    [House Hearing, 117 Congress]
    [From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]

                        DISCUSSION DRAFT OF H.R. ____,
                      ``INSULAR AREA CLIMATE CHANGE ACT''

    =======================================================================

                              LEGISLATIVE HEARING

                                   BEFORE THE

                         COMMITTEE ON NATURAL RESOURCES
                         U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

                        ONE HUNDRED SEVENTEENTH CONGRESS

                                 FIRST SESSION

                                   __________

                            Thursday, March 4, 2021

                                   __________

                                Serial No. 117-1

                                   __________

           Printed for the use of the Committee on Natural Resources

    [GRAPHIC NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

            Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.govinfo.gov
                                       or
              Committee address: http://naturalresources.house.gov

                                    __________

                        U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE
    43-630 PDF                  WASHINGTON : 2021

    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

                         COMMITTEE ON NATURAL RESOURCES

                          RAUL M. GRIJALVA, AZ, Chair
                    JESUS G. ``CHUY'' GARCIA, IL, Vice Chair
       GREGORIO KILILI CAMACHO SABLAN, CNMI, Vice Chair, Insular Affairs
                      BRUCE WESTERMAN, AR, Ranking Member

    Grace F. Napolitano, CA              Don Young, AK
    Jim Costa, CA                        Louie Gohmert, TX
    Gregorio Kilili Camacho Sablan,      Doug Lamborn, CO
        CNMI                             Robert J. Wittman, VA
    Jared Huffman, CA                    Tom McClintock, CA
    Alan S. Lowenthal, CA                Paul A. Gosar, AZ
    Ruben Gallego, AZ                    Garret Graves, LA
    Joe Neguse, CO                       Jody B. Hice, GA
    Mike Levin, CA                       Aumua Amata Coleman Radewagen, AS
    Katie Porter, CA                     Daniel Webster, FL
    Teresa Leger Fernandez, NM           Jenniffer Gonzalez-Colon, PR
    Nydia M. Velazquez, NY               Russ Fulcher, ID
    Diana DeGette, CO                    Pete Stauber, MN
    Julia Brownley, CA                   Thomas P. Tiffany, WI
    Debbie Dingell, MI                   Jerry L. Carl, AL
    A. Donald McEachin, VA               Matthew M. Rosendale, Sr., MT
    Darren Soto, FL                      Blake D. Moore, UT
    Michael F. Q. San Nicolas, GU        Yvette Herrell, NM
    Jesus G. ``Chuy'' Garcia, IL         Lauren Boebert, CO
    Ed Case, HI                          Jay Obernolte, CA
    Betty McCollum, MN                   Cliff Bentz, OR
    Steve Cohen, TN
    Paul Tonko, NY
    Rashida Tlaib, MI
    Doris O. Matsui, CA
    Lori Trahan, MA

                         David Watkins, Staff Director
                            Sarah Lim, Chief Counsel
                   Vivian Moeglein, Republican Staff Director
                       http://naturalresources.house.gov

                                  ----------

                                   CONTENTS

                                   ----------
                                                                       Page

    Hearing held on Thursday, March 4, 2021..........................     1

    Statement of Members:

        Gonzalez-Colon, Hon. Jenniffer, a Resident Commissioner in
          Congress from the Territory of Puerto Rico.................     2
        Grijalva, Hon. Raul M., a Representative in Congress from the
          State of Arizona...........................................     2
        Westerman, Hon. Bruce, a Representative in Congress from the
          State of Arkansas..........................................    77

    Statement of Witnesses:

        Grecni, Zena, Sustained Climate Assessment Specialist, East-
          West Center, Honolulu, Hawaii..............................    49
            Prepared statement of....................................    50
            Questions submitted for the record.......................    58
        Machargo Maldonado, Rafael A., Secretary, Department of
          Natural and Environmental Resources, San Juan, Puerto Rico.    36
            Prepared statement of....................................    37
            Questions submitted for the record.......................    39
        Monzon, Ada, President, EcoExploratorio, Puerto Rico Science
          Museum, Guaynabo, Puerto Rico..............................     4
            Prepared statement of....................................     6
            Questions submitted for the record.......................     8
        Oriol, Jean-Pierre L., Commissioner, Department of Planning
          and Natural Resources, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands.....    34
            Prepared statement of....................................    74
            Questions submitted for the record.......................    76
        Shelton, Austin, Ph.D., Director, Center for Island
          Sustainability, University of Guam, Mangilao, Guam.........    66
            Prepared statement of....................................    68
            Questions submitted for the record.......................    70
        Zackios, Gerald M., Ambassador to the United States, Republic
          of the Marshall Islands, Washington, DC....................    17
            Prepared statement of....................................    18
            Questions submitted for the record.......................    27

    Additional Materials Submitted for the Record:

        Save Jauca Committee, December 12, 2020 Letter to Chair
          Grijalva...................................................    95

     LEGISLATIVE HEARING ON DISCUSSION DRAFT OF H.R. ____, TO PROVIDE FOR
    CLIMATE CHANGE PLANNING, MITIGATION, ADAPTATION, AND RESILIENCE IN THE
     UNITED STATES TERRITORIES AND FREELY ASSOCIATED STATES, AND FOR OTHER
                 PURPOSES, ``INSULAR AREA CLIMATE CHANGE ACT''

                                  ----------

                            Thursday, March 4, 2021

                         U.S. House of Representatives

                         Committee on Natural Resources

                                 Washington, DC

                                  ----------

        The Committee met, pursuant to notice, at 12 p.m., via
    Webex, Hon. Raul M. Grijalva [Chairman of the Committee]
    presiding.
        Present: Representatives Grijalva, Sablan, Lowenthal,
    Porter, Leger Fernandez, DeGette, Soto, Garcia, McCollum,
    Cohen, Tlaib; Westerman, Gohmert, Radewagen, Gonzalez-Colon,
    Stauber, Tiffany, Carl, Rosendale, Moore, and Bentz.

        The Chairman. The Committee will come to order.
        The Committee is meeting today to receive testimony on
    legislation authored to address issues related to our planet's
    changing climate and the impact it is having on our insular
    areas.
        Under Committee Rule 4(f), any oral opening statements at
    the hearing are limited to the Chair and the Ranking Minority
    Member or their designee. This will allow us to hear from our
    witnesses sooner and help Members keep to their schedules.
        Therefore, I ask unanimous consent that all other Members'
    opening statements be made part of the hearing record if they
    are submitted to the Clerk by 5 p.m. today or at the close of
    this hearing, whichever comes first.
        Hearing no objection, so ordered.
        Without objection, the Chair may also declare a recess
    subject to the call of the Chair.
        As described in the notice, statements, documents, or
    motions must be submitted to the electronic repository at
    HNRCdocs@mail. house.gov.
        Additionally, please note that as with in-person meetings,
    Members are responsible for their own microphones. As with our
    in-person meetings, Members may be muted by our staff only to
    avoid inadvertent background noise.
        Finally, Members or witnesses experiencing technical
    problems should inform Committee staff immediately.

        Let me now recognize myself for the opening statement, and
    then I will turn to the Ranking Minority Member for their
    statement.

      STATEMENT OF THE HON. RAUL M. GRIJALVA, A REPRESENTATIVE IN
                   CONGRESS FROM THE STATE OF ARIZONA

        The Chairman. Last Congress, the Natural Resources
    Committee embarked on an agenda to highlight and gather facts
    on the impact of changing climate on our planet. The Committee
    held the first climate change hearings in nearly a decade and
    took action to fight the climate crisis. We listened to
    scientists, elected leaders, Native American communities, youth
    advocates, and members of the public, and their comments and
    stories informed the action we took on climate change last
    year.
        One of those actions led to the development of the Insular
    Area Climate Change Act of 2021, this discussion draft that is
    before us today.
        U.S. territories and Freely Associated States, also known
    as U.S.-affiliated insular areas, are on the front lines of the
    climate change crisis. In recent years, some territories have
    experienced major natural disasters stemming from climate
    change, including Hurricane Irma, Hurricane Maria in 2017, and
    Typhoon Yutu in 2018.
        Insular areas face sea-level rise, coastal erosion,
    temperature increases, and droughts like other jurisdictions.
    Nevertheless, insular areas experience additional
    vulnerabilities, such as an unequal access to Federal programs,
    an over-reliance on petroleum, and an existing infrastructure
    that fails to meet new hazard-mitigation codes.
        The U.S.-affiliated small island nations increasingly are
    being forced to consider what will happen if the rising sea
    washes over their lands. Specifically, will it mean a loss of
    their sovereignty and resources and having to decide where
    their people go from there?
        The Insular Area Climate Change Act of 2021 discussion
    draft seeks to address these threats by creating an interagency
    task force to identify ways to provide greater access to
    climate-change-related Federal programs to U.S. territories,
    establish an Office of Insular Area Energy Policy and Programs
    within the Department of Energy to centralize and expand
    Federal energy programs in insular areas, and to create
    multiple grant programs to invest in renewable energy and
    sustainable infrastructure in the insular areas.
        Climate change is real, and 97 percent of climate
    scientists agree that climate warming trends over the past
    century are extremely likely due to human activities. We must
    all do our work to reverse this trend, which we aim to do
    through the work of this Committee.
        The Insular Area Climate Change Act and the other bills we
    are seeking to get enacted this year will provide some of the
    additional tools we will need to begin to address climate
    change.
        Thank you.

        With that, let me now turn to the Ranking Member for
    comments. The Ranking Member is recognized.

       STATEMENT OF THE HON. JENNIFFER GONZALEZ-COLON, RESIDENT
       COMMISSIONER IN CONGRESS FROM THE TERRITORY OF PUERTO RICO

        Miss Gonzalez-Colon. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
        I want to thank the witnesses for being virtually with us
    today. Specifically, I want to particularly welcome the two
    witnesses from Puerto Rico, Ms. Ada Monzon and Secretary
    Machargo from the Natural and Environmental Resources
    Department. It is great to see you again.
        I would also like to commend, in part, the intent behind
    the draft legislation we have before us today. It is no secret
    that territories, like other coastal communities across the
    nation, face unique climate changes, such as coastal erosion,
    as you said, sea-level rise, and the impact of extreme weather
    events.
        We all recognize the need to tackle these issues, build
    resilience, and implement mitigation measures. But we also
    recognize that territories heavily rely on imported petroleum
    products to meet our energy needs. In Puerto Rico, petroleum-
    fired power plants generate almost half of Puerto Rico's total
    electricity, while renewables only account for 2.5 percent of
    our electricity generation.
        Like many, I am sensitive to saving our planet and
    recognize that we should increase our use of renewable energy
    sources. However, I also support an all-of-the-above energy
    approach. I am a strong proponent of liquefied natural gas,
    which provides cheap, clean, and reliable energy. Reliable, I
    think, is crucial for Puerto Rico, especially to support and
    expand our pharmaceutical manufacturing industries.
        The draft legislation we are discussing today authorized
    approximately $200 million through a series of new grants,
    programs, and offices within the Department of the Interior,
    NOAA, the Department of Energy, and EPA. While having resources
    available to the U.S. insular areas is most welcome, I fear
    this bill does little to study existing programs and functions
    that could support some of the goals intended in this
    legislation.
        Additionally, I am concerned about the definition of
    ``Insular Areas'' under Section 1469(a) of Title 48 of the U.S.
    Code, to include Puerto Rico. This section currently only
    applies to the other four territories and authorizes Federal
    agencies to waive applicable matching requirements for them. It
    also authorizes Federal agencies to consolidate grants to a
    particular territory under multiple programs. The individual
    territory may then determine the proportion of the consolidated
    grant to be spent on various activities.
        I fear that adding Puerto Rico to the definition of insular
    areas under Title 48 could have unintended consequences of an
    overhaul of how Federal grant programs work on the island.
    Currently, Puerto Rico is often treated as a state for purposes
    of multiple Federal allocations. I am concerned that
    authorizing agencies to consolidate grants, at least for Puerto
    Rico, will not only impact how Federal programs are carried out
    but also the amount of funding we are eligible for.
        Additionally, I will note that the bill includes a portion
    of the Offshore Wind for Territories Act, bipartisan
    legislation I have introduced, to study and, if feasible,
    authorize offshore wind energy development in Federal waters
    adjacent to the territories, which is a bipartisan bill. It
    does not include, however, the bill's revenue-sharing and coral
    reef conservation provisions that our bill includes. It is my
    hope that we can move forward that bill in its entirety as a
    stand-alone this Congress.
        Finally, I am deeply concerned that we will not be hearing
    today from witnesses from the Administration who will be
    charged with implementing this bill if it is signed into law,
    like the Department of the Interior, EPA, NOAA, among others,
    including the Department of Energy.
        I would respectfully ask, Mr. Chairman, that we formally
    ask the Administration or the people who are running those
    agencies at this time for their comments and provide members of
    the Committee a chance to ask them questions. And it remains
    unclear whether any of these programs or office functions will
    be duplicative or redundant.
        Having said that, I thank you, Mr. Chairman, and I yield
    back.

        The Chairman. Let me thank the gentlelady. I appreciate the
    Commissioner's comments. I thought they are well-taken.
        I think your point about, does consolidation mean less,
    does consolidation mean that we are staying at the same cap of
    money and yet with a larger demand and a larger responsibility
    and requirement, I think that is a very valid point that, as
    the legislation moves forward, certainly needs to be looked at.
        And as for the Administration, I concur with your point.
    And as this legislation is finalized, having input from today's
    hearing, and additional discussions with Members continue in a
    bipartisan way, that we have a piece of legislation that the
    Administration needs to comment on, because that is the
    legislation that is projected to move forward. Certainly their
    comments, their opinions, and their recommendations to the
    Committee will not only be forwarded, and hopefully we will
    have an opportunity to have those discussions in person. And I
    appreciate those comments.
        With that, let me now turn to our witnesses.
        Let me begin now--first, let me confer with the Ranking
    Member.
        Mr. Westerman, you wanted to comment on something? Let me
    recognize you. Sorry, I didn't see your signal, but I do now.
        Mr. Westerman, you are recognized.
        If not, let me return to the witnesses.
        Ms. Ada Monzon, Member, Puerto Rico Climate Change
    Committee.
        Ms. Monzon, 5 minutes are yours. The full complement of
    your comments will be made part of the record regardless. The
    floor is yours and the time is yours, Ms. Monzon. You are
    welcome.

      STATEMENT OF ADA MONZON, PRESIDENT, ECOEXPLORATORIO, PUERTO
               RICO SCIENCE MUSEUM, GUAYNABO, PUERTO RICO

        Ms. Monzon. Thank you. Good afternoon. I would like to
    thank you, Chairman Grijalva, Ranking Member Westerman, and our
    Resident Commissioner, Jenniffer Gonzalez-Colon, for the
    invitation to testify before this Committee.
        It is an honor to share with you today my experience
    regarding the impact of climate change in the island
    environment and the need for swift actions to avoid the
    negative consequences of climate change.
        I am meteorologist Ada Monzon, and I have been a forecaster
    in Puerto Rico for 32 years. During that time, I have
    forecasted Hurricanes Hugo and Georges. Most recently and for
    the first time in my life, I faced the challenge of keeping
    Puerto Rico informed during the passage of the island of two
    Category 5 hurricanes, Irma and Maria.
        I am also an educator and a broadcaster. As an educator, I
    have dedicated my life to teaching about natural hazards and
    connecting science with the communities, especially working
    with non-profits; schools; industries; emergency management;
    local, state, and federal government.
        I am here representing Puerto Rico, the education
    community, nonprofits, through the EcoExploratorio, which hosts
    the Science Museum of Puerto Rico and the Resilience Institute
    of Puerto Rico.
        This conversation is needed because our islands are already
    victims of climate change and are in a very vulnerable position
    compared to other countries in the world. Changes due to
    climate change are already evident along our coasts due to sea-
    level rise and coastal erosion, in the temperature and rainfall
    records, in the impact to our corals and marine ecosystems, in
    our health system and economic development, and in our response
    and recovery to catastrophic events.
        First, we need to understand the science and impact of
    climate change in our daily lives. Scientists around the world
    have demonstrated that our global temperatures are rising in an
    unprecedented manner. Under these conditions, there will be
    direct and indirect effects on organisms; hydrological cycles;
    maximum temperature records; decrease in agricultural
    productivity; changes in habitats and wildlife distributions;
    risks to human health, such as stroke and cardiovascular
    diseases; and the quality of life on Earth will significantly
    decrease. Life as we know today will not end but will be
    significantly different.
        We can talk about science related to climate change, and
    there is enough data on this, but what we need to do is the
    right thing in how the Committee can help change and influence
    the future of our islands and country, addressing energy,
    coastal erosion, the weather warnings, and the community needs.
        As important as it is to move to renewable energy to reduce
    greenhouse gas emissions, our islands need to concentrate on
    the implementation of adaptation and mitigation measures to
    reduce health, social, and economic vulnerabilities.
        Current fiscal and economic challenges of the island,
    coupled with an increasingly elderly population, create
    additional challenges for the island's government to prepare
    for, respond to, and recover from climate-related disaster.
        I strongly believe that to transform our communities we
    need to understand their needs, and only then can we design and
    implement programs in ways that community members engage to
    achieve adaptation, resilience, and mitigation.
        Climate and extreme weather events suffered in the last 5
    years in Puerto Rico have catalyzed actions that help us
    advance social transformation in our community, promoting an
    uprising in community-based organizations that have pursued
    sustainable development and climate adaptation. These
    initiatives were centered on the engagement of the communities
    that were impacted by Hurricane Maria and are still recovering
    from the aftermath.
        The question we need to ask ourselves is how to best
    approach it. I would urge this Committee to make sure that
    public policy serves our communities and that we use all the
    scientific knowledge to make it useful to the communities. If
    we have better local emergency management resources, we can
    respond faster.
        If we have accessible and prepared healthcare facilities
    for long-period energy outages, we can respond to people that
    need intensive care, oxygen, insulin, or suffer renal
    deficiency and cancer.
        If we have better data collection of the most vulnerable
    population, we can respond faster. If we have incentives for
    renewable energy practices, we will have less economic impact.
    If we have better agricultural practices, we will have more
    food security.
        If we want to ensure the integrity of ecosystems and the
    protection of biodiversity, some can probably resist external
    environmental stresses. If we have more empathy and solidarity,
    we can better understand community needs and make decisions
    that are community-based, centered on the well-being of the
    community.
        Climate change is real. By experience, we know.
        Thank you for holding this much-needed and important
    hearing.

        [The prepared statement of Ms. Monzon follows:]
                 Prepared Statement of Meteorologist Ada Monzon
        Good afternoon. I would like to thank Chairman Grijalva and Ranking
    Member Westerman for the invitation to testify before this Committee on
    the ``Insular Area Climate Change Act.'' It is an honor to share with
    you today my experience regarding the impact of climate change in the
    island environment and the need for swift actions to avoid the negative
    consequences of climate change.
        I am meteorologist Ada Monzon and I have been a forecaster in
    Puerto Rico for 32 years. During that time I have forecasted and given
    weather updates during Hurricanes Hugo and Georges, and more than ten
    other tropical storm and hurricanes. Most recently--and for the first
    time in my life--I faced the challenge of keeping Puerto Rico informed
    during the passage through the Island of two Category 5 hurricanes,
    Irma and Maria. I am also an educator and a broadcaster. As an
    educator, I have dedicated my life to teaching about natural hazards
    and connecting science with the communities, especially working with
    nonprofit organizations, schools, industries, emergency management,
    local, state, and the federal government. I am here representing Puerto
    Rico, the education community, and nonprofits through the
    EcoExploratorio, which hosts the Science Museum of Puerto Rico and the
    Resilience Institute of Puerto Rico.
        This conversation is needed because our islands are already victims
    of climate change and are in a very vulnerable position compared to
    other countries in the world. Changes due to climate change are already
    evident along our coasts due to sea-level rise and coastal erosion, in
    the temperature and rainfall records, in the impact to our corals and
    marine ecosystems, in our health system and economic development, and
    in our response and recovery to catastrophic events.

        First, we need to understand the science and impact of climate
    change on our daily lives.
    Temperatures
        Scientists around the world have demonstrated that our global
    temperatures (air and sea surface) are rising in an unprecedented
    manner. The average temperature of the Earth was 57+F between 1951-
    1980. Last year (2020) was 58.76+F (1.76+F above average). Models
    project that if there are no actions to stop the greenhouse gases,
    there will be an alarming rate of increase of temperatures:

         by 2030 more than 2+F,

         by 2050 up to 4+F,

         and by 2100 up to 9+F.

        Under these conditions, there will be direct and indirect effects
    on organisms, hydrological cycle, maximum temperature records, decrease
    in agricultural productivity, changes in habitats and wildlife
    distributions, risks to human health such as stroke and cardiovascular
    diseases, which are the primary causes of death most associated with
    elevated summer temperatures, especially in vulnerable populations, and
    the quality of life on Earth will significantly decrease. Life, as we
    know it today, will not end but will be significantly different.
        What is the cause of the changes in temperature? There is plenty of
    evidence saying that this increased warming is related to human beings'
    daily activities around the world, such as producing energy based on
    fossil fuels, as coal and natural gas. The gases that are released into
    the atmosphere that are causing this global warming are carbon dioxide
    and methane. These are greenhouse gases that trap heat, which in turn
    warm the surface of the Earth and our oceans. Due to the influence of
    global warming from decades of greenhouse gas emissions, we now have a
    climate emergency. Immediate actions are needed to control these
    emissions while accelerating our adaptation measures and increasing our
    resilience to deal with this complex crisis.
    Sea level
        Since the middle of the 20th century, relative sea levels have
    risen by about 0.08 inches per year on average along the coasts of
    Puerto Rico and the USVI. However, rates have been slowly accelerating
    since the early 2000s, according to the 4th National Assessment for the
    Caribbean Region.

        Under extreme scenarios, relative sea levels are projected to rise
    (compared to levels in 2000) by:

         2050: up to 2.8 feet respectively,

         2100: up to 10.2 feet respectively,

        According to an IPCC report, the world projected sea level rise by
    2100 could be up to 35 feet with a midpoint around 19'. It depends on
    how much of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets melt and how much
    ocean water expands. This could lead to an array of serious problems,
    especially for our islands, some of which can become inhabitable. This
    can displace millions of people and cause catastrophic economic damage.
    In Puerto Rico, this means that most of our maritime and our most
    important airport infrastructure will be underwater in less than 100
    years if projections are correct. Saltwater intrusion associated with
    sea-level rise will also reduce the quantity and quality of freshwater
    in coastal aquifers.
        What will this mean to our ocean species? The ecological and
    biological response is not well understood, but certainly, ecosystems
    face severe climate impacts due to sea-level rise, changing temperature
    and rainfall patterns, and are being degraded by pollution,
    overfishing, and unsustainable development.
    Rainfall and freshwater
        The impact of climate change on precipitation patterns can be
    particularly important to island communities. Too much rain along the
    mountains of our islands causes disastrous floods and landslides, while
    too little rain can deplete freshwater availability, make an area
    unproductive related to agriculture, and exacerbate water management
    problems, planning, and infrastructure capacity. These conditions will
    result in water rationing and agricultural losses.
        Drought projections for Puerto Rico suggest that under increased
    temperatures, there will be an increase in both drought intensity and
    frequency due to decreases in precipitation.
    Hurricanes
        According to NOAA, hurricanes are becoming stronger, and climate
    change is making these storms more intense and destructive. Warming has
    increased the likelihood of a hurricane developing into a Category 3 or
    higher by about 8 percent a decade, and the trend line for this type of
    hurricane is up. As warming continues, the likelihood of having more
    intense storms and moving slower can have an enormous impact on life
    and property. Now we are preparing for the next hurricane season in
    three months.
    Impact to Health
        Health impacts include extreme heat that can cause dehydration,
    lack of clean water and sanitation, an increase of air contamination,
    more frequent and stronger Saharan dust events, and vector-borne
    diseases. Mental health impacts are also notable, as most survivors
    experience a high degree of psychological trauma during and after
    hurricane events.
    Community Approach
        Catastrophic events reveal that islands have more difficulties in
    responding to hurricane impacts and dealing with extreme impacts. It
    takes longer for disaster logistics and operations to establish, for
    managing supplies, and the time to task the response and recovery is
    enormous. There is a disproportional effect in our geographically small
    islands because we are remote and relatively short on human, food,
    water, and resources.
        As important it is to move to renewable energy to reduce greenhouse
    gas emissions, our islands need to concentrate on the implementation of
    adaptation and mitigation measures to reduce natural, health, social,
    and economic vulnerabilities. Current fiscal and economic challenges of
    the islands, coupled with an increasing elderly population, create
    additional challenges for the islands' governments to prepare for,
    respond to, and recover from climate-related disasters.
        I strongly believe that to transform our communities, we need to
    understand their needs, and only then can we design and implement
    programs in ways that community members engage to achieve adaptation,
    resilience, and mitigation. Therefore, governments, universities, and
    nonprofits need to change their approach by providing community-based
    solutions that can address the impact of climate change. Conversations
    are needed. Listen to their needs, then provide capacity building,
    connect leaders with other sources of information, use mapping tools,
    and look for strategies that are not government-centric for
    catastrophic events. For the immediate response to an extreme event,
    the local emergency management, nonprofits, and volunteer organizations
    are the first responders. Usually, these have extremely limited
    resources and struggle to deliver services. The model or assumption
    that local, state, and federal government will respond immediately is
    not real, and those expectations will not be met in the short term.
        Climate and extreme weather events suffered in the last five years
    in PR have catalyzed actions that helped us to advance social
    transformation in our community, promoting an uprising in community-
    based organizations that have pursued sustainable development and
    climate adaptation. There are hundreds of Initiatives (academia, NGOs,
    and communities) that were borne after the hurricane season of 2017.
    Hurricane Maria was a game-changer, and we have learned that empowering
    communities can build a sustainable and equitable future for our
    islands. These initiatives were centered on the engagement of residents
    in neighborhoods that were impacted by Hurricane Maria and are still
    recovering from the aftermath.
        The question we need to ask ourselves is how to best approach it? I
    would urge this committee to make sure that public policy serves our
    communities and that we use all this scientific knowledge to make it
    useful to the communities. If we have better local emergency management
    resources, we can respond faster. If we have accessible and prepared
    healthcare facilities for long period energy outages, we can respond to
    people that need intensive care, oxygen, insulin, or suffer renal
    deficiency and cancer. If we have better data collection of our most
    vulnerable population, those that are medically fragile, live in poor
    communities, and handicapped, we can respond faster. If we have an
    incentive for renewable energy practices, we will have a less economic
    impact and reduce carbon emissions. If we have better agricultural
    practices, we will have more food security. If we want to ensure the
    integrity of ecosystems and the protection of biodiversity, some can
    probably resist external environmental stresses. If we build according
    to codes and mitigate in high-risk zones, damages will be reduced. If
    we maintain our water reservoirs and limit the leakage from pipes, we
    can conserve water. If we recycle, reduce and reuse, we can protect the
    environment. If we have more empathy and solidarity, we can better
    understand community needs and make decisions that are community-based,
    centered on the well-being of the community.
        We all have a responsibility to take actions to save lives, to
    ensure that we focus on public policy that ensures adaptation,
    mitigation, and resilience to climate change, and we have a
    responsibility to educate with empathy and solidarity, to understand
    the need of our communities, to empower them with resources and
    funding, to motivate to act and to ensure a better quality of life for
    our future generations.
        Climate change is real. By experience, we know.

        Thank you for holding this much needed and important hearing.

                                     ______

       Questions Submitted for the Record to Ms. Ada Monzon, President,
                  EcoExploratorio--Puerto Rico Science Museum
                 Questions Submitted by Representative DeGette
    Background
        Rep. DeGette's Clean Energy Innovation and Deployment Act includes
    a provision (Section 130 of H.R. 7516 in the 116th Congress) that may
    be of great benefit to people living in U.S. territories, as well as on
    islands and in remote areas worldwide.
        The provision would require the Department of Energy (DOE) to
    establish a certification program for electricity-related technologies
    for use in remote communities. Companies whose products were certified
    could use that fact in marketing the technologies, much as do the
    recipients of DOE's Energy Star label. Facilitating the deployment of
    these technologies would make modern electricity services more
    affordable, reliable, and resilient to households in remote areas, and
    reduce demand for expensive imported fossil fuel-generated electricity
    and the associated carbon emissions.
        Qualifying technologies would include those that can generate
    electricity off-grid (such as solar panels), those that store energy,
    and highly efficient appliances, including lights, cell-phone chargers,
    computers, fans, refrigerators, stoves and ovens. DOE would only
    certify a technology determined to function properly; generate no
    greenhouse gas emissions; be affordable, reliable, durable, safe, and
    protective of human health and the environment; be compatible with
    other technologies relevant to its functioning, including those which
    have been similarly certified; and be available for deployment at
    commercial-scale throughout the territories and states of the United
    States.
        There is already a market for these kinds of technologies,
    especially in developing countries, but many of the products being
    marketed today do not work well, are sold on the basis of fraudulent
    claims, or are not compatible with adjacent technologies (for example,
    a solar panel not being compatible with a battery). Rep. DeGette's
    measure would make DOE the validator of these technologies, thus
    driving their innovation, increasing their quality, protecting
    consumers in the United States and globally, and facilitating the
    deployment of affordable reliable resilient climate-friendly
    technologies to communities in the United States, and around the world,
    that need them the most.

        Question 1. In addition to being on the front lines of climate
    change, are communities on your islands paying much higher electricity
    rates due to the fact that most electricity is generated from imported,
    expensive, and, in many cases, polluting fossil fuels?

        Question 2. Are the electric grids on your islands vulnerable to
    disruption by the effects of climate change, in particular increasing
    storm intensity, water cycle disruption, average temperatures, and sea
    level rise?

        Question 3. Do you believe this puts an additional and unnecessary
    financial strain on those living on your islands?

        Question 4. Given that, do you think there might be a market on
    your islands for affordable reliable resilient equipment to generate
    and use zero-emitting electricity, reducing dependence on expensive
    fossil fuels and the vulnerable electric grid?

        Question 5. Do you think certification of this kind of equipment by
    the U.S. Department of Energy, as described in the Background section,
    would increase consumer confidence in it and thereby promote its use on
    your islands?

        Answer. In compliance with the Committee's request for information,
    and after consideration of the nature of the questions presented by
    Congresswoman DeGette as part of the hearing on Discussion Draft H.R. ,
    ``Insular Area Climate Change Act'', I consider it prudent to defer the
    questions to individuals or entities with competence over energy
    production or regulation.

        I remain in a truthful disposition to continue working in tandem
    with this honorable Committee to advance climate-conscious discussions
    and policy making.

        Should you require any further assistance of have any questions,
    please do not hesitate to contact me directly.

                  Questions Submitted by Representative Graves

        Question 1. I am concerned that the creation of new Federal
    programs may result in duplication with existing programs, diluting
    funding availability and potential impacts. Are existing programs
    failing to meet these needs? If so, could they be reformed to better
    support current inadequacies? Please provide specific examples.

        Answer. There should be subject matter experts on this question
    that can provide more insight into federal energy programs. I
    understand that, for example, the State Energy Program from the DOE
    provides funding for technical assistance to states, territories, and
    the District of Columbia to enhance energy security, advance state-led
    energy initiatives, and maximize the benefits of decreasing energy
    waste. The current act project includes a program to provide annual
    funding for developing and construction energy projects, which is
    currently not covered under any existing program.

        Question 2. Insular areas are unique in many ways, including
    energy. These areas are largely dependent on imports for energy--
    resulting in high costs, reduced energy security and vulnerability to
    supply chain disruption. Distributed generation and renewables are a
    very good fit for the natural resource availability of many of these
    areas. However, my concern is that the Federal Government would be
    mandating a singular approach. Even if you were to dramatically
    increase renewables, does it make sense to keep the door open for other
    energy options?

        Answer. The energy vision of Puerto Rico is defined by the
    government leaders of Puerto Rico. Currently, our Island relies
    primarily on imported fossil fuels to meet its energy needs. Our
    electricity is supplied by the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority
    (PREPA), which is a government agency that owns the electricity
    transmission and distribution system. The government's vision is a
    clear path to progressively increase the share of renewable energy and
    energy efficiency--while being mindful of debt and the properly
    regulated procurement processes. Under the Puerto Rico Energy Public
    Policy Act, PREPA must obtain 40% of its electricity from renewable
    resources by 2025, 60% by 2040, and 100% by 2050. That is now defined
    under Act 33-2019, the Puerto Rico Climate Change Mitigation,
    Adaptation, and Resiliency Act, where Puerto Rico must establish
    climate change public policy and processes to mitigate, adapt and
    increase resiliency by sector. I understand that increasing renewables
    and making them accessible to the general population, especially those
    people that are in the least accessible and marginalized areas, that
    are older, and/or that their health conditions require continuous
    energy supply, should be considered.

        Question 3. A primary reason for a government mandates is that a
    desired outcome does not make financial sense over the long term. Is
    that the case--would renewable energy be more expensive over the long
    term? If not, what is the benefit of having the Federal Government
    impose such mandates (if it potentially ties the hands of these areas
    should a better option come along in the future)?

        Answer. Renewable energy is clearly far cheaper, and studies
    (PREPA's analysis done by Siemens) or Cambio, IEEFA, UPR Professors
    like Marcel Castro and Efrain Carrillo have all found that renewable
    energy is cheaper. Investing now in renewables is a better option, and
    it does not tie our hands if a better option comes along. Continuing to
    spend on more costly fossil fuels has an immediate and significant cost
    and increases our vulnerability and deaths in catastrophic events.

          Questions Submitted by Resident Commissioner Gonzalez-Colon
        Question 1. What should be the priority when addressing climate
    change issues in Puerto Rico and other coastal communities in the
    United States?

        Answer. There are three main impacts of climate change:
    Environment, Health, and Economic Development, which shows that climate
    change is not an isolated event, but a complex scenario that is
    continuously evolving, and extreme atmospheric and ocean events can be
    compounded with cascade effects. Therefore, climate change has these
    three main impacts, which are related and multidimensional as a direct
    or indirect impact.
        Priorities to address climate change need to co-exist, and the
    different stakeholders need to attend to specific areas. Certainly, our
    vision to address climate change issues in Puerto Rico needs to focus
    on the short and long term because climate change is already happening.
    We need to think about how life and the well-being of our islands have
    been impacted and re-shaped in the past 5 years, and how will it change
    for the next 50 and 100 years?
        Therefore, climate change presents a complicated scenario regarding
    priorities because it requires addressing multiple topics. However,
    energy is at the heart of climate action since we need to stop the
    source of greenhouse gases and the main cause of health-related deaths
    in extreme weather events that may disrupt the energy supply. We must
    build systems that are more resilient, robust, and safe. It must
    consider environmental stewardship for our natural resources: water,
    air, and land, and the social and economic factors that influence
    whether a community and its residents can thrive as we face climate
    change. We must focus on marginalized communities, and this needs risk
    assessment for mitigation and rapid recovery to natural hazards. We
    must determine various sources of funding that can support the
    evaluation and implementation of actions to become more resilient to
    climate change.
        Our immediate threat to Category 4 and 5 hurricanes requires that
    we be able to respond and recover in a quick manner, as a territory,
    and at a community/individual level. NOAA has suggested that an
    increase in Category 4 and 5 hurricanes are likely, with hurricane wind
    speeds increasing by up to 10 percent, and if global warming continues,
    our vulnerability to hurricanes Category 4 and 5 will increase.
        Our climate change response can be a model for other climate-
    threatened communities in the United States and the world. Let us
    consider these priorities and general solutions. I encourage you to
    meet with specialized stakeholders in each of the following sectors and
    meet with the Committee on Experts and Advisors on Climate Change,
    which can provide insight and better define problems and action items.
    These are just general comments on some of the climate change
    priorities:

    1. Energy

        a. Problem: It is not only important to decrease greenhouse
    emissions (the core of global warming) but because people's health and
    well-being depend on a stable and reliable source of energy. This
    sector is the most vulnerable in sudden catastrophic situations and the
    cause of major indirect deaths.

        b. Actions: We need to incentivize renewables and use the funding
    for reconstruction. We need to protect energy generation, electric
    grids and manage demand in emergencies and protect current fuel
    transport and storage while in the transition to renewables. As a first
    step, priorities should be given to increase renewable energy to the
    least accessible and marginalized communities, to those that are older
    and/or that their health conditions require continuous energy supply.
    Incentives for establishing renewable energy in most households should
    be a priority. Request PREPA to use the fund for renewable energy
    systems to critical health, emergency management, and government
    facilities island-wide. Promote the use of electric cars. Develop the
    renewable charging infrastructure in Puerto Rico so that there is more
    available to recharge vehicles.

    2. Water

        a. Problem: In the Caribbean, drought periods are becoming more
    frequent and prolonged. Studies of yearly and seasonal precipitation
    reveal trends over many regions in Puerto Rico. Variations in total
    precipitation can be caused by a change in the frequency of
    precipitation. Rainfall is estimated to continue to decrease in a
    warmer world. There is a significant loss of water across the Island,
    approximately 60% of the water it distributes to customers due to pipe
    leakages and illegal hookups, according to Puerto Rico Aqueduct and
    Sewer Authority (PRASA). Our aquifers and reservoirs are diminishing in
    their capacity, and this restricts agriculture, economic development,
    and water supply to the general population. Good water quality is
    essential for maintaining public health and other social services.
    Also, limited water capacity can limit the ability to respond to
    increased wildfires. Sea level rise affects the availability and
    quality of water supply due to saltwater intrusion into groundwater
    aquifers and distribution networks. Also, decreased water availability
    can have environmental impacts. Increased heat and drought, as well as
    catastrophic hurricanes, will promote the migration of people. At the
    same time, extreme rainfall events can trigger floods and landslides,
    putting the already vulnerable communities of Puerto Rico in the flood
    plain and in the mountain region more prone to damages. During
    Hurricane Maria, there were more than 70,000 landslides.

        b. Action: Water issues in Puerto Rico should be addressed,
    emphasizing three main components: water quality, water availability,
    and water accessibility. If rainfall continues to decrease, we will
    need to consider designing a more Resilient Water Management System
    improving redundancy and diversifying water supplies. For instance,
    there are many potential solutions for Puerto Rico. First, adopting
    Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) principles, a process that
    promotes coordination on water management, land, and related resources
    in order to maximize socio-economic welfare in an equitable manner
    without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems and the
    environment. Two, by promoting decentralized water systems such as
    ``Rain Harvesting Systems.'' Puerto Rico has a high dependence on
    Central Distribution Water System PRASA against all Resilient
    Principles. Water collection and production are focused solely and
    exclusively on rain falling on the headwaters areas of the basins of
    Puerto Rico. Little attention is given to the amount of water falling
    on other places of the Island. We must make ``smart water actions'' by
    reusing the already occupied urban areas by installing Water Systems to
    promote water-sensitive cities. We must expand water catchment no by
    building new reservoirs and dredging existing reservoirs (business as
    usual) but by re-utilizing the urban areas (building's rooftops,
    shopping centers rooftops, schools rooftops, and residences rooftops)
    to design Rain Harvesting Systems. All these urban areas are large
    impervious surface areas, only generating runoff and, in most cases of
    heavy rainfall, causing floods and economic impacts. We must
    incentivize Rain Harvesting Systems that fills up with alternative
    methods that help to minimize dependency on PRASA. Desalinization
    should be considered to supply potable water in some coastal
    communities. However, these systems are costly and expensive to
    maintain. Water Recycling System is another alternative that needs to
    be considered in order to reuse water that is flowing already in the
    ``system.'' Water reservoirs need to be adequately maintained through
    watershed management plans. Modify and improve drainage systems
    capacity and work with PRASA for transforming the water sector. Water
    managers need to maintain a dependable water supply, including
    alternative supply sources. Increase and incentivize rainwater capture
    and the recycling of water, as well as educate about ``Water Sense''
    labeled products.

    3. Coastal Erosion/Sea Level Rise/Biodiversity

        a. Problem: Our coastal areas face complex actions from climate
    change, but we can effectively respond and build resilience. The vast
    majority of energy infrastructure is vulnerable due to its location in
    our coastal areas. Sea level rise and extreme swell events. . . coastal
    erosion is causing a retreat of the coastline of up to 1 meter per
    year. Protecting and restoring ecosystems can help us reduce the extent
    of climate change and cope with its impact. Many coastal communities
    are facing the reality of looking for shelter for every meteorological
    phenomenon causing storm surge.

        b. Action: To reduce risks and improve resiliency to protect the
    coastline, identify adaptation options and environmental management
    experts to include best practices that will include natural engineering
    practices. Coastal Communities can seek shelter from rising waters and
    battering storm surges or opting for Managed Coastal Retreat away from
    the problem. An ecosystem-based approach to the planning of green
    spaces and nature-based solutions may reduce climate change effects on
    vulnerable communities. Healthy ecosystems can buffer against coastal
    erosion or extreme weather events. Local plans for coastal communities
    should include the context of natural hazards and climate change impact
    and define mitigation actions that are needed for funding. Immediately
    discourage construction practices along with the coastal areas,
    especially in those with severe erosion. There is an immediate need to
    protect and preserve ecosystems, habitats, coastal development, and
    controlling invasive species. Evaluate the integration of hybrid and
    nature-based such as coral reefs, wetlands, dunes, swales, horizontal
    levees, etc. Legislation should be focused on not permitting
    development on land vulnerable to hazards and further evaluation and
    enforcement of land use plans, zoning regulations, and building codes.
    There should be major efforts for reforestation which is an important
    intervention for cooling temperatures, landslide mitigation, and
    climate change mitigation because of its carbon storage potential.
    There should be strict protection for areas of very high biodiversity
    and climate value.

