    [House Hearing, 116 Congress]
    [From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]

        THE NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM: RESTORING OUR FOREST INFRASTRUCTURE

    =======================================================================

                                    HEARING

                                   BEFORE THE

                   SUBCOMMITTEE ON CONSERVATION AND FORESTRY

                                     OF THE

                            COMMITTEE ON AGRICULTURE
                            HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

                         ONE HUNDRED SIXTEENTH CONGRESS

                                 FIRST SESSION
                                   __________

                               SEPTEMBER 26, 2019
                                   __________

                               Serial No. 116-19

                      [GRAPHIC NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Printed for the use of the Committee on Agriculture
                             agriculture.house.gov

                                  ___________

                        U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE

    38-016 PDF                WASHINGTON : 2020

                            COMMITTEE ON AGRICULTURE

                    COLLIN C. PETERSON, Minnesota, Chairman

    DAVID SCOTT, Georgia                 K. MICHAEL CONAWAY, Texas, Ranking
    JIM COSTA, California                Minority Member
    MARCIA L. FUDGE, Ohio                GLENN THOMPSON, Pennsylvania
    JAMES P. McGOVERN, Massachusetts     AUSTIN SCOTT, Georgia
    FILEMON VELA, Texas                  ERIC A. ``RICK'' CRAWFORD,
    STACEY E. PLASKETT, Virgin Islands   Arkansas
    ALMA S. ADAMS, North Carolina        SCOTT DesJARLAIS, Tennessee
        Vice Chair                       VICKY HARTZLER, Missouri
    ABIGAIL DAVIS SPANBERGER, Virginia   DOUG LaMALFA, California
    JAHANA HAYES, Connecticut            RODNEY DAVIS, Illinois
    ANTONIO DELGADO, New York            TED S. YOHO, Florida
    TJ COX, California                   RICK W. ALLEN, Georgia
    ANGIE CRAIG, Minnesota               MIKE BOST, Illinois
    ANTHONY BRINDISI, New York           DAVID ROUZER, North Carolina
    JEFFERSON VAN DREW, New Jersey       RALPH LEE ABRAHAM, Louisiana
    JOSH HARDER, California              TRENT KELLY, Mississippi
    KIM SCHRIER, Washington              JAMES COMER, Kentucky
    CHELLIE PINGREE, Maine               ROGER W. MARSHALL, Kansas
    CHERI BUSTOS, Illinois               DON BACON, Nebraska
    SEAN PATRICK MALONEY, New York       NEAL P. DUNN, Florida
    SALUD O. CARBAJAL, California        DUSTY JOHNSON, South Dakota
    AL LAWSON, Jr., Florida              JAMES R. BAIRD, Indiana
    TOM O'HALLERAN, Arizona              JIM HAGEDORN, Minnesota
    JIMMY PANETTA, California
    ANN KIRKPATRICK, Arizona
    CYNTHIA AXNE, Iowa

                                     ______

                          Anne Simmons, Staff Director

                  Matthew S. Schertz, Minority Staff Director

                                     ______

                   Subcommittee on Conservation and Forestry

                   ABIGAIL DAVIS SPANBERGER, Virginia, Chair

    MARCIA L. FUDGE, Ohio                DOUG LaMALFA, California, Ranking
    TOM O'HALLERAN, Arizona              Minority Member
    CHELLIE PINGREE, Maine               RICK W. ALLEN, Georgia
    CYNTHIA AXNE, Iowa                   RALPH LEE ABRAHAM, Louisiana
                                         TRENT KELLY, Mississippi

                 Felix Muniz, Jr., Subcommittee Staff Director

                                      (ii)

                                 C O N T E N T S

                                  ----------
                                                                       Page
    LaMalfa, Hon. Doug, a Representative in Congress from California,
      opening statement..............................................     8
    Pingree, Hon. Chellie, a Representative in Congress from Maine,
      submitted article..............................................    68
    Schrier, Hon. Kim, a Representative in Congress from Washington,
      submitted letter...............................................    72
    Spanberger, Hon. Abigail Davis, a Representative in Congress from
      Virginia, opening statement....................................     1
        Prepared statement...........................................     2
        Submitted news release.......................................    29

                                    Witness

    Lago, Lenise, Associate Chief, U.S. Forest Service, U.S.
      Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.....................     3
        Prepared statement...........................................     5
        Submitted questions..........................................    73

        THE NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM: RESTORING OUR FOREST INFRASTRUCTURE

                                  ----------

                          THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 26, 2019

                      House of Representatives,
                     Subcommittee on Conservation and Forestry,
                                      Committee on Agriculture,
                                                       Washington, D.C.
        The Subcommittee met, pursuant to call, at 10:05 a.m., in
    Room 1300 of the Longworth House Office Building, Hon. Abigail
    Davis Spanberger [Chair of the Subcommittee] presiding.
        Members present: Representatives Spanberger, Fudge,
    O'Halleran, Pingree, Axne, Schrier, Panetta, Peterson (ex
    officio), LaMalfa, Allen, Kelly, Johnson, and Thompson.
        Staff present: Melinda Cep, Prescott Martin III, Felix
    Muniz, Jr., Alison Titus, Ricki Schroeder, Patricia Straughn,
    Josh Maxwell, Dana Sandman, and Jennifer Yezak.

         OPENING STATEMENT OF HON. ABIGAIL DAVIS SPANBERGER, A
                REPRESENTATIVE IN CONGRESS FROM VIRGINIA

        The Chair. This hearing of the Subcommittee on Conservation
    and Forestry entitled, The National Forest System: Restoring
    our Forest Infrastructure, will come to order.
        Good morning. I would like to welcome everyone to this
    hearing of the Conservation and Forestry Subcommittee on the
    National Forest System: restoring our forest infrastructure, a
    critically important topic. I would also like to thank Ranking
    Member LaMalfa, who will be arriving shortly, for his
    engagement on this issue, as well as each Subcommittee Member
    for taking part in this hearing today.
        The roads, trails, bridges, dams, and other facilities that
    make up our National Forest infrastructure help ensure safe and
    reliable access to natural resources and serve as an essential
    backbone for our economic activity.
        More than 140 million Americans visit National Forest lands
    every year to camp, hike, fish, hunt, ski, and more. Recreation
    on and around Forest Service land contributes more than $10
    billion to the U.S. economy every year and supports more than
    143,000 full-time and part-time American jobs.
        In addition to recreation, 66 million Americans in over
    3,000 communities depend on Forest Service infrastructure for
    drinking water and wastewater services and many communities
    rely on Forest Service roads to drive their children to school;
    shop in neighborhood stores; and visit their doctors.
        However, as a consequence of deferring maintenance across
    the agency's infrastructure portfolio, our forest
    infrastructure is in disrepair, and no longer meets the needs
    of forest users, local communities, and emergency responders.
    As is the case with all Federal land management agencies,
    appropriated funds have so far been insufficient.
        With the deferred maintenance backlog of $5.2 billion, the
    ability of the American public to safely access and benefit
    from National Forests is greatly diminished. As many of our
    Subcommittee Members know all too well, one contributing factor
    to this acute backlog has been soaring fire suppression costs.
    The increasing frequency and intensity of wildfires has forced
    the agency to make some tough decisions, often pulling funds
    from non-fire accounts to address wildfires, and leaving fewer
    and fewer resources to support other aspects of the agency's
    work, like deferred maintenance. We hope that the fire fix that
    goes into effect in Fiscal Year 2020 helps address this part of
    the deferred maintenance challenge.
        Despite the challenges of aging infrastructure, the
    dedicated public servants at the Forest Service have
    continually worked to do more with less, and to deliver upon
    their mission: to sustain the health, diversity, and
    productivity of the nation's forests and grasslands to meet the
    needs of present and future generations.
        Proper maintenance of our National Forests is a matter of
    safety and economic well-being. I hope this hearing will help
    us better understand the severity of the deferred maintenance
    backlog, its impact on regional economies, and the agency's
    future plans for capital improvement.
        [The prepared statement of Ms. Spanberger follows:]

     Prepared Statement of Hon. Abigail Davis Spanberger, a Representative
                           in Congress from Virginia
        Good morning, I would like to welcome everyone to this hearing of
    the Conservation and Forestry Subcommittee on The National Forest
    System: Restoring Our Forest Infrastructure, a critically important
    topic. I would also like to thank Ranking Member LaMalfa for his
    engagement on this issue, as well as each Subcommittee Member for
    taking part in this hearing today.
        National Forest infrastructure is the physical link to the
    outdoors. Its network of roads, trails, bridges, dams, and facilities
    helps ensure access to natural resources and secure the economic well-
    being of neighboring communities.
        Over 140 million Americans visit National Forest lands year-round
    to camp, hike, fish, hunt, ski and snowboard, and take part in a wide
    range of other recreation. Recreation on and around Forest Service land
    contributes more than $10 billion to the U.S. economy every year and
    supports more than 143,000 full and part-time jobs.
        66 million Americans in over 3,000 communities depend on Forest
    Service infrastructure for drinking water and wastewater services.
    Similarly, many communities rely on Forest Service roads to drive their
    children to school; shop in neighborhood stores; or visit their doctor,
    among other routine travel needs. Over the last 2 decades alone,
    community development along the Wildland-Urban Interface has expanded
    by more than 46 million acres, an area larger than the State of
    Washington.
        However, as a consequence of deferring maintenance in the agency's
    infrastructure portfolio, the state of our forest infrastructure has
    fallen far behind what is necessary to meet the needs of forest users,
    local communities, and emergency responders. As is the case with all
    Federal land management agencies, appropriated funds have been
    insufficient to adequately maintain roads, trails, bridges, dams, and
    other important structures.
        Over the last few decades, fire suppression costs have increased as
    the frequency and intensity of wildfires have also increased. These
    escalating costs have forced the agency to make some tough decisions,
    often pulling funds from non-fire accounts to address wildfires and
    leaving fewer and fewer resources to support other aspects of the
    agency's work, like deferred maintenance. We hope that the fire budget
    fix that goes into effect in FY20 solves that component of this issue.
    With a deferred maintenance backlog of $5.2 billion, the ability of the
    American public to safely access and benefit from National Forests is
    greatly diminished.
        Despite the challenges of aging infrastructure, the Forest Service
    has continually worked to do more with less and has charged itself to
    develop a long-term plan to deliver upon its mission to ``sustain the
    health, diversity, and productivity of the nation's forests and
    grasslands to meet the needs of present and future generations.''
        Proper maintenance of our National Forests is a matter of safety
    and economic well-being. I hope this hearing will help us better
    understand the severity of the deferred maintenance backlog, its impact
    on regional economies, and the agency's future plans for capital
    improvement.
        This is the important subject of our hearing today, to better
    understand the level of deferred maintenance; its impact on economic
    opportunity and public use; and to examine agency plans for capital
    improvement.

        The Chair. With that, I will recognize the Ranking Member
    once he has arrived. But in consultation with the Ranking
    Member and pursuant to Rule XI(e), I want to make Members of
    the Subcommittee aware that other Members of the full Committee
    may join us today.
        The chair would request that other Members submit their
    opening statements for the record so the witness may begin her
    testimony, and to ensure there is ample time for questions
    today.
        I would like to welcome our witness, Ms. Lenise Lago,
    Associate Chief for the U.S. Forest Service. In coordination
    with the Chief, Ms. Lago helps lead a workforce of more than
    28,000 year-round employees, and an additional 12,000 seasonal
    employees, and is a steward to 193 million acres of National
    Forests and Grasslands.
        Ms. Lago worked briefly in the forest products industry
    before joining the Forest Service in 1989. She has worked in a
    variety of planning, budget, and resource management jobs,
    splitting time between Washington, D.C., and the western United
    States, including Montana, Washington, and Oregon.
        Associate Chief Lago is a native of Athens, Georgia, and a
    graduate of the University of Georgia's Warnell School of
    Forest Resources.
        Ms. Lago, you will have 5 minutes to present your
    testimony. The light will turn yellow, signaling when you have
    1 minute left to complete your testimony. Please begin when you
    are ready.

    STATEMENT OF LENISE LAGO, ASSOCIATE CHIEF, U.S. FOREST SERVICE,
                    U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
                            WASHINGTON, D.C.

        Ms. Lago. Thank you, Madam Chair, Ranking Member LaMalfa,
    and Members of the Committee. Thank you for inviting me to
    share the Administration's views on infrastructure within
    USDA's Forest Service. I want to thank and acknowledge how
    important this opportunity is to testify on this important
    topic. I would also like to thank you for the support you have
    given us to carry out our programs.
        Infrastructure is the physical link between Americans and
    their public lands, and Forest Service infrastructure is vital
    to rural and urban communities alike. It includes roads,
    trails, bridges, visitor centers used by the public, as well as
    offices, air tanker bases, employee housing, water and
    wastewater systems which we use to manage and protect all of
    the other resources. People depend on a safe Forest Service
    road network to get to schools, to hospitals, homes, stores.
    The road system is also critical to carrying out active
    management to improve forest conditions.
        Infrastructure drives the economic benefits communities
    derive from National Forests. The Forest Service provides the
    most diverse recreation opportunities in the nation, across
    world-class landscapes that attract, as you mentioned, Madam
    Chair, over 140 million visitors annually, contributes $10
    billion to the U.S. economy each year, and supports over
    140,000 jobs, mostly in gateway and rural communities. Outdoor
    recreation and tourism are the single greatest source of jobs
    for local economies in the National Forest System.
        Perhaps most critically, forest infrastructure provides
    fire protection for communities. Firefighters and emergency
    responders use forest infrastructure to access forest lands for
    firefighting operations, to protect communities, to evacuate
    families from areas at risk, and to rescue individuals from
    danger.
        Of specific interest here today is deferred maintenance,
    and my written testimony includes tables listing various assets
    the Forest Service owns and maintains, and the deferred
    maintenance by asset category. I am not going to cite all that
    here, but just to roughly identify the portfolio that we are
    talking about, the Forest Service maintains over 370,000 miles
    of roads. That includes over 6,000 bridges. We have 158,000
    miles of trail, including over 7,000 trail bridges. We have
    almost 40,000 buildings of all types, including administrative
    buildings, research buildings, employee housing, and recreation
    sites.
        I think you know; deferred maintenance is scheduled
    maintenance that doesn't get done. It has a dollar value, and
    the dollar value accumulates over time. As a result of deferred
    maintenance, the state of the Forest Service infrastructure has
    fallen far behind what is necessary to meet the needs of our
    forests and our forest users.
        Today, the Forest Service has a deferred maintenance
    backlog of more than $5.2 billion. Our capital improvement
    budget has not kept up with needed maintenance. The President's
    budget request for Fiscal Year 2020 includes a public land
    infrastructure fund, which allocates monies for deferred
    maintenance in the National Forest System.
        Another funding source for Forest Service infrastructure
    comes from the Federal Highway Administration Federal Lands
    Transportation Program. Interestingly, while the Forest Service
    has more miles of publicly accessible road and many times more
    bridges than other Federal land management agencies, the Forest
    Service receives only about five percent of the funding from
    this program.
        In addition to funding, the agency is doing its part to
    reduce deferred maintenance. We are taking bold steps to
    streamline our environmental review process and speed up
    important work that could protect communities, livelihoods, and
    resources. We are using tools provided by Congress as well. We
    have continued to use conveyance authority, which allows us to
    sell facilities that are no longer needed, and keep the
    proceeds to address other infrastructure needs. We just
    proposed a rulemaking for the Powerline Utility Corridor
    Authority from the 2018 appropriations bill, and the
    Communication Sites Authority from the 2018 Farm Bill, in
    addition to the Leasing Authority, which was included in the
    2018 Farm Bill.
        FLREA, the Federal Lands Recreation Enhancement Act, has
    enabled us to keep up with needed maintenance at heavily-used
    developed recreation sites across the country.
        So, with funding, innovation, efficiency, and partnerships,
    those are the keys to taking care of these important assets.
    Managing a healthy infrastructure is an important part of our
    job, and it supports our ability to carry out our mission.
        Again, I am deeply grateful to the Committee for this
    opportunity to talk about our infrastructure, to share ideas
    about how to improve our backlog of deferred maintenance, and
    we appreciate your support. I am happy to answer any questions.
        Thank you.
        [The prepared statement of Ms. Lago follows:]

        Prepared Statement of Lenise Lago, Associate Chief, U.S. Forest
           Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.
    Regarding Infrastructure on National Forest System Lands
        Madam Chair and Members of the Subcommittee, thank you for inviting
    me to share the Administration's position on deferred maintenance
    within the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Forest Service.
        On the National Forest System, infrastructure is the physical link
    between Americans and their public lands. It strengthens communities by
    giving them safe access to the many ecological, economic, and social
    amenities these lands provide. For instance, people use infrastructure
    on the National Forest System for ranching, farming, logging, outdoor
    recreation, tourism, and municipal water services, all of which support
    thriving small businesses, particularly in local communities. People
    depend on the Forest Service road network to get to schools, stores,
    hospitals, and homes. Perhaps most critically, forest infrastructure
    provides fire protection for communities. Firefighters and emergency
    responders use forest infrastructure to access forest lands for
    firefighting operations to protect communities, evacuate families from
    areas at risk, and rescue individuals from danger.
        The infrastructure on the National Forest System includes over
    370,000 miles of road, 13,400 bridges and trail bridges (see table 1),
    158,000 miles of trail, nearly 500 Forest Service owned dams, over
    1,100 privately owned dams overseen by the Forest Service, and
    facilities for both administration and wildland fire management. The
    roads, bridges, facilities, and other infrastructure affect every
    aspect of the Forest Service mission and are critical to the effective
    management of National Forests and Grasslands on behalf of the American
    public.
        However, as a consequence of deferring maintenance in our extensive
    infrastructure portfolio, the state of the Forest Service's
    infrastructure has fallen far behind what is necessary to meet the
    needs of our forests and forest users. Today, the Forest Service has a
    deferred maintenance \1\ backlog of more than $5.2 billion (table 3--
    Deferred Maintenance Backlog; data is also available by state).
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        \1\ ``Deferred maintenance'' is the continual delay of maintenance
    of Forest Service infrastructure assets. Deferred maintenance prevents
    buildings, roads, bridges, and other assets from reaching their
    expected useful lifespans. The total dollar value of deferred
    maintenance is determined by totaling all of the work items of
    components and systems that need to be repaired or replaced. It does
    not include unforeseen failures such as a boiler leak, or a wash out of
    a road or bridge by a storm, etc.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        The President's Budget for Fiscal Year 2020 includes a Public Lands
    Infrastructure Fund allocating monies for deferred maintenance on the
    National Forest System. USDA welcomes the opportunity for further
    discussion with the Subcommittee regarding the proposed fund to meet
    the Forest Service's deferred maintenance needs.
        Our infrastructure needs are pressing, and neglecting to meet them
    only makes the problem worse. Neglecting routine maintenance turns
    minor repairs into major-overhaul work. Ultimately, if left unchecked,
    it can turn critical infrastructure unusable to the point of requiring
    full replacement. Every delay expands deferred maintenance beyond the
    Forest Service's ability to maintain our infrastructure and keep up
    with vital services such as fire suppression, timber production, and
    outdoor recreation.
        Infrastructure on the National Forests and Grasslands also supports
    a rising demand for outdoor recreation. The Forest Service provides
    recreation opportunities in the nation across landscapes that attract
    over 149 million visitors annually. According to the National Visitor
    Use Monitoring (NVUM) program, through both direct and ripple effects,
    National Forest visitor spending contributes over $10 billion to the
    U.S. economy each year while supporting about 143,000 jobs, mostly in
    gateway and rural communities. Outdoor recreation and tourism are the
    single greatest source of jobs on the National Forest System.
        Forest roads and bridges are critical for sustaining landscapes
    across the 193 million acres of National Forest System lands for the
    benefit of visitors and communities; wildland fire management also
    requires an extensive system of forest roads and bridges in good
    condition. However, the backlog of deferred maintenance for forest
    roads and bridges is $3.4 billion--needed maintenance and repairs
    delayed until some future time.
        One example of deferred maintenance impacts to Forest Service
    assets is the Longhouse Scenic Drive road system on the Allegh[e]ny
    National Forest in Pennsylvania. Wear and tear on the road is exceeding
    the ability for most passenger cars to reasonably travel over it.
    Without needed repairs, the road system cannot bring visitors from
    across the country to enjoy the National Forest and sustain local
    businesses through their spending. Each year, users of the road system
    spend about $1.5 million at local businesses.

     Table 1.--Roads and bridges on the National Forest System, by type and
                                    measure.
    ------------------------------------------------------------------------
                         Number of Asset
      Asset Category        Locations         Quantity       Unit of Measure
    ------------------------------------------------------------------------
     Trail Bridges                 N/A             7,156              Each
           Bridges               6,245             6,245              Each
             Roads                 N/A           370,755             Miles
    ------------------------------------------------------------------------

        The Forest Service supports outdoor recreation at more than 29,000
    recreation sites ranging from highly developed campgrounds, target
    ranges, and boating areas to minimally developed trailheads and fishing
    areas. Many of these sites, built by the Civilian Conservation Corps,
    are more than 75 years old and remain in use far beyond their expected
    lifespans. The deterioration of this recreation infrastructure has a
    direct impact on all forest users including outfitters and guides who
    create jobs in forest communities and utilize recreation infrastructure
    for activities such as fishing and river rafting in National Forests.
    Unless the Forest Service invests in recreation infrastructure, the
    quality of visitor experience will suffer and local businesses who
    depend on forest visitors for their livelihoods might fail.
        The Forest Service manages over 158,000 miles of trails--the
    largest managed system of trails in the country. These trails provide
    motorized and nonmotorized access and high-quality recreation
    opportunities across the National Forest System, benefiting economies
    and human health in communities nationwide while also fostering
    extensive volunteerism and citizen stewardship. Only about 25 percent
    of these trails meet agency standards for safety and quality. Total
    maintenance across the trail system is estimated at over $600 million,
    $300 million in deferred maintenance and $300 million in annual
    operational maintenance.
        The Forest Service uses 40,510 USDA-owned buildings for
    administrative and other purposes (table 2). The buildings include
    facilities for research and wildland fire management as well as visitor
    centers, bathrooms, communications towers, living quarters, and
    warehouses. The Forest Service's deferred maintenance backlog for
    facilities totals $1.2 billion, about 65 percent of which is for
    buildings older than 50 years. Due to both age and deferred
    maintenance, only 57 percent of the buildings used by the Forest
    Service are up to standard.
        The agency is taking a number of actions to help reduce deferred
    maintenance. For example, the Forest Service approach to travel
    management helps forests plan a road system that best meets community
    needs and transfers ownership to local communities, counties, or states
    where appropriate. In West Virginia, Monongahela National Forest, Red
    Creek Bridge at Laneville accesses 100 structures, including camps,
    cabins, permanent residences, mail route, etc. This bridge also
    accesses the Dolly Sods Wilderness, an eastern recreation destination
    and economic generator. The Red Creek bridge structure has been
    identified for much needed, significant, repairs for the past 10 years.

      Table 2.--Buildings owned by USDA and used by the Forest Service, by
                      purpose, number, and square footage.
    ------------------------------------------------------------------------
                         Number of Asset
      Asset Category        Locations         Quantity       Unit of Measure
    ------------------------------------------------------------------------
         Buildings              38,939        27,351,760               GSF
         Residence               1,571         2,470,133               GSF
    ------------------------------------------------------------------------

        The agency is doing its part to reduce deferred maintenance. We are
    taking bold steps to streamline our environmental review processes and
    speed up important work that could help protect communities,
    livelihoods and resources. The proposed updates would not only give the
    Forest Service the tools and flexibility to manage the land and tackle
    critical challenges like wildfire, insects, and disease but also
    improve service to the American people. Revising the rules will improve
    forest conditions and make it simpler for people to use and enjoy their
    National Forests and Grasslands at lower cost to the taxpayer. The
    revised rules will also make it easier to maintain and repair the
    infrastructure people need to use and enjoy their public lands--the
    roads, trails, campgrounds, and other facilities.
        The updates will help reduce our maintenance backlog by
    implementing a new suite of ``categorical exclusions,'' a
    classification under NEPA excluding certain routine activities from
    more extensive, time-consuming environmental impact analyses. The
    proposed categorical exclusions would be for restoration projects,
    roads and trails management, recreation and facility management, as
    well as special use authorizations that issue permits for outfitters
    and guides, community organizations, civic groups and others who seek
    to recreate on our National Forests and Grasslands. The new categorical
    exclusions are based on intensive analysis of hundreds of environmental
    assessments and related data and, when fully implemented, will reduce
    process delays for routine activities by months or years. We are also
    streamlining our business practices and implementing new programmatic
    agreements for consultation with other agencies.
        For example, this agency is specifically streamlining business
    practices to reduce deferred maintenance by strategically prioritizing
    capital improvement projects. For road projects, the agency uses the
    following criteria in order: (a) projects vital for near-term forest-
    based economic activity (that is, restoration within the next 5 years);
    (b) projects needed for safety; (c) projects that improve access to
    recreation sites and trails; and (d) projects that improve wildlife
    connectivity, aquatic organism passage, and flood resiliency. Projects
    are evaluated based on how they can provide support and infrastructure
    necessary to accomplish national Forest Service goals and mission
    areas. The goals are better community service and better access to
    public lands for emergency response, outdoor recreation, and active
    resource management. Projects are also evaluated on how they use
    partnerships to achieve mutual conservation goals through combined
    efforts.
        Primary funding for Forest Service infrastructure comes from both
    Forest Service appropriations and from the Federal Highway
    Administration's Federal Lands Transportation Program (FLTP). Adjusted
    for inflation, appropriated resources have been decreasing over the
    past 2 decades, notwithstanding a spike in funding for roads in 2010
    under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act. The Fixing America's
    Surface Transportation Act of 2015 authorized a total of $85 million in
    FLTP program funding for the agency for Fiscal Years 2016-2020. This
    amount derives from the Highway Trust Fund.
        With more than $5.2 billion in deferred maintenance, the Forest
    Service cannot keep much of its infrastructure on the National Forest
    System from deteriorating. A deteriorating infrastructure keeps us from
    properly managing the National Forest System. With roads in poor
    condition, for example, emergency vehicles have trouble getting to
    wildfires, undermining our firefighting and rescue capabilities.
    Conversely, by reducing deferred maintenance and improving
    infrastructure, the Forest Service would be better able to protect
    communities from wildfire, in part through projects to reduce hazardous
    fuels through prescribed fire and mechanical treatments. In addition,
    visitors would get better access to recreational activities and the
    Forest Service would become a better neighbor by offering more
    opportunities for jobs and economic activity in rural areas.
        The Forest Service is eager to work with the Committee to meet our
    infrastructure needs and reduce our deferred maintenance backlog. We
    are deeply committed to accomplishing our multiple-use goals for
    National Forest System lands, goals enshrined in our mission and in the
    laws of the United States, in accordance with the needs and desires of
    the people we serve.
    Figure 1.--Appropriations for infrastructure on the National Forest
            System, in thousands of dollars, Fiscal Years 2001-19.

    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Adjusted for inflation, appropriations declined, despite a
            spike in funding for roads in (CMRD)/(CMLG) in Fiscal Year 2010
            under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act. FY = fiscal
            year; CMRD = Capital Improvement and Maintenance-Roads program;
            CMLG = Legacy Roads and Trails Restoration program.

                                  Table 3.--Forest Service Deferred Maintenance Backlog
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                       Current                           Facility
      Asset    Number of Asset      Quantity     Unit of Measure     Replacement        Deferred         Condition
     Category     Locations                                             Value          Maintenance         Index
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Buildings           38,939       27,351,760              GSF    $7,206,149,429    $1,086,287,917              79
    Residence            1,571        2,470,133              GSF      $576,242,605      $132,536,427              76
    Trails                 N/A          158,726            Miles               N/A      $278,012,495             N/A
    Trail                  N/A            7,156             Each               N/A        $7,846,506             N/A
     Bridges
    Heritage             7,046            7,046             Each               N/A       $17,503,549             N/A
    Misc.                  N/A           18,264            Sites    $3,141,811,123       $85,809,375              91
     Recreati
     on
     Features
    Wastewate            4,736              N/A             Each      $162,601,900       $29,988,070              81
     r
     Systems
    Water                4,710              N/A             Each      $321,539,254       $85,840,039              82
     Systems
    Roads                  N/A          370,755            Miles   $36,789,857,403    $3,153,000,000             N/A
    Dams                   497              497             Each    $3,914,284,327       $79,560,275              98
    Bridges              6,245            6,245             Each    $2,336,703,257      $260,505,526              89
              ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
      Total             63,744       30,390,582              GSF   $54,449,189,297    $5,216,890,180              85
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Figures in the table above represent a snapshot of the Natural Resource Management (NRM) data as of June 2019
      and does not represent the end of the fiscal year summary for 2018; numbers may differ slightly from the end
      of the fiscal year National Forest System Statistics. See individual asset tabs for more information.
    * Residence is defined as residential structures associated with the Employee Housing Program.
    + Roads includes paved and unpaved roadways.
     Not included are towers, as this program is in the midst of reevaluating assets and determining these figures.

        The Chair. Thank you for your testimony.
        Before proceeding to questions, I recognize Ranking Member
    LaMalfa for his opening statement.

      OPENING STATEMENT OF HON. DOUG LaMALFA, A REPRESENTATIVE IN
                        CONGRESS FROM CALIFORNIA

        Mr. LaMalfa. Thank you, Madam Chair, and I have no excuse
    for my tardiness, but I did bring a forest green pen today, if
    there is any redeeming value to that.
        So, thank you, and thank you for joining with us, Associate
    Chief Lago.
        As we know, the National Forest System created more than
    100 years ago, designed--and this is an important key point--
    for multiple uses for the surrounding communities. And so, it
    is a vast network, 193 million acres of public land, and much
    of the infrastructure, like we hear with our National Park
    System, is aging and requires regular upkeep, which hasn't been
    quite regular. We have budget challenges, such as fire
    borrowing, loss of revenue due to declining timber harvests,
    all contributing to the backlog we are talking about.
        A significant portion of the backlog, nearly 75 percent, is
    maintenance of the 370,000 mile road system within our forests,
    a lot of that in California, my home state. Of course, the
    maintenance of these forest roads cannot be understated, and
    they provide access to the public for access to their lands,
    recreation, resources. They connect our communities and are
    very important for our firefighters, of which we suffer a lot
    of fire in the West lately.
        Congress has worked to provide several solutions to address
    the deferred maintenance, such as providing the fire funding
    fix in the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2018 to prevent
    fire borrowing, something we are all happy about, from other
    accounts, including those accounts used for National Forest
    roads. The 2018 Farm Bill provided more tools for the Forest
    Service, with management of forest lands, and allows more
    partners to assist them in these activities. The House-passed
    version of the farm bill also contained several provisions that
    would have strengthened these goals, including several
    categorical exclusions that would have addressed bureaucratic
    red tape that has hindered the Forest Service from addressing
    many of the maintenance issues we will be talking about today.
        Unfortunately, that version did not make it through the
    Senate last year. Earlier this year, though, the Forest Service
    announced they were working on streamlining environmental
    analyses. I believe it is common sense that current facilities
    should be able to be improved without wasting significant time
    and money due to unnecessary hurdles.
        The Forest Service has recently completed a comprehensive
    capital improvement plan also that we hope can be a strategy to
    help address this maintenance backlog, and get back to a
    healthy and sustainable functioning forest system.
        Again, Associate Chief Lago, we appreciate your being here
    today, and look forward to the dialogue and Q&A.
        So, thank you, and I appreciate it, Madam Chair. I yield
    back.
        The Chair. Members will be recognized for questioning in
    order of seniority for Members who were here at the start of
    the hearing. After that, Members will be recognized in the
    order of their arrival.
        I first recognize myself for 5 minutes.
        Associate Chief Lago, in your written testimony, you
    mention the Forest Service currently has a deferred maintenance
    backlog of more than $5.2 billion. Can you speak to the
    backlog's impact on local economies, including recreational
    outfitters and other small businesses that serve locals and
    visitors alike? Additionally, please discuss the impact on
    local small businesses that would complete some of the
    infrastructure work on projects such as building and
    maintaining roads?
        Ms. Lago. Certainly. Thank you, Madam Chair.
        The condition of deteriorated infrastructure means we can't
    provide a full season of use to many users of National Forest
    lands. You mentioned outfitter guides, campground operators.
    Just to bring it down to the operator level, an outfitter and
    guide needs road access, typically some parking lots, uses
    campgrounds sometimes, boat launches. When we can't keep those
    open or when we have to restrict the season of use, that means
    that outfitter and guide has to reduce their season days. It
    has a direct economic effect on that outfitter and guide.
        It is the same with a campground. A campground operator is
    charging a fee, and we can't maintain the water system so we
    have to shut the water off to that campground. They can still
    have campers, but they have to provide their own water. It
    degrades the experience for campers, and they are less likely
    to go to that campground. Again, a direct economic hit to a
    service provider.
        How increasing our maintenance affects local economies is
    for the most part, that deferred maintenance is carried out by
    contractors, partners, service providers in those local
    communities.
        The Chair. Thank you, and I do have a second question with
    a little bit of a personal bit to it.
        I have been a Girl Scout leader for the past 5 years, and I
    have seen the importance of scouting and the role that the
    outdoors play in the lives of young women and in boys who
    participate in Boy Scouts. And events like the upcoming Hike-a-
    palooza in George Washington National Forest not only provides
    young women with the opportunity to explore the outdoors, but
    also promotes environmental stewardship and provides exposure
    to careers in conservation.
        The Forest Service's ability to maintain its infrastructure
    is central to ensuring that the future generations are invested
    in conservation and have the opportunity to enjoy our country's
    stunning public lands.
        On the topic of environmental stewardship, I understand the
    Forest Service relies on partnerships and volunteers, in
    addition to Federal funding. Can you tell us about some of
    these cooperative agreements, and how they help maintain safe,
    accessible trails in places like the George Washington National
    Forest?
        Ms. Lago. Sure. Thank you for that.
        Just generally speaking, the total value of our
    partnerships and agreements is over $1 billion annually, and
    more than half of that is contributed by the partner.
        Within the volunteer service hours that we rack up, trails
    work represents the majority of that work. We have people
    volunteering to do trail maintenance that is more than 1.5
    billion hours annually. That is more than 800 full-time
    equivalents, and they help us maintain over 30,000 miles of
    trail a year.
        And in your local forest, the G.W. Jeff, we have more than
    50 cooperators on trails projects. I think last year they
    helped us maintain almost 5,000 miles of trail. We have
    partnerships with student conservation organizations, back
    country horsemen, lots of partnerships interested in helping us
    maintain that infrastructure.
        The Chair. Thank you very much. I appreciate your answering
    my questions, and I would now recognize Ranking Member LaMalfa
    for his questions.
        Mr. LaMalfa. Thank you again, Assistant Chief.
        We are talking about--and you mentioned in your comments a
    $5.2 billion maintenance backlog, and that has been a number
    that seems to be frozen for quite a few years, going back as
    far as 2012. Which if you look at inflation costs alone, but
    then obviously we have had some big events there in many of our
    forests with large fires, runoff, record levels of snow pack,
    and flooding, et cetera. And we know, we hear about it from our
    forest people out there about considerable damage to the roads,
    trails, et cetera, culverts.
        But the dollar figure has stayed the same since 2012, so it
    makes me wonder, is there really some type of system as to how
    the Forest Service is monitoring, cataloging the damage to the
    various pieces of infrastructure in the forests to see that we
    are actually keeping up with the real number on the maintenance
    backlog that we are talking about.
        Again, we know that there is a huge number for our National
    Parks, and I am wondering is there a system in place that we
    could be improving or one that you are working on to get what
    probably needs to be a more accurate number?
        Ms. Lago. Yes, sir. So it is, first of all, a big number,
    and as I described, our totality of infrastructure is big,
    diverse, spread out, and inaccessible.
        The way we arrive at that number is we do sampling on an
    annual basis. We sample a portion of the roads, and then
    calculate an estimate. We sample buildings and dams on a 5 year
    cycle, dams on a 2 year cycle.
        But in addition, events like fires and floods can take out
    bridges. Sometimes we don't replace them, so that removes the
    asset and it removes the deferred maintenance along with it.
        We are doing lands transactions every year, and we may
    convey an asset with a deferred maintenance, and thus reduce
    it.
        Mr. LaMalfa. So, with the loss of a bridge in a situation
    like that, you can take it off the books because it doesn't
    exist anymore.
        Now on my farm, if one of my tractors catches fire, I don't
    get just to write of the asset. I still need that amount of
    tractor power to be able to get over the acres I do in a year.
        How is this going to be serving the people in the area,
    whether it is for firefighters, access, logging, whatever it
    is? How can we just write that asset off?
        Ms. Lago. It depends on the local area, and a lot of these
    assets are legacies from many, many years ago. It might be in a
    portion of the forest where access has been terminated or is
    seasonally closed, and we may decide not to replace that bridge
    in-kind, but do some sort of lower scale, more like a trail
    bridge or something like that.
        Mr. LaMalfa. Is it done in conjunction with local needs,
    with local--whether it is safety officials or logging or
    access, or is that decision made in D.C.? Is it made by the
    local forester? I mean, that is kind of disturbing to me that
    we can just write this off and maybe not have the input. How is
    that done?
        Ms. Lago. Yes, sir. It is a local decision. It is done with
    public input, environmental analysis, and disclosure.
        Mr. LaMalfa. Okay. So timber receipts have been down. Back
    years ago, we are looking at 1991, we could see that there is
    $680 million in timber receipts, of which ten percent goes
    directly towards forest roads, and it is also very important,
    those receipts, for local schools and roads under what is the
    Secure Rural Schools Fund. And so, now you want $680 million in
    receipts, and more recently, it is down to $21 million. It
    would seem to me we could be going farther if we had the timber
    receipts for the road maintenance for that ten percent.
        Would you comment upon that?
        Ms. Lago. Yes, sir. In recent years, we have been
    increasing our timber sales. Those receipts are increasing as a
    result of that, and so----
        Mr. LaMalfa. Do you know that number now compared to the
    $680 million not-inflation-adjusted 1991 number?
        Ms. Lago. I don't know the total revenue, but I believe our
    timber receipts--I will have to get back to you. No, I don't.
        Mr. LaMalfa. Okay, please do.
        With them down significantly, and since recreation is a
    primary driver of road use; how much is being done to boost
    what is coming in on recreation fees, not by just raising the
    fees, but actually having more access in order to keep from
    losing more roads to deterioration?
        Ms. Lago. Our annual recreation fee collection is about
    $100 million. Eighty-five percent of that goes back to the site
    where it was generated, and the decision about fees for
    recreation use is on a site-by-site basis.
        Mr. LaMalfa. I mean, as far as boosting the amount of
    recreation happening, is that a part of the strategy?
        Ms. Lago. On an individual site basis, the local management
    can and does suggest a fee increase, or to add an additional
    site into the fee revenue program.
        Mr. LaMalfa. Yes. I am not angling for fee increases, but
    just more access where it is possible.
        So, I am over time. I will yield back, Madam Chair.
        The Chair. I now recognize the gentlewoman from Ohio, for 5
    minutes.
        Ms. Fudge. Thank you, Madam Chair, and thank you, Chief
    Lago, for being here this morning.
        I want to change the subject a bit to Job Corps, if we
    could just talk about that for a bit. The Job Corps Civilian
    Conservation Centers in particular.
        We know that last year almost 2,000 Job Corps students from
    under-served communities contributed more than 100,000 hours to
    infrastructure improvements and to maintenance projects. Tell
    me what you see as the opportunity to grow that program?
        Ms. Lago. Yes, ma'am. Thank you.
        Just this week, Secretary of Agriculture Perdue traveled to
    Denver, national Job Corps headquarters, and met with our Job
    Corps leadership, several center directors, and laid out a plan
    for a more formal program between National Forests and the Job
    Corps centers where they reside to have more students doing
    restoration and maintenance work on Forest Service facilities,
    more conservation-related trades at Job Corps centers, and
    ultimately, more hiring of Job Corps graduates into Forest
    Service jobs.
        Ms. Fudge. If I understand you correctly then, USDA is
    supportive of the program, wants to keep the program, and is
    going to try to broaden the program?
        Ms. Lago. Yes, ma'am.
        Ms. Fudge. Good.
        Let me also ask, do the students who participate in this
    program have any path toward becoming employed with the Forest
    Service or some other land management agency?
        Ms. Lago. Yes, ma'am. We currently have an authority called
    Public Land Corps Authority, which Job Corps students qualify
    for by doing certain number of hours of restoration work on
    public land. They are still required to compete for jobs in an
    open merit application.
        What we would like to do is work with OPM on a direct hire
    authority for Job Corps graduates.
        Ms. Fudge. Can you tell me just for maybe some of my
    colleagues' benefit who are not familiar with the program, how
    has this program helped the agency?
        Ms. Lago. Well, you said it yourself. More than 2,000
    students and 100,000 hours on projects doing restoration work
    in National Forests.
        In addition to those numbers, we have upwards of 300,000
    students annually supporting firefighting, either doing things
    like mobile cooking camps, or actually being on the fire line.
    About, ten of our 24 centers have conservation trades. You
    know, the typical trade at Job Corps is carpentry, masonry,
    plumbing, painting, auto mechanics. We have ten centers where
    we have forestry-related trades, and we would like to expand
    the conservation trades to all of our centers.
        Ms. Fudge. Well, I just appreciate the fact that the
    program is going to continue. It is an outstanding program. It
    gets young people involved at a level that we could never do in
    any other way.
        I thank you, Assistant Chief, and I yield back, Madam
    Chair.
        The Chair. Thank you. I now recognize the gentleman from
    Mississippi, for 5 minutes.
        Mr. Kelly. Thank you, Madam Chair.
        I guess, what is the primary purpose of the National
    Forests?
        Ms. Lago. To have enduring natural resources for the
    nation.
        Mr. Kelly. And specifically for recreation or for people--I
    know there is some money-making, but sometimes we forget the
    main thing has got to be the main thing, and it is to provide
    opportunities for people who may not have forests of their own
    to go enjoy that, the recreation, and also, there is some
    financial benefits to the United States as a whole. But it is
    to provide those opportunities, recreational and hunting and
    other things, for our people.
        I just ask that you remember, the main thing has always got
    to be the main thing. And so, I ask that we do all that we can
    to keep that open and accessible to all those hunters and
    recreationers and campers and bikers and cross-country runners
    and trail hikers, that we do everything we can. Because that is
    the purpose of these National Forests, what it was originally,
    is to keep that open.
        That being said, the House farm bill last time contained
    several categorical exclusions that would have streamlined NEPA
    for reconstructing or rehabilitating National Forest
    infrastructure, from roads to dams and bridges, even bathroom
    and shower facilities at recreational sites. How would these
    CEs have been helpful to saving time and money, while
    addressing the backlog of deferred maintenance programs?
        Ms. Lago. Yes, sir. Thank you, Congressman.
        The CEs that did not get included in the farm bill are very
    similar to the CEs we have just proposed in our rulemaking for
    NEPA for infrastructure for roads, bridges, and facilities. And
    we have existing CEs for routine maintenance. But, most of our
    facilities need something beyond routine maintenance, major
    reconstruction, decommissioning, and so, these CEs in the
    footprint of an existing structure allow us to be consistent
    with state law, Federal law, documenting a decision, do that
    work without going through a longer environmental analysis.
        Mr. Kelly. And I just want you to understand, this has
    major impacts. I received several calls last year when we
    closed some National Forest roads, trails--that cars could go
    on--to my squirrel hunters and folks who use those National
    Forests to do that. There are significant impacts that maybe
    you guys don't always see, but I can assure you, when you start
    getting calls at the Congressional office because my squirrel
    hunters can't get to where they want to go.
        What have we done to do public-private partnerships? Are
    you forbidden to do that? You know, because a lot of these
    folks would go on and improve those trails, which would also
    make them accessible to fight fires. Or are we co-oping with 70
    percent of the engineers in the entire United States Army or in
    the Guard and Reserves? Camp Shelby is a National Forest which
    you have engineers, and they just did a new running trail down
    there in the old rail bed system. What opportunities do we use
    to use those to help us with the maintenance under the
    supervision of the Forest Service?
        Ms. Lago. Yes, sir. Thank you.
        In a minute and 47 seconds, I won't be able to tell you all
    the partnerships that we have, but for example, we have
    partnerships with user groups--and I mentioned before Student
    Conservation Association, Ducks Unlimited. We also have
    partnerships with counties in particular that help us maintain
    roads. The Army National Guard has an authority--because they
    are largely engineers--they can do major construction,
    reconstruction, demolition work on our sites and our
    facilities.
        The pathway to those things is the instrument that
    documents the agreement and what each side needs to do. We can
    be bureaucratic about that. We need to instill all of our
    workforce with the curiosity and the innovation to use those
    partnerships.
        Mr. Kelly. What can we in Congress and on this Committee do
    to make that process easier?
        Ms. Lago. Sir, the attention in this hearing is a
    tremendous, tremendous value. I will confer with my staff about
    what is limiting in those partnerships and be happy to visit
    with your staff.
        Mr. Kelly. Please let me know. As an Army engineer who
    still serves, I am interested in whatever we can do to make
    this easier for you all so that we can serve the main thing,
    the public that we are trying to give opportunities, offer
    recreation to.
        And with that, I yield back, Madam Chair.
        The Chair. Thank you. I now recognize the gentlewoman from
    Maine, for 5 minutes.
        Ms. Pingree. Thank you very much, Madam Chair, and thank
    you to the Chair and Ranking Member for holding this hearing,
    and to Associate Chief Lago, thank you very much for being here
    today and for your long career and service in the Forest
    Service. That is so important to all of us.
        I am also on the House Appropriations Committee, the
    Interior Subcommittee, so we had a very interesting and
    instructive hearing earlier this year with Chief Christiansen.
    We appreciated that very much, and also have spent a lot of
    time trying to understand the funding of the Forest Service and
    the unique challenges you have been dealing with because of the
    wildfires and the challenges out West.
        I am going to take a little bit different tact because I am
    a Representative from Maine, and in Maine, we know the
    importance of our forests. Eighty-six percent of Maine is
    forested land. Only six percent of that is public, so very
    different from the issues we deal with in the West. I think
    that is the highest percentage of any state in the nation. We
    have almost 17 million acres of forests, 16 million of which
    are privately-owned, and that supports about 30,000 good paying
    jobs.
        One imminent concern that we feel our forests can help us
    with is the issue of climate change, but it also presents a
    challenge. Forests are facing rising temperatures, increased
    and prolonged drought, extreme weather events, invasive
    species, all contributing in many ways to widespread declines
    in the forest health.
        But on the other hand, forests can be a positive force for
    change in the climate debate because of their role as carbon
    sinks. Just last week, there was an article in the Portland
    Press Herald in Maine that highlights the carbon store capacity
    of our Maine forests, and without objection, Madam Chair, I
    would like to submit that for the record.
        The Chair. Without objection.
        [The article referred to is located on p. 68.]
        Ms. Pingree. Thank you.
        By promoting the value of working forests in the United
    States and recognizing the continual cycle of growth,
    harvesting, and replanting, our working forests provide a
    carbon solution.
        Can you tell me a little bit about some of the efforts by
    the Forest Service that promote healthy working forests, and
    the carbon benefits associated with growing trees and the wood
    products they produce?
        Ms. Lago. Yes, Congresswoman, thank you.
        We have a branch of the Forest Service called State and
    Private Forestry. We have authorities under State and Private
    Forestry that enable us--and first of all, recognizes there is
    800 million acres of forest and land in this country owned by
    states and private entities, and it is just as important for
    conservation on those lands as on Federal lands. Our State and
    Private Forestry authorities allow us to work with State
    Foresters, private land owners, industrial corporations on
    conservation efforts.
        Just this morning, talking about innovation and
    partnerships, one of my colleagues sent me an announcement from
    the National Forest Foundation, U.S. Endowment for Forests and
    Communities, and the Forest Service Partnership Office,
    announcing grants for public-private partnerships for forest
    stewardship and forest conservation. There is a lot of growing
    interest in the importance and the benefits to all of us from a
    health standpoint, from a climate change standpoint of keeping
    forests healthy.
        Finally, in the Southeast and in the Northeast, we have
    programs called Keeping Forests Forests. They are big
    partnerships between us, state forests, and industrial land
    owners.
        Ms. Pingree. Just to tack on one of the earlier questions,
    I know the Forest Service is trying to streamline the NEPA
    review to make it easier for people to manage forests without
    significant environmental review. But what will you do if those
    management practices aren't actually storing carbon? Are they
    considering carbon sequestration in their efforts to streamline
    NEPA reviews, or is that not part of the consideration?
        Ms. Lago. No, ma'am, I don't see carbon sequestration as a
    calculus in those environmental reviews.
        Ms. Pingree. Okay. Well, I will follow up on that later.
        One other quick thing. I am very familiar with the USDA's
    regional climate hubs and have asked other USDA agencies about
    their hubs in previous hearings. Based on budget documents that
    I have received from USDA, I understand the Forest Service
    spent $3.3 million on the climate hubs in 2016, which I think
    is great, but the 2019 estimate is $400,000. Given the
    challenges that we are dealing with, why is there such a big
    drop, and do you see those as a valuable part of what you are
    doing?
        Ms. Lago. Yes. Our investment and our continued commitment
    to climate hubs is significant. I don't have the dollar values
    at hand. I can research that with staff and get back to you or
    submit it for the record.
        Ms. Pingree. Great. Well, I do have great concerns about
    that number going down, and I appreciate your talking about the
    value of them.
        And I am basically out of time, so again, thank you very
    much for your answers to the questions.
        Ms. Lago. Thank you.
        The Chair. I want to recognize the Chair of the full
    Committee has joined us. Thank you for being here, Chairman
    Peterson, and I now recognize the gentleman from Georgia, for 5
    minutes.
        Mr. Allen. Thank you, Madam Chair, and thank you for being
    with us today.
        In your written testimony, you mentioned that perhaps most
    critically, forest infrastructure provides fire protection for
    communities, especially by providing access to forest lands and
    roads for firefighters and emergency responders during rescue
    operations.
        Due to the deferred maintenance backlog, how many miles of
    Forest Service system roads have been decommissioned over the
    past 10 years?
        Ms. Lago. I don't have 10 year figures. On an average
    basis, I think we decommission somewhere between 300 and 400
    miles of road a year. It is not strictly related to deferred
    maintenance. There might be restoration management objective
    tied, but in any event, I will get you 10 year figures.
        Mr. Allen. Okay. All right, and during wildfire
    suppression, what percentage of decommissioned roads from
    within the fire perimeter are reopened and used for suppression
    activities? Do you have any idea?
        Ms. Lago. I don't know on a percentage basis.
        Mr. Allen. Okay.
        Ms. Lago. I know we do do that. The fire line officer has
    the call on it.
        Mr. Allen. Right, okay.
        And then to that, can you further elaborate on the
    potential threat the deferred maintenance poses on being able
    to respond to wildfires, and as a result, additional damage to
    forest infrastructure?
        Ms. Lago. I can't quantitatively summarize it, but the
    deferred maintenance accumulates not just on roads, but also
    our fire guard stations, our air tanker bases, our bunkhouses
    where our firefighters are housed over the summer. So, the
    accumulated effect of that is our capacity is diminished where
    it wouldn't otherwise be.
        Mr. Allen. And why is your capacity diminished? I mean, why
    would you do that?
        Ms. Lago. Well, we are not able to house people in
    bunkhouses because of the deteriorating condition.
        Mr. Allen. I got you.
        Well, then that gets to my next question. The U.S. Forest
    Service recently completed its comprehensive Capital
    Improvement Plan. Can you further detail how you plan to
    implement this strategy, going forward, as far as dealing with
    these issues?
        Ms. Lago. Yes, sir. Thank you.
        Our plan has been released in the last couple of weeks.
    What it primarily does is identifies criteria for submitting
    projects for the national prioritization, and those criteria
    include access to active forest management, access to
    recreation facilities, access for fire operations, research and
    development, and revenue generating destinations. Those
    criteria are applied to the submitted project. It runs through
    a model. The model prioritizes projects, and so we have funding
    set aside and cut off the funding at the level that----
        Mr. Allen. Outside of that, what is your biggest challenge?
        Ms. Lago. The level of funding.
        Mr. Allen. The level of funding?
        Ms. Lago. Yes, sir.
        Mr. Allen. You are looking at Members of this Committee who
    are Members of the United States Congress, and you need more
    funding?
        Ms. Lago. That is correct.
        Mr. Allen. Okay. All right. Thank you, and I yield back.
        The Chair. Thank you. I now recognize the gentleman from
    Arizona.
        Mr. O'Halleran. Thank you, Madam Chair.
        My district contains all or parts of six National Forests,
    and the Grand Canyon, and 22 other National Parks and
    monuments. I fully understand the conditions that you are
    under, because I live in Forest Service country. I also--my
    house is located--I take Forest Service roads back to the
    house. That road hasn't been touched by a blade in about 20
    years, and we even offered at one time to pay for part of it--
    well, half of it, and they still didn't--because they only have
    one grader for the entire Coconino National Forest. And that
    grader has to be borrowed by the Kaibab sometimes in order to
    get some roads done over there. And so, this whole concept of--
    how many personnel has the Forest Service lost or percentage in
    the last decade because of funding?
        Ms. Lago. I have heard the figure \1/3\, 33 percent in non-
    fire professions. I would have to double check is that the last
    10 years or some other time period, but that is the figure that
    I am familiar with.
        Mr. O'Halleran. And how much more personnel are you going
    to be able to hire now that you have been able to get the fire
    funding off your books?
        Ms. Lago. That is a good question. It is not easy to
    answer.
        In my own career, we have changed significantly from using
    Forest Service employees and equipment doing projects, road
    projects, for example, to funding partners or counties or
    contract workers. So, the increase in funding may not
    necessarily turn around more, let's say, road crews. What we do
    need is senior experienced engineers and specialists who can
    plan and design the work, and then do contract oversight.
        Mr. O'Halleran. Well, let's put it another way. The fire
    funding has been taken out. How much has been restored to your
    budget in order to meet your other obligations and needs?
        Ms. Lago. Okay, I can do that one.
        It goes into effect in 2020, and if we had to request the
    10 year average for fire suppression, it would--which we don't,
    because the fire funding fix froze it at 2015 level, we would
    have to increase the request for fire suppression by $270
    million.
        What that means is we get to add $270 million back to
    programs, as long as our cap stays the same.
        Mr. O'Halleran. Now, it is also, at least out in the West
    and in my district, a lot of the forests were put in place
    because of watershed protection. What impact has the lack of
    funding had on the ability of us to protect our watersheds, our
    wildlife that the hunters love, and our fish that they--and the
    streams that impact the quality of our tourists and our
    recreational activities in the forest?
        Ms. Lago. Yes, sir. The two most important things that
    affect water quality and water coming off National Forests is
    healthy forest condition and maintaining the road system.
        A former long-time Member of the House, Norm Dicks, used to
    say, ``You don't fix the roads, you're going to drink the
    roads.'' Our inability to maintain the road system contributes
    to degraded water. Overcrowded, over-dense forests that
    stagnate, lead to insect infestation, wildfire, that
    contributes to poor water quality. We need to take care of
    those two things.
        Mr. O'Halleran. Well, I want to thank the Forest Service
    for helping start the 4FRI projects in Arizona. It has been
    very important. We are on another step now, and hopefully we
    will move forward again.
        But the management process that you just talked about is
    critical to watershed protection and wildlife and the whole
    ecosystem that is there. And I just look at Arizona as an
    example. We have millions and millions of acres that are not
    managed or haven't been able to be managed, I should say, that
    are just going up in fire all the time, and that is throughout
    the West. I would kind of like to know the plan of attack,
    other than a 4FRI for the other National Forests.
        Ms. Lago. Yes, sir.
        You might recall, we announced an initiative earlier this
    year that we called Shared Stewardship, and we have ten states
    now under an agreement where we are partnering with states to
    agree on the areas of highest priority treatment, and then we
    are working on those areas together. And I think that is a
    commitment that is going to build both support for the work
    that we need to do, and additional capacity for doing it.
        Mr. O'Halleran. Thank you, and I yield back.
        The Chair. Thank you. Before moving to recognize Members of
    the full Committee, I am going to recognize, for 5 minutes, the
    gentlewoman from Iowa, who stepped out. Excuse me. I apologize.
    I will now recognize, for 5 minutes, the gentleman from South
    Dakota, Mr. Johnson.
        Mr. Johnson. Thank you very much, Madam Chair.
        I know in your line of work you get a fair amount of
    criticism, but I just want to start by saying thank you on a
    personal basis, ma'am. The Black Hills National Forest is a
    ways, we have a very large Congressional district. I suppose I
    am probably 4 hours from the National Forest, but I can't tell
    you how many hundreds of memories my family has made in that
    great national asset that you, throughout your career, and your
    people have helped to maintain.
        And it is wonderful. I mean, some of the most beautiful,
    quiet moments in our lives have been nestled among those Black
    Hills ponderosa pine. Some of our most active moments of our
    life have been in that forest. And so, thank you for what you
    are doing.
        Of course, it is not just the Johnson family that enjoys
    that resource. Every year, there are millions of South Dakotans
    and folks from all over the world who recreate there. I get the
    sense that our deferred maintenance backlog is perhaps smaller
    there than in many of the forests we have discussed. Perhaps,
    because it is such an actively managed, well-maintained forest.
    We have some of the highest timber sales of National Forests in
    the country. And so, if you are willing to, ma'am, could you
    elaborate on the connection, if any, that exists between a
    well-maintained, actively managed forest and the impact that
    that can have on lower deferred maintenance?
        Ms. Lago. Yes, sir. Thank you for the opportunity, and
    thank you very much for the compliment. The Black Hills is a
    very special place, I agree.
        All our forests are similar in the way that people love
    them and rely on them. And that said, they are still unique in
    their own way. And where a forest is well-maintained, able to
    reduce deferred maintenance, my guess is that is a forest with
    a lot of thriving partnerships. We don't have the same ability
    to partner everywhere. It depends on opportunity and economic
    capacity. But it also depends on commitment to partnering.
        And so, I would put my finger on partnerships where the
    Black Hills are concerned.
        Mr. Johnson. Well, I think that is exquisitely well said,
    and I do think thriving partnerships are a key part of that
    story of a lower deferred maintenance backlog, and higher use
    of the forest. Thank you for calling out the importance of
    having a USDA commitment to that, and to the extent that that
    commitment can even grow in the Black Hills National Forest and
    elsewhere, I would certainly love to see more efforts in that
    regard.
        I hate to bring up such a terrible subject of the mountain
    pine beetle, because I know that little fellow has done a lot
    of damage in a lot of places. In the Black Hills, we had less
    damage from the pine beetle than was feared at the onset of
    this round of the epidemic, and frankly, less damage than many
    National Forests.
        I have attributed that to a more actively managed forest. I
    want to give you an opportunity to correct my misconception, if
    I have one, and offer any other thoughts you have.
        Ms. Lago. Yes, sir.
        Definitely, well-maintained forests are in a more vigorous
    condition, and a more vigorous condition allows forests to
    repel bark beetle attacks. It is a native pest. They have been
    around a long time. What has changed is the vitality of forests
    and their ability to just naturally withstand them.
        I think definitely better maintained forests, active
    management such as what we have in the Black Hills, is key to
    preventing further spread by that insect.
        Mr. Johnson. Well, Madam Chair, I would just close by
    trying to highlight some of these great phrases. This
    conversation has pulled out the importance of active
    management, being well-maintained, and having thriving
    partnerships. Those are wonderful phrases, Associate Chief.
    Thanks for the work you do, and thanks for your presence here
    today.
        Ms. Lago. Thank you, sir.
        Mr. Johnson. And I yield back.
        The Chair. I now recognize Mr. Thompson from Pennsylvania,
    for 5 minutes.
        Mr. Thompson. Thank you, Madam Chair. Thanks for hosting
    this, and Ranking Member, for this hearing.
        Assistant Chief, good to see you. Thank you for your
    service and your record of service to the nation through the
    Forest Service, I greatly appreciate it. Also, special thanks
    when you were testifying on the other side of the Capitol in
    the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee. You used
    Longhouse Drive in the Allegheny National Forest as an example
    of the threat of lack of maintenance and roadways
    deteriorating. And as you really nicely point out in your
    testimony, the users of that road contribute about $1.5 million
    a year to the local businesses, local economy. That just speaks
    to the importance--the economic importance of this.
        You have talked a lot about partnership. I am going to
    start out by really--I think one of our best partners--and we
    have many great partners, obviously, with the Forest Service--
    but one of the best partners are those from the forest products
    industry, the timber industry, that bid on contracts, help us
    so that we can maintain a healthy forest. We make it so that
    they are the largest carbon sinks in the world. Also, as my
    friend across the aisle talked about making sure that those
    healthy forests are--making sure that we have a great
    filtration system for those watersheds that start in our
    National Forests.
        And so, I am concerned right now. The first thing I have
    for you is not really looking for a response on, just a request
    to take back. And I am going to follow up in writing; but, the
    situation with the tariffs, and specifically the hardwoods
    industry, we have a lot of folks, good people that bid and
    obtain contracts. Specifically, I am going to speak about
    hardwoods, because I have the Allegheny National Forest.
    Unfortunately, with the trade wars that are going on, the
    bottom just completely dropped out of the price. They bid at a
    certain price. They are mandated contracted to pursue that, but
    they have lost their market for the time being.
        I will say talking with them, they are all behind the
    President and they are supportive, and you know, they want to
    see fair and free trade, which is what the President wants.
        But in the meantime, just two things that we could look at
    that and will be sent along in a written request. You know, any
    type of trade relief for hardwoods. They were not included in
    that package. And I get it. It is different for--it might be
    because a part of this is administered--that part of trade is
    administered through commerce. I don't know why. Trees are a
    crop. It is agriculture. But they need--we are hoping,
    actually, just to get resolution to trade agreements. But if
    this goes on for any amount of time, those hardwood folks need
    this. Because if we lose those industries, then we will not
    have that valuable partner to keep our forests healthy. And in
    the long run, that would be a deterioration of tremendous
    proportions of our National Forests.
        The other thing is a request to take back is we need
    extension on current contracts, and I would say up to a period
    of 2 years at this point, because there is not a business plan
    given what the contracts are at and where the pricing has
    fallen. That may be a little more difficult, I understand, but
    those are just--not really looking for a response on that. If
    you could take that back and I will be following back up with
    certainly the Secretary and the President on those.
        The most pressing maintenance issue that we currently have
    in the Allegheny National Forest is the Mayburg Bridge located
    in Forest County. There are 128 permanent and seasonal
    dwellings in Mayburg and the bridge, which is owned by the
    Forest Service, and it is the only really practical year-round
    route in and out of that village. Thankfully, we don't have any
    kids right now living in that area, so there are no school
    buses, because that bridge would not handle a school bus. And I
    would be concerned if there is a fire, because an emergency
    vehicle is not going to be handled as well.
        Unfortunately, that bridge has fallen into disrepair and is
    in need of critical repairs. The Forest Service has indicated
    that the funding will be coming for the bridge, but there is
    still a lot of uncertainty about the future.
        Now, currently maintenance for infrastructure like this
    must be a priority, yet it is not being completed. So, it is a
    simple question. How is the Forest Service prioritizing this
    kind of maintenance, especially when it comes down to access
    for local residents and public safety?
        Ms. Lago. Thank you, Congressman.
        I thought we had the funding for that bridge and completed
    the environmental analysis, and I thought it was moving
    forward. I will double check on that.
        Funding for maintenance is part of regional allocations,
    and the priorities for maintenance is decided at the local
    level. When it exceeds routine maintenance and becomes a
    capital investment, then it is going to be subject to that
    capital investment strategy and those criteria for
    prioritization that I mentioned.
        Mr. Thompson. I appreciate it. I also appreciate your
    engagement with the community, because it was apparent in the
    beginning--I am not sure the Forest Service or whoever was
    involved even locally recognized that there was a permanent
    village, basically. People live there year-round, and quite
    frankly, it was the only way in and out. But, because of how
    you all did conduct yourselves, engaging in the community, that
    all came to light, and I really appreciate it. And I appreciate
    the support with the Mayburg bridge.
        Ms. Lago. Thank you.
        The Chair. I now recognize the gentlewoman from Washington,
    for 5 minutes.
        Ms. Schrier. Thank you, Madam Chair, and Ms. Lago, thank
    you for coming today and joining us. It is great to have a
    witness with experience in Washington forests, and I would love
    to host you back at home, along with the Forest Service Chief,
    in the district--which by the way, includes Mount Rainier, the
    Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest----
        Ms. Lago. Beautiful area.
        Ms. Schrier. To raise some of these various issues on
    deferred maintenance, and in addition to the deferred
    maintenance projects the Forest Service Legacy Roads and Trails
    Remediation Program is a critical program that leverages
    dollars outside of the Forest Service to address water quality
    issues, and I have an appropriations letter for the record that
    I would like to submit, outlining the importance of that
    program, and the need for it to have a dedicated line item.
        The Chair. So noted.
        [The letter referred to is located on p. 72.]
        Ms. Schrier. The program was created in 2008, because the
    general Forest Service road maintenance budget was unable to
    address the sheer volume of blocked culverts, landslides, and
    washouts, which were impacting water quality and access for
    threatened and endangered species. And in Washington State and
    other parts of the country, the program is critical to address
    water quality issues and habitat, particularly for Chinook
    salmon, bull trout, and steelhead. These fish are an important
    part of the Northwest culture, heritage, ecosystem, and they
    have suffered heavily, as you know. A recent New York Times
    report stated that the Chinook salmon may be extinct in 20
    years. I will also add that Chinook salmon are the key food
    source for the endangered southern resident Orcas, and old
    weather-damaged roads and broken culverts are key culprits in
    this demise.
        Washington State has invested millions, multiple millions
    of dollars to address downstream barriers and culverts,
    including dams and whatnot, while the Chinook salmon spawning
    grounds are located upstream in the National Forest headwaters.
        And on page 4 of your testimony, you outline the criteria
    for road projects, listing priorities. And unfortunately, the
    projects that improve wildlife and aquatic passage are last.
    And so, I was just wondering if you could expand on this and
    help me understand how projects affecting water quality can be
    addressed in a timely manner when the Forest Service is facing
    a $5+ billion backlog?
        Ms. Lago. Yes, thank you, Congresswoman.
        When I was still in the Pacific Northwest, we hosted a
    chiefs review, and the theme of the entire review was Save our
    Salmon. I really understand the integral role of salmon in the
    economy and lifestyle, and that ecosystem.
        In addition to the criteria, which includes benefits--the
    ability to be an economic driver in water and recreation, there
    is an intangible benefit criteria. You know, salmon is a lot
    more--and water quality is a lot more than an intangible
    benefit certainly, and local managers--also there is a layer
    where they put a personal priority on their projects, based on
    their knowledge of local issues and what is important to the
    local economy, people, community.
        So, there is more than just the criteria that I named in my
    testimony. It is fair to really think about how we are valuing
    water, the economic value of water, as well as the fact that we
    all rely on it. I will go back and discuss that.
        Ms. Schrier. Thank you, and the way I interpreted economic
    was really related to timber; but, if you think about the
    recreational economy and salmon and habitat and our Tribes,
    that those do weave in economics.
        Yes. I appreciate your going back. I think that is it, and
    I would just like to reiterate my invitation, and thank you for
    paying attention to this issue.
        I yield back the rest of my time.
        The Chair. Thank you. I now recognize the gentleman from
    California, for 5 minutes, Mr. Panetta.
        Mr. Panetta. Thank you, Madam Chair. I appreciate you
    allowing me to sit in on this very important hearing,
    especially when it comes to my district on the Central Coast.
        Ranking Member LaMalfa, good morning, and good morning,
    Chief. Thank you for being here. I appreciate your testimony
    and appreciate your service.
        I represent the Central Coast of California, Big Sur Los
    Padres National Forest, and in 2016, I am sure you know well,
    we had a pretty extensive fire there called the Soberanes fire,
    which encompassed about 206\2\ miles being burned, and the cost
    at the time was the most expensive in our nation's history at
    the time, until recently, a cost of about $260 million.
        The reason that fire started was because of an illegal
    campfire, unfortunately, and we are seeing a lot of that,
    especially in Los Padres Forest, in the sense that you have a
    number of people out there, despite the numerous signs
    everywhere, saying don't do something as stupid as that. But
    people continue to conduct themselves in that manner,
    unfortunately. Obviously, it would be nice to have staff there,
    Forest Service officers there, who actually are on the grounds
    and enforcing those types of laws. But unfortunately, we had to
    resort to certain volunteers. I say unfortunately because that
    shouldn't be their job. They are not armed. They don't have the
    right law and the legal background to enforce those types of
    laws. But that is what we have had to resort to in order to
    ensure that people are out there, making sure that people don't
    do these acts that could threaten--the forest could threaten
    people.
        Obviously staffing is a big issue, and you know that. And
    so, I was wondering if you could elaborate on any sort of plans
    that you have to address the chronic staffing issues, obviously
    not just in Los Padres National Forest, but in other National
    Forests across our country?
        Ms. Lago. Yes, sir. Thank you.
        As I mentioned, and I am not sure if you were in the room
    at the time.
        Mr. Panetta. And I apologize if I was not. I just came in
    late. Thank you.
        Ms. Lago. No problem. The result of the fire funding fix is
    we have room, if our cap stays the same, to request funding for
    other programs that would have had to go to the 10 year average
    for fire suppression. And so, we are deeply aware of the
    shortages in many programs. Law enforcement and fire prevention
    are two of the areas forest protection officers--which is a
    designation for people in all kinds of resources--but in
    addition to their resource job, they patrol. So, having more
    people on the ground is something that we are acutely aware of.
        We did get direct hire authority recently for firefighting
    jobs, which allows us to more efficiently hire people to be on
    the ground. It will last for 1 year while OPM sees how we use
    it. There is not unlimited money. We all know that. Being more
    efficient with the money that we have and prioritizing these
    on-the-ground activities is how we can address those issues.
        Mr. Panetta. Got you. Thank you. Thank you. I appreciate
    that.
        Now, obviously, and I know you have talked about deferred
    maintenance, and in Los Padres, our deferred maintenance
    exceeds $24 million.
        First of all, my question is where does that lie relative
    to other National Forests and deferred maintenance?
        Ms. Lago. I believe I submitted for the record a deferred
    maintenance breakdown by state. I don't have one by forest, but
    I am sure it exists and I would be happy to supply it.
        Mr. Panetta. Understood.
        Obviously, as we approach the start of the new fiscal year,
    as the wildfire fix funding becomes available, can you give me
    a little bit of light on the priorities, little bit of light on
    your priorities, specifically whether you will be prioritizing
    deferred maintenance backlog? I would like to hear about Los
    Padres, but I would be more than willing to hear about
    California.
        Ms. Lago. Okay, thank you.
        A lot of people will eventually weigh in on what the
    priorities are.
        Mr. Panetta. Sure.
        Ms. Lago. We have had a continuing emphasis on active
    management and reducing fuels. I don't see that changing. This
    hearing helps us highlight the issue of maintenance and
    deferred maintenance for our facilities. It is felt throughout
    the Forest Service and throughout the communities that we
    serve. I am happy to work with you and your staff and this
    Committee's staff on how to prioritize, going forward.
        Mr. Panetta. Outstanding. I look forward to that.
        I yield back my time. Thank you, Madam Chair.
        The Chair. Thank you. With the first round of questions
    completed and without objection, we will begin a second round
    of questions. Members will be recognized for 3 minutes in order
    of seniority.
        All right. I will begin by recognizing myself for 3
    minutes.
        Associate Chief Lago, thank you for all of your answers
    today, and I would also offer for the hearing record a copy of
    the Department of Commerce's news release on outdoor recreation
    economy.
        [The news release referred to is located on p. 29.]
        The Chair. The report released just last week shows that
    the outdoor recreation economy accounted for 2.2 percent of GDP
    and supported 5.2 million jobs in 2017. This not only includes
    conventional activities like camping, hiking, boating, but also
    value-added activities such as construction and travel. For the
    first time, the report included information on the recreation
    industry's contributions by state.
        Is data from reports like this considered as the Forest
    Service prioritizes maintenance, and does the Forest Service
    use data like this to leverage assistance from states and other
    partners?
        Ms. Lago. Yes, thank you, Madam Chair.
        First of all with regard to that report, it is interesting
    that the statistic of 2.2 percent might sound small, but it is
    interesting to note that it is growing almost 50 percent faster
    than general GDP. And I can tell you from the communities that
    I have lived in, the ones that I hear from that depend on a
    recreation economy, it is far more impactful to their economies
    than 2.2 percent.
        We recognize that 15 states across the country now have
    recreation officers, so showing that states recognize the
    importance of this recreation economy. It is not right for
    every state, but definitely the recognition of the Commerce
    Department, our own within USDA, not just our agency, but Rural
    Development has an expanding recreation economy interest. So,
    it helps us bring partners to the table. It helps us bring
    investors to the table.
        So, to answer your question in a word, yes.
        The Chair. Thank you so much, and coming from the
    Commonwealth of Virginia where we have seen recreation continue
    to be a strong use of our natural resources and a major
    economic driver here, I thank you for your comments.
        I now recognize Mr. LaMalfa, for 3 minutes.
        Mr. LaMalfa. Thank you again. I appreciate, again,
    Assistant Chief Lago, for your being here.
        I wanted to delve a little bit more into, again with the
    road maintenance and the issues there where access has been
    more difficult over the years. We have wrestled in northern
    California with what is being put in travel management plans,
    and it seems like it just means less and less access. We are
    finding more and more closed gates and less ability for people
    during the snow season for snowmobiling or off-road activity,
    hunting, anybody to take vehicles in, or without vehicles. We
    are finding more and more closed gates.
        Does this tie in partly towards a changing view of the
    multi-purpose, multi-use forest policy, or is it more about the
    backlog we have of maintenance? You are talking about bridges
    being removed and no longer counting them as an asset, but you
    know, a great amount of frustration by my constituents, and
    neighboring districts as well, is that whether you call it the
    travel management plan or the maintenance backlog, it is just
    meaning less access.
        The travel management plan efforts, are they moving in that
    direction because of the lack of maintenance, or is it some
    other philosophical shift?
        Ms. Lago. Thank you, Ranking Member.
        We are not walking away from the multiple-use sustained
    yield mandate from Congress. It is more the observation that we
    want people to have access to their public lands. They don't
    need public lands if they don't have access to them. But we
    need to maintain the resource in a healthy condition, but we
    also need to maintain those roads in a safe condition for
    people to use them, roads and trails.
        Our effort at travel management is aimed at looking at the
    resource from the standpoint of what can we safely provide?
        Mr. LaMalfa. Okay. Well, even as Mr. Panetta mentioned
    here, he had a six-digit fire in number of acres in his
    district. We have multiple six-digit fires in the more northern
    part and other western states, and an important component of
    being able to do the pre-fire work is this access, and as well
    when it does come to fire suppression time, having these roads
    available and intact bridges and all that, and not closed gates
    and all that.
        Can you please comment on the fire aspect of that and how
    important it is we step back up on this?
        Ms. Lago. Well, yes, sir. Roads are an essential way that
    we stop fires before they get large, get people out of harm's
    way when there are fires, and we absolutely need a safe,
    accessible road system to be able to fulfill that part of our
    mission.
        Mr. LaMalfa. The multi-use? Okay, thank you. I yield back.
        The Chair. I now recognize Mr. Thompson, for 3 minutes.
        Mr. Thompson. Madam Chair, thank you.
        Chief, I just want to check in. I know in the Forest
    Service we use a concessionaire style approach, and
    concessionaires play a very important role, obviously. They
    help us where we need, it helps supplement the staffing and in
    keeping areas open and access. My understanding, it's the
    Granger-Thye Act which basically defines a landlord-tenant
    relationship where the Forest Service is the landlord
    responsible for all behind-the-wall fixes, including the
    maintenance, capital improvements. And the tenant, the
    concessionaire, just keeps everything clean and operating.
        My question for you is would you like to have the authority
    actually that has been granted to the Department of Defense and
    to the Army Corps of Engineers which allows, basically, where
    30 year leases are an option--not mandated, but an option, and
    in that 30 years, that longevity, what would be that the
    concessionaires are able to take on the responsibility for some
    of the capital improvements.
        Today, that doesn't occur in the Forest Service with a
    concessionaire system. I don't know the timeline on when the
    Department of Defense and the Army Corps made that transition.
    Just a simple question. Was that something Forest Service would
    want to consider getting the authority to do? Obviously, we
    would have to provide that through the bill or whatever.
        Ms. Lago. Yes, sir. I am not sure what the Army Corps of
    Engineers authority is, but in fact, the Forest Service did get
    leasing authority in the 2018 Farm Bill. We are developing
    rules and directives, but it would enable us to do those kind
    of long-term leases. I am not sure of the time period, but also
    to enable the leaseholder to do improvements.
        I think the Park Service has some kind of authority like
    that, too. I can check on that and get back to you.
        Mr. Thompson. I appreciate that. It just seems like it is
    working well with the Army Corps. I have seen some of the
    projects, obviously, in my Congressional district from time to
    time with what these folks do, and so, it would be great to be
    able--I am glad to hear that we provided at least part of that
    authority.
        Ms. Lago. Yes, sir.
        Mr. Thompson. If we haven't done enough, please let us
    know. We want you to have the authority to be successful.
        Ms. Lago. Thank you.
        Mr. Thompson. Thank you, Madam Chair. I yield back.
        The Chair. And I now recognize Ranking Member LaMalfa for
    one more 3 minute question.
        Mr. LaMalfa. Just one more. Thank you so much.
        Again, when we were talking about the backlog, when we are
    seeing the Forest Service absorbing more lands through
    donations from maybe NGOs or other instances, or the LWCF has
    also introduced more land back into Forest Service control. How
    is that contributing to the backlog and your ability to keep
    up, and as well as updating this $5.2 billion backlog figure?
        Ms. Lago. Well, that is a great question.
        I am not sure what the value or the assets that a lot of
    the lands that we acquire through Land and Water Conservation
    Fund. I am familiar with areas that we prioritize because they
    have important wildlife habitat value, water quality value,
    that kind of thing, which leads me to think they don't have a
    lot of infrastructure on them. But you know, I don't know that
    conclusively and I would have to do some checking.
        Mr. LaMalfa. I would be really interested in that, how much
    that is adding to the burden of an already difficult situation.
        So, with that, I appreciate it, Madam Chair, and for your
    appearance today, Ms. Lago, and I will yield back.
        The Chair. Thank you. I would like to thank Associate Chief
    Lago for her comments and for her time here today.
        What we have heard today underscores the importance of the
    Forest Service's work, and the challenges it faces. I hope we
    all leave here with an appreciation for the role that well-
    maintained forest infrastructure can have significant impacts
    on people's lives, their work, and their play in and around
    National Forests, as well as the communities and economies
    surrounding our National Forests.
        We have also heard loud and clear that dozens of
    infrastructure projects are ready for implementation, but
    require the necessary funding, and carrying out these much-
    needed maintenance projects will support jobs in rural
    communities, as soon as the Forest Service receives the funding
    to complete them.
        I hope that we all leave here with a better sense of what
    we can do in the Subcommittee to help the Forest Service carry
    out its mission, and again, I thank you, Ms. Lago, for your
    time today.
        Before we adjourn, I invite the Ranking Member to make any
    closing remarks that he may have.
        Without any, under the Rules of the Committee, the record
    of today's hearing will remain open for 10 calendar days to
    receive additional material and supplemental written responses
    from the witness to any question posed by a Member.
        This hearing of the Subcommittee on Conservation and
    Forestry is adjourned.
        [Whereupon, at 11:23 a.m., the Subcommittee was adjourned.]
        [Material submitted for inclusion in the record follows:]
          Submitted News Release by Hon. Abigail Davis Spanberger, a
                    Representative in Congress from Virginia
    News Release
    Embargoed Until Release At 8:30 A.M. EDT, Friday, September 20, 2019
    BEA 19-45
    https://www.bea.gov/news/2019/outdoor-recreation-satellite-account-us-
    and-prototype-states-2017

