[House Hearing, 116 Congress]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]



 EXAMINING THE BUREAU OF INDIAN EDUCATION'S SCHOOL REOPENING GUIDANCE 
                     DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

=======================================================================

                           OVERSIGHT HEARING

                               BEFORE THE

        SUBCOMMITTEE FOR INDIGENOUS PEOPLES OF THE UNITED STATES

                                OF THE

                     COMMITTEE ON NATURAL RESOURCES
                     U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

                     ONE HUNDRED SIXTEENTH CONGRESS

                             SECOND SESSION

                               __________

                      Thursday, September 10, 2020

                               __________

                           Serial No. 116-40

                               __________

       Printed for the use of the Committee on Natural Resources
       
 [GRAPHIC NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]


        Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.govinfo.gov
                                   or
          Committee address: http://naturalresources.house.gov
          
                               __________
                               

                    U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE                    
41-453 PDF                  WASHINGTON : 2020                     
          
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
          
          
          
                     COMMITTEE ON NATURAL RESOURCES

                      RAUL M. GRIJALVA, AZ, Chair
                    DEBRA A. HAALAND, NM, Vice Chair
   GREGORIO KILILI CAMACHO SABLAN, CNMI, Vice Chair, Insular Affairs
               ROB BISHOP, UT, Ranking Republican Member

Grace F. Napolitano, CA              Don Young, AK
Jim Costa, CA                        Louie Gohmert, TX
Gregorio Kilili Camacho Sablan,      Doug Lamborn, CO
    CNMI                             Robert J. Wittman, VA
Jared Huffman, CA                    Tom McClintock, CA
Alan S. Lowenthal, CA                Paul A. Gosar, AZ
Ruben Gallego, AZ                    Paul Cook, CA
TJ Cox, CA                           Bruce Westerman, AR
Joe Neguse, CO                       Garret Graves, LA
Mike Levin, CA                       Jody B. Hice, GA
Debra A. Haaland, NM                 Aumua Amata Coleman Radewagen, AS
Joe Cunningham, SC                   Daniel Webster, FL
Nydia M. Velazquez, NY               Liz Cheney, WY
Diana DeGette, CO                    Mike Johnson, LA
Wm. Lacy Clay, MO                    Jenniffer Gonzalez-Colon, PR
Debbie Dingell, MI                   John R. Curtis, UT
Anthony G. Brown, MD                 Kevin Hern, OK
A. Donald McEachin, VA               Russ Fulcher, ID
Darren Soto, FL                      Pete Stauber, MN
Ed Case, HI
Steven Horsford, NV
Michael F. Q. San Nicolas, GU
Matt Cartwright, PA
Paul Tonko, NY
Jesus G. ``Chuy'' Garcia, IL
Vacancy

                     David Watkins, Chief of Staff
                        Sarah Lim, Chief Counsel
                Parish Braden, Republican Staff Director
                   http://naturalresources.house.gov
                                 ------                                

        SUBCOMMITTEE FOR INDIGENOUS PEOPLES OF THE UNITED STATES

                        RUBEN GALLEGO, AZ, Chair
                PAUL COOK, CA, Ranking Republican Member

Darren Soto, FL                      Don Young, AK
Michael F. Q. San Nicolas, GU        Aumua Amata Coleman Radewagen, AS
Debra A. Haaland, NM                 John R. Curtis, UT
Ed Case, HI                          Kevin Hern, OK
Matt Cartwright, PA                  Pete Stauber, MN
Jesus G. ``Chuy'' Garcia, IL         Rob Bishop, UT, ex officio
Vacancy
Raul M. Grijalva, AZ, ex officio

                                ------                                
                                
                                CONTENTS

                              ----------                              
                                                                   Page

Hearing held on Thursday, September 10, 2020.....................     1

Statement of Members:

    Gallego, Hon. Ruben, a Representative in Congress from the 
      State of Arizona...........................................     1
        Prepared statement of....................................     3
    Stauber, Hon. Pete, a Representative in Congress from the 
      State of Minnesota.........................................     4
        Prepared statement of....................................     6

Statement of Witnesses:

    Garcia, Hon. Joe, Co-Chair, Tribal Interior Budget Council, 
      Education Subcommittee, National Congress of American 
      Indians, Washington, DC....................................     8
        Prepared statement of....................................     9
        Questions submitted for the record.......................    12
    Parton, Sue, President, Federation of Indian Service 
      Employees, Albuquerque, New Mexico.........................    17
        Prepared statement of....................................    19
        Questions submitted for the record.......................    21
    Witte, Lance, Superintendent and Principal, Lower Brule 
      Schools, Lower Brule, South Dakota.........................    14
        Prepared statement of....................................    15
        Questions submitted for the record.......................    17
    Yanan, Therese, Executive Director and Attorney, Native 
      American Disability Law Center, Farmington, New Mexico.....    22
        Prepared statement of....................................    24
        Questions submitted for the record.......................    29

Additional Materials Submitted for the Record:

    Bureau of Indian Education, U.S. Department of the Interior, 
      Statement for the Record...................................    47
    Bureau of Indian Education, U.S. Department of the Interior, 
      Return to Learn! Plan......................................    47

    Submissions for the Record by Representative Stauber

        Navajo Nation, July 28, 2020 Letter to Speaker Pelosi and 
          Rep. McCarthy on S. 886................................    33

        The Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe Indians, Statement for the 
          Record.................................................    48



 
OVERSIGHT HEARING ON EXAMINING THE BUREAU OF INDIAN EDUCATION'S SCHOOL 
            REOPENING GUIDANCE DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

                              ----------                              


                      Thursday, September 10, 2020

                     U.S. House of Representatives

        Subcommittee for Indigenous Peoples of the United States

                     Committee on Natural Resources

                             Washington, DC

                              ----------                              

    The Subcommittee met, pursuant to notice, at 3:06 p.m., via 
Webex, Hon. Ruben Gallego [Chairman of the Subcommittee] 
presiding.
    Present: Representatives Gallego, Soto, Haaland, Case, 
Cartwright, Grijalva; and Stauber.

    Mr. Gallego. The Subcommittee for Indigenous Peoples of the 
United States will now come to order.
    The Subcommittee is meeting today to hear testimony on the 
Bureau of Indian Education's COVID-19 School Re-opening 
Guidelines.
    Under Committee Rule 4(f), any oral opening statements at 
hearings are limited to the Chair and the Ranking Minority 
Member. This will allow us to hear from our witnesses sooner 
and help Members keep to their schedules.
    Therefore, I ask unanimous consent that all other Members' 
opening statements be made part of the hearing record if they 
are submitted to the Clerk by 5 p.m. today or the close of the 
hearing, whichever comes first.
    Hearing no objections, so ordered.
    Without objection, the Chair may also declare a recess 
subject to call of the Chair.
    Hearing no objection, so ordered.
    As described in the hearing notice, statements, documents 
or motions must be submitted to the electronic repository at 
[email protected]. Additionally, please note that, as 
with in-person meetings, Members are responsible for their own 
microphones and Members can be muted by staff only to avoid 
inadvertent background noise. Finally, Members or witnesses 
experiencing technical problems should inform Committee staff 
immediately.
    Thank you.

   STATEMENT OF THE HON. RUBEN GALLEGO, A REPRESENTATIVE IN 
               CONGRESS FROM THE STATE OF ARIZONA

    Mr. Gallego. Good afternoon and welcome to everyone 
watching our livestream. I want to thank our witnesses for 
making the time to testify before us remotely.
    Today, we will be examining the Bureau of Indian 
Education's School Re-opening Plan and the steps, or missteps, 
BIE has taken in ensuring the safety of Native American 
students, teachers, and employees.
    Though I am grateful for the witnesses we have here today, 
I would like to voice my disappointment in the Bureau of Indian 
Education for choosing not to testify today. BIE has refused to 
testify because we are holding this hearing in a virtual 
setting.
    While this Committee has often struggled with this 
Administration's frequent refusal to provide timely and 
informed testimony, the BIE's refusal to be here today is a new 
low.
    This fall, the health of Native children is on the line 
when they return to school. The health of teachers and staff is 
on the line. The health of their families and their communities 
is on the line.
    If we do not get BIE schools re-opened correctly, Native 
Americans will die as a result. We know this because multiple 
BIE employees died this spring when some BIE schools took too 
long to close. We cannot let that happen again.
    It is a dereliction of the Federal trust responsibility for 
the BIE to refuse to be here to discuss how to protect Native 
students just because the hearing is not happening in person.
    This hearing is happening remotely because we understand 
the stakes of the public health crisis we are in. From their 
refusal, it is clear that BIE does not understand those stakes, 
which is why I am extremely concerned about their ability to 
oversee safe re-openings at BIE-run schools this fall.
    Finally, I want it to be on the record that this Committee 
stands ready to hear BIE's testimony on school re-openings when 
the agency determines that Native lives are important enough to 
necessitate it.
    Now, let's move on to the situation before us. BIE 
currently funds 183 elementary and secondary schools located on 
64 reservations in 23 states, serving over 40,000 students. 
Fifty-five of those schools are operated by the BIE.
    At the beginning of the pandemic, BIE schools shut down 
along with public schools across the country. Like other 
schools, BIE attempted to transition to a distance learning 
model; unlike other schools, BIE schools have had to contend 
with digital divide in Indian Country.
    People on tribal lands are four times more likely to not 
have the internet, and are also more likely to lack access to 
laptops or, unfortunately, even electricity.
    To make matters worse, BIE was not able to quickly mobilize 
to provide instruction, resources, or IT services to aid the 
transition to virtual learning in the spring. While these 
hiccups may have been understandable in March, it is disturbing 
that we are seeing those same problems arise in September, when 
BIE has had months to prepare.
    In March, Congress provided funding for BIE schools through 
the CARES Act Education Stabilization Fund. However, it took 
BIE 97 days, over 3 months, to distribute this money, which 
undermined schools' ability to prepare teachers, students, and 
employees for the fall.
    In addition to funding delays, BIE spent the summer sending 
mixed and concerning messages regarding school re-opening 
plans. In July, BIE held two tribal consultation sessions and 
assured the tribal leaders, tribal organizations, and school 
boards involved that their input would inform the re-opening 
plan.
    However, in August, the BIE released a plan proclaiming 
that on September 16, BIE-operated schools would open in-person 
to the maximum extent possible. The BIE guidance does not 
provide for the consultation and explicit consent of local 
tribes, parents, and teachers before re-opening a school.
    The BIE guidance, though it is only binding for BIE-
operated schools, directs any tribally operated school that 
deviates from the guidance to ``consult with its legal counsel 
to ensure it does not risk violating the terms of its grant''--
a potential threat to tribal sovereignty.
    Finally, the BIE guidance released on August 24 gave 
schools less than 1 month to implement this top-down approach, 
leaving school leaders with more questions than answers.
    We all know that effectively and safely educating our 
children in a pandemic is a huge challenge. But we will never 
be able to overcome the challenges in Indian Country without 
committing to a thoughtful, nuanced approach that emphasizes 
consultation and partnership with local tribes and school 
leadership.
    That is why I am disappointed that BIE is not here to 
engage in this discussion today, and that is why I look forward 
to hearing what our witnesses have to say.

    [The prepared statement of Mr. Gallego follows:]
 Prepared Statement of the Hon. Ruben Gallego, Chair, Subcommittee for 
                Indigenous Peoples of the United States
    Good afternoon and welcome to everyone watching on our livestream. 
I want to thank our witnesses for making the time to testify before us 
remotely.
    Today, we will be examining the Bureau of Indian Education's school 
re-opening plan and the steps--or missteps--BIE has taken in ensuring 
the safety of Native American students, teachers and employees.
    Though I am grateful for the witnesses we have here today, I would 
like to voice my disappointment in the Bureau of Indian Education for 
choosing not to testify today. BIE has refused to testify because we 
are holding this hearing in a virtual setting.
    While this Committee has often struggled with this Administration's 
frequent refusal to provide timely and informed testimony, the BIE's 
refusal to be here today is a new low.
    This fall, the health of Native children is on the line when they 
return to school. The health of teachers and staff is on the line. The 
health of their families and their communities is on the line.
    If we do not get BIE school re-openings right, Native Americans 
will die as a result. We know this because multiple BIE employees died 
this spring when some BIE schools took too long to close. We cannot let 
that happen again.
    It is a dereliction of the Federal trust responsibility for BIE to 
refuse to be here to discuss how to protect Native students just 
because the hearing isn't happening in person.
    This hearing is happening remotely because we understand the stakes 
of the public health crisis we are in. From their refusal, it's clear 
that the BIE does not understand those stakes, which is why I am 
extremely concerned about their ability to oversee safe re-openings at 
BIE-run schools this fall.
    Finally, I want it to be on the record that this Committee stands 
ready to hear BIE's testimony on school re-openings when the agency 
determines that Native lives are important enough to necessitate it.
    Now, let's move on to the situation before us. BIE currently funds 
183 elementary and secondary schools, located on 64 reservations in 23 
states, serving over 40,000 students; 55 of these schools are operated 
by the BIE.
    At the beginning of the pandemic, BIE schools shut down along with 
public schools across the country. Like other schools, BIE attempted to 
transition to a distance learning model. Unlike other schools, BIE 
schools had to contend with the digital divide in Indian Country.
    People on tribal land are four times more likely to not have 
internet, and are also more likely to lack access to a laptop or even 
electricity.
    To make matters worse, BIE was not able to quickly mobilize to 
provide instruction, resources, or IT services to aid the transition to 
virtual learning in the spring.
    While these hiccups may have been understandable in March, it is 
disturbing that we are seeing the same problems arise in September, 
when BIE has had months to prepare.
    In March, Congress provided funding for BIE schools through the 
CARES Act Education Stabilization Fund. However, it took BIE 97 days--
over 3 months--to distribute this money, which undermined schools' 
ability to prepare teachers, students and employees for the fall.
    In addition to funding delays, BIE spent the summer sending mixed 
and concerning messages regarding school re-opening plans. In July, BIE 
held two tribal consultation sessions and assured the tribal leaders, 
tribal organizations, and school boards involved that their input would 
inform the re-opening plan.
    However, in August, the BIE released a plan proclaiming that on 
September 16, BIE-operated schools would open in-person ``to the 
maximum extent possible.'' The BIE guidance does not provide for the 
consultation and explicit consent of local tribes, parents and teachers 
before re-opening a school.
    The BIE guidance, though it is only binding for BIE-operated 
schools, directs any tribally-operated school that deviates from the 
guidance to ``consult with its legal counsel to ensure it does not risk 
violating the terms of its grant''--a potential threat to tribal 
sovereignty.
    Finally, the BIE guidance, released on August 24, gave schools less 
than 1 month to implement this top-down approach, leaving school 
leaders with more questions than answers.
    We all know that effectively and safely educating our children in a 
pandemic is a huge challenge. But we will never be able to overcome 
that challenge in Indian Country without committing to a thoughtful, 
nuanced approach that emphasizes consultation and partnership with 
local tribes and school leadership.
    That is why I am so disappointed that the BIE is not here to engage 
in this discussion today. And that is why I look forward to hearing 
what our witnesses have to say.

                                 ______
                                 

    Mr. Gallego. Before I end my remarks, I want to welcome Mr. 
Stauber as a new member of the House Natural Resources 
Committee and this Subcommittee. He is serving as Ranking 
Member today, and I would like to recognize him for any opening 
remarks he may have.

    STATEMENT OF THE HON. PETE STAUBER, A REPRESENTATIVE IN 
              CONGRESS FROM THE STATE OF MINNESOTA

    Mr. Stauber. Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman. Today marks 
my first appearance as a member of the House Natural Resources 
Committee.
    My district is home to 3.5 million acres of Federal lands, 
the headwaters of the mighty Mississippi River, five sovereign 
Native American bands, and the Duluth Complex.
    I have sought an appointment to this Committee since I 
started in Congress, and I have been fortunate enough to 
participate in an unofficial capacity several times.
    Thank you very much to Chairman Grijalva and Ranking Member 
Bishop for welcoming me. I am excited to roll up my sleeves and 
get to work on Committee business.
    Now, it is an honor and privilege to stand in for Ranking 
Member Cook and serve alongside Chairman Gallego today to 
discuss an issue pressing and pertinent to northern Minnesota 
and throughout the country.
    First, I want to thank the Chairman for his interest in 
Indian education, but would encourage collaboration with the 
Committee that has jurisdiction over the Bureau of Indian 
Education, the Education and Labor Committee.
    While this Committee has very limited jurisdiction over 
Indian education, there are legislative proposals this 
Committee has and can take action on.
    I was proud to support the Great American Outdoors Act, 
which was signed by President Trump earlier this year. The Act 
included a 5 percent annual carve out for Bureau of Indian 
Education schools. When updating infrastructure with this 
funding, these schools can further develop infrastructure to 
provide better education and combat the virus.
    Joining Chairman Bishop and the Committee's Minority, I 
wish to express disappointment in the Committee Majority for 
refusing to act on S. 886, the Indian Water Rights Settlement 
Extension Act. This bill would help tribes in one of the 
hardest-hit COVID-19 regions. As the CDC has advised, one of 
the best ways to combat COVID is hand washing.
    Unfortunately, the Democrat Majority seems content in 
letting the settlement agreement collect dust, and many Navajo 
households struggle to get access to a reliable water supply.
    It has been 90 days since the Senate sent over a 
legislation package containing this agreement and other bills 
aimed at the Native American communities and schoolteachers. 
This legislation is currently being held at the desk, and it 
appears that the Majority has no interest in passing this 
critical agreement.
    I want to submit for the record a letter from President Nez 
asking Speaker Pelosi to schedule a vote on final passage of 
this bill.
    That being said, and turning back to the issue of BIE 
schools in my district, we have three tribal schools operated 
by the Leech Lake Band, the Fond du Lac Band, and the Mille 
Lacs Band. These schools [inaudible].
    Mr. Gallego. Let's give Mr. Stauber a few minutes so that 
way his internet catches up.
    Mr. Stauber. [Inaudible.]
    Mr. Gallego. Mr. Stauber, you are coming in and out.
    Mr. Stauber. I am confident everyone participating today 
can agree that the priority is to simply get children back in 
school, especially the American Academy of Pediatrics, the 
leading organization on children's health.
    Therefore, thank you to the Bureau of Indian Education for 
providing detailed guidance to help students return. It is well 
documented that [inaudible] of students [inaudible] in school. 
For example, evidence from the McKinsey Foundation shows that 
kids remaining at home will make existing achievement gaps 
worse.
    Furthermore, [inaudible] student anxiety and depression 
have skyrocketed during closures.
    With these effects in mind, we need to find ways to get 
students safely back into schools. I am encouraged by the 
Bureau's guidance, relying on the CDC's leadership, by 
instituting social distancing, adding protective barriers, 
requiring face coverings, and added [inaudible].
    Most importantly, we must remember these Native schools 
serve sovereign nations in largely rural areas. Therefore, they 
require flexibility and local decision making. The Bureau's 
guidelines do just that by offering expert opinions to match 
the needs of individual communities.
    Mr. Chairman, I am a father of four and a youth advocate. I 
want [inaudible] education possible and our sovereign 
[inaudible].
    Let's provide our Native children with the education they 
need and deserve by following the guidelines of the Bureau and 
getting them safely back into their schools.
    I yield back.