    4. Food Security

        a. Problem: Climate change affects the entire food system (food
    production and availability, access, quality, utilization, and
    stability). Isolation and dependence on imports have increased our
    vulnerability in catastrophic events. This situation has become serious
    with every natural hazard threat, and it has worsened living
    conditions. According to IPCC, observed climate change is already
    affecting food security through increasing temperatures, changing
    precipitation patterns, and greater frequency of some extreme events,
    and it will be increasingly affected by projected future climate
    change.

        b. Action: This issue demands large actions because local water
    scarcity and instability of food production around the world have a
    direct impact on our food supply. Vertical farms and innovation in food
    production need to be evaluated because of the high risks, and this may
    become one of the most significant threats to Puerto Rico from climate
    change.

    5. Health

        a. Problem: Climate change affects human health by altering
    exposures to heatwaves, floods, droughts, smoke exposure, and other
    extreme events; vector-, food- and waterborne infectious diseases;
    changes in the quality and safety of air, food, and water; and stresses
    to mental health and well-being. These changes led to increased risk of
    exposure to airborne allergens and vector-borne diseases such as West
    Nile virus, malaria, dengue fever, and chikungunya to human
    populations, particularly in tropical communities. Changing patterns
    and frequency of prolonged heat episodes, ground-level atmospheric
    ozone concentration or smog, and dust and other aerosols that trigger
    asthmatic responses are also conditions of concern. Extreme Heat and
    Air Pollution are silent killers. According to CDC, the health effects
    can include increased respiratory and cardiovascular diseases,
    injuries, and premature deaths related to extreme weather events.
    Deaths can also increase due to natural hazards. The extent to which
    climate change could alter the burden of disease in any location at any
    point in time will depend not just on the magnitude of local climate
    change but also on individual and population vulnerability, exposure to
    changing weather patterns, and capacity to manage risks, which may also
    be affected by climate change. According to the American Academy of
    Pediatrics, the health of children is especially vulnerable to the
    impacts of climate change because of their growing bodies, their unique
    behaviors and interactions with the world around them, and their
    dependency on caregivers.

        b. Action: Promote Early Warning Systems to climate hazards
    affecting Public Health. For instance, dengue is among the most common
    diseases of humans, with more than one-third of the world's population
    at risk. For more effective prevention and control in Puerto Rico, we
    need better prediction and more effective detection systems for vector-
    borne diseases. Improving Air Quality by reducing air pollution and
    greenhouse gas emissions. Extreme heat events in urban and rural areas
    would have a negative effect on human health and other social and
    economic measures, as well as affect the integrity of ecosystems and
    the benefits we derive from them. Our community centers and citizens
    need appropriate healthcare units and treatment centers with state-of-
    the-art resources to deal with the physical and mental care of the most
    vulnerable population. Reducing the urban heat island effect while
    simultaneously promoting an active, healthy lifestyle and increasing
    mental health programs are measures that need to be taken. Working with
    pediatricians can help determine the best actions for children.

    6. Infrastructure

        a. Problem: Increased sea level rise and catastrophic hurricanes
    can lead to extreme damages and vulnerability to ports, airports,
    bridges, roads, and energy infrastructure. There will be higher
    maintenance and repair costs for water treatment systems due to lower
    quality inputs. The 2019 Report Card for Puerto Rico's Infrastructure
    released by the Puerto Rico Section of the American Society of Civil
    Engineers (ASCE) gave eight categories of infrastructure an overall
    grade of a `D-'. PR needs to increase its investment in infrastructure
    and needs to include climate change impact. Infrastructure deficiencies
    imply a lack of sustainability and a higher vulnerability to climate
    change.

        b. Action: New infrastructure development should be in safe areas
    and using new materials for longer design life and applying in new ways
    to be sustainable. Urban transport projects need to move to renewable
    energy. There should be incentives for ``green building'' by targeting
    water-saving and energy-efficient initiatives such as smart meters and
    LED lighting.

    7. Housing

        a. Problem: Natural disasters have moved many families to become
    homeless due to partial or total damages to their residences. Risks
    associated with wind, flooding, and landslides to residential homes are
    increasing due to climate change. Most housing in Puerto Rico lacks
    renewable energy systems.

        b. Action: Having a safe and sustainable home is one of our most
    important assets. We need to discourage construction in highly
    vulnerable areas and channel housing to safer areas with fewer risks.
    Structural modification of homes can significantly reduce the roof from
    extreme events. Working with foundations and non-profits to make
    housing available to individuals experiencing homelessness faster and
    at less cost. This provides extra resilience against the effects of
    natural hazards. In addition to enforcing building codes and land use,
    homes need to reduce their carbon footprint, and renewable energy
    should be encouraged and facilitated. New housing and construction
    should include the most recent building codes, renewable energy, water
    sense, and energy-efficient products and equipment. Provide incentives
    for planting and incorporate green practices in housing and other
    construction.
    8. Landfills

        a. Problem: According to FEMA/EPA, Puerto Rico could run out of
    landfill space in 2 to 4 years. There is a capacity problem, which was
    heightened by debris left by hurricanes and earthquakes, and issues
    related to mismanagement and compliance. Solid waste management experts
    expect that by 2022, 67% of the 29 landfills in Puerto Rico will close.

        b. Action: Reducing food waste, recycling, and reusing offers big
    opportunities. There should be policies to encourage backyard
    composting, which also reduces methane emissions. Emphasis needs to be
    placed on reducing waste at the source, reusing materials, and then
    recycling. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) identifies using
    recycled materials as a top way to reduce industrial energy use.

    9. Information, Outreach, and Education

        a. Problem: There is a perception that climate change is not
    occurring or is not real, or that is not imminent. Also, it is not
    clear how to adapt to climate change or how to protect our environment.
    The interdependence of all the factors that can be affected by climate
    change is not well communicated.

        b. Action: Individuals and groups need to understand the importance
    of addressing the approaching risks to mitigate adverse impacts on
    society. As important it is to understand the science of climate
    change, more important is to think about actions and solutions to
    problems. There will be communities that will require specific needs in
    adapting to changes in the climate, and we need to take account of the
    needs of the most vulnerable citizens and do climate justice. Raise
    public awareness to encourage the local population to adapt and be
    prepared for the likely impacts of climate change and foster community
    participation in the decision-making process. Shape the future
    generation with skills to understand and reflect on the physical and
    social world so that they can think critically, participate in
    decision-making and take action.

        Question 2. In your written testimony you discuss the need to
    engage with communities and stakeholders like nonprofit organizations
    to achieve adaptation, resilience, and mitigation. You also mention
    that the model or assumption that local, state, and Federal Government
    agencies will respond immediately is not real.

        2a. Can you elaborate on this? Why should we include stakeholders
    beyond the government in order to effectively respond to and prepare
    for extreme weather events and other climate-related issues?

        Answer. Yes, I was specifically referring to catastrophic events,
    which are the most challenging to respond to. In catastrophic
    hurricanes, where all state functions are affected and interrupted,
    especially when there are simultaneous and/or concurrent threats or
    disasters across the USA and Caribbean, the ability to immediately
    respond to the individual necessities are extremely difficult and
    overwhelming, and planning for these circumstances is almost impossible
    because of cascading effects. It makes unreal under these circumstances
    to respond at the local level for the entire Island in 48 hours or
    less. FEMA mentioned in its ``2017 Hurricane Season After Action
    Report,'' which included Hurricanes Maria, Harvey, and Irma, that ``no
    jurisdiction or federal agency has all the staff and resources it will
    need to respond to a catastrophic incident.'' It becomes a titanic task
    for the state and municipality to initially assess damages, to respond
    to multiple needs, which may include people trapped, unable to access
    areas because of landslides, floods, or wind damage, etc. Lack of
    communications can make it extremely difficult to make needs
    assessment, and lack of energy can cause indirect deaths since it
    becomes impossible to maintain critical facilities and equipment or
    lifelines that sustain life. The coordination efforts between federal,
    state, and municipal entities become complex and extremely difficult,
    and decisions to save life and property can become impaired, among
    others, for the municipal emergency management offices to respond
    requires having more personnel equipment or resources that are feasible
    to respond and save lives in a catastrophic situation.
        Stakeholders such as community leaders, non-profit organizations,
    and private enterprises are considered first responders in the event of
    an extreme weather event. We must enhance communication channels with
    the federal, state, and municipal government to develop models of
    resilience that can mitigate the impact of catastrophic hurricanes in
    our communities and allow for the short-term response to be more
    manageable, to strengthen capabilities and help survivors, while the
    government organizes and respond to critical sectors.
        Communities had to rely heavily on neighbors and civil society
    organizations to deliver effective disaster response and recovery.
    Building social capital is important and can provide disaster
    resilience if used purposefully for such situations. It can be
    fostered, used, and strengthened through capacity building and the
    community's strengths, weaknesses, and collaborative capacities to
    develop a plan of action. Connecting social capital with financial
    sources and incentives is important so that economic constraints are
    not the main obstacle for adaptation options to be implemented.
        While many positive steps have been taken to address issues in
    FEMA's 2017 Hurricane Season After Action Report, the earthquakes,
    COVID-19 pandemic, and the ongoing recovery efforts to Hurricane Maria
    and continued climate change effects have increased our vulnerability
    and perhaps lessened our capacities in some areas to respond for the
    2021 hurricane season. This needs immediate action.

        2b. What role should the private sector and non-profit
    organizations play in addressing climate change in Puerto Rico, the
    rest of the territories, and other coastal communities across the
    nation?

        Answer. In addressing climate change, the private sector needs to
    be more involved in social responsibility in communities. There should
    be legislation that a certain amount of funding must be invested in
    non-profit organizations for projects that increase resilience,
    mitigation, and adaptation in local communities.

        Question 3. In his testimony, Secretary Machargo of the Puerto Rico
    Department of Natural and Environmental Resources indicated that one of
    the biggest priorities of the Puerto Rico Climate Change Experts and
    Advisory Committee is the need to acquire an additional NEXRAD Doppler
    system. As one of the members of the Advisory Committee, would you like
    to elaborate on this proposal and why it's needed?

        Answer. Our Island lost its NEXRAD Doppler Radar TJUA WSR-88D due
    to wind gust speeds over 200 mph at an altitude above 2,900' in Cayey,
    Puerto Rico, during Hurricane Maria. The design wind for this radar
    lies between 130-150 mph. If we had had an additional radar along the
    west side of Puerto Rico, we would have had redundancy in the weather
    infrastructure. Because we lost our radar when the eye of Hurricane
    Maria was making landfall, we lost historical, scientific data that
    could have helped in future mitigation practices, develop guidelines
    for wind speeds design, and if we had another cyclone approaching, we
    would have been in a very vulnerable position in 2017--bringing
    humanitarian aid after Hurricane Maria was only possible through the
    air. Initially, airports had limited capacity, and not having a radar
    limited our capacity to have a more effective response. It took 9
    months after Hurricane Maria that our radar was restored. This is the
    most important piece of weather observation in Puerto Rico, and it is
    extremely important for the National Weather Service (NWS) Forecast
    Office in San Juan, Puerto Rico. This is the only radar of its kind in
    the Caribbean. Although St. Marten and the Dominican Republic have
    radars nearby, they do not cover Puerto Rico and are inconsistent in
    data images. In many coastal states, there is redundancy for weather
    radars due to geographic areas. The capabilities of TJUA are unique and
    difficult to match with other remote sensing sensors such as
    geostationary (GOES-16) and polar satellites. Some of the unique
    capabilities are not the only categorization of the raindrops, hail,
    and ice inside of the cloud, but also the ability to detect motion
    (velocity of these water particles) and the estimation of the rain
    rates and rainfall accumulation over the islands and the adjacent
    waters. Forecasters at NWS San Juan continuously utilize radar products
    to track thunderstorms capable of producing significant rainfall in
    short periods of time, as well as strong winds that can produce damage
    across the islands. The importance of the radar increases in relevance
    when a tropical cyclone approaches the northeast Caribbean region.
    Local forecasters, as well as the hurricane specialists at the National
    Hurricane Center in Miami, use the radar to locate the center of the
    cyclone as it moves near or over Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin
    Islands, while at the same time, using it to estimate rainfall amounts
    associated with the core of the cyclone and the external rainbands.
    This is extremely important in islands like Puerto Rico, where the
    topography focuses on heavy rainfall in some areas across the Island.
    The utilization of the Doppler radar is maximized during the hurricane
    season as tropical waves, tropical depressions, tropical storms, and
    hurricanes threaten Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands region, on
    average, every 3 to 5 days. Marine and aviation operations also benefit
    from the Doppler radar product suite. For example, radar wind profiles
    are used daily to estimate the winds in the first few kilometers above
    the ground, essential to alert pilots about downdrafts and possible
    crosswinds. Local forecasters can warn mariners about torrential
    rainfall, strong gusty winds, and waterspouts by using the reflectivity
    (estimate the intensity of the rainfall) and velocity products.
    Although most of the remote sensing instruments available for the
    northeast Caribbean attempt to estimate the rainfall, the radar is the
    most reliable doing this task. All in all, the radar is the most
    effective tool used to issue watches, warnings, advisories, and
    statements to help core partners to make decisions, as well as alert
    the people in Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands, and surrounding waters
    to save lives and property.

        Question 4. I think one of the biggest challenges we face in Puerto
    Rico when it comes to accessing Federal grants--including those to
    mitigate the impacts of climate change--is that often individuals,
    communities, and organizations on the Island simply do not apply for
    the program, either because they are not aware about the funding
    opportunity, or because they lack the necessary capacity and knowhow to
    go through the application process.

        4a. Is this something you've seen or experienced yourself?

        Answer. Definitely, there is not a centralized grant opportunity
    center in Puerto Rico. It is difficult to find opportunities to apply
    for grants and provide services aligned with the federal agencies as
    well as with the organization. Some agencies include processes that are
    too complicated for the average community and non-profit organization.
    I have been lucky to preside an organization that has the capacity to
    hire grant writers and professionals in the field to access these
    funds. Without their expertise, it would have been too time-consuming.

        4b. In your opinion, should Federal agencies invest more in raising
    awareness about existing funding opportunities to tackle these issues,
    building capacity among potential applicants, and simplifying the grant
    application processes?

        Answer. Yes. Federal and state agencies could invest more time in
    raising awareness about existing funding opportunities to tackle issues
    as well as building capacity among potential applicants. I know first-
    hand that the Institute of Museum and Library Services, National
    Endowment for the Humanities, and National Endowment for the Arts (NEA)
    has been active in Puerto Rico the past years and have visited the
    Island and offered workshops as well as one-on-one meetings with
    constituents on various occasions. This was facilitated by the
    Instituto de Cultura Puertorriquena (ICP). This is an example of what I
    understand are initiatives that help agencies understand the needs
    first-hand as well as align organizations to the available programs at
    the different agencies. The NEA sponsored an initiative through ICP to
    help organizations through capacity building on getting their 501(c)(3)
    IRS non-profit status, grant writing, and grants management.
    Organizations need to have a 501(c)(3) to be eligible to apply for
    federal funding, which becomes crucial particularly during the recovery
    process and to ensure the sustainability of their organizations. The
    UPR Resilience Law center is offering a professional certification
    ``Destrezas Legales en la Recuperacion Resiliente''. I think one of the
    most challenging things for our municipalities and non-profits is that
    there are language barriers; the majority speak and write Spanish yet
    face limitations with fluent English. USDA translates some of its
    opportunities, yet I believe it is the only agency that does so, and
    not for all its programs. Most of the local organizations do not have
    experience in writing grants. Therefore their capacity to take
    advantage of the available opportunities is almost non-existent. All
    federal agencies have different requirements for the grant application
    process, despite the existence of the 2 CFR 200. There are some
    agencies whose process is too complicated, instructions unclear, and
    lack uniformity. For the average person, the process could be unreal
    and difficult to understand. Simplifying the process for some agencies
    would help increase the number of grants that Puerto Rico receives.
    There are other challenges the organizations on the Island could face,
    particularly the ones that are starting out, such as accessing lines of
    credit.

        Question 5. What would you say is the most critical climate-related
    concern in Puerto Rico?

        Answer. The list was already provided in Question 1.

                                     ______

        The Chairman. Thank you very much.
        And before I turn to the Ambassador for his comments, I
    think Mr. Westerman had a comment or a question, and let me
    make an effort to recognize him again for his comment.
        Mr. Westerman, you are recognized.
        Let me return to the witnesses. Mr. Gerald Zackios,
    Ambassador to the United States, Republic of Marshall Islands.
        Mr. Ambassador, the time is yours, 5 minutes. Thank you,
    sir, for being here. Much appreciated.

     STATEMENT OF HIS EXCELLENCY GERALD M. ZACKIOS, AMBASSADOR TO
         THE UNITED STATES, REPUBLIC OF THE MARSHALL ISLANDS,
                             WASHINGTON, DC

        Ambassador Zackios. Mr. Chairman and distinguished Members.
        Thank you, Mr. Chairman, for your leadership regarding the
    special threats that climate change poses to the Marshall
    Islands, the RMI, and the other insular jurisdictions of, or
    freely associated with, the United States.
        Thank you, as well, for making it possible for me to
    complete my testimony in time to meet with President Biden's
    National Security Advisor at 1 p.m., a time I could not change.
        Climate change poses an existential threat to the RMI in a
    way that it does to only three of the world's other nations.
    Our highest point of land is less than 6 feet over sea-level
    rise.
        This is also a threat to the defense and economic security
    of the United States. Our free association gives the United
    States the right to deny other nations access to a strategic
    expanse of the Pacific that is nearly 25 percent of the size of
    the 48 continental United States. Other nations covet shipping
    lanes in the waters that the United States controls access to
    now but won't control if the RMI is submerged.
        Further, a U.S. Army study found that its Ronald Reagan
    Ballistic Missile Defense Test Site on our Kwajalein Atoll,
    which the Joint Chiefs of Staff call, and I quote, ``the
    world's premier range for antiballistic missile testing and
    space operations support,'' will be underwater in three
    decades--that is, if this isn't prevented.
        These are the reasons why it is so important for the
    Committee to prioritize climate change planning, mitigation,
    adaptation, and resilience in the RMI. It is also why the RMI
    is applying a climate threat lens to all policies. It is, for
    example, one of the issues required to be considered in use of
    compact or free association assistance.
        So, we are excited about the draft bill. We also have some
    suggestions to strengthen it.
        First, we respectfully suggest a finding be amended to
    recognize that sea-level rise is an existential threat to the
    RMI and this would undermine U.S. economic and defense
    security.
        Second, we respectfully request that all provisions of the
    bill that address climate change challenges in the U.S.
    territories apply in the Freely Associated States as well. Most
    already do, but there are some in which, because of language,
    do not.
        Third, we request that the bill direct the preparation of a
    report on the impacts of climate change on the Runit Dome
    nuclear waste storage facility and other hazards in its
    vicinity at Enewetak Atoll by independent experts agreed by
    both of our governments. Such a study would cover major gaps in
    a joint 2020 report by the Department of Energy required by
    law. It should propose options to remedy all of the
    contaminants left on Enewetak, including its lagoon, and
    mitigate related threats due to climate developments.
        The United States conducted nuclear testing equal to the
    force of 1.6 Hiroshima-size bombs every day for 12 years while
    it administered our islands as trustee for the U.N. The
    remaining nuclear waste and other contaminants are now
    threatened by sea-level rise. Recent leakage from the dome has
    generated concern from Hawaii and the U.N. Secretary-General
    while he was in Fiji.
        Fourth, we advise adding the Defense Department to the
    bill's insular interagency task force. The RMI would also
    benefit from technical support from the Interior Department's
    Fish and Wildlife Service and the Commerce Department's
    National Marine Fisheries Service Honolulu office.
        Finally, we would like to discuss with the Committee staff
    how some specific projects can be funded. One is for a solar
    power system for the islands of Wotje, Jaluit, Rongrong, and
    Santo and to fully transition Ebeye, Kwajalein, and other
    atolls to renewable energy.
        Another would improve sea-level-rise data, defining the
    actual risk for each of our communities. We also need
    assistance for our Reimaanlok Process, which guides our
    planning in sea-level rise.
        And we propose an Atoll Research Center of Excellence at
    the College of Marshall Islands to consolidate research not
    only for the RMI but for all insular areas.
        Thank you again for your attention and again for your
    leadership. I would be pleased to answer any questions and look
    forward to working with the Committee on this legislation.
        The RMI is fortunate that the Committee remembers that the
    RMI is a member of the U.S. extended political family,
    inextricably but voluntarily linked for an unlimited future.
        I thank you, Mr. Chair.

        [The prepared statement of Ambassador Zackios follows:]
     Prepared Statement of His Excellency Gerald M. Zackios, Ambassador of
                      the Republic of the Marshall Islands
                                  introduction
        Thank you, Mr. Chairman, for your leadership regarding the special
    threats that climate change poses to the Republic of the Marshall
    Islands (RMI) and other insular jurisdictions of or freely associated
    with the United States.
        I am here to testify on behalf of my Government and people
    regarding the existential threat climate change poses to the RMI, and
    to the enduring resilience that is the objective of our response to
    this global threat.
        I do not use the words ``existential threat'' lightly--or even in
    the way it is in the case of most nations. As a country with its
    highest point less than six feet above the rising sea level--one of the
    four lowest lying nations in the world--our islands' very existence is
    challenged.
        And this is a threat to the defense and economic security of the
    U.S. Our free association gives the U.S. the right to deny other
    nations access to a strategic expanse of the Pacific that is nearly 25%
    of the size of the 48 continental United States and the District of
    Columbia. The RMI's concession to the U.S. in this regard is
    extraordinary for a sovereign nation. And another nation covets access
    to our waters.
                                   background
        Fundamentally, ``resiliency'' can be defined as the empowerment of
    individuals to make the most of their opportunities and resources so
    that families and communities can adapt to changing circumstances,
    including the environment. The Marshallese people have proven their
    resiliency time and again, building a strong society and a thriving
    culture on islands buffeted by colonialism, war, and devastating
    nuclear bomb testing. As we confront the impacts of climate change, my
    Government is drawing on, respecting, and nurturing the fundamental
    resilience of our people as we chart our course for the future.
        ``Resilience'' in all its dimensions, including environmental,
    social, and economic resilience serves as the foundation of our 2020-
    2030 National Strategic Plan (NSP). It provides a development and
    progress roadmap for RMI. Building the resilience of our people and
    ecosystems is necessary for sustainable development and for protecting
    our natural capital and strengthening our human capital. It is
    essential for meeting our national development objectives as well as
    for ensuring the sustainability of economic growth regardless of the
    environmental impacts that we may face in the future.
        Like so many communities placed in peril by today's global climate
    emergency, the RMI's future relies upon urgent and enhanced mitigation
    and adaptation action.
        As a coral atoll nation, the RMI is a nation made up entirely of
    coastline. Our country comprises 1,156 individual islands and 29
    different atolls with an average elevation of less than six feet above
    sea level. We have no interior or higher ground to which to retreat. We
    are acutely and chronically vulnerable to the dangers of rising seas
    and other impacts that are accelerating with climate change,
    constituting a real, existential risk should the global average
    temperature exceed 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels.
        King tides, intrusion of salt water into freshwater resources, and
    the difficulties of growing food have exacerbated the challenges of the
    harsh atoll environment. We are also facing increased health challenges
    as a result of climate change. Scientists have determined that dengue
    fever and other mosquito-borne illnesses are increasing as climate
    change worsens, and our country has been experiencing this first-hand.
    From October to January 2020, our hospitals were overwhelmed with
    dengue fever patients.
        While the RMI only contributes 0.00001% of global greenhouse gas
    (GHG) emissions, it has a proud history of prominent climate
    leadership, at home as well as on the world stage.
        Following a global fuel price spike in 2008, the RMI declared a
    National Economic Emergency and has since then rapidly embraced
    renewable energy technologies and taken huge strides in energy
    efficiency. Our Electricity Roadmap provides a strategic framework to
    enable us to meet our climate change targets and to strengthen our role
    as a climate leader. This roadmap will allow us and our development
    partners to work together to achieve a common vision for the RMI's
    electricity sector.
        Over the last 15 years, progress has been made in developing
    renewable energy, and as a result, almost all households on the outer
    islands, previously without electricity, now have solar home systems,
    and several larger solar projects, totaling around 1 megawatt (MW),
    have been built on Majuro. In addition, in 2016, the RMI committed,
    under the Marrakech Partnership, to achieving 100% renewable energy by
    2050.
        On the international stage, the RMI spearheaded the 2013 Majuro
    Declaration for Climate Leadership, which sought to demonstrate the
    Pacific's adoption of some of the world's most ambitious GHG emissions
    reduction targets. In 2015, it played a key role in securing the Paris
    Agreement. It was also the first Small Island Developing State to
    submit its climate commitment (i.e., nationally determined
    contribution) under the Agreement. The commitment was ground-breaking
    in that it contained the first economy wide absolute GHG emissions
    reduction target against a base year by a developing country.
        In 2018, the RMI was also the first nation to submit its enhanced
    climate commitment under the Agreement. The RMI is also the founder of
    the High Ambition Coalition (HAC) which it continues to convene. And we
    are also working to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 as outlined in
    our Tile Til Eo 2050 Climate Strategy, the RMI's long-term low
    greenhouse gas emission climate-resilient development strategy under
    the Paris Agreement. This Strategy is our roadmap to embark on a low-
    carbon, blue-green economy development trajectory that emphasizes
    efficient use of natural resources.
        As climate change continues to wreak havoc worldwide, the RMI is
    acutely aware of our vulnerabilities and that policies to address
    climate change must not only continue to support mitigation efforts,
    but also to continue to provide support for adaptation--especially for
    atoll nations, which are uniquely vulnerable. Adaptation is central to
    our continued ability to exercise our national right of self-
    determination--our ability to govern our territory, sustain our
    culture, and protect our people. And we recognize the importance of
    taking a holistic, ecosystem-based approach to adaptation and
    resiliency in our country to respond to the impacts of climate change.
        However, as an atoll nation, the RMI does not have the luxury to
    pick and choose from a wide range of options and adaptation pathways to
    respond to the impacts of climate change and long-term sea-level rise.
    Nor is there an optimal solution that will create a `safe haven'.
    Adaptation will be a continuous journey involving a range of inter-
    relating activities, the composition of which will vary from location
    to location, and over time along each particular pathway.
        At times, the particular pathway may need to change as the
    magnitude of sea-level rise results in the initial path no longer
    providing the level of security required for the community,
    development, or infrastructure.
        The RMI's adaptive capacities will need to move from consideration
    of single independent options, for example, a focus on seawalls only,
    to a consideration of a progressive mix of ``hybrid'' options that work
    together to respond to the longer-term sea-level rise challenges and
    provide more effective or longer-term pathways.
        Adaptation responses could include maintaining or restoring the
    effectiveness of the complete natural coastal defense system; moving
    from slab concrete foundations to pile foundations, enabling property
    to be raised up or more easily relocated; and constructing ``backstop''
    protection measures that reduce over-topping impacts on properties and
    development.
        Our National Strategic Plan also recognizes that improved national
    and local capacity to undertake vulnerability and adaptation
    assessments and planning is critical for disaster risk management. We
    are focused on ensuring that all stakeholders are integrated into the
    planning and implementation of disaster risk and adaptation as needed.
        Our goal through ambitious adaptation action is to avert, minimize,
    and address loss and damage from climate change. Under current global
    emission projections, however, we cannot rule out scenarios where
    adaptation measures will not be sufficient to protect our people, our
    land, and our livelihoods. This would result in a real threat not only
    to basic social and economic development, but to our integrity as a
    nation.
        Despite our extensive efforts, the RMI recognizes that we cannot
    fulfill our climate adaptation plans alone. In order to protect our
    nation for future generations from loss and damage, and even to fully
    decarbonize our economy, the RMI needs financial and technical support
    to implement ambitious climate adaptation and mitigation projects.
        On the frontlines of the climate crisis, we are also uniquely
    placed to share our stories and exchange best practices with others who
    will face similar climate impacts in the future. As a leader on both
    climate adaptation and mitigation practices, we are open and willing to
    share our firsthand understandings of climate change and how our
    communities are building resilience so that others can learn.
             impact of climate change on the rmi and u.s. interests
        That is why this hearing is so important today. We greatly
    appreciate that the Committee has chosen to prioritize the importance
    of providing for climate change planning, mitigation, adaptation, and
    resilience in the U.S. territories and freely associated states.
        We enthusiastically support the draft bill. In this regard, we also
    have some suggestions to strengthen it that we respectfully request you
    consider.
        The U.S. is our closest partner. We have a joint history that
    includes the U.S. intentionally helping shape our modern society to
    bind us to you. We share values, norms, and personal ties. Our long-
    standing alliance is reflected in the Compact of Free Association and
    related agreements and laws.
        When these were first adopted in 1986, few understood the far-
    reaching consequences of climate change. Today, the situation is very
    different. The science and our own lived experience are clear: we face
    a climate crisis, intersecting with the RMI's geography and its
    legacies of colonialism and nuclear testing.
        As the bill under discussion outlines, insular areas are
    experiencing sea level rise, coastal erosion, and increasing storm
    impacts that threaten lives, critical infrastructure, eco-systems, and
    livelihood security. And moreover, temperature increases are likely to
    create and intensify the length of droughts, reduce water supply,
    impact public health, and increase demand of freshwater in these areas.
        In the RMI specifically, other impacts include higher demand on
    energy and damage to energy infrastructure causing more power outages.
    In addition, changes in ocean temperature and acidification will
    increase the risk of coral bleaching and reduce yellowfin and skipjack
    tuna catch by up to 31% in 2100 in the RMI EEZ, with consequences for
    subsistence fishing and food security and decreasing the revenue from
    the selling of fishing licenses.
        Indeed, the Marshall Islands considers climate change our most
    significant security threat. There is a potential for cascading
    fragility and instability risks tied to issues such as displacement and
    forced migration to U.S. areas, increased social tensions linked to
    access to land and fisheries resources, reduced coping capacity in the
    face of more frequent natural disasters, and the impact of sea level
    rise on national maritime zones and boundaries, among others. When a
    wider regional security lens is considered, including regional
    fragility and geopolitical influence efforts from the People's Republic
    of China among other entities, it is beyond question that climate
    impacts couple with other factors to sharply intensify an already
    difficult regional landscape on security issues.
        These climate impacts have direct consequences for U.S. economic
    and security interests. The most extensive for the U.S. is that the
    access of other nations to the expanse of the Pacific the U.S. controls
    through our free association can be reduced or totally eliminated due
    to sea level rise in the RMI.
        Further, a study for the U.S. military found that the Ronald Reagan
    Ballistic Missile Test Site on our Kwajalein Atoll--which the U.S.
    Joint Chiefs of Staff have called ``the world's premiere range for
    anti-ballistic missile testing and space operations support''--will be
    underwater in three decades, unless this is prevented. If it is not
    countered, the U.S. will lose an essential and virtually irreplaceable
    facility. In addition, it could allow hazardous chemicals and toxins to
    flow into the Pacific.
        A 2014 USGS, NOAA, Deltares, and University of Hawaii study \1\ to
    understand the impact of climate change and sea-level rise on Roi-Namur
    Island of Kwajalein Atoll found that the impact of sea-level rise
    combined with annual wave-driven flooding could overwhelm much of the
    isthmus that connects the island's Roi and Namur portions on an annual
    basis, negatively impacting the facilities on both.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        \1\ https://climateandsecurity.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/serdp-
    slr-and-pacific-military-installations_2017_08.pdf.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        Further, without active management measures, the annual amount of
    seawater flooding onto the island during storms will be of sufficient
    volume to make the groundwater non-potable year-round. Management
    practices such as post-flood short-term intensive withdrawal and
    artificial recharge will allow for 3-4 months of potable groundwater
    during the rainy season at higher sea levels. The sustainability of
    such operations over the long term with increasing frequency and
    intensity of wave-driven flooding and island over-wash is, however, not
    clear.
        And many of the adjacent islands on Kwajalein Atoll that are
    inhabited by and/or have U.S. Department of Defense facilities (Ebeye,
    Ennylabegan, Ebadon, Ennubirr, Gagan, Gellinam, Gugeegue, Illeginni,
    Legan, Meck, Omelek) will face a similar fate. This includes the homes
    of much of the facility's workforce.
        Given these risks, climate change must be integrated as a central
    component of all development, financial and infrastructure-wise in the
    RMI. Any development investments in our islands that fail to account
    for the effects of climate change are not viable. It is for this reason
    that the RMI adopted a whole-of-government approach to addressing
    climate change some years ago, working to apply a climate lens across
    all sectors and in all policies.
        Our 2020-2030 National Strategic Plan (NSP) underscores the
    importance of taking a holistic approach to addressing climate change,
    requiring strengthened coordination and decision making across all
    stakeholders including government, private sector, NGOs, and civil
    society. A holistic approach also includes mainstreaming climate-
    related risks into planning and budgeting at all levels and in all
    relevant sectors. It also requires ensuring that relevant organizations
    are adequately resourced and that avenues for sustainable financing are
    secured.
        Compact-driven assistance (including Sector Grants and Trust Fund
    disbursements), like other external assistance, including donor nation
    construction projects, is now required by RMI law to be `climate-
    proofed' to the extent practicable, pursuant to Section 615(4) of the
    Ministry of Environment Act, which was enacted in 2019. There are
    similar provisions governing public and private undertakings.
        Compact-driven assistance accounts for a large portion--by some
    accounts about half--of our national budget. So, utilization of
    existing and future Compact-driven projects to address climate and
    environmental resilience represents a tremendous opportunity to help
    safeguard and protect our mutual public investments in RMI's future.
        But even with these legal provisions, Compact funds and projects
    are being implemented now, as they have been for decades, without
    accounting for projected future risks, in particular sea-level rise.
        The bill under consideration represents an ideal opportunity for
    the U.S. Government to take into account commitments in RMI law to
    achieve climate-proofing or environmental resilience of both Compact
    and general assistance activities. Also to reflect those commitments,
    including through dedicated technical assistance and directives to
    decision-making concerning the Freely Associated States, including the
    Department of Interior's Insular Affairs Office, or, the bill's
    interagency insular task force.
        It will also be important to consider means to address both
    existing interagency efforts under the Compact, related reporting
    obligations, and the insular climate task force. The absence of such a
    directive and mandate will likely mean that existing U.S. assistance to
    and engagement with Freely Associated States will continue as it is
    now, without consideration of climate change, and, in particular, sea-
    level rise.
        The U.S. commitment to the Freely Associated States, including the
    RMI, should not only include technical and grant assistance, but also a
    clear and specific commitment to ensure that U.S. investment in the
    Freely Associated States will be climate and environmentally-resilient,
    including in regard to sea-level rise. In providing support to RMI, the
    U.S. must consider how climate change impacts everything in free
    association extension negotiations from research for environmentally-
    sound plans for sea walls to other means of infrastructure protection
    from climate impacts.
        And while climate change adaptation issues have been integrated
    into base-wide environmental standards as agreed and revised by both
    RMI and the U.S. since 2016, a wider and informal discussion can
    provide a platform for joint collaborative efforts and information
    exchange on climate and environmental resilience efforts in the
    Marshall Islands. However, from one example, prior U.S. administrative
    mandates and guidance regarding agency decision-making on adaptation,
    including Executive Order 13653 of 2013, did not fully translate down
    to Compact-level outcomes. As such, accountability to ensure climate
    change is considered in all decision-making is critical.
        We, therefore, look to the U.S. to be a partner for the challenges
    ahead that will undoubtedly be created and exacerbated by climate
    change.
                         runit dome and enewetak atoll
        One challenge in particular that merits urgent action is the Runit
    Dome and its surrounding area and lagoon at Enewetak Atoll. For us,
    this is an everyday reminder of the intersection of the two major
    challenges facing the RMI, our nuclear legacy and sea level rise. But
    for the world, there may be no more dramatic example of the dangers of
    climate change. And the Runit problem now threatens not only the health
    of the residents of Enewetak and but areas beyond. It has generated
    concern from Hawaii and from the Secretary General of the U.N. while in
    Fiji.
        Our nuclear legacy includes the U.S. detonating 67 bombs over 12 of
    the years in which U.S. administered our islands as trustee for the
    United Nations. The explosions had a force and radiation equal to 1.6
    Hiroshima bombs being detonated every day for 12 years.
        The Dome, built in the late 1970s, contains more than 3.1 million
    cubic feet of radioactively contaminated soil and debris that were
    dumped into a nuclear bomb test crater, the Cactus Crater, on the north
    end of Runit Island and covered by a concrete dome. A fatal error was
    to not, as originally planned, cover the underlying sand with concrete.
        American legal scholars caution that this standard for storing
    nuclear waste in the RMI would not be sufficient to store household
    garbage in the United States. There is a glaring discrepancy between
    standards of safety implemented by DOE in the RMI vs. in the United
    States.
        The Runit Dome is located less than 14 miles from Enewetak Island,
    the population center for the atoll. The Dome is unsecured by any
    fencing or barriers to protect the nearby local population from
    exposure to the many toxins that remain at Runit Island.
        Radioactive material is already leaking out through the sand base
    under the dome. It threatens the population area and the Pacific,
    affecting fish stocks and our coral reefs.
        Concerned, the Congress by law directed the U.S. Department of
    Energy to submit a report on the situation and danger.
        The report delivered by the last U.S. Administration in June 2020,
    however, did not adequately respond to the Congress' concerns. It
    asserted that the Dome was not in any immediate danger of collapse or
    failure and concluded that the contents within the Dome are not
    expected to have any adverse effect on the environment at present or in
    5, 10, or 20 years.
        It also, however, somewhat contradictorily, acknowledged that there
    is a need for additional groundwater study. This study, though, was
    mandated by Congress in 2012 and still remains in its initial stages.
        An absence of data to show harm does not mean that there is no
    harm. Moreover, an analysis that only monitors the groundwater inside
    the dome and its immediate surroundings cannot accurately assess safety
    impacts on the local Enewetak community.
        Further, the DOE report was deficient in that it did not include
    information on the many radionuclides that are still present in or
    around the Runit Dome that were either buried in ``crypts'' or dumped
    in the lagoon and ocean.
        Likewise, the report makes no mention of the presence of hazardous
    materials resulting from biological and chemical weapons tests.
        DOE used an international radiation safety standard of 100 mrem
    annual dose limit. The RMI continues to demand that the U.S. Government
    clean its radioactive mess in the RMI to the same standard it would use
    in the U.S. since the bombing occurred when the RMI was administered in
    trust by the U.S. Equity with the U.S. was the basis for the Nuclear
    Claims Tribunal's adoption of adopted a 15 mrem radiation safety
    standard based on that used by the U.S. EPA for similar waste sites in
    the U.S.
        The report is also not peer-reviewed, evidenced by the report's
    extensive citation of studies carried out by DOE's principal contractor
    and report author.
        Additionally, however, A DOE employee told us that an astounding
    99% of the plutonium is not under the Dome but is in the lagoon! This
    was confirmed by a 2013 study conducted by the Lawrence Livermore
    National Laboratory for the DOE.
        The U.S. Government acknowledges that there were three dumping
    sites for radioactive material in Enewetak's lagoon, and we have been
    informed by people who participated in the radiological cleanup of
    Enewetak Atoll that, contrary to what the U.S. Government had reported,
    highly radioactive waste was dumped into the lagoon. Cleanup
    participants have also informed us that after the Dome was sealed,
    additional radioactive waste was buried in crypts that we were never
    informed about.
        The community that was removed from Enewetak for the bombing but
    has since been resettled there has raised concerns about desalinization
    from the lagoon for drinking water and how, during storms, the
    radioactive materials normally on the bottom of the lagoon are
    resuspended in the water.
        Former U.S. personnel have also recently disclosed that hundreds of
    pounds of highly toxic beryllium were spilled over Enjebi Island in
    Enewetak Atoll in a failed rocket test. This, too, is outside the scope
    of what DOE addressed.
        We have, additionally, been made aware that Enewetak Atoll was used
    as a base for testing chemical and biological warfare agents. The
    details and environmental impacts of these tests have never been
    disclosed to us, and this also has been excluded from the DOE report.
        We were, further, recently shocked to learn that were also
    radionuclides brought into Enewetak from Nevada, which were not
    released from the nuclear weapons tests, but used to cover an accident
    during a weapons test. The imported radiation from Nevada is different
    from the forms of radiation released by the detonations in the RMI. Yet
    again, this is not included in current DOE or U.S. Government
    accounting to the RMI about environmental health risks on Enewetak.
        So, we are concerned that rising sea levels and violent storms at
    Enewetak Atoll could cause significant environmental damage not only
    because of Runit Dome, but also because of the nuclear waste that was
    dumped into the lagoon or buried in undisclosed crypts, and also
    because of radionuclides and other toxins that may have been left on
    the land and water as a result of various U.S. military activities.
    Among many other aspects of the issue, we are extremely concerned about
    the safety of the groundwater that the people of Enewetak depend upon
    as their water source.
        We also recognize that risks of nuclear exposure, compounded by the
    risks of climate change, are likely to increase Marshallese migration
    to Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, and Hawaii and other U.S.
    States. Within the RMI there are already substantial migration flows
    between islands, particularly from outer islands to the capital,
    Majuro, and to Ebeye, near the U.S. Kwajalein base. The number of
    Marshallese residing in the U.S. has rapidly risen over the past two
    decades, from 7,000 in the year 2000 to 22,000 in 2010, to an estimated
    30,000 today.
        These environmental hazards at Enewetak Atoll are the legacy of
    activities that the U.S. conducted during a period when it was acting
    as the trustee for the RMI. We did not request these activities and
    have indeed paid a steep price for them--including loss of life, severe
    birth defects, and loss of safe access to our lands, waters, and homes.
        Environmental and climate justice would require, at a minimum, that
    the U.S. assist us in evaluating and mitigating these risks created by
    U.S. Government actions.
                                   amendments
        With all this in mind, we are pleased to identify additional ways
    that U.S. support can help the RMI achieve its climate-related goals
    and plans through the draft bill.
        First, concerning the existing text, we respectfully suggest that
    the Findings be amended to recognize that sea level rise from climate
    change is an indisputable existential threat to the RMI because of its
    low elevation and that this would substantially undermine the economic
    and defense security of the U.S.
        Second, we respectfully request that all provisions of the bill
    that provide means of addressing climate change challenges apply to the
    freely associated states as well as to the U.S. territories. Most
    already do but there are some which, due to language, do not.
        Third, we request that the bill be amended to direct the
    preparation of a report on the impacts of climate change on the Runit
    Dome and on other environmental hazards in its vicinity, prepared by
    independent experts agreed to by both of our governments. Legislative
    language for such a study--which would cover the major gaps in the June
    2020 DOE report--is attached to my statement.
        It is imperative that this study include concerns about safety
    identified by the resettled community and includes their knowledge
    about the interactions of the Dome and the surrounding ecosystem. The
    study needs to go beyond the DOE's June 2020 study and be inclusive of
    local knowledge and account for all the ways in which the Runit Dome
    and toxins outside the Dome are interacting and impacting the local
    environment, including the potential risks posed to the nearby
    population.
        Most importantly, the study should propose options for how the
    various environmental hazards left on Enewetak Atoll can be remediated
    and how threats from possible climate-induced events can be mitigated.
        Finally, we would like to discuss with the Committee staff how some
    specific projects to address the existential threat of climate change
    to the RMI and U.S. interests in the RMI can be funded.
        One requires $14.6 million to fund PV solar systems for the islands
    of Wotje, Jaluit, Rongrong, and Santo and an additional $9.5 million to
    fully transition Ebeye in Kwajalein Atoll to renewable energy.
        To achieve our ambitious mitigation targets to fully decarbonize by
    2050, the RMI's energy sector must quickly transition to over 50%
    renewable energy by 2030. We have in place an Electricity Roadmap with
    costed, technically sound renewable energy pathways for our electricity
    sector to make this transition. While work under the Electricity
    Roadmap under its three key components--Human Resources, Renewable
    Energy (RE) Technologies, and Investment--is progressing, significant
    financing gaps remain. The $25.1 million total for the projects I
    outlined is needed to achieve the 2030 target.
        While planning is underway in the RMI to address adaptation
    options, information is currently lacking on accurate surveyed data to
    make informed decisions on adaptation, development, and disaster risk
    plans. Therefore, the RMI has planned two specific projects to improve
    our quality of survey data.
        First, accurate data to measure land levels relative to the sea is
    essential. These relative levels will define the actual risk of sea
    level rise for each community and the absence of accurate land level
    data will hinder development of effective adaptation measures.
        Aircraft-based remote sensing using LIDAR (Light Detection and
    Ranging) is one of the most promising land survey technologies. It uses
    light in the form of a pulsed laser to measure ranges to the Earth.
    These light pulses--combined with other data recorded by the airborne
    system--generate precise, three-dimensional information about the shape
    of the Earth and its surface characteristics. A LIDAR instrument
    principally consists of a laser, a scanner, and a specialized GPS
    receiver. Airplanes and helicopters are the most commonly used
    platforms for acquiring LIDAR data over broad areas. There are
    topographic LIDARs, which typically use a near-infrared laser to map
    the land, and bathymetric LIDARs, which uses water-penetrating green
    light to measure seafloor and riverbed elevations.
        Aircraft-based LIDAR surveys were undertaken in 2019 on Ebeye and
    Majuro, the two most populated areas of RMI. These found significant
    differences from previous assumptions, providing valuable information
    for the design of sea level adaptation measures. It is very important
    to conduct similar surveys on the 10 other most populous atolls in RMI.
    Based on the cost of the previous surveys, the budget for LIDAR surveys
    of the 10 other atolls would be $5.55 million.
        To break this down: $250,000 would be needed for mobilization to
    and from the RMI, $300,000 for re-mobilization from Majuro to the 10
    different atolls, and the total for acquisition and processing, at
    $50,000 per flight for 10 flights per atoll would be $5 million. This
    would assume each flight would consist of a survey speed of 140 knots,
    at an altitude of 1,400 feet, with spot spacing at 2.8 x 2.8 meters.
        Second, enhanced land and survey data to develop digital elevation
    maps and flood risk models will be another critical element to help
    implement our National Adaptation Plan, disaster response plans, and
    other development goals. Our technical experts have identified the
    Trimbler 10, sold by Frontier Precision, as the best equipment
    available to fulfill this task. The Rover has the capacity to reach
    some of the more inaccessible outer atolls.
        Funding to survey and produce the relevant maps necessary for
    planning and disaster response for all of the islands in the RMI would
    be critical. Estimated costs for this project have already been
    produced and amount to $103,999.12. This would include funding for the
    Trimber 10, a rechargeable battery, pole mount, keypad, transport case,
    GPS tripod, rover road, and online training to use the equipment, among
    other costs.
        In addition, while the development of a National Adaptation Plan is
    ongoing to address the full range of adaptation needs across all
    sectors, the RMI has frameworks and implementation plans already in
    place to advance coastal and marine resiliency. Thus, the RMI's
    National Oceans Symposium Plan along with the Reimaanlok Process,
    guides ongoing work that depends on science-driven, nature-based, and
    integrated planning solutions.
        $6.3 million is needed to cover outstanding costs in several
    categories of work. These include legal and regulatory, human resource/
    capacity development, data collection, management, and information
    sharing, public awareness and education, networking, and partnerships,
    and, finally, new projects in conservation, management, and
    livelihoods.
        The RMI also needs U.S. agency technical support. This includes
    help from the Interior Department's Fish & Wildlife Service Honolulu
    field office and the Department of Commerce's NOAA National Marine
    Fisheries Service Honolulu office. It would be in keeping with their
    existing roles within conservation efforts and scientific inventories
    for U.S. islands and monuments in the Pacific, as well as at Kwajalein
    Atoll.
        It would also be important to clarify that existing technical grant
    references include these entities as relates to their mandate to
    provide technical support to the Freely Associated States regarding
    climate and conservation work.
        It would be beneficial to enhance the insular interagency task
    force by requesting U.S. Defense Department participation as well as a
    mandatory follow-up on implementation from the bill's insular task
    force.
        This follow-up should consider existing annual reporting. It should
    also provide Congress and the RMI with accountability as well as any
    U.S. efforts to work with the Freely Associated States to coordinate
    U.S. activities. It should, further, report on relevant bilateral and
    multilateral sources of assistance from other partners, and the extent
    to which the RMI and the FAS have engaged or benefited from such
    sources.
        Research and education to ensure that the RMI has the most current
    data available to make science-based policy decisions related to
    climate change is, essential, of course. An Atoll Research Center of
    Excellence housed at the College of the Marshall Islands would be a
    good way to consolidate research related to the long-term viability of
    atolls, not only in RMI, but in all insular areas.
        A range of research areas may be considered that are relevant to
    all atoll nations, including aquaculture, habitat rehabilitation, and
    Blue Economy related innovations and partnership modalities that
    embrace environmental assessment and management. The Center could
    create formal links with U.S. universities, including the University of
    Hawaii, to help share world-class expertise and innovation to help
    address challenges like food security that are confronting marginal
    environments.
        Support is needed to not only develop a strategic plan for the
    Center, but also to determine its operation and financial
    sustainability over time. Initial U.S. seed funding of $200,000 would
    help to get this project off the ground. Additional sums would be
    needed later for implementation.
        Mr. Chairman and Members, thank you for your attention and, again,
    for your leadership. I would be pleased to answer any questions and I
    look forward to working with the Committee and its staff on this
    legislation.
        The RMI is fortunate that the Leadership, Members, and staff of
    this Committee remember that the RMI is a member of the U.S.' extended
    political family, inextricably, but voluntarily linked for an unlimited
    future.

