    [Senate Hearing 116-]
    [From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]

      STATE, FOREIGN OPERATIONS, AND RELATED PROGRAMS APPROPRIATIONS FOR
                                FISCAL YEAR 2021

                                  ----------

                            TUESDAY, MARCH 10, 2020

                                           U.S. Senate,
               Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations,
                                                        Washington, DC.

        The subcommittee met at 2:15 p.m., in room SD-192, Dirksen
    Senate Office Building, Hon. Lindsey Graham (Chairman)
    presiding.
        Present: Senators Graham, Lankford, Moran, Leahy, Shaheen,
    Coons, and Van Hollen.

                       A REVIEW OF FRAGILITY IN THE SAHEL

                  opening statement of senator lindsey graham

        Senator Graham. Thank you all for coming. The hearing today
    is on ``A Review of Fragility in the Sahel'', but also,
    opportunities in that region.
        We have two great witnesses: USAID Administrator, Mark
    Green, and Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs,
    David Hale, who I just think just got back from the region. I
    know Mark spent a lot of time there.
        I will have a very quick opening statement.
        The reason the subcommittee is focused on this issue is
    because this is one of the parts of the world where you pay now
    or you pay later, and I would rather pay smartly now.
        It is one of the places in the world where the ground
    military force, in terms of fighting terrorism, is pretty much
    the French. We have a thousand people in the region that are
    enablers for the French ground component.
        We have talked with Secretary of Defense Mark Esper about
    keeping that capability. The French would have a hard time
    operating without our assistance, but they are on the ground in
    Mali and trying to beat back terrorism.
        The countries in the Sahel represent a potential
    opportunity for the American consumer over time, if we can
    develop their economies. There is a fondness in this part of
    the world for the United States, including as a result of U.S.
    programs to eradicate HIV/AIDS and other health, humanitarian,
    and development efforts. The Chinese are playing in Africa, and
    I would like us to show up. Our assistance programs are
    national security programs.
        So, my goal today is to hear about what it is like on the
    ground, what would happen if we lost the security footprint we
    have today, and what could this subcommittee do in the future
    to give you more tools and resources to turn it around before
    it is too late.
        With that, Senator Leahy.

                 opening statement of senator patrick j. leahy

        Senator Leahy. Thank you very much. Mr. Green, Mr. Hale,
    good to have you here.
        Over many years, Chairman Graham, I, Senator Coons, and
    others have highlighted the positive impact U.S. foreign aid
    can have on building just societies that are resistant to
    radicalization. I cannot think of anywhere this is more
    urgently needed than in the impoverished and largely-ungoverned
    areas of the Sahel, where, as Chairman Graham has pointed out,
    violent extremist organizations have taken root.
        I hope that today we can talk about the importance of
    government accountability. In the report produced by the U.S.
    Institute of Peace on the causes of extremism, USIP concluded
    that building partners with governments that are committed to
    accountability is the best approach to preventing extremism.
        The report further emphasized that strengthening government
    accountability requires local ownership of development
    programs, and that impunity for security forces that commit
    atrocities fuels extremism, which we have seen in several parts
    of the world, including the Sahel.
        So, accountable governance, locally-led solutions, and
    legitimate use of force. We can easily agree to these in
    principle; it is how to enforce them in practice that can be
    difficult.
        I think we all agree that resources and interagency
    coordination are important, but we also have to do a better job
    of holding governments accountable. Too often we give our
    security partners a free pass for corruption and human rights
    violations in the name of counterterrorism or geopolitical
    competition, and that is an approach that we have seen in the
    past usually backfires.
        Accountable governance and locally-led solutions are also
    required to mitigate violence in the region that is not caused
    by violent extremist organizations. Ethnic tensions,
    competition over dwindling natural resources, and other
    socioeconomic and environmental conditions have led to conflict
    in the Sahel, fueled by many of the same factors that drive
    increased radicalization.
        We should not be in position to ignore or make excuses for
    government corruption and abuse of power. Our values, the input
    of those whose lives are most affected by our decisions, and
    our understanding of the long-term consequences of ignoring or
    making excuses for government corruption and abuse of power,
    should guide our policy. So, I am glad, Mr. Chairman, that you
    are holding this hearing.
        Senator Graham. Thank you. You are always a joy to work
    with on matters like this.
        Senator Green. Not Senator Green. Mark Green. I am sorry. I
    didn't mean to demote you there.
        [Laughter.]
        Mr. Green. You beat me to the punch line.
    STATEMENT OF THE HON. MARK GREEN, ADMINISTRATOR, U.S.
                AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
        Chairman Graham, Ranking Member Leahy, Members of the
    subcommittee, I do appreciate this opportunity to be with you
    to discuss the Sahel Region, its rising violence, and some of
    the ways in which USAID is responding.
        The urgency of this topic is clear. In 2019 alone, more
    than 2,000 civilians were killed by fighting and violence in
    the area where Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger meet. Since the
    beginning of this year in Burkina Faso alone, 4,000 people are
    being displaced each and every day.
        Now, it would be a mistake to attribute all of this
    violence to extremism or interreligious conflict, but it would
    be just as wrong not to recognize that conditions like
    unresponsive governance, lack of economic opportunity, and
    increasingly limited natural resources, if left unaddressed,
    will make the region even more vulnerable to extremists, their
    ideology, and methods of recruitment.
        The Sahel, as you know, is a vast, complex region, touching
    at least 15 different countries. It is not so much a set of
    nation-states as networks of informal trade migration routes
    connecting clusters of often ethnocentric communities. Borders
    are porous, and government institutions mean little in the
    daily lives of most residents.
        While competition from limited resources has existed for
    decades, if not centuries, traditional systems and institutions
    serve to reconcile differences in mostly peaceful ways. But,
    population pressures, drought and flood cycles, environmental
    degradation, and other forces have eroded those institutions in
    recent years. The situation has been made even worse by corrupt
    political elites, who often resort to inflammatory media
    messaging in ways that raise tensions and reinforce dangerous
    ethnic and religious stereotypes.
        Dangerous groups bringing their own violent tendencies to
    the region have made things even more combustible. They include
    criminal gangs, arms dealers, and more recently, extremist
    groups seeking to expand their power.
        There are at least five major violent extremist groups
    active in the region and dozens of smaller, loosely affiliated
    ones. Taken together, they have killed tens of thousands of
    people and displaced millions more. Malicious, often ethnically
    based, are forming as a response to government inability to
    provide security for their communities.
        Working closely with State and others, USAID has been
    working on a range of initiatives to help respond to the
    growing crisis:
        Our humanitarian assistance aims to relieve suffering.
        Our development assistance aims to help partners restore
    economic hope and resolve conflict.
        We focus on specific areas of vulnerability, working to
    alleviate acute pressures while simultaneously fostering the
    capacity to withstand future shocks.
        Much of our work is rooted in agriculture. We finance the
    World Food Program to pay, for example, subsistence-level
    individuals in food in exchange for their labor to build
    community assets. For example, building community wells that
    allow various groups to come together around a central
    institution is a way of reinforcing positive communications.
        Our Feed the Future investments enhance market-based
    opportunities for farmers and help communities to become more
    resilient in the face of an increasingly complex set of risks.
        We partner with Peace Observers, who closely monitor local
    tensions and try to act as early warning signals for disputes
    and conflicts.
        We strive to accurately diagnose local drivers of conflict
    and then respond accordingly.
        When tensions are communal in nature, our programs use
    constructive joint projects, as I just mentioned, to reinforce
    cooperation and coexistence.
        When conflict becomes associated with violent extremism, we
    help to counter recruitment efforts by extremist groups.
        We work with governments to enhance their CV response
    strategies, as well as responsiveness to basic citizen needs.
        Last fall, we launched our Sahel Development Partnership
    (SDP). SDP is an expansion of our integrated programming
    approach that will focus first on Burkina Faso and Niger before
    expanding elsewhere. It aims to address the intertwined nature
    of recurrent social, political, and environmental crises. It
    layers resources strategically from across different sectors
    and funding streams.
        To complement SDP, we have several broad initiatives that
    further target the underlying conditions of responsibility. Our
    new Bureau for Resilience and Food Security, which I am proud
    to announce became operational yesterday, will help us address
    the interconnected areas in a more holistic way.
        In summary, Members of the subcommittee, we believe the
    Sahel is a region that requires flexible programs to address
    localized conflicts and stresses and recognize that people
    often self-identify in terms that crosses borders.
        Through the programs I have described and others, we seek
    to build resilience, increase constructive options and
    opportunities for individuals, especially youth, resolve
    conflict through tailored mediation and reconciliation
    programs, and promote peace and stability-affirming messages to
    counter-extremist propaganda.
        We pledge to continue to work closely with the Departments
    of State and Defense on a coordinated whole-of-government
    approach in the region, and we welcome your input and counsel
    and appreciate your ongoing support.
        Thank you, Mr. Chairman.

        [The following graphics were furnished by USAID to be
    included with Mark Green's statement:]

