Reduced Local School Energy Costs. One example of
    the results of New Hampshire's annual School Energy Efficiency
    Development (SEED) grant program is the Lempster Community School. This
    schools saved over $7,000 in annual energy costs in 2020.
        New Mexico.--Grid Modernization Roadmap Improves the Reliability,
    Efficiency, and Security of the Power System. In 2020, SEP funds were
    used to provide support for the development of the Energy Grid
    Modernization Roadmap that will help New Mexico improve the
    reliability, efficiency, and security of the power system. The New
    Mexico State Energy Office launched the Grid Modernization Advisory
    Group in September 2020.
        North Dakota.--Deploy Solar Panels Bolster Resiliency, Educate
    Students at Career Academy. Supported installation of 115 panels and an
    inverter at the Bismarck Public Schools Career Academy in October 2020.
    In addition to powering the building, instructors at the school plan to
    start incorporating the panels into their lessons. The solar array was
    funded by a $92,000 State Energy Program grant though the North Dakota
    Department of Commerce.
        Oregon.--Transitioning to Cleaner, Low-Carbon Energy Future. The
    Oregon Department of Energy (ODOE) released its 2020 Biennial Energy
    Report, which covers a range of energy topics germane to the state, and
    is designed to inform the legislature, state and local governments,
    other key stakeholders, and the public on policy development, planning,
    and investments. The 2020 Report offers discussions on an array of
    energy topics, including decarbonization, the transition of the
    electric grid, innovation in the natural gas system, cleaner
    transportation, the effects of the pandemic on the energy sector, and
    the built environment and Oregon's communities.
        South Carolina.--Support Electric Vehicles and Decrease GHG
    Emissions from State Fleet. Using SEP funds, the South Carolina Energy
    Office purchased the first state fleet electric vehicle (EV) and
    installed EV charging stations at state parks. In 2016, the State
    Energy Plan included a ``Lead by Example'' recommendation to increase
    transportation fuel efficiency and diversity.
        Tennessee.--Creates Plan to Double EV Charging Stations. The
    Tennessee Energy Office used SEP funds to support the roll-out of a
    statewide network of EV fast-charging stations, which will result in
    doubling the number of available EV fast-chargers. In 2019, Drive
    Electric Tennessee released a roadmap to increase EV adoption to
    200,000 EVs (up from 11,000 EVs). This network will connect rural and
    urban areas and will improve efficiency and resiliency.
        Vermont.--Support Low-Carbon Technologies Through Rate Design
    Initiative. In Vermont, the State Energy Office directed SEP funds to
    support the development of the Vermont Rate Design Initiative (RDI),
    which identified advanced forms of load management and rate designs to
    foster low-carbon technologies, customer-sited renewables, and energy
    storage that will further energy and environmental objectives while
    minimizing ratepayer challenges from electrification and power sector
    transformation over the long term. The Department of Public Service
    continues to build on progress in the RDI through its role as the State
    Energy Office.
        Washington.--Develop State Energy Strategy, Prioritizes Underserved
    Communities. Washington's Energy Office helped the state move toward a
    clean, affordable, and just energy future by completing legislative
    rulemakings, developing a new state energy strategy, and incorporating
    equity principles into clean energy programs. Washington completed
    rules related to the clean electricity, clean buildings and new energy
    efficient appliance standards legislation passed in 2019. The state
    charted the next frontier of energy policy opportunities by completing
    the 2021 State Energy Strategy. The State Energy Office also
    administers the Clean Energy Fund grant awards, which prioritize
    communities underserved by EV infrastructure.
        Wisconsin.--Create a $25 Million Energy Innovation Program. The
    Wisconsin State Energy Office implemented a program for manufacturers,
    municipalities, tribes, and k-12 school districts to increase energy
    efficiency and the use of renewable energy and transportation
    technologies, bolster resiliency in the energy system, and advance
    energy planning. For example, $5 million provided to 30 that leveraged
    $4.5 million in local and private energy investments.

        [This statement was submitted by David Terry, Executive Director,
    National
    Association of State Energy Officials.]
                                     ______

           Prepared Statement of the National Hydropower Association
        The National Hydropower Association (NHA) respectfully requests
    $222 million for the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Water Power
    Technologies Office (WPTO) in the Fiscal Year (FY) 2022 Energy and
    Water Development Appropriations measure. NHA recommends at least the
    authorized level of $137 million for marine energy along with the Biden
    Administration request of $85 million for the hydropower program, with
    full funding of both the EPAct 2005 Section 242 hydroelectric
    production incentive program and the Section 243 efficiency incentive
    program. NHA also supports robust funding for the operations and
    maintenance (O&M) programs of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE)
    and Bureau of Reclamation (BuRec) to increase capacity and generation
    at their facilities, addressing the billions of dollars of backlogged
    O&M needs.
                             funding justification
        The U.S. water power industry has tremendous beneficial impacts on
    our nation's electric grid, the economy, and environment. Hydropower
    delivers almost 40% of total U.S. renewable electricity generation and
    pumped storage projects provide 93% of total energy storage in the
    country. Hydropower also avoids approximately 200 million metric tons
    of CO2 emissions each year. In addition to providing affordable,
    renewable power to the grid, hydropower and pumped storage help
    integrate greater amounts of variable renewable generation, such as
    wind and solar, while maintaining grid reliability and resilience.
    Finally, thousands of Americans have high value employment due to water
    power projects in every region of the country.
        Yet, the industry is poised to do even more. The U.S. has
    significant underutilized water power resources, including non-powered
    dams, conduits, new pumped storage, and marine energy. Advancement of
    new and innovative technologies, operations, and approaches to harness
    these resources in a globally competitive marketplace is greatly
    enhanced by federal funding that augments research, development, and
    deployment (RD&D) efforts underway in the private sector. A growing
    U.S. water power industry will support efforts to address climate
    change and reduce carbon emissions, assist in grid reliability and
    resiliency, while also advancing our national economic goals. Increased
    funding is critical and will help create high-quality employment and
    support businesses across the country that comprise the water power
    supply chain.
        NHA commends Congress for its increased support of the DOE WPTO in
    recent years, culminating in the $150 million funding level in FY 2021.
    However, this investment still remains well below that historically
    afforded other DOE renewable R&D programs. For comparison, the Biden
    Administration just requested an additional $106 million for the Solar
    Energy Office, which is currently funded at $273 million. Meanwhile,
    more than 5 GW of new solar capacity was installed in the U.S. during
    the first quarter of 2021, with total U.S. solar capacity now over 100
    GW. This is up from just 1 GW of U.S. solar capacity in 2009. These
    commercial deployments are subsidized with approximately $2.5 billion
    of yearly federal expenditures through the Investment Tax Credit.
        The view of NHA and its members is that these significant and
    sustained federal technology RD&D and market acceleration initiatives
    are one of the critical factors related to the tremendous growth in
    U.S. solar (and wind) deployments over the past decade. A similar level
    of federal investment for water power is required to accelerate the
    pace of technology demonstrations and deployments, reduce costs, and
    increase adoption.
        NHA greatly appreciates the significant proposed FY 2022 budget
    increase for the WPTO, particularly that of the hydropower program,
    which NHA strongly supports. NHA's FY 2022 request builds on the
    foundation of the Administration's budget request by seeking $137
    million for the marine energy program. This represents full funding of
    the reauthorized levels adopted as part of the Water Power R&D Act of
    2020, enacted as part of the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2021.
    NHA also supports full funding of the EPAct 2005 hydropower incentives
    within the $85 million for the hydropower program, also reauthorized in
    the FY 2021 appropriations bill. The Administration's FY 2022 budget
    request did not include any funding for the incentives.
          overview of doe water power technologies office investments
        Last year, as part of the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2021,
    Congress renewed authorization of the DOE WPTO through passage of the
    Water Power R&D Act of 2020 and the Reliable Investment in Vital Energy
    Reauthorization Act (RIVER Act). These measures authorize investments
    in water power technology innovation and deployment as well as
    workforce development efforts. These federal investments are essential
    to create high value job growth and maximize the contribution of
    renewable water power resources as part of a 100% clean energy future.
        The Water Power R&D bill provides annual authorization levels for
    the DOE WPTO RD&D activities for FY 2021-2025 of $137 million for
    marine energy and $49 million for hydropower. NHA views these
    recommendations as the minimum required to support WPTO investments on
    innovation of advanced technologies to increase power production and
    reduce costs, improve grid reliability and resilience, create new
    market opportunities that improve economic growth, and fund cross-
    institutional foundational research to support workforce development.
        In addition, the RIVER Act authorizes $10 million per year for the
    Section 242 hydroelectric production incentive and $10 million per year
    for the Section 243 hydroelectric efficiency incentive, both of which
    were first adopted as part of the Energy Policy Act of 2005. The
    production incentive, which is currently oversubscribed, provides
    financial support for new hydropower facilities constructed at existing
    dams and conduits and was amended to include new small hydro projects
    constructed in areas of inadequate electric service. The efficiency
    incentive, which supports capital improvements at existing hydropower
    facilities that improve efficiency by at least three percent, has not
    previously received appropriations.
        Hydropower.--NHA supports the Biden Administration request of $85
    million for the hydropower program, with $10 million for Section 242
    and $10 million for Section 243. Hydropower is a proven renewable
    electricity resource, accounting for nearly 7% of all U.S. electricity
    production. However, increased WPTO investments can significantly
    expand generation from this resource. For example, only 3% of the
    approximately 80,000 existing dams in the U.S. currently generate
    electricity. Other growth opportunities include increasing efficiencies
    and expanding capacity at existing hydropower projects, new pumped
    storage facilities, and new small hydro development. Pumped storage
    represents a significant opportunity because of its increased grid
    reliability benefits, additional energy storage, and support for the
    integration of intermittent renewable generation resources.
        The WPTO invests in hydropower technology RD&D for innovative
    standardized and modular approaches to hydropower development that can
    lower project costs versus traditional projects. For small hydropower
    specifically, the WPTO supports standardization of new turbine designs,
    as well as new advanced materials and manufacturing across the sector,
    including applications at non-powered dams, irrigation channels, and
    other waterways. This work increases generation opportunities with
    innovations that also improve environmental performance. It also helps
    reduces costs for companies that have capitalization challenges to fund
    this work. The WPTO supports DOE's Advanced Energy Storage Initiative
    and focuses on the role of hydropower and pumped storage in grid
    reliability and resiliency by supporting innovative technologies and
    conducting new research to evaluate and improve the flexibility and
    grid services provided by these projects. The WPTO also supports
    development of innovative environmental mitigation technologies, such
    as novel fish passage systems and other advancements.
        Marine Energy.--NHA requests at minimum the $137 million for the
    marine energy program that was authorized on a bipartisan basis in the
    Water Power R&D Act. Marine energy technologies-powered by water-based
    renewable resources such as currents, tides, and waves-are undergoing
    rapid innovation and will be critical in helping to reach 100% clean
    energy targets and related climate change goals by 2035. Marine energy
    will also provide benefits to the electric system and facilitate off-
    grid ``Blue Economy'' market opportunities. These benefits include
    marine energy's location near demand loads, relative predictability,
    generating profiles, and resiliency. Finally, marine energy has
    significant near-term promise, particularly in coastal, riverine, and
    island environments that currently rely on high-cost fossil fuels.
    Marine energy technologies offer the opportunity to provide lower cost
    power while dramatically reducing harmful emissions for widely
    distributed, previously underserved, or economically distressed
    waterfront communities.
        The U.S. has substantial marine energy resources, which are
    geographically diverse, reliable, predictable, and environmentally
    friendly. DOE conservatively estimates the marine energy resource in
    all 50 states at 2,300 TWh/year, equivalent to 57% of U.S. electricity
    generation (based on 2019 numbers). Utilizing just 10% of this
    potential resource would equate to nearly 6% of total generation and
    represents more than three times current solar generation, one quarter
    of the U.S. coal fleet, and is enough to power approximately 22 million
    homes.
        The WPTO supports RD&D for marine energy systems and subsystems
    ultimately leading to reduced costs and increased deployments. The WPTO
    validates the reliability of marine energy technologies and the value
    of integrating energy from prototype devices into the electric grid and
    Blue Economy applications. These funds provide risk mitigation,
    technical advancement and review, and early market growth
    opportunities. The program has now established the following four focus
    areas:
    1-Materials and Components Research and Development; 2-Systems
            Integration and Validation; 3-Testing and Reliability; and, 4-
            Data, Modeling, and Analysis
        NHA strongly supports additional funding in these focus areas.
    There are wide ranges of design approaches to marine energy systems. It
    is likely that different designs will be most effective in diverse
    resource areas or for various market applications. Increased funding is
    required to support the design, construction, and validation of marine
    energy systems in open water deployments, with a balanced approach
    across resource areas that reflects the higher funding requirements of
    more mature designs. In addition, a key barrier to marine energy
    technology development is the difficulty of testing new designs.
    Funding is needed to establish and expand testing infrastructure
    including open-water test centers such as PacWave. Funds are also
    needed to conduct the tests along with environmental monitoring
    technologies and research to expedite permitting and in-water
    demonstration.
        Unfortunately, the budget submission failed to request funding for
    the following focus areas, which NHA urges the subcommittee to support:
        Foundational Research.--Marine energy technologies present unique
    engineering challenges that require collaborative foundational
    innovations by cross-institution teams of researchers. NHA urges
    establishment of dedicated funding for foundational research activities
    led by universities and other research institutions affiliated with the
    National Marine Energy Centers to accelerate development of the marine
    energy sector and help train a skilled workforce for the Labs and
    industry.
        Powering the Blue Economy (PBE).--Marine energy systems can be a
    cost-effective and reliable power source in several distributed ``Blue
    Economy'' markets, such as aquaculture, desalination, oil and gas
    production, underwater data centers, and other emerging needs. However,
    prototypes must be tailored to specific applications and their
    performance demonstrated to facilitate adoption in these markets. NHA
    urges continued funding of the WPTO PBE activities.
                                 other agencies
        NHA also recommends close DOE coordination with other agency
    partners, including the U.S. Navy on national security applications for
    marine energy devices, along with FERC, BOEM, and NOAA for regulatory
    efficiencies to support deployment. For hydropower deployment,
    continued DOE engagement with FERC, USACE, BuRec, and federal resource
    agencies is needed to address the amount of time to permit and license
    projects. Finally, NHA urges Congress to increase funding to USACE and
    BuRec to operate, maintain, and upgrade their existing projects, as
    well as to add non-federal hydropower development to their non-powered
    infrastructure. NHA also believes there are ways to make this
    investment that do not increase costs to the power customers. The
    federal hydropower system makes up approximately half of U.S.
    hydropower generation. Many of these projects have been identified, by
    the owners themselves or by equipment suppliers, as candidates for
    upgrade potential and/or have backlogged O&M needs. USACE and BuRec
    projects make the federal government itself one of the largest
    renewable energy providers in the U.S. Reinvesting in these projects
    will help to address climate change, provide economic and job
    opportunities, and maximize the benefits of this public infrastructure.