    See attachment to Mr. Zackios' testimony below.

                                     *****

    Attachment:

    SEC. ___. REPORT ON RUNIT DOME AND RELATED HAZARDS

    (a) IN GENERAL.--Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of
    this Act, the Secretary of the Interior shall submit to the Committees
    on Natural Resources and Energy and Commerce of the House of
    Representatives, and to the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources
    of the Senate, a report, prepared by independent experts not employed
    by the U.S. Government, on the impacts of climate change on the ``Runit
    Dome'' nuclear waste disposal site in Enewetak Atoll, Marshall Islands,
    and on other environmental hazards in the vicinity thereof. The report
    shall include:

        (1) A detailed scientific analysis of any threats to the
    environment, and to the health and safety of Enewetak Atoll residents,
    posed by each of the following:

              (A)  the ``Runit Dome'' nuclear waste disposal site;

              (B)  crypts used to contain nuclear waste and other toxins on
            Enewetak Atoll;

              (C)  radionuclides and other toxins present in the lagoon of
            Enewetak Atoll, including areas in the lagoon where nuclear
            waste was dumped;

              (D)  radionuclides and other toxins, including beryllium,
            which may be present on the islands of Enewetak Atoll as a
            result of nuclear tests and other activities of the U.S.
            Government, including tests of chemical and biological warfare
            agents, rocket tests, contaminated aircraft landing on Enewetak
            Island, and nuclear cleanup activities;

              (E)  radionuclides and other toxins that may be present in
            the drinking water on Enewetak Island or in the water source
            for the desalination plant; and

              (F)  radionuclides and other toxins that may be present in
            the groundwater under and in the vicinity of the nuclear waste
            disposal facility on Runit Island.

        (2) A detailed scientific analysis of the extent to which rising
    sea levels, severe weather events and other effects of climate change
    might exacerbate any of the threats identified above.

        (3) A detailed plan, including costs, to relocate all of the
    nuclear waste and other toxic waste contained in (A) the ``Runit Dome''
    nuclear waste disposal site, (B) all of the crypts on Enewetak Atoll
    containing such waste and (C) the three dumping areas in Enewetak's
    lagoon to a safe, secure facility to be constructed in an uninhabited,
    unincorporated territory of the United States.

    (b) MARSHALLESE PARTICIPATION.--The Secretary of the Interior shall
    allow scientists or other experts selected by the Republic of the
    Marshall Islands to participate in all aspects of the preparation of
    the report required by subsection (a), including, without limitation,
    developing the work plan, identifying questions, conducting research,
    and collecting and interpreting data.

    (c) PUBLICATION.--The report required in subsection (a) shall be
    published in the Federal Register for public comment for a period of
    not fewer than 60 days.

    (d) PUBLIC AVAILABILITY.--The Secretary of the Interior shall publish
    the study required under subsection (a) and results submitted under
    subsection (b) on a public website.

    (e) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATION FOR REPORT.--It is hereby authorized
    to be appropriated to the Department of the Interior, Office of Insular
    Affairs for fiscal year 2022 such sums as may be necessary to produce
    the report required in subsection (a).

    (f) INDEFINITE AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATION FOR RUNIT DOME MONITORING
    ACTIVITIES.--It is hereby authorized to be appropriated to the
    Department of Energy such sums as may be necessary to comply with the
    requirements of 48 USC 1921b(f)(1)(B).

                                     ______

    Questions Submitted for the Record to His Excellency Gerald M. Zackios,
       Ambassador to the United States, Republic of the Marshall Islands
                  Questions Submitted by Representative Sablan
        Question 1. Perhaps no other nation has been forced to adapt to the
    effects of climate change as much and as quickly as the Republic of the
    Marshall Islands. Rising sea levels are submerging more and more of the
    highly limited land. Fresh water aquifers are threatened by flooding
    saltwater. Many residents are having to relocate. What do you think can
    be done to stem the disastrous impacts of climate change for the
    Marshall Islands? How can this legislation help the Marshalls? What
    else might be needed?

        Answer. First, concerning the existing text, we respectfully
    suggest that the Findings be amended to recognize that sea level rise
    from climate change is an indisputable existential threat to the RMI
    because of its low elevation and that this would substantially
    undermine the economic and defense security of the U.S.
        Second, we respectfully request that all provisions of the bill
    that provide means of addressing climate change challenges apply to the
    freely associated states as well as to the U.S. territories.
        Third, we request that the bill be amended to direct the
    preparation of a report on the impacts of climate change on the Runit
    Dome and on other environmental hazards in its vicinity prepared by
    independent experts agreed to by both of our governments. Legislative
    language for such a study--which would cover the major gaps in the June
    2020 DOE report--is attached to my statement.
        It is imperative that this study include concerns about safety
    identified by the resettled community and includes their knowledge
    about the interactions of the Dome and the surrounding ecosystem.
        Most importantly, the study should propose options for how the
    various environmental hazards left by the U.S. at Enewetak Atoll can be
    remediated and how threats from possible climate-induced events can be
    mitigated.
        Finally, we would like to discuss with the Committee staff how some
    specific projects to address the existential threat of climate change
    to the RMI and U.S. interests in the RMI can be funded.
        One requires $14.6 million to fund PV solar systems for the islands
    of Wotje, Jaluit, Rongrong, and Santo and an additional $9.5 million to
    fully transition Ebeye in Kwajalein Atoll to renewable energy.
        While planning is underway in the RMI to address adaptation
    options, information is currently lacking on accurate surveyed data to
    make informed decisions on adaptation, development, and disaster risk
    plans. Therefore, the RMI has planned two specific projects to improve
    our quality of survey data.
        First, aircraft-based remote sensing using LIDAR (Light Detection
    and Ranging) is one of the most promising land survey technologies.
    Aircraft-based LIDAR surveys were undertaken in 2019 on Ebeye and
    Majuro. These found significant differences from previous assumptions,
    providing valuable information for the design of sea level adaptation
    measures. It is very important to conduct similar surveys on the 10
    other most populous atolls. The estimated budget is $5.55 million.
        Second, enhanced land and survey data to develop digital elevation
    maps and flood risk models will be another critical element to help
    implement our National Adaptation Plan, disaster response plans, and
    other development goals. Estimated costs for this project have already
    been produced and amount to $103,999.12.
        In addition, while the development of a National Adaptation Plan is
    ongoing to address the full range of adaptation needs across all
    sectors. $6.3 million is needed for work in the areas of legal and
    regulatory requirements, human resource/capacity development, data
    collection, management, and information sharing, public awareness and
    education, networking, and partnerships, and, finally, new projects in
    conservation, management, and livelihoods.
        The RMI also needs technical support from the Honolulu offices of
    the Interior Department's Fish & Wildlife Service and the Department of
    Commerce's NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service.
        It would also be beneficial to enhance the bill's insular
    interagency task force through U.S. Defense Department participation.
        Task Force follow-up should consider existing annual reporting. It
    should also provide Congress and the RMI with accountability as well as
    any U.S. efforts to work with the Freely Associated States to
    coordinate U.S. activities. It should, further, report on relevant
    bilateral and multilateral sources of assistance from other partners,
    and the extent to which the RMI and the FAS have engaged or benefited
    from such sources.
        Research and education to ensure that the RMI has the most current
    data available to make science-based policy decisions related to
    climate change is, of course, essential. An Atoll Research Center of
    Excellence housed at the College of the Marshall Islands would be a
    good way to consolidate research related to the long-term viability of
    atolls, not only in RMI, but in all insular areas. Support is needed to
    not only develop a strategic plan for the Center, but also to determine
    its operation and financial sustainability over time. Initial U.S. seed
    funding of $200,000 would help to get this project off the ground.
    Additional sums would be needed later for implementation.

                  Questions Submitted by Representative Porter

        Representative Porter has heard from constituents about a lack of
    access to clear, concrete information about issues of interest of the
    RMI and the Marshallese diaspora including climate change as well as
    the legacy of nuclear weapons tests.

        Question 1. From 1946 to 1958, the U.S. conducted 67 atmospheric
    atomic and thermonuclear weapons tests over the Marshall Islands atolls
    of Bikini and Enewetak. In addition to fallout from these tests, the
    U.S. dumped unknown quantities of radioactive and toxic waste in the
    lagoon at Enewetak and buried additional radioactive and toxic waste in
    storage crypts on the atoll.

        1a. Does the RMI believe it has a complete accounting of the waste
    dumped into the lagoon at Enewetak, including and quantity and
    composition?

        Answer. The RMI does not have an accounting of the waste dumped
    into the lagoon at Enewetak. The Radiological Cleanup of Enewetak
    Atoll, a report issued by the Defense Nuclear Agency in 1981,\1\ does
    provide some information about the dumping of radioactive. Page 220
    describes the purported maximum levels for alpha, beta, and gamma
    radiation levels. The waste appears not to have been screened for other
    toxins that likely would have been present.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        \1\ https://www.dtra.mil/Portals/61/Documents/NTPR/1981-
    DNA_The%20Radiological%20Clean up%20of%20Enewetak%20Atoll-web.pdf.

        We have not been informed of the quantity of radioactive and other
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    waste that was dumped.

        Some of the information that we have gathered from declassified
    U.S. Government reports raises more questions than it provides answers.
    For example, Page 403 of the report discloses the following about a
    failed nuclear test: ``In the Quince event of Operation Hardwick I in
    1958, only the highly explosive component was detonated, scattering
    plutonium over a large area. To prepare for the Fig event scheduled 12
    days later, 3 to 5 inches of contaminated soil were removed from a 60-
    foot square around the Quince GZ and disposed of in the lagoon.'' There
    is no indication of whether this plutonium-contaminated soil met the
    U.S. Government's declared standards for waste to be dumped in the
    lagoon.
        Additionally, the U.S. Defense Nuclear Agency acknowledged in a
    1982 report that over 130 tons of soil from the Nevada Test Site had
    been transported to Enewetak.\2\ This soil from Nevada was spread on
    the site of the failed Quince test for reasons that have not been
    disclosed to the RMI.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        \2\ https://www.dtra.mil/Portals/61/Documents/NTPR/2-Hist_Rpt_Atm/
    1958_DNA_6038F.pdf (p. 221 [p. 227 of the PDF page counter]).

        Since the soil was from the Nevada Test Site, we presume that it
    was contaminated. Since the soil had to be applied during the 12-day
    window between the failed Quince test and the Fig test, it, presumably,
    was already on Enewetak at the time of the Quince test. Our suspicion
    is that the U.S. Government was keeping a larger stockpile of
    contaminated soil imported from Nevada on Enewetak to be applied in the
    event of a failed test, and we further suspect that the stockpile would
    have been much larger than the 130 tons that were spread after the
    Quince test. We, further, suspect that the remaining contaminated soil
    imported from Nevada may have been dumped into the lagoon. The RMI
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    would appreciate an explanation from the U.S. Government.

        1b. Does the RMI believe it has a complete accounting of waste
    stored in crypts on Enewetak Atoll, including quantity, composition,
    locations, and date of disposal?

        Answer. The RMI has received no information from the U.S.
    Government regarding waste stored in crypts.
        1c. Has the U.S. Government conducted any testing of the lagoon at
    Enewetak to determine whether waste in the lagoon poses a threat to
    environmental or human health. If so, when was the last test, and are
    the findings publicly available?

        Answer. We are not aware of any tests of the Enewetak lagoon waters
    to determine whether the waste dumped there, or the fallout deposited
    there from the nuclear tests, poses any threat to the environment or
    human health.

        1d. Has the U.S. Government conducted any testing of the drinking
    water on Enewetak Island to determine whether it is safe? If so, when
    was the last test, and are findings publicly available?

        Answer. We are not aware of any tests by the U.S. Government to
    determine whether the drinking water on Enewetak Island is safe.

        Question 2. According to the U.S. Government, the radioactive waste
    dumped into Enewetak's lagoon was less radioactive than the waste
    buried under Runit Dome. However, there are reports from U.S. military
    personnel and civilians who participated in the radiological cleanup of
    Enewetak Atoll that some highly radioactive waste, which should have
    been buried under Runit Dome per stated policy, was in fact dumped into
    the lagoon. Is the RMI aware of an investigation by the U.S. Government
    into dumping of highly radioactive waste in the Enewetak Lagoon? If so,
    have the findings of this study been shared with the RMI?

        Answer. We are not aware of any investigation by the U.S.
    Government of reports that highly radioactive waste was improperly
    dumped into Enewetak's lagoon.

        Question 3. In addition to atomic and thermonuclear tests, the U.S.
    engaged in other military activities on Enewetak Atoll that may would
    have caused environmental damage. For example, the U.S. used Enewetak
    Atoll as a base for tests of chemical and biological warfare agents as
    part of Project SHAD, which ran from 1962 to 1973.

        3a. Does the RMI believe it has a complete accounting of the date,
    location, and nature, of chemical or biological weapons tests conducted
    in the Marshall Islands?

        Answer. The RMI does not have an accounting of the tests of
    chemical and biological warfare agents that were reportedly conducted
    in the Marshall Islands.

        3b. Does the RMI believe there are any current environmental or
    human health risks as a result of Project SHAD, or other chemical or
    biological weapons tests?

        Answer. The RMI does not have any information regarding Project
    SHAD or any other chemical or biological weapons tests that may have
    been conducted in the Marshall Islands. We are, therefore, not in a
    position to evaluate whether any current environmental or human health
    risks arise from such tests.

        3c. Has the U.S. provided the RMI with any information about
    potential environmental or human health hazards as a result of Project
    SHAD tests?

        Answer. The RMI has received no information from the U.S.
    Government about potential environmental or human health hazards as a
    result of Project SHAD tests.

        Question 4. In 1968, the U.S. conducted a failed rocket test that
    spilled 300 pounds of highly toxic beryllium over Enjebi Island,
    Enewetak Atoll. The U.S. claims that the environmental and health
    threats caused by this beryllium were addressed by scraping surface
    dirt from the affected area and burying it in a crater. However, over
    the course of the radiological cleanup of Enewetak Atoll, starting in
    1977, tens of thousands of additional cubic yards of soil was dug up
    and removed from Enjebi Island.

        4a. Has the U.S. Government informed the RMI whether the subsequent
    radiological cleanup activities resulted in the resuspension of
    beryllium?

        Answer. The U.S. Government has not informed the RMI whether the
    subsequent radiological cleanup activities resulted in the resuspension
    of beryllium. The U.S. Government's efforts to clean up the
    contaminated area by scraping surface dirt and burying it are described
    in The Radiological Cleanup of Enewetak Atoll, pp. 59-61 and 339-341.
    That report, however, also describes the extensive soil digging and
    removal activities that occurred on Enjebi Island a few years later
    (pp. 341-346). It appears that the subsequent activities were focused
    on removing radioactive material and that the potential for
    resuspending beryllium may not have been considered.
        Also, it is disclosed on p. 59 of the report that 2,500 lbs. of
    propellant was scattered during the failed rocket test, of which 300
    lbs. was beryllium. The RMI has not been informed of whether the
    remaining 2,200 lbs. of propellant also posed environmental or health
    risks.

        4b. Has the U.S. Government informed the RMI whether any of the
    soil dug up and/or removed during the radiological cleanup was
    contaminated with beryllium? If so, has the U.S. Government informed
    the RMI where and how that contaminated soil was disposed?

        Answer. The U.S. Government has not informed the RMI whether any of
    the soil dug up and/or removed during the radiological cleanup was
    contaminated with beryllium.
        Our concern is that the criteria for determining whether waste
    would be buried under Runit Dome, dumped in the lagoon, or left in
    place related solely to radiation levels. We are, therefore, concerned
    that waste was not being screened for other toxins, including
    beryllium, and that waste contaminated with such toxins may have been
    dumped in the lagoon or left in place.

        4c. Has the U.S. Government informed the RMI whether it has done
    any testing to determine whether any environmental or health risks
    exist from the presence of beryllium or other toxic substances on
    Enewetak Atoll or in the waters surrounding it, including the lagoon?

        Answer. We are not aware of any testing done by the U.S. Government
    to determine whether any environmental or health risks exist from the
    presence of beryllium or other toxic substances on Enewetak Atoll or in
    the waters surrounding it, including the lagoon.

        Question 5. The Insular Areas Act of 2011 (Public Law 112-149)
    directs the Department of Energy to conduct no less than every 4 years
    ``(I) a visual study of the concrete exterior of the Cactus Crater
    containment structure on Runit Island; and (II) a radiochemical
    analysis of the groundwater surrounding and in the Cactus Crater
    containment structure on Runit Island.'' The Secretary was also
    directed to submit to Congress a report describing the results of each
    visual survey and the radiochemical analysis and ``a determination on
    whether the surveys and analyses indicate any significant change in the
    health risks to the people of Enewetak from the contaminants within the
    Cactus Crater containment structure.''

        5a. Since 2012, how many inspections has the U.S. completed of the
    Runit Dome?

        Answer. There has only been one visual study of the exterior of
    Runit Dome published since 2012. It was published in 2013. (Hamilton, A
    Visual Description of the Concrete Exterior of the Cactus Crater
    Containment Structure. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, October
    2013).\3\
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        \3\ https://marshallislands.llnl.gov/ccc/Hamilton_LLNL-TR-
    648143_final.pdf.

        5b. Since 2012, how many radiochemical analyses of groundwater has
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    the U.S. completed in the vicinity of Runit Dome?

        Answer. The U.S. Government has not completed any of the
    radiochemical analyses required by the Insular Areas Act of 2011,
    notwithstanding the statute's requirement to conduct such an analysis
    at least every 4 years starting on January 1, 2012.

        5c. Since 2012, how many reports has the Department of Energy
    delivered to Congress pursuant to this section of P.L. 112-149? Are
    these reports available to the RMI government or its citizens?

        Answer. A Visual Description of the Concrete Exterior of the Cactus
    Crater Containment Structure from 2013, is the only study published
    pursuant to P.L. 112-149. The study is available online and has been
    discussed with leaders of the Enewetak/Ujelang Local Government.

        5d. What steps has the U.S. taken to build RMI capacity to
    independently monitor environmental or health risks related to former
    U.S. weapons testing programs?

        Answer. The U.S. has not taken any steps to build RMI's capacity to
    independently monitor environmental or health risks, other than
    scholarships for one or two students to work in the Livermore Lab.
        There is no audit of the health or environmental programs to
    consider whether they reflect best practices in terms of radiological
    health and safety, particularly for elders.
        It is difficult for the RMI to independently monitor environmental
    or health impacts when all of our cancer patients have to leave the RMI
    because there is no cancer care in the RMI, and because DOE's
    laboratory employs and supports people in Livermore, CA, not in the
    RMI.

        5e. Is the RMI able to conduct independent analysis of samples
    collected by the U.S. pursuant to statute?

        Answer. No, the RMI is not able to conduct independent analysis of
    samples, and there has been no training of Marshallese in the academic
    disciplines to support this work. Nor is the data turned over, shared
    with, or owned by the RMI.

        Question 6. Pursuant to Section 364 of Public Law 116-92, National
    Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2020, the Department of
    Energy was required to provide a plan to repair the Runit Dome,
    evaluate how the rising sea levels could affect its infrastructure, as
    well as its effects on the lagoon for the next 20 years. In response,
    the DOE submitted a report last year to Congress assessing the risks of
    the Runit Dome on the Marshall Islands.

        6a. Has the U.S. facilitated any community events to share the
    findings of this study with the RMI community?

        Answer. Prior to COVID-19, there were semi-annual or occasional
    meetings, but DOE has not conducted a meeting since the pandemic began,
    although a meeting could be conducted virtually.
        In this regard, though, I must note that our national government is
    not always informed when DOE officials are in the RMI.

        6b. Are there recordings of events or briefings by U.S. officials,
    either conducted as part of the study or to report its findings,
    available online to the Marshallese public?

        Answer. There are not recordings or explanations that have been
    made available to the Marshallese people.
        On this point, however, I must reiterate that RMI does not agree
    with the findings in the DOE's 2020 Runit Dome report.

        6c. Has the U.S. translated this report into Marshallese, so it is
    accessible to the Marshallese speaking citizens?

        Answer. No, the report has not been translated by the U.S.
    Government, although community members requested a translation.
        In this regard, I note that, with the exception of a report in
    1978, there are no DOE reports that have been translated into
    Marshallese. The practice by DOE is to publish findings and, then,
    report the findings to the RMI. Neither the academic journals nor the
    U.S. sharing of information are accessible to the Marshall Islands.

        6d. Is the RMI able to conduct independent analysis of samples
    collected by the U.S. pursuant to statute?

        Answer. No, the RMI is not able to conduct independent analysis of
    samples collected by the U.S.
        The RMI would like to see DOE hire Marshallese scientists and
    professionals from our institutions, such as our EPA, the Marshall
    Islands Marine Resources Authority, or the College of the Marshall
    Islands.

        6e. What does the RMI believe are steps the U.S. should take to
    ensure that the Marshallese have sufficient access to information about
    the U.S. weapons testing programs in the Marshall Islands?

        Answer. To ensure a strong foundation for the U.S.-RMI
    relationship, it is very important to disclose all information and be
    open with new information and details shared by Enewetak clean-up
    veterans.
        There should also be a bilateral agreement on steps toward
    sufficient access to information regarding the testing.
        In addition, there should be a discussion of the synergistic
    impacts of nuclear, chemical, and biological tests, so that RMI leaders
    understand the cumulative and intersecting impacts.
        The RMI still has no fallout information for some of the nuclear
    weapons tests. We also still do not understand the full extent of
    radiological and other hazards our people face. This information should
    be provided.
        There can be no closure without disclosure.

                 Questions Submitted by Representative DeGette
    Background
        Rep. DeGette's Clean Energy Innovation and Deployment Act includes
    a provision (Section 130 of H.R. 7516 in the 116th Congress) that may
    be of great benefit to people living in U.S. territories, as well as on
    islands and in remote areas worldwide.
        The provision would require the Department of Energy (DOE) to
    establish a certification program for electricity-related technologies
    for use in remote communities. Companies whose products were certified
    could use that fact in marketing the technologies, much as do the
    recipients of DOE's Energy Star label. Facilitating the deployment of
    these technologies would make modern electricity services more
    affordable, reliable, and resilient to households in remote areas, and
    reduce demand for expensive imported fossil fuel-generated electricity
    and the associated carbon emissions.
        Qualifying technologies would include those that can generate
    electricity off-grid (such as solar panels), those that store energy,
    and highly efficient appliances, including lights, cell-phone chargers,
    computers, fans, refrigerators, stoves and ovens. DOE would only
    certify a technology determined to function properly; generate no
    greenhouse gas emissions; be affordable, reliable, durable, safe, and
    protective of human health and the environment; be compatible with
    other technologies relevant to its functioning, including those which
    have been similarly certified; and be available for deployment at
    commercial-scale throughout the territories and states of the United
    States.
        There is already a market for these kinds of technologies,
    especially in developing countries, but many of the products being
    marketed today do not work well, are sold on the basis of fraudulent
    claims, or are not compatible with adjacent technologies (for example,
    a solar panel not being compatible with a battery). Rep. DeGette's
    measure would make DOE the validator of these technologies, thus
    driving their innovation, increasing their quality, protecting
    consumers in the United States and globally, and facilitating the
    deployment of affordable reliable resilient climate-friendly
    technologies to communities in the United States, and around the world,
    that need them the most.

        Question 1. In addition to being on the front lines of climate
    change, are communities on your islands paying much higher electricity
    rates due to the fact that most electricity is generated from imported,
    expensive, and, in many cases, polluting fossil fuels?

        Answer. Yes. Approximately 98% of all electricity generated is from
    imported fossil fuels. The current retail rate for gasoline and diesel
    on the capital island of Majuro is between $5.00 and $5.50 per gallon
    for gasoline and $4.50 to $4.80 per gallon for diesel. In the remote
    outer island communities, fuel can range from $10.00-$12.00 per gallon.
        The RMI introduced individual solar home systems to every household
    in the outer islands more than 10 years ago, which has greatly reduced
    the shipments of kerosene for use in lanterns and kerosene stoves.
    Coupled with the introduction of gas stoves and smokeless oven
    programs, respiratory health ailments have reduced over recent years
    among the outer island population. Fuel quality has been greatly
    improved with the upgrade to ultra-low sulfur fuel products in recent
    years. Though these efforts are small, they form the start of the
    transition to renewable energy reforms and goals.

        Question 2. Are the electric grids on your islands vulnerable to
    disruption by the effects of climate change, in particular increasing
    storm intensity, water cycle disruption, average temperatures, and sea
    level rise?

        Answer. Yes. With the natural ground levels on all the islands only
    being 1 foot higher than the mean high-water level, all weather
    influences affect every aspect of life in the Marshall Islands. More
    than 70% of our systems are installed underground and are increasingly
    subject to tidal and stormwater flooding of cable pits and ducts.
    Programs are being developed to raise all cable splices and joints to
    elevated junction boxes. Power transformers, isolating and protection
    equipment are being raised to an elevated level to climate-proof the
    equipment in anticipation of future events. Long periods of dry, windy
    weather have increased the incidents of pole fires due to salt buildup
    on pole-top connections when light rain showers appear and are not
    heavy enough to quickly wash away the buildup of the salts.
    Implementing climate proof methods to the electric grids is a vital
    task as we face the challenge of converting our 1970s power grid into a
    renewable energy compliant power grid for the future.

        Question 3. Do you believe this puts an additional and unnecessary
    financial strain on those living on your islands?

        Answer. Yes. The transition period for the conversion of the
    existing grids both in the urban centers and the remote outer islands
    to climate-proof grids will take many years because they are our only
    functioning electric grids. The RMI does not have inter-connectivity
    with other grids to supplement power generation issues. Restrictive
    land areas and high costs make it difficult to construct bypass
    networks. For the next 10 years, the RMI will continue to face system
    and component failures as upgrade projects are funded and progressively
    implemented.

        Question 4. Given that, do you think there might be a market on
    your islands for affordable reliable resilient equipment to generate
    and use zero-emitting electricity, reducing dependence on expensive
    fossil fuels and the vulnerable electric grid?

        Answer. Yes. We continuously seek assistance from all partners to
    implement new energy sources and upgrade existing ones. Development
    plans are continually being developed on a project-by-project basis in
    an attempt to follow the nationally approved path outlined in the RMI
    Electricity Roadmap. This is available at the website
    www.rmienergyfuture.org which contains the full roadmap and additional
    educational tools as well as reference tools and technical papers for
    key elements to achieve the goals.

        Question 5. Do you think certification of this kind of equipment by
    the U.S. Department of Energy, as described in the Background section,
    would increase consumer confidence in it and thereby promote its use on
    your islands?

        Answer. Yes. People are more quality conscious today amid the vast
    variety of products available in the market today.

                  Questions Submitted by Representative Graves
        Question 1. I am concerned that the creation of new Federal
    programs may result in duplication with existing programs, diluting
    funding availability and potential impacts. Are existing programs
    failing to meet these needs? If so, could they be reformed to better
    support current inadequacies? Please provide specific examples.

        Answer. One big issue is the need for a transition period to
    renewables. Many programs only allow for 100% renewable product
    expenditures. There are key areas where assistance is initially needed
    to convert non-compatible energy grids to being able to work with
    intermittent renewable energy systems. Our island grids are of such a
    small capacity that installing a five-megawatt solar system can provide
    50% of our daytime energy demand but it may be 400% more than the
    capacity of the distribution lines where the solar system is located.
    Additionally, the intermittent production from the solar system greatly
    affects the stability of the existing fossil fuel generation systems to
    the point where the solar system has to be shut down or curtailed until
    upgrade works can be funded. Another area is that of system efficiency
    and loss reductions. Many older systems can have system losses of more
    than 30% which can relate to millions of dollars in wasted fuel
    consumption, but it is difficult to get assistance to reduce these
    losses as the work does not relate to increasing renewable percentages.

        Question 2. Insular areas are unique in many ways, including
    energy. These areas are largely dependent on imports for energy--
    resulting in high costs, reduced energy security and vulnerability to
    supply chain disruption. Distributed generation and renewables are a
    very good fit for the natural resource availability of many of these
    areas. However, my concern is that the Federal Government would be
    mandating a singular approach. Even if you were to dramatically
    increase renewables, does it make sense to keep the door open for other
    energy options?

        Answer. Definitely. The RMI is constantly looking to different
    forms of energy production that can improve the quality of life and the
    economic opportunities for our citizens. We acknowledge and promote the
    need for a long transition period to achieve 100% renewable energy
    production and to provide energy security. The RMI has to maintain
    fossil fuel energy production and fuel storage systems for most of this
    transition period due to the increasing and unpredictable events
    associated with climate change because of our isolated location. In the
    event of a disaster, the RMI cannot source power from a neighboring
    state as can be done in the U.S. Currently, the RMI is engaged in wind
    and solar assessment programs. Waste to energy systems are under review
    as well as various recycling programs, such as those returning plastics
    to oils. The RMI is approached about opportunities to work with various
    systems, many unproven, but many do not take into consideration the
    scale of operations, the geology and topography of the islands, the
    remoteness and practicality of living in island nations. So many
    systems are impractical for use, at present.

        Question 3. A primary reason for a government mandates is that a
    desired outcome does not make financial sense over the long term. Is
    that the case--would renewable energy be more expensive over the long
    term? If not, what is the benefit of having the Federal Government
    impose such mandates (if it potentially ties the hands of these areas
    should a better option come along in the future)?

        Answer. Luckily, that is not the case yet. There is always a desire
    to fast-track ideas, such as allowing anyone to inject energy into the
    local grids from personal solar or wind systems for example. If the
    existing power grid is small and not set up to cope with lots of
    uncontrollable intermittent energy, however, it will repeatedly fail
    due to stability issues. In the RMI, we currently do not allow
    individuals to connect private energy systems to the grids. We are
    installing large solar systems, but these will be controlled by the
    utility directly, allowing it to turn them on and off as needed. The
    application rules for island power systems, with one generation
    facility (a diesel power plant), are totally different to that of an
    island or a State in the U.S. that has a power grid with dozens or
    thousands of generation facilities that can absorb fluctuations. So,
    any mandate has to consider the variety and complexity of existing
    power grids.

                                     ______

        The Chairman. Thank you, Mr. Ambassador, for your comments.
        And let me now jump to Mr. Jean-Pierre Oriol, Commissioner
    of USVI Department of Planning and Natural Resources.
        Sir, the time is yours.

     STATEMENT OF JEAN-PIERRE L. ORIOL, COMMISSIONER, U.S. VIRGIN
       ISLANDS DEPARTMENT OF PLANNING AND NATURAL RESOURCES, ST.
                         THOMAS, VIRGIN ISLANDS

        Mr. Oriol. Thank you. Beginning, I would like to start off
    by saying I bid you talofa, buenos dias, hafa adai, and good
    afternoon by all the insular area family, Representative
    Grijalva. Thank you for the opportunities to testify in support
    of the proposed Insular Area Climate Change Act on behalf of
    the U.S. Virgin Islands.
        Whether it is the 2015 federally declared disaster for
    drought in the U.S. Caribbean, the impact of Hurricanes Irma
    and Maria on Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands in 2017,
    or Tropical Cyclone Gita in American Samoa, or Super Typhoon
    Yutu in the Mariana Islands in 2018, the people of the Virgin
    Islands and the insular areas and territories of the United
    States are no strangers to damaging events associated with
    climate change.
        Our islands make minimal contributions to greenhouse gas
    emissions, yet they are experiencing overwhelming ecological,
    economic, and cultural impacts from global climate change,
    which will dramatically increase over the next several decades.
        The combined effects of sea-level rise, ocean
    acidification, increased storm intensity and frequency, and
    significant changes in rainfall, coral bleaching, and
    temperature-induced changes in the distribution of ocean
    productivity and fisheries are of great concern to all of the
    insular areas and require addressing infrastructure
    improvements as well as sustainability and climate change
    adaptation planning.
        Addressing climate change in an effective and timely manner
    is one of the most pressing challenges, where sound
    environmental policy is also the best economic policy and
    addresses key quality-of-life issues for present and future
    generations.
        For the U.S. Virgin Islands, as we recover from the
    devastation suffered from two Category 5 hurricanes, we are
    focused on incorporating long-term resilience into our everyday
    way of life. The U.S. Virgin Islands is involved in several
    initiatives related to assessing the impacts from climate
    change in our territory.
        In conjunction with the University of the Virgin Islands
    and using funding from NOAA's Office for Coastal Management,
    the VI's Coastal Zone Management Program is developing a
    coastal vulnerability index that will identify our
    susceptibility to different climate-related events, such as
    sea-level rise, tsunamis, storm surge, drought, coastal
    flooding, and coastal erosion.
        The Department of the Interior's Office of Insular Affairs
    has provided funding to the territory through its Coral Reef
    Initiative to install ocean acidification monitors at our long-
    term monitoring sites and has also provided funding to the
    territory for a 50-kilowatt microgrid at one of our hurricane
    shelter sites.
        The U.S. Department of Energy is partnering on many
    initiatives with the Virgin Islands Division of Energy,
    including an energy rebate program, our sun power grant
    program, and providing technical assistance with our
    comprehensive energy strategy.
        The government of the Virgin Islands is receiving support
    from FEMA's Hazard Mitigation Program for the updating of our
    Hazard Mitigation Resilience Plan, which identifies threats
    across all sectors and strategies to be implemented as part of
    our long-term resilience.
        Lastly, but not exhaustive, I would also like to recognize
    the support given to us by the Department of Housing and Urban
    Development, who is administering the Community Development
    Block Grant Disaster Recovery funding to the U.S. Virgin
    Islands, which has a mandate that the U.S. Virgin Islands
    relate the activities in the third tranche of funds to the
    Hazard Mitigation Resilience Plan.
        The proposed bill provides five sections directing the
    actions of our Federal partners and assisting the insular areas
    and territories with planning and implementation of climate
    resilience activities. The U.S. Virgin Islands is supportive of
    all the directives in Titles II through VI. And, overall, the
    Virgin Islands sees the significance of this bill and the
    proposed creation of programs and steady funding sources
    specifically for the insular areas and territories to address
    impacts related to climate change.
        We applaud the bill's sponsor for the language included in
    Title I, Section 101(c)(1) and (c)(2) related to the equitable
    baseline funding. Many baseline formulas for assistance under
    Federal programs use land mass or population----
        [Audio malfunction.]
        The Chairman. We lost the audio on that.
        Ms. Locke. I believe he has connectivity issues.
        The Chairman. OK. We can return to finish that part of the
    testimony.
        We will now move to Secretary Machargo Maldonado, Secretary
    of Natural and Environmental Resources, Puerto Rico, for his
    comments. And then we will return to Mr. Oriol for him to
    finish his comments as soon as the technical issues are dealt
    with.
        Mr. Secretary, the time is yours, sir.

