[House Hearing, 117 Congress]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]




                                                               
  VOTING IN AMERICA: THE POTENTIAL FOR POLLING PLACE QUALITY AND 
 RESTRICTIONS ON OPPORTUNITIES TO VOTE TO INTERFERE WITH FREE AND FAIR 
                          ACCESS TO THE BALLOT

=======================================================================

                                HEARING

                               before the

                       SUBCOMMITTEE ON ELECTIONS

                           COMMITTEE ON HOUSE
                             ADMINISTRATION
                        HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

                    ONE HUNDRED SEVENTEENTH CONGRESS

                             FIRST SESSION

                               ----------                              

                             JUNE 11, 2021

                               ----------                              

      Printed for the use of the Committee on House Administration

                              BOOK 2 OF 2
                              
                              
                              
                              
 [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]                             
                              
                              


                       Available on the Internet:
         http://www.govinfo.gov/committee/house-administration
         
         
         
         


    VOTING IN AMERICA: THE POTENTIAL FOR POLLING PLACE QUALITY AND 
 RESTRICTIONS ON OPPORTUNITIES TO VOTE TO INTERFERE WITH FREE AND FAIR 
                          ACCESS TO THE BALLOT

                              BOOK 2 OF 2
                              






                               

 
    VOTING IN AMERICA: THE POTENTIAL FOR POLLING PLACE QUALITY AND 
 RESTRICTIONS ON OPPORTUNITIES TO VOTE TO INTERFERE WITH FREE AND FAIR 
                          ACCESS TO THE BALLOT

=======================================================================

                                HEARING

                               before the

                       SUBCOMMITTEE ON ELECTIONS

                           COMMITTEE ON HOUSE
                             ADMINISTRATION
                        HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

                    ONE HUNDRED SEVENTEENTH CONGRESS

                             FIRST SESSION

                               __________

                             JUNE 11, 2021

                               __________

      Printed for the use of the Committee on House Administration

                              BOOK 2 OF 2
                              
                              
                              
                              
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]                             
                              
                              


                       Available on the Internet:
         http://www.govinfo.gov/committee/house-administration
         
         
         
                          ______

             U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE 
45-650               WASHINGTON : 2021          
         
         
         
                   COMMITTEE ON HOUSE ADMINISTRATION

                  ZOE LOFGREN, California, Chairperson
JAMIE RASKIN, Maryland               RODNEY DAVIS, Illinois,
G. K. BUTTERFIELD, North Carolina      Ranking Member
PETE AGUILAR, California             BARRY LOUDERMILK, Georgia
MARY GAY SCANLON, Pennsylvania       BRYAN STEIL, Wisconsin
TERESA LEGER FERNANDEZ, New Mexico


                            C O N T E N T S

                              ----------                              

                             JUNE 11, 2021
                                 BOOK 1

                                                                   Page
Voting in America: The Potential For Polling Place Quality And 
  Restrictions On Opportunities To Vote To Interfere With Free 
  And Fair Access To The Ballot..................................     1

                           OPENING STATEMENTS

Chairman G. K. Butterfield.......................................     1
    Prepared statement of Chairman Butterfield...................     4
Hon. Bryan Steil, Ranking Member.................................     5
    Prepared statement of Ranking Member Steil...................    12

                               WITNESSES
                                Panel 1

Stephen Pettigrew, Director of Data Sciences, University of 
  Pennsylvania...................................................    16
    Prepared statement of Mr. Pettigrew..........................    19
Jesselyn McCurdy, Interim Executive VP for Government Affairs, 
  Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights................    27
    Prepared statement of Ms. McCurdy............................    29
Kevin Morris, Quantitative Researcher, Democracy Brennan Center 
  for Justice....................................................    36
    Prepared statement of Mr. Kevin Morris.......................    38
Mimi Marziani, President, Texas Civil Rights Project.............    48
    Prepared statement of Ms. Marziani...........................    50
Donald Palmer, Chair, U.S. Election Assistance Commission........    64
    Prepared statement of Mr. Palmer.............................    66