        Technical: Christian Awuku-Budu (Regional),(301) 278-9235,
        OutdoorRecreation@bea.gov
        Connor Franks (Industry), (301) 278-9710
        Media: Thomas Dail, (301) 278-9003, Thomas.Dail@bea.gov
    Outdoor Recreation Satellite Account, U.S. and Prototype for States,
            2017
    New prototype statistics show state value added, compensation, and
            employment
        The U.S. outdoor recreation economy accounted for 2.2 percent
    ($427.2 billion) of current-dollar gross domestic product (GDP) in 2017
    (national table 2) according to statistics released today by the Bureau
    of Economic Analysis. The Outdoor Recreation Satellite Account (ORSA)
    also shows that inflation-adjusted (real) GDP for the outdoor
    recreation economy grew by 3.9 percent in 2017, faster than the 2.4
    percent growth of the overall U.S. economy. Real gross output,
    compensation, and employment all grew faster in outdoor recreation than
    for the economy as a whole.
        With this release, BEA introduces prototype statistics on outdoor
    recreation for all 50 states and the District of Columbia. These new
    statistics show that the relative size of the outdoor recreation
    economy ranged from 5.4 percent of GDP for Hawaii to 1.2 percent of GDP
    for the District of Columbia.
    Outdoor Recreation Value-Added: Percent of State GDP, 2017

    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis.
    Outdoor Recreation by Activity
        For the first time, ORSA includes information on the contribution
    of outdoor recreation activities to GDP. These data, referred to as
    value added by activity statistics, are available at both the national
    and state level.
        Activities are grouped into three categories: conventional core
    activities (such as camping, hiking, boating, and hunting); other core
    activities (such as gardening and outdoor concerts); and supporting
    activities (such as construction, travel and tourism, local trips, and
    government expenditures).
        Conventional outdoor recreation accounted for 30.6 percent of the
    outdoor recreation economy nationwide in 2017, other recreation
    accounted for 19.3 percent, and the remaining 50.1 percent was
    supporting activities (national table 2).
    Nominal Value-Added for Largest Conventional Outdoor Recreation
            Activities, 2017 ($ Billions)

    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

        Other value added by activity highlights include the following:

       Boating/fishing was the largest conventional activity for
            the nation as a whole at $20.9 billion in current-dollar value
            added. At the state level, this was the largest conventional
            activity in 29 states and the District of Columbia, led by
            Florida ($2.7 billion) and California ($1.8 billion).

       RVing was the second-largest conventional activity
            nationally with $16.9 billion in current-dollar value added. It
            was also the largest conventional activity in nine states, led
            by Indiana ($2.9 billion) and Ohio ($599.5 million).

       Snow activities was the sixth-largest conventional activity
            at the national level with $5.6 billion in current-dollar value
            added. At the state level, snow activities was the largest
            conventional activity in Colorado ($1.5 billion), Utah ($549.2
            million), and Vermont ($175.9 million).

       Guided tours/outfitted travel, part of the other core
            activities category, accounted for $12.9 billion and was also
            one of the fastest growing activities in 2017, growing 11.4
            percent.
    Outdoor Recreation by Industry
        Today's data also show the role that different industries play in
    the outdoor recreation economy, including their impact on value added,
    gross output, employment, and compensation. The arts, entertainment,
    recreation, accommodation, and food services sector was the largest
    contributor to the U.S. outdoor recreation economy in 2017, accounting
    for $112.9 billion (national table 10). At the state level, this same
    sector was the largest contributor to outdoor recreation for 26 states
    and the District of Columbia.
    Industry Composition of Outdoor Recreation Nominal Value-Added, 2017 ($
            Billions)

    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

        Other value added by industry highlights include the following:

       Retail trade had the second largest sector contribution to
            outdoor recreation nationally, accounting for $95.7 billion of
            current-dollar value added. Retail trade was the largest
            contributor to outdoor recreation value added in 17 states,
            including Texas ($8.5 billion), Washington ($2.8 billion), and
            Ohio ($2.7 billion).

       Manufacturing contributed $51.7 billion nationally to the
            outdoor recreation economy in 2017 and was the third largest
            outdoor recreation sector. At the state level, manufacturing
            was the largest sector for outdoor recreation value added in
            Indiana ($4.7 billion), Wisconsin ($2.0 billion), Louisiana
            ($1.6 billion), and Kansas ($684.2 million).
    Seeking Public Comment
        The public is invited to submit comments on the prototype state
    statistics by emailing OutdoorRecreation@bea.gov. Comments are due by
    March 31, 2020. The feedback will be used to help finalize data sources
    and methodology for the state outdoor recreation statistics. Official
    state statistics are scheduled for release in the fall of 2020.

    ------------------------------------------------------------------------

    -------------------------------------------------------------------------
      Preparing State-Level Outdoor Recreation Satellite Account Estimates

        State Outdoor Recreation Satellite Account (ORSA) statistics isolate
     the economic activity associated with outdoor recreation spending and
     production in a state's economy. The state-level prototype statistics
     are an extension of the national industry ORSA statistics. The
     concepts, definitions, and methodology used to produce state-level
     prototype statistics are consistent with the national industry
     concepts, definitions, and methodology. The U.S. ORSA methodology paper
     (https://www.bea.gov/resources/methodologies/outdoor-recreation-
     satellite-account-methodology) provides more information about these
     concepts, definitions, and methodology.

                         Geography of outdoor recreation

        Outdoor recreation is measured by place of production, not residence
     of consumer. The value of manufactured goods, such as boats, is
     assigned to the state where they are produced, even if the goods are
     not ultimately used there. Services, such as sailing lessons, are
     assigned to the location where they are consumed. The value of services
     provided by retailers, such as boat dealers, is also assigned to the
     location of sale. The services of retailers (known as trade margins)
     are not measured by sales but are most akin to sales less the cost of
     goods sold. The production of imported goods is excluded from ORSA, but
     the value of the services of retailers selling the imported goods is
     included.
        Outdoor recreation spending and production are allocated to states
     by applying state-level data to detailed, underlying national values.
     The underlying estimates are distributed to states before aggregation
     to publication levels to provide the most accurate state values
     possible. Prototype statistics are primarily based on time-series data
     generated from the Economic Census and Quarterly Census of Employment
     and Wages (QCEW). Additional government and nongovernment data sources
     are used to supplement the census data and to refine and evaluate the
     statistics.

                                 Regional tables

        Activity tables show states' total outdoor recreation value-added
     contributions to an activity, regardless of the contributing industry.
     For example, boating value added by state represents all contributions
     by in-state boat manufacturers, marinas, repair shops, etc., to the
     boating activity.
        Industry tables show states' total outdoor recreation-related value
     added, employment, and compensation by industry, regardless of the
     outdoor activities the industries support. Outdoor recreation-related
     activity is included in the states' industry totals even if the final
     consumption occurs outside the state.
        A state's total value added across all outdoor recreation activities
     will equal the state's total value added across all outdoor recreation
     industries.

                                   Definitions

        ORSA employment consists of all full-time, part-time, and temporary
     wage-and-salary jobs where the workers are engaged in the production of
     outdoor recreation goods and services. Self-employed individuals are
     excluded from employment totals.
        ORSA compensation consists of the pay to employees (including wages
     and salaries, and benefits such as employer contributions to pension
     and health funds) in return for their outdoor recreation-related work
     during a given year. Pay to the self-employed is excluded from
     compensation but included in value added.
        ORSA value-added (also referred to as GDP) consists of the value of
     outdoor recreation goods and services produced less the value of
     expenses incurred for their production. The activity of self-employed
     individuals is included in value added.
    ------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Additional Information
    Resources
        Additional resources available at www.bea.gov:

       Find the latest information on the Outdoor Recreation
            Satellite Account at BEA's outdoor recreation page (https://
            www.bea.gov/data/special-topics/outdoor-recreation).

       Stay informed about BEA developments by reading the BEA blog
            (https://www.bea.gov/news/blog), signing up for BEA's email
            subscription service (https://www.bea.gov/_subscribe/), or
            following BEA on Twitter @BEA_News (https://twitter.com/
            bea_news).

       Access BEA data by registering for BEA's Data application
            programming interface (https://apps.bea.gov/API/signup/
            index.cfm) (API).

       For more on BEA's statistics, see our monthly online
            journal, the Survey of Current Business (https://apps.bea.gov/
            scb/index.htm).

       BEA's news release schedule (https://www.bea.gov/news/
            schedule).

       NIPA Handbook (https://www.bea.gov/resources/methodologies/
            nipa-handbook): Concepts and Methods of the U.S. National
            Income and Product Accounts.

       Complete information on the sources and methods for the
            estimation of BEA's State Personal Income and Employment
            (https://www.bea.gov/resources/methodologies/spi2017).
    Definitions
        Gross domestic product (GDP) or value-added is the value of the
    goods and services produced by the nation's economy less the value of
    the goods and services used up in production. GDP is also equal to the
    sum of personal consumption expenditures, gross private domestic
    investment, net exports of goods and services, and government
    consumption expenditures and gross investment.
        Gross output (GO) is the value of the goods and services produced
    by the nation's economy. It is principally measured using industry
    sales or receipts, including sales to final users (GDP) and sales to
    other industries.
        Current-dollar estimates are valued in the prices of the period
    when the transactions occurred--that is, at ``market value.'' Also
    referred to as ``nominal estimates'' or as ``current-price estimates.''
        Chained-dollar estimates are calculated by taking the current-
    dollar level of a series in the base period and multiplying it by the
    change in the chained-type quantity index number for the series since
    the base period. Chained-dollar estimates correctly show growth rates
    for a series but are not additive in periods other than the base
    period.
        ORSA employment consists of all full-time, part-time, and temporary
    wage-and-salary jobs where the workers are engaged in the production of
    outdoor recreation goods and services. Self-employed individuals are
    excluded from employment totals.
        ORSA compensation consists of the pay to employees (including wages
    and salaries, and benefits such as employer contributions to pension
    and health funds) in return for their outdoor recreation-related work
    during a given year. Pay to the self-employed is excluded from
    compensation but included in value added.
        ORSA value-added (also referred to as GDP) consists of the value of
    outdoor recreation goods and services produced less the value of
    expenses incurred for their production. The activity of self-employed
    individuals is included in value added.
    Statistical Conventions
        Quarter-to-quarter percent changes are calculated from unrounded
    data and are annualized. Annualized growth rates show the rate of
    change that would have occurred had the pattern been repeated over four
    quarters (1 year). Annualized rates of change can be calculated as
    follows: (((level of later quarter/level of earlier quarter)-4)^1)*100.
    Quarterly estimates are expressed at seasonally adjusted annual rates,
    unless otherwise specified. Quarter-to-quarter dollar changes are
    differences between published estimates.
    List of National Level News Release Tables
        Table 1. Real Outdoor Recreation Value-Added by Activity
        Table 2. Outdoor Recreation Value-Added by Activity
        Table 3. Outdoor Recreation Value-Added by Activity as a Percentage
    of Gross Domestic Product
        Table 4. Outdoor Recreation Value-Added by Activity as a Percentage
    of Total Outdoor Recreation Value-Added
        Table 5. Chain-type Quantity Indexes for Outdoor Recreation Value-
    Added by Activity
        Table 6. Percent Changes in Chain-Type Quantity Indexes for Outdoor
    Recreation Value-Added by Activity
        Table 7. Chain-Type Price Indexes for Outdoor Recreation Value-
    Added by Activity
        Table 8. Percent Changes in Chain-Type Price Indexes for Outdoor
    Recreation Value-Added by Activity
        Table 9. Real Outdoor Recreation Value-Added by Industry
        Table 10. Outdoor Recreation Value-Added by Industry
        Table 11. Outdoor Recreation Value-Added by Industry as a
    Percentage of Gross Domestic Product
        Table 12. Outdoor Recreation Value-Added by Industry as a
    Percentage of Total Outdoor Recreation Value-Added
        Table 13. Chain-type Quantity Indexes for Outdoor Recreation Value-
    Added by Industry
        Table 14. Percent Changes in Chain-Type Quantity Indexes for
    Outdoor Recreation Value-Added by Industry
        Table 15. Chain-Type Price Indexes for Outdoor Recreation Value-
    Added by Industry
        Table 16. Percent Changes in Chain-Type Price Indexes for Outdoor
    Recreation Value-Added by Industry
        Table 17. Real Outdoor Recreation Gross Output by Activity
        Table 18. Outdoor Recreation Gross Output by Activity
        Table 19. Chain-type Quantity Indexes for Outdoor Recreation Gross
    Output by Activity
        Table 20. Percent Changes in Chain-Type Quantity Indexes for
    Outdoor Recreation Gross Output by Activity
        Table 21. Chain-Type Price Indexes for Outdoor Recreation Gross
    Output by Activity
        Table 22. Percent Changes in Chain-Type Price Indexes for Outdoor
    Recreation Gross Output by Activity
        Table 23. Real Outdoor Recreation Gross Output by Industry
        Table 24. Outdoor Recreation Gross Output by Industry
        Table 25. Chain-type Quantity Indexes for Outdoor Recreation Gross
    Output by Industry
        Table 26. Percent Changes in Chain-Type Quantity Indexes for
    Outdoor Recreation Gross Output by Industry
        Table 27. Chain-Type Price Indexes for Outdoor Recreation Gross
    Output by Industry
        Table 28. Percent Changes in Chain-Type Price Indexes for Outdoor
    Recreation Gross Output by Industry
        Table 29. Outdoor Recreation Compensation by Industry
        Table 30. Outdoor Recreation Employment by Industry
    List of State Level News Release Tables
        Table 1. Outdoor Recreation Value-Added, Employment, and
    Compensation as a percent of Total, 2017
        Table 2. Value-Added Outdoor Recreation by State, Selected
    Activities, 2017
        Table 3. Value-Added Outdoor Recreation by State, Selected
    Industries, 2017
        Table 4. Employment, Outdoor Recreation by State, Selected
    Industries, 2017
        Table 5. Compensation, Outdoor Recreation by State, Selected
    Industries, 2017
                       national level news release tables

                                Table 1. Real Outdoor Recreation Value-Added by Activity
                                          [Millions of chained (2012) dollars]
                                               Bureau of Economic Analysis
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                 2012        2013        2014        2015        2016        2017
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
     1                   Total Outdoor           360,509     361,153     363,128     370,446     371,789     386,107
                          Recreation
     2                     Total Core            181,182     182,453     185,380     186,452     187,001     196,628
                         Outdoor Recreation
     3                       Conventional        111,349     112,623     113,991     116,012     116,392     122,221
                            Outdoor
                            Recreation
     4                        Bicycling            1,750       1,877       1,904       1,839       2,073       2,091
     5                        Boating/            17,436      17,165      17,235      17,629      17,897      18,733
                             Fishing
     6                         Canoeing               76          73          76          78          80          83
     7                         Kayaking              326         323         315         327         347         363
     8                         Fishing             2,583       2,478       2,486       2,533       2,522       2,500
                              (excludes
                              Boating)
     9                         Sailing             1,042       1,039       1,095       1,105       1,145       1,192
    10                         Other Boating      13,408      13,254      13,267      13,589      13,805      14,590
    11                        Climbing/            3,067       3,141       3,179       3,106       3,266       3,241
                             Hiking/Tent
                             Camping
    12                        Equestrian           5,245       5,389       5,686       5,800       6,139       6,800
    13                        Hunting/             6,514       7,288       6,821       7,393       6,938       7,900
                             Shooting/
                             Trapping
    14                         Hunting/            3,457       3,763       3,474       3,872       3,388       3,811
                              Trapping
    15                         Shooting            3,057       3,526       3,349       3,517       3,563       4,107
                              (includes
                              Archery)
    16                        Motorcycling/        8,144       8,177       8,384       8,474       8,255       8,315
                             ATVing
    17                        Recreational         1,166       1,111       1,186       1,208       1,247       1,258
                             Flying
    18                        RVing               12,654      13,048      13,146      13,314      13,485      14,797
    19                        Snow                 5,041       4,888       5,214       5,220       5,055       5,152
                             Activities
    20                         Skiing              1,565       1,541       1,675       1,689       1,646       1,725
    21                         Snowboarding        1,346       1,342       1,429       1,430       1,443       1,524
    22                        Other Snow           2,130       2,005       2,111       2,102       1,966       1,903
                             Activities
                             (includes
                             Snowmobiling) \
                             1\1
    23                        Other                8,813       8,694       9,425       9,603       9,797      10,111
                             Conventional
                             Outdoor
                             Recreation
                             Activities
    24                         Other               6,909       6,907       7,521       7,623       7,845       8,175
                              Conventional
                              Air and Land
                              Activities \2\
    25                         Other               1,904       1,787       1,908       1,980       1,959       1,952
                              Conventional
                              Water
                              Activities \3\
    26                        Multi-use           41,519      41,842      41,851      42,451      42,255      43,722
                             Apparel and
                             Accessories
                             (Conventional)
                             \4\
    27                       Other Outdoor        69,833      69,828      71,388      70,445      70,613      74,407
                            Recreation
    28                        Amusement            8,918       8,087       7,916       7,940       8,033       8,639
                             Parks/Water
                             Parks
    29                        Festivals/          10,703      11,102      11,800      10,731      11,218      11,594
                             Sporting Events/
                             Concerts
    30                        Field Sports         2,719       2,659       2,791       2,868       2,931       2,975
    31                        Game Areas          16,996      17,168      16,982      16,550      16,882      17,831
                             (includes
                             Golfing and
                             Tennis)
    32                        Guided Tours/       12,054      11,904      12,069      11,156      10,139      11,136
                             Outfitted
                             Travel
    33                         Air and Land        6,588       6,536       6,830       6,678       6,393       6,687
                              Guided Tours/
                              Outfitted
                              Travel
    34                         Water Guided        5,466       5,368       5,241       4,487       3,761       4,457
                              Tours/
                              Outfitted
                              Travel
                              (includes
                              Boating and
                              Fishing
                              Charters)
    35                        Productive           6,680       6,928       7,795       8,300       8,564       8,882
                             Activities
                             (includes
                             Gardening)
    36                        Other Outdoor        8,249       8,208       8,511       9,304       9,312       9,621
                             Recreation
                             Activities \5\
    37                        Multi-use            3,513       3,803       3,599       3,805       3,779       3,904
                             Apparel and
                             Accessories
                             (Other) \4\
    38                     Supporting            179,327     178,700     177,768     183,951     184,743     189,505
                         Outdoor Recreation
    39                        Construction         5,392       5,187       5,217       5,497       5,688       5,809
    40                        Local Trips         33,019      33,206      33,578      33,398      32,322      33,005
                             and Travel \6\
    41                        Trips and          122,373     121,888     120,768     126,700     127,733     131,103
                             Travel \7\
    42                         Food and           21,802      17,871      18,218      18,783      18,817      19,074
                              Beverages
    43                         Lodging            34,614      35,523      32,472      35,057      34,973      34,726
    44                         Shopping and       20,725      21,141      21,330      21,354      21,419      21,721
                              Souvenirs
    45                         Transportatio      45,231      47,379      48,823      51,551      52,584      55,730
                              n
    46                        Government          18,543      18,424      18,222      18,351      18,912      19,493
                             Expenditures
    47                         Federal             2,751       2,960       2,743       2,677       2,776       2,746
                              Government
    48                         State and          15,793      15,469      15,474      15,664      16,127      16,732
                              Local
                              Government
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Legend/Footnotes:
    \1\ Consists of dog mushing, sleighing, snowmobiling, snow shoeing, snow tubing.
    \2\ Consists of air sports, driving for pleasure, geocaching/orienteering/rock hounding, ice skating, inline
      skating, land/sand sailing, races, running/walking/jogging, skateboarding, and wildlife watching/birding.
    \3\ Consists of boardsailing/windsurfing, SCUBA diving, snorkeling, stand-up paddling, surfing, tubing,
      wakeboarding, water skiing, and whitewater rafting.
    \4\ Consists of backpacks, bug spray, coolers, general outdoor clothing, GPS equipment, hydration equipment,
      lighting, sports racks, sunscreen, watches, and other miscellaneous gear and equipment.
    \5\ Consists of agritourism, augmented reality games, beachgoing, disc golf, hot springs soaking, kite flying,
      model airplane/rocket/UAV, paintball, photography, stargazing/astronomy, swimming, therapeutic programs, water
      polo, yard sports.
    \6\ Trip expenses less than 50 miles away from home, including food and beverages, lodging, shopping and
      souvenirs, and transportation.
    \7\ Travel and tourism expenses in the Outdoor Recreation Satellite Account are consistent with the Travel and
      Tourism Satellite Account, which includes only expenses for travel at least 50 miles away from home.

                                   Table 2. Outdoor Recreation Value-Added by Activity
                                              [Millions of current dollars]
                                               Bureau of Economic Analysis
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                 2012        2013        2014        2015        2016        2017
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
     1                   Total Outdoor           360,509     369,280     378,654     400,205     407,362     427,189
                          Recreation
     2                     Total Core            181,182     186,700     191,226     198,881     202,513     213,246
                         Outdoor Recreation
     3                       Conventional        111,349     115,482     117,737     123,249     124,873     130,844
                            Outdoor
                            Recreation
     4                        Bicycling            1,750       1,850       1,876       1,845       2,151       2,145
     5                        Boating/            17,436      17,691      18,306      19,253      19,920      20,887
                             Fishing
     6                         Canoeing               76          74          79          83          88          92
     7                         Kayaking              326         335         343         362         397         414
     8                         Fishing             2,583       2,623       2,635       2,730       2,715       2,686
                              (excludes
                              Boating)
     9                         Sailing             1,042       1,048       1,124       1,183       1,259       1,295
    10                         Other Boating      13,408      13,611      14,125      14,894      15,461      16,399
    11                        Climbing/            3,067       3,201       3,303       3,441       3,488       3,465
                             Hiking/Tent
                             Camping
    12                        Equestrian           5,245       5,523       6,146       6,437       6,842       7,756
    13                        Hunting/             6,514       7,604       7,225       8,063       7,746       8,787
                             Shooting/
                             Trapping
    14                         Hunting/            3,457       3,967       3,768       4,354       3,922       4,404
                              Trapping
    15                         Shooting            3,057       3,637       3,457       3,709       3,824       4,383
                              (includes
                              Archery)
    16                        Motorcycling/        8,144       8,311       8,463       8,789       8,861       9,079
                             ATVing
    17                        Recreational         1,166       1,221       1,289       1,326       1,318       1,400
                             Flying
    18                        RVing               12,654      13,500      14,123      14,888      15,411      16,888
    19                        Snow                 5,041       4,897       5,297       5,530       5,449       5,646
                             Activities
    20                         Skiing              1,565       1,534       1,682       1,779       1,784       1,849
    21                         Snowboarding        1,346       1,341       1,441       1,521       1,579       1,648
    22                         Other Snow          2,130       2,022       2,174       2,230       2,086       2,149
                              Activities
                              (includes
                              Snowmobiling)
                              \1\
    23                        Other                8,813       8,969       9,192       9,575       9,697      10,072
                             Conventional
                             Outdoor
                             Recreation
                             Activities
    24                         Other               6,909       7,106       7,206       7,448       7,557       7,965
                              Conventional
                              Air and Land
                              Activities \2\
    25                         Other               1,904       1,863       1,987       2,127       2,141       2,107
                              Conventional
                              Water
                              Activities \3\
    26                        Multi-use           41,519      42,713      42,517      44,101      43,989      44,719
                             Apparel and
                             Accessories
                             (Conventional)
                             \4\
    27                       Other Outdoor        69,833      71,219      73,490      75,633      77,640      82,402
                            Recreation
    28                        Amusement            8,918       8,804       9,112       9,740      10,537      11,859
                             Parks/Water
                             Parks
    29                        Festivals/          10,703      11,385      12,477      12,258      13,368      14,143
                             Sporting Events/
                             Concerts
    30                        Field Sports         2,719       2,738       2,896       3,057       3,184       3,238
    31                        Game Areas          16,996      17,071      16,993      17,306      18,015      18,471
                             (includes
                             Golfing and
                             Tennis)
    32                        Guided Tours/       12,054      12,113      12,545      12,275      11,572      12,890
                             Outfitted
                             Travel
    33                         Air and Land        6,588       6,632       7,051       7,288       7,217       7,666
                              Guided Tours/
                              Outfitted
                              Travel
    34                         Water Guided        5,466       5,481       5,494       4,987       4,354       5,224
                              Tours/
                              Outfitted
                              Travel
                              (includes
                              Boating and
                              Fishing
                              Charters)
    35                        Productive           6,680       6,979       7,146       7,478       7,628       8,098
                             Activities
                             (includes
                             Gardening)
    36                        Other Outdoor        8,249       8,315       8,722       9,710       9,597       9,822
                             Recreation
                             Activities \5\
    37                        Multi-use            3,513       3,814       3,599       3,810       3,741       3,882
                             Apparel and
                             Accessories
                             (Other) \4\
    38                     Supporting            179,327     182,580     187,428     201,324     204,849     213,944
                         Outdoor Recreation
    39                        Construction         5,392       5,504       5,930       6,650       7,315       7,853
    40                        Local Trips         33,019      33,467      34,534      35,489      34,118      35,763
                             and Travel \6\
    41                        Trips and          122,373     124,141     126,877     138,338     141,933     147,813
                             Travel \7\
    42                         Food and           21,802      18,405      19,218      20,800      21,714      22,678
                              Beverages
    43                         Lodging            34,614      36,498      34,698      38,805      40,036      40,786
    44                         Shopping and       20,725      21,372      21,984      22,719      22,901      23,196
                              Souvenirs
    45                         Transportatio      45,231      47,866      50,977      56,014      57,281      61,152
                              n
    46                        Government          18,543      19,468      20,087      20,846      21,483      22,515
                             Expenditures
    47                         Federal             2,751       3,018       2,874       2,858       3,013       3,066
                              Government
    48                         State and          15,793      16,450      17,213      17,989      18,470      19,449
                              Local
                              Government
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Legend/Footnotes:
    \1\ Consists of dog mushing, sleighing, snowmobiling, snow shoeing, snow tubing.
    \2\ Consists of air sports, driving for pleasure, geocaching/orienteering/rock hounding, ice skating, inline
      skating, land/sand sailing, races, running/walking/jogging, skateboarding, and wildlife watching/birding.
    \3\ Consists of boardsailing/windsurfing, SCUBA diving, snorkeling, stand-up paddling, surfing, tubing,
      wakeboarding, water skiing, and whitewater rafting.
    \4\ Consists of backpacks, bug spray, coolers, general outdoor clothing, GPS equipment, hydration equipment,
      lighting, sports racks, sunscreen, watches, and other miscellaneous gear and equipment.
    \5\ Consists of agritourism, augmented reality games, beachgoing, disc golf, hot springs soaking, kite flying,
      model airplane/rocket/UAV, paintball, photography, stargazing/astronomy, swimming, therapeutic programs, water
      polo, yard sports.
    \6\ Trip expenses less than 50 miles away from home, including food and beverages, lodging, shopping and
      souvenirs, and transportation.
    \7\ Travel and tourism expenses in the Outdoor Recreation Satellite Account are consistent with the Travel and
      Tourism Satellite Account, which includes only expenses for travel at least 50 miles away from home.

              Table 3. Outdoor Recreation Value-Added by Activity as a Percentage of Gross Domestic Product
                                                        [Percent]
                                               Bureau of Economic Analysis
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                 2012        2013        2014        2015        2016        2017
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
     1                   Total Outdoor               2.2         2.2         2.2         2.2         2.2         2.2
                          Recreation
     2                     Total Core                1.1         1.1         1.1         1.1         1.1         1.1
                         Outdoor Recreation
     3                       Conventional            0.7         0.7         0.7         0.7         0.7         0.7
                            Outdoor
                            Recreation
     4                        Bicycling              0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
     5                        Boating/               0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1
                             Fishing
     6                         Canoeing              0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
     7                         Kayaking              0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
     8                         Fishing               0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
                              (excludes
                              Boating)
     9                         Sailing               0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
    10                         Other Boating         0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1
    11                        Climbing/              0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
                             Hiking/Tent
                             Camping
    12                        Equestrian             0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
    13                        Hunting/               0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
                             Shooting/
                             Trapping
    14                         Hunting/              0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
                              Trapping
    15                         Shooting              0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
                              (includes
                              Archery)
    16                        Motorcycling/          0.1         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
                             ATVing
    17                        Recreational           0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
                             Flying
    18                        RVing                  0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1
    19                        Snow                   0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
                             Activities
    20                         Skiing                0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
    21                         Snowboarding          0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
    22                         Other Snow            0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
                              Activities
                              (includes
                              Snowmobiling)
                              \1\
    23                        Other                  0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1
                             Conventional
                             Outdoor
                             Recreation
                             Activities
    24                         Other                 0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
                              Conventional
                              Air and Land
                              Activities \2\
    25                         Other                 0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
                              Conventional
                              Water
                              Activities \3\
    26                        Multi-use              0.3         0.3         0.2         0.2         0.2         0.2
                             Apparel and
                             Accessories
                             (Conventional)
                             \4\
    27                       Other Outdoor           0.4         0.4         0.4         0.4         0.4         0.4
                            Recreation
    28                        Amusement              0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1
                             Parks/Water
                             Parks
    29                        Festivals/             0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1
                             Sporting Events/
                             Concerts
    30                        Field Sports           0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
    31                        Game Areas             0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1
                             (includes
                             Golfing and
                             Tennis)
    32                        Guided Tours/          0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1
                             Outfitted
                             Travel
    33                         Air and Land          0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
                              Guided Tours/
                              Outfitted
                              Travel
    34                         Water Guided          0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
                              Tours/
                              Outfitted
                              Travel
                              (includes
                              Boating and
                              Fishing
                              Charters)
    35                        Productive             0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
                             Activities
                             (includes
                             Gardening)
    36                        Other Outdoor          0.1         0.0         0.0         0.1         0.1         0.1
                             Recreation
                             Activities \5\
    37                        Multi-use              0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
                             Apparel and
                             Accessories
                             (Other) \4\
    38                     Supporting                1.1         1.1         1.1         1.1         1.1         1.1
                         Outdoor Recreation
    39                        Construction           0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
    40                        Local Trips            0.2         0.2         0.2         0.2         0.2         0.2
                             and Travel \6\
    41                        Trips and              0.8         0.7         0.7         0.8         0.8         0.8
                             Travel \7\
    42                         Food and              0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1
                              Beverages
    43                         Lodging               0.2         0.2         0.2         0.2         0.2         0.2
    44                         Shopping and          0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1
                              Souvenirs
    45                         Transportatio         0.3         0.3         0.3         0.3         0.3         0.3
                              n
    46                        Government             0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1
                             Expenditures
    47                         Federal               0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
                              Government
    48                         State and             0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1
                              Local
                              Government
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Legend/Footnotes:
    \1\ Consists of dog mushing, sleighing, snowmobiling, snow shoeing, snow tubing.
    \2\ Consists of air sports, driving for pleasure, geocaching/orienteering/rock hounding, ice skating, inline
      skating, land/sand sailing, races, running/walking/jogging, skateboarding, and wildlife watching/birding.
    \3\ Consists of boardsailing/windsurfing, SCUBA diving, snorkeling, stand-up paddling, surfing, tubing,
      wakeboarding, water skiing, and whitewater rafting.
    \4\ Consists of backpacks, bug spray, coolers, general outdoor clothing, GPS equipment, hydration equipment,
      lighting, sports racks, sunscreen, watches, and other miscellaneous gear and equipment.
    \5\ Consists of agritourism, augmented reality games, beachgoing, disc golf, hot springs soaking, kite flying,
      model airplane/rocket/UAV, paintball, photography, stargazing/astronomy, swimming, therapeutic programs, water
      polo, yard sports.
    \6\ Trip expenses less than 50 miles away from home, including food and beverages, lodging, shopping and
      souvenirs, and transportation.
    \7\ Travel and tourism expenses in the Outdoor Recreation Satellite Account are consistent with the Travel and
      Tourism Satellite Account, which includes only expenses for travel at least 50 miles away from home.

       Table 4. Outdoor Recreation Value-Added by Activity as a Percentage of Total Outdoor Recreation Value-Added
                                                        [Percent]
                                               Bureau of Economic Analysis
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                 2012        2013        2014        2015        2016        2017
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
     1                   Total Outdoor             100.0       100.0       100.0       100.0       100.0       100.0
                          Recreation
     2                     Total Core               50.3        50.6        50.5        49.7        49.7        49.9
                         Outdoor Recreation
     3                       Conventional           30.9        31.3        31.1        30.8        30.7        30.6
                            Outdoor
                            Recreation
     4                        Bicycling              0.5         0.5         0.5         0.5         0.5         0.5
     5                        Boating/               4.8         4.8         4.8         4.8         4.9         4.9
                             Fishing
     6                         Canoeing              0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
     7                         Kayaking              0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1
     8                         Fishing               0.7         0.7         0.7         0.7         0.7         0.6
                              (excludes
                              Boating)
     9                         Sailing               0.3         0.3         0.3         0.3         0.3         0.3
    10                         Other Boating         3.7         3.7         3.7         3.7         3.8         3.8
    11                        Climbing/              0.9         0.9         0.9         0.9         0.9         0.8
                             Hiking/Tent
                             Camping
    12                        Equestrian             1.5         1.5         1.6         1.6         1.7         1.8
    13                        Hunting/               1.8         2.1         1.9         2.0         1.9         2.1
                             Shooting/
                             Trapping
    14                         Hunting/              1.0         1.1         1.0         1.1         1.0         1.0
                              Trapping
    15                         Shooting              0.8         1.0         0.9         0.9         0.9         1.0
                              (includes
                              Archery)
    16                        Motorcycling/          2.3         2.3         2.2         2.2         2.2         2.1
                             ATVing
    17                        Recreational           0.3         0.3         0.3         0.3         0.3         0.3
                             Flying
    18                        RVing                  3.5         3.7         3.7         3.7         3.8         4.0
    19                        Snow                   1.4         1.3         1.4         1.4         1.3         1.3
                             Activities
    20                         Skiing                0.4         0.4         0.4         0.4         0.4         0.4
    21                         Snowboarding          0.4         0.4         0.4         0.4         0.4         0.4
    22                         Other Snow            0.6         0.5         0.6         0.6         0.5         0.5
                              Activities
                              (includes
                              Snowmobiling)
                              \1\
    23                        Other                  2.4         2.4         2.4         2.4         2.4         2.4
                             Conventional
                             Outdoor
                             Recreation
                             Activities
    24                         Other                 1.9         1.9         1.9         1.9         1.9         1.9
                              Conventional
                              Air and Land
                              Activities \2\
    25                         Other                 0.5         0.5         0.5         0.5         0.5         0.5
                              Conventional
                              Water
                              Activities \3\
    26                        Multi-use             11.5        11.6        11.2        11.0        10.8        10.5
                             Apparel and
                             Accessories
                             (Conventional)
                             \4\
    27                       Other Outdoor          19.4        19.3        19.4        18.9        19.1        19.3
                            Recreation
    28                        Amusement              2.5         2.4         2.4         2.4         2.6         2.8
                             Parks/Water
                             Parks
    29                        Festivals/             3.0         3.1         3.3         3.1         3.3         3.3
                             Sporting Events/
                             Concerts
    30                        Field Sports           0.8         0.7         0.8         0.8         0.8         0.8
    31                        Game Areas             4.7         4.6         4.5         4.3         4.4         4.3
                             (includes
                             Golfing and
                             Tennis)
    32                        Guided Tours/          3.3         3.3         3.3         3.1         2.8         3.0
                             Outfitted
                             Travel
    33                         Air and Land          1.8         1.8         1.9         1.8         1.8         1.8
                              Guided Tours/
                              Outfitted
                              Travel
    34                         Water Guided          1.5         1.5         1.5         1.2         1.1         1.2
                              Tours/
                              Outfitted
                              Travel
                              (includes
                              Boating and
                              Fishing
                              Charters)
    35                        Productive             1.9         1.9         1.9         1.9         1.9         1.9
                             Activities
                             (includes
                             Gardening)
    36                        Other Outdoor          2.3         2.3         2.3         2.4         2.4         2.3
                             Recreation
                             Activities \5\
    37                        Multi-use              1.0         1.0         1.0         1.0         0.9         0.9
                             Apparel and
                             Accessories
                             (Other) \4\
    38                     Supporting               49.7        49.4        49.5        50.3        50.3        50.1
                         Outdoor Recreation
    39                        Construction           1.5         1.5         1.6         1.7         1.8         1.8
    40                        Local Trips            9.2         9.1         9.1         8.9         8.4         8.4
                             and Travel \6\
    41                        Trips and             33.9        33.6        33.5        34.6        34.8        34.6
                             Travel \7\
    42                         Food and              6.0         5.0         5.1         5.2         5.3         5.3
                              Beverages
    43                         Lodging               9.6         9.9         9.2         9.7         9.8         9.5
    44                         Shopping and          5.7         5.8         5.8         5.7         5.6         5.4
                              Souvenirs
    45                         Transportatio        12.5        13.0        13.5        14.0        14.1        14.3
                              n
    46                        Government             5.1         5.3         5.3         5.2         5.3         5.3
                             Expenditures
    47                         Federal               0.8         0.8         0.8         0.7         0.7         0.7
                              Government
    48                         State and             4.4         4.5         4.5         4.5         4.5         4.6
                              Local
                              Government
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Legend/Footnotes:
    \1\ Consists of dog mushing, sleighing, snowmobiling, snow shoeing, snow tubing.
    \2\ Consists of air sports, driving for pleasure, geocaching/orienteering/rock hounding, ice skating, inline
      skating, land/sand sailing, races, running/walking/jogging, skateboarding, and wildlife watching/birding.
    \3\ Consists of boardsailing/windsurfing, SCUBA diving, snorkeling, stand-up paddling, surfing, tubing,
      wakeboarding, water skiing, and whitewater rafting.
    \4\ Consists of backpacks, bug spray, coolers, general outdoor clothing, GPS equipment, hydration equipment,
      lighting, sports racks, sunscreen, watches, and other miscellaneous gear and equipment.
    \5\ Consists of agritourism, augmented reality games, beachgoing, disc golf, hot springs soaking, kite flying,
      model airplane/rocket/UAV, paintball, photography, stargazing/astronomy, swimming, therapeutic programs, water
      polo, yard sports.
    \6\ Trip expenses less than 50 miles away from home, including food and beverages, lodging, shopping and
      souvenirs, and transportation.
    \7\ Travel and tourism expenses in the Outdoor Recreation Satellite Account are consistent with the Travel and
      Tourism Satellite Account, which includes only expenses for travel at least 50 miles away from home.