    [The prepared statement of Mr. Stauber follows:]
   Prepared Statement of the Hon. Pete Stauber, a Representative in 
                  Congress from the State of Minnesota
    Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Today marks my first appearance as a 
member of the House Natural Resources Committee. My district is home to 
3.5 million acres of Federal public lands, the headwaters of the Mighty 
Mississippi River, five sovereign Native American bands, and the Duluth 
Complex. I have sought an appointment to this Committee since I started 
in Congress, and I have been fortunate enough to participate in an 
unofficial capacity several times.
    Thank you very much to Chairman Grijalva and Ranking Member Bishop 
for welcoming me. I am excited to roll up my sleeves and get to work on 
Committee business.
    Now, it is an honor and privilege to stand in for Ranking Member 
Cook and serve alongside Chairman Gallego today to discuss an issue 
pressing and pertinent to northern Minnesota and throughout the 
country.
    First, I want to thank the Chairman for his interest in Indian 
Education, but would encourage collaboration with the committee that 
has jurisdiction over the Bureau of Indian Education, the Education and 
Labor Committee.
    While this Committee has very limited jurisdiction over Indian 
education, there are legislative proposals this Committee has or can 
take action on. I was proud to support the Great American Outdoors Act 
which was signed by President Trump earlier this year. The Act included 
a 5 percent annual carve out for Bureau of Indian Education Schools; 
when updating infrastructure with this funding, these schools can 
further develop infrastructure to provide better education and combat 
the virus.
    Joining Chairman Bishop and the Committee's Minority, I wish to 
express disappointment in the Committee Majority for refusing to act on 
S. 886, the Indian Water Rights Settlement Extension Act. This bill 
would help tribes in one of the hardest hit COVID-19 regions. As the 
CDC has advised, one of the best ways to combat COVID is hand washing.
    Unfortunately, the Democrat Majority seems content in letting this 
settlement agreement collect dust as many Navajo households struggle to 
access a reliable water supply. It has been 90 days since the Senate 
sent over a legislative package containing this agreement, and other 
bills aimed at the Native American communities and schoolteachers. This 
legislation is currently being held at the desk and it appears the 
Majority has no interest in passing this critical agreement. I want to 
submit for the record a letter from President Nez asking Speaker Pelosi 
to schedule a vote on final passage for this bill.
    That being said and turning back to the issue of BIE schools, in my 
district, we have three tribal schools, operated by the Leech Lake 
Band, the Fond du Lac Band, and the Mille Lacs Band. These schools 
provide a world-class education while preserving the traditions of the 
respective Ojibwe bands.
    I would like to take a moment and thank the Mille Lacs Band for 
providing my office with background on what the Nay Ah Shing School has 
been doing. They plan to open with a Hybrid Learning and Distance 
Learning Options, following the guidelines of the Bureau.
    The BIE payments from the CARES Act to the Mille Lacs Band will be 
used to implement infrastructure updates such as barriers to ensure a 
touch-free environment and for transportation options to implement 
social distancing for bussing.
    Another point to be made on behalf of the Mille Lacs Band is the 
need for mental health counseling in the school. It is impossible for 
the mental health staff to reach the students that need to be reached 
when schools are closed.
    I am confident everyone participating today can agree that the 
priority is to safely get children back into the classroom, as that is 
the position of the American Academy of Pediatrics, the leading 
organization on children's health. Therefore, thank you to the Bureau 
of Indian Education for providing detailed guidance to help students 
return.
    It is well documented that learning, health, safety, and nutrition 
of students are at their best when students are in school.
    For example, evidence from the McKinsey Foundation shows that kids 
remaining at home will make existing achievement gaps worse. 
Furthermore, EdSource highlighted in a recent article that student 
anxiety and depression have skyrocketed during closures.
    With these effects in mind, we need to find ways to get students 
safely back into schools. I am encouraged by the Bureau's guidance 
drawing on the CDC's leadership by instituting social distancing, 
adding protective barriers, requiring face coverings, and added 
emphasis on hand washing and sanitizing.
    Most importantly, we must remember these Native schools serve 
sovereign nations in largely rural areas. Therefore, they require 
flexibility and local decision making. The Bureau's guidelines do just 
that, by offering expert opinion to match the needs of individual 
communities.
    Mr. Chairman, I am a father of four and an education advocate. I 
want my children to get the best education possible, and our sovereign, 
Native brothers and sisters deserve the same.
    Let's provide our Native children the education they need and 
deserve by following the guidance from the Bureau and getting them 
safely back into their schools.

                                 ______
                                 

    Mr. Gallego. Thank you, Representative Stauber.
    You did break up for a portion there, say, two-thirds of 
the way in. If you get a better connection and you want to read 
that into the statement at some point, or just in the process 
of questioning, obviously we will give you extra time.
    I believe at some point you wanted to submit something for 
the record. I did not fully get that. I thought you had a 
letter from a tribal leader or something like that. If you 
could just repeat that, then I could put it into the record.
    And, obviously, when we go through the question period if 
you want to add anything that was missed during your opening 
statement, we will give that opportunity.
    Now, I would like to transition to our panel of witnesses 
for today.
    Under our Committee Rules, oral statements are limited to 5 
minutes, but you may submit a longer statement for the record 
if you choose.
    When you begin, the on-screen timer will begin counting 
down and will turn orange when you have 1 minute remaining.
    I recommend that Members use the grid view function so they 
may pin this timer on their screen. When you go over the 
allotted time, I will ask you to please wrap up your statement.
    After your testimony is complete, please remember to mute 
yourself to avoid any inadvertent background noise.
    I will allow the entire panel to testify before we question 
the witnesses.
    The Chair will now recognize the Honorable Joe Garcia, who 
is the co-chair for the National Congress of American Indians 
and Interior's Tribal Budget Formulation Education 
Subcommittee.

  STATEMENT OF THE HON. JOE GARCIA, CO-CHAIR, TRIBAL INTERIOR 
 BUDGET COUNCIL, EDUCATION SUBCOMMITTEE, NATIONAL CONGRESS OF 
                        AMERICAN INDIANS

    Mr. Garcia. Good afternoon. Mr. Chairman, can you hear me?
    Mr. Gallego. I can, sir. Please continue.
    Mr. Garcia. Chairman Gallego, Ranking Member Cook, and 
members of the Subcommittee, and I also see Chairman Grijalva 
present. It is good to see all of you.
    My name is Joe Garcia, and I am Head Councilman and former 
three-term governor of Ohkay Owingeh, a federally recognized 
tribal nation in New Mexico.
    I am also a former two-term president of the National 
Congress of American Indians, or NCAI. NCAI, founded in 1944, 
is the oldest and largest representative organization of tribal 
nations and communities.
    This hearing could not come at a more critical time. 
September is the time that schools re-open for the new academic 
year. This year that task is complicated by the COVID-19 
pandemic, which continues to plague Indian Country, and the 
nation and the world as a whole.
    But even if that were not the case, there is a long-
standing crisis in Indian education that merits this 
Subcommittee's attention and scrutiny. I have addressed this in 
my prepared testimony and will be glad to take your questions.
    My oral testimony focuses on the re-opening of the Bureau 
of Indian Education schools, the BIE schools.
    The BIE funds 183 schools located on 63 reservations in 23 
states. Of these 183 schools, 132 are tribally controlled 
schools operated pursuant to a grant under the Tribally 
Controlled Schools Act of 1988 or pursuant to a contract under 
the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act. The 
remaining 55 schools are Bureau operated, which gives the BIE 
central office more authority over how these schools operate.
    Today, the most critical issue before this Subcommittee is 
the question of whether these 55 Bureau-operated schools should 
re-open for in-person instruction. NCAI's position is that 
schools should re-open for in-person instruction only where 
BIE, the tribal government that the school serves, the parents, 
and the teachers all concur that it is safe to do so.
    These decisions must be made at the local level, free of 
over-reach from the BIE central office and free in every 
respect from political interference. By this, I mean to say 
that the White House has no business influencing the BIE on 
whether it is safe to re-open a school.
    On August 6, the U.S. Department of the Interior's Office 
of Indian Affairs announced that it would re-open brick and 
mortar schools under its jurisdiction to the maximum extent 
possible. It was widely believed that the Interior Department 
took this action out of a desire to please the President, if 
not in response to direct pressure from the White House.
    This announcement was not well received in Indian Country. 
The ``Dear Tribal Leader'' letter included another sentence 
that reads, ``Local decisions will be made in coordination with 
tribes, states, and local public health officials.'' This is 
closer to what NCAI wants things to be.
    But, unfortunately, we are not seeing this coordination 
happen to the extent that we believe is needed.
    On August 22, the BIE issued its final re-opening plan 
titled, ``Return to Learn.'' While this guidance provides more 
information than that of previous documents issued by the 
Bureau, it does not ensure that the decision of tribal 
governments will be respected when it comes to the re-opening 
of K-12 and the safety of the students.
    Once again, the Interior Department said that schools will 
operate in-person on a regular full-time schedule to the 
maximum extent possible, in effect doubling down on the very 
position that drew strong criticism from Indian Country in 
early August.
    We are now a week away from school opening, and the 
question before us is whether BIE will respect the local 
judgments of tribal nations, sovereign nations, and parents on 
whether the school opens in person or virtually.
    The BIE should be here today to answer the questions for 
all of us, but unfortunately, the Bureau declined the 
Subcommittee's invitation to testify.
    Additionally, there is no evidence that the Interior 
Department or BIE officials have deferred to the position that 
tribal leaders have expressed to them. For example, on August 
24----
    Mr. Gallego. Mr. Garcia, start wrapping up please.
    Mr. Garcia. Yes. We urge the Subcommittee to demand that 
the Department of the Interior commit to abide by the wishes of 
the tribal government when it comes to re-opening schools.
    The most important piece of it is that the safety and well-
being of our children, of the faculty, and the staff be adhered 
to. That is the No. 1 reason why education systems exist in 
this country.
    I thank the Committee for holding this hearing, and I look 
forward to your questions and working with you to address these 
issues.
    Thank you.

    [The prepared statement of Mr. Garcia follows:]
Prepared Statement of Head Councilman Joe Garcia, National Congress of 
                            American Indians
    Chairman Gallego, Ranking Member Cook, and members of the 
Subcommittee, My name is Joe Garcia, and I am Head Councilman and 
former three-term Governor of Ohkay Owingeh, a federally recognized 
tribal nation in New Mexico. I am also Co-Chair to the Department of 
the Interior's Tribal Budget Formulation Education Subcommittee, and a 
former two-term President of the National Congress of American Indians 
(NCAI). NCAI, founded in 1944, is the oldest and largest representative 
organization of tribal nations and communities.
    This hearing could not come at a more critical time. September is 
the time that schools reopen for the new academic year. This year that 
task is complicated by the COVID-19 pandemic, which continues to plague 
Indian Country and the Nation as a whole. But even if that were not the 
case, the month of September is the best time to discuss the state of 
Indian education. The Bureau of Indian Education (BIE) has historically 
faced difficulties in providing quality, robust education to our 
American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) students due to the 
underfunding of our programs, inadequate facilities, limited access to 
broadband, difficulty recruiting and retaining teachers, and a lack of 
culturally appropriate educational opportunities--all of which have 
been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic.
          the reopening of bureau of indian education schools
    The BIE funds 183 schools located on 63 reservations in 23 states. 
Of these 183 schools, 132 are tribally controlled schools operated 
pursuant to a grant under the Tribally Controlled Schools Act of 1988 
(25 U.S.C. Sec. 2501, et seq.) or pursuant to a contract under the 
Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act (25 U.S.C. 
Sec. 5301, et seq.). The remaining 55 schools are Bureau-operated, 
which gives the BIE Central Office more authority over how these 
schools operate. Today, the most critical issue before this 
Subcommittee is the question of whether these 55 Bureau-operated 
schools should reopen for in-person instruction. NCAI's position is 
that schools should reopen for in-person instruction only where BIE, 
the tribal government(s) that the schools service, the parents, and the 
teachers all concur that it is safe to do so. These decisions must be 
made at the local level, free of over-reach from the BIE central 
office, and free in every respect from political interference. By this, 
I mean to say that the White House has no business influencing the BIE 
on whether it is safe to open a school.
    On August 10, NBC News reported that the U.S. Department of the 
Interior's Office of Indian Affairs announced that it would reopen 
``brick and mortar schools'' under its jurisdiction to the ``maximum 
extent possible'' on September 16.\1\ It was widely believed that the 
Interior Department took this action out of a desire to please the 
President, if not in response to direct pressure from the White House. 
This announcement was not well received in Indian Country. Furthermore, 
we are aware that the news report led parents to seriously consider 
pulling their children out of BIE schools this academic year.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    \1\ NBC News, ``Federal agency to reopen 53 Native American schools 
despite coronavirus fears,'' Miranda Green, August 10, 2020, https://
www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/federal-agency-reopen-53-native-american-
schools-despite-coronavirus-fears-n1236253.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    The document on which the NBC News story was based is a Dear Tribal 
Leader Letter signed by Assistant Secretary Tara Sweeney on August 6. 
The Dear Tribal Leader Letter included another sentence that was not 
mentioned by NBC News. That sentence reads, ``Local decisions will be 
made in coordination with tribes, states, and local public health 
officials.'' This is closer to where NCAI wants things to be.
    A month has passed since the NBC News story, and we are a week away 
from school opening. The question before us now is whether BIE will 
respect the local judgments of tribal nations and parents on whether 
school opens in person or virtually. The BIE should be here today to 
answer the question for all of us. But unfortunately, the Bureau 
declined the Subcommittee's invitation to testify.
    On August 21, the BIE issued its final reopening plan titled 
``Return to Learn.'' While this guidance provides more information that 
previous documents issued by the Bureau, it does not ensure that the 
decisions of tribal governments will be respected when it comes to the 
reopening of K--12 schools. Once again, the Interior Department states 
that schools will operate in-person on a regular full-time schedule to 
the maximum extent possible. In effect, they are doubling down on the 
very position that drew strong criticism from Indian Country in early 
August.
    Adding to the confusion, there is no evidence that the Interior 
Department or BIE officials have deferred to positions that tribal 
leaders have expressed to them. There are more BIE-controlled schools 
on the Navajo Nation than any other tribal nation in the country. On 
August 24, 2020, Navajo Nation President Jonathan Nez sent a letter 
stating that every BIE-operated school located within the Navajo Nation 
must remain closed for face-to-face and in-classroom instruction for 
the entirety of the Fall 2020 semester, after which point the issue 
will be reviewed again. As of September 8, 2020, the Department of the 
Interior still has not acceded to this request. We are uncertain how 
the Department has handled similar communications that other tribes 
have submitted.
    We urge the Subcommittee to demand that the Department of the 
Interior commit to abide by the wishes of tribal governments when it 
comes to reopening schools. The BIE must also provide a straightforward 
process for tribal leaders to request that the Bureau provide online or 
distance learning until a tribal community deems it safe to reopen. 
Finally, there may be situations where a tribal government is willing 
to reopen schools on its reservation for in-person instruction if it is 
convinced it is safe to do so. The Interior Department needs to provide 
straightforward assurances that BIE schools will be able to fulfill 
this promise. Furthermore, if an outbreak should arise, they should be 
prepared to close the school and swiftly move to a remote learning 
environment.
    Other areas of concern regarding the BIE's ``Return to Learn'' plan 
include how the Agency will guarantee students that are required to 
receive special education services do so. This is troublesome to tribal 
leaders considering the Government Accountability Office published a 
report this year finding that BIE schools did not provide or did not 
account for 38 percent of special education and related service time 
for students with disabilities during a regular school year.
    Tribal leaders have also voiced their concerns during the 
Department of Interior's Tribal Interior Budget Council meeting, held 
on August 10-14, 2020, that because of the BIE's inadequate 
communications to tribal families, many families are withdrawing their 
students from the BIE system for this academic year. Therefore, tribal 
leaders have requested that the Bureau freeze Average Daily Membership 
(ADM) levels for the 2020-2021 school year to 2019-2020 levels. These 
ADMs have a critical role in the appropriations each school receives 
every year, and tribal leaders are concerned that the withdrawal of 
students for this academic year will negatively impact their Federal 
funding for years to come.
                     the state of indian education
    Even if the pandemic had not occurred, we would be here today to 
describe the state of Indian education as troubling. The COVID-19 
pandemic has only exacerbated long-standing educational disparities 
that directly result from the Federal Government's chronic underfunding 
of its trust and treaty responsibilities. There are approximately 
620,000 AI/AN students enrolled in public schools, both in urban and 
rural areas, while 48,000 attend BIE schools. There are 183 BIE-funded 
schools located on 63 reservations in 23 states. The most recent data 
shows the high school graduation rate for BIE students is at 67 percent 
compared to the national average of 85 percent for the rest of the 
country.\2\,\3\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    \2\ U.S. Department of the Interior, Budget Justification and 
Performance Information, FY 2021 Bureau of Indian Education, https://
www.doi.gov/sites/doi.gov/files/uploads/fy2021-budget-justification-
bie.pdf.
    \3\ U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education 
Statistics. (2020). The Condition of Education 2020 (NCES 2020-144), 
https://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=805.

    Prior to the pandemic, the Federal Government recognized that AI/AN 
students were being educated in inadequate facilities. For example, the 
Department of the Interior identified $629 million in deferred 
maintenance for BIE-funded education facilities and $86 million in 
deferred maintenance for BIE educational quarters, including severely 
overcrowded classrooms.\4\ In addition to the crumbling physical 
infrastructure, tribal communities disproportionately lack the 
infrastructure to engage in culturally rich remote education.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    \4\ Statement of Jason Freihage, Deputy Assistant Secretary For 
Management Office of the Assistant Secretary for Indian Affairs 
Department of the Interior before the Subcommittee on Interior, 
Environment, and Related Agencies, House Committee on Appropriations on 
Education Facilities and Construction (July 24, 2019), https://
www.congress.gov/116/meeting/house/109835/witnesses/HHRG-116-AP06-
Wstate-FreihageJ-20190724.pdf.