    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

        [The statement follows:]
                     Prepared Statement of Hon. Mark Green
        Chairman Graham, Ranking Member Leahy, distinguished Members of the
    subcommittee: Thank you for this opportunity to discuss the Sahel
    region, the rising violence in many parts of that region, and some of
    the ways in which USAID is responding with humanitarian assistance,
    investments in community-level institution strengthening, and economic
    development programming.
        The urgency of this topic is clear. Across the Sahel, the recent
    escalation of violence has resulted in thousands of deadly attacks and
    four-times the number of conflict-related fatalities compared to 2012.
    At the epicenter of conflict--where Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger meet--
    more than 2,000 civilians were killed in 2019 alone. The situation has
    further deteriorated in 2020; in Burkina Faso, violence has displaced
    an average of 4,000 people each day since the year began.
        It would be a mistake to attribute all of this violence to
    extremism or inter-religious conflict. But when conflict in the region
    is combined with persistent instability, extreme poverty, deteriorating
    environmental conditions, weak and often corrupt governance, and lack
    of economic opportunity, it offers fertile ground for extremists who
    seek to advance their own ideology and power.
                         sahel: perception and reality
        To understand the challenges of the Sahel, it is essential to
    recognize how large and complex the region is. Many people think of the
    Sahel as a handful of nations along the ``coast'' of the Sahara. In
    reality, it is a vast region that stretches from southern Mauritania to
    northern Ethiopia, touching at least 15 countries. It is not so much a
    modest set of nation-states as a vast, intricate network of informal
    trade and migration routes that connect clusters of often very ethno-
    centric communities. Borders are porous at best, and central government
    institutions are of little relevance to the daily lives and needs of
    most people.
        A significant portion of the people in the Sahel are always in
    motion, moving along trade and migration central routes, as well as
    seasonal herding and grazing patterns. As one observer told me during
    my visit to Nigeria last August, in the West we see the brush and sands
    of the Sahel and Sahara as barriers, while Africans see the landscape
    as an inviting ocean to be sailed upon from place to place.
                           traditions under pressure
        However, it is just as true that land and resources are precious
    and limited, and competition for those resources between and amongst
    ethnic groups, licit and illicit traders, farmer-herders, and yes,
    faith communities, has existed for decades, if not centuries. Over the
    years, disputes would arise and violence sometimes erupted, but the
    consequences and costs were managed through traditional dialogue,
    reconciliation, and mutually beneficial arrangements.
        But those traditional systems and institutions have been eroded in
    recent years by an array of shocks and stresses. Population pressures,
    drought-and-flood cycles, environmental degradation, and other forces
    have intensified poverty and suffering. With up to 80 percent of people
    living on less than $2 a day, many families struggle to feed themselves
    because they lack the livelihoods to purchase or produce sufficient
    quantities of food. Loss of human lives to hunger, malnutrition and
    disease, massive displacements of people, and shattered economies has
    made poverty more widespread in the Sahel than nearly any other region
    in Africa.
        Modern government institutions that have supplanted many
    traditional community and Tribal structures have proven too weak and
    ill-equipped to respond or serve the vital role of mediation and
    conflict resolution. In the minds of many observers, the situation has
    been made even worse by corrupt and self-serving political elites.
    During my Nigeria visit, multiple civil society and faith-based leaders
    claimed these elite often politically exploit conflicts and disputes to
    shore up their own political constituencies and expand their public
    influence. These politicians use inflammatory radio and social media
    messages in ways that raise tensions, reinforce dangerous stereotypes,
    and recast disputes over resources as ideological or religious
    confrontations.
        To make the mix even more combustible, a range of groups are
    bringing their own violence to the region. They include criminal gangs
    exercising control over lucrative illicit trade of arms, cigarettes,
    and drugs, as well as extremist groups seeking to expand their power or
    advance an ideological agenda. Many work to exploit local tensions and
    grievances, economic and social marginalization, and abuses by
    government officials and security forces to recruit disaffected young
    people into their ranks. Militias, often ethnically based, are forming
    as a response to governments' inability or unwillingness to provide
    security for communities. When governments do act, poorly trained,
    poorly led officials and security forces can often make things worse
    when they respond to incidents of insecurity and unrest with severe
    crackdowns and indiscriminate arrests. This sometimes exacerbates
    grievances against governments, sows greater mistrust, and wears down
    local resistance to recruiters' rhetoric and worldview.
                       extremist groups already operating
        That violent extremist groups are operating in the Sahel and
    surrounding areas has become all too clear in the last several years.
    There are currently five major violent extremist groups active
    throughout the region, including Boko Haram, the Islamic State in the
    Greater Sahara (ISGS), Islamic State West Africa (ISWA), Ansar al-
    Islam, and the Al Qa'ida affiliate Jamaat Nusrat al-Islam wal
    Muslimeen, known as JNIM. There are also dozens of smaller, loosely-
    affiliated extremist groups. Operating across vast spaces and comprised
    of more than ten thousand extremists, their acts of violence have
    killed tens of thousands of people and displaced millions more.
        The number of attacks linked to Al-Qa'ida affiliates and the
    Islamic State has tripled in recent years, and the number of associated
    fatalities has doubled. Over time, these armed groups have overrun
    government-led forces in strategic towns in Mali and Nigeria, turning
    swaths of territory into no-go zones for governments and security
    forces for extended periods of time. As the Committee will recall, in
    2017, ISGS fighters ambushed American Special Operations soldiers and
    Nigerien partner forces, killing four Americans and five Nigeriens.
    Previous attacks targeting hotels and restaurants in Bamako,
    Ouagadougou, and in Cote d'Ivoire, killed nearly one hundred. Driven by
    competition and the pursuit of personal, ethnic, ``religious,'' and
    economic interests, these groups have taken a terrible toll on already
    fragile and economically marginalized communities.
                               current usaid work
        Working with the Department of State and others, USAID has
    developed a range of initiatives to help respond to the growing Sahel
    crisis. Our humanitarian assistance aims to help relieve suffering. Our
    development assistance aims to help partners restore economic hope and
    prevent and resolve conflict. More generally, our work aims to help
    partners in their efforts to turn back the spread of criminal and
    extremist influence. Our implementation involves partnering with a
    diverse range of stakeholders, including community leaders, public
    officials, and faith and interfaith groups.
        As a reflection of the priority we place on the region, we recently
    launched our new Mission in Niger. We appreciate the support from
    Congress to open this new Mission. We have also recently opened a new
    office in Cameroon. These moves complement our current missions in the
    region and our Senegal-based Sahel Regional Office.
                   programs addressing underlying conditions
        As we all know, the suffering and extreme poverty confronting
    people in the Sahel is intensified by a combination of underlying
    conditions, including a pervasive lack of economic opportunity,
    population pressures, recurrent natural disasters, and environmental
    degradation. To help address these and other conditions, our programs
    focus on specific areas of vulnerability, working to alleviate acute
    pressures while simultaneously fostering in people and communities the
    capacity to withstand future shocks.
        We invest in the Sahel on multiple levels, with agriculture as our
    base. First, we finance the World Food Program to work with local
    groups to pay subsistence-level people in food in exchange for their
    labor to build community assets (like ponds) that regenerate land and
    harvest water. At the same time, we engage with larger non-governmental
    organizations to increase vulnerable farmers' access to seeds and teach
    them to use land more productively, while mobilizing communities to
    participate in the food-for-assets campaigns.
        Next, our Feed the Future investments, like those in Niger, Nigeria
    and Mali, enhance economic opportunities in market-based agriculture
    for farmers who are more stable and help communities across the Sahel
    sell their surplus crops and economically diversify so they are more
    resilient in the face of an increasingly complex set of risks, like
    drought and price shocks. We have paired these investments with others
    that improve access to water, sanitation, hygiene, and healthcare to
    help address the individual and community-level vulnerabilities.
        A specific example of USAID's effort to address underlying
    conditions is our flagship Resilience in the Sahel Enhance (RISE)
    program. RISE, which is active in Burkina Faso and Niger, employs a
    layered, multi-sector approach to reducing the chronic vulnerability of
    targeted populations. This integrated program focuses on expanding
    economic opportunities and livelihoods, improving governance, and
    bolstering the delivery of essential services. In Niger, RISE
    programming has helped smallholder and pastoralist farmers connect to
    markets and fostered an environment for private-sector investment. It
    has also strengthened targeted value chains and helped communities
    better manage their own natural resources.
        These investments in building individual- and community-level
    resilience are one prong of USAID's approach to address some of the
    underlying conditions that exacerbate poverty and suffering in the
    Sahel. But we are also focused on strengthening early warning and
    monitoring capacity so that stakeholders can intervene before key food
    security and nutrition indicators begin to deteriorate. To that end,
    we've recently contributed an additional $7.5 million to the Permanent
    Interstate Committee for Drought Control in the Sahel (Comite permanent
    inter-Etat de lutte contre la secheresse au Sahel [CILSS]), an African-
    owned multilateral institution partly funded by member states?. The
    contribution brings our funding for CILSS through this award to $16.8
    million, and will enable them to improve the quality and reach of their
    seasonal forecasts and crop-monitoring reports--vital tools for farmers
    and governments in the harsh and unpredictable environment that
    characterizes much of the region.
       programs on peacebuilding, conflict resolution and reconciliation
        One of the lessons USAID has learned over the years is that it is
    often local disputes and community grievances that are the main drivers
    of tension and violence. When competition for resources is intense and
    individuals or communities feel marginalized or aggrieved, it is
    essential that there are institutions and voices actively promoting
    dialogue, understanding, and reconciliation.
        The irreplaceable first step in most of our work is an informed
    analysis of conditions and actors. We strive to determine what is
    actually driving conflict, not what we assume is doing so. As leader
    after leader told me during my travel to Nigeria, not every dispute is
    religious in nature. Not every conflict is ethnic. We need to tailor
    our approaches to address real causes.
        In many parts of the region, we partner with ``peace observers''
    who closely monitor local tensions and act as an early warning of sorts
    for disputes which, if left unchecked, might erupt in a given
    community. Peace observers help us to diagnose the nature of the
    problem so we can help resolve or reduce tensions.
        When disputes or tensions are intercommunal in nature, our programs
    will often lead to constructive joint projects that can build
    cooperation and coexistence. For example, where water scarcity is a
    source of contention, we can facilitate the drilling of boreholes with
    shared access.
        More broadly, USAID's Voices for Peace program, active in five
    countries across the region, uses radio broadcasts to strengthen social
    cohesion by countering misinformation and amplifying moderate voices of
    leadership?. The broadcasts are tailored to the local needs and
    dynamics of each community?. They promote shared values.
                   preventing the spread of violent extremism
        As I have indicated, much of the work we do in the Sahel aims to
    address drivers of stress and tension by accurately diagnosing the
    specific nature of conflict. The reality is that violent extremism
    already has a presence and is looking to expand its influence and
    power, as well as spread its toxic ideologies. An important part of our
    work is trying to counter efforts by these groups to recruit more
    individuals and groups to their cause. We work with governments to
    enhance their countering violent extremism (CVE) response strategies,
    strengthen overall response to citizen needs, and promote messaging
    that counters extremist propaganda and misinformation.
        We target our assistance to improve the resilience of vulnerable
    communities targeted by extremist recruiters. For example, in
    northeastern Nigeria--where Boko Haram and ISIS West Africa continue to
    wreak havoc--we are implementing programs that provide entrepreneurial
    training, apprenticeship, and short-term employment opportunities, as
    well as agricultural livelihood activities. Each is specifically
    designed to erode pockets of support for these groups.
        In areas across the Lake Chad Basin, we work to amplify credible
    voices of tolerance and moderate ideologies. We are working with a
    broad network of radio stations and social media outlets--a key source
    of news and information--to disseminate messaging with as far a reach
    as possible. In Niger, our assisted partners are able to reach more
    than 90 percent of the target audience.
                looking ahead: the sahel development partnership
        Last Fall, we launched the Sahel Development Partnership (SDP), an
    expansion of our integrated programming that is focusing first on
    Burkina Faso and Niger before expanding elsewhere. The SDP's focus area
    consists of the Centre-Nord, and Est Provinces of Burkina Faso and the
    Tillaberi Region of Western Niger. Historically, this area has served
    as a crossroads for various ethnic communities, including nomadic
    herders and settled farmers who have shared the same marginal land and
    limited water resources for centuries. Communities in the SDP's focus
    area face shocks and stresses that include droughts, floods, food-price
    volatility, environmental degradation, population pressure, health
    crises, corruption, fragility, and conflict. As a result, millions of
    people are chronically vulnerable and food-insecure, and even moderate
    droughts result in large-scale humanitarian crises.
        Through the SDP we are applying an integrated, layered development
    approach targeting areas most directly affected by cross-border
    instability. This approach layers resources strategically, from across
    different sectors and funding streams, in three lines of effort: CVE;
    stabilizing communities; and building greater resilience within
    communities.
        As part of a broader national security partnership with the
    Governments of Burkina Faso and Niger, civil society, and affected
    communities, we aim to demonstrate how holistic programs can help halt
    the spread of violent extremist groups, avert costly humanitarian
    crises, and stem the flow of destabilizing migration. The SDP will
    stabilize focus areas of the target countries by building local
    communities' resilience and capacity to counter violent extremism
    through rapid-response programs such as moderate voice radio programs,
    local governance support, and greater access to financial services in
    the agricultural sector.
        USAID is accelerating implementation of this new approach in
    coordination with the U.S. Departments of State and Defense, and other
    U.S. Government Departments and Agencies. Through the SDP, USAID
    intends to demonstrate within 2 years that it can help halt the spread
    of violent extremist groups, avert costly humanitarian crises, and stem
    the flow of destabilizing migration in a setting where recent trends
    are decidedly negative.
        The SDP's approach focuses on strengthening community cohesion,
    resolving grievances and local conflicts, building resilience, and
    providing economic alternatives to counter the emotional appeal of
    extremists. Rather than treating each set of problems as discrete
    development challenges that require separate interventions, the SDP
    attempts to address the intertwined nature of recurrent social,
    political, and environmental crises with the emergence of violent
    extremism, which overlap, both causally and geographically, within
    Burkina Faso and Niger.
        In parallel and complementary to the SDP, we have several large,
    ongoing initiatives that further target underlying conditions of
    vulnerability--including in the areas of healthcare, food security, and
    livelihoods. USAID is coordinating with our partners across the
    humanitarian and development spectrum to ensure that our programs are
    complementary and reinforcing.
        Long-term, multi-sector resilience programming builds sustainable
    local capacities to help families weather shocks and reduce the need
    for humanitarian assistance. USAID's resilience programming allows
    households to increase their assets, savings, and access to markets
    despite exposure to the stresses and crises described above. Resilience
    programs enhance access to financial services, including savings,
    credit, and insurance; improve the management of water for productive
    and household use; promote the reclamation of land and the introduction
    of conservation agriculture; develop value-chains for agriculture and
    livestock, including by linking rural producers to high-demand urban
    and coastal markets; improve health outcomes, including in maternal and
    child health and nutrition, voluntary family planning, and hygiene and
    sanitation; build the capacity of local governments to deliver high-
    quality healthcare, nutrition, and sanitation; and strengthen the
    capacity of government and community organizations to mitigate conflict
    and respond to shocks such as droughts and floods.
        In summary, members of the Committee, we believe the Sahel is a
    region that requires flexible programs that address localized conflicts
    and stresses, and recognizes people often self-identify in terms that
    cross borders and ignore modern government institutions. We seek to
    build resilience, increase constructive options and opportunities for
    individuals (especially youth), resolve conflict through tailored
    mediation and reconciliation programs, and promote peace-and-stability
    affirming messages to counter extremist propaganda. We would welcome
    the opportunity to expand our work. We pledge to continue to work
    closely with the Departments of State and Defense on a coordinated,
    whole-of-government approach in the region. We welcome your input,
    counsel, and appreciate your ongoing support.
        Thank you for allowing me to speak with you today, and I welcome
    your questions.
    STATEMENT OF THE HON. DAVID HALE, UNDER SECRETARY OF
                STATE FOR POLITICAL AFFAIRS, U.S.
                DEPARTMENT OF STATE, WASHINGTON, DC
        Mr. Hale. Hello. Good afternoon, Chairman Graham, Vice
    Chairman Leahy, Members of the subcommittee. It is a pleasure
    to be here today with Administrator Green to discuss our
    efforts toward addressing the causes of fragility and violence
    in the Sahel.
        This administration recognizes that instability in Africa,
    and particularly in the Sahel, threatens American national
    security interests and undermines our diplomatic goals.
        I have traveled twice to the Sahel in the past year, and I
    visited four of the five countries there. My second trip, last
    month, affirmed for me the driving force behind the Sahel
    strategy. Security conditions are deteriorating as the key
    actors in Mali fail to fully implement the Algiers Accord.
        American engagement is crucial. During my trip, I made
    clear that we are not abandoning the region. To the contrary;
    we are bolstering our diplomatic engagement. I assured African
    leaders that, as the Department of Defense conducts its
    combatant command reviews, we will not undertake hasty or
    destabilizing adjustments to our military posture, but our
    continued investment requires improved performance by our
    partners.
        We have a comprehensive and balanced approach. Military
    intelligence and law enforcement strategies are vital to our
    success, but they cannot replace diplomatic and development
    initiatives.
        Our strategy promotes inclusive political systems, advances
    regional security, and encourages economic growth.
        Our diplomatic engagement focuses on three primary
    elements: Increasing state legitimacy, supporting the peace
    process in Mali, and improving coordination with our partners.
        Terrorists and criminals exploit areas that lack state
    presence. With the support of America and our partners, Sahel
    governments urgently need to reassert control over ceded
    ground, establish a security presence, and rebuild trade
    relationships with populations.
        Participation of women at all levels is essential.
        We have already doubled our efforts to press for
    implementation of the Algiers Accord. On March 8, the State
    Department announced the appointment of Dr. J. Peter Pham as
    the special envoy for the Sahel. And, in his capacity, Dr. Pham
    will increase American diplomatic engagement and coordination
    with the international community.
        I have asked him to focus on five tasks:
        One, coordinate existing strategies with international and
    regional partners;
        Two, encourage member states of the Economic Community of
    West African States (ECOWAS) to assume a larger role in
    affected countries;
        Three, promote rapid implementation of the Algiers Accord;
        Four, improve the effectiveness of the Multi-dimensional
    Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali;
        And five, develop initiatives for strengthened state
    authority and good governance.
        Mali remains a focal point of terrorist activity in the
    region. Together in Bamako last month, my French counterpart
    and I delivered a clear message to Malian President Keita that
    we expect full implementation of the Algiers Accord.
        We also urged him to follow through on the commitments he
    made at the Pau Summit in France. I emphasized that in the
    absence of sufficient progress, America is prepared to support
    altering the United Nations Multidimensional Integrated
    Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA's) mandate and to
    sanction individuals identified as spoilers.
        We are engaging directly with regional partners to mobilize
    their efforts, to shore up their own security, and provide
    greater support to the Sahel countries.
        The D-ISIS Coalition, which plans to hold its first meeting
    in the region in April, will provide best practices on info
    sharing and counterterrorism.
        ECOWAS and its member states have a vital role to play
    alongside the G5. Instability in the Sahel is spreading to
    coastal Africa, directly threatening Benin, Cote d'Ivoire,
    Ghana, Guinea, and Togo. We are expanding our assistance to
    these countries to meet the threat.
        Effective implementation of our goals requires a
    coordinated, integrated approach across U.S. Government
    efforts. The Department of State-USAID Joint Strategic Plan
    prioritizes improved security conditions and the promotion of
    good governance, democracy, respect for human rights,
    accountability, rule of law, and women's full participation in
    society.
        In 2018, the State Department, USAID, and the Department of
    Defense completed an interagency review to explore more
    effective means to promote stability in areas affected by armed
    conflict. The Stabilization Assistance Review (SAR) reflected a
    recognition that we need to be selective and strategic in the
    use of American resources.
        The State Department operationalized the SAR in 11
    countries, including the Central African Republic, Mali, Niger,
    Nigeria, and South Sudan. Each of these missions is now
    implementing coordinated and integrated stabilization
    strategies.
        The recently-passed Global Fragility Act (GFA) presents an
    excellent opportunity to build and expand upon these reform
    initiatives. We are working with our interagency partners to
    develop the strategy called for by the legislation, and we look
    forward to consulting and collaborating with stakeholders and
    with you in Congress as we implement the act and draft the
    associated strategy.
        Mr. Chairman, in spite of our plan and efforts already
    underway, we face serious obstacles. American officials cannot
    spend sufficient time in conflict-affected areas to build
    relationships and better understand conflict dynamics. We are
    working to improve our ability to identify and report on early
    warning signs of violent conflict, and we look forward to
    working with Congress on these efforts.
        We appreciate the flexibility provided by the Relief and
    Recovery Fund over recent years to transfer funding across
    accounts, and we would welcome similar flexibilities for the
    new Prevention and Stabilization Fund.
        Mr. Chairman, Members of the subcommittee, thank you for
    your bipartisan support and for facilitating this discussion on
    a region vital to American national security. I look forward to
    your comments and questions.