                   Table 5. Chain-Type Quantity Indexes for Outdoor Recreation Value-Added by Activity
                                               [index numbers, 2012 = 100]
                                               Bureau of Economic Analysis
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                 2012        2013        2014        2015        2016        2017
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
     1                   Total Outdoor           100.000     100.179     100.726     102.756     103.129     107.100
                          Recreation
     2                     Total Core            100.000     100.701     102.317     102.909     103.212     108.525
                         Outdoor Recreation
     3                       Conventional        100.000     101.144     102.372     104.188     104.529     109.764
                            Outdoor
                            Recreation
     4                        Bicycling          100.000     107.240     108.818     105.065     118.450     119.503
     5                        Boating/           100.000      98.447      98.851     101.108     102.648     107.441
                             Fishing
     6                         Canoeing          100.000      95.799      99.911     102.616     105.238     109.753
     7                         Kayaking          100.000      98.969      96.444     100.009     106.303     111.097
     8                         Fishing           100.000      95.938      96.230      98.074      97.624      96.795
                              (excludes
                              Boating)
     9                         Sailing           100.000      99.695     105.104     106.027     109.881     114.393
    10                         Other Boating     100.000      98.845      98.944     101.346     102.960     108.814
    11                        Climbing/          100.000     102.414     103.649     101.273     106.483     105.675
                             Hiking/Tent
                             Camping
    12                        Equestrian         100.000     102.742     108.406     110.581     117.034     129.638
    13                        Hunting/           100.000     111.883     104.710     113.490     106.514     121.281
                             Shooting/
                             Trapping
    14                         Hunting/          100.000     108.862     100.517     112.028      98.031     110.262
                              Trapping
    15                         Shooting          100.000     115.334     109.540     115.035     116.529     134.345
                              (includes
                              Archery)
    16                        Motorcycling/      100.000     100.408     102.951     104.050     101.368     102.098
                             ATVing
    17                        Recreational       100.000      95.281     101.700     103.588     106.945     107.869
                             Flying
    18                        RVing              100.000     103.114     103.886     105.209     106.567     116.933
    19                        Snow               100.000      96.965     103.424     103.558     100.273     102.196
                             Activities
    20                         Skiing            100.000      98.431     106.990     107.911     105.166     110.214
    21                         Snowboarding      100.000      99.753     106.177     106.260     107.193     113.259
    22                         Other Snow        100.000      94.146      99.107      98.703      92.305      89.350
                              Activities
                              (includes
                              Snowmobiling)
                              \1\
    23                        Other              100.000      98.651     106.942     108.958     111.158     114.725
                             Conventional
                             Outdoor
                             Recreation
                             Activities
    24                         Other             100.000      99.978     108.856     110.336     113.546     118.325
                              Conventional
                              Air and Land
                              Activities \2\
    25                         Other             100.000      93.855     100.167     103.952     102.860     102.493
                              Conventional
                              Water
                              Activities \3\
    26                        Multi-use          100.000     100.779     100.801     102.246     101.773     105.308
                             Apparel and
                             Accessories
                             (Conventional)
                             \4\
    27                       Other Outdoor       100.000      99.993     102.227     100.876     101.117     106.551
                            Recreation
    28                        Amusement          100.000      90.681      88.766      89.034      90.077      96.872
                             Parks/Water
                             Parks
    29                        Festivals/         100.000     103.722     110.242     100.261     104.805     108.326
                             Sporting Events/
                             Concerts
    30                        Field Sports       100.000      97.794     102.641     105.473     107.807     109.408
    31                        Game Areas         100.000     101.016      99.922      97.377      99.329     104.912
                             (includes
                             Golfing and
                             Tennis)
    32                        Guided Tours/      100.000      98.755     100.127      92.550      84.115      92.385
                             Outfitted
                             Travel
    33                         Air and Land      100.000      99.219     103.683     101.370      97.042     101.512
                              Guided Tours/
                              Outfitted
                              Travel
    34                         Water Guided      100.000      98.197      95.884      82.077      68.807      81.539
                              Tours/
                              Outfitted
                              Travel
                              (includes
                              Boating and
                              Fishing
                              Charters)
    35                        Productive         100.000     103.717     116.690     124.253     128.195     132.963
                             Activities
                             (includes
                             Gardening)
    36                        Other Outdoor      100.000      99.497     103.176     112.794     112.884     116.632
                             Recreation
                             Activities \5\
    37                        Multi-use          100.000     108.246     102.460     108.301     107.576     111.145
                             Apparel and
                             Accessories
                             (Other) \4\
    38                     Supporting            100.000      99.650      99.130     102.578     103.020     105.675
                         Outdoor Recreation
    39                        Construction       100.000      96.194      96.753     101.957     105.495     107.746
    40                        Local Trips        100.000     100.566     101.692     101.148      97.888      99.957
                             and Travel \6\
    41                        Trips and          100.000      99.604      98.688     103.536     104.381     107.135
                             Travel \7\
    42                         Food and          100.000      81.967      83.558      86.153      86.305      87.485
                              Beverages
    43                         Lodging           100.000     102.626      93.812     101.278     101.036     100.323
    44                         Shopping and      100.000     102.006     102.918     103.035     103.347     104.806
                              Souvenirs
    45                         Transportatio     100.000     104.749     107.941     113.973     116.258     123.212
                              n
    46                        Government         100.000      99.359      98.265      98.965     101.989     105.121
                             Expenditures
    47                         Federal           100.000     107.628      99.726      97.330     100.910      99.832
                              Government
    48                         State and         100.000      97.947      97.981      99.186     102.117     105.947
                              Local
                              Government
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Legend/Footnotes:
    \1\ Consists of dog mushing, sleighing, snowmobiling, snow shoeing, snow tubing.
    \2\ Consists of air sports, driving for pleasure, geocaching/orienteering/rock hounding, ice skating, inline
      skating, land/sand sailing, races, running/walking/jogging, skateboarding, and wildlife watching/birding.
    \3\ Consists of boardsailing/windsurfing, SCUBA diving, snorkeling, stand-up paddling, surfing, tubing,
      wakeboarding, water skiing, and whitewater rafting.
    \4\ Consists of backpacks, bug spray, coolers, general outdoor clothing, GPS equipment, hydration equipment,
      lighting, sports racks, sunscreen, watches, and other miscellaneous gear and equipment.
    \5\ Consists of agritourism, augmented reality games, beachgoing, disc golf, hot springs soaking, kite flying,
      model airplane/rocket/UAV, paintball, photography, stargazing/astronomy, swimming, therapeutic programs, water
      polo, yard sports.
    \6\ Trip expenses less than 50 miles away from home, including food and beverages, lodging, shopping and
      souvenirs, and transportation.
    \7\ Travel and tourism expenses in the Outdoor Recreation Satellite Account are consistent with the Travel and
      Tourism Satellite Account, which includes only expenses for travel at least 50 miles away from home.

         Table 6. Percent Changes in Chain-Type Quantity Indexes for Outdoor Recreation Value-Added by Activity
                                                    [Percent Change]
                                               Bureau of Economic Analysis
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                             2013        2014        2015        2016        2017
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
     1                         Total Outdoor Recreation          0.2         0.5         2.0         0.4         3.9
     2                           Total Core Outdoor              0.7         1.6         0.6         0.3         5.1
                               Recreation
     3                             Conventional Outdoor          1.1         1.2         1.8         0.3         5.0
                                  Recreation
     4                              Bicycling                    7.2         1.5        ^3.4        12.7         0.9
     5                              Boating/Fishing             ^1.6         0.4         2.3         1.5         4.7
     6                               Canoeing                   ^4.2         4.3         2.7         2.6         4.3
     7                               Kayaking                   ^1.0        ^2.6         3.7         6.3         4.5
     8                               Fishing (excludes          ^4.1         0.3         1.9        ^0.5        ^0.8
                                    Boating)
     9                               Sailing                    ^0.3         5.4         0.9         3.6         4.1
    10                               Other Boating              ^1.2         0.1         2.4         1.6         5.7
    11                              Climbing/Hiking/Tent         2.4         1.2        ^2.3         5.1        ^0.8
                                   Camping
    12                              Equestrian                   2.7         5.5         2.0         5.8        10.8
    13                              Hunting/Shooting/           11.9        ^6.4         8.4        ^6.1        13.9
                                   Trapping
    14                               Hunting/Trapping            8.9        ^7.7        11.5       ^12.5        12.5
    15                               Shooting (includes         15.3        ^5.0         5.0         1.3        15.3
                                    Archery)
    16                              Motorcycling/ATVing          0.4         2.5         1.1        ^2.6         0.7
    17                              Recreational Flying         ^4.7         6.7         1.9         3.2         0.9
    18                              RVing                        3.1         0.7         1.3         1.3         9.7
    19                              Snow Activities             ^3.0         6.7         0.1        ^3.2         1.9
    20                               Skiing                     ^1.6         8.7         0.9        ^2.5         4.8
    21                               Snowboarding               ^0.2         6.4         0.1         0.9         5.7
    22                               Other Snow                 ^5.9         5.3        ^0.4        ^6.5        ^3.2
                                    Activities (includes
                                    Snowmobiling) \1\
    23                              Other Conventional          ^1.3         8.4         1.9         2.0         3.2
                                   Outdoor Recreation
                                   Activities
    24                               Other Conventional          0.0         8.9         1.4         2.9         4.2
                                    Air and Land
                                    Activities \2\
    25                               Other Conventional         ^6.1         6.7         3.8        ^1.1        ^0.4
                                    Water Activities \3\
    26                              Multi-use Apparel            0.8         0.0         1.4        ^0.5         3.5
                                   and Accessories
                                   (Conventional) \4\
    27                             Other Outdoor                 0.0         2.2        ^1.3         0.2         5.4
                                  Recreation
    28                              Amusement Parks/            ^9.3        ^2.1         0.3         1.2         7.5
                                   Water Parks
    29                              Festivals/Sporting           3.7         6.3        ^9.1         4.5         3.4
                                   Events/Concerts
    30                              Field Sports                ^2.2         5.0         2.8         2.2         1.5
    31                              Game Areas (includes         1.0        ^1.1        ^2.5         2.0         5.6
                                   Golfing and Tennis)
    32                              Guided Tours/               ^1.2         1.4        ^7.6        ^9.1         9.8
                                   Outfitted Travel
    33                               Air and Land Guided        ^0.8         4.5        ^2.2        ^4.3         4.6
                                    Tours/Outfitted
                                    Travel
    34                               Water Guided Tours/        ^1.8        ^2.4       ^14.4       ^16.2        18.5
                                    Outfitted Travel
                                    (includes Boating
                                    and Fishing
                                    Charters)
    35                              Productive                   3.7        12.5         6.5         3.2         3.7
                                   Activities (includes
                                   Gardening)
    36                              Other Outdoor               ^0.5         3.7         9.3         0.1         3.3
                                   Recreation Activities
                                   \5\
    37                              Multi-use Apparel            8.2        ^5.3         5.7        ^0.7         3.3
                                   and Accessories
                                   (Other) \4\
    38                           Supporting Outdoor             ^0.3        ^0.5         3.5         0.4         2.6
                               Recreation
    39                              Construction                ^3.8         0.6         5.4         3.5         2.1
    40                              Local Trips and              0.6         1.1        ^0.5        ^3.2         2.1
                                   Travel \6\
    41                              Trips and Travel \7\        ^0.4        ^0.9         4.9         0.8         2.6
    42                               Food and Beverages        ^18.0         1.9         3.1         0.2         1.4
    43                               Lodging                     2.6        ^8.6         8.0        ^0.2        ^0.7
    44                               Shopping and                2.0         0.9         0.1         0.3         1.4
                                    Souvenirs
    45                               Transportation              4.7         3.0         5.6         2.0         6.0
    46                              Government                  ^0.6        ^1.1         0.7         3.1         3.1
                                   Expenditures
    47                               Federal Government          7.6        ^7.3        ^2.4         3.7        ^1.1
    48                               State and Local            ^2.1         0.0         1.2         3.0         3.8
                                    Government
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Legend/Footnotes:
    \1\ Consists of dog mushing, sleighing, snowmobiling, snow shoeing, snow tubing.
    \2\ Consists of air sports, driving for pleasure, geocaching/orienteering/rock hounding, ice skating, inline
      skating, land/sand sailing, races, running/walking/jogging, skateboarding, and wildlife watching/birding.
    \3\ Consists of boardsailing/windsurfing, SCUBA diving, snorkeling, stand-up paddling, surfing, tubing,
      wakeboarding, water skiing, and whitewater rafting.
    \4\ Consists of backpacks, bug spray, coolers, general outdoor clothing, GPS equipment, hydration equipment,
      lighting, sports racks, sunscreen, watches, and other miscellaneous gear and equipment.
    \5\ Consists of agritourism, augmented reality games, beachgoing, disc golf, hot springs soaking, kite flying,
      model airplane/rocket/UAV, paintball, photography, stargazing/astronomy, swimming, therapeutic programs, water
      polo, yard sports.
    \6\ Trip expenses less than 50 miles away from home, including food and beverages, lodging, shopping and
      souvenirs, and transportation.
    \7\ Travel and tourism expenses in the Outdoor Recreation Satellite Account are consistent with the Travel and
      Tourism Satellite Account, which includes only expenses for travel at least 50 miles away from home.

                    Table 7. Chain-Type Price Indexes for Outdoor Recreation Value-Added by Activity
                                               [index numbers, 2012 = 100]
                                               Bureau of Economic Analysis
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                 2012        2013        2014        2015        2016        2017
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
     1                   Total Outdoor           100.000     102.250     104.428     108.191     109.728     110.802
                          Recreation
     2                     Total Core            100.000     102.327     103.452     106.974     108.608     108.764
                         Outdoor Recreation
     3                       Conventional        100.000     102.537     103.769     106.734     107.788     107.556
                            Outdoor
                            Recreation
     4                        Bicycling          100.000      98.587      98.519     100.361     103.751     102.555
     5                        Boating/           100.000     103.067     106.216     109.215     111.301     111.496
                             Fishing
     6                         Canoeing          100.000     102.473     103.881     107.413     109.999     110.752
     7                         Kayaking          100.000     103.655     108.939     110.997     114.343     114.140
     8                         Fishing           100.000     105.840     106.008     107.765     107.662     107.422
                              (excludes
                              Boating)
     9                         Sailing           100.000     100.861     102.663     107.072     110.005     108.681
    10                         Other Boating     100.000     102.701     106.473     109.608     111.994     112.399
    11                        Climbing/          100.000     101.906     103.895     110.791     106.818     106.918
                             Hiking/Tent
                             Camping
    12                        Equestrian         100.000     102.483     108.081     110.969     111.457     114.060
    13                        Hunting/           100.000     104.338     105.926     109.072     111.648     111.228
                             Shooting/
                             Trapping
    14                         Hunting/          100.000     105.436     108.437     112.449     115.747     115.563
                              Trapping
    15                         Shooting          100.000     103.135     103.234     105.455     107.342     106.704
                              (includes
                              Archery)
    16                        Motorcycling/      100.000     101.626     100.924     103.710     107.331     109.185
                             ATVing
    17                        Recreational       100.000     109.964     108.679     109.813     105.709     111.321
                             Flying
    18                        RVing              100.000     103.459     107.428     111.826     114.277     114.127
    19                        Snow               100.000     100.184     101.595     105.924     107.796     109.586
                             Activities
    20                         Skiing            100.000      99.575     100.416     105.287     108.375     107.171
    21                         Snowboarding      100.000      99.880     100.844     106.366     109.457     108.137
    22                         Other Snow        100.000     100.835     102.994     106.081     106.093     112.894
                              Activities
                              (includes
                              Snowmobiling)
                              \1\
    23                        Other              100.000     103.164     103.763     106.078     105.310     105.978
                             Conventional
                             Outdoor
                             Recreation
                             Activities
    24                         Other             100.000     102.883     103.670     105.717     104.227     105.424
                              Conventional
                              Air and Land
                              Activities \2\
    25                         Other             100.000     104.229     104.147     107.431     109.281     107.941
                              Conventional
                              Water
                              Activities \3\
    26                        Multi-use          100.000     102.081     101.591     103.886     104.104     102.279
                             Apparel and
                             Accessories
                             (Conventional)
                             \4\
    27                       Other Outdoor       100.000     101.992     102.944     107.365     109.951     110.744
                            Recreation
    28                        Amusement          100.000     108.869     115.102     122.665     131.166     137.269
                             Parks/Water
                             Parks
    29                        Festivals/         100.000     102.550     105.738     114.223     119.168     121.982
                             Sporting Events/
                             Concerts
    30                        Field Sports       100.000     102.954     103.754     106.597     108.604     108.823
    31                        Game Areas         100.000      99.432     100.065     104.566     106.710     103.589
                             (includes
                             Golfing and
                             Tennis)
    32                        Guided Tours/      100.000     101.754     103.938     110.031     114.124     115.748
                             Outfitted
                             Travel
    33                         Air and Land      100.000     101.469     103.228     109.135     112.896     114.634
                              Guided Tours/
                              Outfitted
                              Travel
    34                         Water Guided      100.000     102.099     104.818     111.156     115.763     117.201
                              Tours/
                              Outfitted
                              Travel
                              (includes
                              Boating and
                              Fishing
                              Charters)
    35                        Productive         100.000     100.733      91.679      90.088      89.075      91.175
                             Activities
                             (includes
                             Gardening)
    36                        Other Outdoor      100.000     101.308     102.477     104.358     103.062     102.086
                             Recreation
                             Activities \5\
    37                        Multi-use          100.000     100.293      99.984     100.134      98.979      99.412
                             Apparel and
                             Accessories
                             (Other) \4\
    38                     Supporting            100.000     102.171     105.435     109.445     110.884     112.897
                         Outdoor Recreation
    39                        Construction       100.000     106.116     113.700     120.989     128.643     135.206
    40                        Local Trips        100.000     100.785     102.847     106.261     105.555     108.357
                             and Travel \6\
    41                        Trips and          100.000     101.848     105.059     109.186     111.117     112.745
                             Travel \7\
    42                         Food and          100.000     102.988     105.490     110.735     115.400     118.898
                              Beverages
    43                         Lodging           100.000     102.743     106.853     110.693     114.479     117.450
    44                         Shopping and      100.000     101.093     103.068     106.390     106.922     106.791
                              Souvenirs
    45                         Transportatio     100.000     101.029     104.413     108.658     108.932     109.730
                              n
    46                        Government         100.000     105.666     110.236     113.596     113.595     115.504
                             Expenditures
    47                         Federal           100.000     101.946     104.763     106.737     108.545     111.650
                              Government
    48                         State and         100.000     106.347     111.240     114.842     114.531     116.241
                              Local
                              Government
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Legend/Footnotes:
    \1\ Consists of dog mushing, sleighing, snowmobiling, snow shoeing, snow tubing.
    \2\ Consists of air sports, driving for pleasure, geocaching/orienteering/rock hounding, ice skating, inline
      skating, land/sand sailing, races, running/walking/jogging, skateboarding, and wildlife watching/birding.
    \3\ Consists of boardsailing/windsurfing, SCUBA diving, snorkeling, stand-up paddling, surfing, tubing,
      wakeboarding, water skiing, and whitewater rafting.
    \4\ Consists of backpacks, bug spray, coolers, general outdoor clothing, GPS equipment, hydration equipment,
      lighting, sports racks, sunscreen, watches, and other miscellaneous gear and equipment.
    \5\ Consists of agritourism, augmented reality games, beachgoing, disc golf, hot springs soaking, kite flying,
      model airplane/rocket/UAV, paintball, photography, stargazing/astronomy, swimming, therapeutic programs, water
      polo, yard sports.
    \6\ Trip expenses less than 50 miles away from home, including food and beverages, lodging, shopping and
      souvenirs, and transportation.
    \7\ Travel and tourism expenses in the Outdoor Recreation Satellite Account are consistent with the Travel and
      Tourism Satellite Account, which includes only expenses for travel at least 50 miles away from home.

           Table 8. Percent Changes in Chain-Type Price Indexes for Outdoor Recreation Value-Added by Activity
                                                    [Percent Change]
                                               Bureau of Economic Analysis
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                             2013        2014        2015        2016        2017
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
     1                         Total Outdoor Recreation          2.2         2.1         3.6         1.4         1.0
     2                           Total Core Outdoor              2.3         1.1         3.4         1.5         0.1
                               Recreation
     3                             Conventional Outdoor          2.5         1.2         2.9         1.0        ^0.2
                                  Recreation
     4                              Bicycling                   ^1.4        ^0.1         1.9         3.4        ^1.2
     5                              Boating/Fishing              3.1         3.1         2.8         1.9         0.2
     6                               Canoeing                    2.5         1.4         3.4         2.4         0.7
     7                               Kayaking                    3.7         5.1         1.9         3.0        ^0.2
     8                               Fishing (excludes           5.8         0.2         1.7        ^0.1        ^0.2
                                    Boating)
     9                               Sailing                     0.9         1.8         4.3         2.7        ^1.2
    10                               Other Boating               2.7         3.7         2.9         2.2         0.4
    11                              Climbing/Hiking/Tent         1.9         2.0         6.6        ^3.6         0.1
                                   Camping
    12                              Equestrian                   2.5         5.5         2.7         0.4         2.3
    13                              Hunting/Shooting/            4.3         1.5         3.0         2.4        ^0.4
                                   Trapping
    14                               Hunting/Trapping            5.4         2.8         3.7         2.9        ^0.2
    15                               Shooting (includes          3.1         0.1         2.2         1.8        ^0.6
                                    Archery)
    16                              Motorcycling/ATVing          1.6        ^0.7         2.8         3.5         1.7
    17                              Recreational Flying         10.0        ^1.2         1.0        ^3.7         5.3
    18                              RVing                        3.5         3.8         4.1         2.2        ^0.1
    19                              Snow Activities              0.2         1.4         4.3         1.8         1.7
    20                               Skiing                     ^0.4         0.8         4.9         2.9        ^1.1
    21                               Snowboarding               ^0.1         1.0         5.5         2.9        ^1.2
    22                               Other Snow                  0.8         2.1         3.0         0.0         6.4
                                    Activities (includes
                                    Snowmobiling) \1\
    23                              Other Conventional           3.2         0.6         2.2        ^0.7         0.6
                                   Outdoor Recreation
                                   Activities
    24                               Other Conventional          2.9         0.8         2.0        ^1.4         1.1
                                    Air and Land
                                    Activities \2\
    25                               Other Conventional          4.2        ^0.1         3.2         1.7        ^1.2
                                    Water Activities \3\
    26                              Multi-use Apparel            2.1        ^0.5         2.3         0.2        ^1.8
                                   and Accessories
                                   (Conventional) \4\
    27                             Other Outdoor                 2.0         0.9         4.3         2.4         0.7
                                  Recreation
    28                              Amusement Parks/             8.9         5.7         6.6         6.9         4.7
                                   Water Parks
    29                              Festivals/Sporting           2.6         3.1         8.0         4.3         2.4
                                   Events/Concerts
    30                              Field Sports                 3.0         0.8         2.7         1.9         0.2
    31                              Game Areas (includes        ^0.6         0.6         4.5         2.1        ^2.9
                                   Golfing and Tennis)
    32                              Guided Tours/                1.8         2.1         5.9         3.7         1.4
                                   Outfitted Travel
    33                               Air and Land Guided         1.5         1.7         5.7         3.4         1.5
                                    Tours/Outfitted
                                    Travel
    34                              Water Guided Tours/          2.1         2.7         6.0         4.1         1.2
                                   Outfitted Travel
                                   (includes Boating and
                                   Fishing Charters)
    35                              Productive                   0.7        ^9.0        ^1.7        ^1.1         2.4
                                   Activities (includes
                                   Gardening)
    36                              Other Outdoor                1.3         1.2         1.8        ^1.2        ^0.9
                                   Recreation Activities
                                   \5\
    37                              Multi-use Apparel            0.3        ^0.3         0.2        ^1.2         0.4
                                   and Accessories
                                   (Other) \4\
    38                           Supporting Outdoor              2.2         3.2         3.8         1.3         1.8
                               Recreation
    39                              Construction                 6.1         7.1         6.4         6.3         5.1
    40                              Local Trips and              0.8         2.0         3.3        ^0.7         2.7
                                   Travel \6\
    41                              Trips and Travel \7\         1.8         3.2         3.9         1.8         1.5
    42                               Food and Beverages          3.0         2.4         5.0         4.2         3.0
    43                               Lodging                     2.7         4.0         3.6         3.4         2.6
    44                               Shopping and                1.1         2.0         3.2         0.5        ^0.1
                                    Souvenirs
    45                               Transportation              1.0         3.4         4.1         0.3         0.7
    46                              Government                   5.7         4.3         3.0         0.0         1.7
                                   Expenditures
    47                               Federal Government          1.9         2.8         1.9         1.7         2.9
    48                               State and Local             6.3         4.6         3.2        ^0.3         1.5
                                    Government
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Legend/Footnotes:
    \1\ Consists of dog mushing, sleighing, snowmobiling, snow shoeing, snow tubing.
    \2\ Consists of air sports, driving for pleasure, geocaching/orienteering/rock hounding, ice skating, inline
      skating, land/sand sailing, races, running/walking/jogging, skateboarding, and wildlife watching/birding.
    \3\ Consists of boardsailing/windsurfing, SCUBA diving, snorkeling, stand-up paddling, surfing, tubing,
      wakeboarding, water skiing, and whitewater rafting.
    \4\ Consists of backpacks, bug spray, coolers, general outdoor clothing, GPS equipment, hydration equipment,
      lighting, sports racks, sunscreen, watches, and other miscellaneous gear and equipment.
    \5\ Consists of agritourism, augmented reality games, beachgoing, disc golf, hot springs soaking, kite flying,
      model airplane/rocket/UAV, paintball, photography, stargazing/astronomy, swimming, therapeutic programs, water
      polo, yard sports.
    \6\ Trip expenses less than 50 miles away from home, including food and beverages, lodging, shopping and
      souvenirs, and transportation.
    \7\ Travel and tourism expenses in the Outdoor Recreation Satellite Account are consistent with the Travel and
      Tourism Satellite Account, which includes only expenses for travel at least 50 miles away from home.

    ------------------------------------------------------------------------

    -------------------------------------------------------------------------
      Editor's note: this table of information was excluded from the pdf
     submitted, and posted on the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis website.
     It is incoporated herein, in [brackets] and is available in the xlsx
     file entitled, Tables--Value-Added by Activity (https://www.bea.gov/
     system/files/2019-09/orsa0919-VA-Activity_1.xlsx)
                                [Activity List *

            [Outdoor Recreation Activities in Conventional Definition

    [Bicycling (All recreational bicycling, including BMX, E-bikes,
     Mountain, On-road)
    [Boating/Fishing (All recreational boating, including Canoeing, Fishing,
     Inboard/Outboard, Kayaking, Personal watercraft, Sailing)
    [Climbing/Hiking/Tent Camping
    [Equestrian
    [Hunting/Trapping/Shooting (including Archery)
    [Motorcycling/ATVs (Off-road, On-road)
    [Recreational flying (Experimental, Glider, Turboprop, Ultralight)
    [RVing
    [Snow activities (Dog mushing, Skiing, Sleighing, Snowboarding,
     Snowmobiling, Snow shoeing, Tubing)

                         [Other Conventional Activities

    [Other Conventional Air and Land activities
      [Air sports (Base jumping, Hang gliding, Skydiving)
      [Driving for pleasure (Gas spending only)
      [Geocaching/Orienteering/Rock hounding
      [Ice skating
      [Inline skating
      [Land/Sand sailing
      [Races (includes Bike and Endurance racing)
      [Running/Jogging/Walking
      [Skateboarding
      [Wildlife watching/Birding
    [Other Conventional Water activities
      [Boardsailing/Windsurfing
      [SCUBA Diving
      [Snorkeling
      [Stand-up paddling
      [Surfing
      [Tubing/Wakeboarding
      [Water skiing
      [Whitewater rafting

               [Outdoor Recreation Activities in Other Definition
    [Amusement parks/Water parks
    [Festivals/Sporting events/Concerts (includes Professional sports)
    [Field sports (e.g., Football, Lacrosse, Soccer)
    [Game area sports (e.g., Basketball, Golf, Tennis)
    [Guided tours/Outfitted travel (includes Boating and Fishing charters)
    [Productive activities (Beekeeping, Foraging, Gardening, Panning for
     ore)

                                [Other Activities

    [Agritourism (Animal sanctuaries, Petting zoos, Pick-your-own produce
     farms, Vineyard tours)
    [Augmented reality games
    [Beachgoing
    [Disc golf
    [Hot springs soaking
    [Kite flying
    [Model airplane/rocket/UAV
    [Paintball
    [Photography
    [Stargazing/Astronomy
    [Swimming
    [Therapeutic Programs
    [Water Polo
    [Yard sports (e.g., Bocce ball, Croquet)]
    ------------------------------------------------------------------------

                                Table 9. Real Outdoor Recreation Value-Added by Industry
                                          [Millions of chained (2012) dollars]
                                               Bureau of Economic Analysis
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                 2012        2013        2014        2015        2016        2017
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
     1                   All Industries          360,509     361,153     363,128     370,446     371,789     386,107
     2                     Private               339,779     340,215     342,222     349,558     350,389     363,963
                          industries
     3                       Agriculture,          6,782       7,519       8,025       8,485       7,962       8,040
                            forestry,
                            fishing, and
                            hunting
     4                        Farms                4,791       5,455       6,145       6,407       6,586       6,536
     5                        Forestry,            1,991       2,066       1,918       2,097       1,563       1,655
                             fishing, and
                             related
                             activities
     6                       Mining                  340         313         284         264         249         321
     7                        Oil and gas            105         107         104         133         133          96
                             extraction
     8                        Mining, except         183         159         125          93          87         199
                             oil and gas
     9                        Support                 51          46          50          33          28          31
                             activities for
                             mining
    10                       Utilities                 1           1           1           1           1           1
    11                       Construction          5,274       4,902       4,925       5,110       5,298       5,410
    12                       Manufacturing        48,726      50,739      50,611      49,377      47,541      51,812
    13                        Durable goods       18,433      18,940      18,414      18,039      17,603      20,012
    14                         Wood products           3           3           3           3           3           3
    15                         Nonmetallic            47          50          51          50          51          51
                              mineral
                              products
    16                         Primary                 5           4           5           4           4           4
                              metals
    17                         Fabricated          1,728       1,861       1,647       1,813       1,855       2,434
                              metal products
    18                         Machinery           1,942       1,939       1,725       1,435       1,010       1,419
    19                         Computer and          551         568         683       1,202         909       1,088
                              electronic
                              products
    20                         Electrical            643         612         582         596         459         472
                              equipment,
                              appliances,
                              and components
    21                         Motor               3,436       3,693       3,616       3,333       3,338       4,184
                              vehicles,
                              bodies and
                              trailers, and
                              parts
    22                         Other               6,699       7,123       7,158       6,888       6,941       6,954
                              transportation
                              equipment
    23                         Furniture and          55          55          53          47          41          40
                              related
                              products
    24                         Miscellaneous       3,325       3,023       2,907       2,757       3,002       3,320
                              manufacturing
    25                        Nondurable          30,293      31,808      32,261      31,391      29,925      31,534
                             goods
    26                         Food and            6,440       6,583       6,516       6,241       6,187       6,071
                              beverage and
                              tobacco
                              products
    27                         Textile mills         482         405         437         452         468         464
                              and textile
                              product mills
    28                         Apparel and         2,653       2,574       2,524       2,491       2,817       2,965
                              leather and
                              allied
                              products
    29                         Paper                 300         306         334         315         302         283
                              products
    30                         Printing and          112         110         115         116         115         102
                              related
                              support
                              activities
    31                         Petroleum and      16,578      17,910      18,499      18,237      15,888      18,053
                              coal products
    32                         Chemical            3,490       3,713       3,694       3,457       3,506       3,501
                              products
    33                         Plastics and          240         239         230         235         241         252
                              rubber
                              products
    34                       Wholesale trade      32,193      28,419      29,897      31,085      30,137      29,952
    35                       Retail trade         84,301      88,246      86,834      87,613      87,987      92,151
    36                        Motor vehicle        8,170       8,230       7,840       8,879       9,833      11,468
                             and parts
                             dealers
    37                        Food and             6,002       5,943       5,790       5,631       5,450       5,598
                             beverage stores
    38                        General             15,056      16,204      16,162      16,699      16,299      16,445
                             merchandise
                             stores
    39                        Other retail        55,074      57,885      57,086      56,465      56,440      58,673
    40                       Transportation       33,036      34,962      36,346      38,494      39,700      41,681
                            and warehousing
    41                        Air                 21,998      23,069      24,678      27,736      30,141      31,803
                             transportation
    42                        Rail                   580         562         560         567         566         600
                             transportation
    43                        Water                2,733       3,704       3,639       2,975       2,116       2,382
                             transportation
    44                        Truck                3,808       3,693       3,603       3,370       3,253       3,240
                             transportation
    45                        Transit and          2,235       2,169       2,104       2,026       1,942       2,017
                             ground
                             passenger
                             transportation
    46                        Pipeline               354         362         348         455         486         486
                             transportation
    47                        Other                1,291       1,381       1,386       1,293       1,259       1,201
                             transportation
                             and support
                             activities
    48                        Warehousing             36          37          35          36          38          36
                             and storage
    49                       Information           1,297       1,340       1,343       1,450       1,546       1,685
    50                        Publishing             529         481         462         460         460         481
                             industries,
                             except internet
                             (includes
                             software)
    51                        Motion picture          47          42          42          47          52          53
                             and sound
                             recording
                             industries
    52                        Broadcasting           601         683         693         750         803         869
                             and
                             telecommunicati
                             ons
    53                        Data                   120         135         149         195         235         290
                             processing,
                             internet
                             publishing, and
                             other
                             information
                             services
    54                       Finance,             22,226      21,498      18,905      21,076      21,947      21,717
                            insurance, real
                            estate, rental,
                            and leasing
    55                        Finance and          3,805       3,325       4,005       4,357       4,196       3,775
                             insurance
    56                         Federal               408         376         384         423         414         406
                              Reserve banks,
                              credit
                              intermediation
                              , and related
                              activities
    57                         Securities,             0           0           0           0           0           0
                              commodity
                              contracts, and
                              investments
    58                         Insurance           3,396       2,949       3,622       3,936       3,783       3,371
                              carriers and
                              related
                              activities
    59                         Funds,                  0           0           0           0           0           0
                              trusts, and
                              other
                              financial
                              vehicles
    60                        Real estate         18,421      18,173      14,910      16,728      17,768      17,984
                             and rental and
                             leasing
    61                         Real estate        15,460      15,195      12,047      12,965      13,192      13,027
    62                          Housing           15,455      15,191      12,043      12,960      13,187      13,022
    63                          Other real             5           5           5           5           5           5
                               estate
    64                         Rental and          2,961       2,977       2,859       3,787       4,720       5,208
                              leasing
                              services and
                              lessors of
                              intangible
                              assets
    65                       Professional          6,078       5,806       5,967       6,203       6,256       6,906
                            and business
                            services
    66                        Professional,        1,246       1,220       1,338       1,434       1,489       1,586
                             scientific, and
                             technical
                             services
    67                         Legal                   0           0           0           0           0           0
                              services
    68                         Computer               62          50          49          60          61          67
                              systems design
                              and related
                              services
    69                         Miscellaneous       1,184       1,170       1,290       1,375       1,428       1,519
                              professional,
                              scientific,
                              and technical
                              services
    70                        Management of            0           0           0           0           0           0
                             companies and
                             enterprises
    71                        Administrative       4,832       4,586       4,628       4,766       4,764       5,318
                             and waste
                             management
                             services
    72                         Administrativ       4,831       4,585       4,627       4,765       4,763       5,317
                              e and support
                              services
    73                         Waste                   1           1           1           1           1           1
                              management and
                              remediation
                              services
    74                       Educational           3,061       2,931       3,055       3,007       3,039       3,009
                            services, health
                            care, and social
                            assistance
    75                        Educational          2,554       2,464       2,568       2,498       2,510       2,470
                             services
    76                        Health care            507         467         487         511         533         545
                             and social
                             assistance
    77                         Ambulatory            296         276         292         309         327         335
                              health care
                              services
    78                         Hospitals             161         143         146         152         158         161
    79                         Nursing and            22          19          19          19          20          20
                              residential
                              care
                              facilities
    80                         Social                 28          29          30          31          29          30
                              assistance
    81                        Arts,               91,833      89,264      91,506      92,641      93,637      96,546
                             entertainment,
                             recreation,
                             accommodation,
                             and food
                             services
    82                        Arts,               41,793      41,465      43,034      41,527      42,897      45,712
                             entertainment,
                             and recreation
    83                         Performing         10,481      10,792      11,495      10,586      11,082      11,505
                              arts,
                              spectator
                              sports,
                              museums, and
                              related
                              activities
    84                         Amusements,        31,312      30,672      31,534      30,949      31,817      34,226
                              gambling, and
                              recreation
                              industries
    85                        Accommodation       50,041      47,801      48,483      51,105      50,729      50,837
                             and food
                             services
    86                         Accommodation      27,868      29,079      29,265      31,299      30,931      30,746
    87                         Food services      22,173      18,725      19,221      19,805      19,798      20,088
                              and drinking
                              places
    88                       Other services,       4,631       4,551       4,640       4,687       4,736       4,770
                            except
                            government
    89                     Government             20,730      20,936      20,910      20,917      21,404      22,152
    90                       Federal               3,093       3,412       3,198       3,133       3,225       3,197
    91                        General              2,768       2,975       2,759       2,692       2,796       2,766
                             government
    92                         National                0           1           1           0           1           1
                              defense
    93                         Non-defense         2,768       2,974       2,759       2,691       2,796       2,766
    94                        Government             325         440         445         450         430         434
                             enterprises
    95                       State and local      17,637      17,531      17,706      17,772      18,169      18,931
    96                        General             18,134      17,538      17,581      17,785      18,271      18,972
                             government
    97                        Government            ^497          53         170          80          66          80
                             enterprises
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

                                  Table 10. Outdoor Recreation Value-Added by Industry
                                              [Millions of current dollars]
                                               Bureau of Economic Analysis
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                 2012        2013        2014        2015        2016        2017
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
     1                   All Industries          360,509     369,280     378,654     400,205     407,362     427,189
     2                     Private               339,779     347,211     355,672     376,142     382,564     401,264
                          industries
     3                       Agriculture,          6,782       7,718       7,621       7,851       7,181       7,428
                            forestry,
                            fishing, and
                            hunting
     4                        Farms                4,791       5,528       5,487       5,422       5,286       5,414
     5                        Forestry,            1,991       2,189       2,133       2,429       1,895       2,014
                             fishing, and
                             related
                             activities
     6                       Mining                  340         312         284         205         182         271
     7                        Oil and gas            105         117         128          92          81          91
                             extraction
     8                        Mining, except         183         143         102          73          65         139
                             oil and gas
     9                        Support                 51          52          54          41          36          40
                             activities for
                             mining
    10                       Utilities                 1           1           1           1           1           1
    11                       Construction          5,274       5,192       5,593       6,193       6,838       7,338
    12                       Manufacturing        48,726      50,409      50,590      50,494      46,638      51,667
    13                        Durable goods       18,433      19,866      19,734      20,438      20,478      23,064
    14                         Wood products           3           3           3           3           3           4
    15                         Nonmetallic            47          50          51          53          55          56
                              mineral
                              products
    16                         Primary                 5           4           5           5           5           4
                              metals
    17                         Fabricated          1,728       2,118       1,896       2,137       2,186       2,860
                              metal products
    18                         Machinery           1,942       2,002       1,861       1,629       1,120       1,554
    19                         Computer and          551         551         663       1,094         732         864
                              electronic
                              products
    20                         Electrical            643         622         598         633         493         496
                              equipment,
                              appliances,
                              and components
    21                         Motor               3,436       3,975       4,088       4,176       4,517       5,853
                              vehicles,
                              bodies and
                              trailers, and
                              parts
    22                         Other               6,699       7,381       7,501       7,659       8,084       8,119
                              transportation
                              equipment
    23                         Furniture and          55          59          58          57          54          51
                              related
                              products
    24                         Miscellaneous       3,325       3,101       3,010       2,993       3,228       3,204
                              manufacturing
    25                        Nondurable          30,293      30,543      30,856      30,056      26,160      28,604
                             goods
    26                         Food and            6,440       6,720       7,057       7,511       7,645       7,339
                              beverage and
                              tobacco
                              products
    27                         Textile mills         482         439         484         512         541         532
                              and textile
                              product mills
    28                         Apparel and         2,653       2,674       2,605       2,616       3,022       3,267
                              leather and
                              allied
                              products
    29                         Paper                 300         300         317         307         304         272
                              products
    30                         Printing and          112         110         117         124         125         112
                              related
                              support
                              activities
    31                         Petroleum and      16,578      16,258      16,130      14,760      10,089      12,640
                              coal products
    32                         Chemical            3,490       3,803       3,915       3,973       4,168       4,171
                              products
    33                         Plastics and          240         239         231         253         267         270
                              rubber
                              products
    34                       Wholesale trade      32,193      31,794      33,303      35,298      34,612      34,774
    35                        Retail trade        84,301      87,648      87,539      91,022      92,373      95,661
    36                         Motor vehicle       8,170       8,453       8,483       9,441      10,260      11,309
                              and parts
                              dealers
    37                         Food and            6,002       6,092       6,197       6,486       6,591       6,800
                              beverage
                              stores
    38                         General            15,056      15,640      15,159      15,452      15,337      15,543
                              merchandise
                              stores
    39                         Other retail       55,074      57,464      57,700      59,644      60,186      62,008
    40                        Transportation      33,036      35,587      38,432      42,981      45,538      47,932
                             and warehousing
    41                         Air                21,998      23,448      26,385      30,828      33,607      35,680
                              transportation
    42                         Rail                  580         590         603         639         641         688
                              transportation
    43                         Water               2,733       3,670       3,524       3,412       3,142       3,336
                              transportation
    44                         Truck               3,808       3,809       3,864       3,830       3,741       3,766
                              transportation
    45                         Transit and         2,235       2,246       2,182       2,215       2,225       2,314
                              ground
                              passenger
                              transportation
    46                         Pipeline              354         383         401         563         620         622
                              transportation
    47                         Other               1,291       1,404       1,438       1,459       1,524       1,490
                              transportation
                              and support
                              activities
    48                         Warehousing            36          37          36          36          38          36
                              and storage
    49                        Information          1,297       1,368       1,382       1,493       1,580       1,711
    50                         Publishing            529         493         481         486         496         527
                              industries,
                              except
                              internet
                              (includes
                              software)
    51                         Motion                 47          50          53          59          60          66
                              picture and
                              sound
                              recording
                              industries
    52                         Broadcasting          601         687         697         751         789         826
                              and
                              telecommunicat
                              ions
    53                         Data                  120         137         151         198         236         291
                              processing,
                              internet
                              publishing,
                              and other
                              information
                              services
    54                        Finance,            22,226      22,085      20,070      22,647      24,002      24,600
                             insurance, real
                             estate, rental,
                             and leasing
    55                         Finance and         3,805       3,415       4,184       4,662       4,757       4,595
                              insurance
    56                          Federal              408         394         410         459         467         468
                               Reserve
                               banks, credit
                               intermediatio
                               n, and
                               related
                               activities
    57                          Securities,            0           0           0           0           0           0
                               commodity
                               contracts,
                               and
                               investments
    58                          Insurance          3,396       3,020       3,774       4,202       4,289       4,127
                               carriers and
                               related
                               activities
    59                          Funds,                 0           0           0           0           0           0
                               trusts, and
                               other
                               financial
                               vehicles
    60                         Real estate        18,421      18,670      15,886      17,985      19,245      20,005
                              and rental and
                              leasing
    61                         Real estate        15,460      15,625      12,785      14,263      15,066      15,453
    62                          Housing           15,455      15,620      12,780      14,258      15,061      15,447
    63                          Other real             5           5           5           5           5           5
                                 estate
    64                          Rental and         2,961       3,045       3,101       3,722       4,179       4,552
                               leasing
                               services and
                               lessors of
                               intangible
                               assets
    65                        Professional         6,078       5,898       6,133       6,595       6,859       7,786
                             and business
                             services
    66                         Professional,       1,246       1,249       1,396       1,547       1,658       1,805
                              scientific,
                              and technical
                              services
    67                          Legal                  0           0           0           0           0           0
                               services
    68                          Computer              62          53          54          65          63          71
                               systems
                               design and
                               related
                               services
    69                          Miscellaneou       1,184       1,195       1,342       1,482       1,594       1,733
                               s
                               professional,
                               scientific,
                               and technical
                               services
    70                         Management of           0           0           0           0           0           0
                              companies and
                              enterprises
    71                         Administrativ       4,832       4,649       4,737       5,048       5,201       5,981
                              e and waste
                              management
                              services
    72                          Administrati       4,831       4,648       4,736       5,047       5,200       5,980
                               ve and
                               support
                               services
    73                          Waste                  1           1           1           1           1           1
                               management
                               and
                               remediation
                               services
    74                        Educational          3,061       3,058       3,267       3,328       3,482       3,610
                             services,
                             health care,
                             and social
                             assistance
    75                         Educational         2,554       2,583       2,772       2,806       2,936       3,047
                              services
    76                         Health care           507         475         495         522         546         562
                              and social
                              assistance
    77                          Ambulatory           296         282         296         309         323         329
                               health care
                               services
    78                          Hospitals            161         146         152         163         172         180
    79                          Nursing and           22          20          20          21          22          22
                               residential
                               care
                               facilities
    80                          Social                28          27          28          29          29          30
                               assistance
    81                        Arts,               91,833      91,434      96,529     102,891     107,934     112,870
                             entertainment,
                             recreation,
                             accommodation,
                             and food
                             services
    82                         Arts,              41,793      42,291      44,954      46,169      49,500      52,880
                              entertainment,
                              and recreation
    83                          Performing        10,481      11,062      12,145      12,070      13,181      14,006
                               arts,
                               spectator
                               sports,
                               museums, and
                               related
                               activities
    84                          Amusements,       31,312      31,229      32,809      34,099      36,319      38,874
                               gambling, and
                               recreation
                               industries
    85                         Accommodation      50,041      49,143      51,575      56,722      58,434      59,990
                              and food
                              services
    86                          Accommodatio      27,868      29,865      31,308      34,779      35,538      36,072
                               n
    87                          Food              22,173      19,278      20,268      21,943      22,896      23,918
                               services and
                               drinking
                               places
    88                        Other                4,631       4,708       4,927       5,142       5,344       5,615
                             services,
                             except
                             government
    89                     Government             20,730      22,069      22,982      24,063      24,799      25,926
    90                       Federal               3,093       3,456       3,293       3,248       3,400       3,471
    91                        General              2,768       3,033       2,891       2,872       3,034       3,087
                             government
    92                         National                0           1           1           0           1           1
                              defense
    93                         Non-defense         2,768       3,032       2,890       2,872       3,034       3,087
    94                        Government             325         423         402         376         366         383
                             enterprises
    95                       State and local      17,637      18,613      19,689      20,815      21,398      22,455
    96                        General             18,134      18,569      19,448      20,359      20,890      21,948
                             government
    97                        Government            ^497          44         241         456         508         508
                             enterprises
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

             Table 11. Outdoor Recreation Value-Added by Industry as a Percentage of Gross Domestic Product
                                                        [Percent]
                                               Bureau of Economic Analysis
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                 2012        2013        2014        2015        2016        2017
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
     1                   All Industries              2.2         2.2         2.2         2.2         2.2         2.2
     2                     Private                   2.1         2.1         2.0         2.1         2.0         2.1
                          industries
     3                       Agriculture,            0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
                            forestry,
                            fishing, and
                            hunting
     4                       Mining                  0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
     5                       Utilities               0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
     6                       Construction            0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
     7                       Manufacturing           0.3         0.3         0.3         0.3         0.2         0.3
     8                        Durable goods          0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1
     9                        Nondurable             0.2         0.2         0.2         0.2         0.1         0.1
                             goods
    10                       Wholesale trade         0.2         0.2         0.2         0.2         0.2         0.2
    11                       Retail trade            0.5         0.5         0.5         0.5         0.5         0.5
    12                       Transportation          0.2         0.2         0.2         0.2         0.2         0.2
                            and warehousing
    13                       Information             0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
    14                       Finance,                0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1
                            insurance, real
                            estate, rental,
                            and leasing
    15                        Finance and            0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
                             insurance
    16                        Real estate            0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1
                             and rental and
                             leasing
    17                       Professional            0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
                            and business
                            services
    18                        Professional,          0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
                             scientific, and
                             technical
                             services
    19                        Management of          0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
                             companies and
                             enterprises
    20                        Administrative         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
                             and waste
                             management
                             services
    21                       Educational             0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
                            services, health
                            care, and social
                            assistance
    22                        Educational            0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
                             services
    23                        Health care            0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
                             and social
                             assistance
    24                       Arts,                   0.6         0.5         0.6         0.6         0.6         0.6
                            entertainment,
                            recreation,
                            accommodation,
                            and food
                            services
    25                        Arts,                  0.3         0.3         0.3         0.3         0.3         0.3
                             entertainment,
                             and recreation
    26                        Accommodation          0.3         0.3         0.3         0.3         0.3         0.3
                             and food
                             services
    27                       Other services,         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
                            except
                            government
    28                     Government                0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1
    29                       Federal                 0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
    30                       State and local         0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

      Table 12. Outdoor Recreation Value-Added by Industry as a Percentage of Total Outdoor Recreation Value-Added
                                                        [Percent]
                                               Bureau of Economic Analysis
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                 2012        2013        2014        2015        2016        2017
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
     1                   All Industries            100.0       100.0       100.0       100.0       100.0       100.0
     2                     Private                  94.2        94.0        93.9        94.0        93.9        93.9
                          industries
     3                       Agriculture,            1.9         2.1         2.0         2.0         1.8         1.7
                            forestry,
                            fishing, and
                            hunting
     4                        Farms                  1.3         1.5         1.4         1.4         1.3         1.3
     5                        Forestry,              0.6         0.6         0.6         0.6         0.5         0.5
                             fishing, and
                             related
                             activities
     6                       Mining                  0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1         0.0         0.1
     7                        Oil and gas            0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
                             extraction
     8                        Mining, except         0.1         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
                             oil and gas
     9                        Support                0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
                             activities for
                             mining
    10                       Utilities               0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
    11                       Construction            1.5         1.4         1.5         1.5         1.7         1.7
    12                       Manufacturing          13.5        13.7        13.4        12.6        11.4        12.1
    13                        Durable goods          5.1         5.4         5.2         5.1         5.0         5.4
    14                         Wood products         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
    15                         Nonmetallic           0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
                              mineral
                              products
    16                         Primary               0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
                              metals
    17                         Fabricated            0.5         0.6         0.5         0.5         0.5         0.7
                              metal products
    18                         Machinery             0.5         0.5         0.5         0.4         0.3         0.4
    19                         Computer and          0.2         0.1         0.2         0.3         0.2         0.2
                              electronic
                              products
    20                         Electrical            0.2         0.2         0.2         0.2         0.1         0.1
                              equipment,
                              appliances,
                              and components
    21                         Motor                 1.0         1.1         1.1         1.0         1.1         1.4
                              vehicles,
                              bodies and
                              trailers, and
                              parts
    22                         Other                 1.9         2.0         2.0         1.9         2.0         1.9
                              transportation
                              equipment
    23                         Furniture and         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
                              related
                              products
    24                         Miscellaneous         0.9         0.8         0.8         0.7         0.8         0.8
                              manufacturing
    25                        Nondurable             8.4         8.3         8.1         7.5         6.4         6.7
                             goods
    26                         Food and              1.8         1.8         1.9         1.9         1.9         1.7
                              beverage and
                              tobacco
                              products
    27                         Textile mills         0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1
                              and textile
                              product mills
    28                         Apparel and           0.7         0.7         0.7         0.7         0.7         0.8
                              leather and
                              allied
                              products
    29                         Paper                 0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1
                              products
    30                         Printing and          0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
                              related
                              support
                              activities
    31                         Petroleum and         4.6         4.4         4.3         3.7         2.5         3.0
                              coal products
    32                         Chemical              1.0         1.0         1.0         1.0         1.0         1.0
                              products
    33                         Plastics and          0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1
                              rubber
                              products
    34                       Wholesale trade         8.9         8.6         8.8         8.8         8.5         8.1
    35                       Retail trade           23.4        23.7        23.1        22.7        22.7        22.4
    36                        Motor vehicle          2.3         2.3         2.2         2.4         2.5         2.6
                             and parts
                             dealers
    37                        Food and               1.7         1.6         1.6         1.6         1.6         1.6
                             beverage stores
    38                        General                4.2         4.2         4.0         3.9         3.8         3.6
                             merchandise
                             stores
    39                        Other retail          15.3        15.6        15.2        14.9        14.8        14.5
    40                       Transportation          9.2         9.6        10.1        10.7        11.2        11.2
                            and warehousing
    41                        Air                    6.1         6.3         7.0         7.7         8.2         8.4
                             transportation
    42                        Rail                   0.2         0.2         0.2         0.2         0.2         0.2
                             transportation
    43                        Water                  0.8         1.0         0.9         0.9         0.8         0.8
                             transportation
    44                        Truck                  1.1         1.0         1.0         1.0         0.9         0.9
                             transportation
    45                        Transit and            0.6         0.6         0.6         0.6         0.5         0.5
                             ground
                             passenger
                             transportation
    46                        Pipeline               0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1         0.2         0.1
                             transportation
    47                        Other                  0.4         0.4         0.4         0.4         0.4         0.3
                             transportation
                             and support
                             activities
    48                        Warehousing            0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
                             and storage
    49                       Information             0.4         0.4         0.4         0.4         0.4         0.4
    50                        Publishing             0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1
                             industries,
                             except internet
                             (includes
                             software)
    51                        Motion picture         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
                             and sound
                             recording
                             industries
    52                        Broadcasting           0.2         0.2         0.2         0.2         0.2         0.2
                             and
                             telecommunicati
                             ons
    53                        Data                   0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.1         0.1
                             processing,
                             internet
                             publishing, and
                             other
                             information
                             services
    54                       Finance,                6.2         6.0         5.3         5.7         5.9         5.8
                            insurance, real
                            estate, rental,
                            and leasing
    55                        Finance and            1.1         0.9         1.1         1.2         1.2         1.1
                             insurance
    56                         Federal               0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1
                              Reserve banks,
                              credit
                              intermediation
                              , and related
                              activities
    57                         Securities,           0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
                              commodity
                              contracts, and
                              investments
    58                         Insurance             0.9         0.8         1.0         1.0         1.1         1.0
                              carriers and
                              related
                              activities
    59                         Funds,                0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
                              trusts, and
                              other
                              financial
                              vehicles
    60                        Real estate            5.1         5.1         4.2         4.5         4.7         4.7
                             and rental and
                             leasing
    61                         Real estate           4.3         4.2         3.4         3.6         3.7         3.6
    62                          Housing              4.3         4.2         3.4         3.6         3.7         3.6
    63                          Other real           0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
                               estate
    64                        Rental and             0.8         0.8         0.8         0.9         1.0         1.1
                             leasing
                             services and
                             lessors of
                             intangible
                             assets
    65                        Professional           1.7         1.6         1.6         1.6         1.7         1.8
                             and business
                             services
    66                         Professional,         0.3         0.3         0.4         0.4         0.4         0.4
                              scientific,
                              and technical
                              services
    67                          Legal                0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
                               services
    68                          Computer             0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
                               systems
                               design and
                               related
                               services
    69                          Miscellaneou         0.3         0.3         0.4         0.4         0.4         0.4
                               s
                               professional,
                               scientific,
                               and technical
                               services
    70                         Management of         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
                              companies and
                              enterprises
    71                         Administrativ         1.3         1.3         1.3         1.3         1.3         1.4
                              e and waste
                              management
                              services
    72                          Administrati         1.3         1.3         1.3         1.3         1.3         1.4
                               ve and
                               support
                               services
    73                          Waste                0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
                               management
                               and
                               remediation
                               services
    74                        Educational            0.8         0.8         0.9         0.8         0.9         0.8
                             services,
                             health care,
                             and social
                             assistance
    75                         Educational           0.7         0.7         0.7         0.7         0.7         0.7
                              services
    76                         Health care           0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1
                              and social
                              assistance
    77                          Ambulatory           0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1
                               health care
                               services
    78                          Hospitals            0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
    79                          Nursing and          0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
                               residential
                               care
                               facilities
    80                          Social               0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
                               assistance
    81                        Arts,                 25.5        24.8        25.5        25.7        26.5        26.4
                             entertainment,
                             recreation,
                             accommodation,
                             and food
                             services
    82                         Arts,                11.6        11.5        11.9        11.5        12.2        12.4
                              entertainment,
                              and recreation
    83                          Performing           2.9         3.0         3.2         3.0         3.2         3.3
                               arts,
                               spectator
                               sports,
                               museums, and
                               related
                               activities
    84                          Amusements,          8.7         8.5         8.7         8.5         8.9         9.1
                               gambling, and
                               recreation
                               industries
    85                         Accommodation        13.9        13.3        13.6        14.2        14.3        14.0
                              and food
                              services
    86                          Accommodatio         7.7         8.1         8.3         8.7         8.7         8.4
                               n
    87                          Food                 6.2         5.2         5.4         5.5         5.6         5.6
                               services and
                               drinking
                               places
    88                        Other                  1.3         1.3         1.3         1.3         1.3         1.3
                             services,
                             except
                             government
    89                     Government                5.8         6.0         6.1         6.0         6.1         6.1
    90                       Federal                 0.9         0.9         0.9         0.8         0.8         0.8
    91                        General                0.8         0.8         0.8         0.7         0.7         0.7
                             government
    92                         National              0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
                              defense
    93                         Non-defense           0.8         0.8         0.8         0.7         0.7         0.7
    94                        Government             0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1
                             enterprises
    95                       State and local         4.9         5.0         5.2         5.2         5.3         5.3
    96                        General                5.0         5.0         5.1         5.1         5.1         5.1
                             government
    97                        Government            ^0.1         0.0         0.1         0.1         0.1         0.1
                             enterprises
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