        [This statement was submitted by Malcolm Woolf, President and CEO,
    National Hydropower Association.]
                                     ______

      Prepared Statement of the National Marine Manufacturers Association
        Dear Chairwoman Feinstein and Ranking Member Kennedy,
        On behalf of the National Marine Manufacturers Association (NMMA),
    I thank you for convening this hearing to review the FY22 budget
    submission for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) and the Bureau
    of Reclamation (USBR). The Biden Administration and 117th Congress face
    perhaps the most daunting challenges of our generation: rebuilding our
    country from the health and economic crisis brought on by the COVID-19
    pandemic and addressing the global climate crisis. As the subcommittee
    looks to bolster the economy and address climate change through the
    FY22 appropriations cycle, we stress that USACE and USBR, leaders in
    providing public access for water-based recreation opportunities, have
    the resources and funding necessary to manage and build more resilient
    public recreation access, protect vulnerable communities, and rebuild
    local economies through facilitating recreation economic activity.
        NMMA is the trade association for the U.S. recreational boating
    industry, representing nearly 1,300 marine businesses, including
    recreational boat, marine engine and accessory manufacturers. NMMA
    members collectively manufacture more than 85 percent of the marine
    products sold in the U.S. Furthermore, the recreational boating
    industry has a significant impact on our nation's economy and in
    communities across the country, employing nearly 700,000 American jobs
    across 35,000 U.S.-based marine businesses.
        Led by the recreational boating industry, the outdoor recreation
    economy is a major contributor to the U.S. economy, accounting for 2.1%
    of GDP, $788 billion in economic output, and 5.2 million American jobs.
    The role of recreational boating in our economy has only grown more
    significant as Americans flocked to new outdoor activities amidst the
    COVID-19 pandemic, with sales of new powerboats in the U.S. increasing
    last year by an estimated 12% compared to 2019, reaching a 13-year
    high. Over 44,000 new boat buyers entered the market between March and
    June 2020, representing 10% year-over-year growth. There are many
    encouraging aspects of this new growth including that roughly 30
    percent of the industry's growth was made up of new buyers, may of
    which were younger and more diverse.
        While this rise has showcased the popularity of such activities as
    a safe and fun way to spend time with loved ones, it has also
    illuminated one of the most pressing issues facing the industry: the
    need for adequate, sound, and up-to-date infrastructure that meets
    demand. Given that a majority of public recreation access
    infrastructure is already in need of significant maintenance and
    modernizations, our aging access points and facilities are particularly
    vulnerable to the effects of climate change. From rapidly changing
    water levels to increased frequency and intensity of flooding events
    and natural disasters in coastal and inland waterway areas, public
    waterways and outdoor recreation infrastructure need bolstered
    resilience. Without robust investment in our country's outdoor
    recreation infrastructure, these economic contributions--along with
    pastimes enjoyed by the vast majority of Americans--will be in
    jeopardy.
        Considering that boating and fishing are the top contributing
    segments within the recreation economy and USACE and USBR together
    offer the majority of water-based recreation opportunities, significant
    potential to grow the outdoor economy-- and the entire U.S. economy--
    can be achieved through elevating these agencies' role in supporting
    recreation, which must be reflected in the appropriations cycle. Higher
    prioritization of these agencies recreation-oriented activities can be
    achieved through ensuring adequate funding from existing programs and
    funding authorities and reforming antiquated project prioritization
    processes that neglect to recognize the significant economic,
    environmental, societal, and health benefits generated by recreation.
        For example, USACE has over 5,000 sites in 43 states, generating
    over $10 billion in economic impact and supporting 189,000 total jobs,
    yet a majority of access infrastructure managed by USACE is in poor
    condition. Of note, there were 256 million visits to USACE lake and
    river projects in 2020 compared to the 237 million visitors NPS hosted.
    Providing USACE and USBR with the necessary tools and resources to
    better manage and support recreation access will go a long way towards
    preserving the nation's lakes, reservoirs, rivers, waterways and the
    economic impact of outdoor recreation.
        It's important to note that USACE and USBR accounts that support
    recreation are historically underfunded and both agencies are more
    often than not completely excluded from or benefit considerably less
    than other agencies through significantly impactful federal lands and
    waters policy and funding mechanism such as the Federal Lands
    Recreation Enhancement Act (FLREA) and the Great American Outdoors Act
    (GAOA). For instance, While USACE manages recreation visitation and
    transportation infrastructure asset catalogues on scale with the
    National Park Service (NPS), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), and
    the U.S. Forest Service (FS), these three agencies 1) are able to
    retain a portion of recreation fee revenue to reinvest in recreation
    infrastructure through FLREA authority, 2) are all GAOA recipients,
    with NPS receiving 70 percent of total GAOA deferred maintenance
    funding, and 3) receive direct set asides from the Federal Lands
    Transportation Program (FLTP) that takes up a majority of the programs
    funding leaving USACE, USBR, and BLM (another GAOA recipient) to
    compete for any remaining funding to go towards maintaining
    infrastructure that provides access to high-visitation.
        On the navigation side of USACE activities, small recreation-based
    ports are critical access points for inland and coastal communities
    where businesses depend on marine recreation-based economic activity.
    Yet, the benefit cost ration (BCR) criteria used to prioritize USACE
    navigation projects only recognizes commercial activity in assessing
    project economic benefits, failing to account for the value created by
    access for recreation activities leaving our economy at a disadvantage.
    Additionally, without sufficient dredging in recreation-based harbors
    and waterways, some recreational boaters are forced to use high traffic
    commercial channels, which can lead to potential user conflicts and
    safety concerns. The federal government has a responsibility to
    maintain all of nation's ports, harbors, and waterways, yet for too
    long water infrastructure projects that support recreation access have
    gone underappreciated and neglected, does not consistently account for
    recreation within the scope of economic benefits a project provides.
    Additionally, given that 84 percent of the U.S. recreational boating
    industry is made up of small businesses, this commonsense modernization
    of an antiquated process for prioritizing water infrastructure projects
    will reenergize Main Street in coastal communities across the country.
    BCR reform that would require USACE and the Office of Management and
    Budget (OMB) to account for recreation as an economic impact in project
    prioritization would exercise a more comprehensive approach that
    ensures critical water infrastructure projects are funded on an
    equitable, sustainable, and needs based system.
        Systemic underfunding of these agencies' recreation facilities and
    management, combined with USACE's lack of authority to reinvest
    recreation fees into revenue-generating infrastructure assets, have
    allowed this infrastructure to decay in the face of rising demand.
    Maintaining this status quo jeopardizes the safety and viability of
    recreation opportunities managed by the leading providers of water-
    based public recreation access. Solutions that can be taken through the
    FY22 process to address these deficiencies include:
      --An additional investment of $40 million in the Operations &
            Maintenance account allocated to USACE Natural Resources
            Management (NRM) to continue the operation, maintenance, and
            repair of existing recreation facilities and public access
            including unfunded infrastructure maintenance needed to sustain
            existing facilities at full capacity.
      --Direct the Government Accountability Office (GAO) to conduct a
            survey to provide an inventory of all federally managed
            recreational boating infrastructure and facilities; an
            assessment of annual operation and maintenance needs associated
            with these sites; deferred operation and maintenance needs for
            such infrastructure and facilities to operate safely at full
            capacity; opportunities to expand capacity at existing access
            points; and the economic impact of recreation on regional
            economies and benefits of sustaining and improving public
            access at recreational infrastructure and facilities.
      --Dedicated Federal Lands Transportation Program (FLTP) set-aside
            funding for USACE and USBR at amounts commensurate with each
            respective agencies' public transportation improvement needs
            and visitation demand.
      --Extension of recreation fee retention authorities under FLREA to
            USACE to provide a much-needed revenue source to improve the
            quality of recreational assets and services and address the
            backlog of maintenance needs.
      --Reform BCR criteria to require USACE and OMB to account for
            recreation as an economic impact to establish an equitable,
            sustainable, and needs-based system for prioritization USACE
            navigation projects.
        On behalf of our members, I thank you for your leadership in
    preparing FY22 appropriations legislation and appreciate the
    opportunity to provide comments on how recreation infrastructure can
    play an important role in economic recovery. NMMA stands ready to work
    with you ensure adequate funding for federal land and water agencies
    integral to providing public recreation access, and better enable the
    thriving outdoor sector to get Americans back to work and revive local
    economies across the country.
        Sincerely.

        [This statement was submitted by Callie Hoyt, Director, Federal
    Government
    Relations, National Marine Manufacturers Association.]
                                     ______

         Prepared Statement of the National Water Resources Association
        Chairwoman Feinstein and Ranking Member Kennedy,
        Thank you for your efforts and attention to the importance of water
    infrastructure and its critical connection to our nation's economic
    wellbeing and recovery. You are not alone in recognizing the importance
    of water to our nation and its economy. The National Water Resources
    Association (NWRA) shares this conviction. As you embark on efforts to
    develop the FY2022 Energy and Water Appropriations bill we urge you to
    include robust funding for both the Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation)
    and the Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). Under your leadership
    appropriations for Reclamation and USACE have increased in recent
    years. We thank you for this funding. We now ask that you double down
    on this effort and further increase funds allocated to our nations
    water infrastructure. Increasing appropriations dedicated to water
    infrastructure is one of the most effective ways to protect human
    health and drive economic recovery in both the near and long term.
        The NWRA is a nonpartisan, nonprofit federation of state water
    resources associations, regional associations, agricultural, and
    municipal water providers. Our members provide water and hydropower to
    approximately 50 million individuals, families, agricultural producers,
    and other businesses in a manner that supports communities, the
    economy, and the environment. Our membership spans the Western United
    States as well as portions of the Southeastern United States.
        In light of the country's current economic concerns, it is
    important to emphasize the positive impact water infrastructure has on
    both our health and the economy. Water infrastructure systems provide
    communities, businesses, industry, agricultural producers and our
    citizens with an all-important supply of water that is needed not only
    to survive and thrive, but to drive economy recovery.
        Reclamation and USACE water infrastructure is a cornerstone of our
    nation's economy and will be a catalyst for economic recovery and
    prosperity. A total of approximately $20 billion dollars was required
    to build Reclamation's entire infrastructure system.\1\ Every year,
    this infrastructure returns over $63 billion in direct and associated
    economic activity.\2\ The USACE delivers similar economic benefit.
    Between 2010 and 2013, each dollar invested in USACE civil works
    generated about $16 in economic benefits and $5 in U.S. Treasury
    revenues.\3\ In other words, every year our economy recoups its
    investment in Reclamation and USACE projects multiple times over. These
    economic benefits are realized in communities large and small
    throughout the nation.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        \1\ CRS Report R41844 The Reclamation Fund: A Primer https://
    crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R41844.
        \2\ U.S. Department of the Interior, Department of the Interior's
    Economic Report FY 2018 https://www.doi.gov/sites/doi.gov/files/
    uploads/fy-2018-econ-report-final-9-30-19-v2.pdf.
        \3\ U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), Determining the return on
    investment of Civil Works projects: A look behind the scenes, Sept. 28,
    2017 https://www.lrb.usace.army.mil/Media/News-Stories/Article/1328990/
    determining-the-return-on-investment-of-civil-works-projects-a-look-
    behind-the/.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        As the congressional panel which funds both Reclamation and the
    USACE we ask you to please support strong funding levels for water
    infrastructure across the board. We also recommend robust and targeted
    appropriations that would:
      --Invest in aging infrastructure for both the delivery and storage of
            water. Both Reclamation and the USACE have multi-billion dollar
            aging infrastructure backlogs. On April 21, 2021 Reclamation
            released its Asset Management Report. In this report
            Reclamation identified approximately 2,800 major rehabilitation
            and replacement activities (MR&R) with estimated cost totaling
            $11.9 billion over the next 30 years.\4\ Investing in aging
            infrastructure now, including implementation and funding of the
            aging infrastructure authority provided in recent omnibus
            (Division FF, Title XI, Sec.1101 of P.L. 116-260), will save
            considerable dollars. If these needs are ignored infrastructure
            will degrade, water services and the communities that depend on
            them will suffer, and repair and replacement costs will grow.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        \4\ U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation), Asset Management
    Report, April 21, 2021 https://www.usbr.gov/infrastructure/docs/asset-
    management-report-to-congress.pdf.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        Last year Congress authorized a new Aging Infrastructure revolving
    loan program for Reclamation, the Administration has requested $1
    million dollars for this program. This is not sufficient. We
    respectfully request you increase funding in this account to $10
    million for FY2022.
      --In recognition of climate impacts on water supply increase funding
            to; enhance, maintain, and upgrade physical infrastructure at
            surface, groundwater, and conjunctive use projects to help
            capture water in wet years for use in dry years. This would be
            cost effective, ease drought effects, address flooding and
            minimize environmental impact.
      --Fund partnerships with state and/or local entities, to perform work
            on non-federal projects to optimize storage and delivery
            capability. Allow federal investment in repairing non-federal
            dams which are deemed unsafe by state regulators. When states
            limit reservoir capacity because of safety hazards to a full
            reservoir, the local community served by these reservoirs
            suffers economically.
      --Provide a significant infusion of construction funds to the already
            under construction Reclamation rural water projects. These
            projects receive insufficient annual funding, increasing their
            total cost and forcing rural and tribal communities to wait
            even longer for safe and reliable drinking water supplies.
            Completing these projects would open additional funding
            opportunity to develop water efficiencies and better manage
            long-term drought impacts.
        --Increasing investment in water re-use and recycling projects.
    This concept has experienced growing interest and advanced technology
    has made such projects more efficient and effective.
      --Embrace technology and invest in effective green infrastructure
            projects including water conservation, fish passage, efficiency
            technologies, and habitat restoration.
      --Identify and expand hydropower opportunities to support energy
            independence and carbon emissions reduction.
        We welcome the opportunity to work with you and support your
    efforts to provide a significant increase of funding to Reclamation and
    the USACE.
        Thank you for your consideration and your attention to the
    importance of our nation's water infrastructure. Please do not hesitate
    to contact me at ilyle@nwra.org if you would like any additional
    information. Thank you again for your dedication to our nation and its
    water infrastructure.
        Respectfully.