        [The statement follows:]
                     Prepared Statement of Hon. David Hale
        Good afternoon Chairman Graham, Vice-Chairman Leahy, and Members of
    the subcommittee. It is a pleasure to be here today with Administrator
    Green to discuss our collective efforts toward addressing the causes of
    fragility and violence in the Sahel. I appreciate your focus on these
    issues and look forward to discussing our shared objectives in this
    critical region.
        The President's National Security Strategy directs the State
    Department to strengthen institutions in fragile states and work with
    political reformers and civil society to advance our shared interests.
    The Global Fragility Act of 2019 (GFA) also speaks to the need to
    stabilize conflict-affected areas and prevent violence and fragility
    globally.
        This administration recognizes that fragility and instability in
    Africa, and particularly in the Sahel, threaten American interests and
    undermine our diplomatic goals. A fragile and unstable Sahel region
    enables the spread of terrorism, facilitates transnational organized
    crime, stifles economic growth, thwarts democratic institutions, and
    prompts destabilizing migration.
        Today's hearing is an opportunity to discuss the complexities of
    these threats and the realities facing many of our partners. The
    broader Sahel is an immense, sparsely populated territory, covering
    more than 3,300 miles from the Atlantic Ocean to the Red Sea. Farmers,
    herders, traders, traffickers, and terrorists all inhabit this enormous
    expanse. I have traveled twice to the Sahel in the past year, and saw
    last month that the situation had significantly deteriorated since my
    first visit. My trip affirmed the driving force behind our Sahel
    strategy: security conditions throughout the region are worsening as
    the key players in Mali fail to fully implement the Algiers Accord
    nearly 5 years after its signing.
        American engagement is crucial. I made clear to our partners that
    America is not abandoning the region. To the contrary, we are
    bolstering our diplomatic engagement through the appointment of a
    Special Envoy. I assured African leaders that, as the Department of
    Defense conducts its Combatant Command reviews, we will not undertake
    hasty or destabilizing adjustments to our military posture. But our
    continued investment requires improved performance by our partners.
        Addressing fragility in the Sahel--in particular in Mali, Niger,
    and Burkina Faso--requires a comprehensive and balanced approach.
    Military, intelligence, and law enforcement strategies are vital for
    success, but they cannot replace diplomatic and development
    initiatives. Our strategy promotes inclusive and just political
    systems; advances regional security by combatting violent extremists
    and traffickers; and encourages economic growth and opportunity through
    sustainable development and increased American investment. Our
    diplomatic engagement focuses on three primary elements: improving
    state legitimacy; supporting the peace process; and improving
    coordination with our partners.
        Terrorists and transnational criminals exploit areas that lack
    state presence. These groups recruit from, extort, and terrorize
    marginalized communities, many of which have been victimized by
    security forces. As governments retreat from increasing violence,
    extremist organizations further delegitimize governments by providing
    services in abandoned areas. The number of refugees and internally
    displaced persons is increasing at an alarming rate across the region
    and signal a growing humanitarian crisis. With the support of America
    and our partners, Sahel governments and their neighbors urgently need
    to reassert control over ceded ground, establish a rights-respecting
    and capable security presence, and rebuild frayed relationships with
    populations. Meaningful participation by women at all levels, from
    policy negotiations to peacekeeping, is essential.
        A viable political process in Mali is a necessary condition for
    good governance to prevail. Our diplomatic efforts are focused on
    supporting the 2015 Algiers Peace Accord, which remains the best
    mechanism for achieving a peaceful and reconciled Mali. We will press
    and incentivize signatories to implement the Accord.
        Improved coordination will help us achieve our state legitimacy and
    peace process objectives. On March 8, the State Department announced
    the appointment of Dr. J. Peter Pham as the Special Envoy for Sahel
    Stabilization. In this capacity, Dr. Pham will increase American
    diplomatic engagement and coordination with West African governments,
    as well as the French, the European Union, and other international
    partners. Crucial to this effort will be employing integrated,
    coordinated approaches to the region.

        I have asked Dr. Pham to focus on the following five tasks:

        1.  Coordinate existing strategies with international and regional
    partners;
        2.  Encourage members of the Economic Community of West African
    States (ECOWAS) to assume a larger role in working with Mali, the G5
    Sahel, and affected countries;
        3.  Promote rapid implementation of the Algiers Accord;
        4.  Improve the effectiveness of the Multidimensional Integrated
    Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA); and
        5.  Develop and propagate initiatives for strengthened state
    authority and good governance.

        Mali remains a focal point of terrorist activity in the region.
    Years of political conflict and stalled implementation of the 2015
    Algiers Accord have created a climate of instability that has permitted
    terrorism to take root and thrive. Terrorist groups in central Mali
    exacerbate and exploit intercommunal tensions, particularly in areas
    that lack state presence or have been victimized by armed groups or
    state security forces. Terrorists enjoy freedom of movement in northern
    and most of central Mali, and transit between Libya, Niger, and Burkina
    Faso to resupply, conduct raids, and enrich themselves through illicit
    trafficking along trade routes. The potential for foreign fighter
    migration between North Africa, the Middle East, and the Sahel is a
    significant concern, in part because of countries' porous borders.
        Together in Bamako last month, my French counterpart and I
    delivered a clear message to Malian President Keita that we expect full
    implementation of the Algiers Accord. The government and signatory
    armed groups should fulfill by June the priority measures laid out in
    MINUSMA's mandate. We also urged President Keita to follow through on
    the commitments made at the Pau Summit convened by the French in
    January.
        I emphasized that, in the absence of sufficient progress, America
    is prepared to support altering MINUSMA's mandate and to sanction
    individuals who are identified as spoilers to the peace process.
        Throughout the Sahel, we are employing coordinated diplomatic,
    development, and security initiatives to emphasize respect for human
    rights and civilian protections. Our programs enhance local leaders'
    ability to provide more effective government services; train local law
    enforcement to encourage cooperation with the communities they protect;
    and improve the capacity of security forces to interact more
    productively with civilian actors. Over the last 2 years, the State
    Department has obligated over $195 million in security assistance to
    the G5 Sahel countries, including over $69 million to Burkina Faso,
    which is also the largest recipient of American bilateral assistance
    among the nations of the G5 Sahel Joint Force.
        The G5 Sahel Joint Force (Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, and
    Niger) was launched in 2017 to coordinate counterterrorism operations
    among member countries. The G5 Sahel is not yet able to disrupt the
    growing terrorist footprint across the Sahel, but has potential as a
    coordination mechanism. French Operation Barkhane, with 5,200 troops on
    the ground, plays a crucial role in the counter-terrorism fight. The D-
    ISIS Coalition, which plans to hold its first meeting in the region in
    April, will provide best practices on intelligence sharing and other
    counterterrorism tools to the countries of West Africa.
        ECOWAS and its member states have a vital role to play alongside
    the G5 Sahel. These countries can contribute a range of capabilities
    and expertise to address problems in the Sahel. We are engaging
    directly with regional partners to mobilize their efforts to shore up
    their own security and provide greater support to the Sahel countries,
    as announced during the September 14 ECOWAS Heads of State Summit on
    Terrorism.
        Instability in the Sahel is spreading to the coastal states of West
    Africa, directly threatening the heart of American interests in the
    region. Benin, Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Togo are all at risk. We
    are expanding our assistance to these countries to develop accountable,
    stable security institutions; respect for human rights; and good
    governance. In Togo, we supported government efforts to overhaul
    legislation to distinguish between criminals and maritime pirates. In
    Ghana, we supported the development of border security protocols and
    best practices to help confront the spread of violent extremism. We
    also support regional efforts to improve coordination and information
    sharing between military and security services through the Accra
    Initiative.
        We support Sahelian countries' efforts to individually and
    collectively exercise greater leadership in addressing their fragility
    and security challenges. The African Union, its regional economic
    communities, and its member states are seeking to develop their own
    Continental Early Warning System and lead with diplomatic responses
    when potential threats arise. These efforts represent a noteworthy
    intention, but American leadership will be required to nurture and
    strengthen them over the long-term.
        Effective implementation of our goals requires a coordinated and
    integrated approach across U.S. Government efforts. The Department of
    State-USAID Joint Strategic Plan prioritizes improved security
    conditions and the promotion of good governance, democracy, respect for
    human rights, accountability, rule of law, and women's full
    participation in society. In July 2019, the Office of Foreign
    Assistance Resources, together with our Bureau of Conflict and
    Stabilization Operations and USAID, completed the Strategic Prevention
    Project. The project's final report underscores that our assistance can
    prevent violent conflict when closely coordinated with diplomacy and
    aligned with host-nation and local civil society. The report identifies
    a series of actions for the State Department and USAID to better align
    assistance to fragile states. We are working towards implementing these
    recommendations.
        In 2018, the State Department, USAID, and the Department of Defense
    completed a wide-ranging, inter-agency review to explore more effective
    means to promote stability in areas affected by armed conflict. The
    Stabilization Assistance Review (SAR) reflected a recognition that we
    need to be more selective and strategic with how we use American
    resources and demonstrate a return on investment for the American
    taxpayer. The SAR outlines an improved framework for coordinating and
    targeting resources to stabilize conflict-affected states based on our
    national security interests and an assessment of where we can have the
    greatest impact. The State Department operationalized the SAR in 11
    countries, including the Central African Republic, Mali, Niger, Nigeria
    and South Sudan. Each of these missions is now implementing coordinated
    and integrated stabilization strategies.
        The recently-passed GFA presents an opportunity to build and expand
    upon these strategic prevention and stabilization assistance reform
    initiatives. We are working with our interagency partners to develop
    the strategy called for by the legislation. We look forward to
    consulting and collaborating with stakeholders and Congress as we
    implement the GFA and draft the associated strategy.
        On the security front, the Trans-Sahara Counterterrorism
    Partnership is a multi-year, initiative to build long-term capacity in
    the Sahel and North Africa to address security threats and conditions
    exploited by terrorists and other malign actors. Coordinated across the
    State Department, USAID, and the Department of Defense, this
    partnership provides American law enforcement, military, development,
    and public diplomacy expertise and resources to build and sustain
    regional partners' capabilities.
        Mr. Chairman, in spite of our plan and strong efforts already
    underway, we do face obstacles. First, in such insecure environments,
    American officials cannot spend sufficient time in conflict-affected
    areas to build relationships and better understand conflict dynamics.
    We are working to improve the ability of our personnel to identify and
    report on early warning signs of violent conflict. We look forward to
    working with Congress on these efforts. We appreciate the flexibility
    provided by the Relief and Recovery Fund over recent years to transfer
    funding across accounts. We welcome similar flexibilities for the new
    Prevention and Stabilization Fund established pursuant to the GFA. This
    authority ensures we have the tools at our disposal to meet the needs
    on the ground.
        Mr. Chairman and Members of this subcommittee, thank you for your
    bipartisan support and for facilitating this discussion on a region
    vital to American national security.

        Senator Graham. Well, thank you. Thank you both, and please
    pass on to the people who work for you in these regions how
    much we appreciate their sacrifice and the dangers they face.

      FOREIGN ASSISTANCE CUTS PROPOSED IN FISCAL YEAR 2021 BUDGET REQUEST

        Mr. Hale, do you agree with me that now is probably not
    time to cut the Function 150--International Affairs account by
    20 percent?
        Mr. Hale. Well, we are obviously waiting to see what the
    results will be--are of the DOD Force Posture Review, so I
    would say that I would really like to see. It depends on what
    the review recommends, what the outcome is.
        Senator Graham. I am talking about a cut to the account as
    a whole.
        Mr. Hale. Yes. Well, fewer resources means obviously that--
    --
        Senator Graham. Yes.
        Mr. Hale [continuing]. Less impact.

            COMBATING TERRORISM AND EXTREMISM/FRENCH MILITARY ACTION

        Senator Graham. Let's talk about the impact to the United
    States. Is the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) present
    in this region of the world?
        Mr. Hale. Yes.
        Senator Graham. What are they called, just ISIS?
        Mr. Hale. ISIS is one name. They--frankly, these groups
    transmogrify frequently. There is a dynamic where the
    recruitment crosses different labels. We have at least five or
    six large organizations made up of ever-shifting groups.
        Senator Graham. Do they have extraterritorial designs?
    Would they attack the United States if they could?
        Mr. Hale. The groups present now do not have the capacity
    to do that, but they certainly are ambitious in the long run
    and we have to be--take preventative steps.
        Senator Graham. It is just a capability problem, not a will
    problem; is that correct?
        Mr. Hale. That is why it is important to take a
    preventative course of action.
        Senator Graham. Okay. So, the preventative course of
    action, is the French ground forces--are they making a
    difference?
        Mr. Hale. I think they are, yes. There needs to be more
    done. They have just increased the number of soldiers on the
    ground after the tragedy that they encountered, and we are very
    closely collaborating with them.
        I think the important piece that the State Department can
    offer in this is enhanced diplomacy. So, obviously
    Administrator Green can speak of the development and assistance
    side; our DOD colleagues on that piece.
        Senator Graham. Yes.
        Mr. Hale. But regardless of what happens in terms of the
    Force Posture Review, we are going to be stepping up our
    diplomatic engagement.
        Senator Graham. So, Mr. Green, Mark, what would happen if
    the French left or the French were not adequately supported by
    the U.S. Armed Forces on the ground for the people that work
    for you?
        Mr. Green. I would say that you would see an acceleration
    in displacement would be the most immediate effect, which--I
    mean, displacement is already reaching historic levels. I think
    it would accelerate.
        Along with that, obviously the humanitarian suffering.
        And, from my perspective, the conditions that lead too
    easily to despair. And despair, as we know, is a condition that
    is too easily exploited by those that seek to expand their
    territory and offer a contrary point of view to ours.
        Senator Graham. Who are the French fighting on the ground?
        Mr. Green. I am not sure I can speak to it in that each
    country represents----
        Senator Graham. Well, it is terrorist organizations; right?
        Mr. Green. Definitely.
        Senator Graham. Do you agree with that----
        Mr. Green. In terms of which ones, I cannot----
        Senator Graham [continuing]. Mr. Hale, that the French
    presence----
        Mr. Hale. Yes, sir.
        Senator Graham [continuing]. On the ground----
        Mr. Hale. They are fighting a number--they have a train-
    and-equip mission, as we do, and then they are directly
    supporting the fight against at least five different violent
    extremist organizations that we see across the region.
        Senator Graham. If they left, would the--who would fight
    these extremist organizations?
        Mr. Hale. Well, it would be left to a coalition of the
    willing. One of the attributes of the French is that they are
    expanding their region to Europe to find other countries that
    are prepared to contribute forces and resources to this battle.
        Senator Graham. And the French rely upon unique American
    capability in terms of Intelligence, Surveillance, and
    Reconnaissance (ISR) and transport; is that right?
        Mr. Hale. That is correct, sir.
        Senator Graham. We are not on the ground going door to door
    with the French?
        Mr. Hale. That is right. We work bilaterally with--for the
    most part, bilaterally with these countries, who--the
    responsibility has to rest squarely on the leaders in the
    militaries of these weak countries. And, of course, our
    strategy is to strengthen them.
        Senator Graham. So, Mr. Green, from your point of view, the
    security presence that the French provide is helpful to the
    United States in terms of accomplishing your mission?
        Mr. Green. Very much so. While we try to remain adaptable
    and flexible in how we provide humanitarian assistance and
    development assistance, obviously we can do much more if the
    situation is secure and stable.
        Senator Graham. For lack of a better way of putting it, who
    are the biggest winners and losers if for some reason the
    French withdraw their ground components in this region?
        Mr. Green. A range of assorted bad guys from criminal gangs
    to potentially violent extremist groups.
        Senator Graham. Do you agree with that, Mr. Hale?
        Mr. Hale. That is right. It is a question of timing. The
    job is not done yet. And, in addition to building up the
    institutions of the Sahel states, we are increasingly looking
    to the coastal states in ECOWAS, who are increasingly
    threatened to step up, as well.