     STATEMENT OF RAFAEL A. MACHARGO MALDONADO, SECRETARY, PUERTO
      RICO DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES, SAN
                           JUAN, PUERTO RICO

        Mr. Machargo. Good afternoon, Chairman Grijalva, Ranking
    Member Westerman, Resident Commissioner Gonzalez-Colon, and
    Committee members. Thank you for the opportunity to appear
    before you today to discuss the draft of the Insular Area
    Climate Change Act.
        My name is Rafael Machargo. I am the Secretary of the
    Department of Natural and Environmental Resources of Puerto
    Rico. Also, I am the Chairman of the Puerto Rico Climate Change
    Expert and Advisory Committee.
        Created under Puerto Rico Act No. 33 of 2019, the
    committee's primary duty is to advise on the implementation of
    Puerto Rico's public policy on climate change and prepare the
    ``Plan for the Mitigation, Adaptation, and Resilience of
    Climate Change of Puerto Rico.'' The committee is the official
    government organization for all climate change matters in
    Puerto Rico.
        The committee, which I am honored to chair is comprised of
    nine members--three of them ex officio and six scientific and
    academic members and experts--appointed by the governor and
    confirmed by the legislature. The permanent members are as
    follows: (1) Engineer Carl Alex Soderberg, former Director of
    the Caribbean Division of the American Environmental Protection
    Agency. He is our water expert. (2) Meteorologist Ada Monzon.
    She already testified. She is our meteorologist. (3)
    Climatologist Rafael Mendez Tejeda. He is also at the
    University of Puerto Rico Carolina campus. (4) Global renewable
    energy expert Mr. Roy Charles Torbert. He is the director of
    the Rocky Mountain Institute. (5) The expert in climate change
    and public health, Dr. Pablo Mendez Lazaro. He works at the
    University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Department. And,
    finally, (6) coastal oceanographer Dr. Maritza Barreto. She is
    the Chair of Coastal Research and Planning Institute of Puerto
    Rico and member of the American Shore and Beach Association
    Board of Directors.
        The government's representatives are the secretary of
    economic development and commerce, the president of the
    University of Puerto Rico, and the secretary of natural and
    environmental resources.
        In the past few years, Puerto Rico has experienced the
    effects of severe weather. On September 20, 2017, Hurricane
    Maria, a powerful hurricane with sustained winds of over 150
    miles per hour, made direct landfall and bisected the entire
    island of Puerto Rico.
        Hurricane Maria caused widespread destruction and left
    flooding associated with over 40 inches of rainfall; major
    devastation of residential areas, roads, bridges, communication
    towers; and total failure of the electric grid infrastructure
    caused by the collapse of thousands of power lines and poles.
        Furthermore, the storm activated thousands of landslides
    registered in high-altitude and steep-sloped topographic areas,
    including the central region, or La Cordillera Central region.
        NOAA's National Center for Environmental Information and
    the National Hurricane Center jointly classified Hurricane
    Maria as the United States' third-costliest tropical cyclone.
    Damage in Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands totaled over
    $90 billion.
        Climate change needs to be addressed urgently. For that
    matter, we strongly support Chairman Grijalva's proposed
    intention to move forward with the climate change issues in the
    U.S. territories and Freely Associated States. Although the
    Committee on Climate Change in Puerto Rico will be submitting
    more specific comments on the newest draft version of the bill,
    our main recommendations are as follows.
        Title III--We recommend to appropriate the funds to acquire
    an additional NEXRAD Doppler system. Given the catastrophic
    nature of tropical cyclones resulting from climate change, an
    additional NEXRAD Doppler system must be incorporated into the
    islands' regime.
        Also, we recommend the re-evaluation of the allocation
    amounts to be appropriated by Congress for the different
    programs.
        We would recommend to add a section on Title V to include
    the following:
        ``Technical assistance. The Environmental Protection Agency
    will provide technical assistance to territories and Freely
    Associated States on adaptation and resilience to climate
    change impacts on water supply. The technical assistance will
    include, but will not be limited to, implementation of EPA's
    WaterSense water conservation program, wastewater reuse,
    rainfall harvesting, and reduction of potable water loss in the
    distribution system, protection of aquifer recharge areas,
    erosion control, among others.''
        We also are recommending Title III, Section 302, to include
    technical assistance on coastal erosion of flooding.
        I also would recommend a new section for ``Mitigation,
    Adaptation, and Resiliency Climate Change Plan'':
        "(A) One year after the enactment of this law, each
    territory shall submit a climate change mitigation, adaptation,
    and resiliency plan.
        "(B) Grants--FEMA will provide each territory up to
    $1,000,000 to develop a comprehensive climate change
    mitigation, adaptation, and resiliency plan. The plan will be
    submitted to the Federal task force for approval. Once
    approved, each territory will implement it according to the
    timetables included in the document. Federal grants to
    implement mitigation, adaptation, and resiliency projects will
    be contingent on the approved plans.''
        Once again, we want to thank this honorable Committee for
    the opportunity to present these preliminary comments and
    recommendations on the proposed bill, as further commentaries
    will be submitted at the proper time. The Committee on Climate
    Change hopes you to find this useful and reiterates its
    commitment to supporting the initiatives to address climate
    change.
        Thank you.

        [The prepared statement of Mr. Machargo follows:]
    Prepared Statement of the Hon. Rafael Machargo, Secretary, Puerto Rico
               Department of Natural and Environmental Resources
        Chairman Grijalva, Ranking Member Westerman, and Committee Members:
    Thank you for the opportunity to appear before you today to discuss the
    draft of the Insular Area Climate Change Act. My name is Rafael
    Machargo. I am the Secretary of the Department of Natural and
    Environmental Resources of Puerto Rico and President of the Puerto Rico
    Climate Change Experts and Advisory Committee (CEACC, by its Spanish
    acronym).
        Created under Puerto Rico Act No. 33-2019 (Act 33), the CEACC's
    primary duty is to advise on the implementation of Puerto Rico's public
    policy on climate change and prepare the ``Plan for the Mitigation,
    Adaptation, and Resilience on Climate Change of Puerto Rico.'' The
    CEACC is the official governmental organization for all climate change
    matters.
        The CEACC, which I'm honored to preside, comprises nine members:
    three of them ex officio and six scientific and academic permanent
    experts, appointed by the Governor of Puerto Rico and confirmed by the
    Legislative Assembly. The permanent members are the following: Eng.
    Carl Alex Soderberg (former Director, Caribbean Division of the
    Environmental Protection Agency); meteorologist Ada Monzon (CEO of Eco
    Exploratorio of Puerto Rico and news communicator); climatologist Dr.
    Rafael Mendez Tejeda (Scientist and Dean of the University of Puerto
    Rico, Carolina campus); global renewable energy expert, Mr. Roy Charles
    Torbert (Director of Rocky Mountain Institute); expert in climate and
    public health, Dr. Pablo Mendez Lazaro (Scientist at the University of
    Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Department); and coastal oceanographer
    Dr. Maritza Barreto (Chair Coastal Research and Planning Institute of
    Puerto Rico and member of the American Shore and Beach Association
    Board of Directors). The Government's representatives are the Secretary
    of the Department of Economic Development and Commerce of Puerto Rico
    (DDEC), the President of the University of Puerto Rico, and the
    Department of Natural and Environmental Resources of Puerto Rico.
        In the past few years, Puerto Rico has experienced the effects of
    severe weather. On September 20, 2017, Hurricane Maria, a powerful
    hurricane with sustained winds over 150 MPH, made direct landfall and
    bisected the entire Island. Maria caused widespread destruction and
    left flooding associated with over 40 inches of rainfall, major
    devastation of residential areas, roads, bridges, communication towers,
    and total failure of the electric grid infrastructure caused by the
    collapse of thousands of power lines and poles. Furthermore, the storm
    activated thousands of landslides registered in high altitude and
    steep-sloped topographic areas, including the central cordillera
    region. NOAA's National Centers for Environmental Information and the
    National Hurricane Center jointly classified Hurricane Maria as the
    United States' third-costliest tropical cyclone. Damage in Puerto Rico
    and the U.S. Virgin Islands totaled $90 billion.

        Climate change needs to be addressed urgently. For that matter, we
    strongly support Chairman Grijalva's proposed intentions to move
    forward with climate change issues on the U.S. Territories and the
    Freely Associate States. Although the CEACC will be submitting more
    specific comments on the newest draft version of the bill, our main
    recommendations are as follows:

         Title III: We recommend to appropriate funds to acquire an
                additional NEXRAD Doppler system. Given the catastrophic
                nature of tropical cyclones resulting from climate change,
                an additional NEXRAD Doppler system must be incorporated
                into the Islands' regime.

         Reevaluate the allocations amounts to be appropriated by
                Congress for the different programs.

         Add a section on Title V to include the following:

                    TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE

                            The Environmental Protection Agency will
                            provide technical assistance to the Territories
                            and the Free Associated States on adaptation
                            and resilience to Climate Change impacts on
                            water supply. The technical assistance will
                            include, but will not be limited to,
                            implementation of EPA's WaterSense water
                            conservation program, wastewater reuse,
                            rainfall harvesting, and reduction of portable
                            water loss in the distribution system,
                            protection of aquifer recharge areas, erosion
                            control, among others.''

         Title III, Section 302: The CEACC recommends including
                technical assistance on coastal erosion and flooding.

         Add a new Section for:

                    MITIGATION, ADAPTATION, AND RESILIENCE CLIMATE CHANGE
                    PLAN

                            (a)  One year after the enactment of this law,
                            each Territory shall submit a Climate Change
                            Mitigation, Adaptation, and Resilience Plan

                            (b)  Grants--FEMA will provide each Territory
                            up to $1,000,000 to develop a comprehensive
                            Climate Change Mitigation, Adaptation and
                            Resilience Plan. The Plan will be submitted to
                            the federal Task Force for approval. Once
                            approved, each Territory will implement it
                            according to the timetables included in the
                            document. Federal grants to implement
                            mitigation, adaptation, and resilience projects
                            will be contingent on the approved plans.

        Once again, we want to thank this Honorable Commission for the
    opportunity to present these preliminary comments and recommendations
    on the proposed bill, as further commentaries will be submitted in the
    proper time. The CEACC hopes that you find these useful and reiterate
    its commitment to support initiatives to address climate change,

        Thank you.

                                     ______

    Questions Submitted for the Record to Mr. Rafael A. Machargo Maldonado,
             Secretary, Puerto Rico Department of Natural Resources
        Thank you for your interest in the effect of climate change in
    Puerto Rico and the alternatives to address those issues.
        In compliance with the Committee's request for information, we
    submit Puerto Rico Climate Change Experts and Advisory Committee
    (CEACC, by its Spanish acronym) and Puerto Rico Department of Natural
    and Environmental Resources commentaries, specifically referencing the
    questions submitted by each Member.

        The CEACC and the DNER hope that you find these comments useful. If
    you require additional information, please contact Carmen M. Feliciano,
    Executive Director of the Puerto Rico Federal Affairs Administration.
                 Questions Submitted by Representative DeGette
    Background
        Rep. DeGette's Clean Energy Innovation and Deployment Act includes
    a provision (Section 130 of H.R. 7516 in the 116th Congress) that may
    be of great benefit to people living in U.S. territories, as well as on
    islands and in remote areas worldwide.
        The provision would require the Department of Energy (DOE) to
    establish a certification program for electricity-related technologies
    for use in remote communities. Companies whose products were certified
    could use that fact in marketing the technologies, much as do the
    recipients of DOE's Energy Star label. Facilitating the deployment of
    these technologies would make modern electricity services more
    affordable, reliable, and resilient to households in remote areas, and
    reduce demand for expensive imported fossil fuel-generated electricity
    and the associated carbon emissions.
        Qualifying technologies would include those that can generate
    electricity off-grid (such as solar panels), those that store energy,
    and highly efficient appliances, including lights, cell-phone chargers,
    computers, fans, refrigerators, stoves and ovens. DOE would only
    certify a technology determined to function properly; generate no
    greenhouse gas emissions; be affordable, reliable, durable, safe, and
    protective of human health and the environment; be compatible with
    other technologies relevant to its functioning, including those which
    have been similarly certified; and be available for deployment at
    commercial-scale throughout the territories and states of the United
    States.
        There is already a market for these kinds of technologies,
    especially in developing countries, but many of the products being
    marketed today do not work well, are sold on the basis of fraudulent
    claims, or are not compatible with adjacent technologies (for example,
    a solar panel not being compatible with a battery). Rep. DeGette's
    measure would make DOE the validator of these technologies, thus
    driving their innovation, increasing their quality, protecting
    consumers in the United States and globally, and facilitating the
    deployment of affordable reliable resilient climate-friendly
    technologies to communities in the United States, and around the world,
    that need them the most.

        Question 1. In addition to being on the front lines of climate
    change, are communities on your islands paying much higher electricity
    rates due to the fact that most electricity is generated from imported,
    expensive, and, in many cases, polluting fossil fuels?

        Answer. Puerto Rico's grid is supplied by a portfolio of energy
    sources from which only less than 3 percent came from renewables. About
    97 percent of the energy is produced using multiple fossil fuels. The
    high dependence on the import of fossil fuels impacts energy rates
    drastically, also creating instability on the rates subject to world
    market changes.
        In other words, Puerto Rican communities pay approximately double
    the U.S. average for electricity and experience almost 10 times as many
    power outages as the average American customer (per the Department of
    Energy). Currently, Puerto Rico imports all fossil fuels used on the
    Island. Approximately 97 percent of all power comes from fossil fuels
    (a mix of coal, methane imported in liquefied natural gas, heavy fuel
    oil, and diesel).
        The generation in Puerto Rico occurs in a mix of antiquated
    generators owned by PREPA, a private coal plant owned and operated by
    AES Corporation, and a liquefied natural gas import and generation
    facility owned and operated by EcoElectrica. Two private providers
    generate wind power, and five generate solar power on Island. The
    hydropower resources on the Island require significant attention to be
    rehabilitated and can be a valuable resource. Also, thousands of Puerto
    Rican families and businesses provide rooftop solar and have installed
    batteries. The long-term utility grid plan approved by the Puerto Rico
    Energy Bureau calls for a large-scale expansion of new renewable and
    battery storage resources, along with new energy efficiency programs,
    to reduce costs and meet the public policy requirements on the pathway
    to 100 percent renewable energy (as specified in Law 17-2019).
        Given the few and antiquate generations on the Island, Puerto Rico
    is exposed to both the fluctuations of the world oil market and the
    risks of an outage to a major generation facility. In early 2020, a
    series of devastating earthquakes disrupted communities in the south of
    Puerto Rico and damaged the largest PREPA-owned generator at Costa Sur.
    The outage forced other generators to manage daily generation, and
    without the severe decrease in power demand due to the COVID-19 global
    pandemic, it could have significantly increased costs and impaired
    service for Puerto Ricans.
        Furthermore, Puerto Rico has repeatedly suffered from environmental
    degradation due to fossil fuel usage and improper disposal of toxic
    waste (including coal ash). The EPA has conducted a study of all power
    plants in the United States concerning compliance with Mercury and Air
    Toxics Standards (MATS), and the only facilities resulting in a
    community cancer risk at or above 1-in-1 million are in Puerto Rico
    (using the methodology established by the EPA's independent Science
    Advisory Board).
        When the largely fossil-dominated and antiquated generation is
    combined with a fragile grid in need of modernization and improved
    maintenance practices--Puerto Rico faces an expensive and polluting
    system. These costs are currently borne by communities largely
    disadvantaged socio-economically, and further investments in a fossil-
    dominated system could risk imposing additional decades of cost and
    negative health outcomes.

        Question 2. Are the electric grids on your islands vulnerable to
    disruption by the effects of climate change, in particular increasing
    storm intensity, water cycle disruption, average temperatures, and sea
    level rise?

        Answer. The Puerto Rican energy grid is at a high risk of
    disruption due to climate change, with the most pressing threat due to
    hurricanes. While no single storm can be attributed to climate change,
    a growing body of literature finds the odds of extreme storms,
    including their frequency and duration, exacerbated by the increase in
    average sea temperatures. The most recent hurricane event occurred in
    2017, with Hurricane Irma's impacts and, most damagingly, Hurricane
    Maria.
        Following the 2017 hurricane season, the average customer lacked
    power for 7 months, and not until after 11 months had passed PREPA was
    able to reconnect all customers. These outages were deadly and highly
    disruptive to community activity. The lack of power crippled water
    infrastructure and impaired critical healthcare services such as
    emergency operations and dialysis.
        The largest risk and greatest disruption occurs in the transmission
    and distribution systems, consisting of 2,478 miles of transmission
    lines, 31,485 miles of distribution lines, and 344 sub-stations, per
    the Build Back Better report. Failures in these systems can be
    widespread and typically leave remote communities in the mountainous
    center of Puerto Rico and Vieques and Culebra's islands, without power
    for an extended period of time. The risk occurs due to limitations on
    vegetation management (leaving many power lines at risk of falling
    limbs), under-investment in key facilities and substations, and a
    system design with much of the high voltage transmission running
    through mountainous terrain with limited road access.
        Many of the substations and all fossil-fueled generation facilities
    are located on the coast and are vulnerable to sea-level rise and
    flooding. Furthermore, increased temperatures create additional strain
    in electrical equipment.

        Question 3. Do you believe this puts an additional and unnecessary
    financial strain on those living on your islands?

        Answer. Per recent Census data, 45 percent of Puerto Ricans live
    below the poverty line. Extreme events such as Hurricane Maria were
    disproportionately deadly due to the weak infrastructure and the
    fragile state of the power grid. The ongoing financial crisis and
    prolonged recession have occurred in part due to key industries leaving
    the Island. According to the President of the Puerto Rico Manufacturers
    Association, reducing power costs must be the top priority to support
    the Island's competitiveness.
        The combination of burdensome costs of power, even as the global
    pandemic and lockdowns make household power exceptionally critical for
    all--combined with declining industrial activity and employment
    opportunities create an extraordinary strain.
        This strain is avoidable, given the increasingly competitive
    opportunities for renewable and battery storage options to decrease
    cost and improve Island communities' resilience. Examples from Saint
    Lucia, Hawaii, and Jamaica provide powerful examples to learn from. In
    Jamaica, the regulator calculated that in a decade of decreased oil
    fuel dependence (decreasing from 95 percent to 50 percent by 2019),
    system costs declined. The regulator assessed that the electricity
    tariff was 30 percent lower due to improved grid performance, renewable
    energy, and cleaner and more efficient fossil fuel usage. A similar
    result in Puerto Rico would significantly benefit families and
    communities and help improve business conditions and employment.
        In Puerto Rico, energy efficiency should also be broadly pursued,
    and the Puerto Rico Energy Bureau has initiated proceedings to prepare
    such programs. An effective island-wide energy efficiency effort will
    reduce the total requirements for new and replacement power generation,
    reduce costs for individuals and the grid (as energy efficiency is
    routinely determined to be the cheapest source of power), and make the
    grid more flexible and resilient to disruptions.

        Question 4. Given that, do you think there might be a market on
    your islands for affordable reliable resilient equipment to generate
    and use zero-emitting electricity, reducing dependence on expensive
    fossil fuels and the vulnerable electric grid?

        Answer. The market has already been shifting toward clean,
    resilient, and reliable options. Customers have chosen to adopt rooftop
    solar panels coupled with batteries for resilience. The grid regulator
    assessed a detailed future plan (the Integrated Resource Plan) for
    generation options and determined the highest renewable adoption
    scenario for cost reduction and meeting public objectives. In December
    2020, PREPA filed for the first phase of procurement in compliance with
    that approved plan, to seek 1,000 megawatts (MW) of solar PV or
    equivalent renewable energy and 500 MW of 4-hour battery storage.
        When given clear direction and appropriate federal support to
    rebuild the grid to incorporate new clean and resilient power, this
    market will boost Puerto Rican employment and help reduce dependence on
    imports. By similarly ensuring that grid-scale procurements, federal
    support, and incentives such as the Investment Tax Credit can apply to
    customer-sited systems (distributed energy), the grid and key critical
    facilities can be made more resilient. In this growing market,
    specialized off-grid technologies can be useful and supplemental
    (including solar lights).

        Question 5. Do you think certification of this kind of equipment by
    the U.S. Department of Energy, as described in the Background section,
    would increase consumer confidence in it and thereby promote its use on
    your islands?

        Answer. Generally, a clear and accepted certification will help
    advance customer confidence. Customers in Puerto Rico had already
    installed many solar systems before the impact of hurricanes in 2017.
    Yet those systems were designed to be grid-tied (meaning they only
    function when the grid is operable), and many customers were unaware of
    this constraint. Since this event, systems with the ability to
    disconnect are widely prevalent (including frequent integration of
    batteries to integrate with the solar and serve as grid back-up for the
    facility). Many customers still struggle to determine whether
    warranties and system interconnection will be straightforward.
        For efficient appliances, the DOE Energy Star is widely adopted and
    trusted by customers. It focuses on the energy performance of
    equipment, and other related certifications address reliability.
    Further advancement would be beneficial but should integrate with DOE
    Energy Star programs to ensure this is simple and straightforward for
    customers.

                  Questions Submitted by Representative Graves
        Question 1. I am concerned that the creation of new Federal
    programs may result in duplication with existing programs, diluting
    funding availability and potential impacts. Are existing programs
    failing to meet these needs? If so, could they be reformed to better
    support current inadequacies? Please provide specific examples.

        Answer. Existing programs, specifically the Energy Star
    certification program provided by DOE, are an effective mechanism to
    indicate energy-efficient appliances to customers, and household
    surveys indicate high percentages of customers find the label
    influential in their purchasing decisions. These Energy Star certified
    appliances' performance will be functionally similar (barring any
    voltage fluctuations with weak grids). Continued support to further
    advance Energy Star's efficiency standards will help raise standards
    and minimize customer energy costs, particularly in insular areas.
        For solar panels and batteries, certification is provided by
    Underwriters Laboratories (UL) and the Institute of Electrical and
    Electronics Engineers (IEEE), with significant safety and reliability
    testing. These are refined and updated frequently and are readily
    available. These standards are applicable for all U.S. applications and
    territories.
        Continued support to insular areas through the National
    Laboratories to address customer concerns on interconnection and off-
    grid operation is beneficial and can be augmented. In terms of solar
    and battery system sizing, IEEE 1562:2007 provides clear and effective
    guidance.

        Question 2. Insular areas are unique in many ways, including
    energy. These areas are largely dependent on imports for energy--
    resulting in high costs, reduced energy security and vulnerability to
    supply chain disruption. Distributed generation and renewables are a
    very good fit for the natural resource availability of many of these
    areas. However, my concern is that the Federal Government would be
    mandating a singular approach. Even if you were to dramatically
    increase renewables, does it make sense to keep the door open for other
    energy options?

        Answer. To date, in Puerto Rico, federal entities have supported
    and advanced the public policy goals established by the Government of
    Puerto Rico. As established in Act 17 of 2019 and the approved
    Integrated Resource Plan established in August 2020, that pathway
    reduces import dependence, reduces costs, and advances renewable energy
    options. By 2028, the law mandates a full phase-out of the use of coal
    for power generation. By 2050, the law mandates that 100 percent of the
    Island's power will be generated by renewable energy.
        Institutions in Puerto Rico, particularly the energy regulator who
    has overseen and now approved the Integrated Resource Plan, can work
    together with federal support to advance these objectives while
    assessing other options, including existing resources, alternatives
    that exist today, and future energy options not yet viable.
        Acting quickly to install and integrate the renewable resources as
    specified by the law, and now in the procurement process by PREPA, will
    reduce costs for customers and help meet local objectives for a cleaner
    system.

        Question 3. A primary reason for a government mandates is that a
    desired outcome does not make financial sense over the long term. Is
    that the case--would renewable energy be more expensive over the long
    term? If not, what is the benefit of having the Federal Government
    impose such mandates (if it potentially ties the hands of these areas
    should a better option come along in the future)?

        Answer. Renewable energy is, in fact, the cheapest option for
    insular areas such as Puerto Rico. According to detailed grid analysis
    performed under the direction of the Puerto Rico Energy Bureau and
    carried out by a consultant team from Siemens using PREPA data and
    input, the cheapest option for all Puerto Ricans in the coming 20 years
    is the highest renewable energy scenario (S3S2B) assessed in the
    analysis. In the order titled `Final Resolution and Order on the Puerto
    Rico Electric Power Authority's Integrated Resource Plan,' the
    regulator approved that scenario in concluding the mandated Integrated
    Resource Plan Process. That plan includes procurements (now underway)
    to bring on 6,900-gigawatt-hours (GWh) of renewable energy annually by
    2025, equally 45 percent of the total grid energy. This scenario, and
    others assessed by the expert consultants, include energy efficiency
    programs to reduce total grid power demand. Those new renewables and
    efficient resources, including all program, financing, and installation
    costs, are cost-effective when compared against running existing fossil
    fuels or developing new fossil fuel infrastructure.
        Numerous expert witnesses and intervenors reviewed these findings.
    Similar findings from studies done by the University of Puerto Rico and
    led by Professors Efrain O'Neill Carrillo, Jose Colucci-Rios, Agustin
    Irizarry Rivera and others, the organization Cambio, the Institute for
    Energy Economics and Financial Analysis, and many others, all find that
    the most cost-effective option for Puerto Rico is efficiency and clean
    energy.
        Investing in the most cost-effective option, given all current
    knowledge and examples of successfully integrating renewable energy
    from Texas, Arizona, California, Costa Rica, Hawaii, Jamaica, Saint
    Lucia, and many other U.S. jurisdictions and similar islanded grids, is
    the clear answer for Puerto Rico.
          Questions Submitted by Resident Commissioner Gonzalez-Colon
        Question 1. Could you briefly discuss the role of the Puerto Rico
    Climate Change Experts and Advisory Committee, which you preside? What
    are some of the initiatives the Committee plans to pursue in the near
    future to increase adaptation and resilience to climate change on the
    Island? How can Congress be of assistance?

        Answer. The Committee of Experts and Advisers on Climate Change of
    Puerto Rico (CEACC, by its Spanish acronym) was established by Law 33-
    2019. The Committee is comprised of nine members. Three members are ex
    Officio; the Secretary of Natural and Environmental Resources, who
    chairs the Committee; the Secretary of Economic Development and
    Commerce; and the President of the University of Puerto Rico. Six
    members are non-governmental scientists, which had to be confirmed by
    the Senate and the House of Representatives of Puerto Rico. The non-
    governmental members serve for no less than 5 years to assure
    continuity of service.
        The main responsibilities of the CEACC are to oversee the
    implementation of Puerto Rico's climate change public policy as
    established by law; develop the Climate Change Mitigation, Adaptation
    and Resilience Plan of Puerto Rico (the Plan); oversee the
    implementation of the Plan, and provide advice to the executive and
    legislative branches of the Government of Puerto Rico on matters
    concerning climate change. The CEACC will recommend specific adaptation
    measures in reforestation, tourism, agriculture, transportation, energy
    production and distribution, water availability, protection of coastal
    areas, protection of key infrastructure, among others. In addition, the
    CEACC is following up on Puerto Rican agencies' compliance with
    specific mandates established in Puerto Rico's Climate Change Act.
    Examples of these mandates are: (1) purchasing hybrid or electric
    vehicles in all agencies and municipalities; (2) planting 100,000 trees
    per year; (3) generate 20 percent of electricity with renewables by
    2022, 40 percent by 2025, 60 percent by 2040 and 100 percent by 2050;
    (4) reduce electricity demand by 1 percent annually for 10 years; (5)
    conduct inventory of greenhouse gases; (6) mandatory use of solar-
    powered heaters in homes built after the law was enacted; (7) develop
    an inventory of green gas execute strategies to protect coral reef,
    mangroves, and beaches; (8) reduce coastal erosion; (9) execute policy
    to face sea-level rise among others. The CEACC follows that proposed
    action and territorial plans and policies will align with the mandates
    established by law. Congress can help by providing funding for the
    Plan's development, which would provide the blueprint to mitigate and
    adapt to climate change in Puerto Rico. The Plan will also establish
    funding priorities. C of fisheries. Congress can also approve much-
    needed funds to reduce water loss in the potable water system,
    implement EPA's WaterSense program in all hoons in the Island, and
    funds for dredging key water supply reservoirs and mitigate coastal
    erosion.
        Also, Congress should be including Puerto Rico in all climate
    change initiatives that will be executed as a part of the nation-wide
    plan.

        Question 2. As you know, coral reefs are crucial for Puerto Rico in
    a variety of ways, whether it is because of their ecological and
    environmental value, or their importance for our tourism and coastal
    economies. It is estimated that annually, reefs in Puerto Rico provide
    flood protection benefits to more than 4,200 people and $184 million in
    averted damages to property and economic activity. According to NOAA,
    coral reef-derived tourism generates nearly $2 billion in income and
    regional domestic product in Puerto Rico.

        However, coral reefs also provide protection against natural
    disasters and coastal erosion. That's why I believe one of the most
    effective ways to ensure Puerto Rico and other U.S. coral jurisdiction
    have the necessary resources to combat climate change would be to
    reauthorize and strengthen NOAA's Coral Reef Conservation Program. I've
    joined Congressman Soto and Senator Rubio in introducing the bipartisan
    and bicameral Restoring Resilient Reefs Act of 2021 (H.R. 160/S. 46),
    which would achieve just that.

        As Secretary of the Puerto Rico Department of Natural and
    Environmental Resources, could you elaborate on the role coral reefs
    play in Puerto Rico and why reef conservation efforts are so important
    to build resilience and mitigate against the impacts of hurricanes and
    other phenomena?

        Answer. Coral reefs are essential for 23 percent of fisheries.
    Moreover, coral reefs protect the coast from a hurricane and tropical
    storm waves. Coral reefs absorb up to 90 percent of the energy of these
    waves. If coral reefs disappear, more than 250,000 homes, all power
    plants, and 70 percent of Puerto Rico's wastewater treatment
    infrastructure would be destroyed.
        Coral reefs form barriers to protect the coastal communities from
    waves and storms, attenuating their impacts. The coral reef structure
    buffers shorelines against floods, preventing loss of life, property
    damage, and erosion. In engineering terms, the coral 3-D structural
    configuration acts as a submerged dam setting. That is why reef
    conservation efforts are so important to build resilience and mitigate
    against the impacts of hurricanes and other phenomena.
        Besides, coral reefs are home to many species. They are known to
    have the largest biodiversity globally, compared to the biodiversity
    found in a rainforest. They sustain many commercial fishes,
    representing an important food source to citizens and wildlife, like
    sea turtles and sharks. Coral reefs are part of the tropical coastal
    landscape. A variety of marine life depends on seagrasses, mangroves,
    and coral reefs. Those marine ecosystems intertwine and complement each
    other. That is our marine-scape in Puerto Rico.

    [GRAPHIC NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

        .eps  Map: K. Buja (2008)

        Challenges to coral reef protection are enormous in Puerto Rico and
    worldwide. For instance, decreases in pH within the water column can
    reduce corals' calcification rates and other calcifying organisms.
    Ocean acidification has significantly reduced reef-building corals'
    ability to produce their skeletons, posing a major threat to these
    organisms.
        Local efforts can contribute to reducing acidification by
    mitigating runoff discharges and sediments across the rivers and
    creeks. There are green engineering techniques available to mitigate
    untreated discharges to the sea by creating wetlands in the main bodies
    of water in PR. Hydrographic basins previously identified for this
    purpose are the following: Guanajibo River (Mayaguez, west coast), Loco
    River (Yauco, south), Anton River (Humacao, east), and Loiza, Manati,
    Arecibo Rivers (north coast). Second, there is a need to control and
    reduce the urban and industrial coastal development sewer discharges,
    including sanitary and stormwater sewer discharges. Primary treatment
    plants from the Aqueduct and Sewer Authority need to be upgraded,
    ideally to tertiary treatment plants, to remove nitrogen and phosphorus
    (nutrients that have been increasing the algae cover and their
    smothering effect over corals in the reefs).
        Puerto Rico is the oldest or second oldest territory in the U.S.
    that implemented a coral reef monitoring program, and it is still
    running. This accomplishment has allowed us to analyze changes in coral
    reefs around the Island over time, among other benefits.
    Notwithstanding, there is an area of opportunity with regards to water
    quality. DNER would like to associate the state of the reefs with the
    condition of water quality. Our current resources have not allowed us
    to do so. We would appreciate it if Congress could help us get funding
    to establish and continue a water quality monitoring program integrated
    with our coral monitoring program.
        Work with communities is recommended to develop action plans based
    on preparedness and risk reduction activities to increase resilience to
    disasters and Climate Change. Some municipality mitigation plans have
    been developed, but more need to be prepared. Their implementation is
    also needed.
        On the other hand, the emergent Stony Coral Tissue Loss Disease
    (SCTLD) aggressively spread on Puerto Rico's coasts. This disease was
    first detected in Florida, then in the Virgin Islands, and in Puerto
    Rico, was first seen in Culebra. It is now very troublesome on all the
    east coast, but it also affects corals in the south, southwest (La
    Parguera), and north. Once the coral is infected with SCTLD, the
    chances of survival are very low. The disease can kill a colony in a
    matter of days. Coral reefs in Puerto Rico are facing the worst threat
    in history with this disease. In collaboration with other entities,
    DNER is treating with antibiotics some sick coral colonies. However,
    the treatment needs to be significantly strengthened and widen. We
    would appreciate any prompt help Congress can provide to us. One of the
    actions honorable Gonzalez may conduct is to urge NOAA to approve using
    their funds to treat infected corals. They are currently evaluating the
    treatment for NEPA approval. Until this approval is achieved, none of
    our NOAA funds could be expended for treatment. Meanwhile, we have been
    trying to get donations of the medicine. Funds are also needed to
    strengthen the implementation of Law 147 of 1999-PR Coral Reef
    Protection Act and its regulation.

        Question 3. I think one of the biggest challenges we face in Puerto
    Rico when it comes to accessing Federal grants--including those to
    mitigate the impacts of climate change--is that often individuals,
    communities, and organizations on the Island simply do not apply for
    the program, either because they are not aware about the funding
    opportunity, or because they lack the necessary capacity and know how
    to go through the application process.

        3a. Is this something you've seen or experienced yourself?

        Answer. Yes.

        3b. In your opinion, should Federal agencies invest more in raising
    awareness about existing funding opportunities to tackle these issues,
    building capacity among potential applicants, and simplifying the grant
    application processes?

        Answer. One of the main constraints to accessing Federal grants to
    mitigate climate change are:

       i. the access of grant information announcement in time, and

       ii. the complexity of the grant application related to the
                administration process.

        All of the above will help. However, a major obstacle is obtaining
    from IRS nonprofit status, which is a prerequisite to receiving federal
    funds. The process is very cumbersome. Nonprofits have to pay up to
    $5,000 for professional services to complete the process. Disadvantaged
    communities don't have this money to get the IRS nonprofit standing.
    The other major problem is filling up the paperwork.

        Question 4. During the hearing, you mentioned that the most
    critical climate-related concern in Puerto Rico is coastal erosion.

        4a. Can you elaborate on the impact coastal erosion is having on
    the Island?

        Answer. Coastal changes have occurred in Puerto Rico, with erosion
    causing major problems. Coastal erosion results from the interaction of
    physical variables such as storm waves, swells, storm surge, storms
    that act over dunes, beaches, coastal bluff, and alluvial deposits, and
    other loosely consolidated coastal features. Human activities such as
    sand extraction, changes in land cover and land use (LCLUC),
    construction of hard structures in the shoreline, modification of
    coastal barriers, coastal deforestation, and extraction of sand from
    rivers, among others, are reducing in many cases the supply of sand to
    the beaches, causing coastal erosion. Also, the loss of sand is
    incrementing due to the effects of climate change. As sea levels rise,
    ocean acidification and the increase of storms' magnitude in the region
    decrease these coastal events' buffering effect.
        For 2021, beach and coastal bluff erosions were the principal types
    of coastal erosion shown in Puerto Rico. Approximately 70 percent of
    the Island coastline was suffering erosion, causing important damages
    in critical infrastructure such as roads, schools, and recreation
    centers. Also, erosion is continuously reducing the natural buffering
    action of beaches and dunes and the quality and distribution of coastal
    ecosystems that depend on it as this main resource.
        An overview of the Island's coastal erosion showed sand loss events
    affecting most beaches from the 1970s to 2010. Approximately 60 percent
    of the beaches in PR suffered erosion during this period (low (15.8
    percent); moderate (14.9 percent); high (3.1 percent) and very high (5
    percent) erosion rates) (Barreto et al. 2018). No severe erosion was
    identified from 1970 to 2010. However, severe erosion has been found at
    some coastal sites of PR since 2012. The loss of sand was mainly
    observed in beaches located in the municipalities of Loiza, San Juan,
    Arecibo, Hatillo, Arroyo, Dorado, and Rincon, where the significant
    loss of infrastructure--such as roads, buildings, and houses--was also
    identified (Barreto et al. 2020). Human activity, such as built-up
    structures, along the shoreline, was one of the variables identified in
    some beaches that experienced erosion for this period. The loss of
    infrastructure was observed at many coastal sites where infrastructure
    was located along the beachfront and faced erosion problems before
    Hurricane Maria (Federal Emergency Management Agency [FEMA] 2018).
        Hurricane Maria caused significant beach erosion along the
    coastline of the Island. Most beaches suffered a loss of beach
    elevation. Furthermore, beach width changes were highly variable along
    the coastline of PR. Major losses in beach width were identified in
    beaches located in the west-northwest, north-central, and southeast
    municipalities of the main Island. An increase in erosion was observed
    mainly in beaches with previous erosion history and/or high human
    intervention levels along the coast. Minor beach changes and accretion
    were identified in beaches with natural barriers, such as coral reefs
    and mangroves, mainly located in the northeast and southwest of the
    Island. Beach progradation and retreat may affect the enhancement and/
    or reduction of these geographic areas' beach resilience capacity. This
    new geomorphic state of the beaches in PR will be important to define
    beaches' buffer capacity when facing future extreme meteorological and
    oceanographic events.
        For the 2018 period, major erosion was identified in coastal sites
    in the Arecibo, Hatillo, Aguada, Anasco, San Juan, Loiza, Arroyo,
    Humacao, Dorado, Mayaguez, Catano, Vega Baja and Manati municipalities.
    Major erosion (beaches and coastal bluff) was identified at Arecibo.
    Loss of sand is mainly caused by the combination of wave regime, winter
    storms, swells, cold fronts, human impact. The erosion of the coastal
    cliff is causing significant damage to the infrastructure of Arecibo's
    ``Barrio Pueblo'' and its nearby areas. As well as the area of Ocean
    Park and Condado in San Juan (Mendez-Tejeda, et al 2020). Schools,
    roads, recreational areas, and services infrastructures related to
    water distribution and treatment and electricity generation and
    distribution were exposed in coastal sites affected by erosion.
    Significant coastal bluff erosion was identified at Arecibo, Humacao,
    Yabucoa, San Juan (Puerta de Tierra) and Toa Baja (Isla de Cabra).
    Coastal bluff erosion increases the exposition of critical
    infrastructure as principal roads and state buildings at Puerta de
    Tierra at San Juan.
        Approximately 18 percent of the population was exposed to multi-
    coastal risk in Puerto Rico. These people (496,442) live in the Coastal
    Zone (legal unit defined by the Government), and 14 percent of people
    live in coastal areas from 0 to 3 meters of elevation at the Island.
    This population is highly exposed to coastal erosion, sea-level rise,
    storm surge, storm waves, and tsunami events.

        4b. What actions or policies would you recommend Congress adopt to
    help mitigate and address this issue?

        Answer. The following actions are recommended to mitigate coastal
    erosion, promote safety and wellness as well protect infrastructure and
    economic development at the Island: (1) strengthening natural barriers,
    such as beaches, dunes, coral reefs, seagrass beds, and beach rocks;
    (2) conducting offshore investigations to identify sediment sources for
    beach and dune restoration; (3) limiting new constructions in selected
    high-vulnerability areas; (4) critically evaluating the need to
    reconstruct infrastructure damaged by the storm; (5) use of green and
    blue infrastructure as a one of the mitigation strategies; (6)
    evaluating relocation based on vulnerability and feasibility, with
    coastal communities being involved in the process; (7) use coastal
    vulnerability (social, physical and infrastructure) as a one of the
    metrics to determinate priorities in the mitigation processes; (8)
    conducting a detailed evaluation of coastal erosion as a part of the
    assessment of the hazards that may affect PR; (9) use scientific data
    as a baseline of coastal management decision-making processes; (10)
    support studies of coastal changes to gathering continuous data for the
    availability of updating data for the 44 coastal municipalities; (11)
    pronouncing beaches, dunes, coral and mangroves as a vital
    infrastructure of PR and treating them as such; and (12) evaluate the
    possibility of revising the cost-benefit metric application over the
    Puerto Rico territory. This metric is one of the criteria used to
    decide priorities in the coastal mitigation process.
        It is important to execute the different mitigation interventions
    (e.g., protection, adaptation, and relocation) according to the new
    coastal scenario on the Island based on post-storm a seismic event by
    geographic area. It is also necessary to improve non-structural
    intervention as an important part of the decision-making process in the
    Island.

        Question 5. As we briefly discussed in the hearing, the Puerto Rico
    Department of Natural and Environmental Resources (DNER) participates
    and receives funding under various NOAA programs, including the
    National Coastal Zone Management Program and the Coral Reef
    Conservation Program. Additionally, DNER oversees the Jobos Bay
    National Estuarine Research Reserve, which is part of NOAA's National
    Estuarine Research Reserve System.