                  Table 13. Chain-Type Quantity Indexes for Outdoor Recreation Value-Added by Industry
                                               [index numbers, 2012 = 100]
                                               Bureau of Economic Analysis
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                 2012        2013        2014        2015        2016        2017
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
     1                   All Industries          100.000     100.179     100.726     102.756     103.129     107.100
     2                     Private               100.000     100.128     100.719     102.878     103.123     107.118
                          industries
     3                       Agriculture,        100.000     110.855     118.316     125.097     117.392     118.538
                            forestry,
                            fishing, and
                            hunting
     4                        Farms              100.000     113.866     128.267     133.734     137.464     136.429
     5                        Forestry,          100.000     103.727      96.336     105.325      78.471      83.091
                             fishing, and
                             related
                             activities
     6                       Mining              100.000      91.995      83.533      77.753      73.402      94.548
     7                        Oil and gas        100.000     101.665      98.613     126.151     126.547      91.355
                             extraction
     8                        Mining, except     100.000      86.508      68.233      50.942      47.643     108.457
                             oil and gas
     9                        Support            100.000      90.057      96.816      64.890      54.216      60.290
                             activities for
                             mining
    10                       Utilities           100.000      97.457      80.986      83.511      88.696      84.879
    11                       Construction        100.000      92.945      93.393      96.893     100.455     102.573
    12                       Manufacturing       100.000     104.130     103.868     101.335      97.566     106.332
    13                        Durable goods      100.000     102.747      99.896      97.861      95.496     108.564
    14                         Wood products     100.000     106.507     113.158     112.935     114.960     122.015
    15                         Nonmetallic       100.000     106.820     107.633     106.012     107.868     108.734
                              mineral
                              products
    16                         Primary           100.000      73.981      88.934      71.047      74.985      74.946
                              metals
    17                         Fabricated        100.000     107.675      95.343     104.918     107.343     140.856
                              metal products
    18                         Machinery         100.000      99.866      88.837      73.929      52.016      73.062
    19                         Computer and      100.000     103.102     123.994     218.194     164.995     197.573
                              electronic
                              products
    20                         Electrical        100.000      95.108      90.499      92.723      71.418      73.328
                              equipment,
                              appliances,
                              and components
    21                         Motor             100.000     107.486     105.231      97.005      97.156     121.759
                              vehicles,
                              bodies and
                              trailers, and
                              parts
    22                         Other             100.000     106.328     106.846     102.823     103.611     103.809
                              transportation
                              equipment
    23                         Furniture and     100.000     100.448      97.506      86.207      74.622      73.604
                              related
                              products
    24                         Miscellaneous     100.000      90.903      87.424      82.910      90.285      99.837
                              manufacturing
    25                        Nondurable         100.000     105.001     106.496     103.625      98.784     104.096
                             goods
    26                         Food and          100.000     102.232     101.193      96.908      96.083      94.280
                              beverage and
                              tobacco
                              products
    27                         Textile mills     100.000      84.095      90.700      93.821      97.045      96.200
                              and textile
                              product mills
    28                         Apparel and       100.000      97.042      95.153      93.909     106.212     111.797
                              leather and
                              allied
                              products
    29                         Paper             100.000     102.086     111.241     105.164     100.797      94.290
                              products
    30                         Printing and      100.000      98.498     102.687     103.480     102.699      91.515
                              related
                              support
                              activities
    31                         Petroleum and     100.000     108.037     111.592     110.009      95.838     108.901
                              coal products
    32                         Chemical          100.000     106.402     105.861      99.054     100.459     100.314
                              products
    33                         Plastics and      100.000      99.664      95.828      97.955     100.563     105.202
                              rubber
                              products
    34                       Wholesale trade     100.000      88.279      92.870      96.560      93.614      93.040
    35                       Retail trade        100.000     104.679     103.004     103.928     104.372     109.312
    36                        Motor vehicle      100.000     100.733      95.965     108.679     120.360     140.366
                             and parts
                             dealers
    37                        Food and           100.000      99.022      96.480      93.832      90.804      93.276
                             beverage stores
    38                        General            100.000     107.626     107.350     110.913     108.258     109.229
                             merchandise
                             stores
    39                        Other retail       100.000     105.103     103.652     102.525     102.479     106.534
    40                       Transportation      100.000     105.831     110.018     116.520     120.172     126.169
                            and warehousing
    41                        Air                100.000     104.873     112.184     126.085     137.020     144.578
                             transportation
    42                        Rail               100.000      96.854      96.460      97.719      97.579     103.427
                             transportation
    43                        Water              100.000     135.553     133.147     108.882      77.419      87.160
                             transportation
    44                        Truck              100.000      96.990      94.603      88.506      85.420      85.086
                             transportation
    45                        Transit and        100.000      97.039      94.140      90.637      86.904      90.218
                             ground
                             passenger
                             transportation
    46                        Pipeline           100.000     102.229      98.152     128.498     137.238     137.187
                             transportation
    47                        Other              100.000     106.952     107.323     100.148      97.513      92.969
                             transportation
                             and support
                             activities
    48                        Warehousing        100.000     100.921      97.106      98.480     103.744      98.199
                             and storage
    49                       Information         100.000     103.315     103.609     111.819     119.212     129.931
    50                        Publishing         100.000      90.894      87.288      86.974      87.025      90.858
                             industries,
                             except internet
                             (includes
                             software)
    51                        Motion picture     100.000      89.537      89.267      99.471     110.279     111.517
                             and sound
                             recording
                             industries
    52                        Broadcasting       100.000     113.754     115.339     124.942     133.682     144.636
                             and
                             telecommunicati
                             ons
    53                        Data               100.000     112.204     123.880     162.878     195.915     241.861
                             processing,
                             internet
                             publishing, and
                             other
                             information
                             services
    54                       Finance,            100.000      96.727      85.061      94.827      98.749      97.710
                            insurance, real
                            estate, rental,
                            and leasing
    55                        Finance and        100.000      87.404     105.271     114.532     110.294      99.228
                             insurance
    56                         Federal           100.000      91.993      94.114     103.453     101.384      99.401
                              Reserve banks,
                              credit
                              intermediation
                              , and related
                              activities
    57                         Securities,         0.000       0.000       0.000       0.000       0.000       0.000
                              commodity
                              contracts, and
                              investments
    58                         Insurance         100.000      86.846     106.653     115.906     111.404      99.270
                              carriers and
                              related
                              activities
    59                         Funds,              0.000       0.000       0.000       0.000       0.000       0.000
                              trusts, and
                              other
                              financial
                              vehicles
    60                        Real estate        100.000      98.651      80.940      90.809      96.454      97.625
                             and rental and
                             leasing
    61                         Real estate       100.000      98.288      77.925      83.863      85.329      84.259
    62                          Housing          100.000      98.291      77.922      83.861      85.328      84.258
    63                          Other real       100.000      88.142      88.794      89.007      89.119      86.836
                               estate
    64                         Rental and        100.000     100.555      96.571     127.886     159.409     175.899
                              leasing
                              services and
                              lessors of
                              intangible
                              assets
    65                       Professional        100.000      95.520      98.181     102.052     102.932     113.631
                            and business
                            services
    66                        Professional,      100.000      97.906     107.381     115.107     119.482     127.272
                             scientific, and
                             technical
                             services
    67                         Legal               0.000       0.000       0.000       0.000       0.000       0.000
                              services
    68                         Computer          100.000      80.061      78.410      95.697      98.177     107.796
                              systems design
                              and related
                              services
    69                         Miscellaneous     100.000      98.868     108.959     116.165     120.638     128.346
                              professional,
                              scientific,
                              and technical
                              services
    70                        Management of        0.000       0.000       0.000       0.000       0.000       0.000
                             companies and
                             enterprises
    71                        Administrative     100.000      94.902      95.780      98.639      98.599     110.060
                             and waste
                             management
                             services
    72                         Administrativ     100.000      94.901      95.777      98.634      98.594     110.058
                              e and support
                              services
    73                         Waste             100.000     100.583     113.102     120.260     123.868     120.606
                              management and
                              remediation
                              services
    74                       Educational         100.000      95.750      99.807      98.235      99.287      98.304
                            services, health
                            care, and social
                            assistance
    75                        Educational        100.000      96.466     100.537      97.811      98.288      96.721
                             services
    76                        Health care        100.000      92.091      96.079     100.779     105.075     107.519
                             and social
                             assistance
    77                         Ambulatory        100.000      93.147      98.651     104.256     110.265     112.972
                              health care
                              services
    78                         Hospitals         100.000      88.998      90.620      94.788      98.151     100.419
    79                         Nursing and       100.000      86.386      86.310      86.465      87.132      87.244
                              residential
                              care
                              facilities
    80                         Social            100.000     103.781     109.171     110.982     105.543     108.337
                              assistance
    81                       Arts,               100.000      97.202      99.644     100.879     101.964     105.132
                            entertainment,
                            recreation,
                            accommodation,
                            and food
                            services
    82                        Arts,              100.000      99.217     102.969      99.364     102.643     109.377
                             entertainment,
                             and recreation
    83                         Performing        100.000     102.969     109.674     101.006     105.741     109.777
                              arts,
                              spectator
                              sports,
                              museums, and
                              related
                              activities
    84                         Amusements,       100.000      97.957     100.710      98.840     101.613     109.307
                              gambling, and
                              recreation
                              industries
    85                        Accommodation      100.000      95.525      96.886     102.126     101.376     101.591
                             and food
                             services
    86                         Accommodation     100.000     104.347     105.016     112.315     110.994     110.328
    87                         Food services     100.000      84.449      86.687      89.320      89.287      90.597
                              and drinking
                              places
    88                       Other services,     100.000      98.292     100.202     101.214     102.268     103.003
                            except
                            government
    89                     Government            100.000     100.996     100.868     100.903     103.250     106.861
    90                       Federal             100.000     110.314     103.393     101.291     104.258     103.366
    91                        General            100.000     107.469      99.683      97.231     101.014      99.932
                             government
    92                         National          100.000     138.177     145.667     132.300     143.584     147.661
                              defense
    93                         Non-defense       100.000     107.465      99.677      97.226     101.008      99.925
    94                        Government         100.000     135.379     136.758     138.396     132.290     133.509
                             enterprises
    95                       State and local     100.000      99.402     100.395     100.769     103.017     107.340
    96                        General            100.000      96.712      96.950      98.078     100.759     104.620
                             government
    97                        Government        ^100.000      10.640      34.078      16.137      13.309      16.125
                             enterprises
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

         Table 14. Percent Changes in Chain-Type Quantity Indexes for Outdoor Recreation Value-Added by Industry
                                                    [Percent Change]
                                               Bureau of Economic Analysis
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                             2013        2014        2015        2016        2017
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
     1                         All Industries                    0.2         0.5         2.0         0.4         3.9
     2                           Private industries              0.1         0.6         2.1         0.2         3.9
     3                             Agriculture,                 10.9         6.7         5.7        ^6.2         1.0
                                  forestry, fishing, and
                                  hunting
     4                              Farms                       13.9        12.6         4.3         2.8        ^0.8
     5                              Forestry, fishing,           3.7        ^7.1         9.3       ^25.5         5.9
                                   and related
                                   activities
     6                             Mining                       ^8.0        ^9.2        ^6.9        ^5.6        28.8
     7                              Oil and gas                  1.7        ^3.0        27.9         0.3       ^27.8
                                   extraction
     8                              Mining, except oil         ^13.5       ^21.1       ^25.3        ^6.5       127.6
                                   and gas
     9                              Support activities          ^9.9         7.5       ^33.0       ^16.5        11.2
                                   for mining
    10                             Utilities                    ^2.5       ^16.9         3.1         6.2        ^4.3
    11                             Construction                 ^7.1         0.5         3.7         3.7         2.1
    12                             Manufacturing                 4.1        ^0.3        ^2.4        ^3.7         9.0
    13                              Durable goods                2.7        ^2.8        ^2.0        ^2.4        13.7
    14                               Wood products               6.5         6.2        ^0.2         1.8         6.1
    15                               Nonmetallic mineral         6.8         0.8        ^1.5         1.8         0.8
                                    products
    16                               Primary metals            ^26.0        20.2       ^20.1         5.5        ^0.1
    17                               Fabricated metal            7.7       ^11.5        10.0         2.3        31.2
                                    products
    18                               Machinery                  ^0.1       ^11.0       ^16.8       ^29.6        40.5
    19                               Computer and                3.1        20.3        76.0       ^24.4        19.7
                                    electronic products
    20                               Electrical                 ^4.9        ^4.8         2.5       ^23.0         2.7
                                    equipment,
                                    appliances, and
                                    components
    21                               Motor vehicles,             7.5        ^2.1        ^7.8         0.2        25.3
                                    bodies and trailers,
                                    and parts
    22                               Other                       6.3         0.5        ^3.8         0.8         0.2
                                    transportation
                                    equipment
    23                               Furniture and               0.4        ^2.9       ^11.6       ^13.4        ^1.4
                                    related products
    24                               Miscellaneous              ^9.1        ^3.8        ^5.2         8.9        10.6
                                    manufacturing
    25                              Nondurable goods             5.0         1.4        ^2.7        ^4.7         5.4
    26                               Food and beverage           2.2        ^1.0        ^4.2        ^0.9        ^1.9
                                    and tobacco products
    27                               Textile mills and         ^15.9         7.9         3.4         3.4        ^0.9
                                    textile product
                                    mills
    28                               Apparel and leather        ^3.0        ^1.9        ^1.3        13.1         5.3
                                    and allied products
    29                               Paper products              2.1         9.0        ^5.5        ^4.2        ^6.5
    30                               Printing and               ^1.5         4.3         0.8        ^0.8       ^10.9
                                    related support
                                    activities
    31                               Petroleum and coal          8.0         3.3        ^1.4       ^12.9        13.6
                                    products
    32                               Chemical products           6.4        ^0.5        ^6.4         1.4        ^0.1
    33                               Plastics and rubber        ^0.3        ^3.8         2.2         2.7         4.6
                                    products
    34                             Wholesale trade             ^11.7         5.2         4.0        ^3.1        ^0.6
    35                             Retail trade                  4.7        ^1.6         0.9         0.4         4.7
    36                              Motor vehicle and            0.7        ^4.7        13.2        10.7        16.6
                                   parts dealers
    37                              Food and beverage           ^1.0        ^2.6        ^2.7        ^3.2         2.7
                                   stores
    38                              General merchandise          7.6        ^0.3         3.3        ^2.4         0.9
                                   stores
    39                              Other retail                 5.1        ^1.4        ^1.1         0.0         4.0
    40                             Transportation and            5.8         4.0         5.9         3.1         5.0
                                  warehousing
    41                              Air transportation           4.9         7.0        12.4         8.7         5.5
    42                              Rail transportation         ^3.1        ^0.4         1.3        ^0.1         6.0
    43                              Water transportation        35.6        ^1.8       ^18.2       ^28.9        12.6
    44                              Truck transportation        ^3.0        ^2.5        ^6.4        ^3.5        ^0.4
    45                              Transit and ground          ^3.0        ^3.0        ^3.7        ^4.1         3.8
                                   passenger
                                   transportation
    46                              Pipeline                     2.2        ^4.0        30.9         6.8         0.0
                                   transportation
    47                              Other transportation         7.0         0.3        ^6.7        ^2.6        ^4.7
                                   and support
                                   activities
    48                              Warehousing and              0.9        ^3.8         1.4         5.3        ^5.3
                                   storage
    49                             Information                   3.3         0.3         7.9         6.6         9.0
    50                              Publishing                  ^9.1        ^4.0        ^0.4         0.1         4.4
                                   industries, except
                                   internet (includes
                                   software)
    51                              Motion picture and         ^10.5        ^0.3        11.4        10.9         1.1
                                   sound recording
                                   industries
    52                              Broadcasting and            13.8         1.4         8.3         7.0         8.2
                                   telecommunications
    53                              Data processing,            12.2        10.4        31.5        20.3        23.5
                                   internet publishing,
                                   and other information
                                   services
    54                             Finance, insurance,          ^3.3       ^12.1        11.5         4.1        ^1.1
                                  real estate, rental,
                                  and leasing
    55                              Finance and                ^12.6        20.4         8.8        ^3.7       ^10.0
                                   insurance
    56                               Federal Reserve            ^8.0         2.3         9.9        ^2.0        ^2.0
                                    banks, credit
                                    intermediation, and
                                    related activities
    57                               Securities,                 0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
                                    commodity contracts,
                                    and investments
    58                               Insurance carriers        ^13.2        22.8         8.7        ^3.9       ^10.9
                                    and related
                                    activities
    59                               Funds, trusts, and          0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
                                    other financial
                                    vehicles
    60                              Real estate and             ^1.3       ^18.0        12.2         6.2         1.2
                                   rental and leasing
    61                               Real estate                ^1.7       ^20.7         7.6         1.7        ^1.3
    62                                Housing                   ^1.7       ^20.7         7.6         1.7        ^1.3
    63                                Other real estate        ^11.9         0.7         0.2         0.1        ^2.6
    64                               Rental and leasing          0.6        ^4.0        32.4        24.6        10.3
                                    services and lessors
                                    of intangible assets
    65                             Professional and             ^4.5         2.8         3.9         0.9        10.4
                                  business services
    66                              Professional,               ^2.1         9.7         7.2         3.8         6.5
                                   scientific, and
                                   technical services
    67                               Legal services              0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
    68                               Computer systems          ^19.9        ^2.1        22.0         2.6         9.8
                                    design and related
                                    services
    69                               Miscellaneous              ^1.1        10.2         6.6         3.9         6.4
                                    professional,
                                    scientific, and
                                    technical services
    70                              Management of                0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
                                   companies and
                                   enterprises
    71                              Administrative and          ^5.1         0.9         3.0         0.0        11.6
                                   waste management
                                   services
    72                               Administrative and         ^5.1         0.9         3.0         0.0        11.6
                                    support services
    73                               Waste management            0.6        12.4         6.3         3.0        ^2.6
                                    and remediation
                                    services
    74                             Educational services,        ^4.3         4.2        ^1.6         1.1        ^1.0
                                  health care, and
                                  social assistance
    75                              Educational services        ^3.5         4.2        ^2.7         0.5        ^1.6
    76                              Health care and             ^7.9         4.3         4.9         4.3         2.3
                                   social assistance
    77                               Ambulatory health          ^6.9         5.9         5.7         5.8         2.5
                                    care services
    78                               Hospitals                 ^11.0         1.8         4.6         3.5         2.3
    79                               Nursing and               ^13.6        ^0.1         0.2         0.8         0.1
                                    residential care
                                    facilities
    80                               Social assistance           3.8         5.2         1.7        ^4.9         2.6
    81                             Arts, entertainment,         ^2.8         2.5         1.2         1.1         3.1
                                  recreation,
                                  accommodation, and
                                  food services
    82                              Arts, entertainment,        ^0.8         3.8        ^3.5         3.3         6.6
                                   and recreation
    83                               Performing arts,            3.0         6.5        ^7.9         4.7         3.8
                                    spectator sports,
                                    museums, and related
                                    activities
    84                               Amusements,                ^2.0         2.8        ^1.9         2.8         7.6
                                    gambling, and
                                    recreation
                                    industries
    85                              Accommodation and           ^4.5         1.4         5.4        ^0.7         0.2
                                   food services
    86                               Accommodation               4.3         0.6         7.0        ^1.2        ^0.6
    87                               Food services and         ^15.6         2.6         3.0         0.0         1.5
                                    drinking places
    88                             Other services,              ^1.7         1.9         1.0         1.0         0.7
                                  except government
    89                           Government                      1.0        ^0.1         0.0         2.3         3.5
    90                             Federal                      10.3        ^6.3        ^2.0         2.9        ^0.9
    91                              General government           7.5        ^7.2        ^2.5         3.9        ^1.1
    92                               National defense           38.2         5.4        ^9.2         8.5         2.8
    93                               Non-defense                 7.5        ^7.2        ^2.5         3.9        ^1.1
    94                              Government                  35.4         1.0         1.2        ^4.4         0.9
                                   enterprises
    95                             State and local              ^0.6         1.0         0.4         2.2         4.2
    96                              General government          ^3.3         0.2         1.2         2.7         3.8
    97                              Government                ^110.6       220.3       ^52.6       ^17.5        21.2
                                   enterprises
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

                    Table 15. Chain-Type Price Indexes for Outdoor Recreation Value-Added by Industry
                                               [index numbers, 2012 = 100]
                                               Bureau of Economic Analysis
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                 2012        2013        2014        2015        2016        2017
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
     1                   All Industries          100.000     102.250     104.428     108.191     109.728     110.802
     2                     Private               100.000     102.057     104.092     107.772     109.352     110.420
                          industries
     3                       Agriculture,        100.000     102.646      94.965      92.527      90.193      92.397
                            forestry,
                            fishing, and
                            hunting
     4                        Farms              100.000     101.334      89.292      84.616      80.259      82.832
     5                        Forestry,          100.000     105.996     111.206     115.809     121.287     121.737
                             fishing, and
                             related
                             activities
     6                       Mining              100.000      99.765     100.096      77.739      72.960      84.269
     7                        Oil and gas        100.000     109.456     123.234      69.302      61.111      95.243
                             extraction
     8                        Mining, except     100.000      90.342      81.828      77.964      74.009      70.033
                             oil and gas
     9                        Support            100.000     111.602     108.614     122.041     129.422     129.293
                             activities for
                             mining
    10                       Utilities           100.000     106.754     112.094     123.102     129.483     136.101
    11                       Construction        100.000     105.926     113.582     121.209     129.112     135.681
    12                       Manufacturing       100.000      99.351      99.972     102.278      98.115      99.735
    13                        Durable goods      100.000     104.893     107.167     113.300     116.332     115.249
    14                         Wood products     100.000      99.091      96.990     101.796     108.993     108.279
    15                         Nonmetallic       100.000     100.525      99.966     106.032     108.963     109.257
                              mineral
                              products
    16                         Primary           100.000     107.806     109.555     125.391     123.990     112.750
                              metals
    17                         Fabricated        100.000     113.853     115.065     117.904     117.881     117.499
                              metal products
    18                         Machinery         100.000     103.238     107.885     113.490     110.902     109.515
    19                         Computer and      100.000      96.964      97.132      90.992      80.493      79.411
                              electronic
                              products
    20                         Electrical        100.000     101.606     102.683     106.082     107.375     105.156
                              equipment,
                              appliances,
                              and components
    21                         Motor             100.000     107.643     113.062     125.286     135.309     139.897
                              vehicles,
                              bodies and
                              trailers, and
                              parts
    22                         Other             100.000     103.622     104.796     111.186     116.462     116.747
                              transportation
                              equipment
    23                         Furniture and     100.000     107.332     108.810     120.811     132.593     126.301
                              related
                              products
    24                         Miscellaneous     100.000     102.596     103.564     108.575     107.543      96.509
                              manufacturing
    25                        Nondurable         100.000      96.022      95.668      95.769      87.439      90.728
                             goods
    26                         Food and          100.000     102.081     108.295     120.356     123.559     120.878
                              beverage and
                              tobacco
                              products
    27                         Textile mills     100.000     108.255     110.775     113.326     115.671     114.919
                              and textile
                              product mills
    28                         Apparel and       100.000     103.875     103.470     105.270     107.552     110.441
                              leather and
                              allied
                              products
    29                         Paper             100.000      98.017      95.073      97.481     100.461      96.359
                              products
    30                         Printing and      100.000     100.048     101.885     107.338     108.704     109.103
                              related
                              support
                              activities
    31                         Petroleum and     100.000      90.775      87.195      80.933      63.503      70.017
                              coal products
    32                         Chemical          100.000     102.426     105.965     114.933     118.883     119.142
                              products
    33                         Plastics and      100.000      99.870     100.508     107.810     110.484     107.061
                              rubber
                              products
    34                       Wholesale trade     100.000     111.874     111.685     113.852     115.151     116.404
    35                       Retail trade        100.000      99.322     101.295     104.389     105.488     104.305
    36                        Motor vehicle      100.000     102.707     108.205     106.333     104.345      98.619
                             and parts
                             dealers
    37                        Food and           100.000     102.506     107.068     115.219     120.988     121.526
                             beverage stores
    38                        General            100.000      96.519      94.153      92.891      94.460      94.879
                             merchandise
                             stores
    39                        Other retail       100.000      99.273     101.704     106.285     107.299     106.341
    40                       Transportation      100.000     101.786     105.786     111.704     114.753     115.047
                            and warehousing
    41                        Air                100.000     101.640     106.919     111.148     111.501     112.190
                             transportation
    42                        Rail               100.000     104.881     107.617     112.609     113.187     114.530
                             transportation
    43                        Water              100.000      99.086      96.845     114.658     148.501     140.076
                             transportation
    44                        Truck              100.000     103.116     107.667     114.089     115.449     116.666
                             transportation
    45                        Transit and        100.000     103.533     103.691     109.338     114.547     114.756
                             ground
                             passenger
                             transportation
    46                        Pipeline           100.000     105.792     115.403     123.639     127.543     128.054
                             transportation
    47                        Other              100.000     101.682     103.749     112.803     121.034     124.145
                             transportation
                             and support
                             activities
    48                        Warehousing        100.000     101.199     102.699     100.296      99.431     101.553
                             and storage
    49                       Information         100.000     102.105     102.868     103.004     102.256     101.574
    50                        Publishing         100.000     102.608     104.068     105.556     107.833     109.559
                             industries,
                             except internet
                             (includes
                             software)
    51                        Motion picture     100.000     119.052     126.244     125.165     115.004     126.585
                             and sound
                             recording
                             industries
    52                        Broadcasting       100.000     100.638     100.685     100.133      98.225      95.139
                             and
                             telecommunicati
                             ons
    53                        Data               100.000     101.569     101.556     101.270     100.413     100.627
                             processing,
                             internet
                             publishing, and
                             other
                             information
                             services
    54                       Finance,            100.000     102.732     106.162     107.457     109.360     113.278
                            insurance, real
                            estate, rental,
                            and leasing
    55                        Finance and        100.000     102.693     104.474     106.989     113.355     121.730
                             insurance
    56                         Federal           100.000     104.974     106.740     108.748     112.835     115.391
                              Reserve banks,
                              credit
                              intermediation
                              , and related
                              activities
    57                         Securities,         0.000       0.000       0.000       0.000       0.000       0.000
                              commodity
                              contracts, and
                              investments
    58                         Insurance         100.000     102.411     104.195     106.762     113.373     122.416
                              carriers and
                              related
                              activities
    59                         Funds,              0.000       0.000       0.000       0.000       0.000       0.000
                              trusts, and
                              other
                              financial
                              vehicles
    60                        Real estate        100.000     102.740     106.546     107.517     108.315     111.238
                             and rental and
                             leasing
    61                         Real estate       100.000     102.828     106.122     110.010     114.206     118.625
    62                          Housing          100.000     102.828     106.122     110.011     114.208     118.627
    63                          Other real       100.000     102.151     105.820     107.900     110.025     112.350
                               estate
    64                         Rental and        100.000     102.284     108.455      98.305      88.543      87.397
                              leasing
                              services and
                              lessors of
                              intangible
                              assets
    65                       Professional        100.000     101.584     102.781     106.329     109.637     112.737
                            and business
                            services
    66                        Professional,      100.000     102.377     104.355     107.895     111.361     113.822
                             scientific, and
                             technical
                             services
    67                         Legal               0.000       0.000       0.000       0.000       0.000       0.000
                              services
    68                         Computer          100.000     107.336     110.272     108.471     103.292     106.495
                              systems design
                              and related
                              services
    69                         Miscellaneous     100.000     102.140     104.079     107.835     111.673     114.101
                              professional,
                              scientific,
                              and technical
                              services
    70                        Management of        0.000       0.000       0.000       0.000       0.000       0.000
                             companies and
                             enterprises
    71                        Administrative     100.000     101.376     102.358     105.909     109.172     112.469
                             and waste
                             management
                             services
    72                         Administrativ     100.000     101.375     102.358     105.909     109.173     112.469
                              e and support
                              services
    73                         Waste             100.000     107.857     104.949     105.651     106.833     111.679
                              management and
                              remediation
                              services
    74                       Educational         100.000     104.335     107.295     111.036     114.961     120.355
                            services, health
                            care, and social
                            assistance
    75                        Educational        100.000     104.813     107.946     112.313     116.976     123.367
                             services
    76                        Health care        100.000     101.871     103.902     104.403     104.696     105.361
                             and social
                             assistance
    77                         Ambulatory        100.000     102.355     104.862     103.839     102.554     101.967
                              health care
                              services
    78                         Hospitals         100.000     102.282     104.226     106.925     109.393     111.715
    79                         Nursing and       100.000     102.253     104.249     107.852     110.897     113.751
                              residential
                              care
                              facilities
    80                         Social            100.000      94.500      92.530      94.822      98.252     102.062
                              assistance
    81                       Arts,               100.000     102.431     105.492     111.068     115.271     116.911
                            entertainment,
                            recreation,
                            accommodation,
                            and food
                            services
    82                       Arts,               100.000     101.991     104.468     111.184     115.398     115.687
                            entertainment,
                            and recreation
    83                        Performing         100.000     102.501     105.662     114.027     118.942     121.740
                             arts, spectator
                             sports,
                             museums, and
                             related
                             activities
    84                        Amusements,        100.000     101.815     104.047     110.183     114.154     113.585
                             gambling, and
                             recreation
                             industries
    85                        Accommodation      100.000     102.807     106.380     110.992     115.188     118.006
                             and food
                             services
    86                         Accommodation     100.000     102.704     106.980     111.119     114.896     117.324
    87                         Food services     100.000     102.953     105.445     110.794     115.648     119.068
                              and drinking
                              places
    88                       Other services,     100.000     103.429     106.203     109.723     112.848     117.731
                            except
                            government
    89                     Government            100.000     105.402     109.913     115.044     115.864     117.038
    90                       Federal             100.000     101.280     103.009     103.717     105.486     108.603
    91                        General            100.000     101.941     104.752     106.706     108.505     111.596
                             government
    92                         National          100.000      99.968     100.313     100.392      98.502      98.675
                              defense
    93                         Non-defense       100.000     101.942     104.753     106.707     108.507     111.599
    94                        Government         100.000      96.180      90.855      83.919      85.485      88.752
                             enterprises
    95                       State and local     100.000     106.161     111.192     117.116     117.767     118.606
    96                        General            100.000     105.879     110.621     114.472     114.333     115.686
                             government
    97                        Government         100.000      83.278     142.780     569.888     769.711     634.725
                             enterprises
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

          Table 16. Percent Changes in Chain-Type Price Indexes for Outdoor Recreation Value-Added by Industry
                                                    [Percent Change]
                                               Bureau of Economic Analysis
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                             2013        2014        2015        2016        2017
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
     1                         All Industries                    2.2         2.1         3.6         1.4         1.0
     2                           Private industries              2.1         2.0         3.5         1.5         1.0
     3                             Agriculture,                  2.6        ^7.5        ^2.6        ^2.5         2.4
                                  forestry, fishing, and
                                  hunting
     4                              Farms                        1.3       ^11.9        ^5.2        ^5.1         3.2
     5                              Forestry, fishing,           6.0         4.9         4.1         4.7         0.4
                                   and related
                                   activities
     6                             Mining                       ^0.2         0.3       ^22.3        ^6.1        15.5
     7                              Oil and gas                  9.5        12.6       ^43.8       ^11.8        55.9
                                   extraction
     8                               Mining, except oil         ^9.7        ^9.4        ^4.7        ^5.1        ^5.4
                                    and gas
     9                               Support activities         11.6        ^2.7        12.4         6.0        ^0.1
                                    for mining
    10                             Utilities                     6.8         5.0         9.8         5.2         5.1
    11                             Construction                  5.9         7.2         6.7         6.5         5.1
    12                             Manufacturing                ^0.6         0.6         2.3        ^4.1         1.7
    13                              Durable goods                4.9         2.2         5.7         2.7        ^0.9
    14                               Wood products              ^0.9        ^2.1         5.0         7.1        ^0.7
    15                               Nonmetallic mineral         0.5        ^0.6         6.1         2.8         0.3
                                    products
    16                               Primary metals              7.8         1.6        14.5        ^1.1        ^9.1
    17                               Fabricated metal           13.9         1.1         2.5         0.0        ^0.3
                                    products
    18                               Machinery                   3.2         4.5         5.2        ^2.3        ^1.3
    19                               Computer and               ^3.0         0.2        ^6.3       ^11.5        ^1.3
                                    electronic products
    20                               Electrical                  1.6         1.1         3.3         1.2        ^2.1
                                    equipment,
                                    appliances, and
                                    components
    21                               Motor vehicles,             7.6         5.0        10.8         8.0         3.4
                                    bodies and trailers,
                                    and parts
    22                               Other                       3.6         1.1         6.1         4.7         0.2
                                    transportation
                                    equipment
    23                               Furniture and               7.3         1.4        11.0         9.8        ^4.7
                                    related products
    24                               Miscellaneous               2.6         0.9         4.8        ^1.0       ^10.3
                                    manufacturing
    25                              Nondurable goods            ^4.0        ^0.4         0.1        ^8.7         3.8
    26                               Food and beverage           2.1         6.1        11.1         2.7        ^2.2
                                    and tobacco products
    27                               Textile mills and           8.3         2.3         2.3         2.1        ^0.7
                                    textile product
                                    mills
    28                               Apparel and leather         3.9        ^0.4         1.7         2.2         2.7
                                    and allied products
    29                               Paper products             ^2.0        ^3.0         2.5         3.1        ^4.1
    30                               Printing and                0.0         1.8         5.4         1.3         0.4
                                    related support
                                    activities
    31                               Petroleum and coal         ^9.2        ^3.9        ^7.2       ^21.5        10.3
                                    products
    32                               Chemical products           2.4         3.5         8.5         3.4         0.2
    33                               Plastics and rubber        ^0.1         0.6         7.3         2.5        ^3.1
                                    products
    34                             Wholesale trade              11.9        ^0.2         1.9         1.1         1.1
    35                             Retail trade                 ^0.7         2.0         3.1         1.1        ^1.1
    36                              Motor vehicle and            2.7         5.4        ^1.7        ^1.9        ^5.5
                                   parts dealers
    37                              Food and beverage            2.5         4.5         7.6         5.0         0.4
                                   stores
    38                              General merchandise         ^3.5        ^2.5        ^1.3         1.7         0.4
                                   stores
    39                              Other retail                ^0.7         2.4         4.5         1.0        ^0.9
    40                             Transportation and            1.8         3.9         5.6         2.7         0.3
                                  warehousing
    41                              Air transportation           1.6         5.2         4.0         0.3         0.6
    42                              Rail transportation          4.9         2.6         4.6         0.5         1.2
    43                              Water transportation        ^0.9        ^2.3        18.4        29.5        ^5.7
    44                              Truck transportation         3.1         4.4         6.0         1.2         1.1
    45                              Transit and ground           3.5         0.2         5.4         4.8         0.2
                                   passenger
                                   transportation
    46                              Pipeline                     5.8         9.1         7.1         3.2         0.4
                                   transportation
    47                              Other transportation         1.7         2.0         8.7         7.3         2.6
                                   and support
                                   activities
    48                              Warehousing and              1.2         1.5        ^2.3        ^0.9         2.1
                                   storage
    49                             Information                   2.1         0.7         0.1        ^0.7        ^0.7
    50                              Publishing                   2.6         1.4         1.4         2.2         1.6
                                   industries, except
                                   internet (includes
                                   software)
    51                              Motion picture and          19.1         6.0        ^0.9        ^8.1        10.1
                                   sound recording
                                   industries
    52                              Broadcasting and             0.6         0.0        ^0.5        ^1.9        ^3.1
                                   telecommunications
    53                              Data processing,             1.6         0.0        ^0.3        ^0.8         0.2
                                   internet publishing,
                                   and other information
                                   services
    54                             Finance, insurance,           2.7         3.3         1.2         1.8         3.6
                                  real estate, rental,
                                  and leasing
    55                              Finance and                  2.7         1.7         2.4         5.9         7.4
                                   insurance
    56                               Federal Reserve             5.0         1.7         1.9         3.8         2.3
                                    banks, credit
                                    intermediation, and
                                    related activities
    57                               Securities,                 0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
                                    commodity contracts,
                                    and investments
    58                               Insurance carriers          2.4         1.7         2.5         6.2         8.0
                                    and related
                                    activities
    59                               Funds, trusts, and          0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
                                    other financial
                                    vehicles
    60                              Real estate and              2.7         3.7         0.9         0.7         2.7
                                   rental and leasing
    61                               Real estate                 2.8         3.2         3.7         3.8         3.9
    62                                Housing                    2.8         3.2         3.7         3.8         3.9
    63                                Other real estate          2.2         3.6         2.0         2.0         2.1
    64                               Rental and leasing          2.3         6.0        ^9.4        ^9.9        ^1.3
                                    services and lessors
                                    of intangible assets
    65                             Professional and              1.6         1.2         3.5         3.1         2.8
                                  business services
    66                              Professional,                2.4         1.9         3.4         3.2         2.2
                                   scientific, and
                                   technical services
    67                               Legal services              0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
    68                               Computer systems            7.3         2.7        ^1.6        ^4.8         3.1
                                    design and related
                                    services
    69                               Miscellaneous               2.1         1.9         3.6         3.6         2.2
                                    professional,
                                    scientific, and
                                    technical services
    70                              Management of                0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
                                   companies and
                                   enterprises
    71                              Administrative and           1.4         1.0         3.5         3.1         3.0
                                   waste management
                                   services
    72                               Administrative and          1.4         1.0         3.5         3.1         3.0
                                    support services
    73                               Waste management            7.9        ^2.7         0.7         1.1         4.5
                                    and remediation
                                    services
    74                             Educational services,         4.3         2.8         3.5         3.5         4.7
                                  health care, and
                                  social assistance
    75                              Educational services         4.8         3.0         4.0         4.2         5.5
    76                              Health care and              1.9         2.0         0.5         0.3         0.6
                                   social assistance
    77                               Ambulatory health           2.4         2.4        ^1.0        ^1.2        ^0.6
                                    care services
    78                               Hospitals                   2.3         1.9         2.6         2.3         2.1
    79                               Nursing and                 2.3         2.0         3.5         2.8         2.6
                                    residential care
                                    facilities
    80                               Social assistance          ^5.5        ^2.1         2.5         3.6         3.9
    81                             Arts, entertainment,          2.4         3.0         5.3         3.8         1.4
                                  recreation,
                                  accommodation, and
                                  food services
    82                              Arts, entertainment,         2.0         2.4         6.4         3.8         0.3
                                   and recreation
    83                               Performing arts,            2.5         3.1         7.9         4.3         2.4
                                    spectator sports,
                                    museums, and related
                                    activities
    84                               Amusements,                 1.8         2.2         5.9         3.6        ^0.5
                                    gambling, and
                                    recreation
                                    industries
    85                              Accommodation and            2.8         3.5         4.3         3.8         2.4
                                   food services
    86                               Accommodation               2.7         4.2         3.9         3.4         2.1
    87                               Food services and           3.0         2.4         5.1         4.4         3.0
                                    drinking places
    88                             Other services,               3.4         2.7         3.3         2.8         4.3
                                  except government
    89                           Government                      5.4         4.3         4.7         0.7         1.0
    90                             Federal                       1.3         1.7         0.7         1.7         3.0
    91                              General government           1.9         2.8         1.9         1.7         2.8
    92                               National defense            0.0         0.3         0.1        ^1.9         0.2
    93                               Non-defense                 1.9         2.8         1.9         1.7         2.8
    94                              Government                  ^3.8        ^5.5        ^7.6         1.9         3.8
                                   enterprises
    95                             State and local               6.2         4.7         5.3         0.6         0.7
    96                              General government           5.9         4.5         3.5        ^0.1         1.2
    97                              Government                 ^16.7        71.5       299.1        35.1       ^17.5
                                   enterprises
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

                               Table 17. Real Outdoor Recreation Gross Output by Activity
                                          [Millions of chained (2012) dollars]
                                               Bureau of Economic Analysis
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                 2012        2013        2014        2015        2016        2017
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
     1                   Total Outdoor           691,782     699,173     708,666     730,321     742,793     762,768
                          Recreation
     2                     Total Core            342,735     352,736     359,960     368,509     375,449     391,354
                         Outdoor Recreation
     3                       Conventional        214,386     222,085     226,931     233,108     238,877     248,087
                            Outdoor
                            Recreation
     4                        Bicycling            3,182       3,353       3,445       3,306       3,729       3,874
     5                        Boating/            32,428      32,760      33,153      34,769      35,854      38,039
                             Fishing
     6                         Canoeing              124         121         126         129         133         141
     7                         Kayaking              580         580         581         618         680         736
     8                         Fishing             4,863       4,829       4,947       5,082       5,063       5,031
                              (excludes
                              Boating)
     9                         Sailing             1,824       1,888       1,974       2,052       2,151       2,231
    10                         Other Boating      25,037      25,343      25,527      26,891      27,833      29,913
    11                        Climbing/            5,588       5,823       5,967       5,815       6,102       6,058
                             Hiking/Tent
                             Camping
    12                        Equestrian           9,307       9,862      10,663      11,046      11,887      13,446
    13                        Hunting/            11,371      12,968      12,397      13,267      13,043      14,068
                             Shooting/
                             Trapping
    14                         Hunting/            5,844       6,518       6,217       6,779       6,280       6,709
                              Trapping
    15                         Shooting            5,527       6,451       6,181       6,486       6,772       7,371
                              (includes
                              Archery)
    16                        Motorcycling/       17,154      17,575      17,989      18,825      18,703      19,592
                             ATVing
    17                        Recreational         2,870       2,849       3,018       3,068       3,251       3,206
                             Flying
    18                        RVing               26,710      28,869      30,374      31,147      33,016      34,552
    19                        Snow                10,638      10,733      11,091      11,323      11,298      11,575
                             Activities
    20                         Skiing              2,929       2,988       3,211       3,321       3,277       3,411
    21                         Snowboarding        2,534       2,635       2,770       2,864       2,912       3,050
    22                         Other Snow          5,175       5,110       5,108       5,125       5,092       5,067
                              Activities
                              (includes
                              Snowmobiling)
                              \1\
    23                        Other               18,331      18,560      19,923      20,510      21,416      21,970
                             Conventional
                             Outdoor
                             Recreation
                             Activities
    24                         Other              15,308      15,595      16,786      17,153      18,104      18,678
                              Conventional
                              Air and Land
                              Activities \2\
    25                         Other               3,023       2,966       3,141       3,344       3,338       3,340
                              Conventional
                              Water
                              Activities \3\
    26                        Multi-use           76,807      78,728      78,969      80,095      80,680      81,727
                             Apparel and
                             Accessories
                             (Conventional)
                             \4\
    27                       Other Outdoor       128,349     130,650     133,030     135,421     136,652     143,306
                            Recreation
    28                        Amusement           13,206      12,460      12,234      12,685      13,045      14,153
                             Parks/Water
                             Parks
    29                        Festivals/          20,560      20,852      21,587      21,728      22,373      23,189
                             Sporting Events/
                             Concerts
    30                        Field Sports         5,232       5,243       5,490       5,720       5,923       6,026
    31                        Game Areas          32,082      33,243      32,501      32,621      33,537      34,800
                             (includes
                             Golfing and
                             Tennis)
    32                        Guided Tours/       25,481      25,938      26,992      26,062      24,167      26,280
                             Outfitted
                             Travel
    33                         Air and Land       13,811      14,382      15,349      15,663      15,277      15,885
                              Guided Tours/
                              Outfitted
                              Travel
    34                         Water Guided       11,670      11,556      11,646      10,410       8,910      10,406
                              Tours/
                              Outfitted
                              Travel
                              (includes
                              Boating and
                              Fishing
                              Charters)
    35                        Productive          10,703      11,193      12,326      13,258      14,025      14,529
                             Activities
                             (includes
                             Gardening)
    36                        Other Outdoor       14,722      15,022      15,547      16,905      17,072      17,480
                             Recreation
                             Activities \5\
    37                        Multi-use            6,362       6,728       6,420       6,568       6,678       6,911
                             Apparel and
                             Accessories
                             (Other) \4\
    38                     Supporting            349,046     346,420     348,688     361,855     367,350     371,099
                         Outdoor Recreation
    39                        Construction         9,385       9,060       9,127      10,441      11,184      10,932
    40                        Local Trips         71,515      72,271      72,463      73,093      73,031      73,708
                             and Travel \6\
    41                        Trips and          234,570     231,223     232,960     242,296     245,136     248,304
                             Travel \7\
    42                         Food and           38,079      31,475      32,171      33,746      34,668      34,852
                              Beverages
    43                         Lodging            49,531      50,373      48,973      51,489      52,619      52,420
    44                         Shopping and       40,398      41,297      41,968      42,558      43,454      44,251
                              Souvenirs
    45                         Transportatio     106,561     108,119     109,935     114,569     114,187     116,815
                              n
    46                        Government          33,576      33,870      34,135      35,772      37,458      37,675
                             Expenditures
    47                         Federal             3,947       4,176       3,853       3,834       3,985       3,944
                              Government
    48                         State and          29,629      29,696      30,279      31,935      33,470      33,731
                              Local
                              Government
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Legend/Footnotes:
    \1\ Consists of dog mushing, sleighing, snowmobiling, snow shoeing, snow tubing.
    \2\ Consists of air sports, driving for pleasure, geocaching/orienteering/rock hounding, ice skating, inline
      skating, land/sand sailing, races, running/walking/jogging, skateboarding, and wildlife watching/birding.
    \3\ Consists of boardsailing/windsurfing, SCUBA diving, snorkeling, stand-up paddling, surfing, tubing,
      wakeboarding, water skiing, and whitewater rafting.
    \4\ Consists of backpacks, bug spray, coolers, general outdoor clothing, GPS equipment, hydration equipment,
      lighting, sports racks, sunscreen, watches, and other miscellaneous gear and equipment.
    \5\ Consists of agritourism, augmented reality games, beachgoing, disc golf, hot springs soaking, kite flying,
      model airplane/rocket/UAV, paintball, photography, stargazing/astronomy, swimming, therapeutic programs, water
      polo, yard sports.
    \6\ Trip expenses less than 50 miles away from home, including food and beverages, lodging, shopping and
      souvenirs, and transportation.
    \7\ Travel and tourism expenses in the Outdoor Recreation Satellite Account are consistent with the Travel and
      Tourism Satellite Account, which includes only expenses for travel at least 50 miles away from home.

                                  Table 18. Outdoor Recreation Gross Output by Activity
                                              [Millions of current dollars]
                                               Bureau of Economic Analysis
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                 2012        2013        2014        2015        2016        2017
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
     1                   Total Outdoor           691,782     709,072     725,728     730,955     741,630     778,487
                          Recreation
     2                     Total Core            342,735     358,561     368,355     377,843     386,701     408,053
                         Outdoor Recreation
     3                       Conventional        214,386     225,790     231,538     235,600     241,433     253,955
                            Outdoor
                            Recreation
     4                        Bicycling            3,182       3,341       3,454       3,342       3,840       4,011
     5                        Boating/            32,428      33,413      34,434      35,757      37,050      39,878
                             Fishing
     6                         Canoeing              124         123         130         136         142         153
     7                         Kayaking              580         595         616         661         738         805
     8                         Fishing             4,863       5,007       5,171       5,353       5,337       5,346
                              (excludes
                              Boating)
     9                         Sailing             1,824       1,906       2,027       2,148       2,282       2,372
    10                         Other Boating      25,037      25,781      26,489      27,458      28,552      31,202
    11                        Climbing/            5,588       5,910       6,171       6,170       6,327       6,361
                             Hiking/Tent
                             Camping
    12                        Equestrian           9,307      10,031      11,106      11,487      12,315      14,174
    13                        Hunting/            11,371      13,342      12,918      13,942      13,807      15,060
                             Shooting/
                             Trapping
    14                         Hunting/            5,844       6,745       6,558       7,227       6,741       7,312
                              Trapping
    15                         Shooting            5,527       6,597       6,360       6,715       7,066       7,747
                              (includes
                              Archery)
    16                        Motorcycling/       17,154      17,680      17,996      18,134      18,082      19,553
                             ATVing
    17                        Recreational         2,870       2,957       3,069       2,727       2,747       2,888
                             Flying
    18                        RVing               26,710      29,388      31,524      31,980      33,974      36,095
    19                        Snow                10,638      10,754      11,135      10,770      10,670      11,304
                             Activities
    20                         Skiing              2,929       2,996       3,260       3,438       3,439       3,593
    21                         Snowboarding        2,534       2,646       2,820       2,979       3,068       3,225
    22                         Other Snow          5,175       5,112       5,055       4,352       4,162       4,486
                              Activities
                              (includes
                              Snowmobiling)
                              \1\
    23                        Other               18,331      18,856      19,026      18,206      18,620      19,669
                             Conventional
                             Outdoor
                             Recreation
                             Activities
    24                         Other              15,308      15,803      15,775      14,687      15,071      16,116
                              Conventional
                              Air and Land
                              Activities \2\
    25                         Other               3,023       3,054       3,251       3,519       3,550       3,552
                              Conventional
                              Water
                              Activities \3\
    26                        Multi-use           76,807      80,117      80,705      83,085      84,001      84,963
                             Apparel and
                             Accessories
                             (Conventional)
                             \4\
    27                       Other Outdoor       128,349     132,772     136,817     142,243     145,268     154,099
                            Recreation
    28                        Amusement           13,206      13,246      13,609      14,708      15,805      17,765
                             Parks/Water
                             Parks
    29                        Festivals/          20,560      21,326      22,660      24,156      25,656      27,153
                             Sporting Events/
                             Concerts
    30                        Field Sports         5,232       5,352       5,665       5,983       6,256       6,416
    31                        Game Areas          32,082      33,316      32,945      33,674      34,917      36,011
                             (includes
                             Golfing and
                             Tennis)
    32                        Guided Tours/       25,481      26,275      27,770      27,387      25,769      28,403
                             Outfitted
                             Travel
    33                         Air and Land       13,811      14,547      15,733      16,383      16,186      17,057
                              Guided Tours/
                              Outfitted
                              Travel
    34                         Water Guided       11,670      11,728      12,037      11,004       9,583      11,346
                              Tours/
                              Outfitted
                              Travel
                              (includes
                              Boating and
                              Fishing
                              Charters)
    35                        Productive          10,703      11,288      11,749      12,322      12,792      13,484
                             Activities
                             (includes
                             Gardening)
    36                        Other Outdoor       14,722      15,195      15,931      17,405      17,411      17,891
                             Recreation
                             Activities \5\
    37                        Multi-use            6,362       6,775       6,489       6,608       6,663       6,977
                             Apparel and
                             Accessories
                             (Other) \4\
    38                     Supporting            349,046     350,511     357,372     353,112     354,929     370,433
                         Outdoor Recreation
    39                        Construction         9,385       9,429       9,936      11,696      12,956      13,197
    40                        Local Trips         71,515      72,417      72,354      64,665      62,214      66,300
                             and Travel \6\
    41                        Trips and          234,570     233,694     239,182     239,604     241,213     251,064
                             Travel \7\
    42                         Food and           38,079      32,197      33,699      36,283      38,145      39,281
                              Beverages
    43                         Lodging            49,531      51,543      51,805      55,703      58,250      59,378
    44                         Shopping and       40,398      41,746      43,215      43,161      43,558      44,975
                              Souvenirs
    45                         Transportatio     106,561     108,208     110,464     104,457     101,260     107,431
                              n
    46                        Government          33,576      34,971      35,900      37,147      38,546      39,873
                             Expenditures
    47                         Federal             3,947       4,247       4,011       4,036       4,247       4,313
                              Government
    48                         State and          29,629      30,724      31,889      33,111      34,299      35,560
                              Local
                              Government
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Legend/Footnotes:
    \1\ Consists of dog mushing, sleighing, snowmobiling, snow shoeing, snow tubing.
    \2\ Consists of air sports, driving for pleasure, geocaching/orienteering/rock hounding, ice skating, inline
      skating, land/sand sailing, races, running/walking/jogging, skateboarding, and wildlife watching/birding.
    \3\ Consists of boardsailing/windsurfing, SCUBA diving, snorkeling, stand-up paddling, surfing, tubing,
      wakeboarding, water skiing, and whitewater rafting.
    \4\ Consists of backpacks, bug spray, coolers, general outdoor clothing, GPS equipment, hydration equipment,
      lighting, sports racks, sunscreen, watches, and other miscellaneous gear and equipment.
    \5\ Consists of agritourism, augmented reality games, beachgoing, disc golf, hot springs soaking, kite flying,
      model airplane/rocket/UAV, paintball, photography, stargazing/astronomy, swimming, therapeutic programs, water
      polo, yard sports.
    \6\ Trip expenses less than 50 miles away from home, including food and beverages, lodging, shopping and
      souvenirs, and transportation.
    \7\ Travel and tourism expenses in the Outdoor Recreation Satellite Account are consistent with the Travel and
      Tourism Satellite Account, which includes only expenses for travel at least 50 miles away from home.