              GLOBAL FRAGILITY ACT AND ADDITIONAL RECOMMENDATIONS

        Senator Graham. Very briefly, Senator Coons and many on
    this subcommittee have been very involved in trying to create
    some capability to give you more tools, including the GFA. Give
    us some idea of what we are doing right, and what would you
    like to see us do more of?
        Mr. Green. I think food security is absolutely key to all
    of our work in the region, not simply the food assistance that
    we provide in humanitarian assistance. As important as that is
    to meet immediate needs, we all know that these countries, if
    they fail to become more food secure, it is going to be a cycle
    feeding on itself in terms of loss of economic opportunity,
    displacement, and again, fertile ground for radicalization.
        Senator Graham. Mr. Hale.
        Mr. Hale. Building on that, I would say that it is
    important that we look at legitimizing and expanding state
    presence in areas where they are not present now.
        Secondly, strong private sector strategy--that is just part
    of our overall Africa approach--needs to be an element here, as
    well, so that there is creation of jobs and a thriving economy.
        One of the features that I certainly welcome in the GFA--or
    really, two. One is the emphasis on integration and
    coordination across our government. And, second, is that this
    is going to be--the intention is a durable strategy that does
    not shift with different administrations or different leaders
    so that we are consistent and really investing well.
        Senator Graham. Senator Leahy.
        Senator Leahy. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. You asked many of
    the questions that I am concerned with.

                         FRAGILITY AND SECURITY FORCES

        Under Secretary Hale, the plan proposed by the USIP Task
    Force on Extremism in Fragile States found that abusive
    security forces are a major factor contributing to extremism
    among youth in Africa. Do you agree with that?
        Mr. Hale. A hundred percent.
        Senator Leahy. Thank you. Most of the security forces in
    the Sahel receive U.S. training and equipment, yet they often
    abuse their authority. I look at reports of security forces in
    Mali and Burkina Faso, for example, being implicated in dozens
    of extrajudicial killings and other human rights abuses. In
    both countries, ethnic militias implicated in torture and
    disappearances have also received support from their
    governments.
        So, I wonder what we can do to improve our oversight of
    foreign security forces. If we are going to provide resources
    and training, what more can we do to ensure that these forces
    are held accountable? If governments are not punishing their
    troops when they commit atrocities, should we withdraw our aid?
        Mr. Hale. Well, that may ultimately be the outcome, but I
    think we need to have a strategy to try to prevent us from
    reaching that consequence. Obviously, we are rigorously
    enforcing the Leahy Amendment and the vetting process, and we
    do find abuses, and we do agree that those abuses make the
    situation even worse by feeding and fueling the conflict.
        And we pointed--I have pointed that out to the leadership.
    I made it a theme in all of my discussions. Our ambassadors do,
    as well.
        So, I think, one, it starts with trying to convince leaders
    of the costs here to them. Not just to the relationship with
    us, but what it is costing to their effort to stabilize their
    country.
        Second is----
        Senator Leahy. Do leaders seem at all responsive to that?
        Mr. Hale. Some do. Some more so than others. And we have
    seen efforts to do a better job with investigations and
    punishment, and we do recognize that when it happens.
        But, ultimately, I agree with you. If we find the situation
    is simply not being reversed and is irretrievable, then
    considering cutting our aid has to be on the table.
        Senator Leahy. Thank you, I may want to follow up with you
    on that issue. I appreciate that you are applying the Leahy
    Amendment, which can be difficult but ultimately serves a
    purpose which I believe you, I, and Mr. Green agree on.

            U.S. ARREARS FOR UNITED NATIONS PEACEKEEPING ACTIVITIES

        Also, in a report submitted by the State Department about
    U.S. arrears for U.N. peacekeeping, which are approaching $1
    billion in fiscal year 2020, the Department notes that such
    arrears could impact U.S. influence and credibility at the U.N.
    and further strain U.N. peacekeeping capacity at a time when
    the U.N. is engaged in a number of critical missions. Of
    course, one of those missions is in Mali.
        The Trump administration voted in favor of the budget for
    that mission and for the U.S. share of all peacekeeping
    missions, but has not worked with Congress to ensure that it
    has the authority and funds to pay those bills. Instead, the
    administration has shown no interest in actually paying what we
    owe.
        Do you agree that it is in our interest to pay what we owe
    for UN missions like the one in Mali, which I understand is the
    deadliest in the world.
        Mr. Hale. I certainly believe we should meet our
    obligations and commitments to the U.N. in terms of both the
    budget and in any other regard. And, I certainly----
        I am concerned at your comment that you felt we have not
    worked with Congress on this, and I will go back to my
    Department and organization and work on that.
        I will say it is also beholden on the U.N. to undertake
    reforms and make sure that they are making the best use of the
    money that we provide them.
        Senator Leahy. Well, virtually all of the State and Foreign
    Operations Appropriations bills that come out have been
    bipartisan, which is why they have passed overwhelmingly in the
    Senate. And, we want the money to be spent the way Congress has
    directed.

                   REFUGEES AND INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS

        Now, Under Secretary Hale, desperate, hungry people in the
    Sahel are increasingly becoming refugees or IDPs seeking safety
    and trying to find ways to earn enough to survive. They number
    in the millions now. The response we increasingly see--
    following this administration's example--is to enact legal
    barriers, build physical barriers, oppose resettlement, or
    treat the challenge as a law enforcement problem. If the
    situation there is this desperate today, how do we plan for
    what will inevitably be a great deal more desperate situation
    10 years from now?
        Mr. Hale. Well, that is why we need to succeed today in the
    strategies that we are outlining together. These are resource-
    poor states, extremely fragile. Institutions are thread-bare.
        I think that, again, the integrated and coordinated
    approach that we have is the best bet here. We have to hold
    leaders accountable. They are the ones who have to make the
    tough decisions. They are the ones----
        In the case of Mali, President Keita, I was very direct
    with the president to say that he had to make sure that his
    government was performing by meeting the commitments they had
    made to the various armed groups to decentralize and to reform
    governance and distribute economic goods more effectively in
    order to meet the requirements of the U.N. and MINUSMA, and of
    the agreement.
        So, I do think this it is important, and we have to
    continually remind ourselves and the leaders that
    responsibility first is theirs. But, the consequences are felt
    by us, so we have to make sure that we get this right.
        I am very concerned about the spillover. We have seen--if
    you look at a map, if you transpose the number of security
    incidents in Burkina Faso 18 months ago with what you see
    today, it is dramatic and it is alarming, and that will happen
    then further south in another 18 months. So, we have to get on
    top of this.
        So, we really appreciate the tools the legislation is
    giving us to have a long-term durable strategy.
        Senator Leahy. Mr. Chairman, I am going to submit some
    questions for the record because my time is up. And I am being
    careful. You touched on some of the problems, many of the
    problems, Under Secretary Hale, that relate to issues we have
    discussed in our classified briefings. I share your concern and
    I know Mr. Green does, too.
        Mr. Hale. Yes, sir.
        Senator Graham. Thank you, sir.
        Senator Lankford.
        Senator Lankford. Sure, and thank you. Gentlemen, thank
    you. Thank your teams for a lot of the work that they do for
    our Nation and for a lot of folks that have a great need there.

                          U.S. PRIORITIES IN THE SAHEL

        If you can, briefly give me like your top three or four
    items that you say are priorities in the work that you are
    doing there. I know you have outlined a few of those in your
    opening statements, as well, but give me briefly the reason
    that we are there, what we are trying to accomplish, how we
    evaluate the metrics of what we are accomplishing there.
        Mr. Green. Thank you, Senator.
        So, I would distinguish between the two sort of broad
    categories of assistance that we provide.
        The humanitarian assistance, often emergency food relief,
    is just that. It is to ease suffering. It is immediate. It is
    to try to make the fortunes of people in these areas better.
    Also, to stem the flow of internally displaced and refugees,
    which is, again, historic levels.
        Secondly, on the development side, I would say food
    security, so actually bolstering the resilience of some of
    these communities so that people do not feel driven to go for
    economic opportunity and food opportunity.
        Those would be the two broad areas that I would focus on,
    food security perhaps being, on the development side, most
    important.
        And, then, finally, it is--as Under Secretary Hale pointed
    to, it is bolstering some of the governing institutions that
    hopefully create some citizen responsiveness and, again, stem
    the flow of displacement.
        Senator Lankford. Mr. Hale.
        Mr. Hale. Thank you, Senator. Building on that, I would
    just--I would emphasize the importance of African solutions for
    African problems and that we always need to keep that in focus.
    Our role can be to strengthen coordination amongst all of us
    with that as the objective.
        Reestablishing state legitimacy is absolutely key. That is
    one of the reasons we have the problem that we have today, was
    the absence of the credible state presence.
        And third, going back to the diplomacy of this, there was--
    5 years ago, the Algiers Accord was agreed upon, which was to
    establish peace in Mali. The absence of that and the lack of
    fulfillment of those commitments by the Malian government,
    among others, has allowed this problem to metastasize and
    spread and radicalize even more groups around the region.
        Senator Lankford. So, how do you measure progress with
    those?
        Mr. Hale. Well, I think with reestablishing state
    legitimacy, you take a map and you see where is the state going
    back? Where have they been able to reestablish good governance,
    state institutions, education, the provision of economic goods,
    a working judiciary, and one that then fights the private
    sector.
        Senator Graham. What percentage of Mali would fall under
    that definition?
        Mr. Hale. Gosh, I hesitate, but I would say close to half
    of Mali is probably outside the hands of the government in
    terms of a hundred percent.
        They did--after my visit there, they did send a company--
    two companies of soldiers to Ceuta, which is one of the areas
    in contention with radical groups. So, that was a good outcome,
    but it is just one small step.

                        ENGAGEMENT OF CHINA IN THE SAHEL

        Senator Lankford. So, what is the engagement of China in
    the region?
        Mr. Hale. China has got a long-term, comprehensive strategy
    to use its tools, primarily its investment and trade tools, and
    physical presence to extend its influence and domination. One
    of the challenges we have is that many Africans,
    understandably, view the benefits of this relationship without
    seeing the negative consequences. And, so, I think it is
    important for us to expose that reality.
        Senator Lankford. So, what is the reality of what they are
    doing and how long have they been there?
        Mr. Hale. Well, they have been there for a number of years.
    I think it is accelerating now. And, essentially what they are
    doing is making these states dependent upon them for--by debt,
    through investments, through infrastructure projects, projects
    that often are out of scale with the needs of the country and
    where----
        Senator Lankford. Is China a predatory lender?
        Mr. Hale. Yes, very much so.
        Senator Lankford. And they are putting in large-scale
    facilities and requiring what for collateral from these
    countries?
        Mr. Hale. Mark, can you----
        Mr. Green. Well, first off, that is one of the challenges.
    The deals are entirely opaque. We do not know all the deals of
    the financing. We suspect it is natural resources they have a
    line on.
        Of all the countries in the Sahel region, we measure all
    but one or two as being at moderate risk of debt distress. We
    are seeing that debt rise, and what that is essentially doing
    is, as the Under Secretary pointed out, it is creating a level
    of dependency that will come due, and China will be able to
    harvest natural resources, which is oftentimes, we think, their
    objective.
        Senator Lankford. Are they using local workers or are the
    Chinese bringing in their own workers to be able to do--
    harvesting the natural resources?
        Mr. Green. Well, I hesitate. I don't think there is a one-
    size-fits-all, but in general, traditionally, it has often been
    not local workers and not local opportunity. Instead, it has
    been a harvesting of resources for Beijing.
        Senator Lankford. So, China is moving in and just
    basically, over a few years, taking over big chunks of these
    countries, not necessarily giving an economic benefit to the
    country long term; just putting a foothold there and then
    basically taking their resources?
        Mr. Green. I once--I had a businessman once say to me that
    Chinese financing is essentially loan to own.
        Senator Lankford. Right.
        Mr. Green. And that appears to be their objective in most
    places.
        Senator Lankford. I know I am running out of time. Let me
    ask you another quick question.

    THE IMPACT OF THE U.S. MILITARY PRESENCE ON OTHER PROGRAMS IN THE SAHEL

        We have a military presence in this region. What would
    happen if our military presence and our base in the region went
    away to our humanitarian efforts? What are--we have talked a
    little bit about their military cooperation with the French.
    What would happen to our humanitarian efforts in the region if
    that military base went away?
        Mr. Green. It would certainly be more difficult.
    Humanitarian--the work we do, oftentimes through partners,
    requires some level of security and stability to be able to
    reach those----
        Senator Lankford. And the counterterrorism effort, what
    would happen to that?
        Mr. Hale. It would depend on how extensive the cuts were.
    But, I do want to underscore that a large share of the security
    spending goes to the State Department. These are State
    Department resources and often Pentagon personnel, uniformed
    personnel, involved in the programming. But, we would find
    ways, if needed, depending on different scenarios, to try to
    sustain this important work that the State Department is doing.
        Senator Lankford. Okay. Thank you.
        Senator Graham. Senator Shaheen.
        Senator Shaheen. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
        Administrator Green and Under Secretary Hale, thank you
    both for what you and all of the folks who work with you are
    doing, not only in this region, but around the world.

                WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT AND POLITICAL PARTICIPATION

        I want to go back. Both of you mentioned empowering women
    and women's full participation in society as being critical
    issues in this region. And, so, I want to talk about that a
    little bit because I think it is something that too often gets
    overlooked as we think about the impact, not just economically,
    but on the ability to maintain stability in societies.
        According to UNICEF, greater equality between boys' and
    girls' education levels can decrease the likelihood of violent
    conflict by as much as 37 percent. And, the World Banks says
    that if every girl worldwide received 12 years of free, quality
    education, that lifetime earnings for women could increase by
    $15 to $30 trillion globally. So, clearly, this is a place
    where our efforts to empower women and girls can have a huge
    impact on what is happening in those societies.
        So, can both of you talk about what we are doing to address
    the role of women and how we ensure that girls can get more
    education? Administrator Green, you want to begin?
        Mr. Green. Thank you, Senator. In many ways, you have
    answered your own question in terms of the importance. I
    absolutely agree.
        First, in the area of involving women in peace and
    reconciliation, all the studies show it produces more
    sustainable outcomes.
        But, secondly, it also provides early warning signals for
    us. We know that women are often closer observers of
    particularly young men and the stresses that they feel and
    susceptibility to exploitation. And, so, investing in women in
    that sense also has benefits.
        In terms of individual countries, in places like Niger, we
    have programs aimed at reducing early and forced marriages.
        In places like Burkina Faso, we work on economic and social
    empowerment of women, especially in the area of food security.
    We find it produces better long-term results.
        In places like Mali, we continue to invest in some of the
    community savings and loans, which I have to say has been a
    revelation to me since I have come to USAID. Some of the best
    projects anywhere in the world are those projects that empower
    women by giving them decisionmaking over its modest community
    assets. But, nonetheless, it is a key measure of empowerment,
    and also produces better investments, to be honest.
        So, those are the types of projects that we are doing
    throughout the Sahel.

        [The following information was provided by USAID:]
    Statistics on violent extremism decreasing as women become more
            involved in society through education, economic reforms, etc.