    In addition to these infrastructure disparities that result in less 
than ideal learning conditions, the BIE has historically had 
difficulties with recruiting and retaining highly effective teachers. 
Inadequate housing, the inability for tribally controlled schools to 
provide their staff Federal Employee Health Benefits, and low salary 
make it difficult for quality teachers to consider careers in the BIE 
system.
                      funding during the pandemic
    Initially, tribal and educational leaders were hopeful after the 
CARES Act was enacted because $153.75 million was allocated under the 
Department of Education's Education Stabilization Fund to programs 
operated or funded by the BIE. In addition to these funds, $69 million 
was appropriated directly to the BIE to ``prevent, prepare for, and 
respond to coronavirus.'' On March 31, 2020, NCAI and the National 
Indian Education Association sent an intertribal organizational letter 
to both the Departments of Education and Interior requesting that funds 
allocated under the CARES Act be disbursed quickly and with maximum 
flexibility to BIE-funded schools. Despite this request, it was not 
until April 28 and 30 that the Department of Education held formal 
tribal listening sessions regarding the disbursement of the $153.75 
million in funding. Finally, on June 9, the BIE began distributing 
their directly appropriated $69 million to BIE schools, and on July 2, 
the Agency began distributing the $153.75 million from the Department 
of Education.\5\ This 97-day delay in releasing funds impaired access 
to distance learning, prevented schools from preparing for summer 
programming, and delayed assessment of technology needs as described in 
NCAI's testimony before the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights Hearing on 
COVID-19 in Indian Country.\6\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    \5\ U.S. Department of Interior, BIE Listening Session, (July 2, 
2020), https://www.bia.gov/sites/bia.gov/files/assets/asia/opa/
BIE_CARES_Act_Slides%20-%20July%202nd%20Update.pdf.
    \6\ National Congress of American Indians, Testimony before U.S. 
Commission on Civil Rights Hearing on COVID-19 in Indian Country: The 
Impact of Federal Broken Promises on Native Americans, (July 17, 2020), 
http://www.ncai.org/resources/testimony/written-testimony-of-president-
fawn-sharp-at-the-hearing-on-covid-19-in-indian-country-the-impact-of-
federal-broken-promises-on-native-americans.

       emergency funding and current needs for our ai/an students
    As BIE-funded schools continue to plan for the 2020-2021 academic 
year, it is clear that our K-12 schools do not have the resources and 
educational infrastructure to ensure a safe return for our students. To 
address this, 21 national and regional tribal organizations have 
requested the following: (1) investment in emergency broadband access 
and deployment for BIE schools and tribal communities; (2) at least $1 
billion in emergency funding to address the backlog of unfunded repairs 
and renovations at Bureau-funded schools which are especially needed to 
address overcrowded classrooms; and (3) at least $1.5 billion to BIE 
funded schools to meet the health, safety, and educational needs of 
students due to the impacts of COVID-19.\7\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    \7\ Inter-tribal Letter to Congress on Tribal Priorities for COVID-
19 Relief Package, (July 20, 2020), http://www.ncai.org/Covid-19/
indian-country-priorities-for-covid19-stimulus/Tribal_Inter-
Org_COVID_Relief_Letter-7.20.2020-FINAL.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
                               conclusion

    Thank you again to the Committee for holding this hearing, and I 
look forward to your questions and working with you to address these 
disparities.

                                 ______
                                 

 Questions Submitted for the Record to the Honorable Joe Garcia, Head 
           Councilman, National Congress of American Indians

                  Questions Submitted by Rep. Gallego

    Question 1. In an ideal world, what would BIE's decision-making 
process about the upcoming school year have looked like?

    Answer. The Bureau of Indian Education's (BIE's) decision-making 
process regarding the 2020-2021 school year should have centered around 
the safety and well-being of students, staff, and the community. Rather 
than taking risks in reopening schools, the BIE and Department of the 
Interior (Interior) should have deferred to all tribal nations, their 
elected leaders, and their local educational advisors on how to reopen 
schools safely.

    In an ideal world these discussions with BIE, Interior, and tribal 
leaders would have occurred in May 2020 rather than in July, which 
would have provided more time for tribal communities to prepare for 
various situations. Doing so would have allowed for better 
collaboration and planning between tribal authorities, local and state 
health authorities, and the BIE, in order to develop health and safety 
plans alongside community members.

    Question 2. The Broken Promises report by the U.S. Commission on 
Civil Rights found that remote areas in Indian Country lack 
telecommunications infrastructure and broadband access.

    2a. How has the lack of infrastructure and broadband access 
affected Native students during this pandemic?

    2b. How will this affect achievement gaps?
    Answer. According to a Government Accountability Office report, 
only 65 percent of individuals living on tribal lands had access to 
fixed broadband in contrast to the access rate of 92 percent for all 
Americans. Further, 34 percent of Native students nationwide do not 
have internet access in their homes, compared to 24 percent of students 
nationwide.\1\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    \1\ Alliance for Excellent Education, Future Ready Schools, 
Students of Color Caught in the Homework Gap, https://futureready.org/
homework-gap/.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Not being able to connect to the internet hinders a student's 
ability to get assistance or engage in active lesson plans. Further, 
not being able to communicate with an instructor or ask questions when 
unsure of a program or topic discourages students and furthers the 
achievement gap. Finally, if a teacher is not able to engage with their 
students and provide formative assessments, their learning progression 
can be hindered, which can result in students not achieving the 
educational outcomes and goals for the day. Four months of this or more 
will widen the achievement gap and have a negative effect on our 
students and their futures.

    Question 3. The CARES Act provided $153 million for BIE schools. Is 
this funding enough to meet the needs of Native students?

    Answer. Simply put, no. A significant investment in emergency 
funding is needed for the BIE system. On July 24, 2020, 21 national and 
regional tribal organizations requested at least $1.5 billion in direct 
funding to BIE funded schools to meet the health, safety, and 
educational needs of students due to the impacts of COVID-19. This 
funding would go toward purchasing education technology hardware, 
software, and connectivity; prevention and response efforts related to 
COVID; providing mental health services and services specific to the 
unique needs of AI/AN students; hiring additional IT staff; increased 
transportation to allow students to social distance on buses; and 
cleaning and sanitizing school facilities. This does not include the 
cost of maintenance and repair to BIE school facilities that would 
allow students and staff to abide by CDC guidance

                  Questions Submitted by Rep. Grijalva
    Question 1. We have reviewed reporting by the GAO and the 
Department of the Interior's Office of Inspector General indicating 
that BIE facilities are currently in subpar conditions and do not meet 
health and safety standards.

    1a. Can you share your concerns about BIE school facilities, in 
subpar conditions, meeting the CDC's guidelines to safely reopen 
schools?

    Answer. Prior to the pandemic, the Department of the Interior 
recently identified $629 million in deferred maintenance for BIE funded 
education facilities and $86 million in deferred maintenance for BIE 
educational quarters. These maintenance needs include utility systems 
such as portable water wells, water treatment plans, and water storage 
tanks. It is impossible for AI/AN students to abide by CDC's sanitation 
and hygiene standards in response to COVID-19 without the necessary 
water and sanitation infrastructure at our BIE schools. Due to the 
large amount of deferred maintenance, Indian Country has concerns on 
BIE schools meeting CDC's guidelines to reopen schools safely.
    Additionally, before the pandemic, it was common for BIE classrooms 
to have to close for up to 2 weeks due to the presence of dangerous 
mold, unsafe roofs, and HVAC system failures, which all resulted in 
pre-pandemic lost instruction during the academic year. Kindergarten 
students alone have been displaced from their regular classrooms for 3 
years at some schools.

                                 ______
                                 

    Mr. Gallego. Thank you, Honorable Joe Garcia. Thank you for 
your testimony.
    The Chair now recognizes Mr. Lance Witte.
    Did I pronounce that correctly, Mr. Witte?
    Mr. Witte. Yes, that is correct.
    Mr. Gallego. OK. Mr. Lance Witte, the Superintendent and 
high school principal for the Lower Brule Schools in South 
Dakota.

 STATEMENT OF LANCE WITTE, SUPERINTENDENT AND PRINCIPAL, LOWER 
            BRULE SCHOOLS, LOWER BRULE, SOUTH DAKOTA

    Mr. Witte. Chairman Gallego, Ranking Member Stauber, 
honorable members of this Subcommittee, thank you for the 
opportunity to testify on behalf of Lower Brule Schools and the 
Lower Brule Sioux Tribe, both located in central South Dakota.
    I serve as Superintendent of Lower Brule Schools, and my 
testimony today focuses on the challenges we face because of 
COVID-19. Specifically, my testimony is about the Bureau of 
Indian Education's school re-opening guidance and how COVID-19 
intensifies our existing funding shortfalls.
    In 1868, the Fort Laramie Treaty was signed between 
representatives of the Lakota Nation and the United States. 
This treaty established the Federal Government's role and 
commitment to best promote the education of Lakota youth by 
providing teachers, schools, and educational funding.
    Our school serves students in one of the most rural and 
impoverished communities in the United States. The reservation 
covers more than 400 square miles, and 99 percent of our 
students are economically disadvantaged.
    The primary source of funding for our schools is the Indian 
School Equalization Program, or ISEP. These funds, according to 
the Bureau's own documentation, are designed for education 
related programs, such as staff salaries and benefits, 
classroom supplies, textbooks, gifted and talented programming, 
and extracurricular activities. Unfortunately, ISEP is not 
sufficient.
    ISEP dollars must be used to close gaps in other federally-
funded programs like transportation, food service, special 
education, and facilities construction and maintenance.
    Like many schools, businesses, and governments throughout 
America, COVID-19 has severely impacted our budget. 
Unfortunately, this pandemic-related impact merely compounds 
the annual funding crisis we face because of Federal under-
funding.
    The Lower Brule Sioux Tribe received Federal coronavirus 
relief funds from the CARES Act and distributed a portion of 
these funds to Lower Brule Schools. We are grateful to have 
received these funds that can help us provide technology to 
students, purchase personal protective equipment, and build out 
a wireless internet network so that our students can access 
their course work from home.
    This year, to ensure the health and safety of our students 
and staff, we decided to start school online. One reason we 
decided not to re-open our campus was that South Dakota has the 
most rapidly increasing rate of COVID-19 spread in the nation, 
rising 55 percent in the last 2 weeks alone.
    In part, we also decided to start the year with online 
learning because of the lack of clear communication from the 
BIE about CARES Act funding. When the CARES Act became law in 
March, we were grateful that it included tribal set-asides and 
increased funding for the BIE. But as the school's leadership 
team began crafting plans to resume school, we struggled with 
the lack of Federal guidance about this funding.
    While our school was provided a tentative funding 
projection, no timeline was provided on when these funds would 
be available for us to use. It was only on June 29, 2020, that 
these BIE funds were deposited into our school's account, just 
a few weeks before the start of the school year.
    This delayed funding meant that we had to postpone the 
start of our school year by 3 weeks.
    As we reshuffle our Federal funding to meet immediate 
needs, the educational equity gap between our students and 
their non-Native peers in non-tribal schools only grows. In 
South Dakota, the Native American student proficiency rate on 
standardized math, English, and science assessments are less 
than half of the statewide average.
    In testimony before the Senate Committee on Indian Affairs 
on July 29, BIE Director Tony Dearman said that it is the BIE's 
firm belief that students succeed when at school. Students 
learn and grow while attending school during in-person academic 
instruction.
    Lower Brule Schools entirely agrees with Mr. Dearman's view 
on school re-opening and agrees with Federal policy makers that 
a return to in-person learning is good for students.
    But as the BIE develops and implements its re-opening 
plans, we ask that they keep in mind that Federal funding 
directly impacts our ability to welcome students back to 
campus.
    Funds provided to tribal grant schools need not only to be 
adequate but provided in a timely manner. Delayed funding is 
unfortunately not new to us, but we hope that this will change. 
For example, our school submitted all of its necessary 
documents for Title I funding in the fall of 2019 only to 
receive these Title I funds on March 20, 2020, after school had 
closed for COVID-19.
    One hundred and fifty years after the Fort Laramie Treaty 
was signed, our tribe and school continue to pursue an 
education that best promotes the education of our students. 
Underfunding of the Indian School Equalization Program and 
other BIE programs does not help.
    Congress' trust responsibility to our school is not altered 
because of COVID-19, and we ask for sufficient and timely 
fiscal relief from our Federal partners so that we can pursue a 
safe re-opening of our campus.
    Thank you for your time and the opportunity to testify 
about these important issues.

    [The prepared statement of Mr. Witte follows:]
     Prepared Statement of Lance Witte, Ed. S. Lower Brule Schools 
  Superintendent on behalf of Lower Brule Schools and the Lower Brule 
                              Sioux Tribe
    Chairman Gallego, Ranking Member Cook, and honorable members of 
this Subcommittee: thank you for the opportunity to testify on behalf 
of Lower Brule Schools and the Lower Brule Sioux Tribe, both located in 
central South Dakota. I serve as the superintendent of Lower Brule 
Schools, and my testimony today focuses on the challenges we face 
because of COVID-19. Specifically, my testimony is about the Bureau of 
Indian Education's (BIE) school reopening guidance and how COVID-19 
exacerbates our existing funding shortfalls.
    In 1868, the Fort Laramie Treaty was signed between representatives 
of the Lakota Nation and the United States. This treaty established the 
Federal Government's role and commitment to ``best promote the 
education'' of Lakota youth by providing teachers, schools, and 
educational funding.
    Our school serves students in one of the most rural and 
impoverished communities in the United States; the reservation covers 
more than 400 square miles and 99 percent of our students are 
economically disadvantaged. The primary source of funding for our 
school, the Indian School Equalization Program, or ISEP, provides a 
per-pupil allocation to Bureau of Indian Education-funded grant schools 
for general operating expenditures. These funds, according to the 
Bureau's own documentation, are designed for education-related 
programming, such as staff salaries and benefits, classroom supplies, 
textbooks, gifted and talented programming, and extracurricular 
activities. Unfortunately, ISEP funding is not sufficient to operate 
our school well.
    One reason for this is that ISEP dollars often must be used to 
close gaps in other federally-funded programs, like transportation, 
food service, special education, and facilities construction and 
maintenance. Draining ISEP funds for needed expenses in other areas 
leaves us with less money to pay teachers and invest in student 
programming.
    Like many schools, businesses, and governments throughout America, 
COVID-19 has severely impacted our budget. Unfortunately, this 
pandemic-related impact merely compounds the annual funding crisis we 
face because of Federal underfunding. The Lower Brule Sioux Tribe 
received Federal Coronavirus Relief Funds (CRF) from the CARES Act 
(P.L. 116-136) and distributed a portion of these funds to Lower Brule 
Schools. We are grateful to have received these funds that can help us 
provide technology to students, purchase personal protective equipment, 
and build out a wireless internet network so that our students can 
access their coursework at home. But to put this in perspective, these 
CRF funds do not even cover the existing Federal funding shortfall our 
school has faced since 2018.
    As I speak with tribal school leaders across South Dakota and 
nationwide, it is clear that many of us are in a similar position: Our 
schools are forced to use Federal funds intended for educational 
programming for other essential needs, often simply to keep our aging 
school facilities open. As we reshuffle our Federal funding to meet 
immediate needs, the educational equity gap between our students and 
their non-Native peers in non-tribal schools only grows. In South 
Dakota, the Native American student proficiency rate on standardized 
math, English, and science assessments is less than half of the 
statewide average.
    This year, to ensure the health and safety of our students and 
staff, we decided to start school online. One reason we decided to not 
reopen our campus was because South Dakota has the most rapidly 
increasing rate of COVID-19 spread in the nation, rising 55 percent in 
the last 2 weeks alone.\1\ In part, we also decided to start the year 
with online learning because of a lack of clear communication from the 
BIE about CARES Act funding. When the CARES Act became law in March, we 
were grateful that it included tribal set-asides and increased funding 
for the BIE. But as our school's leadership team began crafting plans 
to resume school, we struggled with a lack of Federal guidance about 
this funding. While our school was provided a tentative funding 
projection, no timeline was provided about when these funds would be 
made available for us to use. Without knowing the confirmed funding 
amounts, we could not adequately prepare for the start of school--we 
did not have the information we needed to properly budget funds for 
personal protective equipment, cleaning supplies, laptop computers for 
in-home learning, or mobile hotspots, for example.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    \1\ National Public Radio (NPR), September 8, 2020. ``Coronavirus 
Maps: How Severe Is Your State's Outbreak?''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    It was only on June 29, 2020, that BIE funds were deposited into 
our school's account, just a couple weeks before the start of school. 
This delayed funding meant that we had to postpone the start of our 
school year by 3 weeks.
    In testimony before the Senate Committee on Indian Affairs on July 
29, BIE Director Tony Dearman said that ``it is BIE's firm belief that 
students succeed when at school. Students learn and grow while 
attending school during in-person academic instruction.'' Lower Brule 
Schools entirely agrees with Mr. Dearman's view on school reopening and 
agrees with Federal policymakers that a return to in-person learning is 
good for students.
    But as the BIE develops and implements its reopening plans, we ask 
that it keep in mind that Federal funding directly impacts our ability 
to welcome students back to campus. Funds provided to tribal grant 
schools need not only be adequate, but provided in a timely manner. 
(Delayed funding is unfortunately not new to us, but we hope that this 
will change; for example, our school submitted its all necessary 
documents for Title I funding in the fall of 2019, only to receive 
these Title I funds on March 20, 2020, after the school had closed due 
to COVID-19.
    150 years after the Fort Laramie Treaty was signed, our tribe and 
school continue to pursue an education that ``best promotes the 
education'' of our students. Underfunding of the Indian School 
Equalization Program and other BIE programs does not help. Congress's 
trust responsibility to our school is not altered because of COVID-19, 
and we ask for sufficient and timely fiscal relief from our Federal 
partners so we can pursue the safe re-opening of our campus.
    Thank you for your time and the opportunity to testify about these 
important issues.

                                 ______
                                 

  Questions Submitted for the Record to Mr. Lance Witte, Lower Brule 
                         Schools Superintendent
                  Questions Submitted by Rep. Gallego
    Question 1. What written guidance or other communication, if any, 
did you receive from BIE last spring and/or over the summer regarding 
the reopening plans for the upcoming school year?

    Answer. The BIE sent out sample surveys for parents in July. We 
utilized those surveys with our parents to collect data. After that, no 
guidance for the school opening was sent out until late August. We used 
information from parent surveys, CDC, South Dakota Department of 
Health, South Department of Education, and other school districts 
around the state to develop our Return to Learn Plan. Our Return to 
Learn Plan was approved on August 5 by the Lower Brule Tribal Council. 
We were asked to send the Return to Learn Plan to the BIE, and we met 
their request. We then told on September 4 that the BIE was evaluating 
our Return to Learn Plan with a rubric that we were never provided. On 
September 15, we received the feedback on Return to Learn Plan and were 
asked to make adjustments based on the feedback. We modified our Plan 
in a couple of days as directed. Finally, we received an email from Dr. 
Tsosie, BIE Minneapolis, before we were able to send the modifications 
that they approved the Plan without modifications.

                                 ______
                                 

    Mr. Gallego. Thank you, Mr. Witte.
    The Chair now recognizes Ms. Sue Parton, the President of 
the Federation of Indian Service Employees.

