[House Hearing, 117 Congress]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]







 THE INDEPENDENT STATE LEGISLATURE THEORY AND ITS POTENTIAL TO DISRUPT
                             OUR DEMOCRACY

=======================================================================

                                HEARING

                               before the

                           COMMITTEE ON HOUSE
                             ADMINISTRATION
                        HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

                    ONE HUNDRED SEVENTEENTH CONGRESS

                             SECOND SESSION

                               ----------                              

                             JULY 28, 2022

                               ----------                              

      Printed for the use of the Committee on House Administration



[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]




                              BOOK 2 OF 2


                       Available on the Internet:
         http://www.govinfo.gov/committee/house-administration











 
THE INDEPENDENT STATE LEGISLATURE THEORY AND ITS POTENTIAL TO DISRUPT
                             OUR DEMOCRACY

=======================================================================

                                HEARING

                               before the

                           COMMITTEE ON HOUSE
                             ADMINISTRATION
                        HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

                    ONE HUNDRED SEVENTEENTH CONGRESS

                             SECOND SESSION

                               __________

                             JULY 28, 2022

                               __________

      Printed for the use of the Committee on House Administration

                              BOOK 2 OF 2



[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]








                       Available on the Internet:
         http://www.govinfo.gov/committee/house-administration 
         
         
         
                             _________
                              
                 U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE
                 
49-365                   WASHINGTON : 2022
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
                   COMMITTEE ON HOUSE ADMINISTRATION

                  ZOE LOFGREN, California, Chairperson
JAMIE RASKIN, Maryland               RODNEY DAVIS, Illinois,
G. K. BUTTERFIELD, North Carolina      Ranking Member
PETE AGUILAR, California             BARRY LOUDERMILK, Georgia
MARY GAY SCANLON, Pennsylvania       BRYAN STEIL, Wisconsin
TERESA LEGER FERNANDEZ, New Mexico 





















                            C O N T E N T S

                              ----------                              

                             JULY 28, 2022
                                 BOOK 1

                                                                   Page

                           OPENING STATEMENTS

Hon. Zoe Lofgren, Chairperson....................................     1
      Prepared statement of Chairperson Lofgren..................     4
Hon. Rodney Davis, Ranking Member................................     6
      Prepared statement of Hon. Davis...........................     8

                               WITNESSES

Richard Pildes, Sudler Family Professor of Constitutional Law, 
  New York University School of Law..............................    11
      Prepared statement of Prof. Pildes.........................    13
Carolyn Shapiro, Professor of Law, Chicago-Kent College of Law...    24
      Prepared statement of Prof. Shapiro........................    26
Eliza Sweren-Becker, Counsel, Democracy Program, Brennan Center 
  for Justice....................................................    46
      Prepared statement of Ms. Sweren-Becker....................    48

                        QUESTIONS FOR THE RECORD

Richard Pildes, Sudler Family Professor of Constitutional Law, 
  New York University School of Law, responses...................    74
Carolyn Shapiro, Professor of Law, Chicago-Kent College of Law, 
  responses......................................................    85
Eliza Sweren-Becker, Counsel, Democracy Program, Brennan Center 
  for Justice, responses.........................................    94

                       SUBMISSIONS FOR THE RECORD

Hon. Rodney Davis
    American Confidence in Elections Act, submission.............   100
    ACE Act Section-by-Section Analysis, submission..............   270
    ACE Act Summary, submission..................................   281
    July 2022, 50 State Survey: Election Worker Protections, 
      submission.................................................   282
    August 12, 2021, The Elections Clause: States' Primary 
      Constitutional Authority Over Elections, submission........   307
    ACE Act Bill Summary, submission.............................   316
Michael T. Morley
    Fordham Law Review, The Independent State Legislature 
      Doctrine, submission.......................................   320
    Georgia Law Review, The Independent State Legislature 
      Doctrine, Federal Elections, and State Constitutions, 
      submission.................................................   380
    Bush v. Gore's Uniformity Principle and the Equal Protection 
      Right to Vote, submission..................................   474
    Northwestern University Law Review Online, The Intratextual 
      Independent ``Legislature'' and the Elections Clause, 
      submission.................................................   552
    Notre Dame Law Review Online, The New Elections Clause, 
      submission.................................................   576
Derek Muller, June 10, 2022, The (unsteady) origins of the 
  Plenary Presidential Elector Selection Power Doctrine, 
  submission.....................................................   604
McPherson v. Blacker, 146 U.S. 1*, 13 S. Ct. 3**, 36 L. Ed. 
  869***, 1892 U.S. LEXIS 2171****, submission...................   610
Supreme Court of the United States, Arizona State Legislature, 
  Appellant v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission et 
  al., submission................................................   634
Thomas Knapp, The Constitution versus ``Independent State 
  Legislature'' Theory, submission...............................   677
Andy Craig, July 6, 2022, The Limits of Independent State 
  Legislature Theory, submission.................................   680
Republican Staff Report, August 24, 2021, Committee on House 
  Administration, An Unprecedented and Unconstitutional Power 
  Grab: How Democrats are Abusing the Constitution to Nationalize 
  Elections, submission..........................................   685
Hon. Rodney Davis
    H.R. 4 One Pager, submission.................................   725
    H.R. 1 Top Ten Provisions, submission........................   726
Supreme Court of Florida
    Palm Beach County Canvassing Bd. v. Harris, submission.......   727
    Gore v. Harris, December 22, 2000, submission................   747
    Gore v. Harris, December 14, 2000, submission................   765
    Supreme Court of the United States, Rucho et. al. v. Common 
      Cause et al., submission...................................   767
Supreme Court of North Carolina, submission......................   839