        USAID recognizes the critical role of development in addressing
    social, economic, governance and other factors that can drive violent
    extremism or radicalized individuals and communities. Countering
    Violent Extremism (CVE) is central to achieving USAID's mission to end
    extreme poverty and promote resilient, democratic societies while
    advancing our shared security and prosperity. For effective CVE
    strategies and approaches, it is necessary to understand the gender
    related drivers of violent extremism globally. In 2017, the Global
    Extremism Monitor registered 100 distinct suicide attacks conducted by
    181 female militants, 11 percent of all incidents that year.\1\
    Specifically in the Sahel, according to the Office of Transition
    Initiatives' (OTI) 2019 gender dynamics study, economic and social
    discrmination has led women to join Boko Haram. A 2016 study
    commissioned by USAID's Africa Bureau concluded that economic factors
    were the single greatest driver of women's participation in VE groups
    in Mali and Niger. This year, the Agency will complete a new research
    initiative on women's critical roles in violence and extremism along
    the border of Mali, Niger, and Burkina Faso.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        \1\ ``Women and Terrorism Report'', Council on Foriegn Relations.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        USAID's Women, Peace, and Security (WPS) programming is tackling
    the root causes of violent extremism. Activities are advancing the
    objectives outlined in the joint Department of State and USAID,
    ``Strategy to Support Women and Girls at Risk from Violent Extremism
    and Conflict'' and the U.S. Strategy on Women, Peace, and Security.
    USAID's support for women at the regional, national and local levels in
    the Sahel is expanding opportunities for women and girls in all
    sectors, to enable more productive and peaceful societies.

      --Increasing Girls Education: We know that education for girls and
            young women is frequently neglected in post-conflict societies.
            Yet the evidence establishes that educating girls is among the
            most productive social investment which supports a more stable
            society, economic recovery, and enduring peace. In peace
            mediation and negotiation we recommend that girls' education
            should be a high priority.
      --Economic Opportunity: USAID is working with the Global Shea
            Alliance to generate increased incomes for women across West
            Africa. For example, in February 2020, the US Embassy
            inaugurated a shea butter processing facility and warehouse in
            the Northern Region of Ghana. Shea is a primary source of
            livelihood for women and is one of the few agricultural crops
            where women control their revenue.
      --Increasing Women's Participation: We are expanding our programming
            to increase women's participation in preventing and responding
            to radicalization in their communities. For example in Niger,
            USAID activities are focused on engaging women in community
            dialogues,decisionmaking and partnering with local governments
            to provide services that are responsive to the needs of women
            and girls in vulnerable communities.
      --Increasing Women's Participation in the G5: USAID's Partnership for
            Peace (P4P) initiative is supporting countries of the G5 Sahel
            to develop partnerships with civil society networks
            representing women, youth and journalists to take an active
            role in countering violent extremism. USAID is also supporting
            the G5 Sahel Women's Regional platform to elevate women's roles
            in CVE and overall in development efforts across the Sahel
            region.

        Based on the data, current USG strategies, and emerging research,
    it is the Agency's assessment that increasing women's participation in
    CVE interventions can help to decrease future conflict and violence.

        Senator Shaheen. Under Secretary Hale.
        Mr. Hale. I join in agreeing fully in everything that has
    been said and about the central role that we have to play in
    promoting women as part of the solution to instability, and I
    have sensed that throughout my career in different parts of the
    world.
        When it comes to this region, you know, some of the tools
    we have used is the Security Council resolution for the mandate
    in MINUSMA. We have insisted, in the case of Mali, that there
    be elements of that that require the signatory parties to
    include women as leaders and in their decisionmaking teams.
        In Burkina Faso, we have, again, supported women to be
    effective leaders--I met one of them, actually--and active
    participants; that community-based solutions to conflict need
    to obviously include women fully.
        And in Niger, one of the interesting things we have done
    there, we have a very strong partnership with their army in
    terms of training and equipment. We have made sure that they
    are prioritizing the inclusion of women into their defense
    services and we are seeing results. The first Nigerian female
    C-130 pilot just graduated from U.S. training, so hopefully she
    will be a role model for others.
        We also have a female officer who has graduated from the
    U.S. Command and General Staff College, and there is a woman
    from Niger who has been nominated for West Point. So, they are
    making impressive strides, as well.
        But, we look forward, again, to using the act as an
    effective tool to make sure this is durable and not transient.
        Senator Shaheen. Now, I appreciate that. I had a good
    conversation with Former Africom Commander, General Waldhauser,
    who talked about the impact of the Women, Peace, and Security
    Act on their ability to allow women in those countries in
    Africa to see what we are doing and be able to model that for
    other women and how important that is.
        Can you talk more--Mr. Green talked about education and
    what we are doing to try and prioritize keeping girls in
    school. In terms of the State Department, and as we are looking
    at diplomatic efforts, are there additional ways that we should
    be looking at how do we encourage countries to keep girls in
    school?
        Mr. Hale. Yes, we can. I firmly believe in the education
    piece of our assistance programming as it relates to across-
    the-board stabilization, but certainly gender. And, I don't
    have the specifics on what we are doing country by country. We
    can get that for your staff, for questions for the record
    (QFR).
        But, I will say, we are also using our Office of Global
    Women's Issues that reports to the Secretary of State, and they
    are prioritizing some of our plans here and they, too, can get
    back to you with the details, Senator.

     NEXUS BETWEEN EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN AND RISE OF EXTREMISM/TERRORISM IN
                                   THE SAHEL

        Senator Shaheen. And do we see a relationship between
    women's political, economic, and social status and the rise of
    radical terrorist groups in the region? So, can we look at
    countries and say, okay, women have--are more empowered, they
    are more integrated into society in these countries, and we are
    seeing less of a rise in terrorist activity, versus in
    countries where there is--women don't have as much role?
        Mr. Hale. Mark, do you want to----
        Mr. Green. I am not sure I have seen that quantified, but
    logically, it makes sense. I think that where women are
    empowered--and empowerment being economic opportunity and
    educational opportunity--the social fabric of the community is
    stronger----
        Senator Shaheen. Right.
        Mr. Green [continuing]. Which is one of the ways that we
    prevent exploitation that leads to extremism. So, while I have
    not seen numbers on it, my guess is that that is right.
        Senator Shaheen. Yes. I think actually the number that
    women contribute back to their households and communities
    versus men has actually been quantified. I think the data is
    there to show that women give back in much greater amounts in
    terms of dollar contributions to their families, to their
    societies, to their communities than men do in most of those
    countries.
        Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
        Senator Graham. I think that is probably true for the whole
    world.
        Senator Shaheen. I agree with that.
        [Laughter.]
        Senator Graham. Senator Moran.
        [Audio malfunction in hearing room.]
        Senator Graham. Can we go to Senator Coons?
        Senator Coons.
        Senator Coons. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I thought you were
    going to go to my dear colleague from the State of Kansas.
    Fabulous. Thank you.
        Thank you, Chairman Graham, Ranking Member Leahy for your
    service and for this hearing. And, to our witnesses, thank you
    for your decades of service and deep knowledge about these
    areas.

                           IMPLEMENTATION OF THE GFA

        The Global Fragility Act passed with broad bipartisan
    support in December of last year and is now law. I am urging
    senior officials within the administration to find strategic
    ways to use this new tool to reinforce the work that you are
    doing. It authorizes $230 million a year for the next 5 years
    to address the root causes of fragility, instability, and
    terrorism.
        Could you each just commit that the State Department and
    USAID will use this as a new tool with additional funds that
    will help the administration to execute a targeted long-term
    and interagency strategy to help us get ahead of violent
    extremism in this isle?
        Mr. Green. Yes, certainly. And, we are also, in some ways,
    reorganizing ourselves around many of the concepts. We have the
    Bureau for Conflict Prevention Stabilization, as well as the
    new Resilience and Food Security, and that is very much with
    the concepts in mind.
        Senator Coons. Good. Thank you. Mr. Assistant Secretary.
        Mr. Hale. Absolutely, yes, Senator, I can commit to that,
    and I also can commit to consulting closely with this
    subcommittee and with you and others who are interested in
    this.
        At this stage, obviously we need to take some time to get
    our homework done, and the White House is coordinating the
    interagency process to do just that.
        Senator Coons. There is an initial strategy due by
    September 15, and then a final by December 19. We are going to
    consider a 10-year plan. Do you think that is an overly
    aggressive timeline, an achievable timeline, or frankly, given
    that it is law, doesn't matter what you think of it?
        Mr. Hale. I think we will achieve that timeline.
        Senator Coons. Is that an achievable timeline,
    Administrator?
        Mr. Green. Yes, very much so, and State and AID are
    actively engaged with the rest of the interagency.
        I think the most important aspect in many ways is making
    sure that we target countries that are on the edge. So, not
    countries that are in conflict, quite frankly. We have
    resources and strategies to address those. But, more
    importantly, those that we might be able to make a difference
    with in not falling into open conflict. So, that is what we are
    working closely to identify.
        Senator Coons. That sort of continuum from failed state to
    fragile state to state that is seemingly beginning to slide is
    exactly what I hope your----
        Mr. Green. Yes.
        Senator Coons [continuing]. Experienced and seasoned teams
    will look at and figure out where we can have the biggest
    impact.
        One of the things I was most excited about this idea as the
    Chairman began moving it forward was the idea that we could use
    it to crowd in and then align with the funding and the
    activities of our numerous partners, from the World Bank to the
    United Nations to long-terms partners, Germany, France, the
    Scandinavian countries.
        I have met with representatives of a number of these
    organizations recently. They see the global fragility strategy
    and the multi-donor fund mechanism as a timely opportunity to
    partner with us to combat extremism and instability,
    particularly in this isle, and tell me that if we contribute to
    the multi-donor fund, they are likely to make contributions of
    their own.
        How do you envision the use of the multi-donor mechanism
    that is in the act? And, if Congress were to appropriate seed
    funding as part of our appropriations process this year, do you
    believe that would help you leverage contributions from our
    allies and partners to tackle the drivers of extremism? And, do
    you think that might help us align in terms of burden sharing
    and pulling in the same direction with partners around a common
    strategy?
        Mr. Green. I would say the most important thing is making
    sure that we have consensus on precisely what it is that we are
    trying to achieve and, you know, those outlines, I think, is
    the key to it. If we can do that, then sure. Then I think it is
    helpful, but I think making sure that we all identify clear
    objectives and not simply have yet another fund that we all put
    money into. I think that is the key.
        Mr. Hale. I would associate myself with that. But, in
    principle, I think the idea of burden sharing and the concept
    that we can multiply the funding is a very welcome one.
        Senator Coons. I mean, my impression, I have been to four
    out of five of the countries identified here as the Sahel 5 in
    the USAID brief. My impression is that we are one of the
    largest providers, but we are far from the sole provider of
    training, of humanitarian assistance, of democracy and
    governance support. And, so, beginning to move towards an
    aligned common strategy once we have identified what it is we
    are trying to achieve over a longer period of time, I think, is
    the best way to do burden sharing.
        Let me ask a last question, if I might. Under Secretary,
    you are a career Foreign Service Officer (FSO). Something that
    is not in the act but that I have been thinking about is
    whether there is ways we can work to change the institutional
    mindset at State to create incentives for FSOs to dig deeper
    into the problem of fragility.
        Would you be open to a discussion about adding to A-100 a
    course on the root causes of fragility and terrorism and to
    including work on fragile states as part of the precepts for
    promotion for an FSO?
        Mr. Hale. Yes, I would. I think this is one of the most
    significant areas for the State Department today and in the
    future. And, Secretary of State Pompeo--you know, I have been
    in the service 35 years. I have never seen someone so committed
    to training and developing our human talent, so I think we
    would absolutely like to have that conversation.
        Senator Coons. Well, I see I am about out of time. Let me
    just say that I am grateful for both of you, your long service,
    and your deep experience in this field.
        And, there are ways that the existing initiatives you are
    talking about, whether it is the Sahel Development Partnership,
    RISE, Voices for Peace, can support and align once we get to a
    clear definition of strategy.
        I think this law gives us an opportunity to improve the
    transparency, the effectiveness, and the accountability of U.S.
    foreign assistance that allows us to keep making the case to
    our constituents about supporting it at a time where there is
    an active review underway in DOD about whether to sustain our
    engagement in the Sahel. I think the answer ought to be a
    resounding yes.
        But, I also think we ought to align around a common
    strategy--that is diplomacy, development, and defense, in that
    order--and a long-term, clear strategy with weigh points,
    metrics, and outcomes that can satisfy as broad a range as
    Senator Lankford and me, and that our chairman will help fight
    for and advocate for.
        Thank you, Chairman Graham, for your tireless partnership
    in getting this turned into law, and thank you for your
    testimony here today.
        Senator Graham. Thank you, Senator Coons. You are the
    Africa guy, as far as I am concerned. I never cease to be
    amazed by how much you know and how much you care.
        Senator Moran.
        Senator Moran. Mr. Chairman, thank you. I appreciate you
    and your chairmanship of this subcommittee, giving us the
    opportunity to explore things beyond just how many dollars and
    cents we should be appropriating. Oversight, I think, is an
    important role, and I appreciate the opportunity you have
    provided me by having these witnesses in front of us.

                                 FOOD SECURITY

        Ambassador, it is good to see you. I want to focus on food
    security in my questioning. Can you give us the circumstances,
    the state of the--in play as far as food security in the Sahel?
    How dire is it?
        Mr. Green. In parts of the Sahel, it is dire and getting
    worse by the day. One of the great challenges that we face in
    terms of--obviously, there is food security and then food
    assistance and nutritional assistance--is the displacement of
    communities.
        I began in my testimony by pointing out that we are now
    seeing 4,000 people displaced per day in just Burkina Faso,
    every day since the beginning of this year. That is creating
    extraordinary challenges, humanitarian terms, but also in how
    you reinforce food security and food production, which we know
    is the basis of the economy in all of these areas.
        So, we not only have the immediate emergency relief
    challenge. We have the long-term challenge that, if we fail to
    address, we are going to be stuck in that emergency relief
    challenge for as far out in the future as I can see, and that
    is a bad answer. That is not good.
        Senator Moran. So, what is going on currently with the
    emergency relief in this region?
        Mr. Green. So, we are providing food assistance in the
    emergency relief terms. But, what I think is the better news
    are the future investments we are able to make in different
    parts. We are seeing good food security work underway in places
    like Niger that we need to keep working on.
        For us, food security investments are the key to economic
    stabilization in each of these countries. If we don't get that
    right, the rest of it, quite frankly, is not going to hold.
        Senator Moran. Your response may tell me at least the sense
    I might have how you answer this next question, but I think it
    is an important question. At least, I would like to understand
    when Bill Emerson Humanitarian Trust dollars would be used. My
    understanding, they have not been used since 2014, and it takes
    a request from you to U.S. Department of Agriculture to
    accomplish that. What is your theory or philosophy as to when
    to call on that Trust?
        Mr. Green. To be honest, I will have to get back to you on
    that. We will make sure we get a written answer to you.