   STATEMENT OF SUE PARTON, PRESIDENT, FEDERATION OF INDIAN 
                       SERVICE EMPLOYEES

    Ms. Parton. Good afternoon, Chairman Grijalva, Subcommittee 
Chairman Gallego, Ranking Member Stauber, and distinguished 
members of the Subcommittee.
    My name is Lahoma Sue Parton. I am a member of the Kiowa 
Tribe of Oklahoma. I am president of the Federation of Indian 
Service Employees, affiliated with the American Federation of 
Teachers. FISE represents 6,700 employees at 350 work sites in 
22 states run by the Bureau of Indian Affairs, the Bureau of 
Indian Education, the Office of Special Trustee for American 
Indians, and the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Indian 
Affairs under the Department of the Interior.
    The coronavirus has hit Native American communities 
especially hard, and misinformation or no information has 
complicated the lives and careers of our members.
    On March 16 and 17, all Bureau-operated schools were shut 
down and boarding schools were directed to send students home, 
but employees were directed to continue to report for duty.
    Employees were eventually directed to shelter in place and 
initially placed on weather safety leave. They were ultimately 
directed to telework, yet they were not provided with training 
nor equipment to telework. Many lived in rural areas with 
little or no broadband or internet access.
    At the end of April, FISE received a draft of the BIE 
School Re-opening Plan. We requested and were granted the 
opportunity to participate in the re-opening plan.
    The first meeting of the BIE Re-opening Task Force met by 
conference call on May 22. However, all subsequent meetings 
were canceled.
    On June 12, I received an e-mail from BIE stating that the 
task force would not be reconvened.
    On June 24, the BIA sent out an e-mail to the employees 
stating, ``Your BIE e-mail is scheduled to migrate this 
evening.''
    The new software required users to have a DOI-issued 
personal identity verification card and card reader, which the 
majority of BIE employees did not have and could not acquire 
due to the closings of the credentialing centers.
    The BIE employees were immediately put in the position 
where they could not receive information from the union or 
communication from their supervisors since they could not 
access the government e-mail. This situation continues to 
affect about 1,000 BIE contract educators today.
    In late June, the BIE School Re-opening Plan was published 
for comment in the Federal Register with the announcement of 
public and tribal comment sessions to be presented virtually. I 
sent the union's comments to the BIE per instructions for 
publication, but it was sent back to the BIE Employee Labor 
Relations Office to address the concerns and questions.
    The union then submitted our proposal on the re-opening 
plan, which was also ignored.
    Throughout July, FISE made numerous attempts to communicate 
with BIE. We were forwarded guidance from BIE's Human Resources 
Office, from the DOI, Indian Affairs, BIE, state government and 
tribal government, which may or may not have been applicable to 
all four agencies that we represent. It was confusing and 
difficult to decipher.
    At the end of July, we were informed by BIE that there was 
a glitch causing unemployment applications to be denied to 
contract educators. BIE devised a work-around where employees 
would have to submit several documents on an individual basis 
to apply for retroactive benefits.
    Many employees lacked internet access to these submissions 
except at their work sites, which they cannot reach due to the 
pandemic.
    Throughout the summer, we requested information on the 
teaching method and distance learning plans the BIE would be 
offering so we could notify employees and help to ensure a safe 
and productive working environment. It is now 4 work days 
before the re-opening date, and we have not received any 
decision. The most recent version of the BIE re-opening plan, 
``Return to Learn,'' simply states that BIE prefers to offer 
in-person teaching to the extent possible.
    About 80 percent of our members are affiliated with a 
Native American tribe and traditionally live in 
multigenerational homes, amplifying concerns about spreading 
the virus to their family members. The majority of Native 
Americans depend on Indian Health Service for health care, 
which is underfunded by BIE. Our tribal nations have already 
been decimated.
    FISE believes schools must re-open but must do so safely. 
We must follow available science and public health guidance and 
the expertise of educators and health practitioners.
    As we see across the country, premature return to normal 
activity without proper precautions risks infection surges and 
new shutdowns, harming our communities and our economy.
    As to the ``Return to Learn'' plan, safety measures are 
only recommendations, not directives. There are several times 
where the guidance equivocates, such as ``when feasible,'' ``if 
possible,'' ``within reason,'' or ``to the extent practicable'' 
when referring to safe measures like social distancing, face 
coverings, or other PPE.
    I want to be clear that what we want is an opportunity to 
truly collaborate with BIE. Our members have the right to a 
workplace with adequate infection control practices and PPE, 
and our labor laws obligate employers to discuss these matters.
    We want a solution-driven dialogue with employers that will 
ensure staff and students are safe.
    Thank you for this opportunity.

    [The prepared statement of Ms. Parton follows:]
   Prepared Statement of Sue Parton, President, Federation of Indian 
                           Service Employees
    Good afternoon, Chairman Gallego, Ranking Member Cook and 
distinguished members of the Subcommittee.
    My name is Lahoma Sue Parton, and I am a member of the Kiowa Tribe 
of Oklahoma. I currently serve as the president of the Federation of 
Indian Service Employees, affiliated with the American Federation of 
Teachers. FISE is headquartered in Albuquerque, NM, where I have worked 
and resided for the past 44 years. FISE represents about 6,700 
employees in the Bureau of Indian Affairs, the Bureau of Indian 
Education, the Office of the Special Trustee for American Indians and 
the Office of the Assistant Secretary-Indian Affairs, under the 
Department of Interior, who work at about 350 work sites located in 22 
states.
    FISE represents 2,817 BIE bargaining unit employees who work at 55 
bureau-operated schools and offices located in 10 different states. 
Currently, 2,281 of our members work in schools located in Arizona and 
New Mexico. The coronavirus has hit Native American communities 
especially hard, particularly in how it has affected BIE-operated 
schools and how misinformation, or no information, from BIE/DOI 
management has complicated the lives and careers of our members.
    Although I became aware in January, through news reports, of COVID-
19's devastating impact on a Washington state nursing home, I was not 
yet aware of its potential to become a pandemic that would affect us 
all. It was not I received an email at the end of January from the AFT, 
with guidance and resources regarding preparing for and taking 
precautions against a possible airborne viral pandemic, that I realized 
the implications of the coronavirus. About the same time, I received 
inquiries from some OST members who had questions as to why they were 
being advised to take home their laptop computers, just in case.
    In early March, I was notified that my Federal supervisor had 
attended a conference in Washington state and was told to quarantine 
for 14 days upon her return to Albuquerque. In mid-March, when the 
governors of New Mexico and Oregon shut down their public schools, many 
BIE schools were on spring breaks, so we were inundated with inquiries 
from employees as to what BIE was going to do. On March 16 and 17, all 
bureau-operated schools were shut down and boarding schools were 
directed to send students home, but employees were directed to continue 
to report for duty. This raised many questions, but BIE did not provide 
consistent answers. Employees were eventually directed to ``shelter in 
place,'' being initially placed on weather/safety leave provided 
through guidance from DOI/BIE. They were ultimately directed to 
telework, allowing them to fulfill their school year contracts. While 
this is the status of the majority of our BIE employees, employees were 
not provided with training or equipment to telework, and they lived in 
rural areas that had little or no broadband or internet access.
    On March 18, after numerous unsuccessful attempts to get decisive, 
consistent guidance from BIE/DOI and an increase in inquiries from 
worried employees, I sent out an email to our entire bargaining unit to 
inform them that their union was pursuing every avenue to advocate for 
them and get answers to their concerns. This correspondence was sent 
through the government email system, per the collective bargaining 
agreement. I was censured by the Bureau of Indian Affairs for doing so.
    In early April, management offered paid leave under the Family 
First Coronavirus Response Act, as a way for employees to remain on 
telework or to care for themselves and family members, but the 
administration of these leave policies were often misinterpreted and 
applied inconsistently throughout BIE. Once the decision was made for 
bureau-operated schools to remain closed through the end of the school 
year, the Employee Performance Appraisal Plan closeout issue was 
negotiated to fairly rate employees, which would affect their next 
year's contract.
    At the end of April, FISE received a draft of the BIE School 
Reopening Plan. As the exclusive representative of the employees, we 
requested and were granted the opportunity to participate in the 
reopening plan. The first meeting of the BIE Reopening Task Force met 
by conference call on May 22, however all subsequent meetings were 
canceled. On July 12, I received an email from BIE stating that the 
task force would not be reconvened. The reason given was to allow the 
BIE to align the reopening plan with the administration's ``Opening Up 
America Again'' guidelines.
    To exacerbate the situation, on June 24, the BIA Office of 
Information Management Technology, which controls the BIE email system, 
sent out an email to employees stating, ``Your BIE email is scheduled 
to migrate THIS evening.'' The BIE was migrating to Office 365, which 
required users to have a DOI-issued personal identity verification 
(PIV) card and card reader, which the majority of BIE employees, who 
were mostly on their summer furlough, did not have and could not 
acquire, due to the closures of credentialing centers. The BIE 
employees were immediately put in a position where they could not 
receive information from the union or directives and communication from 
their supervisors, since they could not access their government email. 
The situation continues to affect about 1,000 BIE contract educators 
today. The union was not notified of this change in employees' working 
conditions, which would have allowed the employees to bargain over the 
impact and implementation of the change, so a grievance was filed. We 
have been informed that our grievance has been upheld, but we have not 
yet received the relief we are seeking.
    In late June, the BIE School Reopening Plan was published for 
comment in the Federal Register, with announcement of public and tribal 
consultation/comments sessions to be presented virtually. I sent the 
union's comments to the BIE per instructions for publication, but it 
was sent back to the BIE ER/LR office to address the concerns and 
questions. The union then submitted our proposal on the reopening plan, 
which was obviously ignored.
    Throughout July, FISE made numerous attempts to communicate with 
BIE regarding the reopening plans and types of instruction, email 
issues, concrete information on types of leave for employees, and 
specific concerns for the bureau-operated schools that have residential 
operations, including the four off-reservation boarding schools located 
in Oregon, California, South Dakota and Oklahoma. We received only 
guidance provided to us by BIE's Human Resources office, from DOI, 
Indian Affairs, BIE, state governments and tribal governments, which 
may or may not be applicable to all four agencies we represent. It was 
confusing and proved difficult to decipher.
    At the end of July, we were informed by BIE HR that there was a 
problem with contract educators who normally receive unemployment 
during their furlough, because of a glitch causing unemployment 
applications to be denied. We learned that BIE sends personnel 
information to the Interior Business Center (payroll office), who sends 
the information to its processing contractor, Equifax, who sends it to 
various states' Labor departments for unemployment eligibility 
information for benefits. There was a problem with the transfer of 
information from IBC to Equifax, so employees did not receive 
unemployment benefits. BIE HR devised a ``workaround'' where individual 
employees would have to submit several documents on an individual basis 
to apply for retroactive benefits. I'm not sure if this has been 
resolved, but I doubt that it has, with the lack of internet access for 
most employees, except at their work sites, which they could not reach 
due to the pandemic.
    Throughout the summer, we have requested a list of all of the BOS 
schools and what type of teaching they will be offering their students, 
so we can notify employees and ``impact and implementation'' bargain 
over any part of the plan to ensure a safe and productive working 
environment. It is now 4 work days before the reopening date, and we 
have not received any decision, other than the most recent version of 
the BIE reopening plan, ``Return to Learn,'' which still states that 
BIE prefers to offer in-person teaching ``to the extent possible.'' 
This leaves the decision on how to reopen schools on September 16 up to 
each individual school working with the BIE associate deputy director 
for their schools, adhering to any tribal government directives and the 
guidelines provided by their state governors and their local health 
officials.
    About 80 percent of our members are affiliated with a Native 
American tribe and traditionally live in multigenerational homes, which 
accelerates their concerns about contracting the virus and spreading it 
to members of their families, particularly the elderly with many 
underlying health conditions. The majority of Native Americans depend 
on Indian Health Service to provide their healthcare, which is as 
vastly underfunded as BIE. Having a personal computing device and a 
vehicle is often a luxury for many Native families.
    FISE believes schools must reopen, but must do so safely. We must 
follow available science and public health guidance and the expertise 
of educators and health practitioners. As we are seeing across the 
country, premature return to ``normal'' activity without proper 
precautions risks infection surges and new shutdowns, which harms our 
communities and our economy.

    Based on what is currently known about the disease and its spread, 
there are two essential components each community and our Nation as a 
whole must commit to. These are imperative and should be considered 
non-negotiable, and they are preconditions for opening school 
buildings.

  1.  Physical distancing until the number of new cases declines for at 
            least 14 consecutive days in a given region.

  2.  A robust public health infrastructure with the capacity for 
            effective disease surveillance, tracing, isolation of those 
            infected and quarantine.

    The best way to keep students and staff in school is to ensure that 
community transmission is under control. However, getting students to 
and from school, and what happens in schools, are just as important.
    As to the ``Return to Learn'' plan, non-negotiable safety measures 
are recommendations, not directives. There are several spaces where the 
guidelines are worded in equivocating language, such as ``when 
feasible,'' ``if possible,'' ``within reason'' or ``to the extent 
practicable,'' when referring to safety measures such as social 
distancing, face coverings and other PPE. Our tribal nations have 
already been decimated. I want to be clear that we are not calling for 
an overhaul of the BIE. To the contrary, we acknowledge that the BIE 
has the right intentions, and we support its mission 100 percent. What 
we want is an opportunity to truly collaborate with the agency and to 
be heard.
    We share the BIE's goal of educational excellence and equity for 
Native students--to ensure that they are able to meet the same 
challenging college- and career-ready standards required of all 
students. It was encouraging to see that the plan aspires to meet the 
academic, health and social needs of our Native children.
    In conclusion, I would like to say that our members have the right 
to a workplace with adequate infection-control practices and PPE to 
keep them safe from exposure to hazards like COVID-19, and our labor 
laws obligate employers to discuss these matters. As a union, we can 
engage in a solution-driven dialogue with employers that will ensure 
staff and students are protected from COVID-19 exposure in the 
workplace.
    Thank you for this opportunity.

                                 ______
                                 

   Questions Submitted for the Record to Ms. Sue Parton, President, 
                 Federation of Indian Service Employees
                  Questions Submitted by Rep. Gallego
    Question 1. In its letter to Tribal leaders, the BIE said that 
``educators will receive professional development which supports them 
being effective instructional leaders in a COVID-19 environment.'' To 
your knowledge, have teachers received that training?

    Answer. In a request the union sent to BIE on August 10 and again 
on August 25, we asked for information as to what type of teaching each 
of the BIE schools would have. Normally, that would be done through an 
official notification outlining how the affected educators would be 
impacted, what the provision for the selected type of teaching would 
entail and how management would meet the requirements for that type of 
instruction. Then, we would work with employees and management to 
ensure that all safety measures would be provided to accommodate those 
needs. However, since we have not yet received that information for all 
schools, I can only respond that a few schools I do know of have 
provided professional development to the educational staff. But, I 
cannot verify that is the case for ALL BIE operated schools.

    Question 2. In June, you mentioned that BIA's Office of Information 
Management Technology reached out to BIE staff regarding the BIE e-mail 
system and that there were issues with BIE employees receiving 
information about their contracts.

    2a. Since you were not notified of the change in working conditions 
for employees, does this mean that the bargaining period for BIE 
employees has ended?

    Answer. The change was made without prior notice to the union, and 
the union has still not received official notice of the change, in 
violation of the CBA. Consequently, it is the union's position that it 
may still conduct I&I bargaining once (if) the official notice is ever 
provided. Not if management complies with the relief we are seeking in 
the grievance filed on June 26. The reason this change was so 
disruptive is because it required that employees have a card reader 
attached to their computers in order to access their e-mail accounts. 
With the vast majority of employees working from home, card readers 
were not issued for their home use, which meant none of these employees 
could access their e-mail accounts remotely, and that impacted their 
ability to obtain information about their contracts and other work-
related information.

    2b. What relief were you seeking for the grievance?

    Answer. To rescind the decision to implement card readers and 
Office 365, and instead return to the former BIE e-mail system. We 
further requested that once the decision is made to move forward with 
the new system, to officially notify the union, afford for I&I 
bargaining, then go from there. This has caused a lot of undue 
confusion, stress and anxiety in a time when there's plenty already for 
our employees.

    2c. Roughly how many BIE employees continue to be impacted by this 
technology delay?

    Answer. About 1,000 at this time.

                                 ______
                                 

    Mr. Gallego. Thank you, Ms. Parton. I apologize if I 
mispronounced your name earlier.
    And thank you to all the witnesses for their testimony.
    The Chair now recognizes Ms. Therese Yanan, the Executive 
Director for the Native American Disability Law Center.
    Thank you, Ms. Yanan.

 STATEMENT OF THERESE YANAN, EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR AND ATTORNEY, 
             NATIVE AMERICAN DISABILITY LAW CENTER

    Ms. Yanan. Thank you, Chairman Gallego.
    Chairman Gallego, Ranking Member Stauber, members of the 
Committee, thank you for the opportunity to speak with you 
today.
    The Native American Disability Law Center is a private non-
profit that addresses the unique legal issues facing Native 
Americans with disabilities and is a part of the Federal 
Protection and Advocacy System, a nationwide system dedicated 
to promoting the rights of people with disabilities.
    For over 25 years, I have had the pleasure and privilege of 
working with the various tribal communities of the Four Corners 
region, primarily the Navajo Nation and Hopi Tribe.
    Since its inception in 1994, a primary focus of the Law 
Center's services and a major concern of our community has been 
the education of Native American children with disabilities, 
especially those attending BIE schools.
    The BIE's current obligation to meet the educational needs 
of its students, including those with disabilities is rooted in 
its trust responsibility to tribes and under Federal law. For 
approximately 6,000 Native American students with disabilities, 
the Bureau must comply with the requirements of the Individuals 
with Disabilities Education Act, known as the IDEA.
    As an agency, the Bureau struggles to meet the needs of 
students with disabilities attending its schools. A series of 
GAO and IG reports and the Department of Education corrective 
action plans documents the Bureau's inability to meet even the 
basic educational needs of students with disabilities.
    For 9 consecutive years, the Department of Education has 
found the Bureau needs intervention based on its repeated 
failure to comply with corrective action plans to properly 
implement the IDEA. The Bureau's long-standing inability to 
comply with the IDEA made education for Native American 
students with disabilities attending their schools challenging 
under the best of circumstances.
    Then the pandemic hit. While state education agencies were 
issuing guidance to school districts concerning the provision 
of educational services, families of students in BIE schools 
were left in the dark. Schools shut their doors with no 
communication to students with disabilities about how their 
services would be provided.
    Beginning in April and continuing through June, the Law 
Center checked in with clients in Bureau schools across the 
Four Corners region. One parent was contacted by a school 
counselor who had been counseling her son and told that the 
school terminated his contract.
    A speech language therapist in another school was told to 
stop providing services even though she could do so remotely.
    Some parents were provided packets of work for their 
children, but they were often either far above or below the 
child's grade level.
    Across the board, these families were clear that their 
children were not receiving any meaningful education or 
services.
    In July, when the Bureau held listening sessions on the 
topic of a school re-opening plan, stakeholders expressed 
concern about re-opening too early in areas with high COVID 
rates, not having reliable technology to support distance 
learning, and the lack of training for staff on how to educate 
students in remote learning environments.
    Despite this input, the Bureau issued a letter on August 6 
suggesting that all schools return to in-person learning as 
soon as possible. The letter referenced the ``Return to Learn'' 
plan which provides little substantive guidance on the actual 
re-opening of schools for the current school year.
    While the clear goal of the Bureau is for students to 
return to in-person learning as soon as possible, the plan 
includes two other alternatives. One is internet-based 
learning.
    The other is an alternative education program for students 
without technology or connectivity. The plan instructs schools 
that they must provide students with disabilities all services 
identified in their IEPs, regardless of which option they 
choose.
    The Law Center has significant concerns with these options. 
First, with such a heavy focus on return to in-person learning, 
the Bureau failed to construct effective internet-based 
educational services. Many students in Bureau schools lack the 
technology or reliable internet necessary to fully participate 
in an online learning platform.
    Further, by giving schools the choice of providing an 
alternative program to families who do not have access to 
technology, the Bureau is contributing to the already existing 
inequities facing tribal communities.
    Additionally, the plan fails to provide guidance on how 
special education services will fit into the alternative 
program or how students would be connected with service 
providers.
    Recent outreach revealed that schools have not been in 
contact with families, leaving them unsure of what the current 
school year looks like. Many families are afraid to return 
their children to school for in-person learning. Students 
should not be forced to return to school because the Bureau 
failed to provide a viable distance learning option.
    The Bureau must take immediate steps to address the needs 
of students with disabilities by developing a more robust and 
comprehensive distance learning plan that provides clear 
guidance on meeting the educational needs of students with 
disabilities.
    We appreciate the Subcommittee's interest in the issues 
facing Native American students with disabilities.
    Thank you for your time today.