        [This statement was submitted by Ian Lyle, Executive Vice
    President, National Water Resources Association.]
                                     ______

                  Prepared Statement of The Nature Conservancy
        Chairman Feinstein, Ranking Member Kennedy and members of the
    Subcommittee, thank you for the opportunity to present The Nature
    Conservancy's (TNC's) testimony on fiscal year 2022 (FY22)
    appropriations for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps), Bureau of
    Reclamation (Reclamation) and Department of Energy (DOE). TNC
    respectfully requests the Subcommittee's support for programs and
    investments needed to ensure the economic and environmental benefits of
    this work are enhanced today and made sustainable for tomorrow.
                          u.s. army corps of engineers
        Chesapeake Bay Oyster Recovery: Ongoing oyster restoration work has
    functionally restored several tributaries in Virginia and Maryland,
    demonstrating that strong partnerships between private, state and
    federal agencies can accomplish tangible outcomes in the Chesapeake
    Bay. TNC supports the administration's FY22 budget request of $3.88
    million to continue the essential work of restoring the eastern oyster.
        Claiborne and Millers Ferry Locks and Dams (Fish Passage) Study,
    Lower Alabama River: The Claiborne and Millers Ferry locks and dams
    were built in the 1950s and 1960s to ease navigation and produce
    hydropower on the Alabama River. They also expanded recreational
    opportunities along the river. Unfortunately, they became major
    roadblocks for species that migrate up the Alabama River and into the
    Cahaba River. This study, for which TNC is the non-federal sponsor,
    will examine options for ecologically reconnecting the rivers. TNC
    supports the administration's FY22 budget request of $600,000 for the
    study.
        Engineering With Nature (EWN): The Corps' EWN initiative is using a
    collaborative, science-based approach to better deliver a full range of
    economic, social and environmental benefits from the Corps' water
    resources infrastructure. It is also leading work to share, train and
    support Corps districts and other partners on how to effectively
    develop nature-based projects. Its innovative approaches are building
    stronger, more resilient communities and a healthier environment. TNC
    was pleased Congress created a new budget line for EWN in FY21
    appropriations. TNC urges the Subcommittee to maintain funding for EWN
    at $12.5 million.
        Hatchie/Loosahatchie Habitat Restoration Study (Tennessee and
    Arkansas): The Lower Mississippi River supports diverse fish and
    wildlife populations as well as outdoor recreation opportunities, yet
    it has access to just 10 percent its original floodplain. Ecological
    restoration can improve fish and wildlife habitat, facilitate
    groundwater infiltration and nutrient processing and provide
    recreational opportunities without negatively impacting flood risk
    management and navigation. This study is an important start in that
    effort. TNC supports the FY22 budget request of $600,000 for the study.
        Navigation and Ecosystem Sustainability Program (NESP): NESP is an
    important, dual-purpose program that allows the Corps to address both
    navigation and ecosystem restoration in an integrated approach along
    the upper Mississippi and Illinois rivers. Past committee support led
    to $5 million in pre-construction engineering and design (PED) funding
    in the Corps' FY21 work plan. TNC requests the Subcommittee include
    $22.5 million for NESP in FY22 and the authority to begin construction
    to continue this important work and advance the program's navigation
    and ecosystem restoration benefits.
        St. Louis Riverfront-Meramec River Basin Ecosystem Restoration: The
    Meramec River basin of central Missouri is among the most biologically
    significant river basins in North America. It contains diverse and rare
    aquatic and terrestrial species, including six species of endangered
    mussels. The Corps has completed an ecosystem restoration feasibility
    study of critical restoration projects within the Meramec River basin,
    which Congress authorized for construction in the Water Resource
    Development Act of 2020. TNC requests $1.4 million for PED for the
    project in FY22.
        Sustainable Rivers Program (SRP): SRP is an initiative to modernize
    the operations of the nation's reservoirs to enhance water supply,
    flood protection, hydropower generation and recreation while restoring
    critical ecosystems and the economically valuable services they
    provide. The challenges related to providing water supply and flood
    protection are growing and will only increase due to climate change.
    SRP works collaboratively with local communities, water stakeholders,
    states and other federal agencies to update decades-old water
    management practices to better meet society's needs. With increased
    funding in FY20 and FY21, the Corps has been able to significantly
    expand the program from 16 rivers encompassing 66 reservoirs and 5,083
    downstream river miles to 36 rivers encompassing 78 reservoirs, 10,114
    downstream river miles in addition to new water infrastructure like
    locks and dams. TNC requests maintaining funding at $5 million for the
    SRP in FY22.
        Upper Mississippi River Restoration (UMRR) Program: UMRR supports
    coordinated habitat rehabilitation and enhancement projects and
    monitoring for the upper Mississippi River system. Thirty years of
    successful partnership has completed more than 56 projects benefiting
    more than 107,000 acres of aquatic and floodplain habitat. Completion
    of new projects in the pipeline will benefit an additional 75,000 acres
    of aquatic and floodplain habitat. TNC supports full authorized funding
    of $55 million for UMRR in FY22.
                             bureau of reclamation
        Cooperative Watershed Management Program: This program helps
    diverse water interests throughout a watershed--tribes, local and state
    governments, landowners, farmers and ranchers, and nongovernmental
    organizations--work collaboratively to develop regional, multi-benefit
    water solutions. Applicants can use funding through Phase 1 of the
    program to help communities form watershed groups to assess and develop
    projects that respond to community water needs, and they can use
    funding through Phase 2 to help fund those projects. With so many
    successful Phase 1 groups now ready with plans and projects, TNC
    requests full funding for the Cooperative Watershed Management program
    at $20 million in FY22.
        Upper Colorado River Endangered Fish Recovery and San Juan River
    Basin Recovery Programs: These programs take a balanced approach to
    recovering four endangered fish species by implementing a range of
    basin-wide strategies and provide Endangered Species Act compliance for
    more than 2,500 water projects. TNC requests full funding for these
    programs, including $5.7 million in the FY22 budget request for capital
    construction activities through the Upper Colorado Region's Endangered
    Species Recovery Implementation Program. TNC also appreciates the
    Subcommittee's efforts since FY19 to fund environmental programs for
    the Colorado River at $21.4 million, a portion of which supports the
    Upper Colorado River Endangered Fish Recovery Program and San Juan
    River Basin Recovery Implementation Program. TNC requests continued
    funding for these activities in FY22.
        WaterSMART Program: The WaterSMART Program has new authority this
    year to award grants to non-profit organizations working with
    traditional grant recipients, provide higher levels of match for multi-
    purpose projects and support nature-based solutions. These changes will
    help prioritize projects that both enhance water delivery reliability
    and benefit watershed health. Nevertheless, TNC remains concerned that
    some projects funded through WaterSMART grants can increase consumptive
    use of water, which makes water shortages worse. TNC appreciates the
    Subcommittee's past attention to the program and requests continued
    oversight by again including report language similar to report language
    accompanying FY21 appropriations and directing Reclamation to
    prioritize multi-benefit projects, including such projects that
    incorporate nature-based strategies.
                           u.s. department of energy
        TNC supports robust funding for multiple DOE programs that
    accelerate the advancement of clean energy technologies and facilitate
    the department's shift in focus towards decarbonization of the U.S.
    economy. This includes programs that were created or reauthorized by
    the Energy Act of 2020.
        Advanced Research Projects Agency--Energy (ARPA-E): ARPA-E is an
    innovative and successful program supporting ``high-risk, high-reward''
    research that has the potential to drastically alter how the United
    States makes and uses energy in the future. TNC requests at least $500
    million in FY22.
        Solar and Wind Energy Technologies: TNC requests strong funding for
    overall research, development and deployment mission of these critical
    energy technology offices, including at least $370 million for the
    Solar Technology Office and at least $180 million for the Wind
    Technology Office. TNC also requests that the following report language
    be included:
        The Committee provides no less than $30,000,000 for technology
    development, testing and verification of technologies and other
    research that help on- and offshore wind energy projects avoid,
    minimize and mitigate impacts on wildlife and habitat. The department's
    efforts should include technologies that enable near real-time
    monitoring and mitigation system for large whales, technologies that
    enable and improve scientific research into wind-wildlife interactions,
    research on how to site wind to avoid impacts to the most sensitive
    wildlife and habitat and research and demonstration projects to remove
    barriers to adoption of wind technology on previously disturbed lands
    such as landfills and former mines.
        The Committee provides no less than $40,000,000 for technology
    development, testing and verification of technologies and other
    research that help solar energy projects avoid, minimize and mitigate
    impacts on wildlife and habitat, including through improved scientific
    research into avian-solar interactions, siting solar to avoid impacts
    to the most sensitive wildlife and habitat and research and
    demonstration projects to remove barriers to adoption of solar
    technology on previously disturbed lands such as landfills and former
    mines.
        Weatherization Assistance Program (WAP) and State Energy Program
    (SEP): Together, WAP and SEP provides critical funds to improve energy
    efficiency across the country, with both programs found to provide at
    least $4 in benefits for every federal dollar spent. TNC requests at
    least $350 million in FY22 for WAP and $70 million for SEP. We would
    also support additional funding for Challenge Grants as a supplement to
    SEP as outlined in the president's FY22 budget request.
        Industrial Emissions Reduction Technology Development Program: TNC
    supports robust funding for this new program created under the Clean
    Industrial Technology Act to help accelerate reductions in emissions
    from industrial processes and manufacturing. That includes a specific
    request of $80 million in FY22 for demonstration projects, as
    authorized.
        Advanced Nuclear Energy: TNC requests at least $405 million for the
    existing Advanced Reactor Demonstration Program and $33.075 million for
    the new Advanced Nuclear Fuel Availability Program as established by
    the Energy Act of 2020.
        Carbon Capture, Utilization, Storage and Removal: TNC supports
    robust funding for the Office of Fossil Energy to deploy carbon
    management technologies. That includes a request of $871.3 million for
    carbon capture program. Within that, $225 million should be allocated
    to pilot projects, $500 million to demonstration projects and $50
    million to support FEED studies. TNC also requests $200 million for the
    carbon storage program and $55.25 million for carbon utilization. TNC
    supports appropriations of at least $252.5 million across multiple
    offices for RD&D related to carbon removal, including $115 million for
    the DAC prizes and $63.5 million for the carbon dioxide removal program
    established in Title V of the Energy Act of 2020.
        Energy Storage: TNC requests at least $150 million in FY22 to
    support DOE's Energy Storage Grand Challenge, including $100 million
    for the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy and $50
    million for the Office of Electricity.
        Advanced Vehicle Technologies: TNC supports robust funding to help
    advance the decarbonization of the transportation sector or the
    development of new zero-carbon fuels for transportation and other end
    uses. TNC requests at least $494 million for the Vehicle Technologies
    Office and $200 million of the Office of Hydrogen and Fuel Cell
    Technologies.
        Thank you for this opportunity to submit TNC's recommendations for
    the FY22 Energy and Water Development Appropriations Bill.

        [This statement was submitted by Jimmy Hague, Senior Water Policy
    Advisor, The Nature Conservancy.]
                                     ______

