[House Hearing, 117 Congress]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
THE INDEPENDENT STATE LEGISLATURE THEORY AND ITS POTENTIAL TO DISRUPT
OUR DEMOCRACY
=======================================================================
HEARING
before the
COMMITTEE ON HOUSE
ADMINISTRATION
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
ONE HUNDRED SEVENTEENTH CONGRESS
SECOND SESSION
----------
JULY 28, 2022
----------
Printed for the use of the Committee on House Administration
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
BOOK 2 OF 2
Available on the Internet:
http://www.govinfo.gov/committee/house-administration
THE INDEPENDENT STATE LEGISLATURE THEORY AND ITS POTENTIAL TO DISRUPT
OUR DEMOCRACY
=======================================================================
HEARING
before the
COMMITTEE ON HOUSE
ADMINISTRATION
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
ONE HUNDRED SEVENTEENTH CONGRESS
SECOND SESSION
__________
JULY 28, 2022
__________
Printed for the use of the Committee on House Administration
BOOK 2 OF 2
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
Available on the Internet:
http://www.govinfo.gov/committee/house-administration
_________
U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE
49-365 WASHINGTON : 2022
COMMITTEE ON HOUSE ADMINISTRATION
ZOE LOFGREN, California, Chairperson
JAMIE RASKIN, Maryland RODNEY DAVIS, Illinois,
G. K. BUTTERFIELD, North Carolina Ranking Member
PETE AGUILAR, California BARRY LOUDERMILK, Georgia
MARY GAY SCANLON, Pennsylvania BRYAN STEIL, Wisconsin
TERESA LEGER FERNANDEZ, New Mexico
C O N T E N T S
----------
JULY 28, 2022
BOOK 1
Page
OPENING STATEMENTS
Hon. Zoe Lofgren, Chairperson.................................... 1
Prepared statement of Chairperson Lofgren.................. 4
Hon. Rodney Davis, Ranking Member................................ 6
Prepared statement of Hon. Davis........................... 8
WITNESSES
Richard Pildes, Sudler Family Professor of Constitutional Law,
New York University School of Law.............................. 11
Prepared statement of Prof. Pildes......................... 13
Carolyn Shapiro, Professor of Law, Chicago-Kent College of Law... 24
Prepared statement of Prof. Shapiro........................ 26
Eliza Sweren-Becker, Counsel, Democracy Program, Brennan Center
for Justice.................................................... 46
Prepared statement of Ms. Sweren-Becker.................... 48
QUESTIONS FOR THE RECORD
Richard Pildes, Sudler Family Professor of Constitutional Law,
New York University School of Law, responses................... 74
Carolyn Shapiro, Professor of Law, Chicago-Kent College of Law,
responses...................................................... 85
Eliza Sweren-Becker, Counsel, Democracy Program, Brennan Center
for Justice, responses......................................... 94
SUBMISSIONS FOR THE RECORD
Hon. Rodney Davis
American Confidence in Elections Act, submission............. 100
ACE Act Section-by-Section Analysis, submission.............. 270
ACE Act Summary, submission.................................. 281
July 2022, 50 State Survey: Election Worker Protections,
submission................................................. 282
August 12, 2021, The Elections Clause: States' Primary
Constitutional Authority Over Elections, submission........ 307
ACE Act Bill Summary, submission............................. 316
Michael T. Morley
Fordham Law Review, The Independent State Legislature
Doctrine, submission....................................... 320
Georgia Law Review, The Independent State Legislature
Doctrine, Federal Elections, and State Constitutions,
submission................................................. 380
Bush v. Gore's Uniformity Principle and the Equal Protection
Right to Vote, submission.................................. 474
Northwestern University Law Review Online, The Intratextual
Independent ``Legislature'' and the Elections Clause,
submission................................................. 552
Notre Dame Law Review Online, The New Elections Clause,
submission................................................. 576
Derek Muller, June 10, 2022, The (unsteady) origins of the
Plenary Presidential Elector Selection Power Doctrine,
submission..................................................... 604
McPherson v. Blacker, 146 U.S. 1*, 13 S. Ct. 3**, 36 L. Ed.