    [The prepare statement of Ms. Yanan follows:]
Prepared Statement of Therese E. Yanan, Native American Disability Law 
                                 Center
    Chairman Gallego, Ranking Member Cook, members of the Subcommittee: 
thank you for the opportunity to testify today regarding reopening 
schools funded and operated by the Bureau of Indian Education. My name 
is Therese Yanan and I am an attorney and the Executive Director of the 
Native American Disability Law Center.
                      introduction and background
    The Native American Disability Law Center (Law Center) is a private 
non-profit legal organization that serves Native Americans with 
disabilities in the Four Corners region of Arizona, Colorado, New 
Mexico and Utah. The Law Center's mission is to advocate so that the 
rights of our clients are enforced, strengthened, and brought in 
harmony with their communities. With offices in Farmington, New Mexico 
and Flagstaff, Arizona, our advocates work to ensure that Native 
Americans with disabilities have access to justice and are empowered 
and equal members of their communities and nations. The issues we 
address include civil rights, special education, health care, and 
access to public and private services. Our staff investigate abuse and 
neglect in care facilities, and provide rights-based training for 
people with disabilities, their families, educators and service 
providers.
    The Law Center is a part of the Federal Protection and Advocacy 
(P&A) System, which is a nationwide system of legal organizations 
dedicated to promoting and protecting the rights of people with 
disabilities living in every state and U.S. territory. The Law Center 
is the only P&A that is dedicated to meeting the unique needs of Native 
Americans with disabilities. While we focus our direct services in the 
Four Corners, as national leaders in the field, the Law Center 
routinely consults with other legal organizations, including in the 
national P&A network, to address the legal issues facing Native 
Americans with disabilities. The Law Center is often invited to speak 
at regional and national disability rights conferences. In 2019, the 
Law Center was recognized as the organizational recipient of the annual 
National Disability Rights Network Advocacy Award for its efforts to 
address the educational needs of Native American students with 
disabilities attending a BIE school.
    For over 25 years, I have had the pleasure and privilege of working 
with the various tribal communities of the Four Corners, primarily the 
Navajo Nation and Hopi Tribe. Since its inception in 1994, a primary 
focus of the Law Center's services and a major concern of our community 
has been the education of Native American children with disabilities.
    The Law Center addresses the special education needs of Native 
American students with disabilities in the Arizona, New Mexico, 
Colorado and Utah public school systems and the Federal Bureau of 
Indian Education (BIE) system. The Law Center provides services that 
can include informal advocacy, technical assistance, and legal 
representation to its clients. The Law Center has been working to 
address the unique legal issues facing Native American students with 
disabilities attending BIE schools for 25 years including in the 
seminal education civil rights cases Bitsilly v. Bureau of Indian 
Affairs, 253 F. Supp.2d 1257 (D.N.M. 2003) and Stephen C. v. BIE, No. 
3:17-cv-08004-SPL (D. Ariz. 2017). The legal issues Native American 
students with disabilities face in BIE schools are often more 
complicated because of jurisdiction and tribal sovereignty issues, 
inconsistent practices across BIE schools, persistent failure to 
adequately staff schools, and a lack of formalized special education 
policies and procedures.
            history of indian education in the united states
    The history of Indian education in the United States has a painful 
past that has left a long-lasting impact on many Native American 
communities. With the passage of the Civilization Fund Act on March 3, 
1819, the U.S. Government ushered into practice forced assimilationist 
policies that led to an era often referred to as the ``Indian boarding 
school era.'' This era created boarding schools that were run by the 
Federal Government and religious officials and designed to assimilate 
Native Americans into the dominant culture. During this shameful era, 
Native American students were coerced into attending the boarding 
schools where they were stripped of their cultural practices, language, 
and appearances. The Federal Government has recognized that it was 
Federal policy to ``acculturate and assimilate'' Native American 
communities by eradicating their tribal cultures through the boarding 
school system. In 1928 the Meriam Report documented the conditions of 
the boarding school system as overcrowded, without adequate food or 
medical care, with a uniform and ineffective curriculum and low teacher 
standards, and with child labor being used to keep the schools running. 
Many may not know that for some the disruption of the boarding school 
era has not ended since many Native American students who do have a 
high school in their community attend BIE boarding schools since it is 
their only option if they want to obtain a high school diploma.
    The Indian boarding schools were originally operated by the U.S. 
Department of Interior's Bureau of Indian Affairs. This system of 
schools was later taken over by the Office of Indian Education 
Programs, which was renamed and reestablished as the BIE in 2006. The 
BIE is headed by a director, who is responsible for the direction and 
management of all education functions, including the formation of 
policies and procedures, the supervision of all program activities and 
the approval of fund expenditures appropriated for education functions.
    The BIE's current obligation to meet the educational needs of its 
students, including students with disabilities, is rooted both in its 
unique trust responsibility to tribes and Federal law. The Federal 
Government's trust responsibility to provide for the education of 
Native American students is established primarily through treaties 
between the Federal Government and tribes, but also through Federal 
statutes, court decisions and executive actions. The BIE's obligations 
to meet the educational needs of Native American students are detailed 
in the Indian Education Act, the Indian Self-Determination and 
Education Assistance Act and other numerous Federal statutes and 
regulations, such as the Every Student Succeeds Act. In its own 
regulations, the BIE has declared its mission is to provide ``quality 
education opportunities from early childhood through life in accordance 
with a tribe's needs for cultural and economic well-being, in keeping 
with the wide diversity of Indian tribes and Alaska Native villages as 
distinct cultural and governmental entities.'' In addition to funding 
and operating its own schools, the BIE is the State Education Agency 
(SEA) for tribally-controlled schools funded by the BIE, but operated 
by other tribal entities like tribal school boards or departments of 
education. Currently, there are 183 BIE-funded elementary and secondary 
schools, located on 64 reservations in 23 states serving roughly 43,000 
students, including 6,000 students with disabilities. In addition, the 
BIE funds or operates off-reservation boarding schools and dormitories 
near reservations to support students who attend public schools far 
from their homes.
    For Native American students with disabilities, the BIE must comply 
with the requirements of the Individuals with Disabilities Education 
Act (IDEA) and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act (Section 504) in 
addition to other applicable Federal education laws. The BIE has never 
promulgated its own regulations implementing the IDEA. Its IDEA 
policies and procedures have been in draft form since 2012. 
Importantly, on July 17, 2020, the BIE for the first time issued a 
national policy providing interim guidance to its operated elementary 
and secondary schools and dormitories on the ``nondiscrimination 
prohibitions based on disability found in Section 504[.]'' Prior to 
issuing this policy, the BIE had no written policy regarding its 
obligations to comply with Section 504, a provision passed in 1973.
 bie's failure to meet needs of students with disabilities and general 
                                concerns
    As an agency, the BIE struggles to meet the needs of students with 
disabilities attending its schools. Well documented in a series of U.S. 
Government Accountability Office (GAO) Reports, Inspector General 
reports, the U.S. Department of Education State IDEA Determinations and 
related communications, internal reports and corrective action plans, 
the BIE is plagued with high staff turnover, lack of staff training, 
lack of special education and related service providers, and an 
inability to properly monitor its special education program. These 
inadequacies impact the BIE's ability to meet even the basic 
educational needs of students with disabilities often resulting in 
students' being owed compensatory or ``make up'' education services.
    According to a June 2020 GAO Report, the U.S. Department of 
Education, which provides approximately $78 million annually to the BIE 
to meet the educational needs of Native American students with 
disabilities, raised significant concerns about BIE's implementation of 
IDEA including concerns about BIE's long-standing noncompliance with 
the IDEA's requirements and repeated failure to take the Department of 
Education's required corrective actions. The Report ultimately 
determined BIE was not complying with the IDEA. Troublingly, the GAO 
found that the BIE did not provide or did not account for 38 percent of 
special education and related time for students with disabilities. One 
school did not provide any service to three of its students. 
Furthermore, the BIE has not established whether and when missed 
service should be made up, which has led to inconsistent practices 
among schools.
    For 9 consecutive years, the Department of Education has found that 
the BIE ``needs intervention'' based on its repeated failure to comply 
with corrective action plans to properly implement the IDEA. Students 
attending BIE schools have the lowest outcomes of any students in the 
country.
    In practice, this means that Native American students with 
disabilities are not provided with the critical special education and 
related services they are entitled to receive in their Individual 
Education Plans (IEPs), the document that defines a student with a 
disability's education program under the IDEA. Families who avail 
themselves of the IDEA's procedural safeguards like filing informal and 
formal complaints against the BIE often wait many months or in extreme 
circumstances, years, for resolution. Many of the Law Center's clients 
do not contact the Law Center with esoteric legal issues: families 
simply want to schedule an IEP Meeting with their school and can't get 
a response, are concerned their student's IEP is not being properly 
implemented with fidelity, or want to access their student's 
educational records, which they have been denied. These issues are 
fundamental to the student's ability to learn and access his or her 
educational program and their parents' ability to fully participate in 
their child's education contrary to the clear mandates of the IDEA.
    The BIE's long-standing inability to comply with the IDEA and 
Section 504 made education advocacy for Native American students with 
disabilities attending BIE schools challenging under the best of 
circumstances. Then the pandemic hit.
                covid-19 school closure and bie response
    In March 2020, Americans began to come to grips with the fact that 
we were facing a global pandemic. By late March, many states had 
announced that schools would be closed for the remainder of the year. 
New Mexico made this decision on March 27, while Arizona followed suit 
3 days later. State Education Agencies (SEAs) began issuing guidance to 
school districts concerning the provision of educational services and, 
in particular, special education services to students with 
disabilities. The message was clear: schools must continue to provide 
students with disabilities the supports and services identified in 
their individualized education plans (IEPs). Should a school be unable 
to provide those supports and services, it must be prepared to review a 
student's progress toward goals and provide compensatory services to 
enable that student to be in a position s/he would have been if 
services had been provided. While it has not been a smooth road for 
students with disabilities in state-funded schools, there was at least 
a map to follow and a general understanding of expectations.
    Meanwhile, families of students in schools overseen by the BIE were 
left in the dark. Schools shut their doors with no communication to 
students with disabilities about how their services would be provided. 
In early April, one school sent parents a letter informing them that 
the school was closed, no education services would be provided, IEP 
meetings would be held virtually or canceled, and students with IEPs 
may be eligible for compensatory education services. Beginning in April 
and continuing through June, the Law Center checked in with clients in 
BIE schools across the Four Corners area. One parent was contacted by a 
school counselor who had been providing ongoing counseling services to 
her son. The counselor stated that his contract was terminated by the 
school. A speech language therapist in another school was told to stop 
providing services, even though she could do so remotely. Some families 
were provided with packets for their children to work on, but they were 
often either far above or below the child's grade level. Occasionally, 
a special education teacher would call to check on a student, but this 
check in was typically a cursory call to see how the student was doing. 
Across the board, the message from these families was clear: we are not 
receiving any meaningful education or services. Not only were students 
being denied educational opportunities, but Native American students 
with disabilities were left without access to critical services. During 
the pandemic, alternative services in the community were often 
inaccessible as resources were being directed toward managing an influx 
of COVID-19 cases at under-resourced health systems.
    On April 21, 2020, the Law Center, along with civil rights and 
disability rights advocates across the country, submitted a request to 
the BIE to issue guidance to its schools. This request went 
unacknowledged and unanswered.
    On April 30, 2020, the BIE held a public listening session on the 
disbursement of $153 million of CARES Act funding. Despite active 
participation and input from tribal leaders and school representatives, 
the BIE failed to publicly release any plan concerning the funding.
    The school year ended without fanfare, without grades, without 
progress reports, and without any clear direction moving forward. On 
June 11, 2020, Margo DeLaune, Acting Associate Deputy Director for the 
BIE Division of Performance and Accountability (which oversees special 
education in BIE schools) signed a ``Dear School Leader'' letter 
addressing the continued responsibility of schools under the 
Individuals with Disabilities in Education Act (IDEA). The letter 
reminded schools of their obligations to students with disabilities and 
highlighted the need for schools to assess their obligation to provide 
compensatory services during the time that school facilities have been 
closed due to COVID-19, to conduct annual evaluations, and to figure 
out how to provide extended school year (ESY) services to students if 
schools remained closed through the summer. This guidance instructed 
schools to contact families and schedule IEP meetings or provide notice 
that an IEP meeting would be scheduled in the future to discuss these 
issues. Many of our clients have not been contacted by schools 
concerning compensatory services or IEP meetings. It is unclear whether 
the BIE has provided oversight of its schools on this important 
requirement.
                          bie re-opening plan
    In July, the BIE held three listening sessions on the topic of a 
school re-opening plan. The stated purpose of these listening sessions 
was to allow stakeholders input on the needs of their individual 
schools and communities. Concerns were expressed about reopening too 
early in areas with high rates of COVID-19 transmission, not having 
reliable technology to support distance learning, lack of safe and 
reliable bus transportation, mental health needs of students, and lack 
of training for staff on how to educate students in a remote learning 
environment. While the BIE agreed to take all these comments and 
concerns under consideration, they quickly issued a letter on August 6, 
2020 suggesting that all schools return to in-person learning as soon 
as possible. The letter referenced a Return to Learn plan, which was 
located on a new BIE website: returntolearn.bie.edu. This 76-page 
document provides very little substantive guidance on the actual 
reopening of schools for the 2020-2021 school year.

    While the clear goal of the BIE is for students to return to in-
person learning as soon as possible, the plan outlines three possible 
learning environments for students:

  1.  In person for the full school day;

  2.  Distance learning through a Learning Management System (LMS); or

  3.  Alternative education programs as determined by each school 
            leader for students without capability to connect to 
            distance learning instruction.

    The plan instructs schools that they must provide students with 
disabilities all services identified in their IEPs, regardless of 
whether they choose the distance learning or alternative education 
option. There is no mention of the June 11 letter instructing schools 
on their obligations to provide compensatory education services, annual 
evaluations, or ESY. The Law Center is not aware of any BIE funded 
school that was able to provide ESY to any student. We also have 
serious concerns about whether schools have communicated with parents 
about ESY or their child's right to these services.
    The Law Center has significant concerns with the options available 
to families. First, with such a heavy focus on a return to in-person 
learning, the BIE has failed to construct an effective method of 
delivering educational services though distance learning. Many students 
in BIE schools lack the technology necessary to fully participate in an 
online learning platform. Even if they have a computer, internet 
service is often unavailable, unreliable or slow. The BIE has not 
released any plan to ensure students have adequate technology to access 
distance learning platforms or, in the case of students with 
disabilities, special education and related services. Further, by 
giving schools the choice of providing an ``alternative education 
program'' to families who do not have access to technology, the BIE is 
contributing to the already existing inequities in tribal communities. 
There is no guidance on how special education services would fit into 
the ``alternative education program'' or how students would be 
connected to service providers. The BIE assumes that in person 
education and services will be possible; however, as we see school 
reopening play out across the country, this goal seems unrealistic.
    Another concern is the BIE's statement that ``schools should assist 
families in understanding their responsibility in supporting their 
child's education in this environment.'' While families play an 
important role in a child's life both in and outside of school, they 
cannot be held responsible for their education. This is especially true 
for families of students with disabilities. Special education teachers 
receive specialized training in working with students with 
disabilities; it cannot fall on parents to provide these services in 
the home. Further, as previously mentioned, many of these students rely 
on the school for assistance with basic needs that require specialized 
knowledge and training. A parent cannot be expected to be a speech 
therapist, occupational therapist, and teacher--particularly when they 
are likely facing the additional stresses that have come with the 
pandemic and their own work responsibilities.
    Recent outreach to families revealed that schools have not been in 
contact with students with disabilities to schedule IEP meetings and 
that families are unsure of what the 2020-2021 school year will look 
like. Many families remain concerned about returning their students to 
school for in-person learning. Some, particularly on the Navajo Nation, 
have experienced loss of close family members to the virus. They should 
not be forced to send their children back to school simply because the 
BIE cannot provide a viable distance learning option.
                              action items
    We respectfully request you consider taking the following steps to 
immediately address the BIE's failure to account for and address the 
specific and unique needs of students with disabilities during the 
COVID-19 related school closures and in its Reopening Plan.
    First, the BIE should be required to create a COVID-19 Response 
Team properly staffed with the requisite educational and public health 
and safety expertise that is responsible solely for addressing the 
BIE's Reopening Plan. Specifically, this Response Team should be 
responsible for developing a clear communication plan and strategy that 
addresses the needs of both school administration and leadership and 
parents and families. For every school, there should be coordination 
between the Response Team, the School Leadership, Tribal 
representatives and parents. Given the history of Indian Education, the 
BIE should recognize the importance of building partnerships with 
tribal governments and families. These partnerships are essential to 
solving the complex problems facing these schools.
    The Response Team should have a clear communication plan with 
concrete implementation strategies for school administration and 
leadership to follow including how best to communicate with families, 
document any concerns or issues facing families and how families can 
contact the school to address them. For families, the Response Team 
must have a cogent, consistent communication plan that does not rely 
solely on the BIE's ``Return to Learn'' website in order to meet the 
needs of families who may not have access to internet, read English or 
know about the website. Further, the Response Team should create a 
system or complaint process where a specific Response Team member is 
tracking individual family issues in order to connect that family 
directly with the school to work through the issues for prompt 
resolution.
    Importantly, the Team should have an appropriate level of staffing 
to successfully ``roll out'' the Reopening Plan to all of its operated 
schools and still be available to provide technical and direct 
assistance to those schools so that Reopening Plan expectations are 
clearly communicated and issues are addressed quickly and effectively.
    Second, the BIE should develop a more robust Distance Learning 
Plan. As discussed above, the BIE's current iteration of its remote and 
distance learning plan is not comprehensive, nor does it provide clear 
guidance on how a student with a disability's educational needs will be 
served. The plan must first clearly state that distance learning must 
be made available to all students with disabilities. Further, the plan 
must clearly require that the schools provide laptops (or other 
devices) and adequate access to the internet so all students can access 
the remote learning plan. Without a more robust remote learning plan 
with clear direction that the BIE is responsible for ensuring access, 
students with disabilities will be left behind even more than they 
already have been.
    Last, the BIE should be required to demonstrate transparency and 
release publicly available information about how the BIE's CARES Act 
funds and other subsequent funding streams have been spent to date and 
how feedback from the April 20 and 28, 2020 tribal consultations and 
listening sessions was considered in that process.