           Prepared Statement of the Nuclear Waste Strategy Coalition
        The NWSC is an ad hoc organization representing the collective
    interests of member state utility regulators, consumer advocates,
    attorneys general, and radiation control officials; tribal governments;
    local governments; electric utilities with operating and/or shutdown
    nuclear reactors; and other experts on nuclear waste policy matters. We
    call upon Congress to appropriate funds in Fiscal Year 2022 to the
    Department of Energy (DOE) and Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) such
    that each agency has the sustainable annual funding necessary to
    undertake critical activities related to their respective roles in
    developing, managing, and regulating an integrated program for the
    storage, transportation, and disposal of the nation's spent nuclear
    fuel (SNF), Greater-Than-Class C (GTCC) waste, and other high-level
    radioactive waste (HLW). For DOE, these programs include:
      --Office of Nuclear Energy (NE) Integrated Waste Management Systems
            (IWMS) activities;
      --NE Used Nuclear Fuel Disposition Research & Development activities;
      --``Nuclear Waste Disposal'' activities per the FY 2021 Consolidated
            Appropriations Act; and
      --Activities necessary to develop and manage a national integrated
            nuclear waste program, including establishment of and support
            for an office dedicated to nuclear waste management.
        For the NRC, that entails funding for activities necessary to
    ensure the safety of a national integrated nuclear waste program,
    including storage, transportation, and disposal of SNF and GTCC waste
    from commercial nuclear power production. As a general matter,
    direction to both agencies concerning these matters remains unclear,
    and despite Congressional appropriations of a new $27.5 million to DOE
    in FY 2021 for ``expenses necessary for nuclear waste disposal
    activities to carry out the purposes of the Nuclear Waste Policy Act of
    1982, Public Law 97-425, as amended, including interim storage
    activities,'' this funding did not establish the meaningful integrated
    nuclear waste management program that our nation needs and that we have
    gone without for more than a decade. Thus, our testimony focuses on the
    need for Congress to both appropriate funds for such an integrated
    program and to provide sustainable annual access to the Nuclear Waste
    Fund (NWF). It also highlights our concerns with prior Senate-proposed
    EWD language and our opposition to reinstatement of a uranium
    enrichment decontamination and decommissioning (D&D) tax.
                existing challenges to nuclear waste management
        The national nuclear waste management program established under the
    1982 Nuclear Waste Policy Act (NWPA) was effectively terminated more
    than a decade ago by executive action. Subsequently, Congress has
    failed to provide meaningful direction or funding for that program or
    any national integrated nuclear waste management program. Since 1983,
    approximately $54 billion has been credited to the NWF, including over
    $21 billion collected from electric ratepayers and over $28 billion in
    interest that continues to accumulate at a rate of over $1.7 billion a
    year. The approximately $43 billion balance sits stranded in U.S.
    Treasury Securities and unappropriated for its intended purpose. These
    facts have resulted in a de facto national policy of inaction that
    negatively impacts:
      --Host States & Communities. The de facto policy indefinitely strands
            80,000 metric tons of commercial SNF and HLW at operating and
            decommissioned reactor sites in 34 states without their
            consent. At shutdown sites, the stranded waste impedes the
            potential beneficial reuse of the property (e.g., conservation,
            economic development).
      --All U.S. Taxpayers. The de facto policy already has cost U.S.
            taxpayers more than $8.6 billion, and this liability is growing
            by approximately $2 million per day, money that could be used
            for infrastructure and other purposes.
      --Electric Customers. While no longer paying fees into the federal
            NWF per court order, electric ratepayers in more than 40 states
            paid billions of dollars that are not being used for their
            intended purpose.
                    call for action & specific ewd requests
        The federal government can and should establish a national
    integrated nuclear waste management program and simultaneously reform
    the federal budgetary treatment of the NWF to provide sustainable
    annual access to the $43 billion balance and the accumulating future
    interest. This action is needed now to avoid permanently stranding this
    material in host states and communities; address the negative economic
    impacts to states, communities, and taxpayers; and enable the federal
    government to meet its statutory and contractual obligations to
    electric customers under a law established nearly 40 years ago.
        Specifically, the NWSC requests that Congress:
      --Support reforms of the federal budgetary treatment of the NWF such
            that sustainable annual access is provided to the funds
            collected from electric customers to support the development
            and management of a national integrated nuclear waste storage,
            transportation, and disposal program.
      --Fund establishment of a national integrated nuclear waste
            management program, including:
        --A dedicated office in DOE that reports directly to the Secretary
                and focuses on nuclear waste management. A dedicated
                nuclear waste management office would provide a focal point
                for SNF and HLW work, facilitate necessary engagement with
                external stakeholders, and demonstrate an intent and
                commitment to take meaningful action. Congress has
                previously recognized the importance of a single-purpose
                entity that reports to the Secretary, and such an office
                would benefit external stakeholders and DOE's workforce.
                Whether coordinating with private entities on proposed
                consolidated interim storage (CIS) facilities; interacting
                with states and communities potentially interested in
                hosting a nuclear waste management facility; or managing
                future Congressional directives regarding the nation's
                nuclear waste, there are substantial tasks that can be
                pursued now, and DOE needs a dedicated team to focus on
                these issues and meet with interested and affected parties.
        --Simultaneous pursuit of permanent disposal and a CIS pilot with
                priority for SNF from shutdown reactors. Because permanent
                disposal is necessary and a determination on the Yucca
                Mountain license application is necessary to move forward
                on permanent disposal, Congress should provide both NRC and
                DOE the funds necessary to resume their respective roles in
                the license review. Simultaneously, Congress should provide
                DOE funds to facilitate private or federal efforts to site
                a pilot CIS facility with priority for waste stranded at
                shutdown commercial nuclear power plant sites, and Congress
                should provide NRC funds to carry out licensing activities
                pertaining to such CIS facilities.
        --Continuation and expansion of constructive initiatives related to
                transportation infrastructure. Congress should fund work at
                federal agencies that facilitates SNF transportation, as it
                will be necessary regardless of destination. For example,
                the assessment of transportation infrastructure needs at
                shutdown plant sites and the testing, certification, and
                procurement of railcars and licensed transportation
                containers and components in sufficient quantities are
                constructive activities that should continue.
        --Increased financial and technical assistance to tribal, state,
                and local governments. Such assistance for transportation-
                related emergency preparedness training and activities will
                provide the public greater assurance that the health,
                safety, and welfare of its communities will be preserved
                during SNF transport.
      --Communicate to DOE that it is time to pursue measures beyond
            information-gathering and reports, particularly on topics that
            have been sufficiently examined by the Blue Ribbon Commission
            on America's Nuclear Future, the U.S. Government Accountability
            Office, et al.
        We urge the Committee to address these items in its markup as a
    critical step and urge Congress to restructure the funding and spending
    mechanisms for the NWF to provide the necessary funding certainty to
    implement an integrated nuclear waste management program over multiple
    decades. This should include sustainable access to the NWF while
    maintaining Congressional oversight of the program's progress. These
    actions would demonstrate that Congress is committed to ensuring that
    the federal government carries out its statutory and contractual
    responsibilities.
             concerns with prior senate ewd appropriations language
        The NWSC has previously communicated concerns with certain Senate-
    proposed provisions (e.g., Section 306 of S. 2470, 116th Cong., 2019).
    First, such language would fail to move forward on CIS and permanent
    disposal in parallel, a key element of a successful integrated nuclear
    waste management program. Second, establishment of specific consent-
    based siting requirements by statute is not necessary, as potential
    hosts should have the flexibility to negotiate the process and
    conditions that best serve the interests of their jurisdictions. Third,
    it would not address underlying funding concerns while expanding
    Congressional authority to tap the NWF and increase the potential for
    restarting the fee on electric customers. Finally, such language raised
    consequential questions about whether DOE will be allowed to engage
    either federal or private initiatives to facilitate CIS and whether
    access to the CIS may be limited.
        Having reiterated concerns with previous language, the NWSC greatly
    appreciates the EWD Subcommittee's focus on these important issues.
    Additionally, we seek an opportunity to engage further with your team
    on alternative approaches for making meaningful progress toward
    establishment of a national integrated nuclear waste management
    program.
         uranium enrichment decontamination & decommissioning (d&d) tax
        NWSC opposes reinstatement of a uranium enrichment D&D tax.
    Although supportive of environmental cleanup of enrichment sites, U.S.
    nuclear-generating utilities and their customers should not be singled
    out again to pay for D&D of DOE facilities developed for national
    defense.
                                    closing
        On behalf of the NWSC, we appreciate this opportunity, welcome
    further engagement, and respectfully request that Congress address
    these issues in a process with robust stakeholder input.

        [This statement was submitted by Katrina McMurrian, Executive
    Director,
    Nuclear Waste Strategy Coalition.]
                                     ______

           Prepared Statement of the Oregon Water Resources Congress
        The Oregon Water Resources Congress (OWRC) has been concerned over
    the last several years about reductions to the U.S. Army Corps of
    Engineers (USACE) Civil Works budget and is supportive the President's
    Proposed FY 2022 Budget requesting increased appropriations for this
    program at $6.8 billion. The USACE Civil Works program addresses vital
    water resource needs throughout the nation, and in Oregon, the USACE
    Northwestern Division operates on our two largest river systems, the
    Columbia River, and the Willamette River, as well as maintaining
    Oregon's coastal rivers for navigation. Increased funding would help
    support and leverage collaborative state level planning efforts by
    USACE in Oregon and nationwide. A tangible example of the need is the
    impending reallocation of water resources among USACE's thirteen Oregon
    reservoirs among agricultural, municipal, and environmental uses.
        OWRC was established in 1912 as a trade association to support the
    protection of water rights and promote the wise stewardship of water
    resources statewide. OWRC members are local governmental entities,
    which include irrigation districts, water control districts, drainage
    districts, water improvement districts, and other agricultural water
    suppliers that deliver water to roughly 1/3 of all irrigated land in
    Oregon. These water stewards operate and manage complex water
    management systems, including water supply reservoirs, canals,
    pipelines, and hydropower facilities.
        Our members across Oregon face challenges related to irrigation
    water supply, reliability, and aging infrastructure. While there are
    common concerns and interests throughout irrigated agriculture, each
    basin is unique, and necessitates local communities working together to
    identify needs and developing solutions to best meet them. The two
    largest river systems in Oregon (the Columbia River and the Willamette
    River) are managed by USACE and play a vital role in providing not only
    water supplies for agriculture, but also ports and passage for
    transporting food and fiber globally, flood protection for communities,
    fish and wildlife benefits, hydropower production, and recreation.
    Additional funding for the Civil Works budget is needed to ensure USACE
    has the necessary resources to meet the myriad of infrastructure needs
    of those systems, without placing the entire burden on the backs of the
    farmers and ranchers who produce food and fiber for our nation.
                             fy2022 appropriations
        We recognize we must make strategic investments with scarce
    resources. The USACE Civil Works program is a perfect example of a
    budget that should have funding increased because the water
    infrastructure it encompasses directly contributes to the economy as
    well protecting public safety and the environment. OWRC feels strongly
    USACE needs substantially increased funding to provide critical repairs
    on our nation's aging water infrastructure to prevent catastrophic
    failure, as well as address routine operations and maintenance on other
    infrastructure before it becomes irreparable.
                        willamette basin reservoir study
        The Portland District of the USACE Northwestern Division operates
    thirteen dams and reservoirs in the Willamette Basin, with a combined
    storage capacity of over 1.6 million acre-feet. The dams were
    constructed primarily to protect downstream communities from flooding
    but also store and release water for irrigation, hydropower generation,
    water quality, fish and wildlife flows, and recreation. Since the
    construction of the dams started in the 1930s, Oregon has seen a
    dramatic increase in population, which in turn has spurred increased
    development, agriculture, and a whole host of new demands on the
    reservoirs. Municipal water entities would like access to available
    stored water to better meet drinking water needs for growing
    communities as well as businesses such as the high-tech industry.
    Additionally, there are fish and wildlife species in the river system
    listed under the Endangered Species Act and related ecosystem
    restoration needs not contemplated when the facilities were
    constructed.
        Following years of stakeholder engagement, the Willamette Basin
    Reservoir Study has been finalized and but there is still significant
    work that needs to occur before any reallocation can occur. It is
    crucial that ACOE remains at the table and collaboratively works with
    state agencies and stakeholders to flush out various details needed to
    determine how the reservoirs can best help meet the myriad of current
    and future water demands in the Willamette Basin. OWRC would like to
    see continued funding to support ongoing efforts related to the
    implementation of the Willamette Reallocation included in the USACE
    Civil Works FY 2022 budget to support this important effort.
                          additional funding programs
        OWRC is encouraged by the recent additions to the USACE Civil Works
    program including funding for climate change response and resiliency,
    dam safety and earthquake hazard reduction; however, programs as
    important as these should receive even more funding. Additional funding
    is needed to support and leverage state efforts to identify and address
    earthquake hazards. Oregon faces the risk of a catastrophic earthquake
    from the Cascadia Subduction Zone and the state is in the early stages
    of planning and mitigating to improve seismic resiliency. It is
    uncertain when or how devastating the earthquake could be, but it is
    clear there would be broad impacts, particularly since most
    infrastructure was constructed prior to the discovery of the fault and
    does not meet current seismic standards.
        Aging water infrastructure is particularly vulnerable and there is
    a significant need for financial and technical assistance to upgrade
    reservoirs and other key facilities. Without increased earthquake
    preparedness and dam safety funding, Oregon cannot mitigate the
    potential damage. We encourage the House to further fund these programs
    to effectively prepare the states for earthquakes and prevent
    widespread devastation to people and property.
        Additionally, like many other western states, Oregon has been
    experiencing more frequent and severe drought conditions. For Oregon,
    the drought stems from a lack of snowpack that serves as the natural
    water storage throughout the year for many farms, communities, and fish
    and wildlife. The impacts may take longer to show, but drought can be
    as devastating as earthquakes, hurricanes, and other natural disasters.
        Impacts from prolonged drought take time to recover from and like
    other natural disasters, the best way to survive and help communities
    recover is through coordinated planning and developing diverse tools to
    use when these crises occur. We know from our experience working with
    our state agency and partner organizations in Oregon that funding for
    planning, feasibility, and implementation of projects to increase
    drought preparedness and resiliency is a cornerstone to an
    economically, socially, and environmentally sound approach for a
    sustainable water future.
        In conclusion, we wholeheartedly support the proposed appropriation
    of at least $6.8 billion for the USACE Civil Works budget for FY 2022.
    The critical nature of the water infrastructure services the USACE
    provides requires a budget that matches the seriousness of the national
    need, and the importance of the water supply, navigation, public
    safety, and other natural resources benefits it provides. Thank you for
    the opportunity to provide testimony regarding the FY 2022 budget for
    the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
        Sincerely.