869***, 1892 U.S. LEXIS 2171****, submission................... 610
Supreme Court of the United States, Arizona State Legislature,
Appellant v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission et
al., submission................................................ 634
Thomas Knapp, The Constitution versus ``Independent State
Legislature'' Theory, submission............................... 677
Andy Craig, July 6, 2022, The Limits of Independent State
Legislature Theory, submission................................. 680
Republican Staff Report, August 24, 2021, Committee on House
Administration, An Unprecedented and Unconstitutional Power
Grab: How Democrats are Abusing the Constitution to Nationalize
Elections, submission.......................................... 685
Hon. Rodney Davis
H.R. 4 One Pager, submission................................. 725
H.R. 1 Top Ten Provisions, submission........................ 726
Supreme Court of Florida
Palm Beach County Canvassing Bd. v. Harris, submission....... 727
Gore v. Harris, December 22, 2000, submission................ 747
Gore v. Harris, December 14, 2000, submission................ 765
Supreme Court of the United States, Rucho et. al. v. Common
Cause et al., submission................................... 767
Supreme Court of North Carolina, submission...................... 839
BOOK 2
Democrat Election Misinformation Tracker, submission............. 1401
Robert G. Natelson, The Original Scope of the Congressional Power
to Regulate Elections, submission.............................. 1402
Michael J. Luttig, October 3, 2022, There Is Absolutely Nothing
to Support the `Independent State Legislature' Theory,
submission..................................................... 1448
Helen White, June 30, 2022, The Independent State Legislature
Theory Should Horrify Supreme Court's Originalists, submission. 1461
Hayward H. Smith, History of the Article II Independent State
Legislature Doctrine, 29 Fla. St. U.L. Rev, 731 (2001),
submission..................................................... 1464
Hayward H. Smith, Revisiting the History of the Independent State
Legislature Doctrine, 53 St. Mary's L.J. 445 (2022), submission 1513
Vikram David Amar, Akhil Reed Amar, Eradicating Bush-League
Arguments Root and Branch: The Article II Independent-State-
Legislature Notion and Related Rubbish, 2021 Sup. Ct. Rev. 1
(2021), submission............................................. 1618
Bohnhorst, Mark and Fitzgerald, Michael and Soifer, Aviam, Gaping
Gaps in the History of the Independent State Legislature
Doctrine: McPherson v. Blacker, Usurpation, and the Right of
the People to Choose Their President (2022), Mitchell Hamline
Law Review, submission......................................... 1651
Coenen, Dan T., Constitutional Text, Founding-Era History, and
the Independent State-Legislature Theory, September 19, 2022,
University of Georgia School of Law Legal Studies Research
Paper, No. 2022-10, submission................................. 1696
Mark S. Krass, Debunking the Nondelegation Doctrine for State
Regulation of Federal Elections, 108 Va. L. Rev. 1091 (2022),
submission..................................................... 1737
Justin Levitt, Failed Elections and the Legislative Selection of
Presidential Electors, 96 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 1052 (2021),
submission..................................................... 1788
Litman, Leah and Shaw, Katherine, Textualism, Judicial Supremacy,
and the Independent State Legislature Theory, June 20, 2022,
Wisconsin Law Review, submission............................... 1815
Marisam, Jason, The Dangerous Independent State Legislature
Theory, February 22, 2022, Michigan State Law Review, Vol.
2022, submission............................................... 1848
Nathaniel F. Rubin, The Electors Clause and the Governor's Veto,
106 Cornell L. Rev. Online 57 (2021), submission............... 1889
Carolyn Shapiro, The Independent State Legislature Theory,
Federal Courts, and State Law, February 28, 2022, University of
Chicago Law Review, submission................................. 1900
Eliza Sweren-Becker, Michael Waldman, The Meaning, History, and
Importance of the Electors Clause, 96 Walsh. L. Rev. 997
(2021), submission............................................. 1969
Franita Tolson, The `Independent' State Legislature in Republican
Theory, September 25, 2021, Harvard Journal of Law and Public
Policy, submission............................................. 2027
Weingartner, Michael, Liquidating the Independent State
Legislature Theory, September 25, 2021, Harvard Journal of Law
and Public Policy, submission.................................. 2049
State of Ohio ex rel. Davis v. Hildebrant, 241 U.S. 565, 36 S.
Ct. 708, 60 L. Ed. 1172 (1916), submission..................... 2114
Smiley v. Holm, 285 U.S. 355, 52 S. Ct. 397, 76 L. Ed. 795
(1932), submission............................................. 2117
Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting
Commission, 576 U.S. 787, 135 S. Ct. 2652, 192 L. Ed. 2d 704
(2015), submission............................................. 2124
Rucho v. Common Cause, 204 L. Ed. 2d 931, 139 S. Ct. 2484 (2019),
submission..................................................... 2161
Zagarri, Rosemarie, The Historian's Case Against the Independent
State Legislature Theory, October 12, 2022, Boston College Law
Review, submission............................................. 2192
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]