                                 BOOK 2

Democrat Election Misinformation Tracker, submission.............  1401
Robert G. Natelson, The Original Scope of the Congressional Power 
  to Regulate Elections, submission..............................  1402
Michael J. Luttig, October 3, 2022, There Is Absolutely Nothing 
  to Support the `Independent State Legislature' Theory, 
  submission.....................................................  1448
Helen White, June 30, 2022, The Independent State Legislature 
  Theory Should Horrify Supreme Court's Originalists, submission.  1461
Hayward H. Smith, History of the Article II Independent State 
  Legislature Doctrine, 29 Fla. St. U.L. Rev, 731 (2001), 
  submission.....................................................  1464
Hayward H. Smith, Revisiting the History of the Independent State 
  Legislature Doctrine, 53 St. Mary's L.J. 445 (2022), submission  1513
Vikram David Amar, Akhil Reed Amar, Eradicating Bush-League 
  Arguments Root and Branch: The Article II Independent-State-
  Legislature Notion and Related Rubbish, 2021 Sup. Ct. Rev. 1 
  (2021), submission.............................................  1618
Bohnhorst, Mark and Fitzgerald, Michael and Soifer, Aviam, Gaping 
  Gaps in the History of the Independent State Legislature 
  Doctrine: McPherson v. Blacker, Usurpation, and the Right of 
  the People to Choose Their President (2022), Mitchell Hamline 
  Law Review, submission.........................................  1651
Coenen, Dan T., Constitutional Text, Founding-Era History, and 
  the Independent State-Legislature Theory, September 19, 2022, 
  University of Georgia School of Law Legal Studies Research 
  Paper, No. 2022-10, submission.................................  1696
Mark S. Krass, Debunking the Nondelegation Doctrine for State 
  Regulation of Federal Elections, 108 Va. L. Rev. 1091 (2022), 
  submission.....................................................  1737
Justin Levitt, Failed Elections and the Legislative Selection of 
  Presidential Electors, 96 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 1052 (2021), 
  submission.....................................................  1788
Litman, Leah and Shaw, Katherine, Textualism, Judicial Supremacy, 
  and the Independent State Legislature Theory, June 20, 2022, 
  Wisconsin Law Review, submission...............................  1815
Marisam, Jason, The Dangerous Independent State Legislature 
  Theory, February 22, 2022, Michigan State Law Review, Vol. 
  2022, submission...............................................  1848
Nathaniel F. Rubin, The Electors Clause and the Governor's Veto, 
  106 Cornell L. Rev. Online 57 (2021), submission...............  1889
Carolyn Shapiro, The Independent State Legislature Theory, 
  Federal Courts, and State Law, February 28, 2022, University of 
  Chicago Law Review, submission.................................  1900
Eliza Sweren-Becker, Michael Waldman, The Meaning, History, and 
  Importance of the Electors Clause, 96 Walsh. L. Rev. 997 
  (2021), submission.............................................  1969
Franita Tolson, The `Independent' State Legislature in Republican 
  Theory, September 25, 2021, Harvard Journal of Law and Public 
  Policy, submission.............................................  2027
Weingartner, Michael, Liquidating the Independent State 
  Legislature Theory, September 25, 2021, Harvard Journal of Law 
  and Public Policy, submission..................................  2049
State of Ohio ex rel. Davis v. Hildebrant, 241 U.S. 565, 36 S. 
  Ct. 708, 60 L. Ed. 1172 (1916), submission.....................  2114
Smiley v. Holm, 285 U.S. 355, 52 S. Ct. 397, 76 L. Ed. 795 
  (1932), submission.............................................  2117
Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting 
  Commission, 576 U.S. 787, 135 S. Ct. 2652, 192 L. Ed. 2d 704 
  (2015), submission.............................................  2124
Rucho v. Common Cause, 204 L. Ed. 2d 931, 139 S. Ct. 2484 (2019), 
  submission.....................................................  2161
Zagarri, Rosemarie, The Historian's Case Against the Independent 
  State Legislature Theory, October 12, 2022, Boston College Law 
  Review, submission.............................................  2192


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