        [This statement was submitted by April Snell, Executive Director,
    Oregon Water Resources Congress.]
                                     ______

                   Prepared Statement of Pearl Certification
        As a national market leader in residential energy efficiency
    certification, Pearl Certification (``Pearl'') respectfully urges your
    support, through the Fiscal Year (FY) 2022 Energy and Water Development
    Appropriations bill, to provide robust funding to advance programs at
    the Department of Energy (DOE) that invest in residential energy
    efficiency and whole-house initiatives. The President's FY 2022 budget
    request makes significant investments in the Weatherization Assistance
    Program, State Energy Program, and Building Technologies Office. For
    the many reasons detailed below, we urge Congress to continue support
    for these programs and work to ensure that sub accounts within the DOE
    Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy are robustly funded so
    that their important work may continue and expand.
        Pearl provides third-party certification of high-performing homes;
    homes that are healthy, comfortable, resilient, and energy efficient.
    Pearl's certification drives demand for these improvements by making
    them visible at time of appraisal, sale, and/or refinance, allowing
    their full value to be captured in the sale price. The Pearl
    Certification is designed to fill a gap that has existed in the
    residential marketplace by helping consumers find and sell high-
    performing homes with an easy-to-use, contractor-friendly certification
    system that creates an inventory of the home's energy efficiency,
    health, comfort, resilience and other ``high-performing'' assets.\1\
    Pearl has created networks of elite contractors and real estate
    brokers: market leaders who provide high quality goods and services.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        \1\ The Pearl system provides homeowners, homebuyers, real estate
    agents, appraisers, and underwriters with different and complementary
    information that meets their need to understand and value the home's
    features. New and existing homes can earn a Pearl certification, and
    the home's record and Pearl score can be updated as further
    improvements are made. The report that accompanies a Pearl
    certification includes detailed information on ways that the home's
    assets impact its comfort, indoor air quality, and energy consumption.
    Contractors also use the scoring system as an educational tool to help
    homeowners understand the benefits of high-performing equipment and
    services.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        With paying customers in over twenty states, Pearl has scored over
    65,000 homes to date. Pearl is the only market-based firm approved by
    the Environmental Protection Agency and Department of Energy to
    administer their Home Performance with ENERGY STAR(r) program for
    existing homes, and was accepted into the 2017 National Association of
    REALTORS(r) (NAR) prestigious REACH Technology Accelerator. Pearl's
    current pilot partnership with NYSERDA positions Pearl's certification
    system as a voluntary home labeling system which will help states and
    municipalities meet carbon reduction goals.
        Dollar for dollar, investments in energy efficiency create more
    jobs than investment in the utility sector or fossil-fuels.\2\ As a
    result, investments in DOE programs that support energy efficiency--
    like those in the Building Technologies Office--lead to job creation
    and economic growth. In fact, energy efficiency is the largest employer
    and fastest growing sector in the energy industry. The 2020 ``Energy
    Efficiency Jobs in America'' \3\ report from E4TheFuture found that,
    prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, the energy efficiency industry employed
    nearly 2.4 million Americans and was adding more jobs than any other
    energy sector. The industry was expected to see another 3% growth in
    2020. Instead, over 18% of the energy efficiency workforce (430,000
    workers) lost their jobs in the initial months of the pandemic. While
    other sectors experienced robust recoveries in the second half of 2020,
    energy efficiency did not: In December 2020, over half of energy
    efficiency workers laid off in the spring (230,000) were still out of
    work.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        \2\ ACEEE. N.d. Energy Efficiency and Economic Opportunity.
    Retrieved from http://aceee.org/files/pdf/fact-sheet/ee-economic-
    opportunity.pdf.
        \3\ https://e4thefuture.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/
    EE_Jobs_America_2020.pdf.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        The residential buildings sector remains a largely untapped
    resource for carbon reduction goals. Residential buildings account for
    21% of total U.S. energy consumption,\4\ consume more electricity than
    any other sector,\5\ and are the largest contributor to peak demand,\6\
    all of which make this sector particularly important from a carbon
    emissions reduction standpoint. In addition, the occupants of the vast
    majority of homes in the U.S. experience comfort problems, health
    issues, and/or high utility bills. The residential sector's energy
    consumption can be significantly reduced, and other related problems
    addressed, through single-measure and whole-house upgrades. Residential
    energy efficiency jobs were hit particularly hard by the pandemic and
    statewide lockdown orders. Supporting these jobs as part of our
    nation's recovery will be critical.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        \4\ https://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/pdf/mer.pdf.
        \5\ https://www.eia.gov/electricity/annual/html/epa_01_02.html.
        \6\ https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2019/04/f61/bto-
    geb_overview-4.15.19.pdf.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        The Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) at DOE
    has advanced innovative technology solutions and helped identify the
    most effective means to increase buildings' energy efficiency in order
    to reduce carbon emissions through research, development, field
    validation, deployment, demonstration, consumer education, and
    technical assistance activities. To ensure that these innovative energy
    technologies, practices, and information can be fully utilized by
    American consumers to reduce carbon emissions, Congress should support
    coordination with the private sector and support demonstration and
    deployment activities that integrate and bring these solutions to
    market.
        Residential energy efficiency programs at the Department of Energy
    deserve the support of the American taxpayer as these programs are
    proven to provide a significant return on investment. When funded they
    will continue to provide energy cost relief to households, support
    American-based industry and American jobs, ameliorate issues with the
    aging electrical grid, and support national security goals. We also
    urge additional funding either through regular appropriations or
    supplemental funding in the event an energy/infrastructure package is
    considered. In the event that opportunity presents itself, we would
    urge funding for the HOPE for HOMES program to advance workforce
    training and residential retrofit rebates supported by the President's
    Budget Request ($2 billion in FY22).
        We respectfully urge funding of $80M for the Residential Building
    Integration program within the Building Technologies Office, which has
    the capacity to fundamentally transform the performance of homes and
    greatly improve the energy efficiency in the 115 million existing
    residential buildings throughout this country. Residential buildings
    account for 21% of total U.S. energy consumption, use more electricity
    than any other sector, and are therefore an essential (albeit often
    overlooked) part of the carbon reduction equation. RBI can
    significantly improve the energy efficiency in the residential sector
    through its partnerships with the thousands of small businesses in this
    sector, the construction trades, equipment, smart grid technology and
    systems suppliers, integrators and state and local governments.
        Home Performance with ENERGY STAR, which advances contractor
    engagement in high efficiency equipment installations, is just one
    example of a crucial residential program within RBI. To date,
    approximately 875,000 energy efficiency improvement projects have been
    completed on existing homes through the Home Performance with ENERGY
    STAR program. We recommend that this program receive a line item in the
    budget for at least $80 million and that the funding be focused on
    facilitating later-stage research, demonstration, and widespread
    deployment of technology solutions in new and existing homes, with an
    emphasis on whole-house energy efficiency retrofits (including
    outreach, engagement and training to private sector contractors) and
    continuing efforts to advance grid-interactive residential buildings
    and smart home technology.
        We encourage the direct engagement with residential contractors and
    home certification businesses, which are crucial to the success of
    buildings programs. We also urge continued efforts to address
    visibility of high performing features in residential buildings as a
    way to ensure that they are properly valued and to create market
    incentives to drive additional improvements. RBI deserves the support
    of the American taxpayer as it is proven to provide a significant
    return on investment and provide economic, health, resiliency, and
    carbon reduction benefits. Again, we respectfully urge Congress to fund
    Residential Building Integration at no less than $80 million.
        DOE's residential energy efficiency programs and initiatives are
    critical to the continued advancement of the energy efficiency
    industry, which contributes to the country's overall economic growth,
    energy independence, and international competitiveness, and also
    represents a significant and largely untapped resource for carbon
    reduction. We once again urge Congress to support these programs with
    robust funding for FY22 so they may continue their important work,
    including continued efforts to address property rating and valuation in
    buildings. Thank you for the opportunity to submit testimony. We look
    forward to working with you.

        [This statement was submitted by Robin LeBaron, Co-Founder,
    President and COO, Pearl Certification.]
                                     ______

                Prepared Statement of San Juan Water Commission
        We are requesting your support for appropriations in the
    President's recommended budget for FY 2022 to the Bureau of
    Reclamation, Upper Colorado Region for the Upper Colorado River
    Endangered Fish Recovery Program and the San Juan River Basin Recovery
    Implementation Program. The budget items and amounts requested in the
    President's budget for these programs are described below.
        Endangered Species Programs: The Endangered Species Program also
    provides $5.7 million for the Upper Colorado and San Juan River
    Endangered Fish Recovery programs for construction of facilities need
    to recover endangered fish species: $2,500,000 for construction of a
    fish barrier at the Farmers Mutual Ditch diversion structure on the San
    Juan River in northwest New Mexico, $500,000 for floodplain habitat
    development in northwest New Mexico on the San Juan River, $2,550,000
    for rehabilitation of the fish screen and passage at the Grand Valley
    Irrigation Company diversion on the Colorado River near Grand Junction
    Colorado, and $150,000 for Upper Colorado Program Management for
    contracting, budgeting, reporting, contract administration, tracking
    expenditures, and addressing issues and concerns associated with
    capital project construction.
        Colorado River Compliance Activities: The President's budget
    requests $21,400,000 for Colorado River Compliance Activities that
    includes:
      --$8,640,000 for the Upper Colorado and San Juan Endangered Fish
            Recovery Programs to restore critical habitat, enhance stream
            flows, maintain fish ladders and screens, augment and
            conservation of genetic integrity through hatcheries and
            stocking efforts, manage non-native and sport fish, and
            research and monitoring to provide the scientific basis to
            guide decision making.
      --$11,360,000 for the Glen Canyon Adaptive Management Program for
            scientific investigations, experimentation using Glen Canyon
            Dam releases and other tasks required to increase understanding
            of how to operate Glen Canyon Dam to meet statutory
            requirements, and experimental flow research.
      --$1,400,000 for water quality and consumptive use studies to provide
            data required to meet legal agreements that regulate the flow
            and quality of the river and support consumptive use studies of
            water for municipal, industrial, agricultural uses.
        This funding for the recovery programs is authorized by P.L. 106-
    392, as amended.
        These highly successful, cooperative programs are ongoing
    partnerships among the states of New Mexico, Colorado, Utah and
    Wyoming, Indian tribes, federal agencies and water, power and
    environmental interests. The programs' objectives are to recover
    endangered fish species while water use and development proceeds in
    compliance with the Endangered Species Act. The programs provide ESA
    compliance for approximately 2,500 water projects in the Upper Colorado
    River Basin, including every Reclamation project upstream of Lake
    Powell.
        I appreciate the Subcommittee's past support and request the
    Subcommittee's assistance for fiscal year 2022 funding to ensure the
    Bureau of Reclamation's continuing financial participation in and
    provision of federal cost sharing for these vitally important programs.
        Sincerely.

        [This statement was submitted by Aaron Chavez, Executive Director,
    San Juan Water Commission.]
                                     ______

         Prepared Statement of the Society for Industrial and Applied
                                  Mathematics
        This written testimony is submitted on behalf of the Society for
    Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM) to ask you to continue your
    support of the Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science with
    funding of $7.7 billion in fiscal year (FY) 2022. In particular, we
    urge you to provide at least $292 million for Mathematical,
    Computational, and Computer Sciences Research in the Office of Advanced
    Scientific Computing Research (ASCR) within the Office of Science. We
    also emphasize the importance of support for graduate students through
    the Computational Sciences Graduate Fellowship and request that $20
    million be provided in FY 2022.
        On behalf of SIAM, we submit this written testimony for the record
    to the Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development Appropriations of
    the United States Senate.
        SIAM has approximately 14,000 members, including applied and
    computational mathematicians, computer scientists, numerical analysts,
    engineers, statisticians, and mathematics educators. They work in
    industrial and service organizations, universities, colleges, and
    government agencies and laboratories all over the world. In addition,
    SIAM has over 500 institutional members-colleges, universities,
    corporations, and research organizations. SIAM members come from many
    different disciplines but have a common interest in applying
    mathematics in partnership with computational science towards solving
    real-world problems.
        SIAM appreciates your Committee's leadership on and recognition of
    the critical role of the Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science
    and its support for mathematics, science, and engineering in enabling a
    strong U.S. economy, workforce, and society. DOE was one of the first
    federal agencies to champion computational science as one of the three
    pillars of science, along with theory and experiment, and SIAM deeply
    appreciates and values DOE activities.
        SIAM is grateful for the strong funding that the Office of Science
    received in FY 2021 and encouraged by the proposed increases in the
    President's FY 2022 budget request. We join with the research community
    to request that you continue this momentum by providing the Office of
    Science with $7.7 billion for FY 2022. The requested amount is
    necessary for ensuring continued support for areas such as mathematics
    and scientific research to help address national priorities, foster
    economic growth, and create jobs.
                     advanced scientific computing research
        Activities within the Office of Advanced Scientific Computing
    Research (ASCR) play a key role in supporting research that begins to
    fulfill the needs described above. Within the overall amount for ASCR,
    we urge you to provide at least $292 million for Mathematical,
    Computational, and Computer Sciences Research in FY 2022. SIAM applauds
    the proposed increases in the President's budget request as this level
    of funding is needed to ensure the long-term health and viability of
    the high-performance computing (HPC) ecosystem that DOE relies on for
    conducting groundbreaking discovery science while supporting increased
    investment in priority areas such as quantum computing and artificial
    intelligence.
        Core research activities within ASCR enable the development of
    critical tools for computational science, modeling, and data analysis
    that enhance advanced computing capabilities and seed new areas of
    research with potential for revolutionary advancements. Sustained
    investment in basic research ultimately enabled the global leadership
    in HPC that the U.S. currently enjoys. While our strength in HPC is
    exemplified by the groundbreaking exascale systems currently being
    assembled, this position is increasingly being challenged by overseas
    competitors.
        We strongly support ASCR's reorientation toward longer term
    research as the Exascale Computing Initiative comes to fruition and
    funding for the associated Exascale Computing Project continues its
    planned decline. This shift is underpinned by strategic visioning
    exercises that have produced several recommendations for reinvigorating
    ASCR's research agenda. These include a substantial reinvestment in
    foundational science and increased support for high-risk/high-reward
    research activities, especially at universities.\1\ Such an approach
    will help maintain the long-term viability and vibrancy of the broader
    HPC research community as ASCR looks toward the post-exascale future.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        \1\ Advanced Scientific Computing Advisory Committee (ASCAC),
    Subcommittee on Exascale Transition, ``Transition Report'', https://
    science.osti.gov/-/media/ascr/ascac/pdf/meetings/202004/
    Transition_Report_202004-
    ASCAC.pdf?la=en&hash=5164916FE5158EE8919C26804B4CF7F6
    DDA36E9D.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        In addition to the critical role that it already plays in priority
    areas like artificial intelligence and quantum information science,
    ASCR's research portfolio will be a critical asset to the Department's
    efforts to drive innovation in climate and Earth systems predictability
    and renewable energy. Specifically, research in applied mathematics and
    computational science will enable new capabilities in environmental
    sensing and edge computing with applications in Earth systems
    prediction and climate forecasting. In addition, advancements in
    modeling, simulation, and optimization can help improve grid
    reliability and the integration of renewable energy sources into the
    broader power distribution system.
            supporting the pipeline of mathematicians and scientists
        SIAM is grateful for the strong support of the Computational
    Sciences Graduate Fellowships (CSGF) and requests that $20 million be
    provided for the Computational Science Graduate Fellowship (CSGF) in FY
    2022 within the overall amount for research. Researchers trained in
    computational science and working in universities, national
    laboratories, and industry are essential to propel advances in many DOE
    critical research areas. This program helps ensure the existence of an
    adequate supply of scientists and engineers with strong computational
    research experience and close ongoing ties to DOE to meet future
    national workforce needs.
        CSGF has been flat-funded at $10 million since FY 2015, even as
    computational techniques continue to permeate every area of science and
    increasingly contribute to the advancement of DOE mission priorities.
    SIAM is pleased to see support for CSGF within the President's FY 2022
    budget request to increase the number of fellows in AI and Quantum and
    participation of individuals from under-represented groups. The
    increase we are requesting to CSGF reflects the growing need for an
    expanded workforce in emerging areas of importance to DOE such as
    artificial intelligence and data science. As international competition
    in science and engineering intensifies, maintaining U.S. leadership in
    these areas will increasingly depend on our ability to cultivate a
    scientific workforce with strong research experience and close ties to
    DOE. An increase in funding to CSGF would also enable ASCR to address a
    consistent oversubscription in the program and advance diversity,
    equity, and inclusion through expanded outreach to minority serving
    institutions.
        the role of mathematics in meeting health, energy, and security
                                   challenges
        Support for applied mathematics and computational science is
    critical to sustaining the nation's global scientific and technological
    leadership, energy production capabilities, and national security. By
    exploiting DOE's world class supercomputing capabilities,
    mathematicians and computational scientists supported by the
    abovementioned programs pioneer new modeling and simulation techniques
    that enable substantial breakthroughs in materials synthesis, energy
    distribution, and human physiology among other complex areas where
    laboratory experiments or field observations are too costly, time
    consuming, or simply insufficient. This was demonstrated recently in
    the midst of the novel coronavirus pandemic. Researchers at Oak Ridge
    National Laboratory (ORNL) developed a computational model of the novel
    coronavirus. They then ran the model on ORNL's supercomputer, Summit,
    and were able to identify 77 molecular compounds that could serve as
    the basis for therapeutic drugs to counter COVID-19.\2\
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        \2\ https://chemrxiv.org/articles/
    Repurposing_Therapeutics_for_the_Wuhan_
    Coronavirus_nCov-2019_Supercomputer-Based_Docking_to_the_Viral_S--
    Protein_and_
    Human_ACE2_Interface/11871402/3.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                   conclusion
        The programs in the Office of Science, particularly those discussed
    above, are important elements of DOE's efforts to fulfill its mission.
    They contribute to the goals of dramatically transforming our current
    capabilities to develop new sources of energy and improve energy
    efficiency to ensure energy independence and facilitate DOE's effort to
    increase U.S. competitiveness by training and attracting the best
    scientific talent into DOE headquarters and laboratories, the American
    research enterprise, and the clean energy economy.
        Thank you again for your ongoing support of the DOE Office of
    Science. The DOE Office of Science needs sustained annual funding to
    maintain our competitive edge in science and technology, and therefore
    we respectfully ask that you continue your support of these critical
    programs. We appreciate the opportunity to provide testimony to the
    Committee on behalf of SIAM and look forward to providing any
    additional information or assistance you may ask of us during the FY
    2022 appropriations process.