        [The following information was provided by USAID:]
    Requested information on USDA's Bill Emerson Humanitarian Trust and why
            USAID has not utilized it in the Sahel.
        The Bill Emerson Humanitarian Trust (BEHT) is a special authority
    reauthorized in the Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018, also known as
    the Farm Bill, that allows USAID's Office of Food for Peace (FFP) to
    respond to unanticipated food crises abroad when Title II resources
    have been exhausted. The BEHT was originally authorized by the
    Agriculture Trade Act in 1980 as the Food Security Wheat Reserve, a
    reserve designed to hold up to four million metric tons of wheat, later
    broadened to include a number of other commodities. In 1998, the
    reserve was renamed the Bill Emerson Humanitarian Trust.
        In 2008, as global food prices spiked, the United States Department
    of Agriculture (USDA) sold the remaining stocks (about 915,000 MT),
    converting the trust into a cash reserve for the purchase of U.S.
    commodities. The 2008 Farm Bill authorized the Secretary of Agriculture
    to invest the funds in low-risk, short-term securities or instruments
    to maximize the trust's value. The BEHT is under the authority of the
    Secretary of Agriculture, with the USAID Administrator overseeing the
    release and use of the funds. The funds in the BEHT are available to be
    used for the purchase of commodities, however, the associated costs
    required to transport, store, and distribute the food must come
    separately from the Commodity Credit Corporation. When unforeseen food
    needs arise, the Secretary of Agriculture may authorize the release of
    funds at the request of the USAID Administrator for the purchase of U.S
    commodities in order to meet humanitarian needs. Given the lead time
    required for U.S. commodities and the necessary approvals within the
    U.S. Government, BEHT commodities can take anywhere from 6 to 12 months
    to arrive at their intended destination.
        The trust currently holds more than $260 million. In 2008-2010, FFP
    withdrew $228 million from the BEHT to purchase 344,820 metric tons
    (MT) of commodities and bags for Afghanistan, Ethiopia, Kenya,
    Zimbabwe, and North Korea. The last time FFP used the BEHT was in 2014,
    when FFP drew down $50 million to purchase 189,970 MTs of commodities
    and bags for South Sudan.
        FFP has not used the BEHT in the Sahel because it is only
    authorized for use in unforeseen and extraordinary humanitarian needs
    beyond the scope of FFP's annual operating budget and once all
    remaining Title II resources have been expended. It is difficult to
    justify additional resources when FFP has committed significant
    resources to the Sahel emergency and there are remaining Title II funds
    for fiscal year 2020.
        In fiscal year 2019, FFP provided over $163 million in emergency
    food assistance in the Sahel with both Title II and International
    Disaster Assistance (IDA) funds. We expect fiscal year 2020 levels to
    be commensurate with increasing levels of needs in the Sahel. These FFP
    resources are part of USAID's Resilience in the Sahel Enhanced (RISE)
    II program in Niger and Burkina Faso, which covers four sub-national
    regions and includes over 30 implementing partners, including the World
    Food Program, government stakeholders, and civil society partners, with
    an investment of $730 million over 5 years. RISE II takes into account
    the challenging context, growing violent extremism, and instability,
    and contains internal and external coordination mechanisms that
    facilitate discussion between development and humanitarian actors to
    coordinate responses to evolving challenges, such as the increase of
    internally displaced people in Burkina Faso. This innovative model,
    designed to complement USAID's humanitarian assistance and improve
    effectiveness and efficiency of all USAID efforts, is also informing
    USAID's resilience efforts beyond the Sahel.

        Senator Moran. Thank you, Ambassador.

           MEASURING RESULTS OF COUNTERING VIOLENT EXTREMISM PROGRAMS

        Mr. Hale, let me ask this question. The State Department's
    IG last year could not affirm that counter-violence extremist
    grants, CVE grants, were achieving their desired result. The
    explanation was because the Bureau and Country statistics, our
    strategies don't ally with the Department's CVE goals and
    objectives.
        Do you know about that Inspector General's report? And is
    there anything that has happened that would allow us to better
    gauge whether or not success is occurring?
        Mr. Hale. I don't have personal familiarity with that, but
    I will go back and get an answer for you. I also want to make
    sure that, in fact, we are lined up. Obviously we need to be
    able to measure our impact, so I agree with the thrust of the
    question.
        Senator Moran. I think there is an Inspector General's
    report that suggests that is not----
        Mr. Hale. Exactly.
        Senator Moran [continuing]. Possible, at least at the point
    in time that we are.
        Mr. Hale. Got it.

                 TARGETING OF TRADITIONAL AND RELIGIOUS LEADERS

        Senator Moran. Let me then go back to Ambassador Green. In
    regards to traditional authorities, religious leaders, they are
    being under--they are being targeted to undermine social
    stability in the region. What role can USAID play in trying to
    stop the attacks? And is there a role for interfaith dialog to
    occur?
        Mr. Green. Great question. I will answer the last part of
    that. That is an easy one. Yes, absolutely. I think promotion
    of interfaith dialog is absolutely essential in many parts of
    the Sahel.
        One of the trips that I took last year was to the Central
    Belt in Nigeria. I couldn't get up, quite frankly, to
    northeastern Nigeria to see the active conflict areas. But,
    helping to distinguish between what are decades-old community
    disputes that can be reconciled through dialog versus the
    pernicious influence of outside extremist groups is
    extraordinarily important to our work. We have to make sure we
    have the right tool for the right job.
        Oftentimes, what we see happening is, through the use of
    social media messaging, by, quite frankly, self-promoting and
    corrupt political leaders, they seek to turn into
    interreligious disputes those which are not interreligious
    disputes.
        And, so, we make a lot of investments in essentially
    community liaisons who can help us identify causes for
    disputes, help us make sure that we are promoting dialog, and
    tackling disputes before they become truly interreligious, the
    kinds of disputes that we are seeing exploited in some of the
    worst areas of conflict in the Sahel region.
        So, partnering with Interfaith Voices, making sure that we
    understand the nature of conflicts when they do arise, and
    making sure that we push back against some of the messaging,
    which unfairly stereotypes and abuses stereotypes, I think is a
    very important part of our work in the Sahel Region.
        Senator Moran. Mr. Administrator, thank you very much for
    your personal interest and commitment in the wellbeing of other
    parts in the world, which ultimately causes the wellbeing of
    the citizens of the United States to be enhanced. Thank you.
        Senator Graham. Thank you, Senator Moran.
        Senator Van Hollen.
        Senator Van Hollen. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, and thank both
    of you for your service and for being here today.

                                    CAMEROON

        I have a couple questions, one relating to a country that
    borders on the Sahel and one that is an issue that is outside
    that: Cameroon.
        Secretary Hale, last month, the Cameroonian government
    forces, including members of the Rapid Intervention Battalion,
    which, as you know, is an elite military corps that has
    received U.S. counterterrorism support, killed at least 21
    civilians in a village in the northwest region, including 13
    children and a pregnant woman.
        The U.N. Human Rights Office has called for an independent,
    impartial, and thorough investigation into the massacre. The
    government of Cameroon has blocked the U.N.'s investigators,
    and there are obviously concerns about the impartiality of any
    government investigation.
        What is the Department doing? What can Congress do to make
    sure that we thoroughly investigate this massacre and hold
    people accountable?
        Mr. Hale. Thanks for the question. You are absolutely
    right, Senator. Violence is increasing. It continues to be on
    the rise. We certainly condemned strongly this incident that
    you described. We coordinated that with the U.K. and the
    French, so that was a powerful signal to the president.
        I will see what we can do in terms of investigation and
    accountability when we get the results of that. We would like
    to see the African Union play a more prominent role in
    encouraging the Cameroonian government to do the right thing.
        The one initiative that has the best probably chance of
    success here is one initiated by the Swiss, who do have special
    influence over the president given the historic relationship.
    That may be the most promising effort to get a dialog going,
    which is the ultimate objective here.
        Senator Van Hollen. Got it.
        So, in this subcommittee, I worked with some of my
    colleagues last year, with the chairman and others, and we
    included language in the fiscal year 2020 Foreign Operations
    Bill that requires a report from the State Department; that you
    investigate the Cameroonian security forces personnel who are
    credibly alleged to have committed, ordered, or covered up
    gross violations of human rights. That was before this latest
    massacre.
        The Department is required to report to Congress on these
    investigations within 90 days of enactment. We are on day
    number 81. Can you tell me what the status of the investigation
    is, and will we have that report on March 19?
        Mr. Hale. I will do my level best. I don't have an answer
    for you today.
        Senator Van Hollen. I appreciate it. Yes, so, as I said,
    we--you know, this was passed because of a concern about
    violence. We have now seen another massacre, so----
        Mr. Hale. Yes.
        Senator Van Hollen [continuing]. I hope that we will get
    that quickly.
        Administrator Green, this is a budget question. So--and I
    know you don't have overall responsibility at the end of the
    day. But, I do think, as the Chairman has pointed out when the
    administration has come before the subcommittee, this huge gap
    between resources requested and the needs.
        Cameroon is one of the most underfunded programs in the
    world in terms of our humanitarian programs. The Trump
    administration's fiscal year 2021 budget includes huge cuts to
    assistance in that country. The State Department Global Health
    Program in Cameroon was cut by 36 percent over fiscal year 2019
    levels, and the USAID Global Health Programs in the country are
    cut by nine percent; economic support funds cut by 25 percent.
        Given the humanitarian situation in the country, especially
    in the Anglophone regions, with one-third of the population in
    need of humanitarian assistance, how do you justify a budget
    like that?
        Mr. Green. Senator, what I can tell you is, seeing some of
    the same things that you are seeing with respect to Cameroon,
    we are actually in the--I point to that map. We are actually
    going to be opening up a mission in Cameroon in the coming year
    so that we are more directly on the ground and more involved in
    being part of the answer.
        I also look at the metrics that we have developed for--or
    we have put together for Cameroon. On top of what you have just
    laid out, Cameroon is one of the countries in the region that
    is in highest risk of debt distress, and so, that will only
    reinforce many of those problems that you have spoken of.
        So, our pledge to you is to increase our engagement with
    respect to Cameroon, both on the development side and, sadly,
    on the humanitarian side because I think those needs are
    rising.
        Senator Van Hollen. No, I appreciate that, and I am not
    going into great details. There is also--we are facing a
    coronavirus crisis here and around the world. If you look at
    USAID Global Health Security Funds, they were proposed for cuts
    last time around. This subcommittee, with the Chairman and the
    Ranking Member and the rest of us, restored those funding,
    but--those funds. But again, this time, even while we were
    looking at an Ebola outbreak in the DRC, we saw dramatic cuts.

                HUMANITARIAN SITUATION IN THE WEST BANK AND GAZA

        I would just like to end by asking about another economic
    assistance program. I am not going to go into all my concerns
    with the so-called deal of the century, the so-called peace
    deal announced by the White House between the Israelis and the
    Palestinians. In my view, it takes us a major step backwards.
    It is a one-sided deal. For those of us who support a viable
    two-state solution, it will make things harder, not easier.
        But, this Congress did try to deal with the humanitarian
    situation in the West Bank and Gaza. Despite the fact that this
    administration zeroed out, zeroed out, funding for all those
    humanitarian programs, we provided $75 million in economic
    support funds for the West Bank and Gaza.
        So, my question to you, Mr. Administrator, is very simple.
    When do you plan to spend those funds as the law requires you
    to do? And when will we see the notification here on The Hill
    about the plans to spend those funds?
        Mr. Green. Senator, I will say two things. First off, and
    perhaps it is implied by your question, we have no plans to
    close our presence in West Bank-Gaza.
        In terms of spending the resources, we will come to your
    office and report to you and get you a clear answer. I don't
    have an answer for you at this time.
        Senator Van Hollen. Right. Because these are funds that
    were in addition to the funds used to just maintain existing
    operations. These are funds that were designed to, for example,
    go to the hospital in East Jerusalem and deal with other
    immediate humanitarian crises. And, in my view, it has been
    reckless and irresponsible for the administration to have
    allowed these programs to lapse and these funding streams to
    lapse. Congress agreed on a bipartisan basis that we should
    restore them. And, so, I look forward to talking to you about
    how those funds will flow.
        Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
        Senator Graham. Thank you both. This has been very helpful
    to the subcommittee. I think you owe some answers to questions,
    and that is why we have these oversight hearings. I did not
    know about the Emerson Fund. I am going to look into this and
    why we have not tapped it.
        So, this is a map of Burkina Faso. From 30 January to 15
    May 2019, the red areas are the places that basically you can't
    travel to.
        I think I understand what you are both telling me better
    now.
        This is the map of 15 May to 30 November 2019. Everything
    but just around the capitol is pretty much a no-go zone, so I
    understand exactly what you are saying. This is going to creep
    down to Cote d'Ivoire and other countries, and, so, to the
    extent we can help, we want to help.
        The reason I wanted to have this hearing is you pay now or
    you pay later in these regions, and we have some programs.
    Let's use them.
        To our friends at DOD, you have been encouraged by many
    Members, Republican and Democrat alike, not to pull the plug on
    the 1,000 troops that provide essential capability to the
    French to hold the region together. I hope they are listening.
    I believe they are. It would be penny wise and a pound foolish.
        Anything else you would like to add before we close?
        Yes, sir. Senator Moran.

                CORONAVIRUS AND THE GLOBAL HEALTH SECURITY FUND

        Senator Moran. Well, Senator Van Hollen mentioned something
    about health, and it reminded me that our supplemental related
    to coronavirus included something that a number of us lobbied
    for to be included, and that is the CDC Global Health Security
    Fund. We were successful in $100 million a year for the next 3
    years, which I only point out is another partner that you all
    have in our efforts to----
        And, to my constituents and Americans--who I would be
    surprised if they are listening, but if they are listening to
    what I am saying--our security, as I said in my comments to
    you, is dependent upon the security of other people around the
    world. Our ability to combat viruses and infectious diseases,
    in part, is determined by the ability of other countries to
    contain and control and prevent, and we need the kind of
    investment that I think this fund, this account, represents.
        I hope that there is the coordination necessary--I guess
    this is really directed to both of you, but to our
    subcommittee, that we also pay attention to the other partners
    that I think make a difference in the region and elsewhere.
        Mr. Green. Senator, I agree. I communicate with or speak on
    the phone with Dr. Redfield regularly. We make sure that the
    information flows between CDC and USAID are clear and
    consistent. From fighting Ebola in eastern DRC to the challenge
    of coronavirus, absolutely, that communication is essential.
        Senator Moran. Thank you.
        Senator Graham. So, we will end on that note. I am
    listening if nobody else is. I think what you said made perfect
    sense. I met with Dr. Redfield and he wants to open up 12
    forward-deployed offices throughout the world so that we will
    have a presence in the place where highly infectious disease
    and viruses originates to get ahead of it there before it comes
    here.
        A good example of our investment in health security is the
    President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) program
    that was created during the George Walker Bush years, 43, which
    strengthened healthcare systems around AIDS eradication and
    malaria and that proved very important to stopping the spread
    of Ebola. So, we got a return on investment in a way we didn't
    think otherwise.
        We will put the following documents into the record: The
    USAID Sahel Development Partnership Initiative; the Strategic
    Prevention Project 2019; Stabilization Assistance Review 2018;
    World Bank Group Strategy for Fragility, Conflict, and Violence
    2020-2025; the Organization for Economic Cooperation and
    Development State Fragility 2018; USIP's Preventing Extremism
    in Fragile States--A New Approach.
        [The information referred to follows:]