                  Table 19. Chain-Type Quantity Indexes for Outdoor Recreation Gross Output by Activity
                                               [index numbers, 2012 = 100]
                                               Bureau of Economic Analysis
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                 2012        2013        2014        2015        2016        2017
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
     1                   Total Outdoor           100.000     101.069     102.441     105.571     107.374     110.261
                          Recreation
     2                     Total Core            100.000     102.918     105.026     107.520     109.545     114.186
                         Outdoor Recreation
     3                       Conventional        100.000     103.591     105.851     108.733     111.423     115.720
                            Outdoor
                            Recreation
     4                        Bicycling          100.000     105.353     108.245     103.884     117.189     121.722
     5                        Boating/           100.000     101.026     102.236     107.221     110.565     117.303
                             Fishing
     6                         Canoeing          100.000      97.093     100.948     103.910     106.698     113.516
     7                         Kayaking          100.000     100.146     100.252     106.719     117.267     126.939
     8                         Fishing           100.000      99.299     101.714     104.502     104.098     103.459
                              (excludes
                              Boating)
     9                         Sailing           100.000     103.516     108.214     112.473     117.947     122.335
    10                         Other Boating     100.000     101.224     101.959     107.407     111.168     119.477
    11                        Climbing/          100.000     104.210     106.781     104.074     109.196     108.419
                             Hiking/Tent
                             Camping
    12                        Equestrian         100.000     105.960     114.564     118.683     127.719     144.470
    13                        Hunting/           100.000     114.048     109.028     116.680     114.709     123.725
                             Shooting/
                             Trapping
    14                         Hunting/          100.000     111.543     106.395     116.009     107.475     114.805
                              Trapping
    15                         Shooting          100.000     116.712     111.832     117.348     122.521     133.370
                              (includes
                              Archery)
    16                        Motorcycling/      100.000     102.452     104.870     109.740     109.031     114.214
                             ATVing
    17                        Recreational       100.000      99.280     105.167     106.905     113.285     111.701
                             Flying
    18                        RVing              100.000     108.080     113.718     116.609     123.608     129.356
    19                        Snow               100.000     100.889     104.261     106.442     106.205     108.806
                             Activities
    20                         Skiing            100.000     101.997     109.613     113.391     111.892     116.466
    21                         Snowboarding      100.000     103.957     109.296     112.996     114.884     120.348
    22                         Other Snow        100.000      98.756      98.713      99.052      98.397      97.915
                              Activities
                              (includes
                              Snowmobiling)
                              \1\
    23                        Other              100.000     101.249     108.680     111.885     116.828     119.848
                             Conventional
                             Outdoor
                             Recreation
                             Activities
    24                         Other             100.000     101.875     109.653     112.051     118.263     122.011
                              Conventional
                              Air and Land
                              Activities \2\
    25                         Other             100.000      98.101     103.913     110.609     110.401     110.467
                              Conventional
                              Water
                              Activities \3\
    26                        Multi-use          100.000     102.501     102.816     104.281     105.043     106.406
                             Apparel and
                             Accessories
                             (Conventional)
                             \4\
    27                       Other Outdoor       100.000     101.793     103.647     105.510     106.469     111.654
                            Recreation
    28                        Amusement          100.000      94.350      92.635      96.054      98.778     107.167
                             Parks/Water
                             Parks
    29                        Festivals/         100.000     101.417     104.991     105.677     108.813     112.784
                             Sporting Events/
                             Concerts
    30                        Field Sports       100.000     100.214     104.931     109.327     113.217     115.187
    31                        Game Areas         100.000     103.617     101.303     101.678     104.535     108.470
                             (includes
                             Golfing and
                             Tennis)
    32                        Guided Tours/      100.000     101.792     105.930     102.279      94.841     103.135
                             Outfitted
                             Travel
    33                         Air and Land      100.000     104.133     111.135     113.403     110.608     115.012
                              Guided Tours/
                              Outfitted
                              Travel
    34                         Water Guided      100.000      99.027      99.794      89.205      76.349      89.169
                              Tours/
                              Outfitted
                              Travel
                              (includes
                              Boating and
                              Fishing
                              Charters)
    35                        Productive         100.000     104.584     115.164     123.879     131.045     135.749
                             Activities
                             (includes
                             Gardening)
    36                        Other Outdoor      100.000     102.039     105.606     114.826     115.961     118.733
                             Recreation
                             Activities \5\
    37                        Multi-use          100.000     105.752     100.903     103.227     104.963     108.624
                             Apparel and
                             Accessories
                             (Other) \4\
    38                     Supporting            100.000      99.248      99.897     103.670     105.244     106.318
                         Outdoor Recreation
    39                        Construction       100.000      96.532      97.243     111.246     119.163     116.481
    40                        Local Trips        100.000     101.057     101.325     102.207     102.119     103.066
                             and Travel \6\
    41                        Trips and          100.000      98.573      99.314     103.294     104.504     105.855
                             Travel \7\
    42                         Food and          100.000      82.656      84.485      88.622      91.041      91.526
                              Beverages
    43                         Lodging           100.000     101.699      98.872     103.951     106.234     105.831
    44                         Shopping and      100.000     102.224     103.886     105.346     107.564     109.536
                              Souvenirs
    45                         Transportatio     100.000     101.462     103.166     107.515     107.157     109.623
                              n
    46                        Government         100.000     100.876     101.666     106.540     111.560     112.209
                             Expenditures
    47                         Federal           100.000     105.796      97.623      97.132     100.955      99.914
                              Government
    48                         State and         100.000     100.226     102.193     107.783     112.965     113.846
                              Local
                              Government
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Legend/Footnotes:
    \1\ Consists of dog mushing, sleighing, snowmobiling, snow shoeing, snow tubing.
    \2\ Consists of air sports, driving for pleasure, geocaching/orienteering/rock hounding, ice skating, inline
      skating, land/sand sailing, races, running/walking/jogging, skateboarding, and wildlife watching/birding.
    \3\ Consists of boardsailing/windsurfing, SCUBA diving, snorkeling, stand-up paddling, surfing, tubing,
      wakeboarding, water skiing, and whitewater rafting.
    \4\ Consists of backpacks, bug spray, coolers, general outdoor clothing, GPS equipment, hydration equipment,
      lighting, sports racks, sunscreen, watches, and other miscellaneous gear and equipment.
    \5\ Consists of agritourism, augmented reality games, beachgoing, disc golf, hot springs soaking, kite flying,
      model airplane/rocket/UAV, paintball, photography, stargazing/astronomy, swimming, therapeutic programs, water
      polo, yard sports.
    \6\ Trip expenses less than 50 miles away from home, including food and beverages, lodging, shopping and
      souvenirs, and transportation.
    \7\ Travel and tourism expenses in the Outdoor Recreation Satellite Account are consistent with the Travel and
      Tourism Satellite Account, which includes only expenses for travel at least 50 miles away from home.

        Table 20. Percent Changes in Chain-Type Quantity Indexes for Outdoor Recreation Gross Output by Activity
                                                    [Percent Change]
                                               Bureau of Economic Analysis
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                             2013        2014        2015        2016        2017
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
     1                         Total Outdoor Recreation          1.1         1.4         3.1         1.7         2.7
     2                           Total Core Outdoor              2.9         2.0         2.4         1.9         4.2
                               Recreation
     3                             Conventional Outdoor          3.6         2.2         2.7         2.5         3.9
                                  Recreation
     4                              Bicycling                    5.4         2.7        ^4.0        12.8         3.9
     5                              Boating/Fishing              1.0         1.2         4.9         3.1         6.1
     6                               Canoeing                   ^2.9         4.0         2.9         2.7         6.4
     7                               Kayaking                    0.1         0.1         6.5         9.9         8.2
     8                               Fishing (excludes          ^0.7         2.4         2.7        ^0.4        ^0.6
                                    Boating)
     9                               Sailing                     3.5         4.5         3.9         4.9         3.7
    10                               Other Boating               1.2         0.7         5.3         3.5         7.5
    11                              Climbing/Hiking/Tent         4.2         2.5        ^2.5         4.9        ^0.7
                                   Camping
    12                              Equestrian                   6.0         8.1         3.6         7.6        13.1
    13                              Hunting/Shooting/           14.0        ^4.4         7.0        ^1.7         7.9
                                   Trapping
    14                               Hunting/Trapping           11.5        ^4.6         9.0        ^7.4         6.8
    15                               Shooting (includes         16.7        ^4.2         4.9         4.4         8.9
                                    Archery)
    16                              Motorcycling/ATVing          2.5         2.4         4.6        ^0.6         4.8
    17                              Recreational Flying         ^0.7         5.9         1.7         6.0        ^1.4
    18                              RVing                        8.1         5.2         2.5         6.0         4.6
    19                              Snow Activities              0.9         3.3         2.1        ^0.2         2.4
    20                               Skiing                      2.0         7.5         3.4        ^1.3         4.1
    21                               Snowboarding                4.0         5.1         3.4         1.7         4.8
    22                               Other Snow                 ^1.2         0.0         0.3        ^0.7        ^0.5
                                    Activities (includes
                                    Snowmobiling) \1\
    23                              Other Conventional           1.2         7.3         2.9         4.4         2.6
                                   Outdoor Recreation
                                   Activities
    24                               Other Conventional          1.9         7.6         2.2         5.5         3.2
                                    Air and Land
                                    Activities \2\
    25                               Other Conventional         ^1.9         5.9         6.4        ^0.2         0.1
                                    Water Activities \3\
    26                              Multi-use Apparel            2.5         0.3         1.4         0.7         1.3
                                   and Accessories
                                   (Conventional) \4\
    27                             Other Outdoor                 1.8         1.8         1.8         0.9         4.9
                                  Recreation
    28                              Amusement Parks/            ^5.7        ^1.8         3.7         2.8         8.5
                                   Water Parks
    29                              Festivals/Sporting           1.4         3.5         0.7         3.0         3.6
                                   Events/Concerts
    30                              Field Sports                 0.2         4.7         4.2         3.6         1.7
    31                              Game Areas (includes         3.6        ^2.2         0.4         2.8         3.8
                                   Golfing and Tennis)
    32                              Guided Tours/                1.8         4.1        ^3.4        ^7.3         8.7
                                   Outfitted Travel
    33                               Air and Land Guided         4.1         6.7         2.0        ^2.5         4.0
                                    Tours/Outfitted
                                    Travel
    34                               Water Guided Tours/        ^1.0         0.8       ^10.6       ^14.4        16.8
                                    Outfitted Travel
                                    (includes Boating
                                    and Fishing
                                    Charters)
    35                              Productive                   4.6        10.1         7.6         5.8         3.6
                                   Activities (includes
                                   Gardening)
    36                              Other Outdoor                2.0         3.5         8.7         1.0         2.4
                                   Recreation Activities
                                   \5\
    37                              Multi-use Apparel            5.8        ^4.6         2.3         1.7         3.5
                                   and Accessories
                                   (Other) \4\
    38                           Supporting Outdoor             ^0.8         0.7         3.8         1.5         1.0
                               Recreation
    39                              Construction                ^3.5         0.7        14.4         7.1        ^2.3
    40                              Local Trips and              1.1         0.3         0.9        ^0.1         0.9
                                   Travel \6\
    41                              Trips and Travel \7\        ^1.4         0.8         4.0         1.2         1.3
    42                               Food and Beverages        ^17.3         2.2         4.9         2.7         0.5
    43                               Lodging                     1.7        ^2.8         5.1         2.2        ^0.4
    44                               Shopping and                2.2         1.6         1.4         2.1         1.8
                                    Souvenirs
    45                               Transportation              1.5         1.7         4.2        ^0.3         2.3
    46                              Government                   0.9         0.8         4.8         4.7         0.6
                                   Expenditures
    47                               Federal Government          5.8        ^7.7        ^0.5         3.9        ^1.0
    48                               State and Local             0.2         2.0         5.5         4.8         0.8
                                    Government
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Legend/Footnotes:
    \1\ Consists of dog mushing, sleighing, snowmobiling, snow shoeing, snow tubing.
    \2\ Consists of air sports, driving for pleasure, geocaching/orienteering/rock hounding, ice skating, inline
      skating, land/sand sailing, races, running/walking/jogging, skateboarding, and wildlife watching/birding.
    \3\ Consists of boardsailing/windsurfing, SCUBA diving, snorkeling, stand-up paddling, surfing, tubing,
      wakeboarding, water skiing, and whitewater rafting.
    \4\ Consists of backpacks, bug spray, coolers, general outdoor clothing, GPS equipment, hydration equipment,
      lighting, sports racks, sunscreen, watches, and other miscellaneous gear and equipment.
    \5\ Consists of agritourism, augmented reality games, beachgoing, disc golf, hot springs soaking, kite flying,
      model airplane/rocket/UAV, paintball, photography, stargazing/astronomy, swimming, therapeutic programs, water
      polo, yard sports.
    \6\ Trip expenses less than 50 miles away from home, including food and beverages, lodging, shopping and
      souvenirs, and transportation.
    \7\ Travel and tourism expenses in the Outdoor Recreation Satellite Account are consistent with the Travel and
      Tourism Satellite Account, which includes only expenses for travel at least 50 miles away from home.

                   Table 21. Chain-Type Price Indexes for Outdoor Recreation Gross Output by Activity
                                               [index numbers, 2012 = 100]
                                               Bureau of Economic Analysis
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                 2012        2013        2014        2015        2016        2017
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
     1                   Total Outdoor           100.000     101.416     102.558     100.234      99.990     102.211
                          Recreation
     2                     Total Core            100.000     101.652     102.630     102.831     103.296     104.570
                         Outdoor Recreation
     3                       Conventional        100.000     101.668     102.502     101.536     101.537     102.838
                            Outdoor
                            Recreation
     4                        Bicycling          100.000      99.638     100.264     101.079     102.956     103.542
     5                        Boating/           100.000     101.993     103.863     102.839     103.338     104.836
                             Fishing
     6                         Canoeing          100.000     101.931     103.380     105.211     106.883     108.185
     7                         Kayaking          100.000     102.571     106.008     106.843     108.548     109.462
     8                         Fishing           100.000     103.692     104.544     105.338     105.415     106.250
                              (excludes
                              Boating)
     9                         Sailing           100.000     100.955     102.700     104.695     106.069     106.309
    10                         Other Boating     100.000     101.730     103.770     102.110     102.585     104.311
    11                        Climbing/          100.000     101.500     103.429     106.098     103.695     104.993
                             Hiking/Tent
                             Camping
    12                        Equestrian         100.000     101.713     104.159     103.997     103.605     105.417
    13                        Hunting/           100.000     102.886     104.203     105.088     105.856     107.046
                             Shooting/
                             Trapping
    14                         Hunting/          100.000     103.489     105.482     106.607     107.334     108.997
                              Trapping
    15                         Shooting          100.000     102.264     102.899     103.537     104.344     105.099
                              (includes
                              Archery)
    16                        Motorcycling/      100.000     100.600     100.038      96.332      96.679      99.798
                             ATVing
    17                        Recreational       100.000     103.770     101.688      88.870      84.471      90.066
                             Flying
    18                        RVing              100.000     101.797     103.784     102.676     102.900     104.466
    19                        Snow               100.000     100.198     100.391      95.110      94.439      97.661
                             Activities
    20                         Skiing            100.000     100.276     101.548     103.526     104.944     105.335
    21                         Snowboarding      100.000     100.427     101.787     104.017     105.376     105.731
    22                         Other Snow        100.000     100.037      98.959      84.917      81.748      88.537
                              Activities
                              (includes
                              Snowmobiling)
                              \1\
    23                        Other              100.000     101.596     101.066      93.936      92.011      94.743
                             Conventional
                             Outdoor
                             Recreation
                             Activities
    24                         Other             100.000     101.329     100.588      91.643      89.099      92.355
                              Conventional
                              Air and Land
                              Activities \2\
    25                         Other             100.000     102.976     103.491     105.233     106.356     106.371
                              Conventional
                              Water
                              Activities \3\
    26                        Multi-use          100.000     101.765     102.198     103.733     104.116     103.959
                             Apparel and
                             Accessories
                             (Conventional)
                             \4\
    27                       Other Outdoor       100.000     101.624     102.847     105.038     106.305     107.531
                            Recreation
    28                        Amusement          100.000     106.303     111.245     115.945     121.159     125.522
                             Parks/Water
                             Parks
    29                        Festivals/         100.000     102.276     104.972     111.178     114.675     117.094
                             Sporting Events/
                             Concerts
    30                        Field Sports       100.000     102.079     103.189     104.604     105.624     106.475
    31                        Game Areas         100.000     100.219     101.367     103.227     104.113     103.481
                             (includes
                             Golfing and
                             Tennis)
    32                        Guided Tours/      100.000     101.299     102.881     105.085     106.631     108.076
                             Outfitted
                             Travel
    33                         Air and Land      100.000     101.143     102.500     104.600     105.955     107.379
                              Guided Tours/
                              Outfitted
                              Travel
    34                         Water Guided      100.000     101.487     103.357     105.707     107.557     109.032
                              Tours/
                              Outfitted
                              Travel
                              (includes
                              Boating and
                              Fishing
                              Charters)
    35                        Productive         100.000     100.843      95.324      92.939      91.203      92.806
                             Activities
                             (includes
                             Gardening)
    36                        Other Outdoor      100.000     101.150     102.466     102.961     101.987     102.351
                             Recreation
                             Activities \5\
    37                        Multi-use          100.000     100.697     101.082     100.618      99.770     100.952
                             Apparel and
                             Accessories
                             (Other) \4\
    38                     Supporting            100.000     101.181     102.491      97.584      96.620      99.821
                         Outdoor Recreation
    39                        Construction       100.000     104.073     108.890     112.045     115.877     120.747
    40                        Local Trips        100.000     100.201      99.849      88.470      85.189      89.949
                             and Travel \6\
    41                        Trips and          100.000     101.069     102.671      98.889      98.400     101.112
                             Travel \7\
    42                         Food and          100.000     102.293     104.749     107.517     110.029     112.707
                              Beverages
    43                         Lodging           100.000     102.323     105.783     108.186     110.700     113.274
    44                         Shopping and      100.000     101.087     102.971     101.417     100.238     101.636
                              Souvenirs
    45                         Transportatio     100.000     100.083     100.481      91.174      88.680      91.966
                              n
    46                        Government         100.000     103.250     105.170     103.843     102.906     105.833
                             Expenditures
    47                         Federal           100.000     101.702     104.104     105.271     106.583     109.365
                              Government
    48                         State and         100.000     103.463     105.317     103.682     102.476     105.420
                              Local
                              Government
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Legend/Footnotes:
    \1\ Consists of dog mushing, sleighing, snowmobiling, snow shoeing, snow tubing.
    \2\ Consists of air sports, driving for pleasure, geocaching/orienteering/rock hounding, ice skating, inline
      skating, land/sand sailing, races, running/walking/jogging, skateboarding, and wildlife watching/birding.
    \3\ Consists of boardsailing/windsurfing, SCUBA diving, snorkeling, stand-up paddling, surfing, tubing,
      wakeboarding, water skiing, and whitewater rafting.
    \4\ Consists of backpacks, bug spray, coolers, general outdoor clothing, GPS equipment, hydration equipment,
      lighting, sports racks, sunscreen, watches, and other miscellaneous gear and equipment.
    \5\ Consists of agritourism, augmented reality games, beachgoing, disc golf, hot springs soaking, kite flying,
      model airplane/rocket/UAV, paintball, photography, stargazing/astronomy, swimming, therapeutic programs, water
      polo, yard sports.
    \6\ Trip expenses less than 50 miles away from home, including food and beverages, lodging, shopping and
      souvenirs, and transportation.
    \7\ Travel and tourism expenses in the Outdoor Recreation Satellite Account are consistent with the Travel and
      Tourism Satellite Account, which includes only expenses for travel at least 50 miles away from home.

          Table 22. Percent Changes in Chain-Type Price Indexes for Outdoor Recreation Gross Output by Activity
                                                    [Percent Change]
                                               Bureau of Economic Analysis
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                             2013        2014        2015        2016        2017
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
     1                         Total Outdoor Recreation          1.4         1.1        ^2.3        ^0.2         2.2
     2                           Total Core Outdoor              1.7         1.0         0.2         0.5         1.2
                               Recreation
     3                             Conventional Outdoor          1.7         0.8        ^0.9         0.0         1.3
                                  Recreation
     4                              Bicycling                   ^0.4         0.6         0.8         1.9         0.6
     5                              Boating/Fishing              2.0         1.8        ^1.0         0.5         1.5
     6                               Canoeing                    1.9         1.4         1.8         1.6         1.2
     7                               Kayaking                    2.6         3.4         0.8         1.6         0.8
     8                               Fishing (excludes           3.7         0.8         0.8         0.1         0.8
                                    Boating)
     9                               Sailing                     1.0         1.7         1.9         1.3         0.2
    10                               Other Boating               1.7         2.0        ^1.6         0.5         1.7
    11                              Climbing/Hiking/Tent         1.5         1.9         2.6        ^2.3         1.3
                                   Camping
    12                              Equestrian                   1.7         2.4        ^0.2        ^0.4         1.7
    13                              Hunting/Shooting/            2.9         1.3         0.8         0.7         1.1
                                   Trapping
    14                               Hunting/Trapping            3.5         1.9         1.1         0.7         1.5
    15                               Shooting (includes          2.3         0.6         0.6         0.8         0.7
                                    Archery)
    16                              Motorcycling/ATVing          0.6        ^0.6        ^3.7         0.4         3.2
    17                              Recreational Flying          3.8        ^2.0       ^12.6        ^5.0         6.6
    18                              RVing                        1.8         2.0        ^1.1         0.2         1.5
    19                              Snow Activities              0.2         0.2        ^5.3        ^0.7         3.4
    20                               Skiing                      0.3         1.3         1.9         1.4         0.4
    21                               Snowboarding                0.4         1.4         2.2         1.3         0.3
    22                               Other Snow                  0.0        ^1.1       ^14.2        ^3.7         8.3
                                    Activities (includes
                                    Snowmobiling) \1\
    23                              Other Conventional           1.6        ^0.5        ^7.1        ^2.0         3.0
                                   Outdoor Recreation
                                   Activities
    24                               Other Conventional          1.3        ^0.7        ^8.9        ^2.8         3.7
                                    Air and Land
                                    Activities \2\
    25                               Other Conventional          3.0         0.5         1.7         1.1         0.0
                                    Water Activities \3\
    26                              Multi-use Apparel            1.8         0.4         1.5         0.4        ^0.2
                                   and Accessories
                                   (Conventional) \4\
    27                             Other Outdoor                 1.6         1.2         2.1         1.2         1.2
                                  Recreation
    28                              Amusement Parks/             6.3         4.6         4.2         4.5         3.6
                                   Water Parks
    29                              Festivals/Sporting           2.3         2.6         5.9         3.1         2.1
                                   Events/Concerts
    30                              Field Sports                 2.1         1.1         1.4         1.0         0.8
    31                              Game Areas (includes         0.2         1.1         1.8         0.9        ^0.6
                                   Golfing and Tennis)
    32                              Guided Tours/                1.3         1.6         2.1         1.5         1.4
                                   Outfitted Travel
    33                               Air and Land Guided         1.1         1.3         2.0         1.3         1.3
                                    Tours/Outfitted
                                    Travel
    34                               Water Guided Tours/         1.5         1.8         2.3         1.7         1.4
                                    Outfitted Travel
                                    (includes Boating
                                    and Fishing
                                    Charters)
    35                              Productive                   0.8        ^5.5        ^2.5        ^1.9         1.8
                                   Activities (includes
                                   Gardening)
    36                              Other Outdoor                1.2         1.3         0.5        ^0.9         0.4
                                   Recreation Activities
                                   \5\
    37                              Multi-use Apparel            0.7         0.4        ^0.5        ^0.8         1.2
                                   and Accessories
                                   (Other) \4\
    38                           Supporting Outdoor              1.2         1.3        ^4.8        ^1.0         3.3
                               Recreation
    39                              Construction                 4.1         4.6         2.9         3.4         4.2
    40                              Local Trips and              0.2        ^0.4       ^11.4        ^3.7         5.6
                                   Travel \6\
    41                              Trips and Travel \7\         1.1         1.6        ^3.7        ^0.5         2.8
    42                               Food and Beverages          2.3         2.4         2.6         2.3         2.4
    43                               Lodging                     2.3         3.4         2.3         2.3         2.3
    44                               Shopping and                1.1         1.9        ^1.5        ^1.2         1.4
                                    Souvenirs
    45                               Transportation              0.1         0.4        ^9.3        ^2.7         3.7
    46                              Government                   3.3         1.9        ^1.3        ^0.9         2.8
                                   Expenditures
    47                               Federal Government          1.7         2.4         1.1         1.2         2.6
    48                               State and Local             3.5         1.8        ^1.6        ^1.2         2.9
                                    Government
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Legend/Footnotes:
    \1\ Consists of dog mushing, sleighing, snowmobiling, snow shoeing, snow tubing.
    \2\ Consists of air sports, driving for pleasure, geocaching/orienteering/rock hounding, ice skating, inline
      skating, land/sand sailing, races, running/walking/jogging, skateboarding, and wildlife watching/birding.
    \3\ Consists of boardsailing/windsurfing, SCUBA diving, snorkeling, stand-up paddling, surfing, tubing,
      wakeboarding, water skiing, and whitewater rafting.
    \4\ Consists of backpacks, bug spray, coolers, general outdoor clothing, GPS equipment, hydration equipment,
      lighting, sports racks, sunscreen, watches, and other miscellaneous gear and equipment.
    \5\ Consists of agritourism, augmented reality games, beachgoing, disc golf, hot springs soaking, kite flying,
      model airplane/rocket/UAV, paintball, photography, stargazing/astronomy, swimming, therapeutic programs, water
      polo, yard sports.
    \6\ Trip expenses less than 50 miles away from home, including food and beverages, lodging, shopping and
      souvenirs, and transportation.
    \7\ Travel and tourism expenses in the Outdoor Recreation Satellite Account are consistent with the Travel and
      Tourism Satellite Account, which includes only expenses for travel at least 50 miles away from home.

    ------------------------------------------------------------------------

    -------------------------------------------------------------------------
      Editor's note: this table of information was excluded from the pdf
     submitted, and posted on the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis website.
     It is incoporated herein, in [brackets] and is available in the xlsx
     file entitled, Outdoor Recreation Activities in Conventional Definition
     (https://www.bea.gov/system/files/2019-09/orsa0919-GO-Activity_1.xlsx)
                                [Activity List *

            [Outdoor Recreation Activities in Conventional Definition

    [Bicycling (All recreational bicycling, including BMX, E-bikes,
     Mountain, On-road)
    [Boating/Fishing (All recreational boating, including Canoeing, Fishing,
     Inboard/Outboard, Kayaking, Personal watercraft, Sailing)
    [Climbing/Hiking/Tent Camping
    [Equestrian
    [Hunting/Trapping/Shooting (including Archery)
    [Motorcycling/ATVs (Off-road, On-road)
    [Recreational flying (Experimental, Glider, Turboprop, Ultralight)
    [RVing
    [Snow activities (Dog mushing, Skiing, Sleighing, Snowboarding,
     Snowmobiling, Snow shoeing, Tubing)

                         [Other Conventional Activities

    [Other Conventional Air and Land activities
      [Air sports (Base jumping, Hang gliding, Skydiving)
      [Driving for pleasure (Gas spending only)
      [Geocaching/Orienteering/Rock hounding
      [Ice skating
      [Inline skating
      [Land/Sand sailing
      [Races (includes Bike and Endurance racing)
      [Running/Jogging/Walking
      [Skateboarding
      [Wildlife watching/Birding
    [Other Conventional Water activities
      [Boardsailing/Windsurfing
      [SCUBA Diving
      [Snorkeling
      [Stand-up paddling
      [Surfing
      [Tubing/Wakeboarding
      [Water skiing
      [Whitewater rafting

               [Outdoor Recreation Activities in Other Definition

    [Amusement parks/Water parks
    [Festivals/Sporting events/Concerts (includes Professional sports)
    [Field sports (e.g., Football, Lacrosse, Soccer)
    [Game area sports (e.g., Basketball, Golf, Tennis)
    [Guided tours/Outfitted travel (includes Boating and Fishing charters)
    [Productive activities (Beekeeping, Foraging, Gardening, Panning for
     ore)

                                [Other Activities
    [Agritourism (Animal sanctuaries, Petting zoos, Pick-your-own produce
     farms, Vineyard tours)
    [Augmented reality games
    [Beachgoing
    [Disc golf
    [Hot springs soaking
    [Kite flying
    [Model airplane/rocket/UAV
    [Paintball
    [Photography
    [Stargazing/Astronomy
    [Swimming
    [Therapeutic Programs
    [Water Polo
    [Yard sports (e.g., Bocce ball, Croquet)]
    ------------------------------------------------------------------------

                               Table 23. Real Outdoor Recreation Gross Output by Industry
                                          [Millions of chained (2012) dollars]
                                               Bureau of Economic Analysis
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                 2012        2013        2014        2015        2016        2017
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
     1                   All Industries          691,782     699,173     708,666     730,321     742,793     762,768
     2                     Private               651,193     658,779     668,072     687,893     698,553     718,236
                          industries
     3                       Agriculture,         10,923      12,147      13,010      13,749      13,483      13,372
                            forestry,
                            fishing, and
                            hunting
     4                        Farms                7,970       8,941       9,930      10,548      11,208      11,014
     5                        Forestry,            2,953       3,207       3,105       3,236       2,497       2,552
                             fishing, and
                             related
                             activities
     6                       Mining                  576         510         500         405         368         521
     7                        Oil and gas            194         199         227         215         217         225
                             extraction
     8                        Mining, except         330         263         215         151         123         263
                             oil and gas
     9                        Support                 51          46          50          33          28          31
                             activities for
                             mining
    10                       Utilities                 2           2           2           2           2           2
    11                       Construction          8,591       8,598       8,670       9,833      10,555      10,338
    12                       Manufacturing       147,357     152,559     152,242     154,419     157,223     162,069
    13                        Durable goods       44,100      46,962      47,691      48,381      48,179      51,889
    14                         Wood products           4           4           4           4           4           5
    15                         Nonmetallic            81          81          82          80          82          84
                              mineral
                              products
    16                         Primary                13          10          13          11          10          11
                              metals
    17                         Fabricated          3,062       3,443       3,151       3,491       3,763       4,277
                              metal products
    18                         Machinery           5,009       4,712       4,486       3,769       2,509       3,235
    19                         Computer and          789         780         884       1,384       1,098       1,199
                              electronic
                              products
    20                         Electrical          1,294       1,142       1,176       1,099       1,002         979
                              equipment,
                              appliances,
                              and components
    21                         Motor              11,160      13,234      14,091      14,189      15,324      16,630
                              vehicles,
                              bodies and
                              trailers, and
                              parts
    22                         Other              15,418      16,393      17,304      17,914      17,628      18,557
                              transportation
                              equipment
    23                         Furniture and         134         143         134         127         111         112
                              related
                              products
    24                         Miscellaneous       7,136       7,007       6,375       6,354       6,601       6,737
                              manufacturing
    25                        Nondurable         103,257     105,572     104,473     105,955     109,526     109,450
                             goods
    26                         Food and           17,661      17,898      18,002      18,262      18,872      18,925
                              beverage and
                              tobacco
                              products
    27                         Textile mills         887         790         837         864         894         911
                              and textile
                              product mills
    28                         Apparel and         4,488       4,368       4,187       4,308       5,582       6,342
                              leather and
                              allied
                              products
    29                         Paper                 731         712         757         700         686         716
                              products
    30                         Printing and          208         203         211         217         222         190
                              related
                              support
                              activities
    31                         Petroleum and      72,112      74,010      72,649      73,899      74,543      72,648
                              coal products
    32                         Chemical            6,567       7,000       7,193       7,130       7,225       7,289
                              products
    33                         Plastics and          602         602         595         598         624         622
                              rubber
                              products
    34                       Wholesale trade      58,414      55,224      57,130      56,237      54,317      54,987
    35                       Retail trade        139,090     146,030     147,038     151,773     154,595     160,768
    36                        Motor vehicle       12,667      12,684      12,723      15,034      17,044      19,894
                             and parts
                             dealers
    37                        Food and             9,087       8,938       8,930       8,890       8,786       8,878
                             beverage stores
    38                        General             22,958      24,890      24,500      25,071      24,367      24,440
                             merchandise
                             stores
    39                        Other retail        94,377      99,537     100,889     102,735     104,281     107,438
    40                       Transportation       71,843      73,208      75,812      79,716      78,942      81,068
                            and warehousing
    41                        Air                 46,990      47,877      49,449      53,025      52,701      53,432
                             transportation
    42                        Rail                 1,094       1,082       1,103       1,100       1,116       1,163
                             transportation
    43                        Water                9,071       9,416      10,168      10,246       9,994      10,747
                             transportation
    44                        Truck                7,630       7,556       7,689       7,544       7,417       7,466
                             transportation
    45                        Transit and          3,303       3,369       3,425       3,538       3,530       3,704
                             ground
                             passenger
                             transportation
    46                        Pipeline               555         559         567         623         600         601
                             transportation
    47                        Other                3,159       3,308       3,384       3,617       3,574       3,869
                             transportation
                             and support
                             activities
    48                        Warehousing             42          42          40          41          43          44
                             and storage
    49                       Information           2,131       2,163       2,262       2,366       2,515       2,717
    50                        Publishing             761         720         716         714         689         739
                             industries,
                             except internet
                             (includes
                             software)
    51                        Motion picture          74          69          68          76          82          83
                             and sound
                             recording
                             industries
    52                        Broadcasting         1,068       1,140       1,236       1,298       1,435       1,521
                             and
                             telecommunicati
                             ons
    53                        Data                   228         235         244         282         316         381
                             processing,
                             internet
                             publishing, and
                             other
                             information
                             services
    54                       Finance,             28,769      28,521      25,647      27,494      28,772      29,132
                            insurance, real
                            estate, rental,
                            and leasing
    55                        Finance and          7,238       7,030       7,399       7,674       7,847       7,924
                             insurance
    56                         Federal               574         563         544         580         587         589
                              Reserve banks,
                              credit
                              intermediation
                              , and related
                              activities
    57                         Securities,             0           0           0           0           0           0
                              commodity
                              contracts, and
                              investments
    58                         Insurance           6,664       6,467       6,855       7,095       7,260       7,336
                              carriers and
                              related
                              activities
    59                         Funds,                  0           0           0           0           0           0
                              trusts, and
                              other
                              financial
                              vehicles
    60                       Real estate and      21,531      21,490      18,264      19,831      20,938      21,221
                            rental and
                            leasing
    61                        Real estate         15,900      15,701      12,448      13,390      13,687      13,574
    62                         Housing            15,894      15,697      12,443      13,386      13,682      13,569
    63                         Other real              5           5           5           5           5           5
                              estate
    64                        Rental and           5,631       5,790       5,820       6,451       7,330       7,795
                             leasing
                             services and
                             lessors of
                             intangible
                             assets
    65                       Professional         11,336      11,645      12,177      12,908      13,658      14,717
                            and business
                            services
    66                        Professional,        1,627       1,668       1,827       1,922       2,070       2,242
                             scientific, and
                             technical
                             services
    67                         Legal                   0           0           0           0           0           0
                              services
    68                         Computer               64          52          51          60          62          68
                              systems design
                              and related
                              services
    69                         Miscellaneous       1,563       1,616       1,777       1,862       2,009       2,175
                              professional,
                              scientific,
                              and technical
                              services
    70                        Management of            0           0           0           0           0           0
                             companies and
                             enterprises
    71                        Administrative       9,709       9,978      10,349      10,984      11,586      12,472
                             and waste
                             management
                             services
    72                         Administrativ       9,708       9,977      10,348      10,983      11,585      12,471
                              e and support
                              services
    73                         Waste                   1           1           1           1           1           1
                              management and
                              remediation
                              services
    74                       Educational           6,217       6,152       6,370       6,511       6,590       6,749
                            services, health
                            care, and social
                            assistance
    75                        Educational          5,647       5,600       5,788       5,899       5,949       6,086
                             services
    76                         Health care           570         553         582         612         643         666
                              and social
                              assistance
    77                          Ambulatory           345         345         369         393         420         437
                               health care
                               services
    78                          Hospitals            174         156         160         166         172         177
    79                          Nursing and           24          21          21          21          21          21
                               residential
                               care
                               facilities
    80                          Social                28          31          32          33          31          31
                               assistance
    81                       Arts,               160,042     156,400     161,405     166,342     171,052     175,455
                            entertainment,
                            recreation,
                            accommodation,
                            and food
                            services
    82                        Arts,               73,256      74,346      75,936      77,394      80,026      84,615
                             entertainment,
                             and recreation
    83                         Performing         19,373      19,599      20,324      20,587      21,259      22,080
                              arts,
                              spectator
                              sports,
                              museums, and
                              related
                              activities
    84                         Amusements,        53,884      54,748      55,609      56,808      58,770      62,561
                              gambling, and
                              recreation
                              industries
    85                        Accommodation       86,785      82,060      85,468      88,943      91,020      90,841
                             and food
                             services
    86                         Accommodation      46,580      48,095      50,429      52,113      53,127      52,790
    87                         Food services      40,205      33,967      35,041      36,833      37,896      38,054
                              and drinking
                              places
    88                       Other services,       5,902       5,821       5,906       6,015       6,220       6,290
                            except
                            government
    89                     Government             40,589      40,399      40,606      42,422      44,196      44,518
    90                       Federal               4,644       4,811       4,478       4,453       4,587       4,541
    91                        General              3,965       4,190       3,870       3,848       4,006       3,964
                             government
    92                         National                0           1           1           1           1           1
                              defense
    93                         Non-defense         3,964       4,190       3,869       3,848       4,005       3,964
    94                        Government             679         619         609         605         575         571
                             enterprises
    95                       State and local      35,944      35,590      36,123      37,960      39,600      39,968
    96                        General             33,916      33,700      34,392      36,233      37,910      38,257
                             government
    97                        Government           2,029       1,891       1,730       1,727       1,695       1,717
                             enterprises
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

                                  Table 24. Outdoor Recreation Gross Output by Industry
                                              [Millions of current dollars]
                                               Bureau of Economic Analysis
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                 2012        2013        2014        2015        2016        2017
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
     1                   All Industries          691,782     709,072     725,728     730,955     741,630     778,487
     2                     Private               651,193     667,458     683,184     686,929     696,061     731,385
                          industries
     3                       Agriculture,         10,923      12,386      12,717      12,878      12,038      12,098
                            forestry,
                            fishing, and
                            hunting
     4                        Farms                7,970       9,050       9,377       9,348       9,285       9,212
     5                        Forestry,            2,953       3,335       3,340       3,530       2,753       2,886
                             fishing, and
                             related
                             activities
     6                       Mining                  576         508         496         317         271         431
     7                        Oil and gas            194         209         251         150         135         185
                             extraction
     8                        Mining, except         330         247         191         127          99         206
                             oil and gas
     9                        Support                 51          52          54          41          36          40
                             activities for
                             mining
    10                       Utilities                 2           2           2           2           2           2
    11                       Construction          8,591       8,948       9,439      11,020      12,237      12,488
    12                       Manufacturing       147,357     151,604     148,878     127,511     121,696     133,051
    13                        Durable goods       44,100      47,946      49,357      50,666      50,630      55,064
    14                         Wood products           4           4           4           4           5           5
    15                         Nonmetallic            81          82          83          83          86          89
                              mineral
                              products
    16                         Primary                13          10          13          11          10          10
                              metals
    17                         Fabricated          3,062       3,710       3,423       3,786       4,046       4,661
                              metal products
    18                         Machinery           5,009       4,787       4,662       3,968       2,599       3,360
    19                         Computer and          789         763         867       1,285         920         994
                              electronic
                              products
    20                         Electrical          1,294       1,148       1,192       1,119       1,020       1,002
                              equipment,
                              appliances,
                              and components
    21                         Motor              11,160      13,543      14,696      15,110      16,545      18,367
                              vehicles,
                              bodies and
                              trailers, and
                              parts
    22                         Other              15,418      16,632      17,707      18,556      18,471      19,771
                              transportation
                              equipment
    23                         Furniture and         134         147         141         136         123         124
                              related
                              products
    24                         Miscellaneous       7,136       7,119       6,568       6,609       6,806       6,681
                              manufacturing
    25                        Nondurable         103,257     103,658      99,521      76,845      71,066      77,987
                             goods
    26                         Food and           17,661      18,186      19,025      19,123      19,283      19,507
                              beverage and
                              tobacco
                              products
    27                         Textile mills         887         827         892         921         958         982
                              and textile
                              product mills
    28                         Apparel and         4,488       4,486       4,302       4,471       5,846       6,748
                              leather and
                              allied
                              products
    29                         Paper                 731         711         752         694         681         710
                              products
    30                         Printing and          208         204         213         221         225         195
                              related
                              support
                              activities
    31                         Petroleum and      72,112      71,532      66,278      43,305      35,789      41,337
                              coal products
    32                         Chemical            6,567       7,106       7,448       7,501       7,651       7,874
                              products
    33                         Plastics and          602         608         610         609         632         635
                              rubber
                              products
    34                       Wholesale trade      58,414      59,128      61,302      61,158      59,585      61,089
    35                       Retail trade        139,090     146,262     149,260     157,377     161,764     168,440
    36                        Motor vehicle       12,667      12,965      13,523      15,851      17,827      20,318
                             and parts
                             dealers
    37                        Food and             9,087       9,131       9,450       9,872      10,076      10,286
                             beverage stores
    38                        General             22,958      24,412      23,665      24,074      23,686      23,960
                             merchandise
                             stores
    39                        Other retail        94,377      99,754     102,621     107,580     110,175     113,875
    40                       Transportation       71,843      73,622      77,497      78,757      77,800      81,437
                            and warehousing
    41                        Air                 46,990      48,019      50,719      51,580      50,199      52,127
                             transportation
    42                        Rail                 1,094       1,116       1,153       1,133       1,142       1,226
                             transportation
    43                        Water                9,071       9,387      10,066      10,221      10,676      11,430
                             transportation
    44                        Truck                7,630       7,666       7,898       7,599       7,419       7,637
                             transportation
    45                        Transit and          3,303       3,458       3,519       3,674       3,764       4,003
                             ground
                             passenger
                             transportation
    46                        Pipeline               555         583         628         723         712         720
                             transportation
    47                        Other                3,159       3,351       3,471       3,786       3,844       4,250
                             transportation
                             and support
                             activities
    48                        Warehousing             42          42          41          41          43          45
                             and storage
    49                       Information           2,131       2,197       2,316       2,427       2,577       2,781
    50                        Publishing             761         735         741         747         734         798
                             industries,
                             except internet
                             (includes
                             software)
    51                        Motion picture          74          76          79          87          90          97
                             and sound
                             recording
                             industries
    52                        Broadcasting         1,068       1,147       1,248       1,307       1,435       1,500
                             and
                             telecommunicati
                             ons
    53                        Data                   228         238         248         286         319         387
                             processing,
                             internet
                             publishing, and
                             other
                             information
                             services
    54                       Finance,             28,769      29,224      27,041      29,267      31,125      32,541
                            insurance, real
                            estate, rental,
                            and leasing
    55                        Finance and          7,238       7,173       7,663       8,096       8,594       9,086
                             insurance
    56                         Federal               574         586         577         623         649         666
                              Reserve banks,
                              credit
                              intermediation
                              , and related
                              activities
    57                         Securities,             0           0           0           0           0           0
                              commodity
                              contracts, and
                              investments
    58                         Insurance           6,664       6,587       7,086       7,474       7,945       8,420
                              carriers and
                              related
                              activities
    59                         Funds,                  0           0           0           0           0           0
                              trusts, and
                              other
                              financial
                              vehicles
    60                        Real estate         21,531      22,051      19,378      21,171      22,531      23,455
                             and rental and
                             leasing
    61                         Real estate        15,900      16,146      13,206      14,713      15,604      16,065
    62                          Housing           15,894      16,141      13,201      14,708      15,599      16,060
    63                          Other real             5           5           5           5           5           5
                               estate
    64                         Rental and          5,631       5,905       6,172       6,457       6,927       7,390
                              leasing
                              services and
                              lessors of
                              intangible
                              assets
    65                       Professional         11,336      11,820      12,515      13,541      14,591      15,999
                            and business
                            services
    66                        Professional,        1,627       1,707       1,909       2,066       2,285       2,520
                             scientific, and
                             technical
                             services
    67                         Legal                   0           0           0           0           0           0
                              services
    68                         Computer               64          56          56          65          64          72
                              systems design
                              and related
                              services
    69                         Miscellaneous       1,563       1,652       1,853       2,000       2,222       2,447
                              professional,
                              scientific,
                              and technical
                              services
    70                        Management of            0           0           0           0           0           0
                             companies and
                             enterprises
    71                        Administrative       9,709      10,113      10,606      11,476      12,306      13,480
                             and waste
                             management
                             services
    72                         Administrativ       9,708      10,112      10,605      11,474      12,304      13,478
                              e and support
                              services
    73                         Waste                   1           1           1           1           1           1
                              management and
                              remediation
                              services
    74                       Educational           6,217       6,315       6,660       6,968       7,184       7,558
                            services, health
                            care, and social
                            assistance
    75                        Educational          5,647       5,753       6,068       6,342       6,523       6,868
                             services
    76                        Health care            570         563         592         627         661         690
                             and social
                             assistance
    77                         Ambulatory            345         353         373         396         420         438
                              health care
                              services
    78                         Hospitals             174         159         167         177         187         197
    79                         Nursing and            24          21          22          22          23          24
                              residential
                              care
                              facilities
    80                         Social                 28          29          30          31          31          32
                              assistance
    81                       Arts,               160,042     159,449     168,847     179,212     188,336     196,288
                            entertainment,
                            recreation,
                            accommodation,
                            and food
                            services
    82                        Arts,               73,256      75,602      78,943      83,482      88,259      94,255
                             entertainment,
                             and recreation
    83                         Performing         19,373      20,037      21,322      22,849      24,333      25,806
                              arts,
                              spectator
                              sports,
                              museums, and
                              related
                              activities
    84                         Amusements,        53,884      55,565      57,621      60,633      63,926      68,450
                              gambling, and
                              recreation
                              industries
    85                        Accommodation       86,785      83,847      89,905      95,731     100,076     102,032
                             and food
                             services
    86                         Accommodation      46,580      49,114      53,206      56,130      58,385      59,153
    87                         Food services      40,205      34,733      36,699      39,600      41,692      42,879
                              and drinking
                              places
    88                       Other services,       5,902       5,993       6,214       6,492       6,857       7,181
                            except
                            government
    89                     Government             40,589      41,614      42,544      44,026      45,569      47,102
    90                       Federal               4,644       4,871       4,605       4,589       4,787       4,865
    91                        General              3,965       4,262       4,028       4,051       4,268       4,334
                             government
    92                         National                0           1           1           1           1           1
                              defense
    93                         Non-defense         3,964       4,261       4,028       4,050       4,268       4,334
    94                        Government             679         610         576         538         518         531
                             enterprises
    95                       State and local      35,944      36,743      37,939      39,437      40,782      42,237
    96                        General             33,916      34,792      36,137      37,588      38,924      40,318
                             government
    97                        Government           2,029       1,951       1,803       1,848       1,859       1,919
                             enterprises
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

                  Table 25. Chain-Type Quantity Indexes for Outdoor Recreation Gross Output by Industry
                                               [index numbers, 2012 = 100]
                                               Bureau of Economic Analysis
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                 2012        2013        2014        2015        2016        2017
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
     1                   All Industries          100.000     101.069     102.441     105.571     107.374     110.261
     2                     Private               100.000     101.165     102.592     105.636     107.273     110.295
                          industries
     3                       Agriculture,        100.000     111.204     119.108     125.877     123.436     122.422
                            forestry,
                            fishing, and
                            hunting
     4                        Farms              100.000     112.189     124.598     132.356     140.632     138.199
     5                        Forestry,          100.000     108.573     105.132     109.556      84.550      86.427
                             fishing, and
                             related
                             activities
     6                       Mining              100.000      88.512      86.822      70.378      63.888      90.509
     7                        Oil and gas        100.000     102.721     117.093     111.024     111.797     115.889
                             extraction
     8                        Mining, except     100.000      79.445      65.052      45.548      37.283      79.520
                             oil and gas
     9                        Support            100.000      90.060      96.822      64.899      54.217      60.294
                             activities for
                             mining
    10                       Utilities           100.000     101.498      86.151      87.632      89.177      86.030
    11                       Construction        100.000     100.087     100.926     114.457     122.864     120.336
    12                       Manufacturing       100.000     103.530     103.315     104.793     106.695     109.984
    13                        Durable goods      100.000     106.490     108.144     109.708     109.250     117.663
    14                         Wood products     100.000     100.778     107.625     115.268     118.055     127.101
    15                         Nonmetallic       100.000     100.975     101.225      99.043     101.447     104.176
                              mineral
                              products
    16                         Primary           100.000      75.998      93.904      78.952      76.647      79.514
                              metals
    17                         Fabricated        100.000     112.466     102.932     114.018     122.910     139.694
                              metal products
    18                         Machinery         100.000      94.065      89.566      75.235      50.081      64.575
    19                         Computer and      100.000      98.858     112.091     175.409     139.216     151.964
                              electronic
                              products
    20                         Electrical        100.000      88.243      90.897      84.951      77.466      75.670
                              equipment,
                              appliances,
                              and components
    21                         Motor             100.000     118.585     126.260     127.143     137.315     149.013
                              vehicles,
                              bodies and
                              trailers, and
                              parts
    22                         Other             100.000     106.323     112.229     116.187     114.330     120.358
                              transportation
                              equipment
    23                         Furniture and     100.000     106.537     100.294      94.629      83.178      83.535
                              related
                              products
    24                         Miscellaneous     100.000      98.187      89.330      89.037      92.504      94.403
                              manufacturing
    25                        Nondurable         100.000     102.241     101.177     102.612     106.071     105.997
                             goods
    26                         Food and          100.000     101.342     101.931     103.403     106.858     107.158
                              beverage and
                              tobacco
                              products
    27                         Textile mills     100.000      89.022      94.361      97.333     100.739     102.687
                              and textile
                              product mills
    28                         Apparel and       100.000      97.327      93.293      95.991     124.387     141.325
                              leather and
                              allied
                              products
    29                         Paper             100.000      97.361     103.463      95.745      93.837      97.927
                              products
    30                         Printing and      100.000      97.473     101.496     104.634     106.663      91.606
                              related
                              support
                              activities
    31                         Petroleum and     100.000     102.632     100.744     102.478     103.371     100.743
                              coal products
    32                         Chemical          100.000     106.584     109.532     108.563     110.017     110.989
                              products
    33                         Plastics and      100.000      99.914      98.743      99.287     103.654     103.167
                              rubber
                              products
    34                       Wholesale trade     100.000      94.539      97.803      96.273      92.987      94.134
    35                       Retail trade        100.000     104.990     105.715     109.119     111.147     115.586
    36                        Motor vehicle      100.000     100.132     100.436     118.681     134.551     157.049
                             and parts
                             dealers
    37                        Food and           100.000      98.356      98.272      97.838      96.687      97.696
                             beverage stores
    38                        General            100.000     108.415     106.716     109.203     106.136     106.455
                             merchandise
                             stores
    39                        Other retail       100.000     105.467     106.900     108.855     110.494     113.839
    40                       Transportation      100.000     101.899     105.524     110.958     109.880     112.839
                            and warehousing
    41                        Air                100.000     101.888     105.233     112.845     112.154     113.710
                             transportation
    42                        Rail               100.000      98.944     100.872     100.603     101.999     106.297
                             transportation
    43                        Water              100.000     103.806     112.090     112.954     110.171     118.474
                             transportation
    44                        Truck              100.000      99.037     100.783      98.873      97.208      97.853
                             transportation
    45                        Transit and        100.000     102.004     103.691     107.121     106.868     112.127
                             ground
                             passenger
                             transportation
    46                        Pipeline           100.000     100.712     102.051     112.209     108.041     108.227
                             transportation
    47                        Other              100.000     104.718     107.120     114.493     113.149     122.492
                             transportation
                             and support
                             activities
    48                        Warehousing        100.000      99.781      96.587      98.139     103.719     105.238
                             and storage
    49                       Information         100.000     101.504     106.164     111.071     118.070     127.529
    50                        Publishing         100.000      94.581      94.103      93.804      90.616      97.142
                             industries,
                             except internet
                             (includes
                             software)
    51                        Motion picture     100.000      93.038      92.486     102.829     110.743     112.002
                             and sound
                             recording
                             industries
    52                        Broadcasting       100.000     106.727     115.747     121.513     134.315     142.392
                             and
                             telecommunicati
                             ons
    53                        Data               100.000     103.202     106.812     123.479     138.473     167.258
                             processing,
                             internet
                             publishing, and
                             other
                             information
                             services
    54                       Finance,            100.000      99.137      89.149      95.567     100.011     101.261
                            insurance, real
                            estate, rental,
                            and leasing
    55                        Finance and        100.000      97.129     102.223     106.030     108.408     109.476
                             insurance
    56                         Federal           100.000      98.153      94.868     101.032     102.310     102.641
                              Reserve banks,
                              credit
                              intermediation
                              , and related
                              activities
    57                         Securities,         0.000       0.000       0.000       0.000       0.000       0.000
                              commodity
                              contracts, and
                              investments
    58                         Insurance         100.000      97.040     102.872     106.472     108.946     110.078
                              carriers and
                              related
                              activities
    59                         Funds,              0.000       0.000       0.000       0.000       0.000       0.000
                              trusts, and
                              other
                              financial
                              vehicles
    60                        Real estate        100.000      99.810      84.825      92.105      97.247      98.561
                             and rental and
                             leasing
    61                         Real estate       100.000      98.752      78.289      84.219      86.084      85.373
    62                          Housing          100.000      98.756      78.285      84.217      86.083      85.372
    63                          Other real       100.000      88.142      88.794      89.007      89.119      86.836
                               estate
    64                         Rental and        100.000     102.808     103.355     114.555     130.164     138.417
                              leasing
                              services and
                              lessors of
                              intangible
                              assets
    65                       Professional        100.000     102.727     107.415     113.861     120.482     129.824
                            and business
                            services
    66                        Professional,      100.000     102.494     112.291     118.145     127.213     137.823
                             scientific, and
                             technical
                             services
    67                         Legal               0.000       0.000       0.000       0.000       0.000       0.000
                              services
    68                         Computer          100.000      80.829      78.795      94.010      96.236     105.877
                              systems design
                              and related
                              services
    69                         Miscellaneous     100.000     103.404     113.710     119.168     128.513     139.169
                              professional,
                              scientific,
                              and technical
                              services
    70                        Management of        0.000       0.000       0.000       0.000       0.000       0.000
                             companies and
                             enterprises
    71                        Administrative     100.000     102.766     106.585     113.133     119.331     128.453
                             and waste
                             management
                             services
    72                         Administrativ     100.000     102.766     106.585     113.133     119.330     128.454
                              e and support
                              services
    73                         Waste             100.000     100.583     113.102     120.260     123.868     120.606
                              management and
                              remediation
                              services
    74                       Educational         100.000      98.952     102.448     104.719     105.991     108.548
                            services, health
                            care, and social
                            assistance
    75                        Educational        100.000      99.161     102.494     104.467     105.348     107.771
                             services
    76                        Health care        100.000      96.875     102.035     107.381     112.759     116.735
                             and social
                             assistance
    77                         Ambulatory        100.000     100.100     107.206     114.182     121.812     126.791
                              health care
                              services
    78                         Hospitals         100.000      89.899      91.955      95.524      98.895     101.974
    79                         Nursing and       100.000      86.541      86.867      86.268      86.912      87.765
                              residential
                              care
                              facilities
    80                         Social            100.000     109.848     115.234     117.049     111.737     112.135
                              assistance
    81                       Arts,               100.000      97.725     100.852     103.936     106.880     109.631
                            entertainment,
                            recreation,
                            accommodation,
                            and food
                            services
    82                        Arts,              100.000     101.488     103.657     105.648     109.241     115.505
                             entertainment,
                             and recreation
    83                         Performing        100.000     101.166     104.912     106.268     109.734     113.976
                              arts,
                              spectator
                              sports,
                              museums, and
                              related
                              activities
    84                         Amusements,       100.000     101.604     103.201     105.427     109.067     116.103
                              gambling, and
                              recreation
                              industries
    85                        Accommodation      100.000      94.555      98.483     102.486     104.880     104.673
                             and food
                             services
    86                         Accommodation     100.000     103.253     108.263     111.878     114.056     113.331
    87                         Food services     100.000      84.485      87.156      91.614      94.258      94.651
                              and drinking
                              places
    88                       Other services,     100.000      98.614     100.055     101.907     105.381     106.559
                            except
                            government
    89                     Government            100.000      99.533     100.042     104.516     108.887     109.681
    90                       Federal             100.000     103.583      96.410      95.875      98.770      97.784
    91                        General            100.000     105.691      97.602      97.062     101.029      99.985
                             government
    92                         National          100.000     138.629     146.247     133.086     144.098     148.627
                              defense
    93                         Non-defense       100.000     105.688      97.597      97.059     101.025      99.981
    94                        Government         100.000      91.089      89.571      89.065      84.609      84.008
                             enterprises
    95                       State and local     100.000      99.015     100.496     105.608     110.169     111.195
    96                        General            100.000      99.363     101.405     106.833     111.778     112.800
                             government
    97                        Government         100.000      93.205      85.257      85.143      83.542      84.628
                             enterprises
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        Table 26. Percent Changes in Chain-Type Quantity Indexes for Outdoor Recreation Gross Output by Industry
                                                    [Percent Change]
                                               Bureau of Economic Analysis
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                             2013        2014        2015        2016        2017
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
     1                         All Industries                    1.1         1.4         3.1         1.7         2.7
     2                           Private industries              1.2         1.4         3.0         1.5         2.8
     3                             Agriculture,                 11.2         7.1         5.7        ^1.9        ^0.8
                                  forestry, fishing, and
                                  hunting
     4                              Farms                       12.2        11.1         6.2         6.3        ^1.7
     5                              Forestry, fishing,           8.6        ^3.2         4.2       ^22.8         2.2
                                   and related
                                   activities
     6                             Mining                      ^11.5        ^1.9       ^18.9        ^9.2        41.7
     7                              Oil and gas                  2.7        14.0        ^5.2         0.7         3.7
                                   extraction
     8                              Mining, except oil         ^20.6       ^18.1       ^30.0       ^18.1       113.3
                                   and gas
     9                              Support activities          ^9.9         7.5       ^33.0       ^16.5        11.2
                                   for mining
    10                             Utilities                     1.5       ^15.1         1.7         1.8        ^3.5
    11                             Construction                  0.1         0.8        13.4         7.3        ^2.1
    12                             Manufacturing                 3.5        ^0.2         1.4         1.8         3.1
    13                              Durable goods                6.5         1.6         1.4        ^0.4         7.7
    14                               Wood products               0.8         6.8         7.1         2.4         7.7
    15                               Nonmetallic mineral         1.0         0.2        ^2.2         2.4         2.7
                                    products
    16                               Primary metals            ^24.0        23.6       ^15.9        ^2.9         3.7
    17                               Fabricated metal           12.5        ^8.5        10.8         7.8        13.7
                                    products
    18                               Machinery                  ^5.9        ^4.8       ^16.0       ^33.4        28.9
    19                               Computer and               ^1.1        13.4        56.5       ^20.6         9.2
                                    electronic products
    20                               Electrical                ^11.8         3.0        ^6.5        ^8.8        ^2.3
                                    equipment,
                                    appliances, and
                                    components
    21                               Motor vehicles,            18.6         6.5         0.7         8.0         8.5
                                    bodies and trailers,
                                    and parts
    22                               Other                       6.3         5.6         3.5        ^1.6         5.3
                                    transportation
                                    equipment
    23                               Furniture and               6.5        ^5.9        ^5.6       ^12.1         0.4
                                    related products
    24                               Miscellaneous              ^1.8        ^9.0        ^0.3         3.9         2.1
                                    manufacturing
    25                              Nondurable goods             2.2        ^1.0         1.4         3.4        ^0.1
    26                               Food and beverage           1.3         0.6         1.4         3.3         0.3
                                    and tobacco products
    27                               Textile mills and         ^11.0         6.0         3.1         3.5         1.9
                                    textile product
                                    mills
    28                               Apparel and leather        ^2.7        ^4.1         2.9        29.6        13.6
                                    and allied products
    29                               Paper products             ^2.6         6.3        ^7.5        ^2.0         4.4
    30                               Printing and               ^2.5         4.1         3.1         1.9       ^14.1
                                    related support
                                    activities
    31                               Petroleum and coal          2.6        ^1.8         1.7         0.9        ^2.5
                                    products
    32                               Chemical products           6.6         2.8        ^0.9         1.3         0.9
    33                               Plastics and rubber        ^0.1        ^1.2         0.6         4.4        ^0.5
                                    products
    34                             Wholesale trade              ^5.5         3.5        ^1.6        ^3.4         1.2
    35                             Retail trade                  5.0         0.7         3.2         1.9         4.0
    36                              Motor vehicle and            0.1         0.3        18.2        13.4        16.7
                                   parts dealers
    37                              Food and beverage           ^1.6        ^0.1        ^0.4        ^1.2         1.0
                                   stores
    38                              General merchandise          8.4        ^1.6         2.3        ^2.8         0.3
                                   stores
    39                              Other retail                 5.5         1.4         1.8         1.5         3.0
    40                             Transportation and            1.9         3.6         5.1        ^1.0         2.7
                                  warehousing
    41                              Air transportation           1.9         3.3         7.2        ^0.6         1.4
    42                              Rail transportation         ^1.1         1.9        ^0.3         1.4         4.2
    43                              Water transportation         3.8         8.0         0.8        ^2.5         7.5
    44                              Truck transportation        ^1.0         1.8        ^1.9        ^1.7         0.7
    45                              Transit and ground           2.0         1.7         3.3        ^0.2         4.9
                                   passenger
                                   transportation
    46                              Pipeline                     0.7         1.3        10.0        ^3.7         0.2
                                   transportation
    47                              Other transportation         4.7         2.3         6.9        ^1.2         8.3
                                   and support
                                   activities
    48                              Warehousing and             ^0.2        ^3.2         1.6         5.7         1.5
                                   storage
    49                             Information                   1.5         4.6         4.6         6.3         8.0
    50                              Publishing                  ^5.4        ^0.5        ^0.3        ^3.4         7.2
                                   industries, except
                                   internet (includes
                                   software)
    51                              Motion picture and          ^7.0        ^0.6        11.2         7.7         1.1
                                   sound recording
                                   industries
    52                              Broadcasting and             6.7         8.5         5.0        10.5         6.0
                                   telecommunications
    53                              Data processing,             3.2         3.5        15.6        12.1        20.8
                                   internet publishing,
                                   and other information
                                   services
    54                             Finance, insurance,          ^0.9       ^10.1         7.2         4.7         1.2
                                  real estate, rental,
                                  and leasing
    55                              Finance and                 ^2.9         5.2         3.7         2.2         1.0
                                   insurance
    56                               Federal Reserve            ^1.8        ^3.3         6.5         1.3         0.3
                                    banks, credit
                                    intermediation, and
                                    related activities
    57                               Securities,                 0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
                                    commodity contracts,
                                    and investments
    58                               Insurance carriers         ^3.0         6.0         3.5         2.3         1.0
                                    and related
                                    activities
    59                               Funds, trusts, and          0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
                                    other financial
                                    vehicles
    60                              Real estate and             ^0.2       ^15.0         8.6         5.6         1.4
                                   rental and leasing
    61                               Real estate                ^1.2       ^20.7         7.6         2.2        ^0.8
    62                                Housing                   ^1.2       ^20.7         7.6         2.2        ^0.8
    63                                Other real estate        ^11.9         0.7         0.2         0.1        ^2.6
    64                               Rental and leasing          2.8         0.5        10.8        13.6         6.3
                                    services and lessors
                                    of intangible assets
    65                             Professional and              2.7         4.6         6.0         5.8         7.8
                                  business services
    66                              Professional,                2.5         9.6         5.2         7.7         8.3
                                   scientific, and
                                   technical services
    67                               Legal services              0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
    68                               Computer systems          ^19.2        ^2.5        19.3         2.4        10.0
                                    design and related
                                    services
    69                               Miscellaneous               3.4        10.0         4.8         7.8         8.3
                                    professional,
                                    scientific, and
                                    technical services
    70                              Management of                0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
                                   companies and
                                   enterprises
    71                              Administrative and           2.8         3.7         6.1         5.5         7.6
                                   waste management
                                   services
    72                               Administrative and          2.8         3.7         6.1         5.5         7.6
                                    support services
    73                               Waste management            0.6        12.4         6.3         3.0        ^2.6
                                    and remediation
                                    services
    74                             Educational services,        ^1.0         3.5         2.2         1.2         2.4
                                  health care, and
                                  social assistance
    75                              Educational services        ^0.8         3.4         1.9         0.8         2.3
    76                               Health care and            ^3.1         5.3         5.2         5.0         3.5
                                    social assistance
    77                               Ambulatory health           0.1         7.1         6.5         6.7         4.1
                                    care services
    78                                Hospitals                ^10.1         2.3         3.9         3.5         3.1
    79                                Nursing and              ^13.5         0.4        ^0.7         0.7         1.0
                                     residential care
                                     facilities
    80                                Social assistance          9.8         4.9         1.6        ^4.5         0.4
    81                             Arts, entertainment,         ^2.3         3.2         3.1         2.8         2.6
                                  recreation,
                                  accommodation, and
                                  food services
    82                              Arts, entertainment,         1.5         2.1         1.9         3.4         5.7
                                   and recreation
    83                               Performing arts,            1.2         3.7         1.3         3.3         3.9
                                    spectator sports,
                                    museums, and related
                                    activities
    84                               Amusements,                 1.6         1.6         2.2         3.5         6.5
                                    gambling, and
                                    recreation
                                    industries
    85                              Accommodation and           ^5.4         4.2         4.1         2.3        ^0.2
                                   food services
    86                               Accommodation               3.3         4.9         3.3         1.9        ^0.6
    87                               Food services and         ^15.5         3.2         5.1         2.9         0.4
                                    drinking places
    88                             Other services,              ^1.4         1.5         1.9         3.4         1.1
                                  except government
    89                           Government                     ^0.5         0.5         4.5         4.2         0.7
    90                             Federal                       3.6        ^6.9        ^0.6         3.0        ^1.0
    91                              General government           5.7        ^7.7        ^0.6         4.1        ^1.0
    92                               National defense           38.6         5.5        ^9.0         8.3         3.1
    93                               Non-defense                 5.7        ^7.7        ^0.6         4.1        ^1.0
    94                              Government                  ^8.9        ^1.7        ^0.6        ^5.0        ^0.7
                                   enterprises
    95                             State and local              ^1.0         1.5         5.1         4.3         0.9
    96                              General government          ^0.6         2.1         5.4         4.6         0.9
    97                              Government                  ^6.8        ^8.5        ^0.1        ^1.9         1.3
                                   enterprises
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