        [This statement was submitted by Dr. Susanne C. Brenner, President;
    Dr. Anne Gelb, Vice President for Science Policy; and Dr. Suzanne L.
    Weekes, Executive
    Director, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics.]
                                     ______

              Prepared Statement of the Southern Ute Indian Tribe
        Chairman Feinstein, Ranking Member Kennedy, and Subcommittee
    members:
        The Southern Ute Indian Tribe requests your support for
    appropriations in the President's budget request for FY 2022 to the
    Bureau of Reclamation--Upper Colorado Region for the San Juan River
    Basin Recovery Implementation Program and the Upper Colorado River
    Endangered Fish Recovery Program (``Recovery Programs'').
        The importance of the Recovery Programs cannot be overstated.
    Westerners' water supply relies on water projects that store, channel,
    and pump water where it is needed. These Recovery Programs were
    established to recover endangered fish species while simultaneously
    allowing water use and development to proceed in compliance with the
    Endangered Species Act. The Recovery Programs provide Endangered
    Species Act compliance for approximately 2,500 water projects in the
    Upper Colorado River Basin, including every Reclamation project
    upstream of Lake Powell. That includes projects such as the Animas La
    Plata Project in southwest Colorado, where tribes are partners with
    Reclamation. The San Juan Program in particular was critical to the
    settlement of the Southern Ute Indian Tribe's water rights and is
    fundamental to future tribal water development.
        The budget items and amounts requested in the President's budget
    for these programs are described below.
        Colorado River Compliance Activities: The President's budget
    requests $21,400,000 for Colorado River Compliance Activities that
    include:
      --$8,640,000 for the Upper Colorado and San Juan Endangered Fish
            Recovery Programs to restore critical habitat, enhance stream
            flows, maintain fish ladders and screens, augment and conserve
            genetic integrity through hatcheries and stocking efforts,
            manage non-native and sport fish, and research and monitoring
            to provide the scientific basis to guide decision making.
      --$11,360,000 for the Glen Canyon Adaptive Management Program for
            scientific investigations, experimentation using Glen Canyon
            Dam releases and other tasks required to increase understanding
            of how to operate Glen Canyon Dam to meet statutory
            requirements, and experimental flow research.
      --$1,400,000 for water quality and consumptive use studies to provide
            data required to meet legal agreements that regulate the flow
            and quality of the river and support consumptive use studies of
            water for municipal, industrial, agricultural uses.
        This funding for the recovery programs is authorized by P.L. 106-
    392, as amended.
        Endangered Species Programs: The Endangered Species Program
    provides $5.7 million for the Upper Colorado and San Juan River
    Endangered Fish Recovery programs for construction of facilities needed
    to recover endangered fish species. This includes $2,500,000 for
    construction of a fish barrier at the Farmer's Mutual Ditch diversion
    structure on the San Juan River in northwest New Mexico, $500,000 for
    floodplain habitat development in northwest New Mexico on the San Juan
    River, $2,550,000 for rehabilitation of the fish screen and passage at
    the Grand Valley Irrigation Company diversion on the Colorado River
    near Grand Junction Colorado, and $150,000 for Upper Colorado Program
    Management for contracting, budgeting, reporting, contract
    administration, tracking expenditures, and addressing issues and
    concerns associated with capital project construction.
        These programs have been highly successful in achieving their
    purpose. For example, two of the fish species that the programs were
    designed to recover--the Razorback Sucker and the Humpback Chub--are in
    the process of being downlisted from ``endangered'' to ``threatened.''
    The programs are a success not just on the biological front. They are
    also a positive example of the value of cooperation. The partners in
    these programs include four federally recognized Indian tribes (the
    Southern Ute Indian Tribe, Ute Mountain Ute Tribe, Jicarilla Apache
    Nation, and Navajo Nation); four states (New Mexico, Colorado, Utah,
    and Wyoming), multiple federal agencies, including the Fish and
    Wildlife Service and the Bureau of Indian Affairs; water and power
    interests; and environmental groups. The partners have pooled
    resources--including funding, in-kind donations, and staff--to ensure
    the success of these Programs.
        The Southern Ute Indian Tribe appreciates the Subcommittee's past
    support and requests the Subcommittee's assistance for fiscal year 2022
    funding to ensure the Bureau of Reclamation's continuing financial
    participation in and provision of federal cost sharing for these
    vitally important programs.
        Sincerely.

        [This statement was submitted by Melvin J. Baker, Chairman,
    Southern Ute
    Indian Tribe.]
                                     ______

       Prepared Statement of the Southwestern Water Conservation District
        The Southwestern Water Conservation District (SWCD) appreciates the
    opportunity to submit this letter of support for appropriations in the
    President's recommended budget for FY 2022 to the Bureau of
    Reclamation, Upper Colorado Region for the Upper Colorado River
    Endangered Fish Recovery Program and the San Juan River Basin Recovery
    Implementation Program. SWCD is a political subdivision of the State
    that was established by the Colorado General Assembly in 1941 to
    protect, conserve, use and develop the water resources of the San Juan
    and Dolores River Basins as well as to safeguard all waters to which
    the state of Colorado is equitably entitled.
        We are requesting your support for appropriations in the
    President's budget for these programs described below.
        Endangered Species Programs: The Endangered Species Program also
    provides $5.7 million for the Upper Colorado and San Juan River
    Endangered Fish Recovery programs for construction of facilities need
    to recover endangered fish species: $2,500,000 for construction of a
    fish barrier at the Farmer's Mutual Ditch diversion structure on the
    San Juan River in northwest New Mexico, $500,000 for floodplain habitat
    development in northwest New Mexico on the San Juan River, $2,550,000
    for rehabilitation of the fish screen and passage at the Grand Valley
    Irrigation Company diversion on the Colorado River near Grand Junction
    Colorado, and $150,000 for Upper Colorado Program Management for
    contracting, budgeting, reporting, contract administration, tracking
    expenditures, and addressing issues and concerns associated with
    capital project construction.
        Colorado River Compliance Activities: The President's budget
    requests $21,400,000 for Colorado River Compliance Activities that
    includes $8,640,000 for the Upper Colorado and San Juan Endangered Fish
    Recovery Programs to restore critical habitat, enhance stream flows,
    maintain fish ladders and screens, augment and conservation of genetic
    integrity through hatcheries and stocking efforts, manage non-native
    and sport fish, and research and monitoring to provide the scientific
    basis to guide decision making. This funding for the recovery programs
    is authorized by P.L. 106-392, as amended.
        These highly successful, cooperative programs are ongoing
    partnerships among the states of New Mexico, Colorado, Utah and
    Wyoming, Indian tribes, federal agencies and water, power and
    environmental interests. The programs' objectives are to recover
    endangered fish species while water use and development proceeds in
    compliance with the Endangered Species Act. The programs provide ESA
    compliance for approximately 2,500 water projects in the Upper Colorado
    River Basin, including every Reclamation project upstream of Lake
    Powell. Because these objectives align with our statutory mandate, SWCD
    has been a steadfast supporter of the Upper Colorado and San Juan
    Recovery Programs since their inception in 1988 and 1992, respectively.
        I appreciate the Subcommittee's past support and request the
    Subcommittee's assistance for fiscal year 2022 funding to ensure the
    Bureau of Reclamation's continuing financial participation in and
    provision of federal cost sharing for these vitally important programs.
        Sincerely.

        [This statement was submitted by Steve Wolff, General Manager,
    Southwestern Water Conservation District.]
                                     ______

        Prepared Statement of the Tri-County Water Conservancy District
        The Tri-County Water Conservancy District is requesting your
    support for appropriations in the President's recommended budget for FY
    2022 to the Bureau of Reclamation, Upper Colorado Region for the Upper
    Colorado River Endangered Fish Recovery Program and the San Juan River
    Basin Recovery Implementation Program. The budget items and amounts
    requested in the President's budget for these programs are described
    below.
        Endangered Species Programs: The Endangered Species Program also
    provides $5.7 million for the Upper Colorado and San Juan River
    Endangered Fish Recovery programs for construction of facilities need
    to recover endangered fish species: $2,500,000 for construction of a
    fish barrier at the Farmer's Mutual Ditch diversion structure on the
    San Juan River in northwest New Mexico, $500,000 for floodplain habitat
    development in northwest New Mexico on the San Juan River, $2,550,000
    for rehabilitation of the fish screen and passage at the Grand Valley
    Irrigation Company diversion on the Colorado River near Grand Junction
    Colorado, and $150,000 for Upper Colorado Program Management for
    contracting, budgeting, reporting, contract administration, tracking
    expenditures, and addressing issues and concerns associated with
    capital project construction.
        Colorado River Compliance Activities: The President's budget
    requests $21,400,000 for Colorado River Compliance Activities that
    includes
      --$8,640,000 for the Upper Colorado and San Juan Endangered Fish
            Recovery Programs to restore critical habitat, enhance stream
            flows, maintain fish ladders and screens, augment and
            conservation of genetic integrity through hatcheries and
            stocking efforts, manage non-native and sport fish, and
            research and monitoring to provide the scientific basis to
            guide decision making.
      --$11,360,000 for the Glen Canyon Adaptive Management Program for
            scientific investigations, experimentation using Glen Canyon
            Dam releases and other tasks required to increase understanding
            of how to operate Glen Canyon Dam to meet statutory
            requirements, and experimental flow research.
      --$1,400,000 for water quality and consumptive use studies to provide
            data required to meet legal agreements that regulate the flow
            and quality of the river and support consumptive use studies of
            water for municipal, industrial, agricultural uses.
        This funding for the recovery programs is authorized by P.L. 106-
    392, as amended.
        These highly successful, cooperative programs are ongoing
    partnerships among the states of New Mexico, Colorado, Utah and
    Wyoming, Indian tribes, federal agencies and water, power and
    environmental interests. The programs' objectives are to recover
    endangered fish species while water use and development proceeds in
    compliance with the Endangered Species Act. The programs provide ESA
    compliance for approximately 2,500 water projects in the Upper Colorado
    River Basin, including every Reclamation project upstream of Lake
    Powell.
        We appreciate the Subcommittee's past support and request the
    Subcommittee's assistance for fiscal year 2022 funding to ensure the
    Bureau of Reclamation's continuing financial participation in and
    provision of federal cost sharing for these vitally important programs.
        Sincerely.