    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

               ADDITIONAL COMMITTEE QUESTIONS

        Senator Graham. We will hold the record open for questions
    until Friday, 2:00 p.m.
        [The following questions were not asked at the hearing, but
    were submitted to the witnesses for response subsequent to the
    hearing:]
           Questions Submitted to Hon. David Hale and Hon. Mark Green
                 Questions Submitted by Senator Lindsey Graham
        Question 1. The current conflict in the Sahel is one in which non-
    state actors seek to undermine the legitimacy of states. Traditional
    conflict between herders and farmers is exacerbated by cooptation and
    manipulation by extremist elements. How important is strengthening
    governance to managing the conflict?
        Answer. Strengthening governance in the Sahel is critical to
    managing conflict between herders and farmers, as well as cutting off
    violent extremist groups' capacity to operate in the region. The State
    Department's diplomatic engagement strategy for the Sahel prioritizes
    improving state legitimacy; our foreign assistance programs support
    this strategy by enhancing local leaders' ability to provide more
    effective government services. A rights-respecting security presence is
    one such critical government service. In recent years, state security
    forces have committed human rights abuses with impunity against the
    civilian populations they are charged to protect as they pursue violent
    extremist elements. To address this problem, our security cooperation
    initiatives include an emphasis on respecting human rights and engaging
    productively with civilian actors. We also continue to exert diplomatic
    pressure on Sahel governments at the highest level to hold their
    security services accountable for abuses. Transparent judicial
    processes that hold perpetrators of human rights abuses accountable are
    one of the most effective means of improving governance in the Sahel.
        Question 2. What is the U.S. doing to prevent gender-based violence
    (GBV) and promote access to economic opportunities for women in the
    Sahel?
        Answer. The State Department and U.S. Agency for International
    Development (USAID) coordinate across the interagency to protect women
    and girls from violence and enable them to increase their political and
    economic participation in Sahel communities. A few highlights of these
    efforts in 2019 and 2020 include the following:
        In the Republic of Mali, USAID is strengthening the identification
    and reporting of GBV cases and professional provider/survivor referral
    systems; training paralegals on survivor-centered approaches; and
    building capacity among local civil-society and health institutions to
    advocate for, and respond to, the needs of survivors.
        USAID's partners in the Republic of Niger provide safe spaces for
    vulnerable girls and engage religious leaders to change community
    attitudes to end child marriage. In the Federal Republic of Nigeria,
    USAID helps prevent violence against women in elections and supports
    referral and protective systems for GBV survivors children at-risk of
    sexual exploitation and abuse.
        Under the White House Women's Global Development and Prosperity (W-
    GDP) Initiative, the U.S. Government has deployed the following tools
    for African women entrepreneurs:
      --The Secretary's Office of Global Women's Issues committed $50
            million to the World Bank's Women Entrepreneurs Finance
            Initiative (We-Fi) to increase access to financial services for
            women entrepreneurs, women-owned and women-led small and
            medium-sized enterprises, and women customers of financial
            services providers. We-Fi awarded $61.8 million of We-Fi
            funding to the African Development Bank for its Affirmative
            Finance Action for Women in Africa initiative.
      --The Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs launched the Academy
            for Women Entrepreneurs in Ghana, Nigeria, Senegal, and seven
            other sub-Saharan countries to promote and increase stability,
            security, and prosperity for thousands of African women
            entrepreneurs to fulfill their economic potential through
            education, networking, and mentorships.
      --The U.S. International Development Finance Corporation introduced
            2X Africa, a gender-lens investment guideline to invest $350
            million to mobilize $1 billion in capital to support women-
            owned, women-led, and women-supporting projects in sub-Saharan
            Africa.
      --USAID's West Africa Trade Hub financed grants for female
            agricultural entrepreneurs and businesses that employ women,
            including in leadership, and to integrate more female
            participants into supply-chains. USAID Missions in West Africa
            support women's empowerment through shea and cocoa value-chain
            improvement projects.
        Question 3. How is the U.S. working to ensure that women and girls
    in the Sahel are represented in efforts to prevent and resolve
    conflicts in their communities?
        Answer. In support of the Women, Peace, and Security Strategy and
    the Strategy to Support Women and Girls at Risk from Violent Extremism
    and Conflict, the Bureau of African Affairs and the Secretary's Office
    of Global Women's Issues (S/GWI) bring together women leaders from the
    Sahel to share best practices on countering violent extremism (CVE) and
    program management. This initiative will increase engagement between
    women and other community leaders, provide technical skills, support
    women's leadership in CVE, and may provide psychosocial support for
    trauma related to violent extremism/conflict. Additionally, AF supports
    other work with women and girls. In Burkina Faso, we support women as
    effective leaders in CVE through literacy training, community
    engagement, and women's empowerment. The United States also ensured
    that UN Security Council Resolution 2480 mandated pressure signatories
    to include women in the Algiers Accord peace process.
        The impact of changing demographics (youth bulges), long-term
    development needs, and the detrimental impacts of climate change on
    countries in the Sahel is staggering. Niger's population alone is
    expected to triple to nearly 70 million by 2050.
        Question 4. Is it possible to focus on long-term development needs
    while combating extremism in the Sahel?
        Answer. Yes. Countering violent extremism in the Sahel is crucial
    for the stability, prosperity, and sovereignty of countries in the
    region. The U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) works
    closely with host-country governments and communities in all sectors,
    and funds long-term development programming in education, water,
    health, livelihoods, food security, and humanitarian assistance.
    Continued investments in resilient development protect the gains made
    and help communities affected, directly or indirectly, by violent
    extremism. Violence and extremism flourish when governments fail to
    create inclusive, transparent, citizen-responsive, and effective
    agendas and policies that provide an alternative to radical groups that
    incentivize membership by paying meager wages, offering status, and
    providing an outlet to air grievances. Continuous, systematic, and
    calibrated engagement through stable aid relationships provides a
    conducive environment for private businesses, reduces dependence on
    humanitarian assistance, and paves solid pathways for self-reliance for
    communities, countries, and the region.
        Question 5. What is the impact of climate change on stability and
    security in the Sahel?
        Answer. The deteriorating security environment and weak rule of law
    present major challenges in the Sahel, in addition to recurrent natural
    disasters and environmental degradation. The suffering and extreme
    poverty confronting people in the Sahel is intensified by a combination
    of underlying conditions, including a pervasive lack of economic
    opportunity, limited energy access, population pressures, recurrent
    natural disasters, and environmental degradation. The State Department
    and USAID support long-term, multi-sector resilience programming that
    addresses these conditions. For example, MCC's $437 million Niger
    Compact is addressing two major constraints to economic growth and
    investment in Niger: lack of reliable access to water for agriculture
    and livestock and lack of access to markets. Using agriculture as a
    base, U.S. development assistance in the region builds sustainable
    local capacities to help families weather shocks and reduce the need
    for humanitarian assistance.
        Question 6. Are U.S. programs prioritizing the need to address the
    youth bulge and climate change in these countries?
        Answer. Harnessing the potential of Africa's tremendous youth
    population is one of the administration's top priorities in Africa. The
    creative and economic potential of West African youth could make the
    region a powerful engine for innovation in governance, technology, art
    and culture, and economic growth, but growing insecurity threatens to
    rob this generation of their ability to contribute.
        U.S. Government efforts such as Prosper Africa, Power Africa, Feed
    the Future, the Young African Leaders Initiative, and other development
    programs focusing on West Africa's advancement in health, education,
    livelihoods, agriculture, and nutrition pour tremendous resources into
    West African youth, women, and men. Many programs also improve climate
    information, early warning and preparedness, and natural resource
    management. USAID implements these programs in the context of growing
    violent extremism and instability and facilitates discussion between
    development and humanitarian actors to address evolving challenges.
        Question 7. What strategy currently guides US programs and
    activities in the Sahel, and which U.S. agency is in the lead?
        Answer. In addition to national-level strategies, State
    Department's Diplomatic Engagement Framework for the Sahel, approved by
    Secretary Pompeo in November 2019, focuses on three primary elements:
    increasing state legitimacy, supporting the implementation of the
    Algiers Accord in Mali, and improving coordination internally and with
    our partners. Our activities are also informed by the 2018 interagency
    Stabilization Assistance Review (SAR).
        As the SAR makes clear, conflict stabilization is inherently
    political, and therefore the Department of State retains policy
    leadership. The United States Agency for International Development is
    the lead implementer of non-security assistance, while the Department
    of Defense plays a supporting role. Effective implementation of U.S.
    strategy in the Sahel requires a coordinated and integrated approach
    across U.S. Government entities. The Special Envoy for the Sahel
    Region, who started work March 2020, will maximize coordination.
        Question 8. The Global Fragility Act of 2019 was enacted into law
    as part of the Further Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020 (Public
    Law 116-94):
        How do the Department of State and USAID intend to implement the
    Act, and what are the costs associated with implementation?
        Answer. The NSC is coordinating an interagency process to implement
    the Global Fragility Act of 2019 (GFA), with the goal of completing the
    Global Fragility Strategy by late 2020, as required by the Act.
        The Department of State and USAID, alongside other relevant
    departments and agencieswill implement the GFA through a Global
    Fragility Strategy and associated 10-year Plans for Priority Countries
    and/or Regions, as required by the Act. The interagency will develop
    these plans through a collaborative, consultative, and evidence-based
    process during the Plan Development Phase, with the goal of completing
    the plans by late 2020, as required by the Act. The Department of State
    is responsible for leading the drafting and execution of the Global
    Fragility Strategy, which will emphasize the role for security
    assistance and diplomacy, especially preventive diplomacy, among other
    key aspects. As the Act makes clear, development assistance is a vital
    tool to address fragility, but effective action will require a whole-
    of-government approach. USAID will be the lead implementing agency for
    non-security U.S. prevention and stabilization assistance in support of
    the Strategy, and the soon-to-be-operational Bureau for Conflict
    Prevention and Stabilization (CPS) will serve as the technical lead
    within USAID for stabilization and prevention, in collaboration with
    our geographic bureaus; the Bureau for Policy, Planning, and Learning
    (PPL); and other technical experts.
        The Department of State and USAID are currently assessing the
    technical and management requirements to help our posts and field
    missions plan for the implementation and monitoring of, and reporting
    on, the forthcoming Global Fragility Strategy and priority country and
    regional plans. We have not yet determined the costs of implementation.
        Question 9. Which agency is in charge of developing the
    comprehensive, 10-year Strategy, and what is the status of its
    development?
        Answer. The U.S. Department of State will lead the drafting of the
    Global Fragility Strategy and the associated Implementation Plans for
    Priority Countries and/or Regions through a collaborative,
    consultative, evidence-based interagency process coordinated by the
    National Security Council. The U.S. Agency for International
    Development will provide input.
        Question 10. What steps have been taken to create a whole-of-
    government framework for the implementation of the strategy?
        Answer. The Directorate for International Organizations and
    Alliances within the National Security Council (NSC) is coordinating
    the administration's implementation of the Act, with participation from
    the U.S. Departments of State, Defense, and Treasury and the U.S.
    Agency for International Development; and other departments and
    agencies. This coordination began in January 2020, and has included
    several in-person meetings to discuss the criteria for selecting
    Priority Countries and/or Regions, and to ensure the forthcoming
    Strategy will build on integrated approaches to stabilization and
    prevention that are already in place.
                                     ______

                     Questions Submitted to Hon. David Hale
                Questions Submitted by Senator Patrick J. Leahy
        Question 1. The Sahel poses every conceivable challenge--poverty,
    weak and corrupt governance, violent extremism, intense competition for
    scarce resources, climate change--and they are inter-connected.
        If you could pick one thing we should do differently--or one thing
    we should focus on--to address what appears to be a steadily worsening
    situation in the Sahel, what would it be?
        Answer. In the Sahel, we need to continue, and even expand, our
    focus on improving government accountability and rooting out
    corruption.
        As noted in my testimony, corrupt, inefficient, and unaccountable
    governments have plagued the countries of the Sahel for decades.
    Citizens need to be able to rely on their governments to provide
    healthcare; economic infrastructure to increase job opportunities; a
    functional and predictable justice sector; credible elections; and the
    efficient delivery of education, water, and power. Unstable and
    unaccountable governments erode every state function and capacity. The
    U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) is committed to
    multi-agency U.S. Government efforts to support policy-makers in the
    Sahel who are vested in fighting corruption. In addition, USAID
    recognizes that a healthy civil society and independent media are
    critical to holding governments accountable to their citizens.
        Question 2. Given the Department's recognition of the negative
    consequences of not meeting our obligations, your stated support for
    doing so, and the fact that the Department voted in favor of the
    current U.N. peacekeeping assessment rates and mission budgets, why
    hasn't the Department requested the necessary funding to pay U.S. dues
    for U.N. peacekeeping, including the legislative language necessary to
    pay above 25 percent of total peacekeeping costs?
        Answer. The administration's request reflects the expectation that
    the United Nations will continue to rein in the costs of U.N.
    peacekeeping, including through a continuing review of peacekeeping
    mandates. The request also reflects the expectation that other
    countries will assume a greater share of the financial burden of U.N.
    peacekeeping.
        Question 3. If Congress provides the authority and resources that
    are necessary to pay U.S. dues for U.N. peacekeeping in full,
    consistent with the Department's vote in favor of the current
    assessment rates, will the Department pay the full amount?
        Answer. The Department will continue to pay contributions for U.N.
    peacekeeping operations in accordance with applicable U.S. law.
                                     ______