                                Panel 2

Michael C. Herron, Professor, Dartmouth University...............    81
    Prepared statement of Mr. Herron.............................    84
Gilda Daniels, Director of Litigation Advancement Project........    98
    Prepared statement of Ms. Daniels............................   100
Danielle Lang, Director, Voting Rights, Campaign Legal Center....   122
    Prepared statement of Ms. Lang...............................   124
Isabel Longoria, Elections Administrator, Harris County, Texas...   166
    Prepared statement of Ms. Longoria...........................   168
Ashlee N. Titus, Board Member and Corporate Secretary, Lawyers 
  Democracy Fund.................................................   191
    Prepared statement of Ms. Titus..............................   193

                        QUESTIONS FOR THE RECORD

Stephen Pettigrew, Director of Data Sciences, University of 
  Pennsylvania, answers to submitted questions...................   218
Jesselyn McCurdy, Interim Executive VP for Government Affairs, 
  Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights, answers to 
  submitted questions............................................   222
Kevin Morris, Quantitative Researcher, Democracy Brennan Center 
  for Justice, answers to submitted questions....................   228
Mimi Marziani, President, Texas Civil Rights Project, answers to 
  submitted questions............................................   231
Donald Palmer, Chair, U.S. Election Assistance Commission, 
  answers to submitted questions.................................   237
Michael C. Herron, Professor, Dartmouth University, answers to 
  submitted questions............................................   239
Gilda Daniels, Director of Litigation Advancement Project, 
  answers to submitted questions.................................   242
Danielle Lang, Director, Voting Rights, Campaign Legal Center, 
  answers to submitted questions.................................   244
Isabel Longoria, Elections Administrator, Harris County, Texas, 
  answers to submitted questions.................................   250

                       SUBMISSIONS FOR THE RECORD

Appendix A.......................................................   259
    Kevin Morris Testimony.......................................   260
        Waiting to Vote..........................................   260
Appendix B.......................................................   295
    Kevin Morris Testimony.......................................   296
        Did Consolidating Polling Places in Milwaukee Depress 
          Turnout................................................   296
        Voting in a Pandemic: COVID-19 and Primary Turnout in 
          Milwaukee, Wisconsin...................................   300
Appendix C.......................................................   317
    Kevin Morris Testimony.......................................   318
        Purges: A Growing Threat to the Right to Vote............   318
        Florida, Georgia, North Carolina Still Purging Voters at 
          High Rates.............................................   352
        Purge Rates Remain High, Analysis Finds..................   356
Appendix D.......................................................   363
    Mimi Marziani Testimony, May 3, 2019.........................   364
Appendix E.......................................................   375
    Mimi Marziani Testimony, May 13, 2020........................   376
Appendix F.......................................................   391
    Mimi Marziani Testimony, September 9, 2020...................   392
Additional Material..............................................   413
    Democracy Diverted: Polling Place Closures and the Right to 
      Vote, The Leadership Conference Education Fund, 2019.......   414
    We Vote, We Count: The Need for Congressional Action to 
      Secure the Right to Vote for All Citizens, The Advancement 
      Project, 2019..............................................   496
    Are All Precincts Created Equal: The Prevalence of Low-
      Quality Precincts in Low-Income and Minority Communities, 
      Matt A. Bareto et al., 2008................................   581
    Waiting in Line to Vote, Charles Stewart III and Stephen 
      Ansolabehere, 2013.........................................
    Race, Party, and the Consequences of Restricting Early Voting 
      in Florida in the 2012 General Election, Michael C. Herron 
      and Daniel A. Smith, 2014..................................
    Waiting to Vote, Charles Stewart III and Stephen 
      Ansolabehere, 2015.........................................   596
    Race, Shelby County, and the Voter Information Verification 
      Act in North Carolina, Michael D. Herron and Daniel A. 
      Smith, 2016................................................   603
    Precinct Resources and Voter Wait Times, Michael C. Herron 
      and Daniel A. Smith, 2016..................................   646
    The Racial Gap in Wait Times: Why Minority Precincts Are 
      Underserved by Local Election Officials, Stephen Pettigrew, 
      2017.......................................................   661
    Assessing the Efficacy of Early Voting Access on Indian 
      Reservations: Evidence from a Natural Experiment in Nevada, 
      Jean Schroedel et al., 2019................................   682
    How Polling Place Changes Reduce Turnout: Evidence from 
      Administrative Data in North Carolina, Jesse Yoder, 2019...   714
    Racial Disparities in Voting Wait Times: Evidence from 
      Smartphone Data, M. Keith Chen et al., 2020................   768
    The Downstream Consequences of Long Waits: How Lines at the 
      Precinct Depress Future Turnout, Stephen Pettigrew, 2020...   830
    Voting by Mail in a VENMO World: Assessing Rejected Absentee 
      Ballots in Georgia, Enrijeta Shino et al., 2020............   872