        Can you discuss the importance of these programs for Puerto Rico
    and how they help DNER combat the impact of climate change on the
    Island?

        Answer. The DNER PR Coral Reef Conservation and Management Program
    supports the conservation, protection, and restoration of coral reefs
    across Puerto Rico. Coral reefs are vulnerable to climate change yet
    are key players in protecting our coastal habitats and population from
    climate change impacts, so their protection is vital. Coral reefs
    attenuate wave energy and reduce subsequent coastal erosion processes
    from storms, surges, and other high wave energy events. Coral reefs in
    the U.S. provide flood risk reduction, which has an annual estimated
    value of $1.805 billion (2010 U.S. dollars) (Storlazzi et al. 2019).
    Due to their importance in coastal protection, coral reefs are
    considered critical infrastructure by Puerto Rican law.
        The PR Coral Reef Conservation and Management Program implements
    and supports various projects around the Archipelago to promote coral
    reef health and recovery. A programmatic project of this Program is the
    monitoring of 42 coral reef permanent stations around the Archipelago.
    This is the second oldest coral monitoring sub-program in the U.S.,
    collecting benthic data since 1999 to establish tendencies and document
    change over time. Education and outreach to the public and stakeholders
    conducted by the Program promote these resources' responsible use to
    avoid damage from anchoring, groundings, and other direct interactions
    that cause coral mortality. By restoring coral reef ecosystem function
    through coral restoration and disease response efforts, the PR Coral
    Reef Conservation and Management Program is protecting associated
    ecosystems, including Puerto Rico's fisheries resources and coastal
    infrastructure for the Island.
        The Coastal Zone Management Program, managed by the DNER, is a
    federal grant focused on the following components: wetlands, coastal
    hazards, public access, marine debris, cumulative and secondary
    impacts, special area management planning, ocean resources, energy, and
    government facility siting and aquaculture. In our Program, a lot of
    attention and funds have been granted to address Climate Change,
    especially coastal erosion and coastal hazard mitigation. The Coastal
    Zone Program has coordinated the preparation of coastal mitigation
    plans of several municipalities. A lot of surveying work associated
    with the maritime zone has been performed. The Council of Climate
    Change was formed through the Coastal Zone Program to share information
    and recommendations among multiple scientists of different fields and
    other stakeholders. Several documents have been produced on the
    subject. Even though significant works have been achieved regarding
    Climate Change and coastal protection in Puerto Rico, there is no
    secured and recurring budget aimed at mitigating the impacts of Global
    Warming in PR. Congress is welcome to aid in this important matter.
        The Jobos Bay Estuarine Research Reserve (JBNERR) is a natural
    protected area in Salinas and Guayama, geared toward research,
    education, and outreach. The Reserve operates fully with NOAA funds.
    This protected area has coral reefs, mangroves, coastal lagoons, salt
    flats, and important wildlife resources. Recently, the SCTLD was
    detected in Jobos Bay. Unfortunately, approximately 70 percent of the
    corals were infected in a very short time frame, and many have already
    died.
        Among the research efforts being conducted, there is the Sentinel
    Initiative. It mainly consists of monitoring the advances of sea-level
    rise in the reserve areas such as mangroves over time. We have
    permanent areas being monitored. Besides, JBNERR has a Coastal Training
    Program. Different audiences get educated on relevant subjects. The
    Sentinel Program and other research initiatives in JBNERR, the Coastal
    Training Program, and the Education and Outreach Program help combat
    climate change on the Island.

        Question 6. In your written testimony you call for additional
    technical assistance for water conservation efforts and initiatives
    that help reduce portable water loss in the distribution system, among
    other issues.

        Last Congress, I introduced legislation--H.R. 6050, the Puerto Rico
    WaterSMART Grants Eligibility Act--to make Puerto Rico an eligible
    jurisdiction for the Bureau of Reclamation's WaterSMART Grants Program
    and Drought Resiliency Project Grants Program. These programs provide
    cost-shared Federal funding for projects that conserve and use water
    more efficiently and contribute to water supply reliability, as well as
    to increase resiliency to drought by funding on-the-ground projects
    that improve water management flexibility during periods of low water
    supply.

        Originally, eligible applicants for these grants had to be located
    in one of the 17 western states or the small U.S. territories. In 2019,
    Congress made Alaska and Hawaii eligible applicant locations as well,
    meaning that Puerto Rico was the only territory and non-contiguous
    jurisdiction in the United States where these water conservation grants
    were not available. My bill sought to address this exclusion.

        The Puerto Rico WaterSMART Grants Eligibility Act was enacted into
    law in December 2020 as part of the FY 2021 omnibus funding package.
    Now that the Island is eligible for these grants, I would encourage you
    and the Puerto Rico Climate Change Experts and Advisory Committee to
    engage with the Bureau of Reclamation, as this funding opportunity
    might help address some of the long-standing water conservation and
    supply issues we face in Puerto Rico.

        Could you briefly elaborate on the need to invest in water
    conservation projects in Puerto Rico? Why is it so important?

        Answer. Climate change is already affecting water availability and
    will exacerbate the situation in the near future. It is important to
    mention that the lack of water will impact one of the main sources of
    Puerto Rico's economy, which is tourism, as well as agriculture and
    livestock.
        Sea level rise has increased saltwater intrusion into our aquifers.
    This is particularly critical on the south coast. The Department of
    Natural and Environmental Resources (DNER) formally declared the
    Southern Aquifer in ``critical condition'', which means that if
    immediate measures are implemented, the whole aquifer will be lost to
    seawater intrusion. The DNER implemented a ban on the drilling of new
    wells and a ban on increasing groundwater pumping from existing wells.
    Since the situation continued to deteriorate, DNER imposed a
    construction ban in the Municipality of Salinas. Since sea level will
    continue to rise and a rainfall shortfall is predicted by 2030, a
    construction ban will be implemented in other municipalities on the
    South coast if other measures are not established.
        Climate change has increased the frequency of severe droughts. In
    2015, a severe drought affected half of the Island for 5 months. As a
    result, the Government of Puerto Rico implemented water rationing.
    First, every other day, then every 48 hours, and finally, 3 days
    straight without water service followed by 24-hour service. The
    rationing cost $1 billion to the Puerto Rico Economy. Last summer, we
    suffered another drought which prompted water rationing. This time
    every other day.
        Hurricane Maria destroyed 144 million trees, which has exacerbated
    the sedimentation of our drinking water reservoirs. Some of our key
    reservoirs have lost more than 50 percent of storage capacity.
    According to NOAA, Puerto Rico will suffer a 10 percent rainfall
    shortfall by 2030, so the above-described water scarcity events will be
    exacerbated. To address the water scarcity that Puerto Rico is facing
    and will face in the immediate future, the following is needed:

      1.  Dredging of key reservoirs.

      2.  Reducing water loss in the distribution system from 60 percent to
                17 percent.

      3.  Reuse of treated wastewater.

      4.  Implementation of EPA's WaterSense water conservation program.

      5.  Rainfall harvesting in new homes.

      6.  Use of home cisterns.

                                     ______

        The Chairman. Thank you very much, Mr. Secretary.
        Now let me recognize Ms. Zena Grecni, Sustained Climate
    Assessment Specialist, East-West Center.
        The time is yours. Thank you very much for being here. We
    look forward to your testimony.

        STATEMENT OF ZENA GRECNI, SUSTAINED CLIMATE ASSESSMENT
             SPECIALIST, EAST-WEST CENTER, HONOLULU, HAWAII

        Ms. Grecni. Aloha and good afternoon. Thank you, Chairman
    and distinguished Committee members, for this opportunity to
    testify.
        My name is Zena Grecni, and I am the Sustained Climate
    Assessment Specialist at the East-West Center in Honolulu. I
    have worked for more than a decade in Hawaii and the U.S.-
    affiliated Pacific Islands, or USAPI. This is the region that
    includes American Samoa, the Commonwealth of the Northern
    Mariana Islands, Guam, and the Freely Associated States.
        I coordinate the Pacific Islands Regional Climate
    Assessment, or PIRCA, our regional assessment effort, and serve
    as an author on its recent reports as well as on the U.S.
    National Climate Assessment.
        Climate change has arrived in the Pacific Islands.
    Governments and leaders are taking the impacts seriously and
    are committing the resources, time, and creativity to keep
    people safe, while fostering adaptation and practical planning
    for the future. Yet, climate change remains the greatest
    challenge to our region.
        Without increased support, adaptation will not approach the
    scale needed to meet the multiple crises that climate change
    will bring to the U.S.-affiliated Pacific Islands, home to
    nearly half a million people.
        I am therefore pleased and excited by the introduction of
    the Insular Area Climate Change Act, which will leverage the
    considerable efforts of Pacific Island governments and
    communities and further build local adaptive capacity.
        The Act will help address unique risks to our region. In
    2018, we saw Super Typhoon Yutu damage and destroy a
    significant portion of buildings and infrastructure in the
    Northern Mariana Islands, requiring more than $100 million in
    public assistance.
        Scientists have reported an increase on average in tropical
    cyclone intensity globally, and they expect further increases
    in the strength of hurricanes and typhoons as the climate
    warms, amplifying the potential for severe damage.
        Even small increases in average sea level could be
    disastrous for the Pacific Islands, where the majority of
    infrastructure and communities lie along the coast near sea
    level. And as Ambassador Zackios referenced, it is an
    existential threat for the Marshall Islands and other low-lying
    atolls. Sea-level rise is expected to accelerate strongly after
    mid-century, highlighting the need for adaptive action now to
    avoid higher long-term costs.
        Wildfire, drought, hotter weather, and more extreme
    rainfall events threaten public health and the provision of
    critical services, like safe drinking water. Compound impacts
    could cause severe disruptions to livelihoods and could compel
    migration.
        What approaches are needed to address these unique risks?
    Some of the most cost-effective climate solutions involve
    boosting the resilience of local ecosystems. Coral reefs inject
    hundreds of millions of dollars into local economies each year
    and offer vital protection from coastal flooding. In Guam,
    reef-related tourism alone adds $323 million per year.
        Severe coral bleaching is now more frequent and is expected
    to happen annually before 2050 if current warming continues.
    Programs and grants under this Act would therefore catalyze and
    scale up vital coral reef conservation and restoration
    programs.
        Basing management decisions on past experience alone is
    kind of like trying to drive by looking in the rearview mirror.
    More data is needed to see the upcoming curves in the road.
    This Act would expand climate monitoring through existing NOAA
    programs, helping to guarantee that we have fine-scale
    projections for a region that currently lacks them.
        Ultimately, the data must reach managers who can apply it,
    and my team supports that kind of work. I am part of the
    Pacific RISA, one of several Regional Integrated Sciences and
    Assessments Programs that the NOAA Climate Program office funds
    to help managers produce actionable research and help them to
    evaluate and identify adaptation actions.
        The proposed Insular Area Climate Change Task Force would
    point to ways to provide more equitable access to territories
    and Freely Associated States to Federal climate change
    programs. I would suggest that the task force include heads of
    state, governors, and presidents as members and advisors to
    better guarantee the success of new and existing programs.
        Other potential blind spots in the curve are shifts in
    global energy supply and prices. The U.S.-affiliated Pacific
    Islands, again, here, are very vulnerable, as they are
    dependent on imported fossil fuels, and electricity prices for
    residents are higher than the U.S. average.
        Titles IV and V of the Act would inject critical funds to
    U.S. territories and Freely Associated States to access
    renewable sources of reliable renewable energy and increase
    their resilience to extreme weather and price shocks.
        Because Pacific Islands have constrained financial,
    technical, and human capacity, the Act rightly puts emphasis on
    programmatic coordination and technical assistance. Local
    training and capacity-building are essential.
        The Pacific RISA stands ready to support important new
    programs for the U.S. insular areas to address climate change.
        Thank you.

        [The prepared statement of Ms. Grecni follows:]
        Prepared Statement of Zena Grecni, Sustained Climate Assessment
                          Specialist, East-West Center
        Chair Grijalva, Ranking Member Westerman, and distinguished members
    of the Committee, it is an honor to submit this written testimony in
    support of the Insular Area Climate Change Act.
        My name is Zena Grecni, and I am the Sustained Climate Assessment
    Specialist with the Pacific RISA team based at the East-West Center in
    Honolulu. The Pacific RISA is one of 11 Regional Integrated Sciences
    and Assessments (RISA) teams funded and supported by the NOAA Climate
    Program Office to build the nation's capacity to prepare for and adapt
    to climate variability and change. I have worked in the Pacific Islands
    region for more than a decade, supporting Pacific Island governments
    and communities by conducting research and synthesizing climate
    information.
        As the Sustained Climate Assessment Specialist for Hawai'i and the
    US-Affiliated Pacific Islands (USAPI), I coordinate a regional climate
    assessment effort, the Pacific Islands Regional Climate Assessment
    (PIRCA), comprised of local governments, NGOs, and academic
    organizations, and supported by Federal entities. To increase
    representation of the USAPI (American Samoa, the Commonwealth of the
    Northern Mariana Islands, Guam, and the Freely Associated States under
    the Compact of Free Association) in regional and national assessments,
    the PIRCA is conducting climate assessments for each of the USAPI
    countries and territories. The PIRCA reports summarize up-to-date
    climate trends and projections for Pacific Islands, and detail specific
    ways that climate change is affecting critical sectors. Each report was
    co-authored with local experts and involved collaboration with 30 to 50
    technical contributors across a range of essential sectors. I served as
    an author on three of these assessments released in the past year,
    including as lead author on assessments for Guam and the Commonwealth
    of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI). I was also an author of our
    region's chapter in the Fourth US National Climate Assessment, Volume
    2, released by the US Global Change Research Program in 2018.
        Climate change has arrived in the Pacific Islands. I have spoken
    with public officials struggling to help their communities to recover
    from the strongest storm ever to strike US soil. I have witnessed coral
    reefs dying record-high temperatures. Governments and leaders are
    taking the impacts seriously and are committing resources, time, and
    creativity to keep people safe, while fostering adaptation and
    practical planning for future climate-related risks. Yet climate change
    remains the greatest challenge to the region.
        I am therefore pleased and excited by the introduction of the
    Insular Area Climate Change Act, which will support the considerable
    efforts of Pacific Island governments and communities. Without
    increased support, adaptation will not approach the scale needed to
    meet the multiple crises that climate change will bring to Pacific
    islands, the beloved home to nearly half a million people. By
    necessity, Pacific Island governments have recently focused on
    addressing extreme weather events and the COVID pandemic more than on
    actions to respond to future climate risks and emerging threats.
    Despite setbacks, Pacific Island peoples have nonetheless shown time
    and again that adaptation and resilience are at their core and that
    they are willing and ready to partner with US Federal entities and the
    international community on durable, scalable solutions to the climate
    crisis.
     the need for unique climate programs for insular areas in the pacific
        The Pacific Islands region contains an area larger than the
    continental United States, including 50% of the US Exclusive Economic
    Zone and key strategic sites for the US Military. The US Pacific Island
    Insular Areas--also known as the USAPI--are culturally, socially, and
    economically diverse.

        Communities in the USAPI are already experiencing unique impacts
    from climate change, which are well-documented. The Fourth US National
    Climate Assessment describes the key climate-related challenges that
    the Pacific Islands already face and what lies ahead:

         Dependable and safe water supplies are at risk from rising
                temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, sea level rise,
                and increased risk of extreme drought and flooding. Some
                islands already experience saltwater contamination of fresh
                water supplies or periodic extreme droughts (Keener et al.
                2018, Key Message 1). Because of the remoteness of islands,
                responses to water scarcity have involved delivery of water
                and deployment of emergency reverse osmosis units by the US
                Navy at a high cost (Keener et al. 2018; Keener et al.
                2012).

         Sea level rise is now beginning to threaten critical
                infrastructure. Even on islands with higher land
                elevations, most infrastructure and communities are
                typically confined to a narrow band of land within a few
                feet of sea level. The USAPI will experience higher sea
                level rise than the global average (Sweet et al. 2017). Sea
                level rise projected during this century will threaten the
                food and freshwater supplies of Pacific island populations
                and jeopardize their continued sustainability (Keener et
                al. 2018, Key Message 3).

         Coral reefs and ocean resources are inseparable from well-
                being in the Pacific because they underpin livelihoods,
                culture, and economies. Widespread coral reef bleaching and
                mortality now occur more frequently than before. By mid-
                century, the conditions for severe coral bleaching are
                projected to occur annually if current warming trends
                continue (see Figure 1). This could result in the loss of
                reef structures, leading to the loss of coastal protection
                and fish habitat that reefs provide (Keener et al. 2018,
                Key Message 4).

         Climate change impacts are expected to amplify existing
                risks, such as the spread of disease and the prevalence of
                poor health outcomes. In some locations, compounding
                impacts may result in severe disruptions to livelihoods
                that increase the risk of human conflict or compel the need
                for migration (Keener et al. 2018, Key Message 6).

         All of these changes imperil the health and well-being of
                Indigenous communities of the Pacific (Keener et al. 2018,
                Key Message 5).

    [GRAPHIC NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

        .epsFigure 1. The figure shows the years when severe coral
    bleaching is projected to occur annually in the Hawai'i and the US-
    Affiliated Pacific Islands region under a higher emissions scenario
    (RCP8.5). Darker colors indicate earlier projected onset of coral
    bleaching. Under projected warming of approximately 0.5+F per decade,
    all nearshore coral reefs in the region are expected to experience
    annual bleaching before 2050. Source: Keener et al. 2018; NOAA.

        The PIRCA assessment delves deeper into some of the impacts,
    further examining the situation in specific USAPI locations. For
    instance, the increasing power of hurricanes, also called tropical
    cyclones and typhoons in our region, puts island populations and
    infrastructure in a uniquely vulnerable state. In 2018, seven tropical
    cyclones, typhoons, and super typhoons damaged infrastructure, claimed
    lives, and destroyed ecosystems across the Pacific Islands in quick
    succession, causing billions of dollars in direct damages. A major
    disaster was declared when Super Typhoon Yutu struck the Northern
    Mariana Islands in October 2018. Torrential rain and sustained winds of
    130-180 miles per hour killed two citizens, injured at least 133
    others, and damaged or destroyed significant portions of the islands'
    buildings and critical infrastructure (FEMA 2020). Applications for
    individual assistance from FEMA amounted to $40.5 million and public
    assistance provided was $131 million (FEMA 2020).
        The inaccessibility of Pacific Islands means that recovery from
    such events is especially challenging. Super Typhoon Yutu caused
    widespread power outages, severed water lines, produced a sizable
    homeless population, and entailed extensive debris removal. Hazardous
    waste removed from damaged and destroyed households filled 193 shipping
    containers (FEMA 2020). School was disrupted for all students and many
    moved to temporary classrooms supplied by FEMA, some used for a year or
    more after the typhoon. There is scientific consensus that tropical
    cyclone intensity--the strength of hurricanes and typhoons--is likely
    to increase in a warming world (Kossin et al. 2017; IPCC 2013; Knutson
    et al. 2015; Kossin et al. 2020). Already, cyclone intensity has
    increased globally over the past four decades (Kossin et al. 2020). An
    increase in maximum typhoon intensities in the Pacific will amplify the
    potential for severe damage. The Insular Area Climate Change Act,
    particularly directly sections 404, 502-503 and 601-602, would reduce
    the potential for harm and increase the ability of communities to
    recover from major storms.
        Increasingly dangerous storms are not the only extreme climate
    events that require adaptations and weather-proofed infrastructure.
    Wildfire, drought, hotter temperatures, and more extreme rainfall
    events present issues for the reliable provision of critical services.
    As we witnessed millions of Texas residents under a boil water advisory
    in the past weeks, I thought of the residents of American Samoa for
    whom unsafe water is a long-term reality. Boil water advisories have
    been in effect on the most populated island of Tutuila for more than a
    decade (Wallsgrove and Grecni 2016). Climate change and increasingly
    intense storms promise to further hinder provision of clean water for
    drinking and household use.
        Even small increases in average temperatures can increase extremes.
    Hot weather is known to increase hospitalizations and deaths among
    people with pre-existing cardiovascular, kidney, and respiratory
    disorders (Sarofim et al. 2016). Non-communicable diseases are already
    leading causes of death in the USAPI territories, where medical
    services cannot match those available in most of the Contiguous US.
    NOAA weather stations have documented an increase in hot days across
    the Pacific Islands, and 2019 was the hottest year on record in Oceania
    (Grecni et al. 2021; NOAA NCEI 2021).
        Governments and leaders cannot afford to simply watch these impacts
    unfold. They are engaging in adaptation in many forms. Resilience-
    building is evident in policies, plans, management actions, and
    international engagement by Pacific leaders. American Samoa's Governor
    created the American Samoa Climate Change Task Force; similarly, the
    Governor of Guam through Executive Order 2019-19 established Guam's
    Climate Change and Resiliency Commission, with the objective to develop
    an integrated strategy to build resilience against adverse climate
    impacts; the CNMI adopted Safe, Smart Growth Guidance; the Republic of
    Palau established a National Office of Climate Change and adopted the
    Palau Climate Change Policy, with an action plan and timeline for
    updates. The result of these actions, and others, is that US Insular
    Areas in the Pacific now have durable institutions in place that can
    identify high priority needs, develop proposals for funding, and
    coordinate cross-sectoral projects.
        Nevertheless, adjusting to the impacts of climate change presents
    logistical challenges and entails higher costs for the USAPI than for
    locations in the Contiguous US. Materials must be shipped in at great
    cost, and experienced contractors must be engaged from overseas.
    Recruiting contractors is particularly complicated now that COVID has
    necessitated travel restrictions. Because the USAPI have constrained
    human and technological capacity, the Insular Area Climate Change Act
    rightly puts emphasis on programmatic coordination and technical
    assistance. Local training and capacity building are essential for
    maintaining any new infrastructure or programs.
        The National Climate Assessment underscored the importance of early
    adaptation in avoiding accelerating costs. The savings in the long-term
    from adaptation are expected to be several times the up-front costs and
    can generate co-benefits (Lempert et al. 2018). Sea level rise, for
    example, is projected to accelerate strongly after mid-century, so
    adaptation strategies implemented sooner can better prepare communities
    and infrastructure, avoiding more severe impacts.
                       coral reefs are critical lifelines
        The PIRCA has highlighted just how integral healthy coral reefs are
    to the ongoing sustainability of Pacific Island populations, economies,
    and cultures. Reefs and connected nearshore ecosystems inject hundreds
    of millions of dollars into Pacific Island economies every year. The
    total economic value of the CNMI's coral reefs and connected seagrasses
    were estimated at $115 million USD, including all goods and services
    that reefs provide, the value to tourism, and the cultural and social
    value (Eastern Research Group 2019). In Guam, reef-related tourism
    alone was estimated at $323 million USD per year (Spalding et al.
    2017). Coral reefs currently offer $17 million USD annually in
    protection for buildings and economic activity from coastal flooding in
    Guam and $15 million USD annually on Saipan (Storlazzi et al. 2019).
        Given the enormous value coral reefs represent, it is troubling
    that multiple, consecutive coral bleaching events in recent years led
    to mass reef mortality in some locations. Bleaching events in 2017
    caused 90% mortality of some branching coral species in the Saipan
    Lagoon, well-documented by local scientists and management agencies
    (CNMI Coral Reef Initiative 2019; Maynard et al. 2019). In the CNMI and
    Guam, the conditions for significant bleaching are expected to occur on
    an annual basis starting between 2030 and 2040 (van Hooidonk et al.
    2016). Research has identified places have the greatest potential for
    reef resilience and thus represent wise investments in conservation
    (Schumacher et al. 2018; Maynard et al. 2019; Gouezo et al. 2017; Miles
    et al. 2020).
        Despite the urgent need to protect and restore reefs, funding
    levels remain low. According to a coral management specialist in the
    Northern Mariana Islands, it is like trying to run an emergency room
    stocked only with boxes of Band-Aids. Funding for targeted coral reef
    conservation in the CNMI has averaged less than $1 million USD annually
    in recent years. A significant portion of this funding has been
    allocated to outreach, reducing stresses on corals, and studying coral
    health. These activities create a good foundation for coral restoration
    by reducing non-climate threats and providing data to inform managers,
    yet coral restoration has barely begun in the USAPI. Scientists and
    managers identify the need for greatly increasing coral restoration to
    reach a meaningful scale. Saipan Lagoon alone has more than 1,500 acres
    of coral reef habitat, almost all of which could benefit from increased
    restoration and management effort. This entails hiring qualified people
    to implement, manage, and maintain projects. To realize the benefits
    from investments in coral reef restoration, programs must build local
    capacity to ensure that the application of new expertise, technology,
    or tools are sustained.
        Examples of projects that are ready to be implemented or scaled up
    include: (1) both in-situ and ex-situ coral propagation; (2) expanding
    existing in-water coral nursery networks; (3) developing a portfolio of
    coral conservation and restoration options that could function as a
    ``mitigation bank'' to offset any unavoidable impacts from US Military
    operations in Guam and the CNMI; and, (4) enhancing post-disaster
    response and recovery with measures that restore corals in areas
    providing substantial protection for infrastructure from extreme
    storms. Great progress was made in the Caribbean after Hurricane Maria,
    where Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands were able to include coral
    reef work under FEMA recovery support functions. Similar programs for
    post-disaster recovery could be made available to the USAPI.
        Sections 103 (Coral Reefs Prize Competitions), 301 (Climate Change
    Insular Research Grant Program), and 302 (Coastal Management Technical
    Assistance and Report) of the Insular Area Climate Change Act can
    enable research and, most importantly, give a boost to innovative coral
    reef conservation programs, ultimately making reefs more resilient and
    bolstering the lifeline services they provide.
     active climate monitoring is needed for improved modeling and forward-
                               looking management
        Basing management decisions on past experience alone is like trying
    to drive by looking in the rearview mirror. It risks missing upcoming
    curves and going dangerously off the road. For decision-makers today,
    climate change is a big curve in the road.
        The Pacific RISA and the PIRCA have documented the need for
    increased climate monitoring in the Pacific Islands for more than a
    decade. Quality climate data is needed to produce more reliable
    forecasts and future projections that enable managers to construct
    reasonable future scenarios. Throughout the USAPI, stations collecting
    climate data (air temperature, rainfall, wind speeds, etc.) have
    changed location, and station records are not continuous. Tracking
    climate trends requires consistent data records of 30 years at the same
    location, yet only a few locations in the USAPI have data records of
    sufficient quality.
        Federally produced fine-resolution projections are currently
    available to the Contiguous US States but do not extend to the USAPI.
    Developing localized predictive modeling for infrastructure planning,
    agriculture, and a range of other applications would require more data
    collection stations and, ideally, fine-scale, gridded data. This bill
    would be a big step toward making the types of data currently available
    to the Contiguous US also available to the USAPI.
        The existing climate data are also difficult to access online in
    formats suitable for non-specialists. A central data portal for the
    USAPI could increase data access and use. The US Climate Explorer
    serves this purpose for all US states but is not available currently
    for the USAPI.
        Sections 303 (National Weather Service Technical Assistance and
    Grants) and 304 (Ocean and Coastal Mapping Integration) of the Insular
    Area Climate Change Act would expand the ability of existing NOAA
    programs to fill data gaps. Although the Act does not specifically
    provide for it, there is a great need for better understanding of
    surface water and groundwater systems. The PIRCA technical contributors
    identified the need for information about the impacts of climate change
    to island-specific water budgets (Grecni et al. 2021), such as a study
    done by the USGS looking at water resources under climate change in
    Guam (Gingerich et al. 2019). Insight into water supplies can help
    water managers enhance water sustainability and identify solutions,
    such as conservation measures or storage and recharge mechanisms.
    regarding renewable energy programs for us insular areas in the pacific
        Other potential blind spots in the curve brought on by climate
    change are the shifts in global energy supply and prices. The Pacific
    Islands are highly dependent on imported fossil fuels, leaving them
    vulnerable to global oil price fluctuations that directly impact the
    cost of electricity. American Samoa relies on fossil fuel (primarily
    diesel) for 97% of its electricity generation; nearly 100% of CNMI's
    electricity is generated using heavy fuel oil; in Guam, 96% of
    electricity is generated using fossil fuels, with only 4% coming from
    solar (NREL 2020a; NREL 2015; NREL 2020b).
        Electricity prices for residential customers in the USAPI are above
    the US average. American Samoa's electricity rate for residential
    customers is $0.33 USD per kilowatt-hour (kWh); CNMI's residential
    rates are $0.21 to $0.35 USD/kWh; Guam's residential rate is $0.20 USD/
    kWh; and the Freely Associated States have rates ranging from $0.27 to
    $0.43 USD/kWh (NREL 2020a; NREL 2020c; NREL 2020b). All are well above
    the $0.13 USD/kWh average US residential rate, while per capita GDP is
    well below that of any US state.
    usapi clean energy initiatives provide a solid foundation, but updates
                                   are needed
        Title IV of the Act, particularly sections 403 (Energy Efficient
    Product Rebate Program), 404 (Renewable Energy Grant Program), and 406
    (State Energy Program Non-Federal Cost-Share Waiver), and Title V,
    section 504 (Insular Area Renewable Energy Grant Program), would
    support the renewable energy targets set by USAPI governments and
    protect island communities. Pacific Island governments have
    demonstrated they are ready to implement renewable energy and energy
    efficiency projects but need support to do so.
        The USAPI countries and territories have experience with successful
    small-scale renewable energy projects, particularly small-scale solar
    photovoltaic (PV) projects, demonstrating the economic and social
    benefits of such projects and the strong potential for increasing
    renewable energy generation. Furthermore, major electric utilities in
    American Samoa, Guam, and CNMI have net-metering in place. Issues
    remain with ensuring maintenance of new infrastructure and the capital
    investment needed to dramatically scale up renewable energy.
        The US Department of the Interior (DOI) Office of Insular Affairs
    (OIA) funded the National Renewable Energy Laboratory to conduct
    initial technical energy assessments for American Samoa, the CNMI, and
    Guam. With the technical assessments and a Territory energy summit as a
    springboard, the Pacific Island Territories each established through
    executive orders nonregulatory advisory groups: the American Samoa
    Renewable Energy Committee, the CNMI Energy Task Force, and the Guam
    Energy Task Force.
        In 2010, the CNMI Energy Task Force developed the Commonwealth of
    the Northern Mariana Islands Strategic Energy Plan with a focus on
    energy efficiency and renewable energy. In partnership with the US DOI
    OIA and the US Department of Energy's National Renewable Energy
    Laboratory, in 2013 the CNMI Energy Task Force created an Energy Action
    Plan that outlines near-term strategies for increasing energy
    efficiency and renewable energy technologies, and decreasing reliance
    on electricity generation from fossil fuels (NREL 2015).
        With the potential for growth in energy demand due to the
    anticipated military build-up and the need for increased economic self-
    reliance, Guam has invested in energy conservation and efficiency,
    renewable energy, efficient transportation, green building design, and
    smart grid technologies. The Guam Energy Action Plan created by the
    Guam Energy Task Force identified strategies achievable in a short
    timeframe.
        Guam and the CNMI have sufficient wind and solar resources to make
    a significant shift toward renewable energy. However, potential impacts
    on threatened bird species and typhoon-level winds may complicate the
    siting of wind turbines.
        The American Samoa Renewable Energy Committee's activities have
    included expanding solar energy installation, exploring the option of
    geothermal energy, and developing a waste to energy plant. In 2017, the
    island of Ta'u converted their energy production from 100% diesel to an
    entirely solar-powered microgrid. With a population ranging from 200-
    600 people, the $8 million project was funded by the DOI and the
    American Samoa Power Authority and installed by Tesla, demonstrating
    that energy sustainability is possible on small Pacific Islands.
        Updates are now needed to the Energy Action Plans to account for
    more recent technological advances, the landscape of private- and
    public-sector partners, and new understanding of best practices. All of
    the Energy Action Plans call for pursuing finance mechanisms, such as
    grants and public-private partnerships, for renewable power generation,
    energy efficiency, and energy conservation projects. The new programs
    detailed in the Insular Area Climate Change Act, Titles IV and V, would
    make great progress toward providing the US Territories and Freely
    Associated States reliable sources of renewable energy while increasing
    resilience to extreme weather and global energy price shocks.
    additional specific considerations for the insular area climate change
                                      act

         The Insular Area Climate Change Act establishes the
                Insular Area Climate Change Interagency Task Force (section
                101) to evaluate and identify ways to provide greater
                access to the Territories and Freely Associated States to
                climate change-related Federal programs. Including the
                heads of state of the Territories and Freely Associated
                States (the Governors and Presidents) as members or
                advisors to this Task Force would ensure that the leaders
                responsible for the management of critical infrastructure
                and natural resources are at the table and can help to
                ensure success of Federal programs. Pacific RISA has
                demonstrated that working directly with governments fosters
                ownership of assessments, and results in lasting
                relationships and two-way communication that ensures use of
                Federal science products and resources in climate
                adaptation. The inclusion of heads of state would follow on
                a successful Federal model of the US Coral Reef Task Force,
                which includes freely elected leaders from the US Insular
                Areas. In Guam, the US Coral Reef Task Force has worked
                effectively across levels of government to coordinate and
                support coral reef management.

         The programs and funding for US Insular Areas within the
                Office of Insular Affairs and NOAA's Office for Coastal
                Management would provide technical assistance for climate
                change planning, mitigation, and adaptation. Some
                flexibility in the language of the bill to support the
                implementation of the projects that include nature-based
                solutions, would increase the Act's effectiveness. I also
                suggest that involvement of the NOAA Climate Program
                Office, including the NOAA RISA teams, could be valuable,
                as they have existing programs providing information and
                assistance to support climate risk management and
                adaptation in the USAPI.

         Pacific Island economies are struggling to recover from
                the collapse of tourism, an economic mainstay, due to
                COVID-19. The waivers of Non-Federal matching requirements
                for the grants listed in this legislation will remove a
                barrier to resourcing projects that directly address
                climate change and improve economic resilience.

         Pacific RISA stands ready to support new programs for the
                US Insular Areas in the Pacific with actionable research
                that brings together natural resource managers, decision-
                makers, and scientists to better evaluate climate risks and
                prioritize needed adaptations with the most up-to-date
                science.

        Thank you.
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    Grecni, Z., et al., 2021. Climate Change in the Commonwealth of the
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    Sarofim, M.C., and Coauthors, 2016: Ch. 2: Temperature-related death
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    Spalding, M., et al., 2017: Mapping the global value and distribution
    of coral reef tourism. Marine Policy, 82, 104-113, https://doi.org/
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    Schumacher, B.D., B. Vargas-Angel, and S.F. Heron, 2018: Identifying
    coral reef resilience potential in Tutuila, American Samoa based on
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    Storlazzi, C.D., and Coauthors, 2019: Rigorously valuing the role of
    U.S. coral reefs in coastal hazard risk reduction. US Geological Survey
    Open-File Report 2019-1027, 42 pp, http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/
    ofr20191027.

    Sweet, W.V., et al., 2017: Sea level rise. Climate Science Special
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    et al., Eds., US Global Change Research Program, 333-363, https://
    doi.org/10.7930/J0VM49F2.

    Wallsgrove, R., and Z. Grecni, 2016: Water Resources in American Samoa:
    Law and Policy Opportunities for Climate Change Adaptation. Pacific
    Regional Integrated Sciences and Assessments, 32 pp, https://
    www.eastwestcenter.org/publications/water-resources-in-american-samoa-
    law-and-policy-opportunities-climate-change.

    van Hooidonk, R., and Coauthors, 2016: Local-scale projections of coral
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    Reports, 6, 39666, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep39666.

                                     *****

    The following documents were submitted as supplements to Ms. Grecni's
    testimony. These documents are part of the hearing record and are being
    retained in the Committee's official files:

        --  Climate Change in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana
                Islands: Indicators and Considerations for Key Sectors.
                Report for the Pacific Islands Regional Climate Assessment.
                East-West Center, 68 pp, https://www.eastwestcenter.org/
                PIRCA-CNMI

        --  Climate Change in Guam: Indicators and Considerations for Key
                Sectors. Report for the Pacific Islands Regional Climate
                Assessment. East-West Center, 60 pp, https://
                www.eastwestcenter.org/PIRCA-Guam

        --  Climate Change in Palau: Indicators and Considerations for Key
                Sectors. Report for the Pacific Islands Regional Climate
                Assessment. East-West Center, 68 pp, https://
                www.eastwestcenter.org/PIRCA-Palau

        --  ``Hawai'i and the U.S.-Affiliated Pacific Islands'' in Impacts,
                Risks, and Adaptation in the United States: Fourth National
                Climate Assessment, Vol. II, US Global Change Research
                Program, 1242-1308, https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/
                chapter/27/

                                     ______

       Questions Submitted for the Record to Ms. Zena Grecni, Sustained
                Climate Assessment Specialist, East-West Center
                  Questions Submitted by Representative Sablan
        Question 1. Given the recent publication of the PIRCA report for
    the Northern Mariana Islands (Climate Change in the Commonwealth of the
    Northern Mariana Islands: Indicators and Considerations for Key
    Sectors), are there major areas of climate change risk in the Northern
    Marianas that the draft bill, the Insular Area Climate Change Act,
    would address?

        Answer. The increasing intensity of typhoons and other tropical
    cyclones is increasing the potential for damage to the CNMI's critical
    infrastructure. The recent Pacific Islands Regional Climate Assessment
    report for the CNMI underscored that hardening measures to protect
    electrical, water, wastewater, and other infrastructure can improve
    reliability, resilience, and energy and water security. The Insular
    Area Climate Change Act Section 404 creates grant programs that address
    vulnerabilities in the electric system with updates to power
    generation, distribution, communication, and information systems. These
    actions will make the electric system more flexible and able to
    withstand changing conditions and extreme storms. Access to the smart
    technologies the Act incentivizes can provide real-time communication
    and offer the power utility better tools to prevent outages and manage
    restoration efforts. Additionally, Sections 502 and 503 would increase
    the Environmental Protection Agency's role in coordinating and
    implementing programs that strengthen infrastructure against disasters.
    The increased technical assistance to the CNMI will boost efforts to
    update other systems, including drinking water, septic systems,
    stormwater systems, and solid waste systems, all of which were
    compromised by Super Typhoon Yutu and other recent powerful storms.
    Sections 601 and 602 would increase the ability of communities to
    recover from major storms by eliminating financial barriers for
    Territories to seek Federal recovery funds.
        The PIRCA report also emphasized that climate-related risks to the
    global economy are expected to cause large shifts in prices and
    availability of agricultural, energy, and other goods, potentially
    leading to food and energy insecurity (Grecni et al. 2021; Smith et al.
    2018). Provisions of the Act will assist Insular Areas in preparing
    comprehensive energy plans and facilitate energy efficiency (Sections
    401-403) and renewable energy development (especially Sections 404 and
    405). These measures will increase resilience to energy price shocks
    and self-sufficiency of CNMI communities.
        The 2013 CNMI Strategic Energy Plan identified the precarious state
    of CNMI's energy security and called for creation of a more
    comprehensive strategy. Updates to the plan, and its further
    development, are needed now. The Commonwealth is interested in
    developing solar and other renewable energy sources to increase
    resilience and efficiency in the energy and water sectors, reduce
    greenhouse gas emissions, and lower power costs for residents--called
    for under its recent Guidance Manual for Smart, Safe Growth (CNMI
    2018). In 2015, the Commonwealth Utilities Corporation explored various
    energy options in the planning process for an Integrated Resources Plan
    and issued a Request for Proposals to private companies for power
    generation projects, including renewable energy. The RFP was later
    canceled, and the Plan remained a draft document. The Insular Area
    Climate Change Act's comprehensive energy plans will restart energy
    planning and facilitate studies to assist managers to site renewable
    energy projects (such as newly available renewable technologies and how
    climate change may affect the amount and duration of solar exposure and
    wind speed and direction).
        Additionally, the Act will add technical assistance and grants to
    conduct climate change research and provide information for impact-
    based decision support (Sections 301-304). This actionable research
    could support decision-making and solutions for additional areas of
    climate risk, including: the impact of rising air temperatures and
    extreme heat on human health; sea level rise threats to transportation,
    housing, businesses, and critical infrastructure; needed protection for
    cultural resources and sites; and risks to ecosystems.

        Question 2. Besides energy infrastructure, what other types of
    infrastructure in the insular areas are affected by climate change?
    What types of support are needed to enable managers to protect
    infrastructure from the impacts of climate change?

        Answer. In the water management sector, we recommend managers and
    policymakers consider proactive strategies to mitigate the impacts of
    drought, sea level rise, and stronger typhoons. Technical assistance is
    needed to assess the impacts of climate change on surface water and
    groundwater systems and to identify solutions. Using scenarios and
    modeling to understand the effects of future conditions on island-
    specific water budgets can inform water system management. Also helpful
    is improved water resource monitoring (spatial variation in well fields
    and salinity levels, for example). Technical capacity-building within
    local management departments is a way to ensure the skills and
    resources necessary to support ongoing monitoring and adaptive
    management. Technologies that augment water supply during times of
    drought (already periodically impacting Guam and the CNMI) would help
    residents and business to experience less disruption during dry
    periods.
        The CNMI has a history of management challenges regarding disposal
    of military, industrial, and municipal solid waste, which in some cases
    has resulted in contamination of fresh water. Policy-relevant research
    that supports the provision of safe drinking water to all CNMI
    communities is needed. Examples of such research include vulnerability
    assessments of CNMI drinking water supply to both climate and non-
    climate threats.
        Additional technical analysis is needed to evaluate changing
    hazards for highly vulnerable infrastructure and areas of concern
    previously identified in local planning and assessment. Decision-makers
    can utilize the existing vulnerability assessments to explore climate-
    proofing and relocation options. Climate resilience infrastructure
    projects could be piloted on a small scale to demonstrate and support
    problem-solving.