    We appreciate the Subcommittee's interest in this issue. Thank you 
for allowing me to speak with you today.

                                 ______
                                 

 Questions Submitted for the Record to Therese Yanan, Native American 
                         Disability Law Center
                  Questions Submitted by Rep. Grijalva
    Question 1. Are BIE schools required under IDEA to provide eligible 
students with special education services during the COVID-19 related 
closures?

    Answer. Yes, it is clear from the guidance provided by the U.S. 
Department of Education and the BIE's own guidance it provided to its 
schools that schools must comply with the IDEA and provide students 
with services during school closures.

    1a. To what extent did schools provide these services to eligible 
students after BIE schools closed in the spring of 2020?

    Answer. Based on our contact with families, schools consistently 
failed to provide any special education or related services to students 
when they closed in the spring. Some parents reported that they 
received a call from a teacher to generally check in on how things were 
going but schools were not providing coordinated or substantive 
services or supports.

    Question 2. You mentioned that the BIE is unable to meet the basic 
educational needs of students with disabilities.

    2a. Can you expand on the issues you have identified?

    Answer. The BIE consistently fails to provide schools with 
appropriate staff, supports & services, including assistive technology 
and related services, such as speech, physical or occupational therapy 
in order to meet the needs of students with disabilities. Many schools 
under the BIE's supervision report an inability to provide related 
services due to a lack of staff. The schools frequently fail to timely 
identify and evaluate students who have suspected disabilities and fail 
to timely develop and implement Individual Education Plans (IEPs), the 
document that guides a student's educational program. The schools also 
consistently fail to constructively address students' behavior that is 
related to their disabilities, instead resorting to exclusionary 
discipline practices that improperly remove students from school.
    Additionally, the BIE lacks the infrastructure and consistent 
practice across its schools to properly document what special education 
and related services students are entitled to receive in their IEPs and 
what the students actually receive. In some instances, this 
inconsistent recordkeeping makes it virtually impossible to determine 
what service, if any, a student is provided or entitled to in 
compensatory education services. This critical issue was amplified in 
the May 2020 GAO Report where it determined the BIE was unable to fully 
account for the services students with disabilities were provided.
    Structurally, one of the major difficulties facing students with 
disabilities is the BIE's failure to finalize either regulations or 
policies to consistently implement the IDEA. The IDEA was last 
reauthorized in 2004. The BIE's procedures have been in ``draft'' form 
since 2012. To date, there are no publicly available procedures on 
which parents, or their advocates, can rely to ensure that students 
with disabilities receive appropriate services as required by the IDEA. 
One issue that the Law Center has addressed multiple times is the 
complaint system provided by the IDEA. This complaint system is 
intended to be a quick and easy way for parents to address concerns 
about a school's failure to provide services consistent with an IEP. 
The IDEA regulations require that a complaint be investigated and 
addressed within 60 days. The Law Center has waited up to 6 to 9 months 
for the BIE to address a complaint. At one point this issue was 
``fixed,'' because the BIE had addressed internal contracting issues 
that led to the delays but it has again became a problem with one 
client waiting over 3 months for the BIE to begin investigating a 
complaint. Since the BIE did not have clear procedures regarding 
investigations, the offending school used Department of Interior 
regulations to object to the investigation after the 60-day timeline 
had passed, further delaying the BIE's ability to address the 
complaint.

    2b. Have GAO and/or IG reports mentioned or raised similar 
concerns?

    Answer. In May 2020, the Government Accountability Office issued a 
report specifically on the BIE's provision of special education 
services. In addition to interviews with relevant parties, the GAO 
reviewed specific student files. The report documents that:

     BIE Schools did not provide or did not account for 38 
            percent of special education and related service time.

     BIE's limited monitoring and technical assistance hindered 
            its oversight and support for special education.

     BIE cannot ensure that the schools it funds are meeting 
            their responsibilities under the IDEA.

    In February 2018, the Department of Interior Office of Inspector 
General issued a report on the BIE's use of background checks in its 
schools. The OIG found that:

     The BIE does not require completion of local law 
            enforcement checks.

     Reinvestigations are not up to date and the backlog was 
            increasing.

     Oversight responsibility for background checks at tribally 
            controlled schools was unclear.

     The background check guidance and information system are 
            outdated & inadequate.

    In May 2010, the Department of Education Office of Special 
Education Programs (OSEP) sent a letter to the BIE documenting the 
results of its Continuous Improvement and Focused Monitoring System to 
verify compliance with the IDEA. The results of this process found 
that:

     BIE did not have a system to effectively monitor 
            educational results, functional outcomes for students with 
            disabilities or to ensure compliance with the IDEA.

     BIE did not have a system to ensure correction of 
            identified areas of noncompliance in a timely manner. It 
            was:

            --  Unable to review data to ensure issues have been 
        corrected;

            --  Unable to determine the cause of noncompliance;

            --  Unable to require a change in policies or procedures 
        that contributed to noncompliance.

    In March 2007, the United States Department of Education Office of 
Inspector General issued a final audit report on the results of its 
audit of implementation of the IDEA. The OIG found that:

     BIA was unable to demonstrate that it provided planned 
            special education services to 68 percent of students.

     BIA was unable to adequately account for $111 million of 
            IDEA funds.

    In addition to this history of the BIE's failure to properly serve 
students with disabilities, provide required legal protections, 
properly account for Federal funds, and take reasonable measures to 
protect all students, the United States Department of Education Office 
of Special Education Programs (OSEP) has had the BIE school system 
designated as ``needs intervention'' for over 9 years. It is the only 
school system in the country that has had this designation for such a 
long period of time and indicates the BIE's ongoing failure to address 
long identified issues that ensure that students with disabilities 
receive services consistent with the IDEA.

    Thank you again for the Subcommittee's interest in these important 
issues. Please contact us at your convenience if we can provide any 
further information.

                                 ______
                                 

    Mr. Gallego. Thank you for your time.
    And thank you for all the panel witnesses. I greatly 
appreciate your testimony.
    Reminding Members that Committee Rule 3(d) imposes a 5-
minute limit on questions, the Chairman will now recognize 
Members for any questions they may wish to ask the witnesses.
    I will start by recognizing myself for 5 minutes.
    Chairman Garcia, my first question is: what was your 
reaction to learning that BIE was not planning to testify at 
today's hearing?
    Mr. Garcia. Mr. Chairman, No. 1, I was really upset that 
they failed, and I figured they had reasons why they did not 
accept, and some of them I have already elicited, but some of 
the panelists also have written or talked about the reasons why 
they probably did not accept.
    But it remains to be seen what happens after this.
    Mr. Gallego. Right. In NCAI's view, does BIE's ``Return to 
Learn'' Re-opening Plan adequately include local stakeholders 
like tribal governments, school administrators, and parents in 
the decision to fully re-open BIE-operated schools?
    Was there proper consultation?
    Mr. Garcia. I don't believe so, sir. I live in a community 
that has in the local area about five different BIE schools.
    The important part for me is that under BIE controlled and 
operated schools, it is harder for the community to work with 
the BIE staff and the BIE personnel.
    For instance, the principals are hired by BIE. So, I think 
they were under direct orders to not speak to the locals unless 
instructed to do so.
    Now, tribally controlled schools are a little bit 
different. We have a lot better local control, and so our 
planning with the local tribally controlled schools, ones that 
we have and the one that I belong to, Santa Fe Indian School, 
we have made all of those important things that we need to do 
to ensure the safety of the students, including 
telecommunications and all of that. But the BIE schools, 
nothing like that that I have seen.
    So, the communications efforts have been really, really 
poor. I have spoken to a number of tribal leaders and educators 
locally in the Pueblos and tribes, and that never really 
happened with the BIE.
    Mr. Gallego. Your testimony mentions the difficulty that 
Navajo Nations face in its attempts to keep BIE-operated 
schools out of trouble and it is closed for in-person learning. 
What does BIE's unresponsiveness to the Nation's request signal 
to you?
    Mr. Garcia. Well, it signals that it is a bigger problem 
than we feel because Navajo Nation, No. 1, is the biggest 
Indian Nation in the country. So, if the BIE doesn't even 
respond to the Navajo, how in the world do I expect them to and 
people expect that they are going to talk to the tribal leaders 
in the small communities like Taos Pueblo, like San Felipe, and 
other schools in the Pueblo area if they are not even working 
with the Navajo Nation?
    So, I presume that the numbers that I have spoken to in 
tribal leaders, that is the real case, that they are not 
responding.
    Mr. Gallego. OK. Let's switch to Ms. Parton. I apologize, 
and my screen just went blank, of course. Give me 1 second. 
Again, I apologize. You never rely on things going well when 
you need them to.
    Mr. Garcia. Sue Parton maybe?
    Mr. Gallego. Yes. I apologize. I had to get my question up 
right here.
    Ms. Parton, the question I have for you is scrolling all 
the way down to my questions, of course, and there it is.
    To what extent do BIE schools have the supplies and staff 
capacity to follow through on Federal recommendations for 
taking protective measures against COVID, including sanitizing 
school buildings, providing PPE, and enforcing social 
distancing?
    This is more of a followup to my opening testimony where in 
part of the CARES Act we provided money for our BIE schools to 
actually have this money, but it took 97 days to even 
distribute it.
    Ms. Parton. To my knowledge, the BIE has been offering 
safety and sanitation courses online to all of the BIE-operated 
schools. However, the union does not have any way to ensure 
that they have available resources and policies in place for 
opening up the schools.
    Mr. Gallego. Thank you, Ms. Parton.
    I yield my time back, and I recognize our Ranking Member, 
Pete Stauber, for his 5 minutes.
    Mr. Stauber. Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman.
    Mr. Chair, I have a couple of things that are requests from 
you. I had an issue with my internet.
    Mr. Chair, I want to ask unanimous consent that I allow my 
opening statement in writing to be sent to the Committee. I do 
not want to have to go over it. Time is of the essence here.
    Mr. Gallego. Without objection.
    Mr. Stauber. And, Mr. Chair, I would like to enter into the 
record a letter from the Navajo Nation asking for enactment of 
S. 886 be included in the record please.
    Mr. Gallego. Without objection.

    [The information follows:]
                                  THE NAVAJO NATION
                                       Window Rock, Arizona

                                                      July 28, 2020

The Honorable Nancy Pelosi
Speaker of the House of Representatives
1326 Longworth House Office Building
Washington, DC 20515

The Honorable Kevin McCarthy
Republican Leader
H-204, the Capitol
Washington, DC 20515

    Dear Speaker Pelosi and Leader McCarthy:

    We respectfully request that you schedule a vote on final passage 
of S. 886, the Navajo Utah Water Rights Settlement Act (NUWRSA), before 
the House leaves for the August recess. As discussed and explained in 
our June 22, 2020 letter to the House, nearly 40 percent of the Navajo 
Nation lacks running water or adequate sanitation in their homes. To 
make matters worse, the Navajo Nation's COVID-19 infection rate on a 
per capita basis is one of the highest in the country and the Navajo 
Nation has more COVID-19 deaths than many states. The House has an 
opportunity to take immediate action to mitigate future COVID-19 
outbreaks and address the drinking water crisis on the Navajo 
Reservation by passing S. 886. Although the Senate unanimously passed 
S. 886, the House of Representatives has so not acted on it, further 
delaying the relief that it will ultimately bring to the Navajo people.
    The Navajo Nation has over 300,000 enrolled members and is the 
largest Indian reservation spanning portions of Arizona, New Mexico, 
and Utah. The conditions on Navajo are dire and the pandemic only 
compounds our needs. With so few watering points across the Navajo 
Nation, families must travel hours to reach these points and must 
ration their water accordingly. Without access to clean drinking water, 
the Navajo Nation will continue to struggle, and its members will be 
more susceptible to deadly illnesses such as COVID-19.
    S. 886 would provide the means to begin to address these critical 
needs. Through NUWRSA, the Navajo Nation would receive approximately 
$220 million in federal and state funding for desperately needed 
drinking water infrastructure on the Reservation in exchange for the 
Nation waiving its water-related claims against the United States and 
State of Utah. In 2016, Congress first introduced the settlement 
legislation and on June 4, 2020, the Senate unanimously passed S. 886, 
demonstrating the broad bi-partisan support for the legislation.
    The Navajo Nation recognizes that there is more to be done for 
Indian Country and we stand ready to assist you on this work, but S. 
886 is ready for final passage. The House's inaction on S. 886 or 
sending it back to the Senate for further consideration will only delay 
addressing the basic human needs of the Navajo people. Therefore, we 
respectfully request that you schedule a vote on final passage of S. 
886 before the House recesses in August.