                   Table 27. Chain-Type Price Indexes for Outdoor Recreation Gross Output by Industry
                                               [index numbers, 2012 = 100]
                                               Bureau of Economic Analysis
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                 2012        2013        2014        2015        2016        2017
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
     1                   All Industries          100.000     101.416     102.558     100.234      99.990     102.211
     2                     Private               100.000     101.317     102.421     100.015      99.799     101.989
                          industries
     3                       Agriculture,        100.000     101.967      97.749      93.665      89.282      90.470
                            forestry,
                            fishing, and
                            hunting
     4                        Farms              100.000     101.224      94.434      88.622      82.843      83.636
     5                        Forestry,          100.000     104.010     107.572     109.112     110.243     113.073
                             fishing, and
                             related
                             activities
     6                       Mining              100.000      99.741      99.248      78.233      73.546      82.730
     7                        Oil and gas        100.000     104.978     110.516      69.456      62.322      82.229
                             extraction
     8                        Mining, except     100.000      94.276      88.888      84.193      80.618      78.486
                             oil and gas
     9                        Support            100.000     111.600     108.614     122.036     129.416     129.288
                             activities for
                             mining
    10                       Utilities           100.000     104.341     108.295     114.535     118.939     124.257
    11                       Construction        100.000     104.068     108.893     112.102     115.968     120.833
    12                       Manufacturing       100.000      99.374      97.797      82.580      77.408      82.101
    13                        Durable goods      100.000     102.096     103.493     104.723     105.088     106.120
    14                         Wood products     100.000     100.147      99.615     101.825     106.511     107.292
    15                         Nonmetallic       100.000     100.907     102.029     103.890     105.222     106.150
                              mineral
                              products
    16                         Primary           100.000     100.264     100.488     100.600      97.819      98.102
                              metals
    17                         Fabricated        100.000     107.757     108.630     108.455     107.513     108.986
                              metal products
    18                         Machinery         100.000     101.599     103.915     105.280     103.594     103.881
    19                         Computer and      100.000      97.878      98.063      92.842      83.761      82.903
                              electronic
                              products
    20                         Electrical        100.000     100.546     101.395     101.857     101.760     102.330
                              equipment,
                              appliances,
                              and components
    21                         Motor             100.000     102.337     104.299     106.488     107.965     110.448
                              vehicles,
                              bodies and
                              trailers, and
                              parts
    22                         Other             100.000     101.457     102.328     103.584     104.785     106.540
                              transportation
                              equipment
    23                         Furniture and     100.000     102.810     104.625     106.968     109.973     110.765
                              related
                              products
    24                         Miscellaneous     100.000     101.599     103.031     104.008     103.103      99.165
                              manufacturing
    25                        Nondurable         100.000      98.188      95.270      72.533      64.891      71.260
                             goods
    26                         Food and          100.000     101.606     105.681     104.712     102.176     103.072
                              beverage and
                              tobacco
                              products
    27                         Textile mills     100.000     104.731     106.578     106.716     107.265     107.819
                              and textile
                              product mills
    28                         Apparel and       100.000     102.701     102.980     104.003     104.942     106.620
                              leather and
                              allied
                              products
    29                         Paper             100.000      99.788      99.410      99.101      99.257      99.069
                              products
    30                         Printing and      100.000     100.481     101.170     101.438     101.738     102.604
                              related
                              support
                              activities
    31                         Petroleum and     100.000      96.652      91.231      58.600      48.011      56.900
                              coal products
    32                         Chemical          100.000     101.517     103.544     105.216     105.898     108.021
                              products
    33                         Plastics and      100.000     100.961     102.531     101.829     101.179     102.137
                              rubber
                              products
    34                       Wholesale trade     100.000     107.070     107.763     109.219     110.169     111.575
    35                       Retail trade        100.000     100.158     102.018     104.210     105.159     105.294
    36                        Motor vehicle      100.000     102.215     106.294     105.440     104.596     102.134
                             and parts
                             dealers
    37                        Food and           100.000     102.165     105.877     111.095     114.733     115.921
                             beverage stores
    38                        General            100.000      98.079      96.958      96.385      97.574      98.405
                             merchandise
                             stores
    39                        Other retail       100.000     100.217     102.363     105.381     106.323     106.665
    40                       Transportation      100.000     100.565     102.265      98.839      98.594     100.498
                            and warehousing
    41                        Air                100.000     100.296     102.570      97.275      95.253      97.559
                             transportation
    42                        Rail               100.000     103.129     104.518     102.943     102.335     105.435
                             transportation
    43                        Water              100.000      99.686      98.997      99.755     106.828     106.355
                             transportation
    44                        Truck              100.000     101.453     103.112     101.133     100.424     102.691
                             transportation
    45                        Transit and        100.000     102.623     102.757     103.830     106.640     108.084
                             ground
                             passenger
                             transportation
    46                        Pipeline           100.000     104.167     110.870     116.063     118.720     119.686
                             transportation
    47                        Other              100.000     101.316     102.592     104.683     107.550     109.837
                             transportation
                             and support
                             activities
    48                        Warehousing        100.000     101.453     103.049     101.094     100.331     102.527
                             and storage
    49                       Information         100.000     101.578     102.394     102.568     102.462     102.383
    50                        Publishing         100.000     102.147     103.521     104.681     106.412     107.962
                             industries,
                             except internet
                             (includes
                             software)
    51                        Motion picture     100.000     111.472     116.094     114.850     109.718     116.881
                             and sound
                             recording
                             industries
    52                        Broadcasting       100.000     100.607     100.935     100.705     100.031      98.658
                             and
                             telecommunicati
                             ons
    53                        Data               100.000     101.341     101.806     101.642     101.144     101.513
                             processing,
                             internet
                             publishing, and
                             other
                             information
                             services
    54                       Finance,            100.000     102.467     105.435     106.449     108.175     111.702
                            insurance, real
                            estate, rental,
                            and leasing
    55                        Finance and        100.000     102.033     103.567     105.497     109.522     114.660
                             insurance
    56                         Federal           100.000     104.095     105.923     107.365     110.554     113.004
                              Reserve banks,
                              credit
                              intermediation
                              , and related
                              activities
    57                         Securities,         0.000       0.000       0.000       0.000       0.000       0.000
                              commodity
                              contracts, and
                              investments
    58                         Insurance         100.000     101.854     103.364     105.333     109.425     114.780
                              carriers and
                              related
                              activities
    59                         Funds,              0.000       0.000       0.000       0.000       0.000       0.000
                              trusts, and
                              other
                              financial
                              vehicles
    60                        Real estate        100.000     102.610     106.104     106.755     107.606     110.526
                             and rental and
                             leasing
    61                         Real estate       100.000     102.832     106.094     109.878     114.004     118.354
    62                          Housing          100.000     102.833     106.094     109.879     114.006     118.356
    63                          Other real       100.000     102.151     105.820     107.900     110.025     112.350
                               estate
    64                         Rental and        100.000     101.996     106.048     100.099      94.502      94.804
                              leasing
                              services and
                              lessors of
                              intangible
                              assets
    65                       Professional        100.000     101.499     102.775     104.910     106.831     108.714
                            and business
                            services
    66                        Professional,      100.000     102.375     104.488     107.466     110.420     112.377
                             scientific, and
                             technical
                             services
    67                         Legal               0.000       0.000       0.000       0.000       0.000       0.000
                              services
    68                         Computer          100.000     107.136     110.036     108.304     103.191     106.377
                              systems design
                              and related
                              services
    69                         Miscellaneous     100.000     102.200     104.289     107.409     110.618     112.536
                              professional,
                              scientific,
                              and technical
                              services
    70                        Management of        0.000       0.000       0.000       0.000       0.000       0.000
                             companies and
                             enterprises
    71                        Administrative     100.000     101.352     102.485     104.472     106.210     108.080
                             and waste
                             management
                             services
    72                         Administrativ     100.000     101.352     102.485     104.472     106.210     108.080
                              e and support
                              services
    73                         Waste             100.000     107.857     104.949     105.651     106.833     111.679
                              management and
                              remediation
                              services
    74                       Educational         100.000     102.646     104.769     107.246     109.234     112.215
                            services, health
                            care, and social
                            assistance
    75                        Educational        100.000     102.729     104.846     107.500     109.648     112.848
                             services
    76                        Health care        100.000     101.818     104.008     104.710     105.144     106.064
                             and social
                             assistance
    77                         Ambulatory        100.000     102.225     104.617     104.426     103.821     103.878
                              health care
                              services
    78                         Hospitals         100.000     102.196     104.683     106.818     108.870     111.112
    79                         Nursing and       100.000     102.174     104.783     107.668     110.219     112.941
                              residential
                              care
                              facilities
    80                         Social            100.000      94.661      92.829      95.066      98.325     102.075
                              assistance
    81                       Arts,               100.000     101.949     104.613     107.739     110.106     111.875
                            entertainment,
                            recreation,
                            accommodation,
                            and food
                            services
    82                        Arts,              100.000     101.689     103.963     107.869     110.291     111.397
                             entertainment,
                             and recreation
    83                         Performing        100.000     102.235     104.911     110.988     114.463     116.875
                              arts,
                              spectator
                              sports,
                              museums, and
                              related
                              activities
    84                         Amusements,       100.000     101.494     103.622     106.737     108.778     109.417
                              gambling, and
                              recreation
                              industries
    85                        Accommodation      100.000     102.178     105.191     107.632     109.950     112.320
                             and food
                             services
    86                         Accommodation     100.000     102.119     105.506     107.709     109.896     112.055
    87                         Food services     100.000     102.253     104.732     107.512     110.015     112.680
                              and drinking
                              places
    88                       Other services,     100.000     102.959     105.223     107.942     110.254     114.185
                            except
                            government
    89                     Government            100.000     103.007     104.780     103.787     103.113     105.810
    90                       Federal             100.000     101.258     102.891     103.109     104.404     107.180
    91                        General            100.000     101.700     104.099     105.255     106.562     109.337
                             government
    92                         National          100.000      99.954     100.304     100.289      98.446      98.579
                              defense
    93                         Non-defense       100.000     101.700     104.100     105.255     106.563     109.338
    94                        Government         100.000      98.484      95.070      89.309      90.524      93.346
                             enterprises
    95                       State and local     100.000     103.238     105.029     103.890     102.987     105.675
    96                        General            100.000     103.240     105.073     103.741     102.673     105.388
                             government
    97                        Government         100.000     103.194     104.216     107.001     109.675     111.753
                             enterprises
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

          Table 28. Percent Changes in Chain-Type Price Indexes for Outdoor Recreation Gross Output by Industry
                                                    [Percent Change]
                                               Bureau of Economic Analysis
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                             2013        2014        2015        2016        2017
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
     1                         All Industries                    1.4         1.1        ^2.3        ^0.2         2.2
     2                           Private industries              1.3         1.1        ^2.3        ^0.2         2.2
     3                             Agriculture,                  2.0        ^4.1        ^4.2        ^4.7         1.3
                                  forestry, fishing, and
                                  hunting
     4                              Farms                        1.2        ^6.7        ^6.2        ^6.5         1.0
     5                              Forestry, fishing,           4.0         3.4         1.4         1.0         2.6
                                   and related
                                   activities
     6                             Mining                       ^0.3        ^0.5       ^21.2        ^6.0        12.5
     7                              Oil and gas                  5.0         5.3       ^37.2       ^10.3        31.9
                                   extraction
     8                              Mining, except oil          ^5.7        ^5.7        ^5.3        ^4.2        ^2.6
                                   and gas
     9                              Support activities          11.6        ^2.7        12.4         6.0        ^0.1
                                   for mining
    10                             Utilities                     4.3         3.8         5.8         3.8         4.5
    11                             Construction                  4.1         4.6         2.9         3.4         4.2
    12                             Manufacturing                ^0.6        ^1.6       ^15.6        ^6.3         6.1
    13                              Durable goods                2.1         1.4         1.2         0.3         1.0
    14                               Wood products               0.1        ^0.5         2.2         4.6         0.7
    15                               Nonmetallic mineral         0.9         1.1         1.8         1.3         0.9
                                    products
    16                               Primary metals              0.3         0.2         0.1        ^2.8         0.3
    17                               Fabricated metal            7.8         0.8        ^0.2        ^0.9         1.4
                                    products
    18                               Machinery                   1.6         2.3         1.3        ^1.6         0.3
    19                               Computer and               ^2.1         0.2        ^5.3        ^9.8        ^1.0
                                    electronic products
    20                               Electrical                  0.5         0.8         0.5        ^0.1         0.6
                                    equipment,
                                    appliances, and
                                    components
    21                               Motor vehicles,             2.3         1.9         2.1         1.4         2.3
                                    bodies and trailers,
                                    and parts
    22                               Other                       1.5         0.9         1.2         1.2         1.7
                                    transportation
                                    equipment
    23                               Furniture and               2.8         1.8         2.2         2.8         0.7
                                    related products
    24                               Miscellaneous               1.6         1.4         0.9        ^0.9        ^3.8
                                    manufacturing
    25                              Nondurable goods            ^1.8        ^3.0       ^23.9       ^10.5         9.8
    26                               Food and beverage           1.6         4.0        ^0.9        ^2.4         0.9
                                    and tobacco products
    27                               Textile mills and           4.7         1.8         0.1         0.5         0.5
                                    textile product
                                    mills
    28                               Apparel and leather         2.7         0.3         1.0         0.9         1.6
                                    and allied products
    29                               Paper products             ^0.2        ^0.4        ^0.3         0.2        ^0.2
    30                               Printing and                0.5         0.7         0.3         0.3         0.9
                                    related support
                                    activities
    31                               Petroleum and coal         ^3.3        ^5.6       ^35.8       ^18.1        18.5
                                    products
    32                               Chemical products           1.5         2.0         1.6         0.6         2.0
    33                               Plastics and rubber         1.0         1.6        ^0.7        ^0.6         0.9
                                    products
    34                             Wholesale trade               7.1         0.6         1.4         0.9         1.3
    35                             Retail trade                  0.2         1.9         2.1         0.9         0.1
    36                              Motor vehicle and            2.2         4.0        ^0.8        ^0.8        ^2.4
                                   parts dealers
    37                              Food and beverage            2.2         3.6         4.9         3.3         1.0
                                   stores
    38                              General merchandise         ^1.9        ^1.1        ^0.6         1.2         0.9
                                   stores
    39                              Other retail                 0.2         2.1         2.9         0.9         0.3
    40                             Transportation and            0.6         1.7        ^3.3        ^0.2         1.9
                                  warehousing
    41                              Air transportation           0.3         2.3        ^5.2        ^2.1         2.4
    42                              Rail transportation          3.1         1.3        ^1.5        ^0.6         3.0
    43                              Water transportation        ^0.3        ^0.7         0.8         7.1        ^0.4
    44                              Truck transportation         1.5         1.6        ^1.9        ^0.7         2.3
    45                              Transit and ground           2.6         0.1         1.0         2.7         1.4
                                   passenger
                                   transportation
    46                              Pipeline                     4.2         6.4         4.7         2.3         0.8
                                   transportation
    47                              Other transportation         1.3         1.3         2.0         2.7         2.1
                                   and support
                                   activities
    48                              Warehousing and              1.5         1.6        ^1.9        ^0.8         2.2
                                   storage
    49                             Information                   1.6         0.8         0.2        ^0.1        ^0.1
    50                              Publishing                   2.1         1.3         1.1         1.7         1.5
                                   industries, except
                                   internet (includes
                                   software)
    51                              Motion picture and          11.5         4.1        ^1.1        ^4.5         6.5
                                   sound recording
                                   industries
    52                              Broadcasting and             0.6         0.3        ^0.2        ^0.7        ^1.4
                                   telecommunications
    53                              Data processing,             1.3         0.5        ^0.2        ^0.5         0.4
                                   internet publishing,
                                   and other information
                                   services
    54                             Finance, insurance,           2.5         2.9         1.0         1.6         3.3
                                  real estate, rental,
                                  and leasing
    55                              Finance and                  2.0         1.5         1.9         3.8         4.7
                                   insurance
    56                               Federal Reserve             4.1         1.8         1.4         3.0         2.2
                                    banks, credit
                                    intermediation, and
                                    related activities
    57                               Securities,                 0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
                                    commodity contracts,
                                    and investments
    58                               Insurance carriers          1.9         1.5         1.9         3.9         4.9
                                    and related
                                    activities
    59                               Funds, trusts, and          0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
                                    other financial
                                    vehicles
    60                              Real estate and              2.6         3.4         0.6         0.8         2.7
                                   rental and leasing
    61                               Real estate                 2.8         3.2         3.6         3.8         3.8
    62                                Housing                    2.8         3.2         3.6         3.8         3.8
    63                                Other real estate          2.2         3.6         2.0         2.0         2.1
    64                               Rental and leasing          2.0         4.0        ^5.6        ^5.6         0.3
                                    services and lessors
                                    of intangible assets
    65                             Professional and              1.5         1.3         2.1         1.8         1.8
                                  business services
    66                              Professional,                2.4         2.1         2.9         2.7         1.8
                                   scientific, and
                                   technical services
    67                               Legal services              0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
    68                               Computer systems            7.1         2.7        ^1.6        ^4.7         3.1
                                    design and related
                                    services
    69                               Miscellaneous               2.2         2.0         3.0         3.0         1.7
                                    professional,
                                    scientific, and
                                    technical services
    70                              Management of                0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0         0.0
                                   companies and
                                   enterprises
    71                              Administrative and           1.4         1.1         1.9         1.7         1.8
                                   waste management
                                   services
    72                               Administrative and          1.4         1.1         1.9         1.7         1.8
                                    support services
    73                               Waste management            7.9        ^2.7         0.7         1.1         4.5
                                    and remediation
                                    services
    74                             Educational services,         2.6         2.1         2.4         1.9         2.7
                                  health care, and
                                  social assistance
    75                              Educational services         2.7         2.1         2.5         2.0         2.9
    76                              Health care and              1.8         2.2         0.7         0.4         0.9
                                   social assistance
    77                               Ambulatory health           2.2         2.3        ^0.2        ^0.6         0.1
                                    care services
    78                               Hospitals                   2.2         2.4         2.0         1.9         2.1
    79                               Nursing and                 2.2         2.6         2.8         2.4         2.5
                                    residential care
                                    facilities
    80                               Social assistance          ^5.3        ^1.9         2.4         3.4         3.8
    81                             Arts, entertainment,          1.9         2.6         3.0         2.2         1.6
                                  recreation,
                                  accommodation, and
                                  food services
    82                              Arts, entertainment,         1.7         2.2         3.8         2.2         1.0
                                   and recreation
    83                               Performing arts,            2.2         2.6         5.8         3.1         2.1
                                    spectator sports,
                                    museums, and related
                                    activities
    84                               Amusements,                 1.5         2.1         3.0         1.9         0.6
                                    gambling, and
                                    recreation
                                    industries
    85                              Accommodation and            2.2         2.9         2.3         2.2         2.2
                                   food services
    86                               Accommodation               2.1         3.3         2.1         2.0         2.0
    87                               Food services and           2.3         2.4         2.7         2.3         2.4
                                    drinking places
    88                             Other services,               3.0         2.2         2.6         2.1         3.6
                                  except government
    89                           Government                      3.0         1.7        ^0.9        ^0.6         2.6
    90                             Federal                       1.3         1.6         0.2         1.3         2.7
    91                              General government           1.7         2.4         1.1         1.2         2.6
    92                               National defense            0.0         0.3         0.0        ^1.8         0.1
    93                               Non-defense                 1.7         2.4         1.1         1.2         2.6
    94                              Government                  ^1.5        ^3.5        ^6.1         1.4         3.1
                                   enterprises
    95                             State and local               3.2         1.7        ^1.1        ^0.9         2.6
    96                              General government           3.2         1.8        ^1.3        ^1.0         2.6
    97                              Government                   3.2         1.0         2.7         2.5         1.9
                                   enterprises
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

                                  Table 29. Outdoor Recreation Compensation by Industry
                                              [Millions of current dollars]
                                               Bureau of Economic Analysis
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                 2012        2013        2014        2015        2016        2017
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
     1                   All Industries          177,963     179,837     186,169     195,635     203,145     213,441
     2                     Private               159,068     160,065     165,953     174,536     181,372     190,851
                          industries
     3                       Agriculture,          2,010       1,956       2,086       2,214       2,244       2,358
                            forestry,
                            fishing, and
                            hunting
     4                        Farms                1,582       1,470       1,627       1,651       1,816       1,896
     5                        Forestry,              428         486         459         563         428         462
                             fishing, and
                             related
                             activities
     6                       Mining                   81          72          61          51          48          69
     7                        Oil and gas              9           9          10          12          11           8
                             extraction
     8                        Mining, except          57          47          36          27          23          48
                             oil and gas
     9                        Support                 15          16          15          12          14          14
                             activities for
                             mining
    10                       Utilities                 0           1           0           1           1           1
    11                       Construction          3,421       3,317       3,498       3,602       4,018       4,465
    12                       Manufacturing        15,109      15,359      15,704      16,123      16,539      17,941
    13                        Durable goods        8,680       8,792       8,998       9,358       9,402      10,636
    14                         Wood products           1           1           1           1           1           1
    15                         Nonmetallic            18          18          18          18          19          18
                              mineral
                              products
    16                         Primary                 2           2           2           2           2           2
                              metals
    17                         Fabricated            736         826         801         920         926       1,215
                              metal products
    18                         Machinery             834         839         805         771         559         797
    19                         Computer and          286         267         307         469         339         413
                              electronic
                              products
    20                         Electrical            357         323         329         322         291         299
                              equipment,
                              appliances,
                              and components
    21                         Motor               1,644       1,700       1,696       1,691       1,839       2,651
                              vehicles,
                              bodies and
                              trailers, and
                              parts
    22                         Other               3,004       3,144       3,422       3,450       3,617       3,410
                              transportation
                              equipment
    23                         Furniture and          26          29          29          29          27          25
                              related
                              products
    24                         Miscellaneous       1,773       1,644       1,588       1,685       1,782       1,806
                              manufacturing
    25                        Nondurable           6,429       6,567       6,706       6,765       7,137       7,306
                             goods
    26                         Food and            1,908       1,996       2,134       2,182       2,318       2,240
                              beverage and
                              tobacco
                              products
    27                         Textile mills         227         208         227         232         249         231
                              and textile
                              product mills
    28                         Apparel and         1,853       1,847       1,845       1,797       1,985       2,106
                              leather and
                              allied
                              products
    29                         Paper                 125         118         127         120         119          86
                              products
    30                         Printing and           63          61          66          69          70          64
                              related
                              support
                              activities
    31                         Petroleum and       1,307       1,342       1,283       1,309       1,341       1,500
                              coal products
    32                         Chemical              839         887         914         943         934         953
                              products
    33                         Plastics and          108         107         109         112         120         125
                              rubber
                              products
    34                       Wholesale trade      11,364      11,038      11,610      12,260      11,984      12,168
    35                       Retail trade         44,085      45,357      45,731      47,717      48,207      49,804
    36                        Motor vehicle        3,504       3,462       3,525       3,896       4,223       4,637
                             and parts
                             dealers
    37                        Food and             3,636       3,712       3,800       4,007       4,056       4,148
                             beverage stores
    38                        General              9,955      10,428       9,979      10,199      10,158      10,250
                             merchandise
                             stores
    39                        Other retail        26,990      27,755      28,426      29,614      29,771      30,769
    40                       Transportation       15,496      16,292      16,943      18,680      20,187      21,373
                            and warehousing
    41                        Air                  9,731      10,268      10,919      12,403      13,762      14,806
                             transportation
    42                        Rail                   308         293         302         336         335         350
                             transportation
    43                        Water                1,275       1,467       1,480       1,559       1,600       1,700
                             transportation
    44                        Truck                2,014       2,057       2,063       2,113       2,106       2,180
                             transportation
    45                        Transit and          1,175       1,132       1,068       1,107       1,153       1,167
                             ground
                             passenger
                             transportation
    46                        Pipeline                54          49          48          64          68          69
                             transportation
    47                        Other                  926       1,011       1,049       1,082       1,146       1,081
                             transportation
                             and support
                             activities
    48                        Warehousing             14          14          14          15          16          20
                             and storage
    49                       Information             437         460         482         501         511         540
    50                        Publishing             209         209         211         223         214         219
                             industries,
                             except internet
                             (includes
                             software)
    51                        Motion picture          15          18          20          22          23          27
                             and sound
                             recording
                             industries
    52                        Broadcasting           174         188         203         199         212         216
                             and
                             telecommunicati
                             ons
    53                        Data                    40          45          48          57          62          78
                             processing,
                             internet
                             publishing, and
                             other
                             information
                             services
    54                       Finance,              3,405       3,311       3,182       3,480       3,571       3,804
                            insurance, real
                            estate, rental,
                            and leasing
    55                        Finance and          1,952       1,855       1,820       1,837       1,819       1,945
                             insurance
    56                         Federal               141         145         139         164         172         176
                              Reserve banks,
                              credit
                              intermediation
                              , and related
                              activities
    57                         Securities,             0           0           0           0           0           0
                              commodity
                              contracts, and
                              investments
    58                         Insurance           1,811       1,710       1,681       1,673       1,648       1,769
                              carriers and
                              related
                              activities
    59                         Funds,                  0           0           0           0           0           0
                              trusts, and
                              other
                              financial
                              vehicles
    60                        Real estate          1,453       1,456       1,363       1,643       1,751       1,859
                             and rental and
                             leasing
    61                         Real estate           564         579         459         488         503         525
    62                          Housing              562         578         457         487         501         524
    63                          Other real             1           1           1           1           1           1
                               estate
    64                         Rental and            890         876         904       1,155       1,249       1,334
                              leasing
                              services and
                              lessors of
                              intangible
                              assets
    65                       Professional          3,611       3,296       3,488       3,886       4,026       4,719
                            and business
                            services
    66                        Professional,          635         557         618         707         776         853
                             scientific, and
                             technical
                             services
    67                         Legal                   0           0           0           0           0           0
                              services
    68                         Computer               35          30          31          40          38          43
                              systems design
                              and related
                              services
    69                         Miscellaneous         600         526         587         667         739         810
                              professional,
                              scientific,
                              and technical
                              services
    70                        Management of            0           0           0           0           0           0
                             companies and
                             enterprises
    71                        Administrative       2,976       2,740       2,870       3,179       3,250       3,866
                             and waste
                             management
                             services
    72                         Administrativ       2,975       2,739       2,870       3,179       3,249       3,866
                              e and support
                              services
    73                         Waste                   0           0           0           0           0           0
                              management and
                              remediation
                              services
    74                       Educational           2,614       2,663       2,880       2,984       3,119       3,237
                            services, health
                            care, and social
                            assistance
    75                        Educational          2,342       2,393       2,599       2,686       2,808       2,914
                             services
    76                        Health care            271         270         282         297         312         324
                             and social
                             assistance
    77                         Ambulatory            164         170         179         188         199         208
                              health care
                              services
    78                         Hospitals              83          76          79          83          86          89
    79                         Nursing and            13          11          12          12          12          12
                              residential
                              care
                              facilities
    80                         Social                 11          13          13          14          14          14
                              assistance
    81                       Arts,                55,125      54,539      57,754      60,333      64,062      67,329
                            entertainment,
                            recreation,
                            accommodation,
                            and food
                            services
    82                        Arts,               27,743      28,812      30,819      31,688      34,120      36,203
                             entertainment,
                             and recreation
    83                         Performing          7,148       7,555       8,327       8,531       9,350       9,987
                              arts,
                              spectator
                              sports,
                              museums, and
                              related
                              activities
    84                         Amusements,        20,595      21,257      22,492      23,156      24,770      26,216
                              gambling, and
                              recreation
                              industries
    85                        Accommodation       27,383      25,726      26,935      28,645      29,942      31,125
                             and food
                             services
    86                         Accommodation      13,818      14,032      14,605      15,379      15,886      16,321
    87                         Food services      13,565      11,694      12,329      13,266      14,056      14,805
                              and drinking
                              places
    88                       Other services,       2,309       2,404       2,533       2,705       2,855       3,043
                            except
                            government
    89                     Government             18,896      19,772      20,216      21,099      21,773      22,590
    90                       Federal               1,992       2,148       2,049       2,038       2,147       2,188
    91                        General              1,726       1,864       1,778       1,786       1,904       1,933
                             government
    92                         National                0           0           0           0           0           0
                              defense
    93                         Non-defense         1,726       1,864       1,778       1,786       1,904       1,933
    94                        Government             266         283         270         252         243         255
                             enterprises
    95                       State and local      16,904      17,624      18,167      19,061      19,626      20,402
    96                        General             15,053      15,448      16,228      16,976      17,549      18,403
                             government
    97                        Government           1,851       2,177       1,939       2,086       2,077       1,998
                             enterprises
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

                                   Table 30. Outdoor Recreation Employment by Industry
                                       Thousands of full- and part-time employees
                                               Bureau of Economic Analysis
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                 2012        2013        2014        2015        2016        2017
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
     1                   All Industries            4,841       4,794       4,879       4,983       5,081       5,171
     2                     Private                 4,557       4,509       4,594       4,694       4,787       4,873
                          industries
     3                       Agriculture,             50          47          50          52          53          55
                            forestry,
                            fishing, and
                            hunting
     4                        Farms                   45          41          44          45          47          48
     5                        Forestry,                5           6           6           7           6           7
                             fishing, and
                             related
                             activities
     6                       Mining                    1           1           1           0           0           1
     7                        Oil and gas              0           0           0           0           0           0
                             extraction
     8                        Mining, except           1           0           0           0           0           0
                             oil and gas
     9                        Support                  0           0           0           0           0           0
                             activities for
                             mining
    10                       Utilities                 0           0           0           0           0           0
    11                       Construction             88          90          93         101         102         103
    12                       Manufacturing           227         231         230         235         244         256
    13                        Durable goods          128         134         133         137         144         159
    14                         Wood products           0           0           0           0           0           0
    15                         Nonmetallic             0           0           0           0           0           0
                              mineral
                              products
    16                         Primary                 0           0           0           0           0           0
                              metals
    17                         Fabricated              9          10          10          11          11          11
                              metal products
    18                         Machinery               9           9           8           8           6           7
    19                         Computer and            3           3           4           5           4           4
                              electronic
                              products
    20                         Electrical              5           4           4           4           4           4
                              equipment,
                              appliances,
                              and components
    21                         Motor                  34          38          38          40          47          58
                              vehicles,
                              bodies and
                              trailers, and
                              parts
    22                         Other                  39          41          42          43          46          50
                              transportation
                              equipment
    23                         Furniture and           1           1           1           1           1           0
                              related
                              products
    24                         Miscellaneous          28          27          26          26          26          25
                              manufacturing
    25                        Nondurable              99          97          97          97          99          97
                             goods
    26                         Food and               35          35          36          37          39          39
                              beverage and
                              tobacco
                              products
    27                         Textile mills           5           5           5           5           5           5
                              and textile
                              product mills
    28                         Apparel and            39          37          36          36          36          33
                              leather and
                              allied
                              products
    29                         Paper                   2           2           2           1           1           1
                              products
    30                         Printing and            1           1           1           1           1           1
                              related
                              support
                              activities
    31                         Petroleum and           7           7           6           7           6           6
                              coal products
    32                         Chemical                9           9           9           9           9           9
                              products
    33                         Plastics and            2           2           2           2           2           2
                              rubber
                              products
    34                       Wholesale trade         150         147         148         150         148         148
    35                       Retail trade          1,601       1,610       1,612       1,632       1,629       1,627
    36                        Motor vehicle           89          91          94          99         102         105
                             and parts
                             dealers
    37                        Food and               126         128         131         134         135         135
                             beverage stores
    38                        General                396         381         378         380         376         357
                             merchandise
                             stores
    39                        Other retail           990       1,010       1,010       1,019       1,016       1,031
    40                       Transportation          216         214         217         226         231         238
                            and warehousing
    41                        Air                    111         108         111         119         123         130
                             transportation
    42                        Rail                     3           3           3           3           3           3
                             transportation
    43                        Water                   13          14          14          15          15          15
                             transportation
    44                        Truck                   34          34          33          33          33          32
                             transportation
    45                        Transit and             29          28          27          27          27          27
                             ground
                             passenger
                             transportation
    46                        Pipeline                 1           1           1           1           1           1
                             transportation
    47                        Other                   25          26          27          28          29          29
                             transportation
                             and support
                             activities
    48                        Warehousing              0           0           0           0           0           0
                             and storage
    49                       Information               6           6           6           6           6           6
    50                        Publishing               4           4           4           4           3           3
                             industries,
                             except internet
                             (includes
                             software)
    51                        Motion picture           1           1           1           1           1           1
                             and sound
                             recording
                             industries
    52                        Broadcasting             2           2           2           2           2           2
                             and
                             telecommunicati
                             ons
    53                        Data                     0           0           0           0           0           0
                             processing,
                             internet
                             publishing, and
                             other
                             information
                             services
    54                       Finance,                 53          53          49          50          51          52
                            insurance, real
                            estate, rental,
                            and leasing
    55                        Finance and             18          17          16          16          15          16
                             insurance
    56                         Federal                 2           2           2           2           2           2
                              Reserve banks,
                              credit
                              intermediation
                              , and related
                              activities
    57                         Securities,             0           0           0           0           0           0
                              commodity
                              contracts, and
                              investments
    58                         Insurance              16          15          14          14          13          14
                              carriers and
                              related
                              activities
    59                         Funds,                  0           0           0           0           0           0
                              trusts, and
                              other
                              financial
                              vehicles
    60                        Real estate             35          36          33          34          35          36
                             and rental and
                             leasing
    61                         Real estate            14          14          10          10          10          10
    62                          Housing               14          14          10          10          10          10
    63                          Other real             0           0           0           0           0           0
                               estate
    64                         Rental and             21          22          23          24          25          26
                              leasing
                              services and
                              lessors of
                              intangible
                              assets
    65                       Professional             67          68          69          72          77          77
                            and business
                            services
    66                        Professional,           16          17          18          19          20          21
                             scientific, and
                             technical
                             services
    67                         Legal                   0           0           0           0           0           0
                              services
    68                         Computer                0           0           0           0           0           0
                              systems design
                              and related
                              services
    69                         Miscellaneous          16          17          18          19          20          21
                              professional,
                              scientific,
                              and technical
                              services
    70                        Management of            0           0           0           0           0           0
                             companies and
                             enterprises
    71                        Administrative          51          51          51          53          57          56
                             and waste
                             management
                             services
    72                         Administrativ          51          51          51          53          57          56
                              e and support
                              services
    73                         Waste                   0           0           0           0           0           0
                              management and
                              remediation
                              services
    74                       Educational              96         102         108         112         118         123
                            services, health
                            care, and social
                            assistance
    75                        Educational             91          98         103         108         113         118
                             services
    76                        Health care              4           4           4           5           5           5
                             and social
                             assistance
    77                         Ambulatory              2           3           3           3           3           3
                              health care
                              services
    78                         Hospitals               1           1           1           1           1           1
    79                         Nursing and             0           0           0           0           0           0
                              residential
                              care
                              facilities
    80                         Social                  0           0           0           0           0           0
                              assistance
    81                       Arts,                 1,941       1,880       1,948       1,994       2,065       2,123
                            entertainment,
                            recreation,
                            accommodation,
                            and food
                            services
    82                        Arts,                  870         892         938         953         999       1,036
                             entertainment,
                             and recreation
    83                         Performing             73          75          79          80          81          84
                              arts,
                              spectator
                              sports,
                              museums, and
                              related
                              activities
    84                         Amusements,           796         816         859         873         918         952
                              gambling, and
                              recreation
                              industries
    85                        Accommodation        1,071         988       1,010       1,041       1,066       1,088
                             and food
                             services
    86                         Accommodation         425         434         441         453         461         470
    87                         Food services         646         554         568         589         604         618
                              and drinking
                              places
    88                       Other services,          61          61          64          64          64          64
                            except
                            government
    89                     Government                284         285         285         289         294         297
    90                       Federal                  24          26          23          23          23          23
    91                        General                 24          26          23          23          23          23
                             government
    92                         National                0           0           0           0           0           0
                              defense
    93                         Non-defense            24          26          23          23          23          23
    94                        Government               0           0           0           0           0           0
                             enterprises
    95                       State and local         260         259         262         266         271         275
    96                        General                236         233         239         242         247         253
                             government
    97                        Government              23          26          23          24          24          22
                             enterprises
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

                        state level news release tables

                                Table 1. Outdoor Recreation Value-Added, Employment, and Compensation as a Percent of Total, 2017
                                                                  [Millions of current dollars]
                                                                   Friday, September 20, 2019
    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                                                       Total Outdoor
                                      Total Outdoor                            Total Outdoor                            Recreation
                                    Recreation Value-    Percent of Total       Recreation       Percent of Total      Compensation       Percent of Total
                                   Added (Thousands of    Value-Added \1\       Employment        Employment \1\       (Thousands of      Compensation \1\
                                         Dollars)                                                                        Dollars)
    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                 United States           427,189,444                 2.2           5,170,670                 3.4         213,440,905                  2.1
      Alabama....................          4,133,003                 2.0              62,647                 3.0           2,083,927                  1.8
      Alaska.....................          2,187,367                 4.2              22,677                 6.4           1,030,701                  3.8
      Arizona....................          8,654,150                 2.7             108,460                 3.8           4,327,385                  2.4
      Arkansas...................          2,887,050                 2.3              39,299                 3.1           1,390,053                  2.0
      California.................         52,120,252                 1.9             588,680                 3.3          27,383,466                  1.9
      Colorado...................         11,308,942                 3.3             146,178                 5.3           5,963,912                  3.1
      Connecticut................          3,594,652                 1.4              48,390                 2.8           1,923,607                  1.4
      Delaware...................          1,309,865                 1.8              18,485                 4.0             611,026                  1.9
      District of Columbia.......          1,623,489                 1.2              23,651                 3.0             977,279                  1.1
      Florida....................         42,183,230                 4.3             502,939                 5.6          20,690,183                  3.9
      Georgia....................         12,319,942                 2.2             144,203                 3.1           6,274,833                  2.1
      Hawaii.....................          4,794,590                 5.4              57,584                 7.9           2,437,813                  5.1
      Idaho......................          2,328,949                 3.2              33,831                 4.5           1,182,979                  3.0
      Illinois...................         14,725,840                 1.8             165,400                 2.7           7,737,696                  1.7
      Indiana....................          9,658,524                 2.8             108,535                 3.4           4,486,832                  2.4
      Iowa.......................          3,442,812                 1.9              48,185                 3.0           1,634,494                  1.8
      Kansas.....................          2,918,117                 1.8              39,776                 2.7           1,425,887                  1.7
      Kentucky...................          4,135,194                 2.1              53,632                 2.7           1,973,149                  1.8
      Louisiana..................          5,898,325                 2.5              59,460                 2.9           2,588,692                  2.1
      Maine......................          2,957,847                 4.8              40,720                 6.4           1,373,098                  3.8
      Maryland...................          7,058,582                 1.8              92,683                 3.3           3,746,066                  1.7
      Massachusetts..............          9,210,427                 1.7             111,609                 3.0           4,907,443                  1.6
      Michigan...................          9,954,756                 2.0             126,681                 2.8           4,755,614                  1.7
      Minnesota..................          9,638,553                 2.7             101,035                 3.4           4,505,794                  2.2
      Mississippi................          2,629,162                 2.4              33,111                 2.7           1,119,665                  1.9
      Missouri...................          6,761,351                 2.2              91,090                 3.1           3,586,118                  2.0
      Montana....................          2,381,709                 5.1              28,847                 5.9           1,068,201                  4.2
      Nebraska...................          2,273,407                 1.9              29,863                 2.9           1,095,738                  1.8
      Nevada.....................          4,462,542                 2.8              56,940                 4.2           2,239,107                  2.7
      New Hampshire..............          2,710,336                 3.3              37,818                 5.5           1,315,354                  2.9
      New Jersey.................         11,222,802                 1.9             139,017                 3.3           6,070,879                  1.9
      New Mexico.................          2,314,310                 2.5              33,486                 3.9           1,167,986                  2.4
      New York...................         26,299,866                 1.6             293,447                 3.0          14,178,838                  1.7
      North Carolina.............         11,936,052                 2.2             151,589                 3.3           5,758,490                  2.0
      North Dakota...............          1,208,579                 2.3              14,856                 3.3             542,894                  2.0
      Ohio.......................         10,167,019                 1.6             137,073                 2.4           5,348,251                  1.5
      Oklahoma...................          3,836,530                 2.0              47,096                 2.8           1,793,835                  1.8
      Oregon.....................          6,538,383                 2.9              86,529                 4.4           3,583,571                  2.8
      Pennsylvania...............         13,173,567                 1.8             173,588                 2.8           6,826,124                  1.7
      Rhode Island...............          1,391,601                 2.3              21,642                 4.3             748,122                  2.2
      South Carolina.............          6,853,918                 3.1             101,274                 4.7           3,466,434                  2.8
      South Dakota...............          1,341,806                 2.7              18,718                 4.1             615,661                  2.6
      Tennessee..................          7,342,537                 2.1             101,033                 3.3           3,707,056                  2.0
      Texas......................         34,565,594                 2.1             340,798                 2.7          14,285,680                  1.7
      Utah.......................          5,514,051                 3.3              75,143                 4.9           2,844,732                  3.2
      Vermont....................          1,468,493                 4.5              17,301                 5.3             612,583                  3.2
      Virginia...................          9,285,508                 1.8             128,407                 3.1           4,795,163                  1.6
      Washington.................         11,535,055                 2.2             128,991                 3.7           5,850,632                  2.2
      West Virginia..............          1,497,706                 2.0              22,202                 3.1             688,507                  1.8
      Wisconsin..................          7,785,344                 2.4              93,009                 3.1           3,889,401                  2.1
      Wyoming....................          1,647,761                 4.4              23,062                 8.0             829,955                  4.7
    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    \1\ Based on state level data published on bea.gov, GDP estimates were published on May 1, 2019, compensation estimates were published on March 26, 2019
      and employment estimates were published on September 25, 2018.
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis.

                                                                                   Table 2. Outdoor Recreation Value-Added by State, Selected Activities, 2017
                                                                                                             [Thousands of dollars]
                                                                                                           Friday, September 20, 2019
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                         Conventional                                                                                                                                                      All Other
                     Total Outdoor          Outdoor                                                                      Other Outdoor     Amusement Parks/   Festivals/Sporting      Game Areas          Supporting          Government
                      Recreation          Recreation        Boating/Fishing          RVing          Snow Activities       Recreation          Water Parks       Events/Concerts     (including Golf         Outdoor          Expenditures
                    Activities \1\        Activities                                                                      Activities                                                  and Tennis)         Recreation
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    United               427,189,444         130,843,864          20,886,503          16,887,771           5,646,013          82,401,718          11,858,821          14,143,242          18,470,569         191,428,668          22,515,194
     States
      Alabama              4,133,003           1,513,165             287,174             192,640              17,382             705,054              48,474              37,770             228,052           1,687,077             227,708
      Alaska               2,187,367             396,836              99,675              67,133              22,454             251,753              10,309               8,553              33,336           1,426,362             112,417
      Arizona              8,654,150           2,198,635             275,125             410,065              33,605           1,604,016              77,969             393,827             406,973           4,316,331             535,168
      Arkansas             2,887,050           1,169,862             245,991             125,510               4,871             440,253              36,367              40,479             144,598           1,107,668             169,267
      California          52,120,252          14,903,257           1,805,319           1,492,339             652,463          11,103,139           2,463,511           2,017,050           2,261,707          23,183,116           2,930,739
      Colorado            11,308,942           3,779,399             319,683             338,657           1,542,589           1,678,724             107,085             330,373             379,270           5,186,972             663,848
      Connecticu           3,594,652           1,473,762             280,836             100,671              57,557             742,060              53,472              55,665             247,065           1,203,746             175,083
       t
      Delaware             1,309,865             316,284              53,390              32,914               4,421             168,869              20,225              11,448              53,363             775,680              49,032
      District             1,623,489             182,503              29,630              10,124               2,104             266,267               9,138             144,003              22,579             856,311             318,408
       of
       Columbia
      Florida             42,183,230           8,823,495           2,692,393             936,806              38,143           9,938,871           4,652,634           1,158,660           1,826,905          21,881,235           1,539,629
      Georgia             12,319,942           3,565,188             542,342             351,011              20,616           2,178,995             192,305             322,345             566,169           6,081,781             493,978
      Hawaii               4,794,590             567,859             127,848              25,590               5,899             651,644              29,675              20,097             181,338           3,357,456             217,630
      Idaho                2,328,949             891,370             112,086             168,340              53,062             317,197              29,776              13,234              98,608             998,799             121,584
      Illinois            14,725,840           4,059,338             542,627             324,438              38,319           3,296,306             306,325             624,093             680,335           6,424,837             945,360
      Indiana              9,658,524           5,193,968             516,539           2,878,685              44,666           1,727,556              96,387             290,061             268,160           2,430,991             306,008
      Iowa                 3,442,812           1,389,040             139,288             373,661              13,838             722,578              45,760              56,268             164,808           1,159,670             171,523
      Kansas               2,918,117           1,019,262             128,938              90,201              11,752             594,558              33,804              21,233             164,844           1,111,376             192,921
      Kentucky             4,135,194           1,423,568             177,406             133,018               9,109             782,697              55,870              90,043             174,357           1,707,784             221,144
      Louisiana            5,898,325           1,732,372             317,086             232,828              49,347             771,031              61,229             202,510             142,639           2,979,713             415,209
      Maine                2,957,847             905,466             248,946             137,428              75,279             277,110              16,847              22,537              94,552           1,694,895              80,376
      Maryland             7,058,582           1,929,167             444,438             160,930              38,592           1,198,978              98,341             271,629             273,773           3,125,590             804,847
      Massachuse           9,210,427           2,862,275             561,534             166,855             124,803           2,177,186             119,437             477,173             622,702           3,818,889             352,077
       tts
      Michigan             9,954,756           3,271,515             735,330             488,864              73,329           2,074,983              86,816             327,382             523,178           4,159,714             448,544
      Minnesota            9,638,553           3,635,061             631,370             319,703             149,706           1,775,834             119,703             290,706             470,772           3,608,163             619,495
      Mississipp           2,629,162             891,794             114,900             101,986              21,077             377,259              24,866               7,477              95,054           1,163,174             196,936
       i
      Missouri             6,761,351           2,276,350             399,748             253,040              16,152           1,687,485             153,005             447,573             293,834           2,395,916             401,599
      Montana              2,381,709             753,790             134,869             132,604              76,189             387,345              13,115              18,072              98,954           1,117,209             123,365
      Nebraska             2,273,407             889,006              92,293              65,735               9,300             428,485              22,070              23,684             121,723             835,163             120,753
      Nevada               4,462,542           1,109,185             147,494             114,943              40,467             776,603              46,962             143,734             183,061           2,175,122             401,632
      New                  2,710,336           1,020,325             117,569             110,153             151,646             370,199              47,261              23,696             105,782           1,256,029              63,781
       Hampshire
      New Jersey          11,222,802           3,252,606             576,794             263,841              94,839           2,135,241             280,278             403,538             469,982           5,417,809             417,146
      New Mexico           2,314,310             634,520              58,572              89,462              85,949             244,833              23,108              13,573              67,115           1,206,577             228,380
      New York            26,299,866           8,505,481           1,087,834             528,351             173,532           5,329,389             269,502           1,686,377             967,921          10,985,837           1,479,158
      North               11,936,052           3,329,353             601,451             351,652              53,031           2,153,456             155,146             509,620             529,178           5,790,064             663,180
       Carolina
      North                1,208,579             414,008              65,609              58,319               6,244             186,838               7,009               4,440              44,902             480,304             127,429
       Dakota
      Ohio                10,167,019           3,509,001             495,138             599,483              66,173           2,533,501             304,237             527,545             589,166           3,481,007             643,510
      Oklahoma             3,836,530           1,259,053             182,524             235,995              12,636             618,359              48,862             105,046             133,048           1,726,174             232,944
      Oregon               6,538,383           2,472,405             298,462             457,202             129,346             887,025              61,760              98,147             215,549           2,797,936             381,017
      Pennsylvan          13,173,567           4,300,774             474,598             479,694             230,038           2,993,272             274,095             645,234             716,878           5,339,144             540,377
       ia
      Rhode                1,391,601             365,212             160,492              21,992               5,296             208,147              12,471              16,883              65,659             760,084              58,159
       Island
      South                6,853,918           2,162,875             434,601             384,926               6,649           1,014,010              86,955              61,192             364,333           3,352,219             324,815
       Carolina
      South                1,341,806             457,237              50,800              66,977              12,447             189,748              12,355               9,394              52,305             558,877             135,944
       Dakota
      Tennessee            7,342,537           2,473,242             596,524             298,012              43,827           1,440,669             145,710             323,178             294,560           3,038,362             390,262
      Texas               34,565,594          11,188,472           1,587,775           1,484,522             237,143           5,949,940             643,170             846,453           1,440,466          16,320,292           1,106,890
      Utah                 5,514,051           1,842,019             192,153             218,329             549,150             871,266              80,599             128,646             250,906           2,398,643             402,122
      Vermont              1,468,493             475,685              37,934              42,752             175,855             151,325               4,974               8,404              61,472             804,911              36,572
      Virginia             9,285,508           2,394,061             402,411             222,064              23,571           1,524,070             177,989             195,534             398,927           4,661,578             705,799
      Washington          11,535,055           3,455,420             662,066             372,139             220,871           2,626,855              85,754             377,657             422,593           4,858,624             594,157
      West                 1,497,706             451,005              64,201              42,200              24,564             189,716              18,965               7,728              47,311             721,408             135,577
       Virginia
      Wisconsin            7,785,344           3,422,687             495,037             272,915              76,388           1,546,930              82,615             280,390             368,694           2,477,944             337,782
      Wyoming              1,647,761             335,653              39,657              60,069              19,726             134,096               4,533               2,889              41,110           1,024,101             153,910
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    \1\ Total outdoor recreation activit[i]es includes core activities, supporting activities, and activities with secondary production that are designated as outdoor recreation.
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis.