        Question 3. Are there other areas of support needed to address the
    main challenges of climate change in the region?

        Answer. More support is needed to increase the scale of response to
    meet the many challenges U.S.-Affiliated Pacific Islands face from
    climate change. I recommend consulting with the local governments and
    leaders involved in resilience and climate adaptation planning, such as
    members of the CNMI's interagency Planning and Development Advisory
    Council who collectively updated the Resources Report (CNMI ODP 2020).
    Several priority areas outlined in the PIRCA report by technical
    contributors include:

         Pre-disaster recovery planning--Pre-planning for disaster
                recovery can help communities to seize opportunities in the
                rebuilding and recovery phase and improve resilience to
                future disasters and climate change. Governments and
                engineers can account for the risk of future changes in
                extreme weather in the siting and design of new
                infrastructure (including buildings, communication and
                energy systems, transportation, and water and wastewater
                systems). Guidance is available to local governments and
                communities on developing pre-disaster recovery plans (see:
                FEMA 2017 and Guidance Manual for Smart, Safe Growth, CNMI
                2018). Further support and incentives for pre-disaster
                recovery planning in the Pacific Island Territories can
                catalyze rebuilding plans that account for climate change.

         Ecosystem-based solutions--Ecosystem-based adaptation
                remains underutilized as a cost-effective approach for
                reducing climate risk. Governments need additional
                technical support and capacity for ecosystem-based
                adaptation, for example to revegetate coastal areas with
                mangroves to reduce flooding and erosion, thereby helping
                to protect coastal communities from storm surge and high
                winds.

         Innovative insurance mechanisms--The risks posed by
                climate change are too great for individuals, businesses,
                and local governments in the Pacific Islands to cover on
                their own. Countries with greater insurance coverage across
                sectors are found to experience better GDP growth after
                weather-related catastrophes (Melecky and Raddatz 2011).
                Thus, making additional insurance options available, such
                as weather-indexed insurance products and risk transfer-
                for-adaptation programs, could speed up recovery from
                extreme events and bolster economies.

        Question 4. How can the insular areas best build their respective
    local capacities to ensure coral reef ecosystems conservation and
    restoration projects are effectively managed and maintained?

        Answer. Scientists and managers identify the need for greatly
    increasing coral conservation and restoration to reach a meaningful
    scale. This entails increasing (perhaps doubling or tripling) the
    funding that CNMI receives for coral reef conservation. It also
    requires hiring qualified people to implement, manage, and maintain
    projects. To realize the benefits from investments in coral reef
    restoration, programs must build local capacity to ensure that the
    application of new expertise, technology, or tools are sustained.
        The need to fund personnel and capacity-building within projects is
    being increasingly recognized by the funding community. The NOAA
    Coastal Resilience Grants Program and some other recent awards have
    included additional personnel and leniency with matching requirements.
    An expansion of this model across other funding sources would be
    welcomed in the Pacific Island jurisdictions.
        Coral reef conservation and restoration in the Pacific Islands
    Region would also benefit from more long-term funding periods focusing
    on partnerships between government and NGOs. Often, projects have 18-
    to 24-month performance periods for implementation. A small amount of
    contractual funds may be included for NGOs to provide targeted
    technical assistance, which is not sustained after a year or so. The
    short performance periods create challenges to implementing truly
    impactful conservation and restoration projects. The planning and
    permitting phases typically consume most project resources. Sustained
    jurisdictional and regional public-private partnership support across
    3- to 5-year timelines should be a primary aim, so that these
    relationships can be leveraged over the course of multiple discrete
    projects.
        One crucial partner in the effort to restore and conserve vital
    reef ecosystems may be the U.S. Military due to the scale of mitigation
    needed to offset defense activities. The Department of Defense appears
    to have a growing recognition of climate threats and the role that
    reefs play in coastal defense functions.
        Lastly, post-disaster funding for coral reef triage and restoration
    is becoming widely acknowledged to increase shoreline protection while
    generating economic benefits. Great progress was made in the Caribbean
    after Hurricane Maria, where Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands
    were able to include coral reef work under FEMA recovery support
    functions. While NOAA's Coral Program is in currently initiating an
    Emergency Coral Response Fund, conservation and restoration in support
    of nature-based infrastructure could be instituted or codified in other
    Federal agency priorities for post-disaster recovery.

        Question 5. As noted in the PIRCA reports, the coral reef
    ecosystems in the Pacific insular areas provide hundreds of millions of
    dollars of economic benefit each year to our island economies. Coral
    reefs also provide effective natural protection from storm surge and
    coastal flooding. Unfortunately, widespread bleaching and mortality due
    to warming sea temperatures have become common occurrences in the
    region. Can anything be done to protect and restore the precious, vital
    coral reefs of the insular areas? How does this bill help?

        Answer. Widespread coral reef bleaching and mortality is now
    occurring more frequently, and the future outlook for reefs hinges on
    near-term global action to cut greenhouse gas emissions. Although
    conservation efforts can reduce stresses on coral and increase reef
    resilience to climate impacts, there is growing evidence that major
    impacts can be avoided only through substantial reductions in the
    global average atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration.
        Nonetheless, reef resiliency does matter. Research in CNMI has
    identified places that have the greatest potential for reef resilience
    and thus represent wise investments in conservation and reef
    restoration (Maynard et al. 2019). Managers are undertaking coral
    propagation and restoration on high-value reefs. The first pilot
    projects for structure-building coral propagation (coral nurseries) are
    being implemented in the Saipan Lagoon in the vicinity of Managaha
    Island.

        Examples of projects that are ready to be implemented or scaled up
    with additional funding, technical assistance, and capacity include:

         both in-situ and ex-situ coral propagation;

         expanding existing in-water coral nursery networks;

         developing a portfolio of coral conservation and
                restoration options that could function as a ``mitigation
                bank'' to offset any unavoidable impacts from U.S. Armed
                Forces operations in Guam and the CNMI;

         and, enhancing post-disaster response and recovery with
                measures that restore corals and other natural
                infrastructure that provide substantial protection from
                extreme storms.

        The Insular Area Climate Change Act would remove a barrier to
    obtaining funding for coral management and monitoring under the Coral
    Reef Conservation Act of 2000 by waiving the matching requirement for
    Insular Areas. It would also add Coral Reef Prize Competitions (Section
    103) managed by the Office of Science and Technology Policy that would
    inject needed funds to scale up coral reef conservation, restoration,
    and research. Through this Act and growth in capacity-building
    programs, the Pacific Islands Region can become a leader in providing
    job growth in coral management and secure a livable future for
    communities.
    References

    CNMI, 2018: Guidance manual for smart, safe growth, Commonwealth of the
    Northern Mariana Islands. Prepared by Nimbus Environmental Services for
    the Federal Emergency Management Agency and the Environmental
    Protection Agency, https://opd.gov.mp/library/reports/opd-safe-smart-
    growth-guidance-for-cnmi/.

    CNMI OPD (CNMI Office of the Governor, Office of Planning and
    Development), 2020: 2019-2020 Resources report: Planning for
    sustainability in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands
    (Resources Report). Endorsed by the Planning and Development Advisory
    Council, July 30, 2020.

    FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency), 2017: Pre-disaster recovery
    planning guide for local governments. FEMA Publication FD 008-03, 94
    pp, https://www.fema.gov/emergency-managers/national-preparedness/
    plan#pre-disaster.

    Grecni, Z., et al., 2021. Climate Change in the Commonwealth of the
    Northern Mariana Islands: Indicators and Considerations for Key
    Sectors. Report for the Pacific Islands Regional Climate Assessment.
    East-West Center, 68 pp, https://www.eastwestcenter.org/PIRCA-CNMI.

    Maynard, J., S. McKagan, and S. Johnson, 2019: Assessing resistance and
    recovery in CNMI during and following a bleaching and typhoon event to
    identify and prioritize resilience drivers and action options. Final
    Progress Report for NOAA CRCP Grant No. NA17NOS4820088.

    Melecky, M. and C. E. Raddatz, 2011: How do governments respond after
    catastrophes? Natural-disaster shocks and the fiscal stance. World Bank
    Policy Research Working Paper No. 5564, 59 pp, https://papers.ssrn.com/
    abstract=1759155.

    Smith, J.B., et al., 2018: Climate Effects on U.S. International
    Interests. In Impacts, Risks, and Adaptation in the United States:
    Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume II [Reidmiller, D.R., et al.
    (eds.)]. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, USA, pp
    604-637, doi: 10.7930/NCA4.2018.CH16.

    van Hooidonk, R., et al., 2016: Local-scale projections of coral reef
    futures and implications of the Paris Agreement. Scientific Reports, 6,
    39666. doi:10.1038/srep39666.

                 Questions Submitted by Representative DeGette
    Background
        Rep. DeGette's Clean Energy Innovation and Deployment Act includes
    a provision (Section 130 of H.R. 7516 in the 116th Congress) that may
    be of great benefit to people living in U.S. territories, as well as on
    islands and in remote areas worldwide.
        The provision would require the Department of Energy (DOE) to
    establish a certification program for electricity-related technologies
    for use in remote communities. Companies whose products were certified
    could use that fact in marketing the technologies, much as do the
    recipients of DOE's Energy Star label. Facilitating the deployment of
    these technologies would make modern electricity services more
    affordable, reliable, and resilient to households in remote areas, and
    reduce demand for expensive imported fossil fuel-generated electricity
    and the associated carbon emissions.
        Qualifying technologies would include those that can generate
    electricity off-grid (such as solar panels), those that store energy,
    and highly efficient appliances, including lights, cell-phone chargers,
    computers, fans, refrigerators, stoves and ovens. DOE would only
    certify a technology determined to function properly; generate no
    greenhouse gas emissions; be affordable, reliable, durable, safe, and
    protective of human health and the environment; be compatible with
    other technologies relevant to its functioning, including those which
    have been similarly certified; and be available for deployment at
    commercial-scale throughout the territories and states of the United
    States.
        There is already a market for these kinds of technologies,
    especially in developing countries, but many of the products being
    marketed today do not work well, are sold on the basis of fraudulent
    claims, or are not compatible with adjacent technologies (for example,
    a solar panel not being compatible with a battery). Rep. DeGette's
    measure would make DOE the validator of these technologies, thus
    driving their innovation, increasing their quality, protecting
    consumers in the United States and globally, and facilitating the
    deployment of affordable reliable resilient climate-friendly
    technologies to communities in the United States, and around the world,
    that need them the most.

        Question 1. In addition to being on the front lines of climate
    change, are communities on your islands paying much higher electricity
    rates due to the fact that most electricity is generated from imported,
    expensive, and, in many cases, polluting fossil fuels?

        Answer. Yes, the high price of fossil fuel electricity places an
    undue burden on low-income, remote Pacific Island communities. The
    Pacific Island Territories (American Samoa, the Commonwealth of the
    Northern Mariana Islands [CNMI], and Guam) are almost entirely
    dependent on fossil fuels to meet their electricity generation needs,
    and oil is imported at high shipping rates and prices. (Guam, the CNMI,
    and American Samoa are each more than 5,000 miles from the Continental
    U.S.)
        Electricity prices for residents in the Pacific Island Territories
    are above the U.S. average. American Samoa's electricity rate for
    residential customers is $0.33 USD per kilowatt-hour (kWh); CNMI's
    residential rates are $0.21 to $0.35 USD/kWh; and Guam's residential
    rate is $0.20 USD/kWh (NREL 2020a, b, & c). All are well above the
    $0.13 USD/kWh average U.S. residential rate. Residents in American
    Samoa pay more than double the U.S. average rate, while median
    household income is much lower than for the U.S. as a whole (52% lower
    at the last Census in 2009). The CNMI has a median household income
    below that of any U.S. state (at $19,958 in 2009).
        While the Pacific Island Territories have no natural oil reserves,
    they have abundant sun and wind resources that can play a major role in
    meeting their energy needs (Baring-Gould et al. 2011a & b; Busche et
    al. 2011). Renewable energy generation sources are becoming
    increasingly cost competitive with an expanding market share for solar
    and wind energy.

        Question 2. Are the electric grids on your islands vulnerable to
    disruption by the effects of climate change, in particular increasing
    storm intensity, water cycle disruption, average temperatures, and sea
    level rise?

        Answer. Yes, on Pacific Islands, the majority of infrastructure and
    communities lie along the coast near sea level and are exposed to sea
    level rise and increasingly powerful storms. Extreme weather events in
    recent years have exposed a high degree of vulnerability of electrical
    grids and supply infrastructure. In 2018, Super Typhoon Yutu, a
    Category 5 cyclone, was the strongest typhoon ever recorded to impact
    the Mariana Islands. Super Typhoon Yutu damaged or destroyed
    significant portions of buildings and critical infrastructure in the
    CNMI, causing widespread power outages. While recent updates by FEMA
    and the Commonwealth Utilities Corporation have ``storm-proofed'' and
    improved some electric infrastructure in Saipan's integrated system
    (consisting of three diesel generation facilities and an integrated
    grid), other parts of the grid remain under-protected. The CNMI's
    infrastructure has been described as a patchwork of systems, with
    coverage, reliability, and modernization varying across different
    villages and sections of the island (Greene and Skeele 2014). Temporary
    blackouts are not uncommon when power levels are lower than normal or
    when weather disrupts areas of service.
        Sea level rise presents major risks for electrical supply
    infrastructure. For example, Saipan's primary electricity generation
    plant is in a FEMA flood zone and within the zone exposed under the
    CNMI Coastal Management Program's sea level rise planning scenario
    (Grecni et al. 2021). Temporary flooding from a 10-year storm event
    combined with sea level rise by mid-century (under a business-as-usual
    scenario) would inundate all access routes to the main power plant and
    the plant itself (Green and Skeele 2014).
        The CNMI's seaport facilities (where fuel shipments are received)
    face challenges as well. The Port of Saipan complex is particularly
    exposed to waves and storm surge during swell and storms, with the
    channel and docking facilities oriented toward the exposed west-
    southwest (Greene and Skeele 2014).
        On Guam, electrical generation and transmission systems are
    similarly exposed to sea level rise and storm inundation. The
    commercial sector (including hotels, restaurants, and commercial
    buildings) consumes more than one-third of Guam's electricity, while
    the U.S. Military accounts for one-fifth of Guam's electricity
    consumption. Guam's petroleum used for energy is mostly imported from
    Asian countries (US EIA 2021). Thus, risks to global energy supply
    chains and expected climate change impacts pose a threat to Guam's
    economy as well as U.S. defense installations.

        Question 3. Do you believe this puts an additional and unnecessary
    financial strain on those living on your islands?

        Answer. According to the U.S. Fourth National Climate Assessment,
    climate change is anticipated to lead to large-scale shifts in the
    availability and prices of energy, with impacts on the U.S. economy
    (Smith et al. 2018). Given their nearly complete reliance on high-cost
    imports of fuel for their energy needs, islands are vulnerable to
    global price shocks and energy shortages that may result from climate
    change and extreme weather.
        The cost burden is already high for residents (see response to
    Question 1), and climate change adds volatility to the cost of
    electricity. At the last Census, income levels in the Pacific Island
    Territories were low in comparison to the U.S. as a whole.
        The COVID-19 pandemic and its enormous impact to tourism,
    devastating the islands' economies in the past year. This additional
    loss of income further creates the situation for energy price increases
    to harm people in the Pacific Islands.

        Question 4. Given that, do you think there might be a market on
    your islands for affordable reliable resilient equipment to generate
    and use zero-emitting electricity, reducing dependence on expensive
    fossil fuels and the vulnerable electric grid?

        Answer. Yes, provided technologies are very affordable or can be
    funded through low-cost loans or grant programs. A similar program, the
    Energy-Efficient Appliance Rebate Program that provides funding to
    assist residents to reduce their energy consumption by purchasing
    energy efficient appliances, has been successful in the Pacific Island
    Territories. With the potential for growth in energy demand due to the
    anticipated U.S. Military build-up and the need for increased economic
    self-reliance, the Pacific Island Territories could represent a market
    for zero-emitting appliances and technologies.

        Question 5. Do you think certification of this kind of equipment by
    the U.S. Department of Energy, as described in the Background section,
    would increase consumer confidence in it and thereby promote its use on
    your islands?

        Answer. The cost of technologies may be a larger factor than
    certifications in decisions for many consumers. However, the use of
    technologies by government, U.S. Military, and some private sector
    consumers may increase from the boost in confidence that comes with
    U.S. Department of Energy certification.
    References

    Baring-Gould, I., et al., 2011a: Guam Initial Technical Assessment
    Report. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, NREL/TP-7A40-50580, 75
    pp, https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy11osti/50580.pdf.

    Baring-Gould, I., R. Hunsberger, C. Visser, and P. Voss, 2011b:
    Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Initial Technical
    Assessment Report. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, NREL/TP-7A40-
    50906, 81 pp, https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy11osti/50906.pdf.

    Busche, S., et al., 2011: American Samoa Initial Technical Assessment
    Report. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, NREL/TP-7A40-50905, 49
    pp, https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy11osti/50905.pdf.

    Grecni, Z., et al., 2021. Climate Change in the Commonwealth of the
    Northern Mariana Islands: Indicators and Considerations for Key
    Sectors. Report for the Pacific Islands Regional Climate Assessment.
    East-West Center, 68 pp, https://www.eastwestcenter.org/PIRCA-CNMI.

    Greene, R. and R. Skeele, 2014: Climate change vulnerability assessment
    for the island of Saipan. Bureau of Environmental and Coastal Quality,
    Division of Coastal Resources Management, Commonwealth of the Northern
    Mariana Islands, 95 pp, https://opd.gov.mp/library/reports/2014-saipan-
    vulnerability-assessment/.

    NREL, 2020a: American Samoa energy snapshot. US Department of Energy,
    Energy Transitions Initiative DOE/GO-102020-5412, 2 pp, https://
    www.energy.gov/eere/island-energy-snapshots.

    NREL 2020b: Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands energy
    snapshot. US Department of Energy, Energy Transitions Initiative DOE/
    GO-102020-5413, 2 pp, https://www.energy.gov/eere/island-energy-
    snapshots.

    NREL, 2020c: Guam energy snapshot. US Department of Energy, Energy
    Transitions Initiative DOE/GO-102020-5414, 2 pp, https://
    www.energy.gov/eere/island-energy-snapshots.

    Smith, J.B., et al., 2018: Climate Effects on U.S. International
    Interests. In Impacts, Risks, and Adaptation in the United States:
    Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume II [Reidmiller, D.R., et al.
    (eds.)]. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, USA, pp
    604-637, doi: 10.7930/NCA4.2018.CH16.

    US EIA (Energy Information Administration), 2021: Guam Territory Energy
    Profile, updated 18 Feb 2021, accessed 17 Mar 2021, https://
    www.eia.gov/state/print.php? sid=GQ.
                  Questions Submitted by Representative Graves
        Question 1. I am concerned that the creation of new Federal
    programs may result in duplication with existing programs, diluting
    funding availability and potential impacts. Are existing programs
    failing to meet these needs? If so, could they be reformed to better
    support current inadequacies? Please provide specific examples.

        Answer. The Insular Area Climate Change Act will add vital
    increased support for existing programs and fill certain important gaps
    for U.S. Pacific Island Insular Areas. Addressing energy planning needs
    with support from the Department of Energy specifically for insular
    areas will better direct, coordinate, and fund energy programs that are
    not sufficiently supported to achieve comprehensive planning and
    management. (For example, comprehensive energy planning for the CNMI by
    the Commonwealth Utilities Corporation started in 2015 but later
    stalled due to disaster recovery and the need for technical
    assistance.) Also, the creation of the Climate Change Insular Research
    Grant Program within NOAA would expand critical climate monitoring by
    providing grants to institutions of higher education and research
    entities. This is much needed in a region that lacks fine-scale climate
    projections and has only a few climate datasets suitable for
    understanding climate and the shifts taking place.

        Some federally sponsored regional programs not covered in the draft
    bill are successful and currently provide effective support to
    governments and managers to address climate risk. These programs could
    be expanded with further funding and include:

         The NOAA Regional Integrated Sciences and Assessments
                (RISA) program supports 11 RISA teams in regions across the
                U.S. that help expand and build the nation's capacity to
                prepare for and adapt to climate variability and change. I
                work as Sustained Climate Assessment Specialist at one RISA
                team, the Pacific RISA, which serves Hawaii and the U.S.-
                Affiliated Pacific Islands. We partner with public- and
                private-sector user communities to provide innovative
                services, products, and tools to enhance the use of science
                in climate-related decision-making.

         The National Climate Adaptation Science Centers (NCASC),
                funded by the Department of the Interior and managed by the
                USGS, currently disseminate Federal funding for academic
                research that can be applied in local management decisions.
                We coordinate and partner with the Pacific island Climate
                Adaptation Science Center, a consortium that includes the
                University of Hawaii and the University of Guam.

         The U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP)
                coordinates a quadrennial assessment of climate risk to the
                U.S. economy, key sectors, and the environment. Some
                reporting requirements of the bill might be more
                efficiently accomplished if done as part of assessments
                that USGCRP coordinates.

        Question 2. Insular areas are unique in many ways, including
    energy. These areas are largely dependent on imports for energy--
    resulting in high costs, reduced energy security and vulnerability to
    supply chain disruption. Distributed generation and renewables are a
    very good fit for the natural resource availability of many of these
    areas. However, my concern is that the Federal Government would be
    mandating a singular approach. Even if you were to dramatically
    increase renewables, does it make sense to keep the door open for other
    energy options?

        Answer. I would not advocate an approach that rules out any viable,
    resilient energy strategy, especially in a region that is so vulnerable
    to acute and chronic stressors. The Insular Area Climate Change Act in
    no way precludes any option that may assist in the transition away from
    carbon-based fuel sources, however specific support for renewable
    energy is needed. The Pacific Islands lag most U.S. States in renewable
    energy development and the new jobs that it creates. Without the
    involvement of Federal programs and support, comprehensive energy
    planning, research, and development may further stall in U.S. Pacific
    Island Territories, as they struggle to recover from the collapse of
    tourism, the main economic driver.
        The costs of continued reliance on fossil fuels for islands go
    beyond reduced energy security and risk of supply chain disruptions.
    While issues associated with importing energy sources do leave islands
    in a precarious position, the impacts of climate change uniquely
    threaten islands, and some islands may even cease to exist. This
    situation makes the global transition to renewable, low-emission energy
    sources urgent. Islands can be hubs of innovation for sustainable,
    resilient energy systems, providing useful experience for the energy
    and utilities industry throughout the United States.

        Question 3. A primary reason for a government mandates is that a
    desired outcome does not make financial sense over the long term. Is
    that the case--would renewable energy be more expensive over the long
    term? If not, what is the benefit of having the Federal Government
    impose such mandates (if it potentially ties the hands of these areas
    should a better option come along in the future)?

        Answer. The Act's proposed Office of Insular Area Energy Policy
    (Section 401) and Comprehensive Energy Plans (Section 402) would
    involve comprehensive review of energy costs in the Territories, with
    the mandate to ``reduce or stabilize energy costs in the Insular
    Areas'' (page 15, lines 18-19). I see no mandate in the draft Insular
    Area Climate Change Act that would exclude any energy source. Rather,
    the Act calls for a comprehensive look at the initial, current, and
    future planned sources of energy, including both renewable and imported
    sources.
        Renewable energy has become more cost competitive as its use has
    grown. However, further incentives are needed in island areas where
    resources for new capital investments are limited. Jobs in the
    renewable energy sector have also seen tremendous growth in the past
    decade, and the Act would enable the Insular Areas to access this job
    growth. Recent figures show renewable energy employs about 850,000
    people in the U.S. (not including some 2.3 million jobs in energy
    efficiency). Wind turbine service technician is a fast-growing
    occupation according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
        Energy security is critical to the Pacific Islands' future economic
    development and sustainability. A trained workforce to develop and
    expand energy industries and energy-efficient technologies will play a
    critical role in achieving economic stability for the Pacific Islands.

                                     ______

        The Chairman. Thank you very much. I appreciate your
    testimony.
        Let me now ask Dr. Austin Shelton, Director, University of
    Guam Center for Island Sustainability, for your comments.
        Doctor, the floor is yours.

    STATEMENT OF AUSTIN SHELTON, PH.D., DIRECTOR, CENTER FOR ISLAND
           SUSTAINABILITY, UNIVERSITY OF GUAM, MANGILAO, GUAM

        Dr. Shelton. Chairman Grijalva, Ranking Member Westerman,
    and distinguished members of the Committee, hafa adai. My name
    is Austin Shelton, and I am a marine and environmental
    scientist serving as the Director of the University of Guam
    Center for Island Sustainability and Guam Sea Grant and also
    co-chair of the U.S. Climate Strong Islands Network.
        Instead of heavy climate statistics and data, which I am
    sure my fellow witnesses and I are submitting to you all in
    writing, I would like to start off with some counterintuitive
    thoughts about islands.
        Under the weight of climate change impacts, biodiversity
    loss, debilitating storms, and swallowing seas, islands are not
    sinking. Strong and resilient, islands are rising.
        Traditional celestial navigators remind the world that
    islands were never isolated. Oceans connected us for millennia.
    Now, a vast network of undersea fiber optic cables make islands
    some of the most digitally connected places in the world. While
    the pandemic dictates that we plant our feet one place on the
    ground, we connect across the planet here on screens to share
    glimpses of what a brighter future could look like.
        Islands are rising.
        Since the start of nonindigenous colonial periods, islands
    suffered high rates of chronic conditions and communicable
    diseases. Now, during the most challenging global health
    pandemic, islands are among the safest places in the world.
        Islands are rising.
        I would like to thank Chairman Grijalva for introducing
    this legislation and thank the Members for considering the
    critical support it would provide for climate change planning,
    mitigation, and adaptation in U.S. island territories and
    Freely Associated States.
        The University of Guam Center for Island Sustainability was
    established in 2009 to lead and support the transition of our
    island region toward a sustainable future, and our center fully
    supports the legislation and is pleased to offer comments.
        Echoing my fellow witnesses, climate change impacts to our
    nation are disproportionate. Islands contribute the least to
    the causes of climate change, yet we experience the brunt of
    its impacts, in the form of frequent and severe storm events,
    droughts, flooding, and coral bleaching. Islands are victims
    and we are suffering, but we also have lots of knowledge and
    innovations to share as bright spots for the nation in the
    fight against climate change.
        That is why I say to you that islands are rising. It is the
    theme of our upcoming University of Guam Conference on Island
    Sustainability, which last year brought together thousands of
    islanders from around the globe virtually.
        And one island innovation example that we learned through
    the conference network last year was solar schools in Puerto
    Rico. Following Hurricanes Irma and Maria, over 100 schools
    were equipped with solar PV and battery storage. The project
    can serve as a roadmap to resilience for other island
    communities that we would love to follow in Guam with the
    resources to be provided through this legislation.
        After disasters, schools become community shelters and
    command centers. Right now, schools are COVID-19 testing,
    vaccination, and food distribution sites. Upgrading school
    infrastructure with solar photovoltaics and battery storage
    will greatly improve resilience, as electricity is often wiped
    out for weeks or months following a disaster.
        Guam recently took a few big steps toward achieving a
    sustainable future, and we would be ready to take advantage of
    new opportunities provided through this legislation.
        In November 2019, Guam Public Law 35-46 was signed,
    mandating 50 percent renewable energy production for the island
    by 2035 and 100 percent by 2045.
        In September 2020, the Guam Green Growth Action Framework
    was formally adopted by the Governor of Guam, Lourdes Leon
    Guerrero. The initiative aligns with the 17 United Nations
    Sustainable Development Goals, serving as our island's most
    comprehensive action plan ever created to achieve a sustainable
    future. U.N. Sustainable Development Goal 13, climate action,
    is a common thread through the whole framework.
        A Guam Coral Reef Resilience Strategy and Guam Climate
    Change Resilience Commission were also recently formed. And
    thanks to the Pacific Island's Regional Climate Assessment in
    Zena's presentation, we know what climate impacts are here and
    on the way. With our island's initiatives in place and
    priorities identified, Guam is ready to hit the ground running
    with technical assistance and infrastructure development upon
    passage of this legislation.
        The University of Guam Center for Island Sustainability
    implements climate actions and serves as a convener of local,
    regional, and global partners. In solidarity, islands are
    uniting in common purpose through the Local2030 Islands
    Network, Climate Strong Islands Network, and other
    organizations to act on climate.
        Islands are distant, but they are not alone. Together,
    islands are rising.
        Si yu'os ma'ase, and thank you for the opportunity to
    testify.

        [The prepared statement of Dr. Shelton follows:]
    Prepared Statement of Austin J. Shelton, Ph.D., Director and Assistant
    Professor, University of Guam Center for Island Sustainability and Sea
                                     Grant
        Hafa Adai. My name is Austin Shelton, and I am a marine and
    environmental scientist serving as the director of the University of
    Guam Center for Island Sustainability and Guam Sea Grant.

        I would like to start off with some counterintuitive thoughts about
    islands.
                               islands are rising
        Under the weight of climate change impacts--biodiversity loss,
    debilitating storms, and swallowing seas--islands are not sinking.
    Strong and resilient, islands are rising.
        Traditional celestial navigators remind the world that islands were
    never isolated. Oceans connected us for millennia. Now, a vast network
    of undersea fiberoptic cables make islands some of the most digitally
    connected places in the world. While the pandemic dictates that we
    plant our feet one place on the ground, we connect across the planet
    here on screens to share glimpses of what a brighter tomorrow could
    look like. Islands Are Rising.
        Since the start of non-indigenous colonial periods, islands
    suffered high rates of chronic conditions and communicable diseases.
    During the most challenging global health pandemic, islands are among
    the safest places in the world. Islands Are Rising.
        I would like to thank Chairman Grijalva for introducing this
    legislation and thank the members for considering the critical support
    it would provide for climate change planning, mitigation, and
    adaptation in U.S. island territories and Freely Associated States. The
    University of Guam Center for Island Sustainability was established in
    2009 to lead and support the transition of our island region toward a
    sustainable future. Our center fully supports the legislation and is
    pleased to offer comments.
        Climate change impacts to our nation are disproportionate. Islands
    contribute the least to the causes of climate change, yet we experience
    the brunt of its impacts in the form of frequent and severe storm
    events, droughts, flooding, and coral bleaching. Islands are victims
    and we're suffering, but we also have lots of knowledge and innovations
    to share as bright spots for the nation in the fight against climate
    change.
        That is why I say to you that Islands Are Rising. It's the theme of
    our upcoming University of Guam Conference on Island Sustainability
    April 5-9, 2021, which last year, brought together thousands of
    islanders from around the globe virtually (over 16,000 on Zoom and
    social media from 80 countries, states, and territories).
        One island innovation example learned through the conference
    network was solar schools in Puerto Rico. Following Hurricanes Irma and
    Maria, Blue Planet Energy equipped over 100 schools with solar energy
    and battery storage. The project can serve as a roadmap to resiliency
    for other island communities that we would love to follow in Guam with
    the resources to be provided through this legislation. After disasters,
    schools become community shelters and command centers. Right now,
    schools are COVID-19 testing, vaccination, and food distribution sites.
    Upgrading school infrastructure with solar photovoltaics and battery
    storage will greatly improve resilience as electricity is often wiped
    out for weeks or months following a disaster.
               energy and sustainability policies and initiatives
        Guam recently took a few big steps toward achieving a sustainable
    future, and we would be ready to take advantage of new opportunities
    provided through this legislation. In November 2019, Guam Public Law
    35-46 was signed, mandating 50% renewable energy production for the
    island by 2035 and 100% by 2045.
        The Guam Green Growth (G3) Initiative is the most comprehensive
    public-private partnership ever created to achieve a sustainable future
    for our island. Executive Order 2019-23 brought together 97 working
    group members representing all sectors of society to create the Guam
    Green Growth Action Framework. The executive order assigned our Center
    for Island Sustainability to facilitate G3. Formally adopted by
    Governor Lourdes A. Leon Guerrero and Lt. Governor Joshua F. Tenorio in
    September 2020, the G3 Action Framework guides implementation of the 17
    United Nations Sustainable Development Goals in locally and culturally
    effective ways. U.N. SDG 13 Climate Action is a common thread through
    the whole framework. While G3 drives local action, it also places Guam
    at the global forefront of leadership in island sustainability. Guam is
    a founding member of the Local2030 Islands Network, through which
    islanders scale innovative, values-based, and resilient sustainability
    solutions worldwide. The G3 Action Framework is focused on five
    categories of action--1) Healthy and Prosperous Communities; 2)
    Educated, Capable, and Compassionate Island; 3) Sustainable Homes,
    Utilities, and Transportation; 4) Thriving Natural Resources; and 5)
    Sustainable Alliances. Cross-cutting elements are incorporated into all
    categories--climate action, resilience, public engagement, policy, and
    the core CHamoru values of respect, cooperation and treating others
    with kindness, generosity, and dignity.
        The Guam Coral Reef Resilience Strategy (GRRS) was adopted in 2018.
    The goal of the GRRS is to enhance the resilience of Guam's coral reef
    ecosystems and human communities to the impacts of climate change by
    2025. The GRRS is a tool for adaptive, strategic management; an
    opportunity to engage and inform key stakeholders; a mechanism to
    increase effectiveness of coral reef management; and a guide for
    funding projects designed to reach a common goal. The Guam Climate
    Change Resiliency Commission was formed in 2019. It is the objective of
    the commission to develop an integrated strategy to build resiliency
    against the adverse effects of climate change and to reduce
    contributing factors such as greenhouse emissions. Goals from both the
    GRRS and the Guam Climate Change Resiliency Commission are integrated
    into the G3 Action Framework.
                             funding considerations
        With our initiatives in place and priorities identified, Guam is
    ready to hit the ground running with technical assistance and
    infrastructure development upon passage of this legislation. However,
    non-federal cost sharing should not be a barrier to action on climate
    change. The Sec. 102 Non-Federal Cost Share Waiver provision to
    increase the waiver to $750,000 for territories would greatly increase
    the ability of islands to implement climate action projects. Though we
    have the scientific and institutional capacity to make significant
    impacts with additional federal funds, we often need to scale back
    grant proposal plans because local funds are limited and often tied up
    for other federal matching requirements. An increased match waiver
    would greatly expand our capabilities and allow islands to leverage and
    maximize other federal investments.
        The legislation's appropriations to NOAA for increased climate
    change, coastal management, and ocean and coastal mapping are most
    welcome. Please also consider additional appropriations to NOAA for the
    National Sea Grant College Program to achieve equity for insular areas.
    The National Sea Grant College Program enhances the practical use and
    conservation of coastal, marine and Great Lakes resources in order to
    create a sustainable economy and environment. Puerto Rico is currently
    the only U.S. territory with a full-status Sea Grant College Program. I
    serve as the director of the Guam Sea Grant Coherent Area Program, and
    we will soon undergo a review for Institutional Status to increase our
    base funding. CNMI, American Samoa, USVI, and the Freely Associated
    States do not have their own Sea Grant Programs.
        The world is at the cusp of a green industrial revolution with the
    unfolding of new technological advances in 5G Internet, renewable
    energy, and emission-free transportation. In addition to climate change
    planning and research, U.S. island territories and the FAS urgently
    need assistance with the build-out of infrastructure to make a swift
    transition into the new green industrial revolution. The proposed
    provisions for renewable energy and sustainable infrastructure grant
    will support new green jobs, increase climate resilience, and lower
    fossil-fuel emissions.
                                island partners
        The University of Guam Center for Island Sustainability implements
    climate actions and serves as a convenor of local, regional, and global
    partners. In solidarity, islands are uniting in common purpose through
    the Local2030 Islands Network, U.S. Climate Strong Islands Network, and
    other organizations to act on climate. I suggest adding representatives
    of these networks in a member or advisory capacity to the Insular Area
    Climate Change Interagency Task Force in Sec. 101.

        Islands are distant, but they are not alone. Together, Islands Are
    Rising.

        Si Yu'os Ma'ase and thank you for introducing this legislation and
    providing me the opportunity to testify.

                                     ______

      Questions Submitted for the Record to Dr. Austin Shelton, Director,
              University of Guam, Center for Island Sustainability
                  Questions Submitted by Representative Sablan
        Question 1. Widespread bleaching and mortality due to warming sea
    temperatures have become common occurrences in the region. Can anything
    be done to protect and restore the precious, vital coral reefs of the
    insular areas? How does this bill help?

        Answer. Coral reefs provide immense ecological, economical, and
    cultural benefits to islands. Guam and the CNMI are home to the most
    diverse coral reefs in the United States, with more species of coral
    than Hawaii and the entire Caribbean combined. Bleaching killed 34% of
    Guam's coral reefs between 2013-2017, and it was likely similar in the
    CNMI. In order to end widespread bleaching and mortality before coral
    reefs are completely decimated, the U.S. and global community must
    rapidly reach net zero carbon emissions. While new national policies
    and global accords work to achieve carbon neutrality, funding to
    improve coral resilience is essential.
        Resilience is achieved through direct actions taken to reduce local
    environmental stressors, such as coastal pollution, nutrient loading,
    and land erosion and subsequent sedimentation on coral reefs. This bill
    states that coral reef prize competitions should be established in
    federal agencies, but it is unclear whether new funding sources will be
    appropriated for these purposes or take funding from other programs.
    The proposed local matching funds waiver will be helpful to increase
    local access to federal funds in insular areas, but new large
    investments for coral resilience are also needed. For example, the
    majority of current funding from the NOAA Coral Reef Conservation
    Program is used only for U.S. Coral Reef Task Force Priority Sites,
    which is a very small percentage of total coastal area in the insular
    areas. This leaves the majority of the local environmental stressors in
    the rest of island territories and FAS often completely neglected.
        Any new funds for coral resilience that this legislation may
    provide should go directly to natural resource agencies, non-
    governmental organizations, and institutions of higher learning based
    in insular areas. Islands should not have to compete with institutions
    in continental states for coral resilience funds.

        Question 2. How can the insular areas best build their respective
    local capacities to ensure coral reef ecosystems conservation and
    restoration projects are effectively managed and maintained?

        Answer. An increase in funding from the NOAA Coral Reef
    Conservation Program, DOI Office of Insular Affairs Coral Reef
    Initiative, US EPA, etc. to create more positions at local government
    natural resource agencies will ensure better management and maintenance
    of coral reef conservation and restoration projects.
        Local capacity of trained individuals can be increased with more
    funding for place-based K-12 environmental education and STEM pathway
    funding for colleges and universities. National Science Foundation
    EPSCoR and INCLUDES programs are providing over 100 opportunities for
    local students in marine and environmental students in Guam over the
    next few years. Increased funding to programs such as these should be
    considered.
        University of Guam Sea Grant is providing some additional research
    and student opportunities each year. Equitable funding to all
    territories and FAS from the National Sea Grant College Program should
    be considered. As mentioned in my earlier written testimony, only
    Puerto Rico is the only insular area that has a full-status Sea Grant
    College Program. Guam is two steps behind with only a Sea Grant
    Coherent Area Program. CNMI, American Samoa, USVI, and all the FAS lack
    their own Sea Grant Programs. A $2 million investment per year for each
    territory and FAS could provide for full Sea Grant College Programs in
    all insular areas. This would provide critical research, extension, and
    education services for islands on the frontlines of climate impacts
    such as coral bleaching.
                 Questions Submitted by Representative DeGette
    Background
        Rep. DeGette's Clean Energy Innovation and Deployment Act includes
    a provision (Section 130 of H.R. 7516 in the 116th Congress) that may
    be of great benefit to people living in U.S. territories, as well as on
    islands and in remote areas worldwide.
        The provision would require the Department of Energy (DOE) to
    establish a certification program for electricity-related technologies
    for use in remote communities. Companies whose products were certified
    could use that fact in marketing the technologies, much as do the
    recipients of DOE's Energy Star label. Facilitating the deployment of
    these technologies would make modern electricity services more
    affordable, reliable, and resilient to households in remote areas, and
    reduce demand for expensive imported fossil fuel-generated electricity
    and the associated carbon emissions.
        Qualifying technologies would include those that can generate
    electricity off-grid (such as solar panels), those that store energy,
    and highly efficient appliances, including lights, cell-phone chargers,
    computers, fans, refrigerators, stoves and ovens. DOE would only
    certify a technology determined to function properly; generate no
    greenhouse gas emissions; be affordable, reliable, durable, safe, and
    protective of human health and the environment; be compatible with
    other technologies relevant to its functioning, including those which
    have been similarly certified; and be available for deployment at
    commercial-scale throughout the territories and states of the United
    States.
        There is already a market for these kinds of technologies,
    especially in developing countries, but many of the products being
    marketed today do not work well, are sold on the basis of fraudulent
    claims, or are not compatible with adjacent technologies (for example,
    a solar panel not being compatible with a battery). Rep. DeGette's
    measure would make DOE the validator of these technologies, thus
    driving their innovation, increasing their quality, protecting
    consumers in the United States and globally, and facilitating the
    deployment of affordable reliable resilient climate-friendly
    technologies to communities in the United States, and around the world,
    that need them the most.

        Question 1. In addition to being on the front lines of climate
    change, are communities on your islands paying much higher electricity
    rates due to the fact that most electricity is generated from imported,
    expensive, and, in many cases, polluting fossil fuels?

        Answer. Guam's rate of electricity per kwh is on the lower end
    compared to other islands in the Pacific (https://guamccu.org/wp-
    content/uploads/2020/12/gpa_ar_ 2019.pdf). Imported diesel is what
    fuels most of the energy demand, and the Public Utilities Commission
    just authorized the building of a new 180MW diesel burning powerplant.
    While the current dollar cost is not currently alarming, we will be in
    a precarious situation for decades to come with continued reliance on
    imported fossil fuels and its global price fluctuations instead of
    capturing more renewable sources of energy.