        [This statement was submitted by Mike Berry, General Manager, Tri-
    County Water Conservancy District.]
                                     ______

        Prepared Statement of the Upper Colorado River Endangered Fish
     Recovery Program and the San Juan River Basin Recovery Implementation
                                    Program
        I am requesting your support for appropriations in the President's
    recommended budget for FY 2022 to the Bureau of Reclamation, Upper
    Colorado Region for the Upper Colorado River Endangered Fish Recovery
    Program and the San Juan River Basin Recovery Implementation Program.
    The budget items and amounts requested in the President's budget for
    these programs are described below.
        These highly successful, cooperative programs are ongoing
    partnerships among the states of New Mexico, Colorado, Utah and
    Wyoming, Indian tribes, federal agencies and water, power and
    environmental interests. The programs' objectives are to recover
    endangered fish species while water use and development proceeds in
    compliance with the Endangered Species Act. The programs provide ESA
    compliance for approximately 2,500 water projects in the Upper Colorado
    River Basin, including every Reclamation project upstream of Lake
    Powell.
        Endangered Species Programs: The Endangered Species Program also
    provides $5.7 million for the Upper Colorado and San Juan River
    Endangered Fish Recovery programs for construction of facilities need
    to recover endangered fish species: $2,500,000 for construction of a
    fish barrier at the Farmer's Mutual Ditch diversion structure on the
    San Juan River in northwest New Mexico, $500,000 for floodplain habitat
    development in northwest New Mexico on the San Juan River, $2,550,000
    for rehabilitation of the fish screen and passage at the Grand Valley
    Irrigation Company diversion on the Colorado River near Grand Junction
    Colorado, and $150,000 for Upper Colorado Program Management for
    contracting, budgeting, reporting, contract administration, tracking
    expenditures, and addressing issues and concerns associated with
    capital project construction.
        Colorado River Compliance Activities: The President's budget
    requests $21,400,000 for Colorado River Compliance Activities that
    includes:
      --$8,640,000 for the Upper Colorado and San Juan Endangered Fish
            Recovery Programs to restore critical habitat, enhance stream
            flows, maintain fish ladders and screens, augment and
            conservation of genetic integrity through hatcheries and
            stocking efforts, manage non-native and sport fish, and
            research and monitoring to provide the scientific basis to
            guide decision making.
      --$11,360,000 for the Glen Canyon Adaptive Management Program for
            scientific investigations, experimentation using Glen Canyon
            Dam releases and other tasks required to increase understanding
            of how to operate Glen Canyon Dam to meet statutory
            requirements, and experimental flow research.
      --$1,400,000 for water quality and consumptive use studies to provide
            data required to meet legal agreements that regulate the flow
            and quality of the river and support consumptive use studies of
            water for municipal, industrial, agricultural uses.
        This funding for the recovery programs is authorized by P.L. 106-
    392, as amended.
        I appreciate the Subcommittee's past support and request the
    Subcommittee's assistance for fiscal year 2022 funding to ensure the
    Bureau of Reclamation's continuing financial participation in and
    provision of federal cost sharing for these vitally important programs.
        Sincerely.

        [This statement was submitted by Mike King, Chief External Affairs
    Officer.]
                                     ______

                Prepared Statement of the WateReuse Association
        Thank you for providing the opportunity to submit written testimony
    on Fiscal Year 2022 appropriations. I write today on behalf of the
    WateReuse Association and its members to highlight the importance of
    the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation's (USBR) Title XVI-WIIN Water
    Reclamation and Reuse Competitive Grants Program. The Title XVI-WIIN
    program has helped communities across the West build drought
    resilience, keep nutrients and other pollutants out of sensitive
    waterways, save billions of dollars relative to importing water, and
    grow sustainable economies. It is a key economic and climate resiliency
    tool, but is hamstrung by insufficient funding.
        Given the critical role that water recycling plays in water
    resources management and the overwhelming demand for projects as
    authorized in section 4009(c) of Public Law 114-322, we urge you to
    include at least $100 million for this program in Energy and Water
    Development appropriations legislation for FY 2022.
        The WateReuse Association is a not-for-profit trade association for
    water utilities, businesses, industrial and commercial enterprises,
    non-profit organizations, and research entities that engage in and on
    water recycling. WateReuse and its state and regional sections
    represent more than 200 water utilities serving over 60 million
    customers, and over 300 businesses and organizations across the
    country. Our mission is to engage our members in a movement for safe
    and sustainable water supplies, to promote acceptance and support of
    recycled water, and to advocate for policies and funding that increase
    water reuse.
        The USBR's Title XVI program is the only federal program with water
    reuse as its sole focus. Since Title XVI's inception in 1992, Congress
    has authorized 53 Title XVI recycling projects producing more than
    400,000 acre-feet of drought-resistant water supply. To date, Congress
    has appropriated over $700 million in federal funding, which has been
    leveraged with non-federal funding to implement more than $3.3 billion
    in water reuse improvements--a nearly 5:1 leverage ratio.
        In 2016, the Water Infrastructure Improvements for the Nation
    (WIIN) Act established a mechanism, colloquially known as Title XVI-
    WIIN, to enable new projects to apply for competitive grants within
    Title XVI. Due to the popularity of Title XVI-WIIN in its first few
    years, the program now has a large and growing backlog exceeding $700
    million in federal cost share for eligible projects, and demand is
    expected to grow as more projects become eligible.
        Water projects funded through the Title XVI program have been used
    to increase the supply of fresh drinking water, generate sustainable
    irrigation water for landscaping and agricultural use, restore
    sensitive ecosystems, and help industries expand and create jobs, among
    other purposes. The program is not limited to the reuse of municipal
    wastewater--it also helps communities identify beneficial uses for
    industrial, agricultural, and domestic wastewater, as well as impaired
    ground and surface water. Investments through the Title XVI competitive
    grants program have helped both urban and rural communities across the
    West build a strong and secure economic future.
        A recent GAO report (GAO-19-110) highlighted a number of
    illustrative Title XVI projects. For example, program investments
    helped one drought-stricken water district in California develop
    infrastructure to use more than 2 billion gallons of recycled water to
    irrigate sports fields, golf courses, parks, school grounds, and
    medians. Another project is providing drought-resistant recycled water
    to farmers to irrigate 45,000 acres of farmland, reducing demand on the
    area's over-drafted groundwater basin. Other Title XVI projects have
    been used to prevent saltwater intrusion into aquifers, restore
    marshes, wetlands, and other habitat, and create potable drinking
    water.
        In addition to increasing funding for the Title XVI-WIIN program,
    we ask for your support in securing robust funding for USBR's
    Desalination and Water Purification Program in FY 2022. The
    Desalination Program invests in projects in Reclamation states that
    involve ocean or brackish water desalination. In the arid West,
    desalination is an important tool that can help communities increase
    their water supply.
        Thank you for considering our requests and please do not hesitate
    to reach out if you have any questions.
        Sincerely.

        [This statement was submitted by Greg Fogel, Policy Director,
    WateReuse
    Association.]
                                     ______

            Prepared Statement of the Western Governors' Association
        Chair Feinstein, Ranking Member Kennedy, and Members of the
    Subcommittee, the Western Governors' Association (WGA) appreciates the
    opportunity to provide written testimony on the appropriations and
    activities of the federal agencies under the Subcommittee's
    jurisdiction, including the Department of Energy (DOE), Bureau of
    Reclamation (BOR), and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps). WGA is an
    independent organization representing the Governors of the 22
    westernmost states and territories. The Association is an instrument of
    the Governors for bipartisan policy development, information-sharing
    and collective action on issues of critical importance to the western
    United States.
        The agencies within the Subcommittee's jurisdiction wield
    significant influence over the American West and the development of
    energy and water resources in the region. Western Governors recognize
    the importance of a close and productive working relationship between
    states and the federal government and understand that more effective
    intergovernmental cooperation depends on federal recognition of states
    as co-sovereigns and partners. The promotion of a greater partnership
    between states and the federal government is central to the mission of
    WGA and is reflected in WGA Policy Resolution 2021-01, Strengthening
    the State-Federal Relationship.
        States possess the primary legal authority for the allocation,
    management, protection and development of water resources within their
    borders. Congress and the federal judiciary have consistently and
    expressly recognized, and deferred to, this state authority. Federal
    policy must respect and preserve state authority to manage water, as
    well as recognize state law and the financial, environmental and social
    values of water resources to citizens of the western states.
        The following recommendations are intended to ensure that taxpayers
    realize a meaningful return on the investment of limited discretionary
    resources. This goal will be more readily achieved to the extent that
    federal agencies effectively leverage state authority, resources and
    expertise.
        State Authority Over Groundwater: States have exclusive authority
    over groundwater within their borders and are primarily responsible for
    protecting, managing, and otherwise controlling the resource. WGA
    encourages the Subcommittee to prohibit the use of appropriated funds
    for any activity that would, or has the potential to, usurp state
    authority over groundwater resources. Federal agencies must work with
    the states to address any groundwater-related needs and concerns. The
    federal government has long recognized the right to use water as
    determined under the laws of the various states; Western Governors
    value their partnerships with federal agencies as they operate under
    this established legal framework.
        Water Data: Western states need reliable information on the status,
    trends and projections of water availability. Accordingly, Western
    Governors support funding for improved predictive and adaptive
    capabilities for extreme weather variability and related effects,
    including improvements to sub-seasonal and seasonal precipitation and
    water supply forecasting. Forecasting improvements will better support
    water management decision-making and emergency preparedness. Data
    collection, monitoring and communications is most effective when
    coordinated across federal agencies and with state agencies.
        Water Infrastructure: The need for new water projects, as well as
    for improvements to aging water, wastewater and hydropower facilities,
    is becoming increasingly urgent. Infrastructure investments are
    essential to our nation's continued economic prosperity, electric
    generation capacity and environmental protection, and they assist
    states in meeting federally mandated environmental standards. The
    Subcommittee should continue to fully use receipts accruing to the
    Reclamation Fund for their intended purpose: the conservation,
    development and use of resources to meet western water-related needs.
    Western Governors support the construction of congressionally
    authorized BOR rural water projects and facilities that are part of
    congressionally authorized Indian water rights settlements.
        The Subcommittee can promote greater investment in water
    infrastructure by using such tools as loan guarantees, revolving funds,
    infrastructure banks, water trust funds, and the Water Infrastructure
    Finance Innovation Act (WIFIA) program. Western Governors urge that
    capital budgeting and asset management principles be used to determine
    funding priorities based on long-term sustainability and not annual
    incremental spending choices. Federal investments in infrastruture need
    to be supported by dedicated sources of funding and guided by
    appropriate financing, cost-sharing, pricing and cost recovery
    policies.
        Aquatic Invasive Species: The spread of invasive quagga and zebra
    mussels continues to be a major threat to western water resources. The
    containment of these invaders at infested waters in the West depends
    upon the collaboration and cooperation of federal, state and local
    agencies. Many state-led containment programs benefit from federal
    cooperation and funding. Western Governors request that the
    Subcommittee provide BOR with the necessary funding to collaborate with
    western states to contain the spread of aquatic invasive species in
    western waters.
        Waste Isolation Pilot Project: Continued funding for DOE's Waste
    Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) Transportation Safety Program is essential
    to the expeditious cleanup and disposal of transuranic (TRU) waste from
    U.S. nuclear weapons complex facilities in western states, including
    Idaho National Laboratory, Los Alamos National Laboratory in New
    Mexico, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California, and the
    Hanford Site in Washington. DOE must continue to provide sufficient and
    timely in-kind, financial, technical and other appropriate assistance
    to states and tribes through whose jurisdiction TRU waste will be
    transported. This assistance is integral to planning, developing and
    implementing the WIPP Transportation Safety Program. The safe and
    uneventful transportation of TRU waste is a priority of Western
    Governors, and WGA encourages the Subcommittee to provide adequate
    funding to ensure that the important work of the WIPP Transportation
    Safety Program continues.
        Energy: Western Governors support federal programs designed to:
    reduce reliance on oil imports by increasing North American production
    and improving fuel efficiency; develop renewable and alternative fuels;
    and increase innovation and application of energy storage. Congress
    should also: ensure adequate funding and resources for state emergency
    planning, response, and recovery; maintain funding for the State Energy
    Program (SEP), Rural Energy for America Program (REAP), Weatherization
    Assistance Program (WAP), and Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Program
    (LIHEAP); and provide appropriations for effective cybersecurity
    infrastructure, education, and workforce development programs. Congress
    should also refrain from advancing the interim storage of commercial
    nuclear waste through the appropriations process without requiring the
    consent of affected Governors. The Subcommittee can also help ensure
    that DOE and other agencies create opportunities for ongoing,
    substantive, and meaningful state consultation in the West-wide energy
    corridor process.
        Western Governors and federal agencies deal with a complex web of
    interrelated energy and water resource issues. It is an enormous
    challenge to judiciously balance competing needs in this environment,
    and Western Governors appreciate the difficulty of the decisions this
    Subcommittee must make. The foregoing recommendations are offered in a
    spirit of cooperation and respect, and WGA is prepared to assist you as
    the Subcommittee discharges its critical and challenging
    responsibilities.

        [This statement was submitted by James D. Ogsbury, Executive
    Director, Western Governors' Association.]
                                     ______

              Prepared Statement of the Western Resource Advocates
        Dear Chairman Feinstein and Senator Kennedy:
        We request your support for appropriations in the President's
    recommended budget for FY 2022 to the Bureau of Reclamation, Upper
    Colorado Region, to fund the Upper Colorado River Endangered Fish
    Recovery Program and the San Juan River Basin Recovery Implementation
    Program. The programs' goals are to recovery four species of endangered
    fish and provide ESA compliance for approximately 2,500 water projects
    in the Upper Colorado River Basin.
        These highly successful, cooperative programs are ongoing
    partnerships among the states of New Mexico, Colorado, Utah and
    Wyoming, Indian tribes, federal agencies and water, hydropower and
    environmental interests. The conservation group Western Resource
    Advocates (WRA) has been a partner in the program for nearly twenty
    years.
        WRA requests full funding for these programs, including $5.7
    million in the FY22 budget request for capital construction activities
    through the Upper Colorado Region's Endangered Species Recovery
    Implementation Program. WRA also appreciates the Subcommittee's efforts
    since FY19 to fund environmental programs for the Colorado River at
    $21.4 million, a portion of which supports the Upper Colorado River
    Endangered Fish Recovery Program and San Juan River Basin Recovery
    Implementation Program. WRA requests continued funding for these
    activities, at that level or above, in FY22. This funding for the
    recovery programs is authorized by P.L. 106-392, as amended.
        Sincerely.