                                                                                                       Table 3. Outdoor Recreation Value-Added by State, Selected Industries, 2017
                                                                                                                                 [Thousands of dollars]
                                                                                                                               Friday, September 20, 2019
    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                                                                                           Finance, insurance,
                                                          Total Outdoor          Private industries         Manufacturing             Retail trade         real estate, rental,     Arts, entertainment,    Accomodations and food     All other private            Government
                                                      Recreation Industries                                                                                    and leasing             and recreation              service                 industries
    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    United States                                                427,189,444              401,263,550               51,667,166               95,660,596               24,599,990               52,879,893               59,990,341              116,465,567               25,925,894
      Alabama                                                      4,133,003                3,868,776                  411,126                1,310,458                  224,647                  315,368                  745,847                  861,331                  264,227
      Alaska                                                       2,187,367                1,902,875                  133,404                  387,089                  135,789                  138,851                  414,822                  692,920                  284,492
      Arizona                                                      8,654,150                8,066,337                  360,525                2,116,316                  709,129                1,024,244                1,715,235                2,140,887                  587,813
      Arkansas                                                     2,887,050                2,697,898                  559,630                  787,842                  137,102                  207,343                  377,154                  628,826                  189,152
      California                                                  52,120,252               48,774,747                5,773,527               10,838,594                2,675,553                7,461,103                6,634,132               15,391,837                3,345,505
      Colorado                                                    11,308,942               10,541,979                  449,206                2,241,274                  878,328                1,788,763                2,150,763                3,033,643                  766,963
      Connecticut                                                  3,594,652                3,390,193                  451,906                  982,530                  205,969                  478,414                  402,647                  868,727                  204,459
      Delaware                                                     1,309,865                1,253,257                  112,658                  430,046                  134,604                   95,887                  316,596                  163,466                   56,607
      District of Columbia                                         1,623,489                1,274,056                    5,714                  232,081                   44,616                  183,978                  576,839                  230,828                  349,433
      Florida                                                     42,183,230               40,458,633                1,147,658                7,640,811                3,337,140                8,604,150                9,358,083               10,370,790                1,724,597
      Georgia                                                     12,319,942               11,752,952                1,234,272                2,456,209                  489,236                1,298,055                1,340,313                4,934,867                  566,990
      Hawaii                                                       4,794,590                4,547,173                  107,705                  665,996                  238,976                  317,556                1,278,773                1,938,168                  247,416
      Idaho                                                        2,328,949                2,191,639                  295,780                  695,638                  139,219                  206,892                  325,647                  528,461                  137,311
      Illinois                                                    14,725,840               13,660,892                1,894,583                2,840,819                  667,136                1,708,275                1,199,480                5,350,598                1,064,949
      Indiana                                                      9,658,524                9,314,465                4,738,520                1,739,953                  219,873                  705,935                  494,850                1,415,334                  344,058
      Iowa                                                         3,442,812                3,244,711                  744,066                  896,247                   96,639                  301,964                  294,473                  911,324                  198,101
      Kansas                                                       2,918,117                2,697,547                  684,153                  684,044                   86,645                  211,491                  322,902                  708,312                  220,570
      Kentucky                                                     4,135,194                3,880,834                  712,851                1,102,575                  156,872                  354,668                  473,982                1,079,887                  254,359
      Louisiana                                                    5,898,325                5,424,409                1,553,033                1,237,542                  237,811                  459,348                  547,295                1,389,382                  473,916
      Maine                                                        2,957,847                2,867,990                  328,022                  610,533                  401,661                  228,192                  986,874                  312,709                   89,857
      Maryland                                                     7,058,582                6,155,998                  279,759                1,743,814                  385,701                  813,696                1,193,063                1,739,966                  902,584
      Massachusetts                                                9,210,427                8,803,667                  982,280                1,940,554                  643,326                1,363,963                1,291,584                2,581,961                  406,760
      Michigan                                                     9,954,756                9,435,579                1,142,187                2,548,301                  892,593                1,085,448                1,170,175                2,596,875                  519,177
      Minnesota                                                    9,638,553                8,949,024                1,843,732                1,956,471                  553,258                  885,278                  656,192                3,054,092                  689,529
      Mississippi                                                  2,629,162                2,409,268                  647,087                  739,081                  123,513                  119,458                  319,220                  460,910                  219,894
      Missouri                                                     6,761,351                6,311,424                1,176,775                1,547,960                  354,856                  968,809                  716,288                1,546,737                  449,927
      Montana                                                      2,381,709                2,245,956                  194,459                  518,297                  140,878                  337,060                  509,882                  545,381                  135,754
      Nebraska                                                     2,273,407                2,135,018                  416,639                  546,354                   70,117                  181,077                  255,271                  665,560                  138,389
      Nevada                                                       4,462,542                4,020,274                   93,084                1,079,368                  218,216                  536,725                  682,962                1,409,919                  442,268
      New Hampshire                                                2,710,336                2,629,758                  317,346                  757,303                  294,166                  294,782                  602,650                  363,511                   80,577
      New Jersey                                                  11,222,802               10,744,273                  901,545                2,736,368                  903,195                1,460,630                1,347,769                3,394,764                  478,529
      New Mexico                                                   2,314,310                2,054,069                  122,001                  617,224                  185,928                  176,106                  595,921                  356,891                  260,241
      New York                                                    26,299,866               24,434,332                1,687,444                5,635,691                1,745,373                3,616,572                3,091,380                8,657,873                1,865,533
      North Carolina                                              11,936,052               11,181,670                1,513,993                2,798,488                  622,800                1,391,631                1,895,312                2,959,448                  754,382
      North Dakota                                                 1,208,579                1,064,864                   74,471                  378,362                   50,506                   79,538                  119,321                  362,666                  143,716
      Ohio                                                        10,167,019                9,432,595                1,620,087                2,667,856                  397,680                1,518,966                  694,283                2,533,724                  734,424
      Oklahoma                                                     3,836,530                3,568,921                  462,148                  998,936                  197,984                  384,577                  360,539                1,164,737                  267,609
      Oregon                                                       6,538,383                6,109,216                  561,501                1,568,294                  293,692                  561,962                1,217,677                1,906,089                  429,168
      Pennsylvania                                                13,173,567               12,534,629                1,679,625                3,073,179                  865,696                1,978,941                1,239,418                3,697,772                  638,938
      Rhode Island                                                 1,391,601                1,324,679                   91,310                  308,017                   76,209                  163,119                  420,202                  265,823                   66,922
      South Carolina                                               6,853,918                6,487,440                  855,561                1,702,804                  371,669                  560,882                2,061,767                  934,756                  366,478
      South Dakota                                                 1,341,806                1,193,064                   86,596                  360,369                   50,733                   93,594                  284,198                  317,575                  148,741
      Tennessee                                                    7,342,537                6,912,889                1,031,143                1,832,094                  322,063                  892,723                1,287,678                1,547,189                  429,648
      Texas                                                       34,565,594               33,278,498                7,283,778                8,488,429                1,308,366                3,385,750                2,230,830               10,581,345                1,287,097
      Utah                                                         5,514,051                5,065,651                  441,331                1,353,907                  402,922                  670,673                  849,359                1,347,458                  448,400
      Vermont                                                      1,468,493                1,422,689                  148,923                  294,569                  231,625                  150,214                  413,979                  183,382                   45,803
      Virginia                                                     9,285,508                8,470,711                  594,651                2,341,920                  428,290                  961,205                1,548,477                2,596,170                  814,797
      Washington                                                  11,535,055               10,846,978                1,547,813                2,781,151                  506,584                1,059,994                1,344,415                3,607,022                  688,077
      West Virginia                                                1,497,706                1,346,611                   99,649                  463,473                  110,069                  122,593                  251,044                  299,782                  151,095
      Wisconsin                                                    7,785,344                7,402,179                1,966,479                1,636,411                  584,357                  880,771                  742,139                1,592,021                  383,165
      Wyoming                                                      1,647,761                1,480,264                  105,430                  348,956                   50,680                   92,677                  640,641                  241,878                  167,497
    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    The estimates are based on the 2012 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS).
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis

                                                                                                       Table 4. Outdoor Recreation Employment by State, Selected Industries, 2017
                                                                                                                               Friday, September 20, 2019
    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                                                                                           Finance, insurance,
                                                          Total Outdoor          Private industries         Manufacturing             Retail trade         real estate, rental,     Arts, entertainment,    Accomodations and food     All other private            Government
                                                      Recreation Industries                                                                                    and leasing             and recreation              service                 industries
    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    United States                                                  5,170,670                4,873,294                  255,664                1,627,246                   51,860                1,035,899                1,087,555                  815,069                  297,376
      Alabama                                                         62,647                   58,757                    4,167                   24,498                      536                    8,835                   13,330                    7,391                    3,890
      Alaska                                                          22,677                   20,802                      202                    6,161                      179                    3,081                    6,645                    4,533                    1,875
      Arizona                                                        108,460                  102,631                    2,255                   33,386                    1,437                   19,829                   30,358                   15,366                    5,829
      Arkansas                                                        39,299                   36,950                    4,568                   13,633                      270                    6,337                    7,141                    5,002                    2,349
      California                                                     588,680                  554,550                   27,339                  169,229                    5,490                  123,559                  116,571                  112,362                   34,130
      Colorado                                                       146,178                  136,013                    2,645                   38,330                    2,738                   35,010                   37,188                   20,099                   10,165
      Connecticut                                                     48,390                   46,228                    1,496                   16,698                      579                   12,025                    7,968                    7,461                    2,162
      Delaware                                                        18,485                   17,944                      335                    7,719                      161                    2,314                    5,995                      (D)                      541
      District of Columbia                                            23,651                   21,312                      (D)                    3,907                       80                    1,584                   12,889                    2,097                    2,339
      Florida                                                        502,939                  488,810                   11,068                  124,273                    4,608                  128,529                  153,556                   66,776                   14,129
      Georgia                                                        144,203                  135,841                    8,637                   47,227                    1,280                   25,814                   25,229                   27,653                    8,362
      Hawaii                                                          57,584                   54,626                      484                   11,405                      472                    6,883                   22,012                   13,370                    2,958
      Idaho                                                           33,831                   32,073                    2,053                   12,066                      363                    7,071                    6,258                    4,262                    1,758
      Illinois                                                       165,400                  147,208                    7,662                   51,859                    1,780                   30,073                   24,094                   31,740                   18,192
      Indiana                                                        108,535                  104,160                   35,577                   30,163                      766                   16,089                   10,117                   11,448                    4,375
      Iowa                                                            48,185                   45,727                    7,720                   16,970                      371                    8,950                    5,544                    6,172                    2,458
      Kansas                                                          39,776                   36,383                    3,131                   14,636                      256                    6,805                    6,314                    5,240                    3,392
      Kentucky                                                        53,632                   50,641                    2,939                   20,130                      499                   10,287                    8,769                    8,017                    2,991
      Louisiana                                                       59,460                   55,079                    2,606                   21,441                      512                    8,930                   10,134                   11,456                    4,380
      Maine                                                           40,720                   39,498                    2,441                   10,512                      597                    7,429                   15,563                    2,956                    1,222
      Maryland                                                        92,683                   86,187                    1,549                   31,266                      875                   16,944                   22,522                   13,031                    6,496
      Massachusetts                                                  111,609                  108,041                    4,867                   32,757                    1,396                   25,303                   24,730                   18,989                    3,568
      Michigan                                                       126,681                  121,266                    5,660                   46,162                    1,527                   27,247                   21,514                   19,156                    5,415
      Minnesota                                                      101,035                   92,390                    7,943                   33,052                    1,206                   20,062                   12,302                   17,825                    8,645
      Mississippi                                                     33,111                   30,956                    2,559                   14,547                      231                    3,998                    6,150                    3,473                    2,154
      Missouri                                                        91,090                   84,360                    6,548                   31,331                      842                   18,369                   14,432                   12,839                    6,730
      Montana                                                         28,847                   27,589                      711                    8,387                      285                    6,406                    8,132                    3,668                    1,258
      Nebraska                                                        29,863                   27,996                    2,229                    9,785                      259                    5,876                    4,633                    5,213                    1,868
      Nevada                                                          56,940                   53,012                      615                   18,153                      495                    9,793                   14,425                    9,532                    3,927
      New Hampshire                                                   37,818                   36,902                    1,150                   13,022                      608                    7,952                   10,457                    3,712                      916
      New Jersey                                                     139,017                  131,008                    4,516                   47,518                    1,551                   27,370                   25,960                   24,092                    8,009
      New Mexico                                                      33,486                   30,883                      385                   10,933                      380                    5,423                   10,231                    3,531                    2,603
      New York                                                       293,447                  274,043                    9,046                   88,847                    2,939                   56,551                   57,011                   59,649                   19,404
      North Carolina                                                 151,589                  143,515                    7,472                   49,948                    1,226                   30,102                   33,952                   20,816                    8,074
      North Dakota                                                    14,856                   12,805                      230                    5,566                      104                    2,204                    2,378                    2,321                    2,051
      Ohio                                                           137,073                  125,846                    7,083                   49,016                    1,579                   33,818                   14,416                   19,932                   11,227
      Oklahoma                                                        47,096                   44,274                    2,275                   18,058                      479                    8,933                    6,819                    7,707                    2,821
      Oregon                                                          86,529                   81,082                    5,126                   25,744                      697                   13,440                   22,121                   13,954                    5,447
      Pennsylvania                                                   173,588                  164,944                    8,022                   56,906                    2,227                   45,789                   24,452                   27,549                    8,645
      Rhode Island                                                    21,642                   21,238                      785                    5,327                      180                    4,345                    8,126                    2,179                      404
      South Carolina                                                 101,274                   96,368                    5,726                   29,885                      697                   15,048                   36,663                    8,351                    4,906
      South Dakota                                                    18,718                   16,873                      510                    6,242                      103                    2,893                    4,810                    2,314                    1,845
      Tennessee                                                      101,033                   95,875                    6,233                   34,829                      876                   18,118                   23,524                   12,293                    5,158
      Texas                                                          340,798                  324,713                   14,184                  132,757                    3,352                   68,160                   44,093                   62,167                   16,085
      Utah                                                            75,143                   68,826                    3,833                   23,228                      980                   15,010                   14,921                   10,856                    6,317
      Vermont                                                         17,301                   16,918                      581                    5,589                      232                    2,154                    6,649                    1,713                      383
      Virginia                                                       128,407                  118,037                    2,437                   42,158                    1,042                   24,119                   30,251                   18,030                   10,370
      Washington                                                     128,991                  121,379                    7,209                   37,077                    1,097                   23,622                   26,729                   25,644                    7,611
      West Virginia                                                   22,202                   20,391                      274                    9,213                      185                    3,454                    4,944                    2,322                    1,812
      Wisconsin                                                       93,009                   89,052                    8,378                   29,528                    1,148                   21,389                   14,157                   14,451                    3,957
      Wyoming                                                         23,062                   21,291                      (D)                    6,172                       90                    2,572                   10,375                      (D)                    1,772
    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    (D) Data are suppressed to avoid disclosure of confidential information.
    The estimates are based on the 2012 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS).
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis.

                                                                                                      Table 5. Outdoor Recreation Compensation by State, Selected Industries, 2017
                                                                                                                                 [Thousands of dollars]
                                                                                                                               Friday, September 20, 2019
    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                                                                                           Finance, insurance,
                                                          Total Outdoor          Private industries         Manufacturing             Retail trade         real estate, rental,     Arts, entertainment,    Accomodations and food     All other private            Government
                                                      Recreation Industries                                                                                    and leasing             and recreation              service                 industries
    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    United States                                                213,440,905              190,850,673               17,941,414               49,803,996                3,804,191               36,203,459               31,125,464               51,972,151               22,590,232
      Alabama                                                      2,083,927                1,836,504                  167,396                  656,008                   35,002                  206,113                  383,589                  388,396                  247,424
      Alaska                                                       1,030,701                  855,609                   13,367                  202,798                   10,053                  100,387                  202,056                  326,951                  175,091
      Arizona                                                      4,327,385                3,911,667                  171,258                1,033,321                   87,207                  748,683                  881,278                  989,922                  415,717
      Arkansas                                                     1,390,053                1,234,191                  228,658                  380,557                   15,676                  155,889                  196,088                  257,324                  155,862
      California                                                  27,383,466               24,223,717                2,139,669                5,804,727                  429,890                5,275,931                3,432,888                7,140,612                3,159,749
      Colorado                                                     5,963,912                5,294,002                  186,924                1,200,145                  210,520                1,269,076                1,098,658                1,328,679                  669,910
      Connecticut                                                  1,923,607                1,756,921                  163,870                  523,014                   68,330                  339,726                  213,537                  448,444                  166,686
      Delaware                                                       611,026                  570,365                   25,609                  222,975                   10,668                   62,596                  169,369                   76,035                   40,661
      District of Columbia                                           977,279                  751,938                      (D)                  128,943                    6,099                  137,529                  338,136                      (D)                  225,341
      Florida                                                     20,690,183               19,566,765                  529,000                3,982,411                  298,301                5,411,340                4,720,704                4,625,008                1,123,418
      Georgia                                                      6,274,833                5,687,701                  541,765                1,392,935                   92,768                  849,054                  708,207                2,102,973                  587,132
      Hawaii                                                       2,437,813                2,237,381                   27,906                  351,466                   26,970                  217,816                  668,783                  944,442                  200,432
      Idaho                                                        1,182,979                1,071,911                  123,291                  379,802                   19,116                  161,860                  172,278                  215,563                  111,069
      Illinois                                                     7,737,696                6,571,896                  731,439                1,547,051                  178,949                1,197,759                  653,786                2,262,912                1,165,800
      Indiana                                                      4,486,832                4,236,457                1,955,843                  853,596                   52,943                  475,626                  262,233                  636,216                  250,375
      Iowa                                                         1,634,494                1,474,390                  342,683                  459,026                   26,988                  193,816                  152,537                  299,340                  160,103
      Kansas                                                       1,425,887                1,238,015                  215,912                  410,667                   19,322                  149,186                  173,319                  269,609                  187,872
      Kentucky                                                     1,973,149                1,771,477                  207,078                  528,650                   38,676                  301,065                  244,352                  451,655                  201,673
      Louisiana                                                    2,588,692                2,263,917                  294,475                  613,824                   34,860                  322,617                  285,247                  712,896                  324,775
      Maine                                                        1,373,098                1,293,114                  157,644                  313,821                   34,284                  182,207                  478,538                  126,619                   79,984
      Maryland                                                     3,746,066                3,167,505                  118,826                  935,491                   69,292                  601,959                  633,175                  808,763                  578,561
      Massachusetts                                                4,907,443                4,546,628                  487,878                1,056,129                  111,983                  958,112                  693,052                1,239,475                  360,815
      Michigan                                                     4,755,614                4,419,974                  412,051                1,363,076                  100,435                  827,337                  600,975                1,116,101                  335,640
      Minnesota                                                    4,505,794                3,945,849                  646,592                  969,545                  103,269                  643,558                  333,420                1,249,465                  559,945
      Mississippi                                                  1,119,665                  984,995                  162,806                  376,121                   12,568                   88,970                  167,905                  176,625                  134,670
      Missouri                                                     3,586,118                3,203,870                  462,395                  891,515                   57,478                  700,363                  380,455                  711,664                  382,248
      Montana                                                      1,068,201                  978,075                   55,391                  256,506                   13,520                  198,144                  250,047                  204,467                   90,125
      Nebraska                                                     1,095,738                  985,653                  168,047                  288,977                   20,613                  127,509                  132,343                  248,163                  110,085
      Nevada                                                       2,239,107                1,961,778                   37,992                  556,264                   29,493                  294,709                  385,311                  658,010                  277,329
      New Hampshire                                                1,315,354                1,255,150                  120,739                  399,670                   38,796                  198,070                  299,392                  198,483                   60,205
      New Jersey                                                   6,070,879                5,380,208                  361,543                1,523,860                  139,805                1,032,284                  722,952                1,599,764                  690,671
      New Mexico                                                   1,167,986                  966,658                   27,915                  325,587                   22,621                  126,951                  303,237                  160,347                  201,328
      New York                                                    14,178,838               12,108,598                  702,857                3,093,606                  244,301                2,314,439                1,618,258                4,135,136                2,070,240
      North Carolina                                               5,758,490                5,212,748                  434,113                1,411,882                   82,776                1,034,961                  979,248                1,269,768                  545,743
      North Dakota                                                   542,894                  449,310                   19,467                  174,464                    6,340                   54,058                   64,121                  130,861                   93,585
      Ohio                                                         5,348,251                4,529,076                  484,790                1,365,860                  130,263                1,070,871                  365,465                1,111,828                  819,174
      Oklahoma                                                     1,793,835                1,594,219                  129,849                  526,156                   33,557                  272,265                  188,872                  443,519                  199,616
      Oregon                                                       3,583,571                3,180,745                  274,546                  860,625                   44,450                  374,616                  633,061                  993,446                  402,826
      Pennsylvania                                                 6,826,124                6,021,655                  617,055                1,553,903                  164,706                1,415,369                  643,184                1,627,438                  804,469
      Rhode Island                                                   748,122                  710,837                   39,611                  171,309                   13,368                  121,237                  228,240                  124,185                   37,284
      South Carolina                                               3,466,434                3,154,607                  384,565                  869,506                   41,835                  358,725                1,073,339                  426,636                  311,827
      South Dakota                                                   615,661                  520,305                   35,646                  176,065                    5,796                   59,883                  138,167                  104,746                   95,356
      Tennessee                                                    3,707,056                3,375,504                  374,536                  988,271                   57,641                  589,153                  662,672                  703,232                  331,551
      Texas                                                       14,285,680               13,073,825                1,267,875                3,940,372                  248,482                2,286,128                1,161,087                4,169,882                1,211,855
      Utah                                                         2,844,732                2,539,561                  229,323                  726,438                   67,217                  448,569                  438,367                  629,647                  305,171
      Vermont                                                        612,583                  580,133                   44,766                  175,469                   13,435                   56,407                  205,948                   84,109                   32,449
      Virginia                                                     4,795,163                4,106,889                  146,074                1,202,353                   70,598                  694,592                  831,889                1,161,383                  688,274
      Washington                                                   5,850,632                5,153,886                  537,080                1,375,660                   73,490                  711,594                  727,135                1,728,927                  696,746
      West Virginia                                                  688,507                  600,895                   19,219                  242,725                    9,992                   81,427                  134,336                  113,192                   87,612
      Wisconsin                                                    3,889,401                3,591,160                  886,836                  830,992                   74,788                  634,183                  376,684                  787,679                  298,240
      Wyoming                                                        829,955                  702,435                      (D)                  189,858                    4,664                   68,739                  317,546                      (D)                  127,520
    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    (D) Data are suppressed to avoid disclosure of confidential information.
    The estimates are based on the 2012 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS).
    Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis

                                     ______

    Submitted Article by Hon. Chellie Pingree, a Representative in Congress
                                   from Maine

    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

    Unsung champs of carbon capture, small Maine woodlots can have big
            impact
    https://www.pressherald.com/2019/09/17/unsung-champs-of-carbon-capture-
    small-maine-woodlots-can-have-big-impact/
    Posted September 17
    Updated September 17

              Fires in the Amazon this summer have increased global
            awareness of the role of rainforests in tempering climate
            change. Less appreciated is the carbon storage capacity of
            forests like Maine's.

    By Tux Turkel (https://www.pressherald.com/author/tux-turkel), Staff
    Writer

    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Denny Gallaudet has been harvesting his woodlot in Cumberland
            for 40 years, mostly for firewood to heat his home, but has
            changed his management techniques to reduce carbon loss from
            the carbon-rich soil and carbon-banking trees. Derek Davis/
            Staff Photographer.

              This story is part of Covering Climate Now, a global
            collaboration of more than 220 news outlets to strengthen
            coverage of the climate story.

        Cumberland--The big, old pine isn't good for much, at least not
    financially. A legacy tree from 75 years ago when the rolling woodlands
    in this Portland suburb were hayfields, it's a landmark on Denny
    Gallaudet's 25 acre woodlot, its spindly, branch-studded trunk reaching
    like fingers toward the sky.

    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

        A logging contractor might suggest felling it for softwood chips.
    But to Gallaudet, the misshapen pine has a higher value. By his
    calculations, it's storing roughly 6 metric tons of carbon as it grows,
    keeping heat-trapping carbon dioxide out of Earth's warming atmosphere.
        Fires in the Amazon this summer have increased awareness of the
    role of rain forests in blunting climate change. Less appreciated is
    the carbon storage capacity of northern temperate forests, like the one
    covering most of Maine.
        Now Gallaudet, who's leading a team at Sierra Club Maine, is trying
    to figure out how the state's small woodlot owners can be encouraged to
    manage their land not only for income, wildlife and recreation, but to
    maximize carbon sequestration. Together, these local forests have the
    potential to become a world-class carbon sink, Gallaudet and other
    activists say.
        America's northern forest covers roughly 176 million acres and its
    growth has been increasing, according to the most recent USDA survey,
    in part because of reduced timber harvesting for the region's
    contracted paper industry. By some measures, today's forest is soaking
    up 1 to 2 tons of carbon per acre every year.
        As the state with the highest percentage of forest land in the
    nation, Maine is a critical vault in this carbon bank, removing and
    storing 1.4 pounds of carbon (https://www.mdf.org/wp-content/uploads/
    2019/04/MOG-FullReport2019-FNL.pdf) for every pound emitted by burning
    fossil fuels. Put another way, 5.5 acres of forest (https://
    www.epa.gov/energy/greenhouse-gas-equivalencies-calculator) can capture
    the annual emissions from one passenger car, according to the
    Environmental Protection Agency.
        But Gallaudet believes the small landowners who control 40 percent
    of Maine's 17.6 million acres are in a unique position to do more.
    Collectively, they could substantially offset the CO2
    emitted each year in Maine from cars, factories and energy production.
    Transformational Tactics
        To get there, many small owners would need to change the way they
    manage their land and embrace the practices of low-impact forestry.
        They'll have to leave more big, carbon-banking trees standing, like
    Gallaudet's old pine, as well as more dead trees. After a harvest,
    they'll need to leave more limbs and branches on the forest floor. Both
    will emit carbon, of course, but slowly, as they decay over time.
        Landowners also will need to employ logging methods that have less
    impact on the soil, where a surprising 50 percent carbon is stored. And
    in some instances, for some trees, they just shouldn't do any cutting.
        In the long run, this transformation will require changes in
    government policies and perhaps modifications to the nascent markets
    that offer financial rewards for storing carbon, so small owners can
    see value from carbon storage, just as they do from pulp, chips or saw
    logs.
        Right now, those financial incentives are largely absent for small
    woodlots, which in Maine tend to be less than 500 acres.
        ``We've struggled to find a way for small owners to participate in
    the carbon market,'' said Tom Doak, executive director of Maine
    Woodland Owners, whose members own a total of 500,000 acres. ``We've
    looked at this for years and so far can't make the numbers work.''
        But simply increasing awareness of how forests store carbon, Doak
    said, can lead owners to make changes.
        ``There is an educational role,'' he said.
    Earning Credit for Carbon
        One example is an upcoming presentation (http://www.mofga.org/The-
    Fair/Schedule) on carbon-capture forestry techniques, Sept. 21 at the
    Common Ground Fair. It will be led by Peter Hagerty, who serves on a
    low-impact forestry committee with the Maine Organic Farmers and
    Gardeners Association and logs 100 acres of woodland with draft horses.
    Hagerty said one challenge in making the transition will be for
    landowners and policy makers to agree on the science behind carbon-
    friendly harvesting techniques and not see it as a threat to jobs and
    traditional logging.
        ``I'm hopeful that the forest industry in Maine can adapt,'' he
    said.
    Carbon Cycle

    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Source: Minnesota Board of Soil and Water Resources, Staff
            Graphic D Michael Fisher.

        Managing woodlands for carbon capture isn't an entirely new idea.
    Some leading environmental groups with a presence in Maine, as well as
    the Passamaquoddy Tribe, have been pioneers in what's known as the
    carbon offsets markets.
        Based largely in California, these markets (https://
    californiacarbon.info/) require a landowner to maintain a certified
    level of carbon storage, typically for 100 years. In exchange, they get
    a given price-per-ton, which recently stood around $15. That's
    comparable to what they might get paid for stumpage, or timber sales.
    The credits are sold under what's called a cap-and-trade arrangement
    with utilities or petroleum companies, which buy them to offset their
    emissions and meet state mandates.
        In 2012, the Downeast Lakes Land Trust (https://downeastlakes.org/
    the-finite-carbon-lyme-grand-lake-stream-improved-forest-management-
    project/) completed the nation's first carbon credit sale. It finished
    a second project in 2016, earning millions of dollars to buy additional
    land for its conservation objectives around Grand Lake Stream. Similar
    sales have been done by the Appalachian Mountain Club and The Nature
    Conservancy. These projects total more than 200,000 acres.
        Maine's large, commercial timberland owners so far haven't embraced
    this model. In 2017, the Keeping Maine's Forest collaborative group
    surveyed several land managers and found that while they had explored
    the California market, they are holding off for now.
        The group's report (https://crsf.umaine.edu/wp-content/uploads/
    sites/214/2017/03/Carbon-Markets-in-Maine.pdf) found: ``While the up-
    front payout from carbon credits can be substantial and a good way to
    diversify income from forest land, the land managers found the costs,
    risks, and the 100 year commitment required by carbon projects not
    worthwhile at current credit prices.''
        These cost and time commitments present major hurdles for small
    owners. Gallaudet, a former bank President, estimated it would cost him
    $15,000 to have his woodlot's carbon storage certified to meet
    California standards, or even the less-valuable Regional Greenhouse Gas
    Initiative standards in the Northeast.
        ``To my knowledge,'' Gallaudet said, ``there are no lead certifiers
    in Maine either for California or RGGI. If small Maine landowners chose
    to forgo timber sales in favor of banking carbon, they currently have
    no way of monetizing the value they are creating in the form of
    sequestered metric tons of CO2.''
    Careful Stewardship

    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Denny Gallaudet uses low-impact forestry techniques to
            preserve as much of his woodlot's carbon storage as he can. He
            estimates his 25 acre lot has 39 tons of carbon per acre stored
            in its trees. Derek Davis/Staff Photographer.

        Gallaudet changed his management practices voluntarily; he thinks
    it's the right thing to do. He worked with a forestry consultant, who
    helped with the details. On a recent tour of his woodlot, Gallaudet
    highlighted some of the techniques he's using.
        Gallaudet's old farm includes a mixed stand of softwoods such as
    pine and hemlock, and hardwoods including, oak, maple and birch. The
    land is hilly and bisected by a small brook.
        Protecting the soil is a top priority. Gallaudet cuts four cords of
    firewood each year to help heat his home, and occasional saw logs, if a
    stand gets crowded. He uses a small Massey Ferguson tractor with rubber
    tires that don't chew up the forest floor. He works when it's dry in
    the fall. Shallow ruts are barely visible below the leaf litter, along
    an opening where he pulled out logs using a skidding winch mounted on
    the rear.
        Entering the woodlot, dappled sunlight lit the forest. Overhead,
    Gallaudet pointed to the tree canopy. He's careful not to cut too many
    trees in one place, which would let the soil dry out.
        During a conventional logging operation on a family woodlot, it's
    not unusual to clean up the branches and limbs left over from a
    harvest, to open the forest floor. Maybe they're sold to be burned in a
    biomass energy plant. Gallaudet keeps the slash, taking the time to
    create brush piles here and there across his land. They'll decompose
    slowly, providing homes for wildlife today and, in time, nutrients for
    the forest.
    Future Possibilities
        On a knoll, orange flagging tape is tied around trees in a sample
    plot, noting trunks more than 4" in diameter. That's a first step in
    estimating the volume or weight of a tree and how much carbon a forest
    can store, based on its species and other factors. Carbon calculators,
    (https://fsht.org/forestcarbonproject/forestcarbonproject-calculator/)
    such as one linked on the website of the Francis Small Heritage Trust
    in Limerick, make the task easier.
        Big hardwoods are denser and store the most carbon. Older stands
    capture more than new growth. Gallaudet's calculations show that his
    woodlot holds roughly 39 tons of carbon per acre, nearly eight times
    the carbon footprint of his home and small farm.
        Maine small landowners could join forces to maximize carbon storage
    and combine their acreage to take advantage of the offset markets, at
    least in theory. But the existing markets don't recognize so-called
    aggregation, so Sierra Club Maine and other advocates will be looking
    at other options in the months ahead.
        One idea could be to expand Maine's Tree Growth Tax, the 47 year
    old law that reduces property taxes for owners who keep at least 10
    acres in commercial timberland. But there are high financial penalties
    for removing land from the program, and Doak said the rules are
    constantly under assault by interest groups trying to modify them. He
    wonders if the Farm and Open Space Tax law, which values land at less
    than fair market value if certain requirements are met, might be a
    better vehicle.
        Another model could be the credits that some major corporations use
    to offset their power consumption, by getting a percentage of their
    energy from wind power, for instance. Hagerty foresees the possibility
    of Maine companies partnering with small woodlot owners, buying local
    credits to offset their carbon footprint.
        ``In a state where people know each other well, that could be
    possible,'' he said.
                                     ______

    Submitted Letter by Hon. Kim Schrier, a Representative in Congress from
                                   Washington
    April 1, 2019

      Hon. Betty McCollum,
      Chairwoman,
      House Appropriations Subcommittee on Interior, Environment, and
        Related Agencies,
      Washington, D.C.;

      Hon. David Joyce,
      Ranking Minority Member,
      House Appropriations Subcommittee on Interior, Environment, and
        Related Agencies,
      Washington, D.C.

        Dear Chairwoman McCollum and Ranking Member Joyce:

        I am writing requesting your support for watershed restoration and
    addressing backlogs of road and trail maintenance on our National
    Forests by appropriating $50 million in funding for the Forest Service
    Legacy Roads and Trails Remediation Program (CMLG).
        Since its authorization in FY 2008, the Legacy Roads and Trails
    program has significantly enhanced the Forest Service's ability to
    address key problems associated with its aging and poorly maintained
    road system. This includes repairing roads and trails needed for public
    access, replacing failed or undersized culverts to improve aquatic
    passage and retire unneeded roads to prevent sediment pollution from
    entering waterways important for salmon, trout, and other aquatic
    species. The program delivers funds to address road problems in real
    time, which enables the Forest Service to efficiently plan, design, and
    implement restoration treatments. It is a critical tool for leveraging
    non-Federal funds resulting in stronger projects and enhanced community
    engagement. And because funds primarily go to actual work on the
    ground, Legacy Roads and Trails creates high wage jobs for contractors,
    including those who specialize in stream restoration, environmental
    design, and heavy equipment operation.
        From 2008-2018, this unique bipartisan program has invested over
    $430 million to the following tangible and accountable results on our
    National Forest watersheds:

       Maintained and/or storm-proofed 18,057 miles of needed
            roads, helping Americans get where they wish to go on Forest
            Service lands;

       Reclaimed 7,053 miles of unneeded roads, preventing sediment
            from entering streams, many of which supply drinking water to
            rural and urban towns and cities;

       Replaced 1,030 culverts restoring fish passage to 1,671
            miles of habitat, aiding the recovery of fish species important
            to restoration goals, Tribal communities and sportfishing
            enthusiasts;

       Improved 5,020 miles of trails, keeping the $535 million
            National Forest recreation industry going strong;

       Created or maintained 697-1,115 jobs annually across the
            nation, bringing dollars and jobs into rural communities;

       Saved America's taxpayers $3.5 million per year in road
            maintenance costs, promoting a more sustainable Forest Service
            road system in the future.

        In Washington, D.C. we've seen an interest in rebuilding America's
    infrastructure. During these conversations we ask that you encourage
    your colleagues to consider the proven track record of success from the
    Legacy Roads and Trails program as a model. The program helps adapt the
    road system to a more manageable size over time, reducing fiscal and
    environmental burdens and enabling the Forest Service to ensure better
    and more reliable access. It focuses on the key areas where projects
    improve up and downstream connections for salmon, improve water quality
    and ensure road/trail resilience in a changing climate. It's a simple
    solution to a formidable problem. But it needs funding to succeed.
        FY19 was the first year that the Legacy Roads and Trail program was
    not specifically funded despite making a difference for Forest Service
    watersheds, fish habitat, recreational infrastructure and local jobs
    for a decade.
        We ask for your support of the program by reinstating Legacy Roads
    and Trails as a separate line item in the Fiscal Year (FY) 2020
    Interior-Environment Appropriations Bill with a $50M allocation. This
    is a small down payment on the growing problem impacting how people
    access and experience public lands.
                Sincerely,

    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

    Hon. Kim Schrier.
                                     ______

                              Submitted Questions
    Response from Lenise Lago, Associate Chief, U.S. Forest Service, U.S.
            Department of Agriculture
    Questions Submitted by Hon. Abigail Davis Spanberger, a Representative
            in Congress from Virginia
        Question 1. Associate Chief Lago, how does the Forest Service
    calculate and classify deferred maintenance?
        Answer. The Forest Service determines deferred maintenance for each
    asset based on condition assessments conducted at different intervals
    depending on the asset. During these assessments, staff collects
    information on maintenance and repair needs. Condition surveys for most
    assets are performed on a 5 year revolving schedule, except for road
    bridges. Road bridges are required to be inspected every 2 years in
    accordance with the National Bridge Inspection Standards. Deferred
    maintenance for National Forest System (NFS) roads for passenger cars
    is determined bi-annually from a random sample. Deferred maintenance
    for high clearance/closed roads is not reported at this time.

        Question 2. The Forest Service periodically assesses the condition
    of its assets in order to estimate deferred maintenance. Please provide
    detail on how the agency conducts these assessments, including whether
    they differ for the various asset classes (e.g., roads versus
    facilities) and the frequency of the assessments.
        Answer. The procedures to conduct condition assessments varies
    between assets. The assessments occur as follows:

       Facilities--Assessments are generally done every 5 years.
            Assessments are conducted following the enclosed guidance (see
            Facilities Condition Assessment Field Training Guide [see
            Attachment 1]);

       Roads--A random sample of road segments is surveyed every 2
            years using the Deferred Maintenance Protocols for Roads
            (enclosed [see Attachment 2]); and

       Road Bridges--Inspection reports are done every 2 years as
            required by the National Bridge Inspection Standards. Detailed
            procedures on how to conduct these inspections can be found in
            the Bridge Inspection Guide (BIG).

       Trails--A random sample of 1% of Forest Service trails that
            are Trail Class 1-4 are assessed each year via the Trail
            Assessment and Condition Surveys. All Class 5 trails, those
            that are most highly developed, are surveyed every 5 years.

        Question 3. The Forest Service receives funding to address deferred
    maintenance from several sources. They include discretionary accounts
    (e.g., Capital Improvement and Maintenance), mandatory appropriations
    (e.g., recreation fees), and other agencies (e.g., the Federal Highway
    Administration). Please identify all sources of funding that are used
    for deferred maintenance, and the total from all funding sources used
    in FY 2018.
        Answer. The Forest Service uses different sources of funding to
    address deferred maintenance including direct appropriations to the
    Capital Improvement and Maintenance account, and external allocations
    from the Federal Highway Administration's Federal Lands Transportation
    Program and Federal Lands Access Program. The Agency also uses
    partnerships to accomplish some of the deferred maintenance work
    including cost-share agreements with counties and states, volunteer
    work on trail improvement, and via the Good Neighbor Authority. Total
    spending from all sources was approximately $230 million in 2018 to
    address deferred maintenance directly.

        Question 4. Associate Chief Lago, can you speak to the role
    individual forests, regional foresters, and headquarters will play in
    prioritizing maintenance projects moving forward?
        Answer. Prioritization of routine maintenance, including annual
    maintenance, and small non-recurring maintenance projects will continue
    to be identified, prioritized and managed at the forest level with the
    Regional Forester providing guidance and allocating funding based on
    the Agency's priorities. The role of the Washington Office is to
    communicate agency priorities and develop national policies and
    standards to help determine where appropriated dollars should be
    allocated for deferred maintenance projects that target larger agency
    goals.

        Question 5. In the past, Forest Service has needed to transfer
    funds from other accounts to help cover the costs of wildfire
    suppression. The wildfire funding fix, however, is intended to
    eliminate some of the need for fire transfer and is set to take effect
    in FY 2020. Has fire transfer affected the Forest Service's ability to
    address maintenance needs? If so, in what ways might the wildfire
    funding fix alleviate those concerns?
        Answer. In the past, funds for maintenance were transferred to
    firefighting efforts usually during the summer season, which is also
    the time that most of the Agency's maintenance activities are scheduled
    to occur, when there are an increased number of seasonal staff for
    oversight of activities and favorable weather conditions. When fire
    transfers from capital maintenance accounts occurred, planned
    maintenance activities were deferred to the following year continuing
    the never-ending cycle of deferring maintenance. The wildland fire
    suppression funding fix should allow maintenance projects to proceed as
    planned, allowing for less deferred maintenance to accumulate.

        Question 6. How can the Forest Service enhance public-private
    partnerships to address deferred maintenance projects? What is the
    staffing level assigned to work on public-private partnerships, how has
    that changed in recent years, and is the current staffing level
    sufficient to foster and manage additional partnerships?
        Answer. With a $5.2 billion deferred maintenance backlog, the
    Forest Service recognizes new approaches are needed to address deferred
    maintenance and infrastructure priorities on NFS lands. The Agency is
    placing a major emphasis on building capacity for public-private
    partnerships, with partnership coordinators assigned to every Forest
    Service region, and an increasing number of National Forests
    designating specific partnership positions. While we do face staffing
    capacity challenges due to a workforce that has migrated into wildland
    fire related work, partnerships are increasingly important to
    accomplish our mission.
        Trails maintenance is already highly leveraged within the Forest
    Service to maximize maintenance and infrastructure funds. Furthermore,
    the Forest Service engages a robust volunteer community that annually
    contributes 4.7 million hours of work valued at $120,000,000 with the
    help of 110,000 individuals.
        Limited capacity to meet competing priorities continues to
    challenge the Forest Service to find new ways to meet the needs of an
    aging infrastructure. Conservation finance, through Pay for Success and
    other funding models, has proven promising in recent pilot projects, as
    a way of bringing private sector funding to local recreation projects.
    Growing our skills and staffs in partnership collaboration will allow
    us to foster new and innovative ways to accomplish work. For example, a
    collaborative of local governments in Athens County, Ohio, industry
    partners, nonprofits, Quantified Ventures and the Wayne National Forest
    are funding sustainable recreation infrastructure by introducing the
    first-ever Outdoor Recreation Environmental Impact Bond. Together, the
    partners are developing the 88 mile Baileys Trail System on the Wayne
    National Forest to revitalize the rural economy of southeast Ohio. The
    Baileys Trail System will utilize a mix of new and existing trail
    infrastructure on and adjacent to the National Forest to provide new
    access to public lands and create new jobs within the Athens County
    tourism industry. The Forest Service has partnered with the U.S.
    Endowment for Forestry and Communities to implement a grant fund that
    hopes to replicate the Baileys Trail System model, among other types of
    conservation finance projects, in additional communities that rely on
    the National Forest System.
    Questions Submitted by Hon. Marcia L. Fudge, a Representative in
            Congress from Ohio
        Question 1. Ms. Lago, what are the existing pathways for hiring Job
    Corps students into the Forest Service?
        Answer. The Forest Service is committed to connecting our Job Corps
    Civilian Conservation Centers directly to our mission and continuously
    improving the performance of our centers and our student outcomes. The
    current pathways for hiring our Job Corps students include:

       Public Lands Corps Act. The Public Land Corps (PLC) allows
            any student completing 640 hours of special conservation
            project work under a Natural Resource Agency to apply for a
            merit vacancy announcement (open to current Federal employees
            and others with competitive eligibility) for up to 2 years upon
            program completion. Eligible candidates can be selected for
            permanent positions and are provided career-conditional
            appointments.

       Pathways Program. Students attending any of our five
            accredited Job Corps Centers may qualify for the Pathways
            special hiring authority if their specific trades align with an
            applicable Forest Service position. A student selected under
            the Pathways Intern Program must complete 640 paid work hours
            and additional training upon Job Corps graduation to be
            eligible for conversion into a permanent or Term Forest Service
            position. The 640 hours must be performed on a unit-school
            program hours do not count toward eligibility. In addition,
            students who have completed an accredited trades program within
            the last 2 years or are within 9 months of graduation may be
            selected under the Pathways Recent Graduate Program for a
            Forest Service position. Those who have not yet graduated will
            be appointed upon graduation.

       Schedule A or Veterans Recruitment Action (VRA). Students
            who qualify for Schedule A (disability hiring) or VRA may be
            hired non-competitively, by applying to a vacancy announcement
            or other recruitment avenues, such as non-competitive direct
            appointment.

       Direct Hire Authority for Firefighters. On August 8, 2019,
            the Office of Personnel Management authorized the Forest
            Service to use a direct hire authority to assist in meeting
            critical hiring needs in support of the FY 2020 wildland
            firefighting season. This authority enables the Forest Service
            to streamline the hiring process for permanent and temporary
            firefighting positions. Every civilian conservation center
            supports a wildland fire program, training students to serve as
            firefighters. Eligible, qualifying students can be hired
            directly upon graduation into Federal firefighter positions.

        Question 1a. What does that process look like for a Job Corps
    student?
        Answer. Every center has a student advisor who assists students in
    creating their resumes and applying for positions under the PLC
    authority or any other authority they qualify for when applying for a
    Forest Service job. To date, the PLC program has resulted in over 200
    students completing internships that led to receiving a non-competitive
    hiring authority preference. Of those students, approximately 20 have
    been placed into permanent, full-time positions with the Forest
    Service.

        Question 1b. Are students made aware of opportunities within the
    Forest Service?
        Answer. Yes. Students who are interested in Forest Service careers
    learn about those opportunities through the Job Corps Program. Students
    compete for internship opportunities with the Forest Service, and if
    they are successful, they complete a 4 month work experience and
    receive non-competitive application preference status. This status
    gives students a competitive advantage for permanent Forest Service
    positions.

        Question 2. You mentioned that the Forest Service is interested in
    working with OPM to create a direct hiring authority for Job Corps
    students. What is the status of this effort currently?
        Answer. The Forest Service Job Corps National Office is working to
    assemble and approve the appropriate materials through USDA and OPM
    that will provide:

       Direct hiring authority for Job Corps graduates under the
            Public Land Corps Authority that is similar to the direct
            hiring authority available for Resource Assistants.

       Special hiring authority for Job Corps graduates that is
            similar to the special hiring authority for AmeriCorps and
            Peace Corps.

        Question 3. What activities are Civilian Conservation Corps
    students trained to assist with? How does that help to reduce the
    deferred maintenance backlog?
        Answer. Student trades include a variety of construction,
    information technology, and natural resource trades. Construction
    trades include carpentry, facilities maintenance, masonry, bricklaying,
    painting, welding, operation of heavy equipment, and floor-covering.
    Center students perform work on their local unit. In the last 2 years,
    this work has contributed a total of almost $3 million in deferred
    maintenance projects.

        Question 4. You mentioned that the Forest Service is interested in
    expanding the conservation trades to all of the Job Corps centers. When
    do you expect to make that expansion? What impact could that have on
    the deferred maintenance backlog?
        Answer. Currently ten trades directly align with Forest Service
    conservation work, including forestry, fire suppression, and dispatch.
    The Forest Service is working to increase the alignment through an
    expansion of conservation-related training curricula. Centers will also
    work directly with their local National Forests to fully integrate
    their curricula into the Forest's annual program of work. In addition,
    each Center will be represented on their local National Forest's
    leadership team and will participate in the planning of work for the
    districts in their forest. Students will take part in work-based
    learning on National Forests and in communities, including facilities
    maintenance. The value of these projects could eventually add up to
    millions of dollars but will still be far less than what would be
    needed to appreciably slow the growth of deferred maintenance across
    the agency.
        We welcome the opportunity to update the Committee on our efforts
    to strengthen Job Corps.
    Question Submitted by Hon. Tom O'Halleran, a Representative in Congress
            from Arizona
        Question. In Arizona, road and trail repair needs account for
    nearly 50% of the deferred maintenance backlog on Federal lands. Lack
    of road and trail access to Federal public lands reduces visitation and
    limits opportunities for recreation, impacting the economy of gateway
    communities. Understanding this, our local governments have stepped up
    to play their part in maintaining roads and other access points. 70% of
    the 2,100 vehicles using Lake Mary road each day are due to
    recreational traffic. For nearly a century, Coconino county has
    maintained this road through a combination of funds, including local
    taxes. Has the Forest Service explored similar partnerships with local
    governments and does the forest service see this or other existing
    partnerships as potential models for tackling deferred maintenance?
        Answer. The cooperative road maintenance agreement as described
    above is widely used on Forest Service transportation systems across
    the country. This mechanism is actively used and promoted to allow
    other public entities to participate in maintenance of routes critical
    to local communities. Other methods of public-public partnerships are
    also employed and encouraged by the Forest Service. One example of
    these partnerships is the agreement between the Tennessee Valley
    Authority (TVA) and the Forest Service under which TVA performs
    inspections of Forest Service road bridges to meet the requirement
    under the National Bridge Inspection Standards for a quality assurance
    check of Forest Service road bridges by an external agency.
    Questions Submitted by Hon. Chellie Pingree, a Representative in
            Congress from Maine
        Question 1. The Forest Service has an FY 2020 list of 25 Land and
    Water Conservation Fund priority projects for acquisition, and 22 for
    Forest Legacy. These projects would likely be funded under anticipated
    appropriations for next year, but the agency has unmet needs beyond the
    current list of projects. Based on need alone, how many acquisition and
    Forest Legacy projects would the agency need to pursue? Can your agency
    quantify the backlog, and say how many projects beyond the list could
    improve management and reduce costs, if LWCF was more fully funded?
        Answer. Each year, Forest Legacy Program (FLP) projects are
    selected through a two-stage competitive process. The first stage is
    state-level identification and approval. After a project is selected at
    the state level, the second stage is a national level project review
    conducted by a panel of representatives from states participating in
    the FLP and the Forest Service. This two-stage process results in high-
    quality projects that are supported both locally and nationally.
        For FY 2020, 36 projects, with a total request of $123 million,
    were submitted for consideration through the FLP. Some of these
    projects received funding when FY 2019 appropriations were enacted,
    while some of the proposed projects were no longer viable.
        Maine has been an active participant in the FLP at 741,000 acres.
    In terms of funds, Maine has received $76,061,534, which is second only
    to Montana, which has received $77,405,533.
        For land acquisition, the Forest Service works with a variety of
    non-governmental organizations and willing sellers from the general
    public. In Fiscal Year 2020, Congress appropriated $57,639,000 for
    purchase of lands from willing sellers in 18 states. The acquisition
    projects are prioritized based on: (1) the significance of the
    acquisition; (2) the urgency of the acquisition; (3) management
    efficiencies; (4) management cost savings; (5) geographic distribution;
    (6) threats to the integrity of the land; and (7) the recreational
    value of the land. The Forest Service's nine regions hold competitions
    to cull the projects from units within the region's National Forests
    and Grasslands, then submit top projects to the Washington Office (WO)
    for a national competition. The WO competition results in a smaller
    list of projects that is submitted to Congress, which determines the
    amount of appropriations for the projects.

        Question 2. Based on budget documents that I have received from
    USDA, I understand the Forest Service spent $3.3 million on the climate
    hubs in 2016, which I think is great, but the 2019 estimate is
    $400,000. Given the challenges that we are dealing with, why is there
    such a big drop, and do you see those as a valuable part of what you
    are doing?
        Answer. In FY 2016, the Forest Service allocated $3.3 million for
    Climate Hubs. The Forest Service allocated $1.85 million per year for
    both FY 2017 and FY 2018. In FY 2019, Climate Hub allocation was $1.665
    million and has been budgeted to remain at this level for FY 2020. The
    funding drop is reflective of prioritization of urgent forest
    restoration program and project work. However, the agency continues to
    support many important initiatives through our multiple Research and
    Development programs.
    Questions Submitted by Hon. Cynthia Axne, a Representative in Congress
            from Iowa
        Question 1. The Forest Service supplies water for agriculture and
    communities and is a major economic driver for many forest dependent
    communities. In fact, National Forest System lands are the nation's
    largest source of municipal drinking water supply, serving more than 66
    million people. Ms. Lago, please speak to the importance of these
    systems to the environment, public health, and safety. Can you speak to
    the current condition of Forest Service water systems?
        Answer. The Forest Service continues to foster conditions for
    clean, abundant water to help ensure the productive and sustainable use
    of National Forest System lands. The Agency emphasizes reforestation
    and revegetation efforts. Restoring ecosystems ensures that vital
    amenities, such as clean water, are available to society. In FY 2018,
    the Agency targeted investments in the National Best Management
    Practices Program to improve tools to meet agency requirements under
    the Clean Water Act and other statutes to protect clean water. The
    program made advancements to increase the speed and accuracy of use and
    sharing of data with state water quality agencies, the Environmental
    Protection Agency, and other partners.
        The Forest Service owns and operates over 4,700 drinking water
    systems, of which over 30% are in poor or fair condition. Thirty-six
    percent of all drinking water systems are more than 50 years old with
    escalating repair costs every year. With a current water system
    deferred maintenance backlog of $93 million, the impact of not
    addressing this will affect the ability for the public and employees to
    access recreation facilities, fire, administration and other
    facilities.

        Question 2. We recognize that restoration and maintenance of our
    National Forests can be a source of long-term, sustainable jobs in
    rural communities. Studies have indicated that for every $1 million
    spent on forest watershed restoration, 14.5 jobs can be generated. Can
    you provide references to studies documenting the impact of
    infrastructure improvements on jobs?
        Answer. Federal agencies examined job contributions of
    infrastructure improvements with the American Recovery and Reinvestment
    Act of 2009 (ARRA) consistent with goals of the act, specifically, to
    preserve and create jobs and stimulate economic recovery. Further, USDA
    agencies used a common general framework for estimating the potential
    effects of the ARRA using concepts and techniques embodied in a tool
    called IMPLAN. Infrastructure investments by USDA Rural Development in
    community facilities, water and waste, rural business support, single
    family housing support, broadband and Rural Development Salary resulted
    in 16 jobs per $1 million invested (USDA NRCS, 2010). Infrastructure
    investments by USDA Farm Service Agency in information technology
    resulted in 22 jobs per $1 million invested (USDA NRCS, 2010). A 2010
    study partially funded by the Forest Service indicated that forest and
    watershed restoration activities have the potential to create an
    average of 14 jobs per $1 million invested (M. Nielsen-Pincus and C.
    Moseley, 2010). A more recent study published by the Public Library of
    Science, cites up to 33 jobs per $1 million invested from environmental
    restoration, restoration-related conservation, and mitigation actions
    (BenDor, et al., 2015). Infrastructure investments by USDA Natural
    Resource Conservation Service in floodplain, dam and other projects
    resulted in 220 jobs per $1 million invested (USDA NRCS 2010). Recent
    examination of Forest Service investment in over $3 billion in
    infrastructure indicates that 35,000 to 38,000 jobs annually could be
    sustained across the nation, or 11 to 12 jobs per $1 million invested
    (USDA Forest Service, 2017). In addition, a 2017 analysis of Forest
    Service resource management investments ($5.9 billion) in program areas
    such as infrastructure construction and maintenance, firefighting,
    ecosystem restoration, research and development, fuels treatments, Job
    Corps, salaries, etc. contributed 120,620 jobs across the nation; or 20
    jobs per $1 million invested (USDA Forest Service, 2019).
    References
        BenDor, T. et al. ``Estimating the size and impact of the
    ecological restoration economy,'' PLoS ONE, 10 (6) (2015): e0128339.
        M. Nielsen-Pincus and C. Moseley. Economic and Employment Impacts
    of Forest and Watershed Restoration in Oregon, 2010. Available from
    Oregon State University at https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/
    bitstream/handle/1794/10776/WP24.pdf?sequence=1.
        USDA NRCS 2010. Job Creation Estimates for Rural Development, FSA,
    and NRCS Items in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act. Available
    from NRCS at https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/
    technical/econ/tools/?cid=nrcs143_009732.
        USDA Forest Service 2017. Briefing Paper on Forest Service
    Infrastructure Improvement Opportunities.
        USDA Forest Service 2019. Briefing Paper on Forest Service Jobs and
    GDP Economic Contribution. Supporting the FY2020 Budget Justification.
    Questions Submitted by Hon. Kim Schrier, a Representative in Congress
            from Washington
    Capital Improvement Plan Projects
        Question 1. What considerations are made to narrow down the list of
    projects submitted that meet the national priorities outlined?
        Answer. The primary considerations for selecting and ranking
    capital improvement projects are how the projects support our current
    priorities including the following benefit areas: active management,
    access to recreation, economic benefits, fire operations, environment
    and sustainability, and research and technology. In addition, project
    criticality and readiness are also considered when scheduling
    implementation.