        Question 2. Are the electric grids on your islands vulnerable to
    disruption by the effects of climate change, in particular increasing
    storm intensity, water cycle disruption, average temperatures, and sea
    level rise?

        Answer. Yes, Guam's electric grid is vulnerable to disruptions.
    Residents can lose electricity for weeks or months following storms,
    which is predicted to be more frequent and severe due to climate
    change. Most power lines are above ground and exposed to high winds
    adding to the vulnerability. Existing power plants are located at sea
    level, close to the coastline.

        Question 3. Do you believe this puts an additional and unnecessary
    financial strain on those living on your islands?

        Answer. Yes, the vulnerability of the electric grids adds to
    electricity costs of island residents.

        Question 4. Given that, do you think there might be a market on
    your islands for affordable reliable resilient equipment to generate
    and use zero-emitting electricity, reducing dependence on expensive
    fossil fuels and the vulnerable electric grid?

        Answer. Yes, more resilient, zero-carbon-emitting technology would
    certainly be welcomed to reduce vulnerability and reliability on fossil
    fuels. Guam's Governor signed a 100% renewable energy by 2045 mandate
    into law in 2019. It is the first law of its kind in any U.S.
    territory. We need all the support possible from Federal policies and
    programs to help us achieve the ambitious mandate.

        Question 5. Do you think certification of this kind of equipment by
    the U.S. Department of Energy, as described in the Background section,
    would increase consumer confidence in it and thereby promote its use on
    your islands?

        Answer. The certification program will be helpful. However,
    individual consumer purchasing of appliances will not be enough to
    reach zero-emissions by 2050. Along with the certificate program,
    federal policies should provide further incentives to ensure adoption
    of the new technologies by local power agencies and commissions.
                  Questions Submitted by Representative Graves
        Question 1. I am concerned that the creation of new Federal
    programs may result in duplication with existing programs, diluting
    funding availability and potential impacts. Are existing programs
    failing to meet these needs? If so, could they be reformed to better
    support current inadequacies? Please provide specific examples.

        Answer. U.S. island territories and Freely Associated States are on
    the frontlines of climate change-generated natural disasters and
    impacts. Existing federal programs are inadequate to achieve the impact
    necessary to address the current and future threats to communities,
    infrastructure, and natural resources. For example, current funding
    from the NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program is extremely limited and
    only used for U.S. Coral Reef Task Force Priority Sites, which is a
    very small percentage of island coastal areas. This leaves the majority
    of the local environmental stressors in the rest of island territories
    and FAS often completely neglected. Significantly larger and dedicated
    investments to island infrastructure and natural resources is the
    reform needed, and this proposed legislation is helping to address
    that.

        Question 2. Insular areas are unique in many ways, including
    energy. These areas are largely dependent on imports for energy--
    resulting in high costs, reduced energy security and vulnerability to
    supply chain disruption. Distributed generation and renewables are a
    very good fit for the natural resource availability of many of these
    areas. However, my concern is that the Federal Government would be
    mandating a singular approach. Even if you were to dramatically
    increase renewables, does it make sense to keep the door open for other
    energy options?

        Answer. In my understanding of the legislation, the door is not
    closed to existing energy options. This legislation helps shift
    dependence on imported fossil fuels to local, renewable energy
    production. Every dollar spent on imported fossil fuels (which mostly
    come from Singapore in Guam's case) is a dollar exported from the local
    economy of the U.S. territory. The shift to local renewable energy
    production is critical for providing energy resilience and cost-savings
    to island communities.

        Question 3. A primary reason for a government mandates is that a
    desired outcome does not make financial sense over the long term. Is
    that the case--would renewable energy be more expensive over the long
    term? If not, what is the benefit of having the Federal Government
    impose such mandates (if it potentially ties the hands of these areas
    should a better option come along in the future)?

        Answer. No, renewable energy will not be more expensive over the
    long term. Renewable energy will save money over the long term.
    Renewable energy production in Guam will allow locally generated
    dollars, along with federal aid provided to the territory, to remain in
    the local economy instead of being sent off to Asia for the importation
    of fossil fuels. A rapid shift to renewable energy today will also
    avoid future infrastructure repair expenses. If carbon emissions
    continue, islands will experience more climate-related impacts, such as
    severe storms and rising seas. Because of the cost of future
    infrastructure repairs, any dollar we think we're saving today with
    fossil fuels, is really just stealing from our future generations.

                                     ______

        The Chairman. Thank you very much, Doctor.
        Let me return to Commissioner Oriol from the U.S. Virgin
    Islands Department of Planning and Resources--the technical
    difficulties have been dealt with--to finish his testimony that
    he was unable to do so at that time.
        Mr. Oriol. Thank you, Chairman Grijalva. And thank you for
    allowing me to navigate through these small island issues that
    we have down here.
        I will just return to page 4 of my testimony.
        The U.S. Virgin Islands is very supportive of the coral
    reef prize competition authorized under Title I, Section 103 of
    the bill. As the Caribbean Islands are faced with battling the
    effects of the stony coral tissue loss disease and the Pacific
    Islands are increasing efforts for restoration in response to
    the 50 percent loss of coral in the last 6 years due to
    bleaching, awarding funds supporting innovative ideas for
    research and conservation in the insular areas will provide a
    great benefit for the management of coral reef ecosystems.
        The USVI would ask that the language also include
    restoration in addition to research and conservation, as we
    work with partners in more active management for coastal coral
    reef ecosystems that protect our coasts and service the
    community with our food, economy, and quality of life.
        Coastal water quality is both a human health and natural
    resource management issue that will be significantly impacted
    by climate change. Climate will impact available drinking water
    and pose increased risks from stormwater discharge. Funding
    should be earmarked to upgrade the infrastructure to ensure
    adequate drinking water supply and effectively manage the
    volume and quality of ocean discharge from stormwater to
    protect coastal coral reef ecosystems.
        Under Title IV, Section 405, as it relates to the
    opportunities for the development of offshore wind, the USVI
    would ask that consideration for the language to include wave
    energy production be included. The monitoring buoys, to include
    those that are part of the Integrated Ocean Observing System,
    suggest that there is great potential for wave energy
    generations in the U.S. Virgin Islands. This potential may
    exist beyond the territorial limits of the USVI in the U.S.
    EEZ, and, as such, we would not want to limit the potential for
    research and investment only to wind production.
        As it relates to Title V, Section 503, for the development
    of an insular area sustainable infrastructure grant program,
    again, we highlight the significant amount of funding
    associated with this program which would allow the islands to
    make significant improvements to the infrastructure systems.
        We would ask that language also be considered such that
    each insular area receive assistance from FEMA to standardize
    the hazard mitigation package that will be used to respond and
    to restore coastal natural resource loss after future natural
    disasters to maintain coastal protection rather than such loss
    being on a case-by-case basis.
        Lastly, on behalf of the insular family, I would like to
    thank the bill sponsor for language in Title I, Section 102,
    that proposes increasing the cost-share match waiver from
    $200,000 to $750,000, as well as the many sections calling for
    the waiving of the match requirement for the different
    programs. This would not only impact our programs covered under
    this bill but across many of our territorial programs
    altogether.
        In conclusion, I would like to thank you, Mr. Chair, and
    the members of the Committee for the opportunity to address the
    proposed Insular Area Climate Change Act. There are many
    benefits to the people of the insular areas and territories
    that can be realized from the passage of this bill.
        This comprehensive strategy to address climate impacts to
    the islands will result not only in improvement of our natural
    and built systems but will also improve our economic, social,
    and cultural systems as well, providing a sound legacy for
    future generations. We look forward to Congress' favorable
    consideration of this bill.
        Thank you very much.

        [The prepared statement of Mr. Oriol follows:]
         Prepared Statement of Mr. Jean-Pierre L. Oriol, Commissioner,
    Department of Planning and Natural Resources, Government of the United
                             States Virgin Islands
        Thank you Representative Grijalva for the opportunity to testify in
    support of the proposed ``Insular Areas Climate Change Act'' on behalf
    of the US Virgin Islands. Whether it is the 2015 federally-declared
    disaster for drought in the US Caribbean, the impact of Hurricanes Irma
    and Maria to Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands in 2017, and
    Tropical Cyclone Gita in American Samoa or Super Typhoon Yutu in the
    Mariana Islands in 2018--the people of the Insular Areas and the
    Territories of the United States are no strangers to damaging events
    associated with climate change. Our islands make minimal contributions
    to greenhouse gas emissions, yet they are experiencing overwhelming
    ecological, economic and cultural impacts from global climate change,
    which will dramatically increase over the next several decades. The
    combined effects of sea level rise, ocean acidification, increased
    storm intensity and frequency, significant changes in rainfall, coral
    bleaching, and temperature-induced changes in the distribution of ocean
    productivity and fisheries are of great concern to all of the Insular
    Areas, and require addressing infrastructure improvements as well as
    sustainability and climate change adaptation planning.
        Addressing climate change in an effective and timely manner is one
    of the most pressing challenges where sound environmental policy is
    also the best economic policy, and addresses key quality of life issues
    for present and future generations. For the US Virgin Islands, as we
    recover from the devastation suffered from two Category 5 hurricanes,
    we are focused on incorporating long-term resilience into our everyday
    way of life. The US Virgin Islands is involved in several initiatives
    related to assessing the impacts from climate change on our Territory.
    In conjunction with the University of the Virgin Islands, using funding
    from NOAA's Office for Coastal Management, the VI's Coastal Zone
    Management Program is developing a Coastal Vulnerability Index which
    will identify our susceptibility to different climate-related events
    such as sea-level rise, tsunamis, storm surge, drought, coastal
    flooding and coastal erosion; DOI's Office of Insular Areas has
    provided funding to the Territory through its Coral Reef Initiative to
    install ocean acidification monitors at our long-term monitoring sites,
    and has also provided funding to the Territory for a 50 kW microgrid at
    one of our hurricane shelter sites; the US Department of Energy is
    partnering on many initiatives with the Virgin Islands' Division of
    Energy, including an energy rebate program, our ``Sun Power'' grant
    program and providing technical assistance with our Comprehensive
    Energy Strategy; the GVI is receiving support from FEMA's Hazard
    Mitigation Program for the updating of our Hazard Mitigation Resilience
    Plan, which identifies threats across all sectors and strategies to be
    implemented as part of our long-term resilience; and last, but not
    exhaustive, I would also like to recognize the support given to us from
    the Department of Housing and Urban Development, who is administering
    the Community-Development Block Grant-Disaster Recovery funding issued
    to the US Virgin Islands, which has a mandate for the US Virgin Islands
    to relate the activities in the third traunche of funds to the Hazard
    Mitigation Resilience Plan.
        The proposed bill provides five sections directing the actions of
    our federal partners in assisting the Insular Areas and Territories
    with planning and implementation of climate resilience activities. The
    US Virgin Islands is supportive of all the directives in Titles II to
    VI. Overall, the USVI sees the significance of this bill as the
    proposed creation of programs and steady funding sources specifically
    for the Insular Areas and Territories to address impacts related to
    climate change. We applaud the bill's sponsor for the language included
    in Title I, Section 101(c)(1) and (c)(2) related to ``equitable
    baseline funding.'' Many baseline formulas for assistance under federal
    programs use landmass or population as criteria in the allocation of
    funds, which means that the islands will likely always receive the
    least amount of funding; however, as islands, our areas are the most
    impacted by climate change, and therefore a different strategy should
    be implemented to assist our areas. It is our opinion that the passage
    of the Insular Areas Climate Change Act creates the equitable
    conditions for the islands to comprehensively address the challenges
    that will come as a result of climate change. I'd also like to
    highlight a few key points made in the bill . . .

        As there are a number of programs proposed in the bill for funding
    between the Territories and the Freely Associated States (FAS), we
    would ask that the distribution of the funds be provided in the
    language of the bill. As the FAS is also eligible for sources of funds
    not available for the Territories (such as other international
    programs), we would recommend an 85% share of funded programs be
    dedicated to the Territories and 15% funding to FAS.

        As a representative of the US Coral Reef Task Force, an inter-
    agency body comprised of 12 federal agencies and 7 jurisdictional
    partners plus the FAS, with the goal of protecting the coral reef
    ecosystems under and affiliated with the United States, I have
    witnessed first-hand the benefits of inter-agency collaboration
    described in Title I. It reduces redundancies, streamlines processing
    and often results in more efficient use of funds for project
    implementation. The Task Force should be a partnership between the
    federal family and the jurisdictions with the goal of promoting
    adaptation and implementation of appropriate response measures to
    enhance resilience. Currently the Task Force only includes members of
    the federal family, but should include the islands as well.

        The USVI is very supportive of the Coral Reef Prize Competition
    authorized under Title I, Section 103 of the bill. As the Caribbean
    Islands are faced with battling the effects of Stony Coral Tissue Loss
    Disease, and the Pacific Islands are increasing efforts for restoration
    in response to the 50% loss of coral in the last 6 years due to
    bleaching, awarding funds supporting innovative ideas for research and
    conservation in the Insular Areas will provide a great benefit for the
    management of coral reef ecosystems. The USVI would ask that the
    language also include ``restoration'' in addition to research and
    conservation, as we work with partners in more active management of the
    coastal coral reef ecosystems that protect our coasts and service our
    community with food, economy and quality of life.

        Coastal water quality is both a human health and natural resource
    management issue that will be significantly impacted by climate change.
    Climate will impact available drinking water and pose increased risks
    from stormwater discharge. Funding should be earmarked to upgrade the
    infrastructure to ensure adequate drinking water supply and effectively
    manage the volume and quality of ocean discharge of stormwater to
    protect the coastal coral reef ecosystem.

        Under Title IV, Section 405 as it relates to opportunities for the
    development of offshore wind, the USVI would ask that consideration for
    language to include wave energy production be included. The monitoring
    buoys, to include those that are part of the Integrated Ocean Observing
    System, suggest that there is great potential for wave energy
    generations in the Virgin Islands. This potential may exist beyond the
    territorial limits of the USVI, in the US EEZ, and as such, we would
    not want to limit the potential for research and investment only to
    wind production.

        As it relates to Title V, Section 503 for the development of an
    Insular Area Sustainable Infrastructure Grant Program, again we
    highlight the significant amount of funding associated with this
    program which would allow the islands to make significant improvements
    to the infrastructure systems. We would ask that language also be
    considered such that each insular area receive assistance from FEMA to
    standardize the hazard mitigation package that will be used to respond
    to and restore coastal natural resource loss after future natural
    disasters to maintain coastal protection, rather than such loss being
    on a case by case basis.

        Lastly, on behalf of the Insular family, I would like to thank the
    bill sponsor for language in Title I, Section 102(a) proposing
    increasing the cost-share match waiver from $200,000 to $750,000, as
    well as the many sections calling for the waiving of the match
    requirement for the different programs. This would impact not only
    programs covered under this bill, but across many of our territorial
    programs.

        In conclusion, I would like to thank Representative Grijalva and
    the members of the Committee for the opportunity to address the
    proposed Insular Areas Climate Change Act. There are many benefits to
    the people of the Insular Areas and Territories that can be realized
    from the passage of this bill. This comprehensive strategy to address
    climate impacts to the islands will result, not only in improvement of
    our natural and built systems, but will also improve economic, social
    and cultural systems as well, providing a sound legacy for future
    generations. We look forward to Congress's favorable consideration of
    this bill.

                                     ______

        Questions Submitted for the Record to Mr. Jean-Pierre L. Oriol,
        Commissioner, USVI Department of Planning and Natural Resources

    Mr. Oriol did not submit responses to the Committee by the appropriate
    deadline for inclusion in the printed record.

                 Questions Submitted by Representative DeGette
    Background
        Rep. DeGette's Clean Energy Innovation and Deployment Act includes
    a provision (Section 130 of H.R. 7516 in the 116th Congress) that may
    be of great benefit to people living in U.S. territories, as well as on
    islands and in remote areas worldwide.
        The provision would require the Department of Energy (DOE) to
    establish a certification program for electricity-related technologies
    for use in remote communities. Companies whose products were certified
    could use that fact in marketing the technologies, much as do the
    recipients of DOE's Energy Star label. Facilitating the deployment of
    these technologies would make modern electricity services more
    affordable, reliable, and resilient to households in remote areas, and
    reduce demand for expensive imported fossil fuel-generated electricity
    and the associated carbon emissions.
        Qualifying technologies would include those that can generate
    electricity off-grid (such as solar panels), those that store energy,
    and highly efficient appliances, including lights, cell-phone chargers,
    computers, fans, refrigerators, stoves and ovens. DOE would only
    certify a technology determined to function properly; generate no
    greenhouse gas emissions; be affordable, reliable, durable, safe, and
    protective of human health and the environment; be compatible with
    other technologies relevant to its functioning, including those which
    have been similarly certified; and be available for deployment at
    commercial-scale throughout the territories and states of the United
    States.
        There is already a market for these kinds of technologies,
    especially in developing countries, but many of the products being
    marketed today do not work well, are sold on the basis of fraudulent
    claims, or are not compatible with adjacent technologies (for example,
    a solar panel not being compatible with a battery). Rep. DeGette's
    measure would make DOE the validator of these technologies, thus
    driving their innovation, increasing their quality, protecting
    consumers in the United States and globally, and facilitating the
    deployment of affordable reliable resilient climate-friendly
    technologies to communities in the United States, and around the world,
    that need them the most.

        Question 1. In addition to being on the front lines of climate
    change, are communities on your islands paying much higher electricity
    rates due to the fact that most electricity is generated from imported,
    expensive, and, in many cases, polluting fossil fuels?

        Question 2. Are the electric grids on your islands vulnerable to
    disruption by the effects of climate change, in particular increasing
    storm intensity, water cycle disruption, average temperatures, and sea
    level rise?

        Question 3. Do you believe this puts an additional and unnecessary
    financial strain on those living on your islands?

        Question 4. Given that, do you think there might be a market on
    your islands for affordable reliable resilient equipment to generate
    and use zero-emitting electricity, reducing dependence on expensive
    fossil fuels and the vulnerable electric grid?

        Question 5. Do you think certification of this kind of equipment by
    the U.S. Department of Energy, as described in the Background section,
    would increase consumer confidence in it and thereby promote its use on
    your islands?
                  Questions Submitted by Representative Graves
        Question 1. I am concerned that the creation of new Federal
    programs may result in duplication with existing programs, diluting
    funding availability and potential impacts. Are existing programs
    failing to meet these needs? If so, could they be reformed to better
    support current inadequacies? Please provide specific examples.

        Question 2. Insular areas are unique in many ways, including
    energy. These areas are largely dependent on imports for energy--
    resulting in high costs, reduced energy security and vulnerability to
    supply chain disruption. Distributed generation and renewables are a
    very good fit for the natural resource availability of many of these
    areas. However, my concern is that the Federal Government would be
    mandating a singular approach. Even if you were to dramatically
    increase renewables, does it make sense to keep the door open for other
    energy options?

        Question 3. A primary reason for a government mandates is that a
    desired outcome does not make financial sense over the long term. Is
    that the case--would renewable energy be more expensive over the long
    term? If not, what is the benefit of having the Federal Government
    impose such mandates (if it potentially ties the hands of these areas
    should a better option come along in the future)?

                                     ______

        The Chairman. Thank you, Commissioner. I am very glad that
    you were able to finish that part of your testimony and
    appreciate it very much.
        Now it is time for the Members to ask questions to our
    witnesses. And, again, the 5-minute limit will be in place for
    the Members.
        Let me recognize myself for the initial questions.
        Mr. Westerman. Chairman Grijalva? This is Representative
    Westerman.
        The Chairman. Ah, Mr. Ranking Member. I was trying to
    acknowledge you a couple of previous times. Now that I have you
    there, you are recognized.

      STATEMENT OF THE HON. BRUCE WESTERMAN, A REPRESENTATIVE IN
                  CONGRESS FROM THE STATE OF ARKANSAS

        Mr. Westerman. Thank you. I could hear you, but apparently
    there was a problem getting my microphone unmuted, but it is
    working now.
        Thank you, Chairman. I just wanted to make some opening
    comments. And I want to thank the witnesses for being with us
    virtually today, as well as all the Members.
        As you are all aware, the U.S. territories and Freely
    Associated States are located in some of the most remote places
    on the planet. Aside from environmental and climate concerns,
    there are legacy issues with many of the insular energy
    systems, as has been highlighted by recent tropical storms.
    Each have individual needs and circumstances that should be
    given thoughtful consideration when Congress does its work.
        Although when creating long-term energy plans we should
    consider all energy sources and technologies, we also must be
    intellectually realistic, knowing that the greenhouse gas
    emissions from insular areas is hardly a blip in the global
    data.
        A healthy economy and a healthy environment are linked.
    Reliable, efficient, and affordable energy are critical to both
    the economy and the environment. Domestic production of both
    conventional and alternative energy sources ensures that the
    best global standards will be used to power our nation and our
    allies abroad, as the United States has some of the most
    stringent environmental and labor standards in the world.
        Even assuming renewable energy continues its recent growth
    trajectory, global demand for oil and natural gas is not
    expected to fade in the foreseeable future. In fact, the Energy
    Information Administration predicts a 40 percent growth in
    global natural gas consumption by 2050.
        Energy policy for insular areas must focus not only on
    renewability but also on reliability, efficiency, and
    affordability. The important question today is: What are the
    practical ways we can reduce pollution, promote a healthier
    environment, and not decimate the American taxpayers' and
    families' checkbooks, nor the economies and standard of living
    in insular areas?
        Although this is our first hearing this Congress, this
    Committee has held numerous climate change hearings in each of
    its Subcommittees the past several years. Most seem to be more
    about playing politics and the generation of headlines instead
    of workable solutions.
        What is clear is that a total energy transition by 2030 is
    estimated to eliminate nearly all of the current energy sources
    and the millions of jobs related to those sources. It is also
    clear that this would have an extraordinary cost.
        The draft bill by Mr. Grijalva authorizes millions of
    dollars for new grant programs and offices to push the insular
    areas toward the use of renewables and mitigate the effects of
    climate change. While the intent of doing something positive
    for the insular areas is commendable, I believe this bill
    somewhat misses the mark in some key areas.
        In my mind, there is nothing limiting the executive branch
    from forming a task force on its own to study access barriers
    the insular areas face and issue a report to Congress.
        It is vitally important to work with each of these islands'
    leaders and their Members in Congress to address each island's
    specific goals and needs. Strengthening existing programs and
    grants available should come before we see an expansion of
    government. Congress should be providing tools to the insular
    areas and allowing each of them to make their own decisions on
    what energy sources they use or want to develop.
        I am also concerned that we don't have any witnesses here
    today from the Administration. These officials would be able to
    speak to the capacity of existing programs and if increases are
    warranted. They would also be able to tell whether any of these
    new grant programs are redundant.
        I hope today's conversation will help promote sensible
    solutions that will push for greater coordination between
    Federal agencies that provide assistance to the insular areas
    and Freely Associated States.
        Chairman, I appreciate you coming back to me, with the
    technical problems that we had, and I look forward to a
    discussion with the witnesses today. I yield back.