            Sincerely,

        Jonathan Nez, President       Myron Lizer, Vice President

                                 ______
                                 

    Mr. Stauber. Thank you, Mr. Chair.
    Mr. Garcia, thank you for offering your expertise today on 
Native issues. From your testimony, it is clear you are a 
valued voice by Indian Country nationwide and by the Trump 
administration in your capacity as Co-Chair of the Interior's 
Tribal Budget Formulation Committee.
    I, therefore, look forward to learning on your experience 
on this Subcommittee.
    However, experts on the subject matter of educating 
children, the American Academy of Pediatrics, states, and I 
quote, ``The AAP strongly advocates that all policy 
considerations for the coming school year should start with a 
goal of having students physically present in school.''
    Would you agree with the experts, in this case the American 
Academy of Pediatrics, saying that children need to be in 
school to optimize social and emotional learning and work to 
close achievement gaps?
    Mr. Garcia. Yes, sir. That is a dual-pointed issue, I 
think. I come from a rich culture in the Pueblo country in 
Ohkay Owingeh, and so I think it is important that I didn't 
learn all of the things that I knew about social life and 
culture and language and all of that in an education setting. I 
learned at home. I learned in the community.
    But the other part of it is that if we are going to be part 
of the United States of America, then we also should learn the 
educational system of the dominant society, if you will.
    And how true that statement is, yes, that's where you learn 
face to face, but, sir, I must say the online statement to that 
would be in a safe environment.
    If the climate is not safe by virtue of the COVID in 
existence, they have to assure--the people that are running the 
schools, have to give assurance that the places are safe and 
well-kept and that the resources are available and that right 
policies and perspectives are put in place so that our children 
will not suffer, will not be infected, not only the children, 
but their families and students and personnel.
    Mr. Stauber. Thank you, Mr. Garcia.
    And do you foresee your support for in-person learning 
before a vaccine or before we as a nation get through the 
virus?
    Do you foresee support for in-person learning?
    Mr. Garcia. Oh, yes, there is a lot of support for in-
person learning. In fact, one of our panelists talked about 
those students that are especially in need of mental and 
behavior health needs. That is how you are going to provide it 
by being face-to-face.
    And to tell you, you know how much of a hampering that has 
happened to some of the schools now, the BIE schools in 
particular, they do not have the resources to go online, and 
then No. 2 is that the communities are not well equipped 
technically to be able to accept that kind of service.
    The tribally controlled schools are a little bit different 
because we are able to ensure that those students are provided 
with what they are needed to be provided.
    Thank you.
    Mr. Stauber. Mr. Garcia, I just want to follow up.
    Mr. Chair, how much time do I have?
    Mr. Gallego. You have 45 seconds, but don't worry if you 
need more time.
    Mr. Stauber. I just want to ask Mr. Garcia one more.
    Mr. Garcia, when discussing the NBC's coverage of the 
``Dear Tribal'' letter from Assistant Secretary Sweeney, you 
stated that the NBC article omitted a sentence reading, ``Local 
decisions will be made in coordination with tribes, states, and 
local public health officials.''
    And furthermore, your testimony says that these local 
decisions are ``closer to where NCAI wants them to be.''
    In your opinion, Mr. Garcia, why do you think NBC News took 
that line from Assistant Secretary Sweeney out of context and 
omitted the part where she clearly stated that they will make 
local decisions in coordination with local officials?
    Mr. Garcia. I can only assume, but the fact remains that 
what was the action in the BIE actions after the fact, and the 
truth is that they did not contact local tribal leaders.
    I have taken the liberty to contact tribal leaders locally 
here in New Mexico, and in fact, a couple of schools in 
Arizona, and as I said, there was no response from BIE at any 
level, and so for whatever reason. But I can only assume why 
they did not do it.
    Thank you.
    Mr. Stauber. Thank you, Mr. Garcia, for your expert 
testimony. I appreciate you and all the witnesses here today.
    I yield back, Mr. Chair.
    Mr. Gallego. Thank you, Representative Stauber, and you, 
Mr. Garcia.
    Let me now move to--and I probably should make sure I have 
the right list. Now let me recognize Representative Haaland for 
5 minutes.
    Ms. Haaland. Thank you so much, Chairman.
    And thank you to all the witnesses for being here. I am 
very, very grateful for that and for this hearing.
    Ms. Parton, I will start with you. In your testimony, you 
mentioned that the Bureau of Indian Affairs censured you for 
sending out an e-mail to your bargaining unit since the Bureau 
of Indian Education would not issue your employees guidance, 
even after other state governors shut down their schools in 
their states.
    How did the BIA censure you or prevent you from finding 
this information?
    And do you feel that it was a safety concern?
    Ms. Parton. Well, what we were hearing was very, very 
disheartening to me. Our employees were scared, and they were 
not getting messaging or they were getting mixed messaging. 
They were getting guidelines from the Federal Government, and 
as Federal employees, they felt compelled to follow the 
guidelines of the Federal Government.
    But then they would get a different set of guidelines from 
the state governor wherever their school was located, and quite 
often they would get other guidance from the tribal leaders if 
they were located on or near a reservation.
    So, they started calling the union saying, ``What do we do? 
Who do we follow? State schools are doing this right down the 
road from where we are, but we are still in classes or we are 
still having to work.''
    I was hearing all of this, and I just felt compelled to 
reach out to the members and tell them, ``Look. We don't know. 
We are getting the same mixed messages, but I want to assure 
you that your union is advocating for you and fighting on your 
behalf to try and come up with some answers. So, this is what 
you can do to help us at this point.''
    And then about a week later, I received a letter of censure 
from the Office of Human Capital.
    Ms. Haaland. Thank you for that answer.
    And then one quick question. Since only 65 percent of 
tribal lands have broadband networks available, how did the 
lack of internet services impact the BIE employees that you 
work with during the shutdown?
    Ms. Parton. It impacted them very much because a lot of 
times they were told to telework. This was after they did their 
14 days of safety and wellness leave. They were told to 
telework, but a lot of them did not have equipment. If they got 
equipment, they did not have internet access. They did not have 
broadband availability.
    A lot of the Pueblos, as I know you are aware, are located 
in really remote places and sometimes in places where there are 
mountains, so there is no signal. They were afraid that they 
were going to be disciplined because they could not meet the 
tasks that were being given to them to do remotely as a part of 
their telework.
    Ms. Haaland. Thank you
    My next question is for Mr. Garcia, and it is very nice to 
see you, Mr. Garcia.
    The Federal Communications Commission found that only 65 
percent of tribal lands have broadband networks and are the 
most digitally disconnected lands in the United States. 
However, the Interior school re-opening letter stated it will 
provide, and this I quote, ``wireless access in each school 
like hot spots.''
    If tribes do not have access to wireless networks over a 
majority of their lands, how does the Interior's technology 
platform contradict itself?
    And is it an issue that the BIE should have solved years 
ago so that Native students can have the same educations as 
their state school peers?
    Mr. Garcia. Yes, Ms. Haaland. As you know, I have been one 
of the pushers of telecommunications and broadband for many, 
many, many years. I serve on the SEC Tribal Leader Task Force, 
and that 65 percent is even a high number compared to reality.
    And if you think about hot spots, hot spots work especially 
if they are using Verizon. That assumes that you have 
communications for cell phone service, and many of the remote 
areas in Indian Country don't even have that.
    So, it is an assumption about what they can provide, but 
the important part of it is that those that are near 
metropolitan areas can actually go out and provide the 
services, if the BIE was prepared to go to virtual learning or 
could provide services or communications or any of that stuff.
    But I have been harping on the BIE for over 10 years that 
they need to invest in it, and so just recently it is happening 
at the Tribal Interior budget sessions, but we are really far 
behind already.
    I can give kudos to the tribally controlled schools like 
the Santa Fe Indian School. We were on top of the game.
    When they shut down and we shut down the school, we were 
already prepared to provide communications, and we did what was 
necessary at the local level for the tribal level as well as 
for the school to provide long-distance learning communications 
and what not, but the BIE has not done so. I am sorry.
    Ms. Haaland. Thank you, Mr. Garcia.
    Chairman, I yield back.
    Mr. Gallego. Thank you, Chairman Haaland.
    Ranking Member Stauber, do you have any Members of the 
Minority that are interested in questions?
    Mr. Stauber. At this time, Mr. Chair, I don't believe I do.
    Mr. Gallego. OK. Just make us aware and get my attention if 
someone should pop in. We want to make sure we obviously get 
them in the queue.
    Next I would like to recognize Representative Ed Case from 
the great state of Hawaii.
    Representative Case is not available, so we will move on to 
Representative Cartwright from the great state of Pennsylvania.
    Mr. Cartwright. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
    Can you hear me?
    Mr. Gallego. Representative Cartwright, I can.
    Mr. Cartwright. All right. Good.
    My first question is for the Honorable Joe Garcia.
    Mr. Garcia, tribal consultation is a critical aspect of the 
Federal trust responsibility, but in your written testimony, 
you stated there is no evidence that the Interior Department or 
BIE officials have deferred to positions that tribal leaders 
have expressed to them in crafting their school re-opening 
plan.
    Is that what you said? And could you please expand on that 
statement?
    Mr. Garcia. OK. Thank you for the question.
    There are two aspects of that. The first one that you 
referred to is the Navajo Nation. The Bureau has not really 
talked with the Navajo Nation president in terms of what their 
plans are.
    And in fact, the president has said the Navajo Nation 
facilities, BIE facilities will not open if the places are not 
safe, if the students cannot be safe, and so the BIE cannot be 
trusted to provide a safe environment for our children in the 
learning environment.
    That is one outlier, you might say. The other one is the 
example in Taos Pueblo. In Taos Pueblo up north from where I 
live, they bent over backwards in order to get information from 
the Bureau at the Assistant Secretary level as well as at the 
Secretary level of DOI to get clarification of what it is that 
they are going to do.
    And what they were told is that the BIE is planning to open 
that school because it is not a tribally controlled school. It 
is a BIE controlled school, so the principal and all personnel 
are BIE employees.
    So, they are under direction to re-open that school, and I 
will quote permission granted by the War Chief of Taos Pueblo. 
He said they told him that you can re-open the school if you do 
not listen to what we have to say because we have passed laws 
at Taos Pueblo that there are no outside people coming in, that 
you need to condone to our laws, and that means that the 
schools will not be open either.
    So, you can open the school if you like, but you will have 
no students. And the reason they said that is there is also a 
public school in Taos, and the War Chief said all of our 
students will be disenrolled from BIE schools and they will be 
transferred to the public schools, and they are under virtual 
learning at the Taos public schools.
    So, those are two extremes, sir. I hope that answers your 
question.
    Mr. Cartwright. It does. Thank you.
    And, Mr. Garcia, you also mention in your written testimony 
that prior to the pandemic, the Department of the Interior 
identified $629 million in deferred maintenance for BIE-funded 
education facilities and $86 million in deferred maintenance 
for BIE educational quarters.
    It is no secret that infrastructure problems like poor 
ventilation and overcrowding can contribute to the spread of 
COVID-19, but despite the prevalence of these problems 
throughout BIE schools, the BIE is proceeding with an 
aggressive Re-opening Plan.
    In your opinion, did the BIE sufficiently take into account 
the potentially harmful effects of a school's aging physical 
infrastructure when it issued its final Re-opening Plan?
    Mr. Garcia. I would say, no, they did not. It was more of, 
I guess, a directive that they open the school rather than the 
safety and the well-being of the students that were to attend.
    But that is not COVID-related per se. It is related to the 
backlog of the conditions of the facilities from years and 
years and years of neglect.
    Mr. Cartwright. Correct. And let me ask you this. Were the 
tribes consulted on this matter?
    Mr. Garcia. No, sir.
    Mr. Cartwright. I yield back, Mr. Chairman.
    Mr. Garcia. Thank you.
    Mr. Gallego. Thank you, Representative Cartwright.
    I now recognize the great Chairman from Arizona, 
Congressman Grijalva.
    Mr. Grijalva. Thank you.
    Thank you, Mr. Chairman, and thank you for the hearing and 
the really good panel that the Committee has put together. And 
I think the questions from my colleagues are to the point and 
have dealt with a lot of substance.
    Two things that are noticeable. This deadline of September 
16 is still active for BIE schools, that and Defense Department 
schools. It is kind of interesting that the only schools that 
the Federal Government truly controls are those BIE schools and 
Defense schools that happen to be on military bases, and those 
are being urged to do, and pushed in the direction to do, 
person-to-person, while the rest of the country roils in this 
debate upon what is safe, when is the time, what are the 
resources we are going to have in order to open our public 
schools.
    And yet, to some extent, this is a second class status 
given to the 42,000 Native students that utilize BIE and 
tribally controlled schools on the rez and to treat them in a 
different matter, forsaking the trust responsibilities, 
circumventing it or doing something perfunctory, and the 
pandemic and the consequences.
    We all know, and you stated it before, Mr. Chairman, that 
the hardest hit, the most impactful in terms of infection and 
mortality per capita has been in Indian Country and yet we are 
being asked to rush this.
    I have just a couple of questions. Let me start with the 
Honorable Joe Garcia.
    Mr. Chairman, in your written testimony, you wrote that you 
believe the Department of the Interior took the action to re-
open schools out of a desire to please the President, if not in 
response to direct pressure from the White House.
    What makes you come to that opinion, if you wouldn't mind 
elaborating, sir?
    Mr. Garcia. Mr. Chairman, was that for me, Joe Garcia?
    Mr. Grijalva. Yes.
    Mr. Garcia. I come to those conclusions because that is 
what is being pushed in the nation, opening of schools whether 
the safety is there or not.
    And I want to ensure that at least in New Mexico we will 
listen to the governor of the state of New Mexico in the 
closures of schools and the opening of facilities, including 
educational facilities and what not.
    We were consulted. We worked together, but that does not 
happen with the BIE. This is being pushed at the higher levels, 
higher than just the BIE, which means then the DOI part of it. 
That is the message that I get, and a lot of other tribal 
leaders have told me the same thing, that BIE is only acting on 
instructions and directives given from higher up.
    Mr. Grijalva. Thank you so much.
    Mr. Superintendent, if I may, Mr. Witte, the release of the 
BIE guidelines, the timing of that, how did that affect your 
school's planning and procedures? And, thus far, the 
coronavirus pandemic, how has that affected your students, in 
particular, and the staff that works for those students, if you 
wouldn't mind touching on those two questions?
    Mr. Witte. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
    We had plans in place long before we received the BIE 
guidelines based on conversations with tribal officials from 
the state of South Dakota and the other plans for public 
schools in the surrounding area because some of our schools are 
off the reservation of those schools.
    So, when we received those guidelines, we received them 
late. The Tribal Council had already determined what our re-
entry plan would be, which we are currently in as Phase 1.
    We are about 97 percent online. We do see the kids 1 hour a 
week, touch base with them. We took a very aggressive move to 
put in a 2.5 gigahertz, a Spectrum broadband initiative to get 
our families wi-fi.
    So, the issue that I alluded to was the delay in the 
funding being brought to us, which delayed us getting that 
broadband piece put together. We are still installing routers 
as I speak, and the 3 weeks of extra time would have done us a 
lot of good.
    Mr. Grijalva. Thank you.
    And, Mr. Chairman and Ms. Parton, I think the saddest 
commentary, saddest in the sense that I think BIA and Interior, 
in general, keep making the case, especially BIA, for their 
ineffectiveness, to say the least, and to allowing some of its 
functions to be so politicized that it cannot truly represent 
the trust responsibility and the obligations that we have to 
Indian Country in this nation.
    And that hurts this Committee's work, and it certainly is 
affecting tribes as we heard today and the 6,000 kids with 
special education needs that are by the wayside even more so.
    That is a very sad commentary on the work being done at 
this point, and I want to thank you for highlighting that and I 
look forward to any followup that you might suggest, Mr. 
Chairman.
    Thank you again. I yield back.
    Mr. Gallego. Thank you, Chairman Grijalva.
    I just want to check in with Ranking Member Stauber.
    Are we OK? Did anyone else jump on?
    Mr. Stauber. Mr. Chair, I don't think any other Member has 
jumped on, so I send it back to you.
    Thank you.
    Mr. Gallego. Not a problem.
    OK. Now we move on to Representative Soto for 5 minutes.
    Mr. Soto. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
    I wanted to make sure, as I had to go in and out with other 
committee assignments, that I gave each of the witnesses a 
little extra time to answer questions that they may not have 
gotten to. We will start with Mr. Garcia.
    If there were one or two things you could say to the Bureau 
of Indian Affairs today about what you would like them to do 
going forward, what would they be with regard to school 
openings?
    Mr. Garcia. No. 1 is--please give us assurance that the 
facilities are safe, that the plans are in place. Show me what 
the plan is. Show us what the plans are. Show us that you have 
communicated with the local governing bodies, the tribal 
leaders, the school boards and others that are related and 
acquainted with the school system locally.
    And, as well, show us how you work with the state that 
those facilities are in, so it is a three-prong approach, not 
just a BIE controlling.
    But I have yet to see a document, sir, that dictates or 
that shows me that I would have confidence in having one of my 
students attend a BIE facility, and just like Taos Pueblo, if 
they were not ready, if they are not safe, my student is not 
attending any one of those schools and neither are our 
community's students.
    So, that is the bottom line. They have to show us. They 
have to really show us that they are ready to re-open, and they 
have not shown that, nothing.
    Mr. Soto. Thank you, Mr. Garcia.
    Ms. Parton, what advice would you give to BIA about re-
opening and how we can improve, if you would be able to give 
them one or two points if they were here today?
    Ms. Parton. I think I would tell them that, just like Mr. 
Garcia said, we need assurances that our workplaces are safe. 
As educators, we really care about the education of our 
students. We know how it is important to advance the Native 
American society.
    My father was a BIA teacher back in the 1950s in a boarding 
school in South Dakota and then later in a boarding school near 
Gallup, New Mexico, so I have lived around Native education my 
whole life.
    And I would tell them that we really need assurances that 
our people are going to be safe, our employees, our students, 
their families and our Native communities. It is just not 
happening. It is like this is being pushed on everybody.
    The employees know that as Federal employees they have to 
do what they are directed to do, but they are very worried. 
They are very concerned and do not want to spread it to their 
families or people in the communities where they live.
    Mr. Soto. Thank you, Ms. Parton.
    Mr. Witte, what would you say to BIA if they were here 
today about one or two points you would like to see them 
improve upon?
    Mr. Witte. I think there are two things that could be 
improved upon drastically. One is the communication in a timely 
manner. It seems like things are always coming out past the 
time where we have to make decisions.
    And another important issue would be the distribution of 
funds. We were excited to hear that we got the money for maybe 
doing some things to better prepare ourselves--because in the 
spring of the year when we had to close our school, we were not 
in a very good position to deliver education.
    And as we tried to make those decisions through the summer 
to implement change and receiving the funding at the end of 
June did not allow us very much time to prepare for the start 
of the school year.
    Mr. Soto. Mr. Chairman, may I inquire how much time I have 
left? I can't see the clock.
    Mr. Gallego. Representative Soto, you have and I actually 
lost track of the time also. Go ahead with your question, and 
we are going to do a second round, too, if you have lost time.
    Mr. Soto. OK. My second and final question is on rural 
broadband. I know this is a concern both in my district in 
central Florida, which is both urban, suburban, and very rural, 
and I know our tribes run the gamut from being more urban like 
in south Florida in our state to very rural.
    So, it would be great to get a brief state of how you all 
are faring with rural broadband or with broadband generally to 
be able to do some distance learning should you have to.
    We will start with Mr. Garcia.
    Mr. Garcia. The question, I will give you two examples.
    One is that the Northern Pueblos of New Mexico, when the 
ARRA stimulus packages came out back in 2010, put an effort out 
as five tribes that became partners in a coalition to improve 
the broadband systems here, internet systems if you will, here 
in northern New Mexico.
    We were successful. We got the funding, and we put a system 
in place. So, broadband is not a big issue for at least the 
northern part of New Mexico.
    We are OK. We are faring well. Some of the schools that 
have hard times are in southern New Mexico.
    But the biggest example that I give you that is a negative 
side are the rural parts of Arizona and the rural parts of New 
Mexico or the remote parts of those two states. That is where 
the Navajo Nation is.
    That is where a lot of the BIE schools are. So, if the 
infrastructure is non-existent, you can do all you want in this 
facility, which is not going to do any good if you can't get 
the information to the community, to the students who live 
outside the facility.
    So, that is still a dilemma, and it is not going to be a 
quick fix. It is going to take a lot of timing, a lot of effort 
to ensure that it is done properly so that the----
    Mr. Gallego. Thank you, Mr. Garcia.
    Mr. Garcia. Thank you.
    Mr. Gallego. Representative Soto, we are going to do a 
second round. So, if you want to hold your questions on that 
second round so that we can respect the time of everybody on 
here, I would greatly appreciate it.
    Mr. Stauber. I will do that, Mr. Chair. Fine.
    Mr. Gallego. Oh, no, I am sorry, Representative Stauber. I 
was talking to Representative Soto.
    Mr. Stauber. Oh, OK.
    Mr. Gallego. Yes.
    Mr. Stauber. Mr. Chair, it is up to you, but I would yield 
to Representative Soto time if he needs it.
    Mr. Gallego. OK. Let's do that then. That is fine. Let's 
finish up the rounds of questions.
    Go ahead, Representative Soto. Continue.
    Mr. Soto. Thank you, Mr. Stauber. I thank the gentleman 
from Minnesota.
    And I am just going to continue on with the question that I 
think both Republicans and Democrats care about here, which is 
the rural broadband access.
    Ms. Parton, if you would go next. It would be great to hear 
the state of broadband in your area as well.
    Ms. Parton. OK. When you say in my area, we represent the 
employees at 55 Bureau-operated schools in 10 different states, 
so it varies from state to state.
    We have four off-reservation boarding schools that are kind 
of located near urban areas that really I think do not have the 
broadband access.
    But then we have the rural schools, like Mr. Garcia said, 
in New Mexico and Arizona, the real remote locations that are 
really struggling.
    The same way with the schools that we represent that are 
located in South Dakota and North Dakota. We find that they are 
really struggling with distance learning even though they are 
feeling that that is the way that they would like to go because 
it is safer at this time, but it has been difficult to ensure 
that they have operational abilities to do distance learning 
just because of the remoteness.
    I also am a part of the Rural Task Force Committee with the 
American Federation of Teachers, and this is something that we 
discuss quite often to represent broadband access in rural 
America.
    Mr. Soto. Thanks.
    Mr. Witte, your response on the state of broadband.
    Mr. Witte. It is a real challenge in rural South Dakota. In 
Lower Brule, we struggled with this as well.
    We did secure the 2.5 gigahertz Spectrum broadband through 
the FCC, and we are currently installing routers in our homes, 
as I speak. So, we have probably about a third of our community 
connected at this point, and we have about two-thirds 
remaining.
    Eventually, I believe the tribe will be able to connect, 
but it is a challenge, and it is something that I think we will 
have remedied hopefully in the future.
    For us, we did not have a one-to-one program going into the 
spring. So, this is kind of new for our students to have those 
laptops and devices at home, too.
    Mr. Soto. Thank you. I yield back to Mr. Stauber.
    Mr. Stauber. Mr. Chair?
    Mr. Gallego. Yes.
    Mr. Stauber. May I ask a question? OK. Thank you very much, 
Mr. Chair.
    I have a couple in my second round of questions. This is 
for Ms. Parton.
    Thank you for participating today. As a pro-labor 
Republican in the public sector and a union member myself, I 
always seek dialogue with the brothers and sisters in labor.
    As you may know, Minnesota has some of the highest Native 
populations of any state in the Union. Minnesota sadly has some 
of the nation's worst educational achievement gaps, according 
to the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.
    According to a McKinsey study, COVID-related shutdowns of 
schools will only further exasperate these existing achievement 
gaps between white and minority students.
    Articles and studies agree with this. The closure of 
schools disproportionately affects low-income and minority 
students.
    Therefore, Ms. Parton, do you agree that to close these 
achievement gaps, we need students in schools so our Native 
children are not left behind?
    Ms. Parton. Yes, sir, I do agree with that, but not at the 
expense of the health and well-being of the students and the 
employees.
    I also am a very big believer in basic skills. That is the 
whole foundation of a lot of the reasons why Native students 
fall behind, and I think that is what the focus should be on 
during this difficult time in our society today.
    Mr. Stauber. Thank you, Ms. Parton.
    Ms. Yanan, if you are unaware, my wife Jodie and I are 
blessed to have a son with Down's Syndrome, and I am fortunate 
to have firsthand knowledge of the issues as well. We have sat 
in on many IEP meetings with our child at Duluth Dansol High 
School.
    Therefore, thank you for your advocacy on a topic so near 
and dear to my heart.
    However, I could not imagine the difficulties of managing 
my son's IEP during COVID. We do not have the training of the 
crucial staff helping with the IEP.
    These cannot be done over Zoom or over the phone. We need 
these students in the classrooms to get the individualized 
attention they need.
    We also know this is happening in Indian Country. In my 
district, the Nay Ah Shing School controlled by the Mille Lacs 
Band told me firsthand that individualized delivery of special 
education services suffered further under COVID-19.
    Therefore, Ms. Yanan, do you agree with the BIE at least 
that our Native students with IEPs should not be denied the 
attention they need, just like my son received the attention he 
received?
    Ms. Yanan. Thank you, Congressman.
    I do agree that students with disabilities need 
individualized attention. I think that the services are so 
individualized that it needs to be an individualized 
determination that includes the parents.
    And I think that is where the Bureau is failing to properly 
communicate and consult with parents and families about the 
services for their children.
    As you know from your own experience, the IEP team works 
best where there is true partnership between the school staff 
and parents. When schools are not communicating effectively 
with parents, the students lose out.
    Mr. Stauber. I agree with you. IEPs have to be mutually and 
collectively designed with the parents in mind because, as you 
know, the parents are the biggest advocates for the children. 
So, I appreciate that.
    My last question is for Mr. Witte.
    Mr. Witte, thank you for bringing a firsthand perspective 
to the Committee today that the Nay Ah Shing School, operated 
by the Mille Lacs, has increased transportation needs and is 
now driving out to deliver much needed school meals.
    These crucial and important measures unfortunately put 
further strain on the banned budget. Therefore, it is helpful 
that students can use their hybrid models to at least get into 
the physical classroom a few days a week, lowering the strain 
on transportation budgets.
    Would your students being physically in schools, at least 
at the beginning, be helpful in easing these costs?
    Mr. Witte. We have been feeding our students from the 
beginning of the virus primarily with the USDA SAC lunch type 
program. We deliver those meals to the homes and suburbans. 
Roughly about 20 square miles is our transportation need.
    There are some increased costs. It may be a little bit of 
an advantage as far as cost factor, but for the safety of our 
children, our local tribe has decided to go with our hybrid 
model, which can allude to your special education question.
    We are bringing our special needs students in for the time 
that is in their IEPs, so it has been modified for one-to-one 
instructions. We are bringing every student in for 1 hour a 
week minimal to work with them.
    So, we have a hybrid approach.
    Mr. Stauber. And the hybrid approach, as far as delivering 
of the meals, is easing that cost on the budget, correct?
    Mr. Witte. Yes. We can compensate some of those meals as 
they come in for those meeting times.
    Mr. Stauber. Yes. Thank you all very much. Your testimony 
was important for us to hear.
    I yield back to you, Mr. Chair.
    Mr. Gallego. Thank you, Representative Stauber, for your 
questions.
    And since there are no other Members of the Minority, 
should you come up with a question in the process of this 
second round, please just give me a heads up so I can recognize 
you.
    I have a question for Director Yanan.
    You previously called on BIE to provide schools and parents 
with more comprehensive guidance on schools' responsibilities 
to write special education and related services during the 
pandemic. To date, has BIE done so, so far?
    Ms. Yanan. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
    What we are hearing from parents is that in some cases some 
schools have started trying to have meetings and trying to 
start having the discussion regarding providing compensatory 
services for the springtime when services stopped, but we have 
only heard from one family that has actually started receiving 
those compensatory services.
    The major issue we are hearing from families is the lack of 
communication. We have one family that reported receiving a 
text at 7:58 in the morning directing her son to get on a Zoom 
call with his class that morning, and she didn't have the 
technology and the platform ready on any sort of device.
    So, the lack of preparation and the lack of communication 
with families is a serious issue.
    Mr. Gallego. And has Director Tony Dearman or any other BIE 
or BIA officials reached out to your organization to respond to 
your concerns and parents' concerns?
    Ms. Yanan. No, but frankly, Mr. Chairman, I have been 
trying to address these issues with the Bureau for over 25 
years, and I have never gotten response from the Bureau about 
addressing problems or creating solutions. So, their lack of 
response didn't necessarily surprise me.
    Mr. Gallego. Well, I would hope that they would have some 
urgency right now. Thank you, Ms. Yanan.
    I would now like to move on to Representative Haaland if 
you have a second round of questions.
    Ms. Haaland. Thank you, Chairman. Thank you very much.
    Yes, I will go to Mr. Witte please.
    Mr. Witte, the BIA's ``Return to Learn'' guidance focuses 
on returning to the physical classroom. How feasible is it to 
re-open schools in your community on September 16?
    Are you hearing concerns from school leaders, educators, 
tribes, parents, or community members regarding the re-opening?
    Mr. Witte. As a tribal grant school, we re-opened this 
week, Tuesday, September 8. So, our timeline is a little 
different.
    So far, we have re-opened in the hybrid model, which I 
described earlier, where we are going to be bringing students 
in an hour a week. Other than that there will be distance 
learning.
    It is going fairly well, but the biggest hurdle that we 
have is the broadband issue, so we are hoping to get that 
remedied here soon.
    But as far as the spread in South Dakota, as I said in my 
testimony, it is increasing dramatically over the last couple 
of weeks. Our tribal officials don't feel like it is safe to 
bring kids in in large groups at this time.
    Ms. Haaland. So, would you say that the biggest concern you 
have at this point is the broadband internet service or is it 
the coronavirus itself?
    Mr. Witte. Well, I think both of those are large concerns 
because if it wasn't for the coronavirus, we would have the 
kids in person.
    Because of that fact, we are relying on broadband internet 
service, so they are kind of hand in hand. I think one leads to 
the other.
    Ms. Haaland. Thank you so much.
    My next question will be for Ms. Yanan.
    In your testimony, you note that students are re-entering 
the classroom this fall after a long break from studies during 
which many have cared for and lost family and friends, 
contributing to mental health needs.
    The BIA has indicated that the Bureau intends to reserve $8 
million for direct mental and behavioral health support for BIE 
funded schools from CARES Act funds.
    Has the BIE shared any details regarding their plans for 
this funding?
    Ms. Yanan. Not to my knowledge. From what we are hearing 
from families and from what we have been able to find from 
publicly available documents, the ``Return to Learn'' plan has 
a section on mental and behavioral health, but there is very 
little detail.
    And what we are hearing from families is there has been no 
contact with them regarding these issues.
    Ms. Haaland. Thank you.
    And based off the Interior's decision to re-open in-person 
learning as soon as possible and oversight of basic COVID 
issues impacting Native students, do you think there is a 
general disconnect between the Interior and what is actually 
happening in tribal communities?
    Ms. Yanan. Yes. I think that, again, the lack of 
communication, the lack of input from parents, we have heard 
from some parents that neither their schools nor the Bureau 
asked for any input or asked them how they felt about re-
opening.
    And then because any information is just on the website, 
the school website and Bureau website, a lot of parents just 
don't know what is happening. They don't know what to 
anticipate for the upcoming school year, and they don't know 
how their children are going to be educated.
    Ms. Haaland. Thank you so much for that answer.
    Chairman, I will yield back my time.
    Mr. Gallego. Thank you, Representative Haaland.
    And I believe we do not have any other questions. I am just 
going to double check to make sure. I am going to scroll 
through right now. If anyone has a question, please give me a 
wave.
    Representative Soto, are you OK? Excellent.
    Ranking Member Stauber, are you OK?
    Mr. Stauber. Yes, I am. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, for 
holding this important hearing. I appreciate it.
    Mr. Gallego. Thank you, Mr. Stauber, for also attending. I 
thank the other Committee members as well as the witnesses. I 
would like to thank you for your insightful testimony and the 
Members for their questions.
    As stated before, the members of the Committee may have 
some additional questions for the witnesses, and we will ask 
you to respond to these in writing.
    Under Committee Rule 3(o), members of the Committee must 
submit witness questions within 3 business days following the 
hearing, and the hearing record will be held open for 10 
business days for these responses.
    If there is no further business, without objection, the 
Committee stands adjourned. Thank you all.