                                 BOOK 2

2014 EAC Election Administration and Voting Survey Comprehensive 
  Report, submission.............................................   901
2016 Survey of the Performance of American Elections Final 
  Report, Charles Stewart III, Massachusetts Institute of 
  Technology, submission.........................................  1209
September 22, 2021 Letter to PA Sec. Boockvar and Mr. Jonathan 
  Marks re election security and administration issues, 
  submission.....................................................  1683
September 22, 2020 Letter to NY State Board of Elections Chair 
  Kosinski and CO Chair Douglas Kellner re election security and 
  administration issues, submission..............................  1686
Notice of Complaint--HAVA/CARES Act Funds, Letter to Hon. Alex 
  Padilla, CA Secretary of State, U.S. Election Assistance 
  Commission, submission.........................................  1690
September 22, 2020 Ranking Member Davis Letter to NJ Secretary of 
  State Tahesha Way, submission..................................  1693
SKDK OLS-DGS Approved, SKD Knickerbocker LLC, submission.........  1696
February 19, 2021 Letter to IG Layfield re $35 million GOTV 
  contract from CA Secretary of State to SKD Knickerbocker, 
  submission.....................................................  1752
March 18, 2021 Letter to Commissioner Palmer re EAC management of 
  $825 million grants during 2020 election, submission...........  1755
August 14, 2020 Chicago Board of Election Commissioners, Letter 
  to Ranking Member Davis, submission............................  1758
May 2021, 28% of Florida ZuckBucks Lingered After the 2020 
  Election--Tainting Midterms, Public Interest Legal Foundation, 
  submission.....................................................  1760
2018 Election Administration Policy Survey, U.S. Election 
  Assistance Commission, submission..............................  1763
October 15, 2020 CA Secretary of State Alex Padilla Letter to 
  Mona Harrington re complaint alleging improper use of federal 
  funds for GOTV activities, submission..........................  1775
October 1, 2020 Letter to NC State Board of Elections Members re 
  proposed settlement with NC Alliance for Retired Americans, 
  submission.....................................................  1783
July 22, 2020 Ranking Member Rodney Davis Letter to Philadelphia 
  County Supervisor of Elections Garrett Dietz re June 2nd 
  primary election issues, submission............................  1789
July 22, 2020 NYC Board of Elections Ranking Member Rodney Davis 
  Letter to Anne Taylor re June 23rd primary, submission.........  1792
July 22, 2020 Ranking Member Rodney Davis Letter to Multnomah 
  County Director of Elections Tim Scott re May 19th primary, 
  submission.....................................................  1795
July 22, 2020 Ranking Member Rodney Davis Letter to Los Angeles 
  County Registrar Dean C. Logan re March 3rd primary election, 
  submission.....................................................  1797
July 22, 2020 Ranking Member Rodney Davis Letter to Harris County 
  Clerk Chris Hollins re March 3rd primary, submission...........  1801
July 22, 2020 Ranking Member Rodney Davis Letter to Fulton County 
  Chairperson Mary Carole Cooney re June 9th primary election, 
  submission.....................................................  1803
July 22, 2020 Ranking Member Rodney Davis Letter to DC Board of 
  Elections Chair Michael Bennett re DC June 2nd primary, 
  submission.....................................................  1806
July 22, 2020 Ranking Member Rodney Davis Letter to City of 
  Chicago Board of Election Commissioners Chair Marisel A. 
  Hernandez re March 17th primary, submission....................  1809
July 22, 2020 Ranking Member Rodney Davis Letter to Champaign 
  County Clerk Aaron Ammons re March 17th primary election, 
  submission.....................................................  1812
2016 Election Day Voter Experience Survey Highlights, U.S. Vote 
  Foundation, submission.........................................  1815
  
  
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]