        [This statement was submitted by Bart Miller, Healthy Rivers
    Program Director, Western Resource Advocates.]
                                     ______

             Prepared Statement of the Western States Water Council
        Chair Feinstein, Ranking Member Kennedy, and Members of the
    Subcommittee, on behalf of the Western States Water Council (WSWC) we
    welcome the opportunity to provide written testimony on federal agency
    activities and appropriations under the Subcommittee's jurisdiction.
    The WSWC is a government entity; an instrumentality of each and every
    participating state advising western governors of water policies and
    programs. Members are appointed and serve at the pleasure of their
    respective governors. The WSWC appreciates the opportunity to provide
    written testimony on activities and appropriations for the U.S. Bureau
    of Reclamation (USBR).
                                reclamation fund
        Recognizing the critical importance of water in the development of
    the West, the Congress passed the Reclamation Act on June 17, 1902 and
    provided monies ``reserved, set aside, and appropriated as a special
    fund in the Treasury to be known as the 'reclamation fund,' to be used
    in the examination and survey for and the construction and maintenance
    of irrigation works for the storage, diversion, and development of
    water for the reclamation of arid and semiarid land...'' in seventeen
    western states, to be continually invested and reinvested.
        The Council requests that the Subcommittee recommend fully
    appropriating the receipts and collections accruing to the Reclamation
    Fund, pursuant to the Reclamation Act and other acts, for their
    intended purpose in the continuing conservation, development and wise
    use of western resources to meet western water-related needs. ``Needs''
    may include Reclamation project dam safety costs, financing
    extraordinary maintenance and rehabilitation of aging infrastructure
    (including transferred works), funding authorized rural water supply
    projects, and the construction of Reclamation facilities incorporated
    as part of a Congressionally approved Indian water right settlements.
    We also support an investigation of converting the Reclamation Fund to
    a true revolving trust fund.
        The Reclamation Fund was envisioned as the principal means to
    finance federal western water and power projects with revenues from
    western resources. Its receipts are derived from water and power sales,
    project repayments, certain receipts from public land sales, leases and
    rentals in the seventeen western states, as well as certain oil and
    mineral related royalties--but these receipts are only available for
    expenditure pursuant to annual appropriation acts. With receipts
    outpacing expenditures for authorized Reclamation purposes, the
    unobligated figure gets larger and larger, while the money is spent
    elsewhere for other federal purposes, contrary to the Congress'
    original intent. The actual unobligated balance at the start of FY2020
    was $17.668 billion, and was estimated to have been $17.689 billion at
    the beginning of FY2021 and $17.794 billion at the beginning of FY2022.
                          rural water supply projects
        The Council strongly supports funding to expedite construction of
    long-authorized Reclamation rural water supply projects in a timely
    manner, including projects that meet tribal trust and other federal
    responsibilities, while recognizing and continuing to defer to the
    primacy of western water laws and tribal settlements in allocating
    water among users. There are six authorized and active rural water
    projects located in Montana, New Mexico, North Dakota, and South
    Dakota, of which five have yet to be completed at an estimated federal
    cost of around $898 million. Construction costs continue to increase
    due to delays, inflation and the rising costs of materials and labor.
    At current levels of funding, completion of some projects could be
    delayed by decades. There is a Federal responsibility to complete
    authorized rural water projects, particularly those intended to fulfill
    in part a solemn Federal promise and trust responsibility to compensate
    States and Tribes for lost resources as a result of the construction of
    federal flood control projects and other actions.
                project maintenance, repair, and rehabilitation
        The average age of Bureau of Reclamation dams is 70 years, with
    most requiring maintenance, repair, and rehabilitation (MR&R) estimated
    at $2.9 billion. We support federal investments and collaborative
    efforts in water-related infrastructure projects and programs that
    deliver adequate supplies of suitable quality water, and provide jobs
    and economic security, while protecting the environment. We also
    support dedicated federal water infrastructure funding. Reclamation
    operates hundreds of dams, reservoirs, and related infrastructure in
    the West, supplying water and power to millions of people, irrigating
    millions of acres for food and fiber, providing flood control and
    recreation, and supporting wildlife and habitat. The importance of
    these projects cannot be overstated.
        Many of Reclamation's facilities are nearing, or have already
    exceeded, their original design lives and are in need of MR&R, in order
    to minimize risk to public safety and continue to serve their
    authorized purposes. MR&R needs refer to both maintenance that has been
    deferred and future projections or anticipated maintenance, repair and
    rehabilitation work. Reclamation's existing funding, and the funding
    from non-federal partners, which operates two-thirds of Reclamation's
    infrastructure under contract, are not sufficient to address all MR&R
    needs. We support stable and continuous funding streams for
    maintenance, rehabilitation and repair of Reclamation dams and related
    infrastructure, as well as updated evaluations of priority needs
                                   dam safety
        The Reclamation Safety of Dams Act of 1978 provides Reclamation
    with authority to preserve and maintain the structural safety of dams
    under its stewardship. The WSWC supports ongoing coordination of state
    and federal efforts to strengthen dam safety programs. We support
    actions that provide stable and continuous federal funding streams for
    Reclamation dam safety work and related infrastructure.
                     forecast informed reservoir operations
        The WSWC supports the use of innovative and forecast informed
    reservoir operations by Reclamation and other public and private
    entities at all levels. This would help to maximize the effective and
    efficient use of our existing and future infrastructure to benefit our
    myriad and growing economic uses of water, while at the same time
    balancing and protecting our need for public health and safety, as well
    as a resilient and healthy environment.
                                     openet
        In the West, the predominant consumptive use of water is
    evapotranspiration (ET) from irrigation. The WSWC supports a $5M
    request under Reclamation's WaterSMART program for development of an
    Open Evapotranspiration (OpenET) software system and data platform
    through an operational use partnership (https://openetdata.org/).
    OpenET involves scientists from federal agencies and academic
    institutions using satellite and weather data to map evapotranspiration
    at the individual field scale. With these funds, Reclamation would be
    able to partner with the OpenET consortium and with a broad network of
    collaborators to refine, develop applications, and operationalize the
    use of OpenET, providing credible, transparent, automated, and easily
    accessible consumptive water use data across the West. No such system
    exists today. There is a need for developing new monitoring
    technologies that provide more timely data availability and more
    refined spatial coverage.
        Currently, access to satellite and ET data is limited and
    expensive, keeping it out of the hands of many water users and
    decision-makers. OpenET will allow water managers to assess how much
    water is being used via a cost-effective and easy-to-use web-based
    platform, filling a critical water data management gap.
                                    agrimet
        We also support $1million in funding for Reclamation's Agrimet
    network of weather stations that provide data that serves as an
    important and efficient ground-truthing, calibration, and model
    validation tool for analysis of information products derived from
    satellite platforms such as OpenET. Agrimet provides basic data on
    precipitation, temperature, solar radiance, wind speed and humidity
    required to calculate reference ET and inform remote-sensing platforms.
    The Agrimet weather observing network suffers from the challenges of
    aging instrumentation infrastructure, deferred maintenance, need for
    technology upgrades, and funding that fails to keep up with these
    needs, making it difficult to maintain data continuity and coverage for
    users.
                                    drought
        As the Subcommittee members are aware, much of the West is again in
    the grip of severe to exceptional drought. We support Reclamation's
    Drought Response Program, authorized under the Water Sustain and Manage
    America's Resources for Tomorrow (WaterSMART) program and the Science
    and Engineering to Comprehensively Understand and Responsibly Enhance
    (SECURE) Water Act, and urge the Subcommittee to provide funding for a
    comprehensive and coordinated national drought preparedness and
    response program on par with federal efforts to address other natural
    disasters.
                                   hydropower
        We support reasonable hydropower projects and programs that enhance
    our electric generation capacity and promote economic development
    through streamlined permitting processes, while appropriately
    protecting environmental resources, consistent with States' law and
    certification authority under the Clean Water Act Section 401.
                           energy and water planning
        Finally, we support integrating water and energy program and
    project planning, including improved data on water and energy supply
    and demand, that promotes conservation and use efficiency while seeking
    to minimize economic, environmental, and other costs.
        Thank you for the opportunity to provide written testimony.

           LIST OF WITNESSES, COMMUNICATIONS, AND PREPARED STATEMENTS

                                  ----------
                                                                       Page

    Aclara Technologies, LLC, Prepared Statement of..................    75
    American:
        Geophysical Union, Prepared Statement of the.................    78
        Indian Higher Education Consortium, Prepared Statement of the    79
        Society for Microbiology, Prepared Statement of the..........    81
        Society of Plant Biologists, Prepared Statement of the.......    83
    Assiniboine and Sioux Rural Water Supply System and Dry Prairie
      Rural Water System, Prepared Statement of the..................    86
    Aurora Water, Prepared Statements of

    Building Performance Association, E4TheFuture, and the Building
      Performance Institute, Prepared Statement of the...............    89
    Business Council for Sustainable Energy, Prepared Statement of
      the............................................................    92

    Carbon Utilization Research Council, Prepared Statement of the...    93
    Central Arizona Water Conservation District, Prepared Statement
      of the.........................................................    96
    Clean Hydrogen Future Coalition, Prepared Statement of the.......    98
    Collins, Senator Susan M., U.S. Senator From Maine, Questions
      Submitted by...................................................    68
    Colorado River Basin Salinity Control:
        Forum, Prepared Statement of the.............................   100
        Program, Prepared Statements of the

    Colorado River Board of California, Prepared Statement of the....   104
    Colorado Springs Utilities, Prepared Statements of

    Colorado Water Congress, Prepared Statement of the...............   107
    Columbia:
        Basin Development League, Prepared Statement of the..........   108
        River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission, Prepared Statement of the   109

    Dolores Water Conservancy District, Prepared Statement of........   112

    Edison Electric Institute, Prepared Statement of the.............   113
    Electric Drive Transportation Association, Prepared Statement of
      the............................................................   116
    Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Prepared Statement of the   118

    Federal Energy Management Program, Prepared Statement of the.....   121
    Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology,
      Prepared Statement of the......................................   122
    Feinstein, Senator Dianne, U.S. Senator From California, Opening
      Statements of

    Fuel Cell & Hydrogen Energy Association, Prepared Statement of
      the............................................................   123

    Grand Valley Water Users Association, Prepared Statement of the..   125
    Granholm, Hon. Jennifer, Secretary, Office of the Secretary,
      Department of Energy...........................................    35
        Prepared Statement of........................................    40
        Questions Submitted to.......................................    67
        Summary Statement of.........................................    38

    Hagerty, Senator Bill, U.S. Senator From Tennessee, Statements of

    Hannon Armstrong, Prepared Statement of..........................   126
    Hyde-Smith, Senator Cindy, U.S. Senator From Mississippi,
      Statement of...................................................    37

    Izaak Walton League of America, Prepared Statement of the........   129

    Kennedy, Senator John, U.S. Senator From Louisiana, Statements of

    Leahy, Senator Patrick, U.S. Senator from Vermont, Questions
      Submitted by...................................................    71

    Methane Action and Remineralize the Earth, Prepared Statement of.   131
    Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, Prepared
      Statement of the...............................................   133
    Mid-West Electric Consumers Association, Prepared Statement of
      the............................................................   135
    Mni Wiconi Project, Prepared Statement of the....................   136

    National:
        Association for State Community Services Programs, Prepared
          Statement of the...........................................   139
        Association of State Energy Officials, Prepared Statement of
          the........................................................   142
        Hydropower Association, Prepared Statement of the............   145
        Marine Manufacturers Association, Prepared Statement of the..   147
        Water Resources Association, Prepared Statement of the.......   149
    Nature Conservancy, Prepared Statement of The....................   151
    Nuclear Waste Strategy Coalition, Prepared Statement of the......   154

    Oregon Water Resources Congress, Prepared Statement of the.......   156

    Palumbo, Mr. David, Deputy Commissioner of Operations, Bureau of
      Reclamation, Department of the Interior........................    14
        Prepared Statement of........................................    15
    Pearl Certification, Prepared Statement of.......................   158
    Pinkham, Mr. Jamie, Acting Assistant Secretary of the Army (Civil
      Works), Department of Defense--Civil...........................     1
        Prepared Statement of........................................     8
        Summary Statement of.........................................     5

    San Juan Water Commission, Prepared Statement of.................   159
    Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Prepared
      Statement of the...............................................   160
    Southern Ute Indian Tribe, Prepared Statement of the.............   162
    Southwestern Water Conservation District, Prepared Statement of
      the............................................................   163
    Spellmon, Lieutenant General Scott A., Chief of Engineers and
      Commanding General, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers...............    10
        Prepared Statement of........................................    11

    Tester, Senator Jon, U.S. Senator From Montana, Statement of.....     5
    Tri-County Water Conservancy District, Prepared Statement of the.   164

    Upper Colorado River Endangered Fish Recovery Program and the San
      Juan River Basin Recovery Implementation Program, Prepared
      Statement of the...............................................   165

    Verdon, Dr. Charles P., Acting Under Secretary of Energy for
      Nuclear Security and Acting Administrator for the National
      Nuclear Security Administration................................    35
        Questions Submitted to.......................................    74

    WateReuse Association, Prepared Statement of the.................   166
    Western:
        Governors' Association, Prepared Statement of the............   167
        Western Resource Advocates, Prepared Statement of the........   168
        Western States Water Council, Prepared Statement of the......   169

                                 SUBJECT INDEX

                                  ----------

                          DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE--CIVIL

                             Department of the Army

                           Corps of Engineers--Civil

                                                                       Page

    Construction Program.............................................    12
    Emergency Management.............................................    12
    Investigations Program...........................................    12
    Operation and Maintenance (O&M) Program..........................    12
    Regulatory Program...............................................    12
    Reimbursable Program.............................................    13

                                   __________

                              DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

                            Office of the Secretary

    Additional Committee Questions...................................    66
    Advanced Manufacturing...........................................    69
    American Jobs Plan, The..........................................    41
    Cybersecurity....................................................    68
    Energy Storage...................................................    68
    Fiscal Year 2022 President's Budget Request......................    42
    Offshore Wind....................................................    69
    Renewable Fuel Standard//Small Refinery Exemptions...............    67

                                   __________

                           DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

                             Bureau of Reclamation

    Account Level Details............................................    18
    California Bay-Delta Restoration Fund: $33,000,000...............    19
    Central:
        Utah Protection Completion Act (CUPCA).......................    20
        Valley Project Restoration Fund (CVPRF): $56,499,000.........    19
    Policy and Administration: $64,400,000...........................    20
    Water and Related Resources--$1,379,050,000......................    18

                                   [all]