        The Chairman. No problem, Mr. Ranking Member. Thank you for
    your comments.
        And I know the Ambassador needs to leave for his very
    important 1 o'clock meeting. If I may, one quick question.
        You state that climate change poses an existential threat
    to your country and you don't use those words lightly because
    the very existence of your island is challenged, quote/unquote.
    You say that the adaptation is central to your continued
    ability to exercise your national right of self-determination
    in the face of challenges created by climate change.
        Given the leadership role RMI has been playing on the
    international stage, particularly around the security issues
    that you mentioned, to highlight the issues you face as a
    result of climate change that you have done, what lessons can
    you share that could be helpful in our efforts to adapt to a
    new reality?
        And, with that, Mr. Ambassador, let me ask you for whatever
    response you might have, sir. And I know that you leave after
    your answer, but I appreciate your time and making time for us
    today.
        Ambassador Zackios. Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman, for
    that very important question. And, of course, the Marshall
    Islands, as you have correctly said, has not only raised these
    issues at the regional and global levels on the existential
    threat that climate change does, but the Marshall Islands has
    also worked with multilateral institutions to address the issue
    of climate change.
        As I mentioned in my oral testimony and in the written
    testimony, the Marshall Islands is part of a four atolls work
    that is looking into elevation of islands in the four atolls
    that are mostly at risk: that is the Marshall Islands,
    Seychelles, Maldives, and Tarawa. We are working very closely
    in that effort.
        We have also looked at, given the studies from the
    University of Hawaii and others, elevation of islands so that
    our populations can relocate because of the threats that
    climate change poses. We have done energy and national
    strategy. We were the first to provide our national determined
    contribution. We are looking at renewable energy independence
    in 2050, coal independence in 2020, and these are some of the
    measures that we have. We continue to advocate the importance
    of climate change and how that affects us.
        In the case of the Marshall Islands, we see inundations
    almost every year and at every cycle of them all. So, it is a
    real threat to us, and all these efforts are being taken. And
    given that we have a very important and key infrastructure for
    the United States in the Marshall Islands, as stated, the
    Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Site, island elevation
    is something that is very important.
        There was a study by George Washington University on
    elevating islands in the Marshall Islands as well as in Roi-
    Namur, and these are some efforts that we continue to work on.
    We are partners and have entered into and established
    organizations, including organizations to discuss and raise
    more awareness on the issue of climate change.
        So, these are some brief comments, Mr. Chairman. I hope I
    have been able to answer your question. But if there is need,
    we could always submit further in writing to your Committee.
    Thank you.
        The Chairman. If I may, Mr. Ambassador, one of the
    questions that I think invariably comes up is--do you really
    need to go this far in terms of the approach with not only this
    legislation, but other initiatives around climate change? And I
    think you bring a valid and unique issue, and I think the
    Defense Department will be studying that as well, now that they
    are free to do that.
        Is the effect on national security and defense, in terms of
    the assets and the investment that has already occurred, short
    term and long term, and then give any followup with regard to
    those two topics, national security and defense, and the
    importance of mitigating the issue of climate change with
    regard to Marshall Islands in particular in this question. But
    I think overall, if you could forward that to the Committee,
    because I think we lose sight of what that is going to cost
    both in terms of security, but also in terms of investment that
    has already occurred in those locations.
        With that, let me thank you, and I will save other
    questions for later on.
        And I now turn to Ranking Member Gonzalez-Colon,
    Commissioner, for any questions that you might have of our
    panelists.
        Miss Gonzalez-Colon. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
        I will go first with Secretary Machargo from Puerto Rico. I
    know in his statement he made a description of the climate
    change expert and advisory committee and whose members were
    there. And I would like to know, specifically, what are the
    initiatives of that committee for the near future? What is the
    resiliency to climate change on the island? What are the top
    three specific goals of that committee?
        Mr. Machargo. Yes. First, we want to hold community polls
    to get the input from the people on what measures we should
    take to tackle climate change and what are the ill effects of
    climate change in these communities. With that input from the
    communities, then the committee would be enacting a climate
    change resiliency plan. That, again, will be submitted for
    public hearings.
        The plan has some very stringent goals regarding the use of
    renewable sources for Puerto Rico. One of the methods of the
    law that we are implementing right now is to work with the
    General Services Administration from the Government of Puerto
    Rico to make sure that all vehicle purchases by the Government
    of Puerto Rico are either hybrid or electric cars.
        We are also working with the Energy Regulatory Commission
    to make sure that the Puerto Rico Electric Energy Authority is
    moving to renewable fuels for the power grid of Puerto Rico. We
    are also going to start a baseline greenhouse gas study, and
    our next step is also to have an economic study of the impacts
    of not having any climate change mitigation measures in Puerto
    Rico and what would be those effects on the economy.
        Miss Gonzalez-Colon. What is the most critical climate
    change related concern in Puerto Rico at this time?
        Mr. Machargo. I think it is the coastal erosion.
        Miss Gonzalez-Colon. Coastal erosion. And we accomplished a
    Army Corps of Engineer study for the island during 2017 and
    2018, that are still being conducted.
        One of the issues that you discuss in your statement was
    that Puerto Rico was eligible for a series of grants, including
    NOAA coastal zone management grants and coral reef conservation
    programs, among others, and the natural resources department,
    that you actually directly received funding in many of those
    programs. How has been your experience dealing at this time
    with NOAA, with Fish and Wildlife, the Department of the
    Interior, and EPA, regarding all those grants, and how do you
    compare that with FEMA?
        Mr. Machargo. We have an excellent relationship with Fish
    and Wildlife, EPA. We are getting Federal grants, working with
    them to achieve the goals of the Department. With FEMA, they
    take too long. There are still many facilities of the
    Department that have suffered damage from Hurricane Irma and
    Maria that have not been inspected by FEMA, so we cannot put
    them in working order. And the people are concerned why those
    facilities are not yet ready to serve the people, and instead
    that we are still working for FEMA. We are frustrated by that.
        Miss Gonzalez-Colon. So, we can say that your experience
    dealing with the agency, in NOAA, Fish and Wildlife, Department
    of the Interior, EPA, are dealing with the Department very
    diligently to work with climate issues, and you have been
    having good experience with them?
        Mr. Machargo. Yes, yes.
        Miss Gonzalez-Colon. Thank you. I know my time has expired,
    so I thank you.
        I yield back, Mr. Chairman.
        The Chairman. Thank you very much.
        We are going to proceed with the Members by seniority. Let
    me now turn to Vice Chair for Insular Affairs for the Full
    Committee, Mr. Sablan. The time is yours, sir. You are
    recognized.
        Mr. Sablan. Yes, thank you. And welcome to all the
    witnesses. Thank you for taking the time to submit testimony
    and for appearing today.
        Ms. Grecni, did I say that right? Ms. Grecni? Zena. Is that
    right? Can I call you Zena?
        Ms. Grecni. Yes, that is right.
        Mr. Sablan. OK. Thank you.
        Ms. Grecni. I am having a little bit of a connectivity
    issue. Sorry.
        Mr. Sablan. Thank you. One of the reasons I asked the
    Committee to include you as a witness is I was impressed with
    your institution's report on climate change in the Northern
    Mariana Islands, and also because you are able to make
    comparisons between Northern Marianas, Guam, and American
    Samoa, and, of course, they are Freely Associated States.
        And you alluded in your written testimony about the updates
    that are needed to the energy action plans to account for more
    recent technological advances, the landscape effect, and all of
    those things.
        So, I will ask you this, because I know it is important to
    all the witnesses and to all of the residents of the insular
    areas, that lowering the cost of electricity has been a long-
    standing goal for all the insular areas, especially if
    greenhouse gas emissions can also be decreased.
        We have been successful in increasing funding for energy
    action plans mandated in Section 9 of Public Law 113-235. And
    the law requires the Department of the Interior to create a
    team of technical, policy, and financial experts to write an
    energy plan for each insular area and to help put the plans in
    action.
        The goal is to reduce reliance on expensive imported fuel
    replacing it with low-energy sources and to improve the
    efficiency of island power systems. The plans are to include a
    specific timetable and lay out how the changes can be financed.
    And every year, Interior is supposed to report to Congress on
    whether progress is occurring. And every year, representatives
    of the insular areas try to make sure that this program is
    funded.
        So, except for initial technical energy assessments about
    10 years ago and the awarding of small annual grants that some
    in Interior put out as if they come from their family estate,
    none of this requirement established by law is happening, none,
    zero. And there are no proposals, timelines, funding strategies
    to increase energy efficiency. There has been no substantial
    progress to move toward a reliable source of renewable energy,
    while increasing the recipients of energy infrastructure to
    extreme weather hazard.
        Let me ask you, and any of the witnesses could also chime
    in if they wish, will transferring this requirement that is now
    assigned to Interior, transferring it to the Department of
    Energy, as this deal proposes, would it help insular areas
    improve energy efficiencies and reduce cost? What do you think
    the insular areas need to meet renewable energy targets and
    protect island communities?
        And, Ms. Grecni, I will tell you, I appreciate your
    testimony. It is very well written, and your report was science
    and research based.
        So, if anybody has an answer--Ms. Grecni can start. I have
    a minute left.
        Ms. Grecni. Thank you, Vice Chair Sablan. It is really
    wonderful to hear that the products that we put out from the
    scientific community can be useful in practical decision
    making.
        I would just point out that fossil fuels make up almost 100
    percent of energy budgets for all of the U.S.-affiliated
    Pacific Islands, and those must be shipped in, so that is not
    cost effective or efficient. So, I think that there is a strong
    need for these energy action plans to really remain
    coordinated.
        My experience is not largely in energy; it is in science
    and research, in supporting decision making. But in that area I
    see that a lot of times we are working under unfunded
    initiatives, so people from the management sector and research
    sector are having to volunteer their time. They are having to
    put aside the day-to-day work and really focus on data and
    assembling and synthesizing research to even understand the
    impacts of climate change. So, if that is also the case in the
    energy sector, I can see that just having an influx of
    programmatic support would be very helpful.
        Mr. Sablan. My time is up, but if anybody else would like
    to answer that question in writing, I would really appreciate
    very much your support toward Chairman Grijalva's draft of this
    bill that he is proposing and remove that authority and
    responsibility from Interior into the Department of Energy.
        Chairman, my time is up. I yield.
        The Chairman. Thank you, Mr. Vice Chairman.
        And let me now turn to the Ranking Member of the Full
    Committee, Mr. Westerman, for his time. Sir, you are
    recognized.
        Mr. Westerman. Thank you, Chairman Grijalva. And thank you
    again to the witnesses for your time today.
        As we look at insular areas and energy systems, this is
    definitely an area that needs to be addressed, and I hope we
    can work as a Committee to address those areas, but I think we
    have maybe a difference of opinion on the best way to address
    these issues.
        Mr. Sablan talked about reliability and how important that
    is, and I think most people who connect to their energy systems
    are very concerned about the reliability and the affordability
    of those energy systems.
        Title V of this bill creates a renewable energy grant
    program under DOE, and it specifically says in there that the
    insular areas are free to choose--or it doesn't give them the
    freedom to choose what kind of energy sources they use. It
    specifically refers to renewable energy and says that it can't
    be generated from fossil fuels or nuclear energy, which I have
    always thought nuclear was one of the cleanest, most reliable
    sources of energy that we have.
        My first question is for Mr. Machargo, and it is, would you
    like more flexibility in the language to allow Puerto Rico to
    use these funds toward other sources?
        Mr. Machargo. Yes, we would like to have more flexibility.
    We are moving toward having a greater percentage of renewable
    energies, but the electricity regeneration in Puerto Rico, it
    needs to have some reliable baseload so the power can stay on
    when the renewables are not ready. So, I would agree with that
    recommendation.
        Mr. Westerman. And, as you know, in the United States, we
    have been able to cut back on emissions. We have actually
    decreased emissions more than the top 12 countries in the Paris
    Climate Accord combined without threatening the reliability
    actually by using more natural gas. And, again, thinking about
    Puerto Rico and the location to the Gulf and where a lot of our
    liquid natural gas exports would be originating from, would you
    support being able to use this funding to access LNG to use in
    Puerto Rico?
        Mr. Machargo. Well, we will support it if it is within the
    goals of Act 33 of the percentages of renewables versus the
    percentages of hydrocarbons, yes. And the remaining percent of
    hydrocarbon that the law allows--actually, if we are going to
    use hydrocarbon, it should be renewable natural gas.
        Mr. Westerman. And, Mr. Oriol, do you believe that insular
    areas should have a say in what energy projects they should be
    able to use this money for and that the money should not be
    limited?
        Mr. Oriol. Thank you for the question, Representative. I
    believe that our systems as they exist are already primarily on
    fossil fuels, so I think that the limitation to want to push
    renewables and possibly hybridize our systems is actually a
    better solution for the island destinations.
        And while we already have existing systems that will work
    on our fossils, we are trying to upgrade that infrastructure to
    be that cleaner burning capacity of multiple types, because I
    don't think that in areas where we have limited land capacity
    that we can rely on one single source across our territory.
        Mr. Westerman. Yes. I think we have seen that illustrated
    in a lot of places where we need multiple sources of energy to
    have that reliability. Also, affordability is something that I
    think is very important. And I am just wondering how much
    economics are actually considered or would be considered in
    these projects, and how much of a burden it would create on
    people on the islands to get their electricity so that it would
    not only be reliable, but also would be affordable.
        One area of renewable energy that I am a proponent of is
    using woody biomass, which also, when we look at Puerto Rico
    and the Virgin Islands and their proximity to the mainland, you
    could be a huge market for domestically produced wood pellets.
    But although it is not called out in the language, I am
    guessing woody biomass would be frowned upon as an energy
    source as well. So, I would open that up to anyone on the panel
    about your thoughts on using woody biomass as a fuel source.
        The Chairman. The time is up on those questions, and we
    will adjust and see if there is any response going forward.
        Let me now turn to the Chair of the Subcommittee on Energy,
    Mr. Lowenthal, for his questions. Mr. Lowenthal.
        Mr. Lowenthal. Thank you, Mr. Chair.
        I thank all the witnesses for being here. I am enjoying
    this tremendously and being educated myself.
        As we all know, the reason for this hearing is climate
    change is already bringing increased temperatures, sea-level
    rise, and 100-year extreme weather events are now occurring
    once a decade, not once every 100 years, and it is only going
    to get worse. Now talking about the insular areas surrounded by
    sea, populations largely in low-lying areas and largely
    situated in areas that are prone to both hurricanes and typhoon
    activities, climate change is going to continue to have an
    outsized impact on our territories.
        So, in all of your testimonies, many of you, both in your
    written and sometimes the oral testimony, and we have already
    had this very extensive discussion about the need and
    opportunities for expanded renewable energy projects and how
    the Insular Area Climate Change Act can help jump start such
    projects.
        And the bill creates, as we know, the interagency task
    force, new grant opportunities at different agencies for
    renewable energy projects, as well as the study and available
    leasing for offshore wind opportunities, all bringing exciting
    new opportunities for cleaner power sources for the
    territories, as well as greater energy independence.
        But I am interested in digging a little deeper into this,
    because some territories may be better suited for some
    renewable sources, while with proper siting, all of the
    territories may have the opportunities for several different
    technologies.
        Mr. Oriol, in your testimony, you mentioned the potential
    of wave energy in the Virgin Islands; Mr. Zackios, you
    mentioned the opportunities for solar in the Marshall Islands;
    and, Ms. Grecni, you have discussed solar and wind
    opportunities throughout the territories. I would love for each
    of you to briefly go into the renewable energy potential and
    where this bill will help and maybe where this bill may need to
    have some additions.
        Mr. Oriol, can we start with you, and, Mr. Zackios, and
    then Ms. Grecni, and, if we have time, from any of the other
    witnesses on this area. We are going to dig a little deeper
    into what is really the renewable potential that you see in the
    territories that you are here speaking about. So, I am going to
    start now.
        First, Mr. Oriol, can we start with you?
        The Clerk. Mr. Lowenthal, I believe he is having
    connectivity issues.
        Mr. Lowenthal. Oh, OK. Any of the others want to tell us a
    little bit more in depth about what are the potentials for
    renewable energy, dig a little deeper on the actual potentials
    and what you see--what kinds of renewable energies we are
    talking about.
        Dr. Shelton. Hello. This is Austin Shelton from the
    University of Guam.
        Mr. Lowenthal. Yes.
        Dr. Shelton. I would like to share, Congressman, that the
    potential that we have is to meet our mandates for 50 percent
    renewable energy by 2035 and 100 percent by 2045. Our power
    authority here in Guam is confident that they are going to be
    able to reach the 50 percent with existing technology and solar
    energy. And as more technologies are developed over the years,
    I think we are confident that we can get to the 100 percent by
    2045.
        The reason that this bill, I think, is important for us is
    because it will provide the critical technical assistance. So,
    we are looking forward to working with the Department of
    Energy, the national laboratories, to understand the potential
    for other technologies that will work.
        For example, in high school, I used junkyard materials to
    make energy from the ocean currents behind my house. So, it can
    be done cheaply in some instances, but we need the higher level
    technology to shift to the greener infrastructure, which I
    think is possible for islands in many different ways.
        Mr. Lowenthal. So, now you are going to look both at the
    addition and the technologies around solar and then really move
    and look at if there are other potential sources of energy
    also?
        Dr. Shelton. Correct.
        Mr. Lowenthal. Anybody else want to talk about what
    specific energy sources you are going to move quickly to, and
    what are the other opportunities that you see?
        Mr. Oriol. Hi. Good afternoon, Congressman. This is
    Commissioner Oriol again. I apologize for my bandwidth issues.
        The Virgin Islands is actually in the midst of a
    comprehensive energy strategy for the territory right now and
    working with a number of partners, NREL, in trying to determine
    what the best way forward for the territory is, which is going
    to be a diversified program.
        And what we do know is that with a territory population of
    100,000 people, we need to make a municipal system across that,
    because we are not going to be able to individually support
    what those costs are.
        So, this Act and the funding that is pledged toward the
    planning and then the infrastructure for it allows for multiple
    things to be thought of across that time frame. But then, also,
    because it is sustained funding, as technology evolves, we
    would then be able to access that funding and install that
    infrastructure that would allow us to diversify our grid across
    the territories.
        Mr. Lowenthal. Thank you.
        And I am going to yield back. Thank you very much, Mr.
    Chair.
        The Chairman. Thank you, Mr. Lowenthal.
        Let me now ask Mr. Gohmert, who is recognized for 5
    minutes.
        Mr. Gohmert. Thank you very much. I appreciate our
    witnesses. I appreciate it, Mr. Chairman.
        Dr. Shelton, you were talking earlier about Guam's capacity
    and the batteries that you are developing. And, by the way, I
    love your island. In fact, I love all the islands we have had
    Representatives from. But at Guam, I even loved being a single
    lover at Two Lovers Point out there, but you have a beautiful
    island.
        But I was wondering, I am from Texas, and what we have
    found is--and I don't want to be too elementary, but in severe
    storms, especially prolonged severe storms, solar doesn't end
    up being a very reliable energy source. And I still have
    confidence some day some bright mind is going to figure out how
    we can hold gigawatt electricity, massive amounts, and not lose
    much but hold it efficiently. And I think that that is the far
    greatest need we have. If we can hold massive gigawatt
    electricity--as you know, we can hold DC currents in low
    batteries, but we are not there. But when we can, our problems
    will be over, I think.
        But, in the meantime, you mentioned the batteries that you
    have, and I am wondering what is the capacity that you have?
    How much energy are you able to store and for how long?
        Dr. Shelton. Thank you for the question, Congressman
    Gohmert. I don't think I spoke about batteries, but I do know
    that the Guam Power Authority is developing a solar farm right
    now that should have around 100-something megawatts storage
    capacity. I think our total island need is in the megawatt
    range. We don't have--I mean, 200 something. I am sorry, I will
    find the correct numbers to you to submit in writing. But I
    think we are in the 100-megawatt range for the storage right
    now with that capacity.
        So, perhaps as islands can serve as an example, in a bright
    spot, with our lower energy needs, that the battery storage is
    actually more feasible here than in large-scale gigawatt states
    like Texas.
        Mr. Gohmert. I haven't seen a briefing recently. How many
    American troops do you have at Guam now? I was thinking some
    years back they were increasing those numbers, so it is
    important that we not only keep Guam powered for the good
    people of Guam, but also with the wonderful host that you have
    been to American servicemembers. Do you know about how many you
    have out there on the far end of the island?
        Dr. Shelton. No. I am sorry, Congressman. I don't want to
    take a guess at that. I know we have quite a few, but I will
    say that the Guam power--the Department of Defense is one of
    our Guam Power Authority's largest customers, and I think they
    have a good partnership with the reliability that Guam is
    providing for the Department of Defense's energy needs.
        Mr. Gohmert. OK. Well, I mean, back before nuclear energy,
    the Navy was the most intensive at developing battery capacity,
    but then when nuclear came along and submarines and ships
    shifted over to nuclear, that money and that effort at research
    failed, but now we have a new interest in that. I am hoping we
    will get there at some point.
        But we also learned in Texas, through our latest storm,
    that wind capacity can be so overwhelming that it becomes a
    nonfactor. So, I think the key to the renewables is if we can
    develop a way, whether it is a battery or some type of
    capacitor that can hold that energy, heck, we might even be
    able to capture some lightning to power things, but in the
    meantime, we have to struggle along.
        I wanted to ask Ms. Monzon--you are right, there have been
    two Category 5 devastating hurricanes. I mean, Puerto Rico has
    suffered before, but a Category 5 really is so devastating.
    With China set to double the number of coal-powered plants that
    they have and India continuing to just spew so much pollution
    into the air, ends up coming over to the United States, I am
    wondering what specific actions can the United States take that
    will stop Category 5 hurricanes?
        Ms. Monzon. Well, thank you for the question. This is not
    going to get any better from here. This is something that we
    have to understand. The hurricane trend of Category 4's and 5's
    is up, and unfortunately, this is going to be devastating for
    our islands. Before, we thought that we would have a Category 5
    almost every 100 years. Now, we are thinking perhaps 25, 20
    years, and we don't know. We are 3 months from starting a new
    hurricane season, and we are in a very fragile, fragile
    environment, because we are still recovering from Hurricane
    Maria, had an earthquake sequence, and are also under COVID.
    So, all our resources are compromised and are vulnerable to
    face another hurricane season.
        Mr. Gohmert. Well, and that is why I was hoping that you
    knew of something specific we could do to help reduce the
    Category 5. The last thing Puerto Rico needs is another 5.
    Anyway, hopefully at some point we will figure out what can be
    done to end Category 5's, but in the meantime, our hearts and
    our assistance goes to Puerto Rico. I know you are struggling.
    But my time is expired, and I appreciate your participation.
    Thank you.
        The Chairman. The gentleman yields.
        Let me now ask Ms. Leger Fernandez, Chair of the Indigenous
    Peoples Subcommittee for the Full Committee. Ms. Fernandez is
    recognized.
        Ms. Leger Fernandez. Good afternoon. Thank you so very much
    to our panelists, to Chairman Grijalva for this legislation, to
    the great questions that we are hearing that are illuminating
    what we must do.
        The stories of the risks of the sea-level rise, the ocean
    warming, the devastating hurricanes and cyclones, but also,
    that the islands are rising, right. The islands are rising. I
    liked hearing that because I think that we have much to learn
    and that your adaptation and response to build resiliency to
    get to 100 percent in 2045 is inspiring, and it might provide
    us lessons for action throughout the United States.
        So, in this bill, among other provisions, I am very
    supportive of the waiver of non-Federal cost-share requirements
    for some of the programs. I have worked on FEMA disasters with
    tribes and other communities in New Mexico, and we know that
    our most vulnerable, who suffer most from disasters, also have
    the fewest resources to rebuild in a green and resilient
    manner. So, I look forward to working with my Chair and
    colleagues to see if we can extend those exemptions to other
    communities in future legislation.
        Before the panel, I notice that the bill throughout has
    language to ensure the Federal agencies provide technical
    assistance to the communities. As you know, in New Mexico, we
    have the Los Alamos National Lab and Sandia National Lab. They
    are so interested in working on clean energy technologies such
    as renewables and microgrids.
        The Chair recognized that climate crisis is a national
    security threat and that these labs are tasked with addressing
    these national security threats. So, I wanted to see if any of
    you have worked with the labs or if you see that there is an
    opportunity working with these DOE labs on climate adaptation,
    designing energy infrastructure, geothermal, those new
    technologies that Mr. Shelton acknowledged we need to get to
    that 100 percent for 2045.
        This is a question for the panel. I don't know if Mr.
    Austin or if any of you want to take that up again.
        Dr. Shelton. Thank you, Congresswoman Fernandez. I can just
    make a quick comment that we haven't had the pleasure of
    working with the national labs based in New Mexico yet, but we
    have worked closely in the past with the National Renewable
    Energy Laboratory, which I believe is in Colorado, if I am not
    mistaken, and they helped us create our last energy strategy
    for the island.
        And we have just applied for technical assistance to create
    the roadmap to 100 percent renewable energy, so we are hoping
    that we will be considered favorably for that opportunity, and
    we look forward to learning about more technologies to achieve
    our 100 percent renewable mandate. Thank you.
        Ms. Leger Fernandez. Great. Well, I will raise the issue
    with our labs and make sure that they think about what we are
    doing in the territories.
        If anybody else wants to answer that, I would also then
    maybe talk a little bit about the microgrids and community
    resilience, especially with regards to community solar and for
    those individuals or communities who can't afford their own
    rooftop solar and battery. That is another issue that I think
    is really important.
        Can you, any of the panel, talk about how they are
    implementing that on the island and whether you think you need
    more support? Is everything in place for you with regards to
    that?
        Mr. Oriol. Good afternoon, Congresswoman. This is
    Commissioner Oriol from the U.S. Virgin Islands. To answer your
    first question, we are not working with the labs in the New
    Mexico area, but like Austin mentioned for Guam, the Virgin
    Islands is working extensively with the National Renewable
    Energy Lab based in Colorado. They are a part of our
    comprehensive energy strategy technical committee, and as I
    mentioned previously, we are working to diversify our grid. So,
    microgrids are, in fact, one of the strategies for us.
        If you are familiar with the U.S. Virgin Islands, we are a
    system of four main islands. And when one of the main islands,
    Saint Thomas, will shut down, then that will have effects on
    our neighboring island of Saint John and also Water Island.
        So, microgrids are, in fact, currently part of the strategy
    so that if, in fact, we do have a service interruption on the
    main island, the islands of Saint John, for example, which I
    believe were the furthest along on our microgrid right now, we
    would be able to still have the energy capacity to power its
    system and power the island. And we are looking at multiple
    areas to place microgrids rather than having everything tied
    back to the main plant in case of interruptions, that it is not
    disturbing the entire island all at one time.
        Ms. Leger Fernandez. Thank you for your answer, and my time
    is expired.
        I yield back.
        The Chairman. The gentlelady yields back.
        Let me now--Mrs. Radewagen. Representative, the time is
    yours.
        Mrs. Radewagen. Thank you, Mr. Chairman and Ranking Member,
    for your work in putting this hearing together. And thank you
    to the panel for your testimony.
        I also want to thank Chairman Sablan and Ranking Member
    Gonzalez-Colon as well for the efforts on behalf of the
    territories.
        The goal of the studies and funding grants outlined in the
    proposal to help prepare the territories to handle the effects
    of climate change is noble and worthwhile. And while I do have
    some concerns about parts of the draft bill we are discussing
    today, I am hopeful today's hearing will help us reach
    bipartisan solutions as we move forward.
        Let me begin by highlighting some of the unique challenges
    faced by American Samoa. Based on statistics from the
    University of Hawaii and briefings I have received in the past
    from our Sea Grant Fellows, the global sea-level rise averages
    one-eighth of an inch every year in American Samoa. However,
    the total real delta change for American Samoa is closer to an
    alarming three-quarters of an inch per year.
        So, actually, we have lost over 7 inches in the last
    decade, 10 percent from sea rise but 90 percent due to
    shrinking of our main island Tutuila, which is essentially a
    mountaintop arising from the sea. We are literally sinking due
    to volcanic activity and seismic shifting, and it is this
    shrinking effect which is the bulk of harm happening much
    faster than the sea-rise effect, which is somewhat unique to
    our principal island of Tutuila. As such, any resiliency
    initiatives for American Samoa should take this into
    consideration and prioritize buffering our seawall construction
    and preventing erosion.
        One of the other concerns faced by American Samoa is
    meeting our energy needs in a remote marine-based and dependent
    economy. Our territory knows better than anywhere else that a
    single hiccup in the oil supply chain can cause prices to rise
    or, worse still, leave us completely in the dark.
        It makes sense not to place all of our eggs in one basket,
    and alternate sources of energy play their part in filling
    those gaps. For example, the Island of Ta'u, in my home
    district, is almost 100 percent solar powered. They are
    completely off the regular grid and are using some of the
    latest in solar panel technology. That said, not all forms of
    energy are created equal. We are blessed to have abundant
    tropical sunshine, and that is a solution that works well for
    us.
        But I have some concerns about the one-size-fits-all
    approach this bill takes in places, particularly in regards to
    offshore wind farms. I supported wind energy initiatives for
    the territories in the past that give the territorial governors
    final discretion, and my office has been working with Ranking
    Member Gonzalez-Colon on her wind energy legislation for a
    while now.
        This draft bill, however, departs from past drafts as it
    mandates that the Secretary make at least one wind lease sale
    in each of the territories. The bill makes some efforts to
    consult with the territories' governors before the lease or
    sales. So, I would hope we can see some modification in this
    regard to weigh the governors' views more heavily when it comes
    to if, when, and where a lease or sale shall take place.
        My constituents have expressed concerns, many times to
    myself, our governor, and their local village leaders about the
    impact windmills will have on cultural land and sea traditions,
    scenic views, wildlife impact, and fishing access. Our fishing
    has been severely restricted with national sea monuments
    expansion. We also have several endangered species of birds and
    bats to think about.
        And aesthetic views from the shoreline mean much more in
    our island tradition. You see, we bury our dead, our loved
    ones, right beside our homes, a lot of times above ground and
    usually with the best possible views of the sea. The creation
    stories of our culture revolve around Tagaloa and the creating
    of the Samoan Islands and others as stepping stones. The point
    is, our people place their loved ones on their land
    specifically to have these sacred views, so we must protect
    that tradition.
        I want to reiterate, I am fully supportive of keeping our
    alternative energy options open. Chairman Grijalva's bill comes
    from a good place and is a very good start, but I would hope we
    can accommodate our governors' authority against forced changes
    from Washington that will impact our island's history, culture,
    and way of life.
        American Samoa voluntarily ceded these islands in exchange
    for the promise of protection of just these very cultural
    traditions and ways of life called our Fa'a Samoa. I am hopeful
    the process will yield legislation that can reach an effective
    compromise on this front.
        We have 25- and 50-mile restrictions imposed on certain
    fishing areas, so perhaps setting distance limits so that the
    wind farms are not so visible from the shoreline would help, or
    allowing the governor a veto over projects too close to shore
    within specified limits would be possible. There seem to be
    some options here, and I would like to work with the Majority
    to find the best fit.
        Finally, lack of funding and cost-matching ability often
    are barriers to entry to resiliency projects in American Samoa,
    and the Chairman's bill makes great efforts addressing that.
        Thank you again, Chairman Grijalva, for your bill and the
    opportunity to comment. I know you and the Ranking Member and
    all the Committee members care about the territories' needs and
    appreciate it, and I hope you can all enjoy the natural beauty
    this Committee is working to protect on a CODEL sometime this
    Congress to investigate these and other issues.
        Thank you, and I yield back my remaining time, if there is
    any left, to Ranking Member Gonzalez-Colon.
        The Chairman. Well, I don't think there is any left. But
    anyway, let me--Mrs. Radewagen, let me tell the gentlelady that
    her comments and her observations are important and valid, and
    look forward to working with her on the points that she made.
        Let me now ask Ms. Katie Porter, Representative, Chair of
    the Oversight and Investigations Committee, for her 5 minutes.
    You are recognized, Ms. Porter.
        Ms. Porter is recognized for 5 minutes. Is she there?
        Let me move to the gentlelady from Colorado, a valuable
    member of this Committee, Ms. DeGette. The floor is yours. You
    are recognized.
        Ms. DeGette?
        Mr. Sablan. Not here as well, Chairman Grijalva.
        The Chairman. OK. Going down the line, Mr. Soto--the
    gentleman is recognized for 5 minutes, if he is available.
        Mr. Soto. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
        The Chairman. Thank you, Mr. Soto.
        Mr. Soto. I appreciate the opportunity.
        We know that climate change, the climate crisis is an
    existential threat to the human race, and we see low-lying
    states like Florida be affected like so many of our insular
    lands, whether it is the rising seas or whether it is through
    strengthening in extreme hurricanes as well as monsoons. And we
    know we have to do something about it, which is why I am very
    excited about the Chairman's presentation of a draft for the
    Insular Area Climate Change Act of 2021. It is a draft because
    we are seeking your input, and that is absolutely critical.
        As you know, the bill would help centralize and expand
    Federal energy programs--which programs and how we do it, we
    are here today to listen to that; create multiple grant
    programs; invest in renewable energy and sustainable
    infrastructure; taking care of the causes of climate change,
    fossil fuel, and other pollution; and also making our
    infrastructure more resilient against hurricanes and other
    extreme weather.
        This bill will be a critical part of the Build Back Better
    infrastructure package that we will be working on over the next
    few months. And the bill will also ensure that our insular
    lands won't be left behind as we give America a well-needed
    upgrade.
        And, Chairman, I wanted to thank you personally for the
    inclusion of the coral reef section, which will complement our
    Restoring Resilient Reefs Act very nicely in protecting
    declining reefs, including the Great Florida Reef and so many
    other reefs in the Caribbean and the Pacific.
        Turning to my family's native island of Puerto Rico, in
    2019, the Puerto Rican legislature passed an amazing goal, 100
    percent renewable energy by 2050. Sadly, it has been about 2
    years since we had our hearing in this Committee with HUD and
    with FEMA about the $1.9 billion HUD grant to upgrade the
    electrical system. We are still waiting on that, and that is
    critical funding to help with this upgrade, to meet this
    challenge that the Puerto Rico legislature has set for itself.
        Secretary Machargo, do you know what the status of this
    grant is and why is it so important that we finally get the
    grant?
        Mr. Machargo. The information I have from the Puerto Rico
    Electric Power Authority is that they submitted their plan to
    FEMA and that they are about to get started with their overhaul
    of the electrical grid of Puerto Rico.
        Mr. Soto. OK. But it looks like we need to help you.
        Secretary Machargo, I know about a year ago, 4 percent of
    the total power was renewable. What is the percentage today, so
    we get a sense of what we need to do to help in this bill?
        Mr. Machargo. I think it is about 20 percent, and we have
    to raise it according to the goals of Law 33 to increase it to
    50 percent in a couple of years. So, we are working toward that
    goal. The Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority is very
    aggressively pursuing renewable source of energy, and the
    Energy Commission is making sure that any further expansion on
    the energy grid, any new type kilowatt added should be
    renewable energy.
        Mr. Soto. Last, Ms. Monzon, about the importance of
    community-driven renewable projects, how critical is this bill
    to making sure we get solar into rural communities in the
    central part of Puerto Rico and other hurricane hard-hit areas?
        You are on mute.
        And, Chairman, I believe some of my time was already
    running by the time you called on me. You may want to check
    with staff on that.
        Ms. Monzon.
        Ms. Monzon. It is extremely critical, Mr. Soto. As a matter
    of fact, I think that because of the interruption of energy, we
    lost so many lives because people couldn't get access to
    services because it was delayed for a long time. So, as much as
    we can, we need to invest in renewable energy. It is the only
    way that we can make sure that hospitals, the emergency
    management offices, the critical essential services facilities
    can have access to their own energy, so that then they can
    provide the services that are needed, especially in
    catastrophic hurricanes or catastrophic events, because that is
    the time where we get tested. At that time, that is when we
    need to provide the services so that we don't lose lives.
        And in that sense, I think that we have to invest hard to
    switch to renewable energy and at the same time avoid
    disruption in water services, in health care, food supplies,
    the whole supply chain, because all of that provides for the
    stability and the response and recovery of our islands in case
    of a catastrophic event.
        Mr. Soto. Thank you. And my time is expired.
        The Chairman. Thank you, Mr. Soto.
        Mr. Stauber, you are recognized, sir, for 5 minutes.
        Mr. Stauber. Thank you, Chair Grijalva.
        Mr. Machargo, thank you for your public service to Puerto
    Rico, and thank you for testifying today.
        Chairman Grijalva's bill calls for a massive expansion of
    energy technology, especially wind as the bill requires further
    offshore lease sales. As you may be aware, a single wind
    turbine requires 335 tons of steel, nearly 5 tons of copper and
    others.
        One concern with this bill is that I see no buy-American
    requirements. In northern Minnesota, our iron miners produce
    the taconite that feeds 80 percent of this country's
    steelmaking. However, our top steelmaking competitor is China.
    Unfortunately, China's steelmaking requires a 50 percent higher
    greenhouse gas emissions footprint.
        For this one windmill, this is more than 300 hundred tons
    of carbon equivalents produced if the turbine is sourced in
    China. If the goal is truly a reduction in greenhouse gas
    emissions, can you commit to sourcing LNG energy components
    domestically?
        Mr. Machargo. You are asking me?
        Mr. Stauber. Mr. Machargo, yes.
        Mr. Machargo. Well, unfortunately, I am not in charge of
    the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority, but I think your
    advice is well taken, and that we should source our wind power
    turbines from places that manufacture with energy efficiency
    because we don't want to defeat the purpose of moving toward
    renewable energy. You have seen a source of renewable energy
    that it takes oil-based energy or carbon-based energy to
    manufacture, so I think that advice is well taken and I will
    convey it to the Puerto Rico Energy Commission and the Puerto
    Rico Electric Power Authority. So, I welcome that suggestion.
        Mr. Stauber. And I think that that is very wise to invest
    in those domestically sourced materials that are produced using
    less carbon emissions with our labor standards and our
    environmental standards, and I appreciate your comments.
        I yield back, Mr. Chair.
        The Chairman. Mr. Vice Chair of the Full Committee, Mr.
    Garcia, you are recognized for 5 minutes.
        Mr. Sablan. Chuy, we can't hear you.
        The Chairman. Mr. Garcia, you are recognized for 5 minutes.
        Mr. Garcia. Oh, sorry. Yes. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Sorry
    about that blip. Thank you for holding this hearing. And, of
    course, thanks to the Ranking Member.
        Today, we speak on one of the most important issues that we
    are facing and one that will impact generations to come:
    climate change.
        In one way or another, we are all impacted by climate
    change, but for those living in the insular areas, the impact
    is immediate and deadly. They do not have the luxury or
    privilege of ignoring climate change. The insular areas are a
    tragic reminder of why climate action cannot wait.
        In 2017, two major storms, Hurricanes Maria and Irma,
    impacted Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands, causing
    thousands of deaths and significant damage to Puerto Rico's
    fragile power grid especially. Over 3 years later, people are
    still reeling from the pain and the islands have slowly
    recovered, despite the Federal Government's slow response.
        The evidence is clear: Rising temperatures and heavier
    rainfall both play a key role in intensifying hurricane
    strength and destruction, and it will only worsen unless we act
    now.
        As currently drafted, the Insular Area Climate Change Act
    of 2021 would provide the U.S. territories with long-overdue
    access to climate change and related Federal programs.
        Finally, but equally important to this proposal, is the
    importance of a process that is inclusive, transparent,
    community-led, and community-driven. Bottom line, the people
    who are most impacted by climate change should be at the table.
        Question for Secretary Machargo Maldonado. Thank you for
    joining us. Mr. Secretary, do you agree that people who are
    most impacted by climate change should be included in the
    decision-making process?
        Mr. Machargo. Yes. Thank you, Congressman Garcia.
        Yes, I agree that the decision of the climate change
    resiliency and response strategies should be a product of our
    public participation and should be brought out all throughout
    the communities, because there are many communities that are
    affected differently, especially those coastal communities that
    are seeing their homes being eaten away by the ocean. I have
    been in a community in Guayanilla that has been literally
    sinking, and the people are losing their homes. So, those
    people who have the most serious impact should be heard. I
    agree with you, Congressman Garcia.
        Mr. Garcia. Thank you, sir.
        And are you aware of the harmful impact that the
    construction of a proposed development, Kontel Adventure in
    Santa Isabel, would have on the community, environment, and
    endangered species, including cutting off the residents of the
    city from access to the beach?
        Mr. Machargo. Well, according to the law of the
    Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, everybody should have access to
    the beach. That would be illegal, to cut people from access to
    the beach.
        I will take note of that case that you mention, and I will
    look into it to see if they have all the permits, and I will
    evaluate any negative impact that that project will have on the
    surrounding communities.
        Mr. Garcia. Thank you, Secretary.
        Also, I want to know if the communities near Bahia Jauca
    were informed in advance of this development. And were there
    public forums or not--I have heard that there weren't--to
    address the concerns? That would be appreciated.
        The communities near Bahia Jauca were some of the hardest
    hit by Hurricane Maria and are still struggling more than 3
    years later. A project of this size with potential negative
    environmental impact must have public input and consideration.
        So, Mr. Chairman, I ask for unanimous consent to enter a
    letter on behalf of Salvemos Jauca into the record. Salvemos
    Jauca is a movement by a local organizer to ensure that the
    ecological and biodiverse treasures of Bahia Jauca are
    preserved.
        Most importantly, community input must always be
    prioritized so that people who are most impacted by such
    developments have their voices heard.
        Thank you. And if there is unanimous consent, I yield back.
        The Chairman. Without objection, so ordered.

        [The information follows:]
                                   SAVE JAUCA COMMITTEE

                                                      December 12, 2020

    Hon. Raul M. Grijalva, Chairman,
    House Natural Resources Committee,
    1324 Longworth House Office Building,
    Washington, DC 20515.

        Dear Chairman Grijalva:

        The Jauca Beach, located in the southern town of Santa Isabel,
    Puerto Rico is in danger of providing the last public community access
    to its beach. Our community recently discovered a construction proposal
    that will place a hotel in its last public access to the beach. For
    these reasons, the Save Jauca Beach Committee and residents of Puerto
    Rico request your aid in stopping the hotel construction and conserve
    its access to the people of our hometown in Santa Isabel, Puerto Rico.

        The hotel construction would affect its ecological and biodiverse
    treasures, as well as the community that surrounds it. Firstly, our
    Jauca beach bay area contains archeology treasures documented by
    archeologist Juan Gonzalez. Also, it contains great biodiversity in
    danger such as the Manatee and mangrove forest that could be affected
    by the construction of this Hotel.

        As people of the City of Santa Isabel we are opposing to this Hotel
    since it will limit the current use of the community and safety since
    the terrain where this hotel is proposed to be in the Maritime land.
    And lastly, after hurricane Maria it was reported by FEMA that this
    very same beach area was reported as a flood zone.

        We are requesting your intervention as Chairman of House Natural
    Resources Committee since the local government and agencies seem to
    bypass the protection of our natural resources and the public access of
    the people to it. Our request is to preserve and protect the Jauca Bay
    Maritime land and to guarantee the conservation of our natural
    resources.

        In times of global warming, sea level raise, and stronger storm
    systems on our region, we urge you to stand up for the natural resource
    access, for the maintenance of healthy communities and a safe climate.

                Respectfully,

          Moises Marrero           Nelson Torres
                                          Eleri Ossorio

                                     ______

        The Chairman. And, Mr. Secretary, let me associate myself
    with Mr. Garcia's question and comments regarding this
    development. And any information that is forthcoming will be
    disseminated to the Committee. There is a great deal of
    interest on the part of many of us as to that particular
    development and its potential impacts. So, we are looking
    forward to it, and thank you very much for your willingness to
    provide that.
        Mr. Machargo. Mr. Chairman, I will look into the case and
    provide the Committee with the information regarding the case
    and the concerned public participation.
        The Chairman. Thank you so much.
        Let me recognize Mr. Tiffany.
        Representative Tiffany, you are recognized for 5 minutes.
        If not, Representative Carl, sir, you are recognized for 5
    minutes.
        Representative Rosendale, you are recognized for 5 minutes.
        Mr. Rosendale. Thank you, Mr. Chair and Ranking Member
    Westerman.
        The Chairman. You are welcome.
        Mr. Rosendale. And thank you to the entire panel for
    joining us.
        As an avid outdoorsman who lives in a rural community
    adjacent to Montana's largest state park, Makoshika, and two of
    the nation's gems, Yellowstone National Park and Glacier
    National Park, I know how special the environment is to our way
    of life in Montana and to the balance of the United States and
    the territories.
        I believe that we have an obligation to balance
    environmental protections with responsible energy production,
    and the two are not mutually exclusive. It is of grave concern
    to me when the government unfairly picks energy winners and
    losers in order to placate the environmental, green lobby.
        Modern American energy development goes to great lengths to
    minimize their environmental footprint by operating under the
    strictest regulatory standards and restoring disturbed areas to
    better than predeveloped condition.
        Traditional fuel sources continue to be the most reliable
    source of energy for the electric grid. They can be stored on-
    site, are dispatchable, and operate 24/7/365 days a year.
        While I believe in an all-of-the-above energy approach,
    this proposal completely ignores that science and continues to
    push the left's Green New Deal initiative, which dramatically
    drives up energy costs for those who can least afford it.
        So, Secretary Maldonado, thank you for being here today.
        Nearly three-fourths of the energy used in Puerto Rico
    comes from petroleum products, all of which are imported.
    Currently, just 2.5 percent of Puerto Rico's electricity is
    generated by renewables.
        We have seen the devastating impacts hurricanes have had in
    Puerto Rico and the need for a reliable energy grid. How does
    Puerto Rico plan to implement grid reliability if mandated to
    transition to 100 percent renewable energy? And what measurable
    impact will this have on our climate?
        Thank you.
        Mr. Machargo. OK. Thank you, Mr. Congressman, for the
    question.
        One of the ways that Puerto Rico should recover and rebuild
    its electric grid is through the use of microgrids to make sure
    that critical infrastructure, like hospitals and government
    buildings, should have energy sources.
        Also, due to the production costs of the Puerto Rico
    Electric Power Authority, moving toward renewable energy has
    represented a saving in the cost per kilowatt, and regarding
    the effect on Puerto Rico's contribution to output, I don't
    think it would be that great, but every little bit helps.
        Mr. Rosendale. That is an awful lot to pay for a little bit
    of help, Mr. Maldonado.
        Do we have any kind of--we still have some time here. Do we
    have any kind of cost estimate on what that investment would
    take?
        Miss Gonzalez-Colon. Mr. Rosendale, will you yield?
        Mr. Rosendale. Yes, I will.
        Miss Gonzalez-Colon. Thank you, Mr. Rosendale.
        Secretary Machargo is from the Natural and Environmental
    Resources Department, so he is not in charge of energy for the
    island.
        We do have the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority, which
    is the government-owned company managing all energy, and then
    you have the Energy Commission.
        And I agree with you 200 percent. We need to move forward
    for having energy solutions on the island that can be reliable,
    that can be constant, that can meet the demand of the industry
    as well.
        And being an island, that means that right now we are
    burning oil. And we need LNG, we need a lot of other
    opportunities. And I know that the island approved the law to
    have 100 percent renewables by 2050, but right now it is just 2
    percent that we have.
        I think one of the biggest issues is bringing the Energy
    Commission of Puerto Rico and discuss that same question you
    brought to the Committee. How much is it going to cost? How
    soon is that going to be implemented? Because you are hitting
    the target here. And I think that the perfect people to answer
    those questions should be the Energy Commission of the island
    and the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority.
        And, with that, I yield to you.
        Mr. Rosendale. Thank you.
        Mr. Chairman, with that, I yield back to you.
        The Chairman. The gentleman yields back. Time is up. Thank
    you very much, sir.
        A new member to the Committee. Welcome, new member to the
    Committee, Mr. Cohen. You are recognized for 5 minutes if you
    are available.
        Mr. Cohen. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I am here.
        I have enjoyed the meeting. This is my first Committee
    meeting on Natural Resources. I am a rookie. I appreciate you
    not requiring me to wear a beanie and signify that, but I would
    do that, because it is an honor to be on this Committee.
        And climate change is one of the major reasons why I wanted
    to be on this Committee, and protection of our waters and
    oceans. And, of course, that would include the insular areas.
        So, I thank you for the Committee meeting.
        I had a great opportunity to visit Puerto Rico February a
    year ago with Chairman DeFazio on a CODEL. And the Ranking
    Member, I think, joined us in the Virgin Islands. The first
    time I have been to either of those parts of the United States,
    and I learned a lot and enjoyed the experience and learned
    about the hurricanes and the devastation on those two islands.
        We need to be concerned about the effects the climate will
    have on those islands and on all the islands of the United
    States. So, this is an important meeting, and I am just
    learning and will follow along and try to learn more about what
    we can do to protect these areas, which we need to do. They are
    valuable.
        And I just wonder, is the gentleman still on from the
    Virgin Islands?
        Mr. Oriol. Yes, Congressman. Yes, I am.
        Mr. Cohen. Have you all constructed a statue of Delegate
    Plaskett yet? You know, she is a hero.
        Mr. Oriol. I am sure it is in the works.
        Mr. Cohen. I thought he was the greatest guy from the
    Virgin Islands, but Stacey Plaskett has surpassed him. She is
    phenomenal.
        And Commissioner Gonzalez-Colon treated us wonderfully in
    Puerto Rico, and I thank her for that. It was a great trip and
    a learning experience. She taught me something about Roberto
    Clemente, but she didn't tell me that Francisco Lindor was also
    from Puerto Rico, and he is a good guy too.
        But I will yield back and look forward to learning from the
    Chairman and the other Members, and take my position as a
    freshman. I yield back my time.
        The Chairman. Thank you very much, Mr. Cohen. Appreciate
    it.
        Let me now ask Mr. Moore. You are recognized for 5 minutes,
    sir.
        Mr. Moore. Thank you, Chairman.
        And thank you all for being here today. I do appreciate the
    time you have taken to share with us some of the challenges you
    face.
        I try to make every issue that comes up a bit personal, and
    this is another area. After the hurricane, after the
    devastation in Puerto Rico, a very, very close friend of mine
    is married to a gal whose sister lives in Puerto Rico. He
    organized a trip, he raised money, he went down there
    personally. Being able to contribute in a small way to that is
    a way that brings our world together.
        The areas that are involved in this, they mean a great deal
    to America, to the inclusive nature of territories, states,
    whatever you want to--this is an inclusive matter, right? And
    with respect to two big areas, with military and tourism, I
    hope that we are able to communicate that, and I hope that you
    are able to understand that this entire Committee cares and
    understands that greatly.
        Some of the comments previously, just about the importance
    of military. I also serve on House Armed Services, so I hope to
    be able to bring this topic to that Committee as well, given
    the specific nature of Guam.
        I do have concerns with the discussion draft of the Insular
    Area Climate Change Act.
        We have made incredible strides in recent years toward
    reducing our emissions, improving the efficiency of our energy
    infrastructure, and making breakthroughs in cleaner
    technologies. And I want to always be a force for market-based
    solutions and not forcing or overly mandating these types of
    things but creating the right incentive program, creating the
    right data to be able to continue to move us in the right
    direction. I sincerely believe that the market is doing a good
    job at this, and we are witnessing a shift toward cleaner
    technologies.
        So, I just want to be able to be a voice in making sure
    that this debate on this topic isn't shaped by sensationalism.
    We can't focus only on one industry or one interest group with
    respect to this topic. And I hope that we can create a really
    good dialogue going on with all my colleagues on this Committee
    and those of you that are willing to show up.
        I have a few questions in mind, and one was just, I
    believe, brought up, but feel free to touch on it as I toss
    this over to some of the experts here, or the witnesses.
        Just specifically, in plain speak, how can we move toward
    replacing petroleum as--what can we replace it with for a
    reliable source on the islands, specifically for Puerto Rico,
    given that 75 percent of Puerto Rico's energy needs are met?
        But the other question that I will pose--and I welcome any
    comments in these last couple minutes that remain. I am a
    strong believer in the importance of locally inspired, locally
    led, and locally executed projects. Any additional experiences
    that you all have had that will contribute to that would you
    like to share with us at this time? I think that we can find
    real solutions in that, local-led.
        So, either of those two questions, I will yield to anybody
    that would like to jump in on that. I don't want to
    specifically direct my comments toward anybody, but I will
    yield, though, and would love to hear your thoughts.
        In particular, Mr. Shelton, any other locally inspired that
    you would like to share?
        Dr. Shelton. Thank you, Congressman Moore.
        I think for locally inspired energy generation, that is a
    little bit difficult. I mean, there are some instances, like I
    mentioned earlier, that we can generate some of our own
    electricity with backyard contraptions. But it is not enough to
    move to the 100 percent renewable energy that we would like to
    do.
        I think one of the things that could lead to more
    affordability--there are some studies--I am not an economics
    expert, but there are heavy subsidies for fossil fuels still
    and fewer subsidies for renewable energy. So, if that can help
    with affordability, that would be great.
        And we also need to think about the long-term costs for
    islands. Maybe it is more affordable to the ratepayer for using
    fossil fuels today, but we are going to have a lot of
    infrastructure costs to literally, like, raise the islands--not
    in my metaphorical sense that I was using earlier, but we will
    have to build the infrastructure to avoid the rising seas, if
    that is the way that we continue to view the affordability in
    the short term versus the long term.
        Thank you, Congressman.
        Mr. Moore. Thanks.
        And it looks like our time could be up, so I yield back.
        The Chairman. Thank you, Mr. Moore.
        The gentleman yields.
        Representative Tlaib, you are recognized for 5 minutes.
    Thank you.
        Ms. Tlaib. Thank you, Chairman.
        While my district may be far from Puerto Rico or the U.S.
    Virgin Islands, we have more in common than one might think. My
    district is full of frontline communities directly exposed to
    the climate crisis, from what we call the ZIP Code 48217, where
    the concentration of corporate polluters is literally killing
    my neighbors, to a city of Dearborn Heights that I share with
    Congresswoman Dingell, where increased flooding in the Ecorse
    Creek is threatening people's lives.
        The sooner we realize that our fates are all connected and
    that nobody will be spared by our climate inaction, the sooner
    we can pass laws like the Insular Area Climate Change Act that
    take real steps to protect our most vulnerable communities. And
    it should not be controversial.
        Throughout the COVID pandemic, I have been contacted by my
    mayors in my district who face barriers to using Federal relief
    funds because of cost-sharing requirements they couldn't meet.
    And I know the pain these requirements can pose, so I am glad
    to see match requirements waived in this bill.
        Mr. Oriol, how would waiving the non-Federal cost-sharing
    requirements truly benefit the people of the Virgin Islands and
    allow you all to better fight climate change and its effects?
        Mr. Oriol. Thank you for the question, Congresswoman Tlaib.
        Even as we speak right now, the Virgin Islands, through the
    administration of the HUD CDBG-DR grant and the hazard
    mitigation funding for recovery right now from Hurricanes Irma
    and Maria require us to have some cost-share. I believe it is
    10 percent at this time.
        So, when you are talking about a billion dollars in relief
    aid but needing to come up with that 10 percent match
    requirement, that is a huge obstacle for a territory with
    100,000 residents who are suffering from a pandemic, whose
    primary revenue source is tourism, and everything has been shut
    down for over 12 months now.
        So, as this will continue, the types of things that the
    administrators have to grapple with is: How?
        Ms. Tlaib. Yes.
        Mr. Oriol. So, cost-share relief, even down to the smaller
    grants, where it allows us to be able to directly implement
    some of the strategies that we list with our Federal partners
    and get those out onto the ground. It is a huge, huge relief,
    from a very small $200,000 grant up to our billion-dollar
    assistance loans.
        Ms. Tlaib. I couldn't agree more.
        In my district, municipalities have been ravaged by debt. I
    don't know if you know--the city of Detroit recently went
    through the biggest municipal bankruptcy in American history.
    And I saw the impact on my residents. And the city of Inkster
    in my district lost its entire school district because of
    outstanding debt.
        So, I really do appreciate the leadership of our Chairman.
        Mr. Maldonado, one of the President's campaign promises was
    to forgive disaster relief loans to Puerto Rico, in the
    municipalities there, so they can recover faster. How would
    this proposal, which is also included in the bill as Section
    601, help Puerto Rico?
        And, Mr. Chair, I couldn't see that Mr. Maldonado was still
    with us. If not, I can proceed.
        Mr. Machargo. Yes, I am here. Madam, can you repeat the
    question?
        Ms. Tlaib. I was talking about one of the things that our
    current President had promised was to forgive disaster relief
    loans to Puerto Rico--and I know we talked a little bit about
    that--in the municipalities so they can recover faster.
        How does this proposal, which is included in the bill as
    Section 601, how does that really help the Puerto Rican people?
        Mr. Machargo. Well, we have a situation with the cost-share
    of the relief programs that are putting some small
    municipalities through strain, because they don't have the
    reimbursements, and they don't have the money to start the
    projects. And we in the local government are being--development
    like a line of credit so the municipalities can start the
    project.
        But that provision of the bill would greatly help, because
    we cannot----
        Ms. Tlaib. Because time is limited, would you say it truly
    paralyzes you all from continuing the services and support for
    the people? Am I correct?
        Mr. Machargo. Yes. Yes, it does.
        Ms. Tlaib. Same thing in the city of Detroit.
        I am really just--and bear with me, Chairman. I really want
    to show just how connected it is, that we can't allow
    communities to continue to fail like this. We are still seeing
    the impact of allowing Detroit to go bankrupt, and we can't
    continue to allow communities across the world to be able to
    face--especially Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. It is
    really up to us, the United States, to protect them.
        So, thank you all so much.
        I yield.
        The Chairman. Thank you very much, Representative. I think
    it is important to make that connection. I am glad that you
    brought that up. Because sometimes we deal with the issue of
    climate change in isolation of everything else, and we
    shouldn't. And I appreciate that.
        If there are no further Members that are seeking to be
    recognized for questions, I do want to thank the witnesses for
    their testimony. And as I said initially, before I adjourn,
    that we wanted to bring this as a draft so that we have the
    opportunity to receive input. And thank you very much to the
    witnesses for that, and also from our colleagues.
        The importance of this piece of legislation can't be under-
    estimated, but also the need to take some action cannot be
    ignored either. The move toward coming up with some compromise
    and some bipartisan agreements that will be necessary going
    forward is important, but the need to take action is also
    important, and that process will not go on in perpetuity. And
    our staff will proceed to try to work with you, and I will
    certainly create outreach with Miss Colon and Mrs. Radewagen to
    see those areas in which they brought up some issues that we
    can deal with.
        Thank you very much.
        Before I close and before we close on the witnesses, there
    was a report that was issued by the Environmental Defense Fund.
    It said that Puerto Rico could be considered a canary in the
    coal mine for climate change because it has been feeling the
    consequences of a warming world for some time. In fact, the
    same could be said for all of the islands that we are dealing
    with today.
        Let me ask Ms. Monzon, do you agree with this assessment?
    And are these specific examples--do you agree with the
    assessment that the Defense Fund came up with regarding the
    canary in the coal mine?
        If she is still available.
        Ms. Monzon?
        Mr. Oriol. She needs to unmute.
        The Chairman. OK.
        Ms. Monzon. Sorry about that. You got cut off, and I
    couldn't follow the statement. Could you repeat it, please?
        The Chairman. There was a report issued by the
    Environmental Defense Fund. When speaking of Puerto Rico, it
    said: Puerto Rico could be considered as a canary in the coal
    mine for climate change, because it has been feeling the
    consequences of a warming world for some time already. In fact,
    the same could be said for all the islands that we have been
    talking about today relative to this legislation.
        So, my question simply to you was: Do you agree with that
    assessment? And I just wanted you to comment on that.
        Ms. Monzon. Yes, Mr. Grijalva, I agree. No one can be
    surprised that our island has been subject to the most
    catastrophic impact of climate change. We are suffering from
    the coastal erosion; we are suffering from catastrophic
    hurricanes, one after the other.
        Even the health impact that we have had because of these
    things and also because of the economic development that is
    stalling in many areas of the island, that means that we
    definitely--if we can survive, if we can do it right,
    especially with all the funding that we are receiving in Puerto
    Rico to build better and safer, definitely we can be the
    example to America and for the entire planet on how to do it
    right.
        I only agree that we have the advantage of doing something
    better now than we have ever had. This is a historic moment for
    Puerto Rico, a historic moment. Thank you.
        The Chairman. I agree. Thank you.

        The hearing is adjourned. I appreciate it.

        [Whereupon, at 2:31 p.m., the Committee was adjourned.]

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