    [Whereupon, at 4:33 p.m., the Subcommittee was adjourned.]

            [ADDITIONAL MATERIALS SUBMITTED FOR THE RECORD]

                        Statement for the Record
                       Bureau of Indian Education
                    U.S. Department of the Interior 

    Thank you for the opportunity to provide a statement on behalf of 
the Department of the Interior (Department) regarding the Bureau of 
Indian Education's (BIE) reopening guidance for the 2020-2021 school 
year. The BIE's Return to Learn! plan provides BIE leaders and school 
personnel with guidance on reopening criteria that follows current 
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommendations, 
provides flexibility for local conditions, and makes recommendations on 
distance learning platforms. The Return to Learn! plan, as well as 
other reopening guidance and resources, can be found on the BIE website 
at bie.edu and on the reopening webpage at https://
returntolearn.bie.edu/.

    The Department appreciates the opportunity to provide this 
statement.

                                 ______
                                 

                            Return to Learn!

                           BIE REOPENING PLAN

                         2020-2021 SCHOOL YEAR

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] T1453.001


    .epsFull Report available at:

    returntolearn.bie.edu/sites/default/files/2020-08/Return-To-Learn-
Plan.pdf

                                 ______
                                 

Submission for the Record by Rep. Stauber

                        Statement for the Record
                 The Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe Indians
                                   by
                    Chief Executive Melanie Benjamin

    Mr. Chairman and honorable members of the Subcommittee, I am 
pleased to provide this statement on behalf of the Mille Lacs Band of 
Ojibwe regarding the reopening of our tribal schools during the COVID-
19 pandemic.
    Our BIE-funded tribal schools include Abinoojiyaag (K-5) and Nay Ah 
Shing (6-12), which are located in District I of our reservation near 
Mille Lacs Lake, and the Pine Grove Leadership Academy in District III, 
which is east of Hinckley, Minnesota, and about 80 miles from District 
I. Collectively, these three schools are referred to as ``Nay Ah Shing 
School System'', or NASS. We are a small school system and service 
about a third of the reservation school-age population. Our schools 
have a focus on Ojibwe language and culture, which is what keeps our 
students wanting to attend NASS. Language programs are presently funded 
by the Band. We also have a two-year BIE grant to support native 
language development.
    Planning for this 2020-2021 school year has been exceptionally 
challenging during the COVID-19 pandemic, and the safety of our 
students, staff and community has been paramount. On our reservation so 
far, 15 Band Members have tested positive for COVID-19 that the Band is 
aware of, and three Band Members have passed away due to COVID-19. 
However, our health staff have reason to believe there are 
significantly more cases of COVID-19 in our community that have gone 
untested.
    In our Anishinaabe communities, our households are often multi-
generational, with children and grandchildren living with elders. When 
a child is exposed to COVID-19, our elders who are in high-risk groups 
are in grave danger.
    With these concerns in the forefront, our education staff have 
spent the majority of the summer planning for our 2020-2021 Academic 
year. Our first day of classes will be September 16th, and 
we will be offering two models--a Hybrid option that combines in-person 
learning at school with Distance/Remote learning from home and a 100% 
Remote/Distance Learning option. Currently, 51 families have opted for 
the Hybrid learning option and 23 families have opted for Remote/
Distance learning. However, our student count is at 183 and, as of 
today, many families remain undecided about which option they prefer. 
These families are likely to make their decision at our Open House 
scheduled for Friday, September 11.
    The Band received a BIE Cares Grant for our schools based on 
student enrollment. These funds are being used to make the building and 
classrooms safe. Our schools have been provided with and fitted for 
sensor thermometers, glass partitions, water fountain and bathroom 
updates and planning for social distancing on buses.
    NASS staff have also devoted significant time over the summer 
developing a plan for 100% Distance Learning should the school need to 
close due to a COVID-19 outbreak.
BIE Guidance:
    With the topic of examining guidance provided by the BIE to tribes 
in reopening during a pandemic, generally speaking, we have received 
outstanding support from BIE staff and officials in developing our 
reopening plan and have an excellent working relationship with the BIE. 
Regarding BIE guidance provided, we understand there to have been two 
primary communications, or guidance, provided to tribes. On August 6, 
Assistant Secretary Tara Sweeney signed a ``Dear Tribal Leader Letter'' 
on the topic of BIE school reopening which was sent to me as Chief 
Executive. Within this letter, Assistant Secretary Sweeney announced 
that all BIE-controlled schools would open for school on September 16 
for in-person learning at brick-and-mortar school sites. However, she 
added that that tribally-controlled BIE Schools would not be required 
to follow this guidance, but were advised to use the guidance to the 
greatest extent possible.
    A second communication arrived in early-mid August, when the BIE 
released a comprehensive reopening plan for tribal schools to use as a 
template for reopening safely. This plan was extremely well-done, and 
over-all our school administrators were very impressed with the 
guidance provided.
    Realistically, however, the plan would require significant budget 
increases in order for our schools to have adopted it in its entirety. 
Our financial state of being under-funded did not coincide with cost of 
implementing the BIE plan. However, BIA officials also emphasized in 
teleconferences that the BIE plan was only a model, and that there is 
no one-size-fits all approach for BIE schools. We were advised that 
tribes should take our own locally determined needs into consideration 
first and develop our own reopening plan based on local guidance as 
determined through our unique needs.
    Additionally, it would have been helpful to receive the BIE 
reopening plan earlier in the summer, but we also understand the 
constraints BIE is working under and the reality of bureaucratic delays 
that are always a factor when dealing with the approval processes at 
the Central Office in Washington D.C. However, as the first tribe in 
the United States to sign a Self-Governance compact in 1990 with the 
Bureau of Indian Affairs, the Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe has a long 
history of doing things our own way and organizing services around our 
unique, locally determined needs and priorities. While we always 
appreciate advice, assistance, information and expertise provided by 
the federal agencies, we are accustomed to taking action to resolve our 
challenges versus waiting for instructions from federal agencies.
    In fact, our Nay Ah Shing School first opened in the early 1975 
after students experiencing overt racism walked out of the local public 
school, and asked the Band government to open a reservation school. 
Former Chief Executive Arthur Gahbow and our other elected officials 
responded immediately by opening a school in our community center and 
then constructing a building after-the-fact which eventually became 
part of the federal Indian Education programming at that time.
    I also want to point out that Mille Lacs was well-prepared for 
distance learning during the pandemic as a result of having pioneered a 
hybrid distance learning program in 2016 at our Pine Grove Leadership 
Academy. Pine Grove was a charter school in District III of our 
reservation, which the Band eventually took over as a tribal school 
funded by tribally-generated dollars. With funding limitations, we 
wanted Pine Grove to become part of the BIE system but there was a 
moratorium on new school expansion within the BIE system. We worked 
closely with Chairwoman Betty McCollum, of the House Appropriations 
Subcommittee on Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies to get 
language through Congress that allowed for a waiver of the moratorium 
if a tribe could show that it already had a facility and infrastructure 
to deliver distance learning as a satellite school of the tribe's BIE 
school.
    Mille Lacs was the first tribe in the Nation to achieve the waiver, 
and Pine Grove became part of the BIE system as a satellite school of 
Nay Ah Shing. We continued to offer on-site learning at Pine Grove, but 
were able to add distance learning for our students through 
technological connections with Nay Ah Shing instructors. So we may have 
been advantaged over other tribes with regard to implementing distance 
learning for several years already, on a small scale.
Unmet Funding Needs:
    While we appreciate BIE CARES Act funding received to date, we have 
numerous needs that have gone unfunded that we expect may negatively 
impact student, staff and community safety.
(1) Distance Learning Teaching/Curriculum Specialists
    Currently, our school day will end at 1:00 in order to provide 
teachers the time to deliver instruction to students who have chosen 
Distance Learning. Our teachers would have more time to deliver classes 
with a longer school day if the Band were able to hire additional 
teaching staff who could devote their time to develop and deliver 
distance learning curriculum. This would require additional funds. 
Currently, our teaching staff will have to simultaneously deliver 
distance learning while they are still learning distance learning 
techniques and the associated technological knowledge required for 
delivering distance learning, as well as having to create distance 
learning curriculum. While our teaching staff are extremely committed 
and outstanding teachers, we are very concerned about teacher burnout 
and potentially losing teaching staff.
(2) Transportation
    Our transportation dollars took a big hit with the closing of 
schools in March. While students were not being transported, we devoted 
transportation resources to delivering two meals a day, in addition to 
student supplies, to students at their homes. With stops at every home, 
this significantly increased the miles driven on a daily basis. 
Further, when we do start transporting students, our plan for social 
distancing on buses will require at least two additional staff on each 
bus to scan the temperature of each child prior to getting on the bus 
and to enforce social distance seating. Social distance seating also 
means we will require additional buses and drivers. Until we are able 
to provide additional busses, our staff have taken on the duty of 
picking up children with our smaller vans, again adding to their 
responsibilities without compensation that bus drivers would otherwise 
receive.
(3) Our Operation and Maintenance
    Our Operation and Maintenance staff have been focused on making the 
building safe. As noted above, all areas of the schools have been 
redesigned, as funds will allow, to accommodate safety measures. 
However, to meet social distancing guidelines, we need more classroom 
space to keep the student/classroom ratio at no more than 10 students-
per-classroom so as to keep our students safe and healthy. We are 
currently at capacity at Abinoojiyaag School (K-5) and Pine Grove (K-
6). Classroom space is costly to construct, even temporarily. We need 
additional funding for this.
(4) Special Education
    Students with IEP's and those with learning disabilities have been 
the most challenging to serve during the COVID-19 pandemic. The 
individualized delivery of the curriculum to our special education 
students has suffered. An ideal special education teacher student ratio 
would be less than 5 students per teacher. Also due to COVID-19, it has 
not been possible for paraprofessionals to work safely one-on-one with 
students while social-distancing. This is another critical area that is 
very underfunded and requires additional funding in order to provide 
the necessary level of education.
(5) Student Socialization and Mental Health
    Mental health for students and teachers during COVID-19 is a major 
concern. We have only one social worker at our school, which has always 
been a concern due to opioid or other substance abuse related 
dysfunction among many of our families. Students residing in 
dysfunctional environments depend on the mental health support 
available on a daily basis at our schools. We are concerned that some 
students who need these services will go without that support while in 
a home-school living environment. In the past, we were able to have 
mental health personnel from our Reservation clinic right in the 
school. Additional mental health funds would allow us to bring on 
additional staff or emergency contractors to help our students who need 
this support and nurturing.
(6) Food Service
    Food Service is funded partially by Minnesota State funds and the 
remainder from Mille Lacs Band tribally-generated revenue. Individual 
meal preparation for home delivery over the summer has been a hard hit 
on our food service budget and more federal funds are needed.
(7) Older Students and Completion of High School Program
    This year, our after-school activities will include a program to 
assist students who dropped out and want to complete their high school 
education program. We were funded for the 2019-2020 school year, but 
need additional funding to continue through the 2020-2021 school year. 
Currently, we have five students who are returning after a year or two 
of absence.
Conclusions
    Mr. Chairman, re-opening our schools confronts us with 
unprecedented challenges. Each of them is costly. None of us can afford 
to short-change the education of our children and youth. We will need 
the financial and technical support of the federal government to soften 
the damage to the next generation of Band members. We ask that you work 
with our Congressman, Pete Stauber, in a bipartisan effort to make re-
opening work safely for our students.

                                 [all]