           Questions Submitted to Hon. David Hale and Hon. Mark Green
                Questions Submitted by Senator Richard J. Durbin
        Question 1. What programs does USAID and the State Department have
    to assist climate refugees and to help countries in the region to
    address challenges wrought by climate change?
        Answer. The U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)
    builds resilience in a holistic way to the wide range of shocks and
    stressors that occur in the Sahel, including those associated with
    environmental degradation. USAID's investments help communities in the
    Sahel mitigate the factors that drive populations to move, including
    conflict and lack of food and livelihoods. For example, USAID's multi-
    sectoral Resilience in the Sahel Enhanced (RISE) program, which has
    operated in the Republics of Burkina Faso and Niger since 2013, reduces
    the chronic vulnerability of targeted populations to recurrent shocks
    and stress by expanding economic opportunities and livelihoods,
    improving agriculture practices, and facilitating better management of
    land and natural resources. USAID has bilateral programs in Senegal,
    Mali, and Nigeria that build resilience to both non-climate and
    climate-related shocks and stress. For example, in 2018 USAID helped
    more than 200,000 people in Senegal adapt to the effects of drought by
    using satellite data to guide pastoralists to water, which improves
    food security and reduces poverty.
        USAID's investments strengthen early-warning and monitoring
    capacity in the Sahel so stakeholders can intervene before food
    security deteriorates. For example, USAID recently contributed an
    additional $7.5 million to the Permanent Interstate Committee for
    Drought Control in the Sahel to help improve its seasonal forecasts and
    crop-monitoring reports. USAID funds the Famine Early-Warning Systems
    Network (FEWS NET), which provides early warning and integrated
    analysis of market, weather, and trade conditions to allow better
    planning to minimize food-insecurity. USAID has worked with the U.S
    Geological Survey of the U.S. Department of the Interior to establish
    baselines to monitor re-greening efforts across the Sahel effectively.
        Question 2. What is the State Department and USAID doing to help
    countries in the region to diversify their economies to mitigate the
    impact of climate change on traditionally agricultural-based economies,
    including mitigating the effects of droughts on the one hand and
    increased flooding on the other?
        Answer. Through the U.S. Government's Global Food Security
    Strategy, we are increasing resilience in partner country food systems,
    including those in the Sahel. Programs expand agricultural productivity
    and markets, increase natural resources related to food supply, and
    manage threats and risks. Expanding and diversifying livelihood and
    economic opportunities is key to inclusive and sustainable
    agricultural-led economic growth, strengthened resilience, and a well-
    nourished population, especially among women and children.
        USAID programs improve climate information, early warning and
    preparedness, and natural resource management. They facilitate
    discussion between development and humanitarian actors to address
    evolving challenges of resilience and instability. Analysis found that
    USAID's agricultural investments in targeted value chains are lifting
    beneficiaries out of extreme poverty.
        USAID is leveraging its partnership with NASA to improve
    forecasting and tools for local authorities to use in decisionmaking on
    natural resource management. By using free and open source satellite
    imagery, USAID and NASA provide accurate and timely information on
    surface water availability and forage conditions, which is shared
    through cell phone text messages and local radio broadcasts.
        Question 3. The Gambia recently emerged from decades of brutal
    dictatorship and now has an opportunity to heal from those years and
    solidify its fragile democratic gains. The country has already taken
    the notable step of establishing a Truth and Reconciliation Commission
    and advanced the plight of the Rohingya as victims of crimes against
    humanity. Congress has provided specific funding to help Gambia's
    democratic transition:
        What is the Department of State doing to ensure adequate and
    enhanced Embassy staff and facilities to address this timely
    opportunity?
        Answer. Current staffing levels are limited by overall Department
    staffing and the limited office space in the current Embassy. However,
    post is working with the Bureau of African Affairs and the Overseas
    Building Office to move forward on an eventual New Embassy Compound.
        Question 4. What are USAID's plans to strategically use U.S.
    assistance to support Gambia's democratic transition?
        Answer. This response contains Sensitive But Unclassified (SBU)
    information, a separate response will be sent.
        Question 5. Russia and China have dramatically increased their
    commercial, diplomatic, and propaganda activities in Africa. Notably
    Russia has reportedly attempted to interfere in the democratic
    processes of countries on the continent. What is the Department of
    State doing to counter these Chinese and Russian efforts?
        Answer. The Department is committed to countering China, Russia,
    their proxies, or other actors undermine global norms and standards.
    The administration's Prosper Africa initiative, aimed at increasing
    two-way trade and investment between the United States and Africa,
    responds to the governance and transparency challenges resulting from
    exploitative economic policies employed by China and Russia. The
    Department is countering threats to electoral integrity throughout the
    continent, including supporting capacity building for civil society.
    The Department is countering foreign propaganda and disinformation
    campaigns in many ways, including by building journalists' capacity to
    ensure accurate and responsible coverage of elections.
        Question 6. What is the administration doing to help American
    businesses that hope to export to Africa compete against low interest
    and other concessional type Chinese loans that are difficult for
    African nations to reject, but come with troubling governance, human
    rights, environmental and labor standards?
        Answer. This response contains Sensitive But Unclassified (SBU)
    information, a separate response will be sent.
                                     ______

                     Questions Submitted to Hon. David Hale
              Questions Submitted by Senator Christopher A. Coons
        Question 1. The recently released GAO report on Diversity at the
    State Department found that despite some efforts, State Department
    personnel are still not representative of the rich diversity of the
    American citizenry. This is particularly true at the upper echelons of
    the service where the proportion of women and racial and ethnic
    minorities remains the lowest. Similarly, the proportion of women and
    African Americans at the Department actually declined over the 16 years
    that the GAO reviewed.
        What is the State Department doing to better identify and remove
    the barriers to diversity at State?
        Answer. The Department places high value on diversity and inclusion
    in its workforce and is currently developing a 2020-2024 Diversity and
    Inclusion Strategic Plan. We are exploring ways to increase our
    capacity to conduct barrier analysis. As a result of the GAO report,
    the Department will: (1) analyze barriers to passing the Foreign
    Service Officer Test; (2) analyze barriers to passing the Foreign
    Service Oral Assessment; and (3) analyze Civil Service promotion data
    for women and minorities. The Department's mandated response to the GAO
    report, due in August 2020, will articulate these plans in detail.
        In 2016, Congress passed a law (Public Law 114-323, section 404)
    that recognized that there are mid-career civil servants with
    ``outstanding talents, . . . experiences, [and] . . . skills'' that
    would be ``extremely valuable'' to the Foreign Service. In March 2019,
    a GAO report (GAO-19-220) stated that since 2008, the largest
    persistent Foreign Service vacancies overseas have been in the economic
    and political positions at posts with State's highest foreign policy
    priorities. According to the GAO report, these are limiting the
    Department's ability to make informed foreign policy decisions. For
    example, according to the report, the Department has faced limits on
    ``the amount of reporting on political and economic developments that
    posts in Africa are able to submit back to State headquarters.''
    Similar vacancies--in in large countries in East and South Asia--have
    ``limited those posts' capacity to engage with host government
    officials on important, strategic issues for the United States, such as
    reducing nuclear proliferation and enhancing trade and investment
    relationships with the United States:''
        Question 2. How does the department plan to address persistent
    Foreign Service vacancies?
        Answer. The Department of State's plans for reducing the number of
    vacant Foreign Service (FS) positions are outlined in an integrated
    action plan that was recently finalized and will be sent to the GAO
    next week. Our plans are a coordinated effort among the Bureau of
    Global Talent Management, and regional and functional bureaus. The
    Department's senior management in these bureaus receive regular reports
    on vacant FS positions and oversee new and ongoing initiatives to
    reduce FS vacancies such as the Special Incentive Post assignment
    season implemented in 2019. The Department can make this action plan
    available to you after it is sent to the GAO.
        The Department has addressed the need to fill urgent vacancies by
    processing postponements of mandatory retirements, especially in FS
    specialist skill codes, like medical and diplomatic security. The
    Department has also used a 'Recall to Service' for specific, high-level
    positions that require a certain level of experience and authority, and
    is currently running a pilot within several regional bureaus to assign
    Personal Service Contractors to fill IT positions in those regions.
        To address persistent Foreign Service vacancies, the Department
    plans to hire a projected 322 Foreign Service Generalists, and up to
    300 Foreign Service Specialists in fiscal year 2020. The Department has
    also made strategic use of limited non-career appointments (LNAs), such
    as consular fellows who are hired for a maximum of 5 years to fill
    consular adjudication positions.
        Question 3. Have you considered converting some Foreign Service
    positions to civil service?
        Answer. Yes. However, the Department does not have overseas
    positions which are classified as Civil Service (CS). The Department
    used limited non-career appointments , such as with consular fellows as
    noted in answer 2 , and we have not had to convert FS positions to CS.
    We have other programs which allow civil service officers to
    temporarily fill FS-designated positions, such as our Hard-to-Fill and
    Overseas Development programs.
        Question 4. Have you considered adding additional positions for
    civil service slots overseas?
        Answer. The Department has used limited non-career appointment
    hiring authority for civil service officers to temporarily fill FS-
    designated positions. For example, in Mexico City we have had civil
    servants serve as contracting officers under limited non-career
    appointments. As noted above, the Department does not have positions
    overseas classified as Civil Service. We have a variety of methods for
    filling vacant FS positions.
        Question 5. Has the Department conducted any studies of
    administrative detail assignments that would support an increased
    number of Civil Service positions overseas?
        Answer. Yes, the Department continuously assesses its ability to
    fill Foreign Service positions overseas, and to staff the Department,
    and publishes those findings in our Five Year Workforce Plan. In some
    cases, those studies have led to positions that may be filled by Civil
    Service (CS) employees through multiple programs, including: the annual
    Hard-to-Fill Program, Department of State bureau-owned Developmental
    Positions, the Civil Service Consular Adjudicator Program, and the
    Overseas Development Program. There have been no formal studies
    conducted to determine whether there is a need to establish Civil
    Service positions overseas, or to increase the number of CS employees
    serving in Foreign Service assignments.
        Some studies have led to adjustments to our priority staffing cycle
    which is early in our assignment season. In 2019, changes were made to
    the cycle formerly known as Priority Staffing Posts (PSP--Afghanistan,
    Iraq, Pakistan), eliminating the term PSP and selecting a wider range
    of posts which are part of the Special Incentive Post program. These
    include historically difficult to staff posts in Africa.
        Our Bureau of Global Talent Management conducts regular evaluations
    on a range of topics relevant to the Foreign and Civil Services, but it
    has not conducted any studies focusing specifically on increasing the
    number of Civil Service serving overseas on administrative detail
    assignments. Civil Service employees accepting an overseas assignment
    temporarily fill designated Foreign Service positions. The Department
    does not have positions overseas classified as Civil Service.
        Question 6. Can you share the results of any studies?
        Answer. The Department's annually updated Five Year Workforce Plan
    can be found on its public facing web site. (https://www.state.gov/wp-
    content/uploads/2020/02/Five-Year-Workforce-Plan-FY19_FY23-Final.pdf).
        Question 7. Has the Department consulted with other agencies that
    send personnel overseas about civil service detail assignments?
        Answer. Yes. USAID has opened some President's Emergency Plan for
    AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) staff positions to such details. The Department is
    doing the same by filling PEPFAR country coordinator positions with
    Civil Service employees on Foreign Service Limited Non-Career
    Appointments, through limited non-career appointment authority, which
    was also the subject of an OIG report recommendation.
        Question 8. Can you share the results of any consultations with
    other agencies?
        Answer. There have not been formal consultations, but there are a
    variety of existing forums with other agencies, where such issues are
    discussed, including the Chief Human Capital Officers (CHCO) Council.
        Question 9. What progress have you made on the GAO report
    recommendation to develop an action plan that is integrated across
    relevant State offices?
        Answer. The Department of State has finalized an integrated action
    plan and will send it to the GAO, as required. The action plan
    describes the methodologies the Department uses to analyze vacancies,
    the new and continuing initiatives aimed at staffing overseas positions
    and monitoring progress, the tools the Department developed to monitor
    and project staffing requirements, and the ongoing and re-designed
    programs the Department uses to augment the traditional staffing of
    overseas FS positions. The responsible office(s) and person(s), status,
    and projected completion date are provided for each initiative and
    program.
                                     ______

                     Questions Submitted to Hon. David Hale
                Questions Submitted by Senator Chris Van Hollen
        Question 1. Please provide an update on the status of negotiations
    with the Government of Sudan to reach a settlement agreement with the
    victims of the bombing of the USS Cole and the U.S. Embassies in Kenya
    and Tanzania: Do you expect that as part of any agreement the
    Department of State negotiates, Congress will need to approve immunity
    against future claims for the Government of Sudan?
        Answer. In February, Sudan informed us that it has reached private
    settlement agreements that resolve claims held by victims of the 2000
    attack on the USS Cole. The United States continues to discuss with
    Sudan the resolution of claims arising from the 1998 Embassy bombings.
    We are making good progress and hope to have important developments to
    share soon. We have been guided, in part, by our experience in prior
    claims settlements, including the 2008 Libya Claims settlement, which
    involved compensation paid by Libya in settlement of claims and
    legislation that restored immunities.
        Question 2. Please provide an update on the status of negotiations
    with the Government of Sudan to reach a settlement agreement with the
    victims of the bombing of the USS Cole and the U.S. Embassies in Kenya
    and Tanzania: Do you expect that as part of any agreement the
    Department of State negotiates, foreign service nationals and U.S.
    nationals will be treated equally?
        Answer. Because the U.S. Government cannot, as a matter of
    international law, espouse the claims of non-U.S. nationals, there must
    necessarily be differences in the treatment of claims of U.S nationals
    and foreign nationals. However, we expect that any bilateral agreement
    would address the provision of compensation for non-U.S. national
    victims and a specific process for distribution.
        Question 3. How would removing Sudan from the list of state
    sponsors of terrorism support democratic transition and allow for
    deeper U.S. engagement?
        Answer. Rescission of Sudan's State Sponsor of Terrorism (SST)
    designation would send a powerful signal regarding U.S. support for
    Sudan's new civilian-led transitional government (CLTG) and Sudan's
    transition to democracy, bolster its credibility at a time when
    domestic pressures are high, and remove a deterrent to private U.S.
    investors, who currently find the reputational risk of investing in an
    SST-designated country greater than the potential return on their
    investment. SST rescission would encourage other international partners
    to support the CLTG politically and economically and would remove a
    barrier to Sudan being able to clear arrears and access financing from
    international financial institutions. SST rescission would also remove
    a restriction on U.S. foreign assistance to Sudan, as well as certain
    restrictions related to dual-use and arms exports. However, rescission
    requires that the United States determine that Sudan has met all
    relevant statutory criteria and policy conditions.
        Question 4. What steps is the United States Government taking to
    counter Russian and Chinese influence in Sudan and how would those
    actions be impacted by a potential delisting?
        Answer. The United States is committed to countering China, Russia,
    their proxies, or other actors' efforts to undermine global norms and
    standards. We are working with international partners to support
    Sudan's civilian-led transitional government in a 39-month democratic
    transition. Rescission of the State Sponsor of Terrorism (SST)
    designation would strengthen our bilateral relationship with Sudan and
    remove a reputational barrier to U.S. private sector investment,
    steering Sudan away from malign actors who do not share our interest in
    a democratic and stable Sudan. However, Sudan must meet all relevant
    statutory and policy criteria before the United States will initiate
    the process of SST rescission.
        Question 5. The interagency plan to implement the Global Fragility
    Act is due on June 17, 2020. What is the status of the plan's
    development?
        Answer. The Global Fragility Act (GFA) requires the establishment
    of a comprehensive, integrated, 10-year Global Fragility Strategy
    (GFS), with a report due to Congress by September 15, 2020 (within 270
    days of enactment). The administration is committed to submitting the
    report to Congress by the September 15 deadline, provided the ongoing
    response to COVID-19 does not necessitate a change to this timeline.
    The White House is coordinating an interagency process on the GFA with
    the State Department leading GFS development in consultation with all
    relevant stakeholders and Congress. The GFA will build upon ongoing
    U.S. Government initiatives to more effectively stabilize conflict-
    affected areas, prevent violence, and reduce fragility globally.
        Question 6. Do you expect that the Sahel will be one of the
    priority regions designated in the plan?
        Answer. We plan to use the Global Fragility Act to build upon
    ongoing initiatives to improve how the U.S. Government works to
    stabilize conflict-affected areas, prevent violence, and reduce
    fragility globally. The White House is currently coordinating an
    interagency process on the GFA, and the State Department is leading the
    development of the Global Fragility Strategy. We are committed to
    consulting with all relevant stakeholders, including Congress, as we
    develop this strategy and we intend to consider the Sahel in this
    process. We have completed the development of a Fragility Framework in
    a Sahel country, Burkina Faso, that sets out an approach to
    stabilization that coordinates U.S. diplomatic, defense, and
    development actions. We are also evaluating the conditions of other
    Sahel countries and neighboring littoral states as we develop the
    Global Fragility Strategy. As we move towards implementation, we will
    likely seek to prioritize legitimizing and expanding state presence in
    areas where it is not present to include strong private sector
    involvement for job creation and economic opportunity.

                              SUBCOMMITTEE RECESS

        Subcommittee stands in recess. Thank you.
        [Whereupon, at 3:30 p.m., Tuesday, March 10, the
    subcommittee was recessed, to reconvene subject to the call of
    the Chair.]