        Question 2. Are Regions allocated a percentage of the CIP budget
    based on need, miles of road, acres of Forest Service land? Or are
    simply the top number of projects funded?
        Answer. Regions are allocated funds for operations and maintenance
    based on a distribution formula that includes miles of roads,
    visitation, timber volume targets and others. Since 2017, the Forest
    Service has set aside a small portion of the Capital Improvement and
    Maintenance (CI&M) account for Roads and Facilities to fund competitive
    Capital Improvement Plan (CIP) and Decommissioning projects.

        Question 3. Given that the states with the highest concentration of
    deferred repairs are: California, Montana, Idaho, Oregon, Colorado, and
    Washington, respectively, will these states be allocated larger
    proportion of the CIP budget due to their needs?
        Answer. In general, these states get a large portion of CI&M
    funding for operations and maintenance. However, the national CIP
    project competition focuses on project specific cost-benefit ratio
    rather than accumulated deferred maintenance. The reduction of deferred
    maintenance as result of implementing a project is a desired outcome.

        Question 4. How are Regional priorities considered? For example, in
    Region 6, if improving Chinook salmon habitat and removing fish passage
    barriers is of utmost priority, what weight will that be given in the
    national priorities?
        Answer. The CIP model used to rank and prioritize project uses
    quantitative metrics and criticality scoring. Although the regional
    ranking of projects is not used in the calculation of the final score,
    it would be taken into consideration. Before finalizing the CIP list of
    projects for each fiscal year the Asset Management Review Board (AMRB)
    would make necessary adjustments to ensure that regional and national
    priorities are in alignment.
    Legacy Roads and Trails Program
        Question 5. What direction are you providing to Regional Offices to
    Legacy Roads and Trails program projects are implemented and tracked?
        Answer. While the Legacy Roads and Trails Program was retired from
    our budget line items starting in FY 2018, the Forest Service continues
    to plan, implement and track projects which meet the goals of this
    formerly dedicated funding mechanism.

        Question 6. Is the USFS continuing to track and report annual
    accomplishments under the program?
        Answer. The Forest Service continues to track accomplishments from
    transportation projects that improve watershed conditions, including
    bettering streams for water quality and aquatic organisms.

        Question 7. Across National Forest lands in OR/WA, 6,000 stream
    miles are designated as critical habitat for federally listed fish, and
    5,550 stream miles have been listed as water quality impaired under the
    Federal Clean Water Act of 1972. What management improvements does the
    USFS need to make to ensure waters are removed from the listings?
        Answer. The Forest Service established a Watershed Condition
    Framework to provide a consistent, comparable, and credible process for
    improving the health of watersheds on National Forests and Grasslands
    in 2011. The Pacific Northwest Region continues to focus on the
    priority watersheds and choose projects to fund that improve watershed
    conditions, including bettering streams for water quality and aquatic
    organisms.

        Question 8. How will the USFS meet its obligations to protect water
    quality and salmon in my state?
        Answer. The Pacific Northwest Region continues to leverage existing
    and new partnerships to invest in watershed improvement projects that
    address water quality and aquatic organism passage.
    Questions Submitted by Hon. Jimmy Panetta, a Representative in Congress
            from California
        Question 1. The Nacimiento-Fergusson Road is a 24 mile long Forest
    Service road in the Los Padres National Forest. When Big Sur residents
    face inclement weather like mudslides and wildfires that cause road
    failures on Highway 1, the Nacimiento-Fergusson road is the only way
    they can get out of the Big Sur region. After storms in 2017 that shut
    down Highway 1, there were hundreds of people who had no way to get out
    of Big Sur. At the same time, the Nacimiento-Fergusson road has
    suffered as a result of the Forest Service's maintenance backlog.
    Associate Chief Lago, once the Wildfire Funding Fix is implemented in
    Fiscal Year 2020, would you be willing to continue this dialogue and
    work with me to ensure the Big Sur community can access much-needed
    funding to for deferred maintenance on their roads?
        Answer. Yes, the implementation of the Wildfire Funding Fix is
    going to allow the agency to be more efficient in addressing
    infrastructure needs and to better plan long term solutions to address
    the deferred maintenance backlog.

        Question 2. In Los Padres National Forest, our deferred maintenance
    exceeds $24 million. My question is where does that lie relative to
    other National Forests?
        Answer. Los Padres National Forest deferred maintenance is
    consistent with other National Forests. We have enclosed a file with
    more detailed information on the deferred maintenance for all units of
    the National Forest System [see Attachment 3].

        Question 3. The State of California prides itself on technological
    innovation. I am consistently impressed when I see the innovation in
    our agricultural fields, from robotic harvesters to agricultural drones
    that monitor crop growth. Can you speak to any Forest Service
    investments in technology, including drones, satellites, and fire
    surveillance cameras?
        Answer. The Forest Service is actively involved in leveraging
    leading edge technology to support decision-making at all levels of the
    Forest Service from the field, to the regional offices, and to the
    Washington Office. The FY 2021 Forest Service budget proposes $5
    million to be used to implement the Wildfire Technology Modernization
    section of the Dingell Conservation and Management Act (2019).
    Implementation includes the development of a common, single display of
    all fire resources and will significantly increase accountability for
    how the agency uses assets. This will allow the agency to monitor,
    analyze, and evaluate how tactical decisions and resource utilization
    influences incident outcomes. This information will create a feedback
    loop, allowing the agency to learn where, when, and how resources are
    most effective. When combined with the Risk Management Assistance
    framework, technology modernization for fire resources will enable
    improvement in the efficient use of agency resources through early,
    risk-based decision-making with State and local partners and through
    transparent deployment of assets. The Forest Service is accelerating
    adoption of new technologies to modernize the wildland fire system,
    consistent with direction provided in the Dingell Act. Technology is
    key not only for real-time incident management, but also to be able to
    learn where and when resources are most effective. That learning will
    be key for improved deployment in the future that will reduce risk to
    responders and be more cost-effective. Investments in technology
    include (among others):

       UAS (drones). The Forest Service began evaluating UAS in
            2003, and we now have an established Forest Service--UAS
            Program Office to manage, support and expand the use of this
            revolutionary capability. We are actively leveraging UAS
            technologies to support a number of business needs including
            fire/disaster support, engineering fieldwork (infrastructure
            inspection and assessment), invasive species mapping, and
            environmental cleanup. The Forest Service has also started
            testing the use of drones to perform bridge inspection. The use
            of UAS provides new data streams, saves time, and improves
            personnel safety in the field.

       Satellite Imagery. The Forest Service heavily leverages the
            use of imagery from Federal-civil and commercial satellites to
            support traditional mapping (paper and digital maps) and fire/
            disaster support. The remote sensing community continues to
            evaluate and incorporate new sensor data streams as they come
            online. The Forest Service is a significant user of commercial
            high-resolution satellite imagery, which is provided at no cost
            to Federal-civil agencies by the National Geospatial-
            Intelligence Agency.

       Fire Surveillance Cameras. Federal, state and local fire
            managers are increasingly relying on both airborne and ground
            (fixed) fire surveillance cameras. The Forest Service is
            actively pursuing automated smoke detection in the networked
            ground surveillance cameras, as well as the use of UAS, new
            thermal infrared cameras and the use of national systems to
            support improved fire detection (and reporting) and active fire
            management.
    Questions Submitted by Hon. Doug LaMalfa, a Representative in Congress
            from California
        Question 1. Timber receipts have been down. Back years ago, we are
    looking at 1991, we could see that there is $680 million in timber
    receipts, of which ten percent goes directly towards forest roads, and
    it is also very important, those receipts, for local schools and roads
    under what is the Secure Rural Schools Fund. And so, now you want $680
    million in receipts, and more recently, it is down to $21 million. So,
    it would seem to me we could be going farther if we had the timber
    receipts for the road maintenance for that ten percent.
        Would you comment upon that?

        Question 1a. Do you know that number now compared to the $680
    million not-inflation-adjusted 1991 number?
        Answer 1-1a. The 2014-2018 5 year average of timber receipts was
    $32.8 million (see Table [1] below), as compared to the $686.6 million
    sold, $845.7 million in receipts, and $84.57 million in ``Purchaser
    Road Credits'' in 1991. This 5 year average is roughly 4% of the 1991
    timber receipts. In 1991, the Forest Service changed from collecting
    ``Purchaser Road Credits'' to the ``Specified Road Costs'' approach to
    maintaining Forest Service Roads above the standards necessary for
    timber harvest. As in the past, where the road maintenance credits were
    10% of the receipts, we are very close to that same rate today, as we
    calculate the road costs to be 9% of total receipts.

                                        Table 1. Total Timber Receipts 2014-2018
                                                  [millions of dollars]
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                                         2014-2018
         Timber            2018            2017            2016            2015            2014           Average
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Class 1--Timber            40.83           33.22           29.96           29.93           30.04           32.80
    KV Revenue                 60.38           68.13           57.61           56.80           50.80           58.74
    Specified Road             14.61           15.06           15.48           14.70            9.60           13.89
     Costs
    Timber Salvage             40.06           36.69           35.83           36.69           35.14           36.88
     Sale
    TPTP Revenue                4.29            4.72            5.57            5.51            5.25            5.07
                     -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
      Total Timber            160.16          157.83          144.45          143.63          130.82          147.38
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        Under Forest Service Manual (FSM 2432.34a), the Purchaser pays for
    the cost of building a road to the standard needed for consistency with
    applicable environmental laws and regulations and as needed for timber
    harvest. If the sale contract provides for road design standards in
    excess of those needed for the harvest and removal of timber from that
    sale, including measures to protect adjacent resource values, provision
    shall be made in the contract for compensating the Purchaser for the
    additional costs, unless the Purchaser elects Government construction
    under section 14(i) of the National Forest Management Act of 1976. In
    the absence of supplemental funds, the sale would need to be redesigned
    or rescheduled.
        The FY 2020 and FY 2021 Forest Service budget proposes to use the
    Roads and Trails for States fund, without regard to the state in which
    the amounts were derived, to repair or reconstruct roads, bridges, and
    trails on National Forest System lands or to carry out and administer
    projects to improve forest health conditions. This work may include the
    repair or reconstruction of roads, bridges, and trails on National
    Forest System lands in the wildland-community interface where there is
    an abnormally high risk of fire.

        Question 2. When we were talking about the backlog, when we are
    seeing the Forest Service absorbing more lands through donations from
    maybe NGOs or other instances, or the LWCF has also introduced more
    land back into Forest Service control. How is that contributing to the
    backlog and your ability to keep up, and as well as updating this $5.2
    billion backlog figure?
        Answer. The Forest Service has a policy not to acquire properties
    that will increase deferred maintenance requirements when LWCF funds
    are utilized. Naturally, there is a long-term maintenance cost to the
    agency to own any acre of land or asset within the National Forest
    System.
    Question Submitted by Hon. Rick W. Allen, a Representative in Congress
            from Georgia
        Question. In your written testimony, you mentioned that perhaps
    most critically, forest infrastructure provides fire protection for
    communities, especially by providing access to forest lands and roads
    for firefighters and emergency responders during rescue operations.
        Due to the deferred maintenance backlog, how many miles of Forest
    Service system roads have been decommissioned over the past 10 years?
        Answer. Historically, the Forest Service has had a targeted road
    mile decommissioning strategy in order to minimize resource damage to
    the landscape caused by the presence of built infrastructure. The table
    below presents those targets and associated decommissioning
    accomplishments. It should be noted that the targets and
    accomplishments include both System and non-System mileage. System
    roads are roads inventoried, maintained and managed by the Forest
    Service. Non-System roads are roads within National Forest System
    boundaries, but which are not Forest Service roads. Until FY 2013,
    System and non-System miles were not reported separately.

                                                       Forest Service Road Decommissioning FY 2010-FY 2019
    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                 FY                  2010         2011         2012         2013         2014        2015        2016        2017        2018        2019
    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
          Target (Mi., Total)         1,519        2,158        2,028        1,936        1,200       1,600       2,000       2,000       2,000           0
         System Accomp. (Mi.)           N/A          N/A          N/A       780.78       508.00         416      265.36       296.3       142.7       132.9
             Non-System (Mi.)           N/A          N/A          N/A       709.44       908.00      883.32      671.65       548.2       398.1       207.1
    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

                                  attachment 1

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    Facilities Condition Assessment Field Training Guide

    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Photo of a moderate-sized building with shingle siding, a
            concrete foundation, and a steel-ribbed roof. A large brick
            chimney extends above the roof in the center where the three
            wings of the building meet. Tall conifer trees and a grass lawn
            surround the building.
              This 1934 building at the Cle Elum Ranger Station on the
            Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest, Pacific Northwest Region is
            still in use and is in serviceable condition.

    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

    Forest Service, National Technology & Development Program
    1473-2830-MTDC Facilities
    January 2015
    About the Authors
        Kathleen Snodgrass joined the Missoula Technology and Development
    Center (MTDC) as a project leader in 2001. She began her career with
    the Forest Service at the Nez Perce National Forest working in
    facilities, landscape architecture, land line, and general engineering
    before serving as the facilities architect for about 7 years. She also
    spent about 10 years working in highway design and construction with
    the Idaho Division of Highways after graduating from Washington State
    University in 1974 with a bachelor's degree in architectural studies.
        Kathleen C. Marks is a multidisciplinary project leader at MTDC for
    the facilities and environmental compliance and protection (ECAP)
    programs. She began work for MTDC in 2010 after receiving a bachelor's
    degree in civil engineering from Montana State University.

        Kathleen Snodgrass, Project Leader;
        Kathleen Marks Project Assistant,
        USDA Forest Service, National Technology and Development Program,
        Missoula, MT
        9E92L11 Facility Inspection Field Guide

    January 2015
        USDA Nondiscrimination Statement
              The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits
            discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis
            of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where
            applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental
            status, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information,
            political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or part of an
            individual's income is derived from any public assistance
            program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.)
            Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for
            communication of program information (Braille, large print,
            audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA's TARGET Center at (202)
            720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of
            discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights,
            1400 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20250-9410, or
            call (800) 795-3272 (voice) or (202) 720-6832 (TDD). USDA is an
            equal opportunity provider and employer.
        Forest Service
              The Forest Service, an agency of the U.S. Department of
            Agriculture (USDA), has developed this information for the
            guidance of its employees, its contractors, and its cooperating
            Federal and State agencies. The Forest Service assumes no
            responsibility for the interpretation or use of this
            information by anyone except its own employees. The use of
            trade, firm, or corporation names is for the information and
            convenience of the reader. Such use does not constitute an
            official endorsement or approval of any product or service to
            the exclusion of others that may be suitable.
    Acknowledgments
        The authors deeply appreciate the contributions of Steve Oravetz,
    Bruce Crockett, Randy Warbington, and Mark McDonough, who were the lead
    developers of the Forest Service Condition Assessment system and
    provided advice about and information for this publication. The authors
    also thank the many Forest Service employees who provided great photos
    of facilities, especially those who responded to specific item
    requests. The authors thank the editors and visual information
    specialists for turning the rough draft into a polished field guide.
    The Facility Condition Assessment Form
        This training guide is a memory-jogger that you can take with you
    as you perform facility condition assessments. It contains the same
    items in the same order as the complex facility condition assessment
    form that is used to record work items for entry into the Natural
    Resources Manager (NRM) Infra database. Use this guide to perform
    condition assessments in a manner consistent with those performed by
    other inspectors throughout the Forest Service.
        Keep in mind that facility condition assessments are only intended
    to record major facility maintenance needs. Performing operations work
    and minor maintenance work on a regular basis is important, but such
    work is not recorded through the facility condition assessment process.
    The National Technology and Development Program (T&D) report ``So
    That's Why It's Always Cold in Here: A Guide for Conducting Facilities
    Condition Assessment Surveys'' (0473-2839-MTDC), provides detailed
    guidance for inspecting buildings and associated assets to determine
    their condition and what work is needed to correct deficiencies,
    including operations and minor maintenance. The report is available in
    printed form from the Missoula Technology and Development Center (MTDC)
    or electronically at http://fsweb.mtdc.wo.fs.fed.us/php/
    library_card.php?p_num=0473 2839.
        This guide does not explain how to properly conduct condition
    assessments on Forest Service buildings. You will need to take the
    7100--Basic Building Condition Assessment and Work Items or 7300--
    Complex Building Condition Survey Training course in person or through
    AgLearn before using this guide in the field.
        This guide does not explain how to use the NRM Infra database.
    Please see your supervisor and forest NRM specialist if you need more
    information about NRM or role assignments to access and modify data in
    the NRM Infra database.
        Before using this guide in the field, print the condition
    assessment form for each building using the NRM Infra report
    BLDSRV01JRL: Facility Condition Assessment Form (figure 1). NRM Infra
    automatically populates the header information for the printed form,
    except for the inspector signature, inspection date, and inspector
    name. Check to ensure that you've printed the appropriate form (complex
    versus basic building) and that the header information is accurate.
    Figure 1

    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Part of the Facility Condition Assessment Form for the
            Missoula Technology and Development Center office/lab/shop.

        Be sure to check the gross square feet (Gross SqFt) of the building
    to ensure that it is correct. Compute gross square feet using physical
    or as-built plan measurements to the outside faces of exterior walls
    for all stories of the building. Don't include crawl spaces or areas
    with less than a 3 clear ceiling height. Don't include the open air
    over a double height room as part of the floor above; count only the
    floor area that can be walked on. Do include excavated basement areas,
    indoor mechanical spaces, mezzanines, penthouses and attics with
    floors, garages, covered porches (with or without walls), balconies you
    can stand on, and interior or covered corridors or walkways. Do include
    the footprints of stairways, elevator shafts, and vertical duct shafts
    as gross area on each floor through which they pass. If this
    explanation is confusing, more details and sketches showing how these
    rules are applied to a building are available at the U. S. Department
    of Education's Facilities Inventory and Classification Manual Web page
    http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2006/ficm/
    content.asp?ContentType=Section&chapter=3§ion=2&subsection=1.
        All work item costs automatically populate when your inspection
    data is entered into the NRM Infra database. The costs include the RS
    Means estimated cost multiplied by 1.10 for design costs, by 1.10 for
    contracting costs, and by 1.15 for overhead costs. The RS Means costs
    are updated each year to match the current national average costs of
    the work.
        A multiplier is also applied to all work items to account for the
    increasing costs as the distance increases from the building to the
    nearest town with contractors and supplies. The multiplier is based on
    the Estimated Travel Time (Hrs) value that is entered on the Building
    Details screen in the NRM Infra database. The multiplier is 1.0 for 1
    hour of travel time, 1.5 for 2 hours, 2.0 for 4 hours, 3.0 for 8 hours,
    and 4.0 for more than 8 hours of travel time. The estimated travel time
    is shown in the Facility Condition Assessment Form header. Check this
    value for accuracy. If it is inaccurate, correct it on the Buildings
    screen before entering work items.
        Another multiplier, 1.5, is automatically applied to all work items
    for buildings with Historic Status in the NRM Infra database of
    EVALUATED/MEETS (has been evaluated and meets National Register
    criteria), IN/PENDING (included in the National Register of Historic
    Places or on a pending list), or MEETS AGE/FRTHR (more than 50 years
    old, but requires further evaluation). The Facility Condition
    Assessment Form header shows the Historic Status. Check this value for
    accuracy. If it is inaccurate, correct it on the Buildings screen
    before entering work items.
        Whether you are assessing a complex or basic building, all the
    standard work items are on the Facility Condition Assessment Form.
    Complex buildings have 62 standard work items and simple buildings have
    16 standard work items. This guide addresses each work item in the same
    order as on the printed complex building form. If you are inspecting a
    basic building, ignore the work items in this guide that are not on
    your form.
    Filling in the Facility Condition Assessment Form
        You will need to physically inspect each building and fill in
    Quantity, Reason, and Date Needed for each item that requires repair,
    and check the box in the Critical column, if necessary. The cost for
    each item self-populates from an interface with the current edition of
    RS Means Building Construction Cost Data when the information from the
    printed form is entered electronically into the NRM Infra database.
        Quantity of work must be measured, calculated, or counted, unless
    the preprinted unit is LS (lump sum). If the unit is LS, the quantity
    is always ``1'' if the work is needed and ``0'' if no work is needed.
        Other units of measure are:

        CSF: 100 square feet
        EA: each
        LF: linear feet
        MSF: 1,000 square feet
        M.S.F.: 10,000 square feet
        SF: square feet
        SQ: 100 square feet
        STEP, EA: stair riser
        SYSTEM: each complete system

        To calculate square feet, measure the length and width (or length
    and height for vertical surfaces) in feet, then multiply length by
    width (or length by height). CSF, MSF, SQ, and M.S.F. are variants of
    SF, and are explained further under items using these units of measure.
    Do not confuse M.S.F. with MSF. Available fonts prevented use of the
    Roman numeral for 10,000 on the form. Designating 10,000 square feet as
    M.S.F. was the workaround.
        The Reason column identifies the reason for performing the work. It
    contains only three choices:

      1.  Resource protection work items must be performed to avoid damage,
                obstruction, or negative impact to a natural or cultural
                resource.

      2.  Mission work items must be completed to ensure the ability of
                employees to carry out the Forest Service mission. Needs
                are related to administration and providing services
                (transportation, recreation, grazing, etc.) that do not
                fall into the H&S or Resource categories.

      3.  Health and safety (H&S) work items are necessary to address
                immediate threats to human health and safety.

        In the Date Needed column, you normally should write in the last
    day of the fiscal year in which the work needs to be performed.
        Check the box in the Critical column only if completion of the work
    item is necessary to correct a serious and immediate threat to health
    or safety, a natural or cultural resource, or the ability of the Forest
    Service to carry out its mission. Other work items necessary to address
    potential risks to public or employee safety or health; compliance with
    codes, standards, regulations, etc.; or needs that address potential
    adverse consequences to natural resources or mission accomplishment are
    considered non-critical. For example:

       Complying with Notices of Violation (Occupational Safety and
            Health Administration [OSHA], Environmental Protection Agency
            [EPA], etc.) is a critical health and safety need.

       Preventing irreversible damage to or loss of a historic
            structure is a critical resource protection need.

       Providing accessibility for people with disabilities is a
            non-critical health and safety need.

       Complying with Federal, State, and local building codes is a
            non-critical health and safety need.

       Making modifications to accommodate increased visitation is
            a non-critical mission need.

       Energy efficiency or renewable energy retrofits are a non-
            critical mission need.

        Please DO check your data to ensure that everything is entered
    correctly, including the unit of measure.
    Inspection Tips
        Experienced inspectors provided the following tips to help you
    perform a quicker, more effective inspection.

       Use two people to survey large labs or office buildings. One
            person can measure while the other records.

       Use a set of as-built plans (if available) to count light
            fixtures, windows, etc.

       If you don't have as-built plans, sketch a simple floor plan
            as you inspect to show doors, windows, flooring types, and
            dimensions. Keep the sketch in the building file for future
            reference.

       Builders often use rules of thumb to estimate quantities.
            You can, too, where it seems prudent. For instance:

        b Multiply the gross square feet of the finished area of a house by
                4.5 for a good approximation of the total square feet of
                gypsum board that would be needed to completely replace the
                gypsum board inside the house. If the garage is a full-
                finish structure, multiply its square footage by 2.25 and
                then add the result to the house total. A reasonable
                multiplier for small office buildings is 3.2.

           These estimating multipliers also work for repainting
                the entire interior.

        b Each region has a cooling ratio that is either implied or
                dictated by the local building officials. The ratio states
                how many square feet can be conditioned per ton of cooling.
                If you know this ratio, you can easily estimate the tons of
                cooling capacity needed for the building.

           Use the adjustment factors shown in table 1 to figure
                the roof area on the
                  slope, if you know the roof pitch and the horizontal area
                covered by the roof
                  (including overhangs). Multiply the covered area by the
                adjustment factor.

                                     Table 1
    ------------------------------------------------------------------------
                 Roof Slope                        Adjustment Factor
    ------------------------------------------------------------------------
                    3 in 12                                 1.031
                    4 in 12                                 1.054
                    6 in 12                                 1.118
                    8 in 12                                 1.202
                   12 in 12                                 1.414
    ------------------------------------------------------------------------

       After entering the work items into the NRM Infra database,
            check your entered data to ensure that you entered everything
            correctly and that you used the unit of measure the work item
            requires.

        b Enter roofing and siding quantities in 100 square feet units
                (CSF), not square feet units (SF).

        b Enter parking lot seal coat in 10,000 square feet units (M.S.F.),
                and parking lot resurfacing in 1,000 square feet units
                (MSF).

       A work item is deferred maintenance if the material has been
            in place longer than the typical life cycle listed on the page
            for each work item. A carpet that was installed in 2000 and
            inspected in 2012 was 12 years old when inspected. Because the
            life cycle for carpeting is 8 years, replacing the carpet would
            be considered deferred maintenance using the Forest Service
            standard, even if the carpet was still in good condition.
            Whether you agree with this logic or not, please conform to the
            standard so our practices remain uniform and defensible.

       A list of survey tools a facility inspector may wish to take
            along to increase efficiency when performing condition
            assessment inspections is available at http://
            fsweb.wo.fs.fed.us/eng/programs/facilities/documents/
            ToolList.doc.
    Work Items
        The remainder of this guide consists of information about the
    standard work items. Each work item has its own page that includes a
    photo or two depicting the item as well as information to help you
    decide whether the item applies to the building you're inspecting, how
    often this work normally is needed, and how to measure and record the
    quantity of work. This guide includes much of the information included
    in the ``Building Work Items Data Dictionary'' http://
    fsweb.wo.fs.fed.us/eng/programs/facilities/documents/
    BldgsWIDDictionary.pdf.
        In the interest of minimizing the number of work items, similar
    work is sometimes grouped together under a single work item. The actual
    replacement costs for these similar items aren't identical, so a
    representative cost is used. The work item title may not reflect the
    range of work covered by the item. Check the considerations bullets for
    more information about the work included in the item.
        If the standard work items don't cover needed major maintenance
    work, you may need to create a custom work item, as explained following
    the standard work item pages.
    Notes
    Work Item 01001--Building Replacement, Complete
        Definition: Remove and replace an entire building (figures 2 and
    3).
        Unit of Measure: lump sum (LS).
        Typical Life Cycle: 50 years.

       A well constructed and maintained building can last several
            hundred years, and a poorly constructed and maintained building
            may become unusable in a decade or 2. Base the replacement
            decision on the condition and function and not the age of the
            building.

        Considerations:

       Replacement is justified if a building is still needed, but:

        b Deferred maintenance costs exceed the current replacement value
                shown in the NRM Infra database.

        b The building becomes functionally obsolete.

        b The building cannot be modified to meet accessibility standards.

       Check the Facilities Master Plan (FMP) to see whether the
            building is needed.

       Decide whether this work item is appropriate based on the
            FMP decision and the building's condition.

       If this item is selected, DO NOT record any other work items
            for this building.
    Figure 2 *
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        * Editor's note: the following figures, in addition to having a
    text descriptor, have a description embedded in the picture. These are
    captured in this publication as well and immediately follow the figure
    as an italic descriptor.

    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Photo of an old barn building next to a newer, larger barn.
            The old barn's foundation posts are leaning and the door is
            propped open with a board braced against the ground.
              This old barn is in extremely poor condition. If the
            Facilities Master Plan shows a continuing need for barn or
            storage space here, the barn should be replaced. If not, the
            barn should be removed.
    Figure 3

    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Photo of an older wood-framed and wood-sided vault toilet
            with a fiberglass roof, The building is only about 4 wide by
            4 deep. Green algae is growing up the siding from the concrete
            slab foundation and there are holes in the bottom of the siding
            in three places.
              Buildings that can't be modified to meet accessibility
            requirements need to be replaced, if the function they provide
            is still required. This outhouse is too small to provide the
            required turning space.
    Work Item 02001--Parking Lot, Repair and Seal Coating (per 10,000 S.F.)
        Definition: Perform minor repairs, apply emulsified asphalt seal
    coat to the asphalt-paved surface, and paint traffic and parking
    markings (figure 4).
        Unit of Measure: 10,000 square feet (M.S.F.).

       To determine the number of units, calculate the total area
            in square feet, then divide by 10,000. Round to the nearest
            tenth. Enter this number as the quantity. Example: 67,543 SF &
            10,000 (SF per M.S.F.) = 6.7543 M.S.F. Rounded to the nearest
            tenth = 6.8 M.S.F.

        Typical Life Cycle: 5 years.
        Considerations:

       Includes thoroughly cleaning the surface, patching holes,
            filling cracks, applying two coats of petroleum emulsion, and
            restriping the parking lot.

       Includes asphalt seal only, not chip seal; use a custom item
            for chip seal.

       Asphalt parking lots need to be maintained with an
            emulsified asphalt seal coat about every 5 years to maximize
            pavement life.

       Use only for pavement associated with a building, not a
            road.

       Use only for parking lots that are in relatively good
            condition.
    Figure 4

    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Photo of an asphalt parking lot with faded parking
            delineation paint and a few cracks that have been coated with
            tar.
              This supervisor's office parking lot is in pretty good
            condition, but could use a seal and repainting.
    Work Item 02002--Parking Lot, Repair and Resurface
        Definition: Repair defects, place 2" thick asphalt pavement overlay
    on asphalt-paved surfaces, and paint traffic and parking markings
    (figure 5).
        Unit of Measure: 1,000 square feet (MSF).

       To determine the number of units, calculate the total area
            in square feet, then divide by 1,000. Round to the nearest
            tenth. Example: 485 SF & 1,000 SF per MSF = 0.485 MSF. Rounded
            to the nearest tenth = 0.5 MSF.

        Typical Life Cycle: 10 years.

       Asphalt pavement may last much longer if properly
            maintained.

        Considerations:

       Includes thoroughly cleaning the surface, patching holes,
            filling cracks, applying an emulsion tack coat, laying an
            asphaltic concrete wearing course, and restriping the lot.

       Use only for pavement associated with a building, not a
            road.

       Use when the aggregate base is generally sound but the
            asphalt is broken up, has potholes, and, in general, is in poor
            but salvageable condition.
    Figure 5

    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Photo of an area paved with asphalt in poor condition behind
            two buildings.
              The raveling, developing potholes, and alligatoring on this
            parking lot and driveway can't be cured by a seal coat; it
            should have an asphalt overlay.
    Work Item 02003--Concrete, Sidewalk or Curb, Remove/Replace
        Definition: Replace concrete or asphalt curbs (figure 6) or
    sidewalks (figure 7).
        Unit of Measure: linear feet (LF) of sidewalk or curb.

       Sidewalk only: measure linear feet to the nearest foot for a
            sidewalk that is 24" to 48" wide. If the sidewalk is wider than
            48", record proportionally more length.

       Curb only: measure linear feet to the nearest foot.

       Both sidewalk and curb: measure linear feet of each to the
            nearest foot and add the lengths together.

        Typical Life Cycle: 25 years.

       Concrete typically has a long life, but may become degraded
            because of overloading or poor initial construction. Continued
            exposure to freeze-thaw cycles may shift alignment vertically
            or horizontally, creating tripping hazardsand making surfaces
            nonaccessible.

        Considerations:

       Includes removing the existing sidewalk or curb, placing a
            3" thick, vibratory-plate-compacted aggregate base and a 4"
            thick, broom-finished concrete sidewalk or formed curb with
            gutter.

       Does not include repair work, such as patching or grinding,
            which is minor maintenance.
    Figure 6

    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Photo of a section of concrete curb and gutter at the edge of
            an asphalt-paved parking lot. The concrete is cracked about
            every 2, with chipping and spalling at most of the cracks.
              This curb and gutter are deteriorating and no longer provide
            good drainage flow, so they should be replaced.
    Figure 7

    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Photo of two sidewalks leading to the back door of a wood-
            sided Forest Service residence. The left sidewalk is
            perpendicular to the bade wall of the house and has an 1\1/2\"
            high ``step'' where the walk cracked and part of it settled.
            The right sidewalk is parallel to the back wall of the house
            and has a 2" wide gap in the concrete at a joint where the
            sidewalk separated.
              Two short sections of this sidewalk should be replaced to
            correct the vertical alignment shift on the left and the
            horizontal shift on the right. Use work item 15001 to record
            the needed work to provide accessibility at the door.
    Work Item 02004--Fence, All, Remove/Replace or Install New
        Definition: Remove and replace existing fencing (figure 8) and
    gates (figure 9).
        Typical Life Cycle: 20 years.
        Unit of Measure: linear feet (LF) of fence.

       Measure to the nearest foot the linear feet of the section
            of fence that needs to be replaced.

        Considerations:

       Includes replacing worn-out fences of all standard quality
            types (worm, picket, chain link, barbed wire, etc.) regardless
            of height or material, including gates.

       Does not include premium quality fencing, such as
            replicating an elaborate historic pattern or extensive use of
            exotic hardwoods. If such work is necessary, it is a custom
            item.

       Does not include fence repair or routine maintenance, such
            as tightening wires, staining, or replacing a couple of
            pickets.
    Figure 8

    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Photo of a low post-and-rail fence beside a sidewalk in back
            of a wood-sided Forest Service office. Part of the fence is
            leaning away from the viewer.
              Although the stain hides most of the deficiencies, the posts
            of this fence are rotted at the base, cracked at the top, and
            the rails are deteriorated. This fence should be replaced.
    Figure 9

    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Photo of a man standing beside a partly opened gate in a tall
            chain-link fence with three strands of barbed wire on top. A
            chain and padlock hang from the fence next to the gate latch.
            The fence separates a parking lot from a wareyard.
              This gate may still be fine for use in a low-security area,
            even though the wire panel is warped. If the gate is in an area
            with high-security needs, it should be replaced.
    Work Item 02005--Electric, Outdoor Pole Lights, Remove/Replace or
            Install New
        Definition: Remove and replace an outdoor light fixture, complete
    with supporting pole or bollard (figure 10).
        Typical Life Cycle: 20 years.
        Unit of Measure: each (EA).
        Considerations:

       Includes replacing security or parking lot site light
            fixtures. Does not include replacing landscape lights, wall
            packs, or other less expensive outdoor lights, which are
            included in work item 13004.

       Includes turning the branch circuit off, positioning the
            truck, raising and lowering the boom bucket, removing and
            installing the pole and 400 W HPS fixture with lamp and
            ballast, testing the pole-mounted fixture, and turning the
            branch circuit back on.

       Consider relamping costs (labor, equipment, and frequency of
            bulb replacement) when choosing new site lights. Relamping site
            lights is an operations expense.

       Before recording this item in the NRM Infra database, check
            to ensure that the Forest Service owns the light(s). Many
            utility companies retain ownership of site lights and charge
            monthly rent for them. If a utility company owns the light,
            have them replace it.
    Figure 10

    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Photo of a cobra head yard light atop a wood pole behind a
            brick Forest Service office. The light illuminates a parking
            lot.
              This parking lot light pole has a distinct lean and minor rot
            at the base. The light fixture lens is cracked. The fixture and
            pole should be replaced.
    Work Item 03001--Concrete Slab or Stem Wall, Minor Repair, Spalls &
            Cracks
        Definition: Repair concrete stem walls, retaining walls (figure
    11), slabs (figure 12), etc.
        Typical Life Cycle: 15 years.

       Concrete slabs and stem walls last indefinitely unless
            adversely affected by soil movement, overloading, or poor
            initial construction (inadequate base, poor-quality concrete,
            overworked finish, inadequate control joints, etc.). Typical
            ``wearing-out'' life cycles don't usually drive the need to
            repair concrete on buildings.

        Unit of Measure: square feet (SF).

       Calculate the square feet of the concrete slab or wall that
            needs work.

        Considerations:

       Includes extensive nonstructural repairs or sealing cracks
            and spalls on formed concrete and concrete masonry units that
            are part of a building, including entry sidewalks, ramps, and
            cracked slabs in open buildings, such as carports or picnic
            shelters.

       Does not include major overlay, repair, or replacement
            because of failure of the wall or slab. Does not include stone
            or brick masonry work. Use a custom item for such work.
    Figure 11

    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Photo of a thick concrete wall with a stone cap that
            separates a grass lawn from an outdoor stairway.
              This wall remains sturdy, but the surface layer of the
            concrete is peeling off. The surface layer should be removed
            and refinished.
    Figure 12

    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Detail photo of a joint in a concrete walkway slab at the
            entrance to a building.
              This concrete slab is cracked and is spalled at the edge of
            the control joint. The deficiencies should be repaired.
    Work Item 04001--Basic Roof, Fiberglass Shingles, Removal/Replacement
        Definition: Remove and replace standard-quality, moderate-cost
    roofing (figures 13 and 14).
        Typical Life Cycle: 20 years.
        Unit of Measure: square (SQ) of roofing.

       A square of roofing covers about 100 square feet.

       Calculate the square feet of roof on the slope and divide by
            100; round up to the nearest square.

        Considerations:

       Includes standard-cost asphalt or fiberglass shingles (30
            year shingle or less); V-crimp metal roofing; delta-rib,
            exposed-fastener metal roofing; asphalt-roll roofing; or other
            moderate-cost roof materials that typically have about a 20
            year life cycle.

       Includes setting up, securing, and taking down the ladder;
            removing existing roofing; removing damaged metal flashing;
            installing 15 pound roofing felt; installing new aluminum
            flashing; installing roofing; and cleaning up.

       Does not include repair work; fixing isolated leaks is
            operations or minor maintenance work that needs to be completed
            as soon as possible.

       Does not include replacing sheathing or vents, other than
            integral ridge vents.
    Figure 13

    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Photo of a small, wood-sided Forest Service ``gas house''
            with a wood-shingle roof that is about half covered with a
            thick growth of moss.
              Timely operations and maintenance work, especially moss and
            debris removal, could have extended the life of this roof. The
            roofing has deteriorated to the point that it should be
            replaced.
    Figure 14

    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Detail photo of an asphalt-shingle roof on a Forest Service
            warehouse building.
              This roof has many patches of missing shingles and the
            remaining shingles are in poor condition. The roof probably
            leaks in several places. The shingles should be replaced.
    Work Item 04002--Premium Roof, Metal/Membrane/Shakes, Removal and
            Replacement
        Definition: Remove and replace premium-quality roofing (figures 15
    and 16).
        Typical Life Cycle: membrane--20 years; wood, tile, or
    architectural-grade shingles--30 years; standing-seam metal--50 years.
        Unit of Measure: square (SQ) of roofing.

       A square of roofing covers about 100 square feet.

       Calculate the square feet of roof on the slope and divide by
            100; round up to the nearest square.

        Considerations:

       Includes replacing wood shakes or shingles; tile roofing;
            standing-seam metal roofing; slate-, shingle-, or tile-
            patterned metal roofing; single-ply membrane roofing;
            architectural-grade composition shingles; and other premium-
            quality roofing.

       Includes setting up, securing, and taking down the ladder;
            removing existing roofing; removing flashing metal; installing
            new flashing; installing a new roof system, including felt or
            an underlayer; and cleaning up.

       Because removing and reinstalling rooftop equipment, such as
            condensing units, is often required, a crane might be needed to
            remove and reinstall equipment. The cost of this work is
            reflected in this standard work item.

       Does not include replacing nonfunctioning or inadequate
            roof-mounted equipment or vents. Use a custom item for such
            work if the work is a major expense.

       Does not include repair work; fixing isolated leaks is
            operations or minor maintenance work that needs to be completed
            as soon as possible.
    Figure 15

    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Detail photo of an asphalt-shingle roof on a Forest Service
            warehouse building.
              This roof membrane has been patched so many times that it
            should be replaced the next time it springs a leak.
    Figure 16

    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Detail photo of a standing-seam metal roof on a partially
            earth-sheltered wood-sided Forest Service building.
              This standing-seam roofing is rusting and has come apart in
            several places, including at one seam that has been ``fixed''
            with caulking. The roofing should be replaced.
    Work Item 04003--Skylight, Remove/Replace
        Definition: Remove and replace a typical, unvented, non-opening
    skylight (figure 17).
        Typical Life Cycle: 30 years.
        Unit of Measure: each (EA).
        Considerations:

       Includes removing and replacing bubble-type or similar
            skylights that are broken, brittle, or no longer transmit
            daylight.

       Includes setting up and securing the scaffold, removing the
            skylight, removing flashing, installing new flashing,
            installing the new skylight, and removing scaffold.

       Skylight leaks usually come from worn-out or improperly
            installed flashing. They may leak through the frame if the
            frame has separated. Skylights seldom leak through the glass or
            plastic unless a crack or break is visible.

       Do not reuse the existing flashing.

       It may be necessary to replace some of the roofing
            immediately surrounding the skylight to properly install new
            flashing; such work is included in this item.
    Figure 17

    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Detail photo of a rectangular domed skylight set in a sloped
            composition-shingle roof on a wood-sided Forest Service
            restroom building.
              This building has typical bubble-type skylights. This
            skylight probably leaks during windblown, heavy rain because of
            the separated flashing at the lower end. Carefully evaluate
            whether to replace the skylight or just repair the flashing and
            roofing.
    Work Item 04004--Gutters/Downspouts, Remove/Replace
        Definition: Remove and replace downspouts (figure 18) and gutters
    (figure 19).
        Typical Life Cycle: 15 years.
        Unit of Measure: linear feet (LF).

       Measure the length of both gutters and downspouts, including
            downspout returns, and add all segments for total linear feet.

        Considerations:

       Unless downspouts are directly piped into an underground
            stormwater system, include minimum 3 downspout returns to
            carry water away from the building (even if the existing
            downspouts don't have returns).
    Figure 18

    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Detail photo of the bottom of a square metal downspout with
            peeling paint. A compressed section is directly above ground
            level. It is visibly plugged with pine needles.
              This downspout is crushed and plugged and should be replaced.
    Figure 19

    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Detail photo of a section of collapsed gutter above the front
            door of a wood-sided Forest Service residence. The back of the
            gutter remains securely screwed to the fascia, but the outside
            wall of the gutter has been bent down so that it is nearly
            perpendicular to the ground, and the end seam has burst.
              An ice dam overloaded this gutter. The outside edge of the
            gutter is detached from the clip supports and is bent out and
            down. The end seams have burst. This gutter should be replaced.
    Work Item 05001--Steps, Exterior, Remove/Replace
        Definition: Remove and replace exterior steps made from concrete
    (figure 20), wood, or other materials.
        Typical Life Cycle: 20 years.
        Unit of Measure: step, each (STEP, EA).

       Count the stair risers to determine the number of steps. For
            example, the photo shows three risers, for a count of ``3 EA.''

        Considerations:

       Includes replacing exterior steps from 2 to 12 high that
            are deteriorated or don't meet code requirements for existing
            buildings.

       Does not include tread resurfacing, painting, etc., which
            are operations or minor maintenance expenses.

       Does not include replacing railings. Use work item 05003 for
            railings.

       Does not include replacing the porch, deck, or stoop. Use
            work item 05002 for a wood deck or porch or a custom item for a
            concrete porch or stoop.
    Figure 20
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Photo of a concrete porch and two concrete steps. Corners of
            two steps have broken off, the front edge of the steps have
            become rounded because of deterioration, and the surface of
            both treads and parts of the risers has spalled off, revealing
            the aggregate.
              These deteriorated concrete steps are a tripping hazard and
            should be replaced.
    Work Item 05002--Wood Decks, Removal/Replace
        Definition: Remove and replace a deteriorated wood (figure 21) or
    plastic composite deck or porch.
        Typical Life Cycle: 20 years.

       If the ultraviolet-resistant finish on wood decks is
            reapplied as needed, the boards should last about 20 years. If
            not, they may last no more than 10 to 15 years.

        Unit of Measure: square feet (SF).

       Calculate the total square feet of deck that needs to be
            replaced.

        Considerations:

       Includes replacing wood decking, stringers, the
            substructure, and the foundation.

       Does not include railings. Use work item 05003 for railings.

       Does not include washing, sealing, or waterproofing, which
            are operations or minor maintenance expenses.
    Figure 21
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              View of a partly snow-covered porch with wood board decking
            on a concrete foundation, with two concrete steps. Two gaps are
            visible where deck boards are missing.
              The decking on this porch is badly deteriorated. Most of the
            boards are buckled and several are missing. The decking should
            be replaced. The joists supporting the deck are probably also
            rotten and should be replaced.
    Work Item 05003--Railing, Porch & Deck, Remove/Replace
        Definition: Remove and replace standard-quality exterior guardrail
    (figures 22 and 23) and handrail around porches and decks and along
    steps and ramps.
        Typical Life Cycle: 20 years.
        Unit of Measure: linear feet (LF).

       Measure the total length in feet of railing to be replaced.

        Considerations:

       Includes porch, deck, and stairway rails that are
            deteriorated or don't meet code requirements for the intended
            use of the structure.

       Includes all usual materials, including dimensioned lumber,
            plastic composites, and metal.

       Includes replacing a complete railing system 36" to 42"
            high, including guardrails and the required scaffolding to
            accomplish the task.
    Figure 22
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Photo of a wood-framed guardrail with woven wire panels. The
            top rail is missing above four of the panels.
              This guardrail is in worse condition than is evident in a
            photo of this size. Aside from the missing boards, many of the
            bottom rails and posts are not attached to the structure, many
            of the boards are rotted nearly through, fruiting fungi are
            growing on many of the boards and posts, and some of the wire
            panels are held in place with zip ties. The guardrail needs to
            be completely replaced.
    Figure 23
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Detail photo of part of the middle rail of an observation
            deck guardrail. Rot is visible on a 2 long section of the top
            of the rail. Part of the rotten wood has fallen off,
              This guardrail board on an overlook tower is rotten. If it's
            the only rotten board, replacement is considered operations
            work that should be completed as soon as possible. If most of
            the boards are rotten, the entire guardrail should be recorded
            under item 05003 and replaced.
    Work Item 06001--Siding, All Types, Remove/Replace
        Definition: Remove and replace siding (figures 24 and 25).
        Typical Life Cycle: 25 years.
        Unit of Measure: 100 square feet (CSF).

       Calculate the square feet of all siding areas to be
            replaced, then divide by 100.

       Do not deduct for door and window openings.

        Considerations:

       Includes removing all types of siding (cement board, wood,
            EIFS, plywood, aluminum, vinyl, hardboard, etc.) and replacing
            it with the Forest Service standard: fiber cement board or
            similar. Includes eaves, trim, fascia, and proper flashing
            around windows and doors.

       Includes setting up, securing, and taking down the ladder.
            Includes painting the new siding.
    Figure 24
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Photo of part of the front of a Forest Service building with
            wood lap siding and a metal roof.
              This is not the original siding, and it's in poor condition.
            Most siding boards are damaged and some siding is missing near
            the door where knee braces for an entrance hood were removed.
            This replacement siding should be replaced.
    Figure 25
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Detail photo of wood shingles on part of an outside wall of a
            Forest Service building. Many shingles are broken, rotten, or
            warped and some have been partly dislodged.
              This shingle siding is worse in some places than in others,
            but all the siding is weather damaged and brittle and should be
            replaced.
    Work Item 06002--Door, Exterior, Remove/Replace
        Definition: Remove and replace an exterior pedestrian door (figures
    26 and 27).
        Typical Life Cycle: 20 years.
        Unit of Measure: each (EA).

       ``Each'' means each door. Double doors are counted as 2 EA.
            An entry with both a door and a screen door is counted as 2 EA
            if both need to be replaced.

        Considerations:

       Includes replacing pedestrian doors up to 4 wide and 8
            tall (any material-wood, aluminum, steel, etc.), insulated
            vision pane glass (if any), doorframes, closers, and all
            commercial hardware and locksets.

       Does not include metal-framed glass storefront-type door
            surrounds, only the door. Use item 07006 for windows not
            included within doors.

       Does not include custom replication of fancy historic door
            styles. Use a custom item for such work.
    Figure 26
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Photo of a small storage building with a badly deteriorated
            Craftsman style door. Some siding boards are cracked or broken.
              The broken-out glass could be replaced, but the delaminating
            panels on this door can't be repaired without expert
            restoration skills. Preservation requirements determine whether
            this historic building's door should be replaced in kind or
            restored.
    Figure 27
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Photo of a deteriorated door in an exterior wall. On the
            bottom quarter of the door, the surface layers are peeling off
            the pressed wood core and some of the surface layer is missing.
            The bottom left side of the door frame trim is rotted and
            cracked.
              This door looks like an interior door that was mistakenly
            installed on an exterior wall. It is badly deteriorated and
            should be replaced with an exterior door.
    Work Item 06003--Door, Garage, Overhead Door
        Definition: Remove and replace overhead doors (figures 28 and 29).
        Typical Life Cycle: 20 years.
        Unit of Measure: each (EA).
        Considerations:

       Includes removing and disposing of doors up to 16 wide and
            9 high that are broken, rotten, or nonfunctional, including
            old swinging or sliding doors that need to be replaced with
            modern overhead doors.

       Includes all door materials (wood, steel, fiberglass, etc.)
            along with any vision panes, rollers, springs, and hardware.

       Does not include replacing swinging or sliding historic
            garage or warehouse doors in kind. Use a custom item to replace
            historic doors in kind.
    Figure 28
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Photo of part of a warehouse and loading dock, centered on a
            large four-panel overhead door. An irregularly shaped scrape
            that is about 6 long and 1 high is evident on the bottom
            panel of the door.
              This overhead warehouse door is damaged. Because several
            layers of plywood were peeled off the panel, the strength of
            the door is compromised. The door should be replaced.
    Figure 29
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Photo of the end of a garage with a bent and bowed overhead
            garage door. The four-panel door has windows all across the
            width of the second panel from the top.
              This residential garage door is warped and does not open
            properly. The door should be replaced.
    Work Item 06004--Painting, Exterior, Includes Prep, Prime and Paint
        Definition: Repaint the exterior of a building, including
    preparation and prime coat (figures 30 and 31).
        Typical Life Cycle: 5 years.

       Typical life cycle is for paint on wood siding and trim.
            Some other finishes, such as paint on cement composite siding
            or semitransparent stain on wood siding, may last longer.

        Unit of Measure: square feet (SF).

       Calculate the gross square feet of the surface area to be
            painted. Do not deduct for openings, such as doors and windows.

        Considerations:

        Includes surface preparation, caulking (if needed), a full or spot
    prime coat (as needed), and painting or staining of all exterior
    surfaces, including trim, with latex paint or water-based stain.

       Use this item regardless of how many coats of paint are
            actually needed, the type of paint (oil base, latex, stain,
            etc.), or the type of siding being painted.

       Does not include lead paint removal. Use work item 16001 for
            removing lead paint.
    Figure 30
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Photo of a building with wood Dutch-lap siding. The building
            has a partial second floor under the roof. The building has two
            doors, five windows, and a brick chimney 1extending above the
            wood-shingle roof.
              Although the paint is peeling badly, the wood siding of this
            historic building is in decent condition. New paint will keep
            the siding serviceable. Because it's a historic building, old
            layers of paint may contain lead, requiring special preparation
            (see work item 16001). Follow the building preservation plan
            and use historic colors when repainting.
    Figure 31
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Detail photo of part of an outside building wall and a wood-
            framed, double-hung window. There is little stain left on the
            siding and some portions have darkened. Nearly all the paint on
            the window frame is peeling.
              The T1-11 siding should be cleaned and restained with a
            semitransparent penetrating stain. Loose paint should be
            scraped or sanded from the window frame and trim before they
            are primed and repainted.
    Work Item 07001--Doors, Interior, Remove/Replace
        Definition: Remove and replace an interior door (figure 32).
        Typical Life Cycle: 30 years.
        Unit of Measure: each (EA).

       ``Each'' means each door. Double doors are counted as 2 EA.

        Considerations:

       Includes replacing worn-out, damaged, or nonfunctioning
            interior doors up to 4 wide and 8 tall, whether solid or
            hollow core; wood, steel, fiberglass, or other standard-grade
            material; casing; and hardware of all types.

       Includes removing the old doors, doorframes, hardware, and
            door closers (if any); installing new doorframes, hinges,
            vision panes (if any), and doors; and replacing or reinstalling
            the door casing, closers, and latches.

       Does not include luxury-grade doors or custom replication of
            fancy historic door styles. Use a custom item for such work.
    Figure 32
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Photo of a wood-faced, flat-slab interior door and frame. The
            face veneer is pulling away from the door on both sides.
              This interior door is delaminated at the top and should be
            replaced. Although only the door should be replaced (not the
            frame or hardware), use item 07001 and its standard cost. To
            improve accessibility, the knob should be replaced with a
            lever-type handle.
    Work Item 07002--Toilet Partitions, Per Stall, Remove/Replace
        Definition: Remove and replace a toilet partition (figure 33) or
    urinal screen (figure 34).
        Typical Life Cycle: 20 years.

       Partitions often need to be replaced because of vandalism or
            abuse rather than for exceeding their expected life.

        Unit of Measure: each (EA).

       Count each complete stall or each urinal screen as 1 EA.

        Considerations:

       Includes removing and replacing all types and sizes of
            partitions and doors, all types of hardware and mounting
            systems, and cleaning up.

       Replacement partitions should be the Forest Service
            standard-solid phenolic resin. Because of durability and
            graffiti concerns, do not install wood or painted metal
            partitions in locations used by the public.
    Figure 33
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Photo of part of four stalls in a restroom. The door of one
            stall has been replaced with an unpainted piece of plywood,
            fastened to the stall frame with heavy-duty hinges that don't
            match the hinges on the rest of the stall doors.
              Although the obvious problem is the mismatched plywood stall
            door, all these partitions and doors are constructed of aging
            plastic laminated to pressed board. The edges of the partitions
            and doors are chipped, some are delaminating in places, and
            some are warped. The doors and partitions should be replaced.
    Figure 34
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Photo of a urinal and adjacent painted metal privacy screen.
            The screen has extensive rust, especially on the portion that
            is beside the urinal catch basin.
              This urinal screen began to rust after the painted finish
            became scratched and chipped. The screen should be replaced.
    Work Item 07003--Drywall, Install & Taped, Remove/Replace
        Definition: Remove and replace gypsum wallboard (figures 35 and
    36).
        Typical Life Cycle: 75 years.

       Replacement is usually needed because of water damage,
            vandalism, or abuse and is not typically related to the
            expected life of the product.

        Unit of Measure: square feet (SF).
        Measure the replacement area to the center of the next nearest
    support (stud, joist, etc.), because replacement material must be
    fastened to a support. Calculate the total square feet to be replaced.

        Considerations:

       Includes taping and texturing \1/2\" or \5/8\" thick type X
            gypsum wallboard (also called drywall, plasterboard, or
            Sheetrock).

       Includes removing other wall surfacing, such as plywood or
            pressed-board paneling, and replacing it with gypsum wallboard.

       Does not include painting. Use work item 09001 for painting.

       Does not include in-kind replacement of plaster, premium
            wood paneling, or other high-end wall surfaces. Use a custom
            item for such work.
    Figure 35
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Detail photo of part of a ceiling. Water drops cling to the
            painted surface in three large areas. Water coming through the
            ceiling caused the paint on one area to bubble down from the
            ceiling.
              Water damage from a leaking roof ruined this gypsum wallboard
            ceiling. The paint is probably the only thing keeping the
            ceiling in place, because exposure to water degrades the
            structural integrity of ordinary gypsum wallboard. After the
            roof is repaired, the gypsum wallboard ceiling should be
            replaced. See item 16002--Environmental Mitigation, if there is
            mold.
    Figure 36
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Detail photo of part of a floor and wall next to an open
            door. The bottom of the wall is fluted because of swelling and
            delamination of the paper surface layer of the gypsum wallboard
            caused by water.
              Water damage from a burst pipe during the off-season caused a
            flood in this crew-quarters building that damaged the bottom of
            all the kitchen walls. The damaged gypsum wallboard should be
            replaced.
    Work Item 07004--Cabinets, Kitchen, Remove/Replace
        Definition: Remove and replace built-in cabinetry and countertops
    (figure 37).
        Typical Life Cycle: 30 years.
        Unit of Measure: linear feet (LF).

       Measure linear feet along the wall from one end of the
            cabinets to the other end.

       All cabinets along the same wall are measured together for
            this work item. The cost per linear foot includes base cabinets
            and wall cabinets or either of these components alone. For
            example, if only upper cabinets will be replaced, enter the
            total length of the upper cabinets under this work item. Do not
            reduce the length entered because the base cabinets will not be
            replaced.

        Considerations:

       Includes removing and replacing all types of worn-out,
            broken, or nonfunctioning cabinets, except laboratory cabinets,
            in all locations. Use item 07005 for laboratory cabinets.

       Includes countertops, base cabinets, wall cabinets, hinges,
            and pulls.

       Does not include cabinet repair or refinishing, which could
            be operations or minor maintenance work or a custom work item
            if the expense is significant.
    Figure 37
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              View of a kitchen wall with old wooden cabinets and a wide,
            sliding, wood-framed window above the sink. The paint has come
            off the cabinet drawers and doors in several places.
              Although the doors are crooked and the drawers don't slide
            easily, these cabinets are still functional. Because they are
            sturdier than most modern cabinets, it may be better to fix
            than to replace them, especially if they have historic
            significance.
    Work Item 07005--Cabinets, Laboratory, Remove/Replace
        Definition: Remove and replace built-in laboratory cabinetry and
    countertops (figures 38 and 39).
        Typical Life Cycle: 40 years.
        Unit of Measure: linear feet (LF).

       Measure linear feet along the wall from one end of the
            cabinets to the other end.

       All cabinets along the same wall are measured together for
            this work item. The cost per linear foot includes base cabinets
            and wall cabinets or either of these components alone. For
            example, if only base cabinets will be replaced, enter the
            total length of the base cabinets under this work item. Do not
            reduce the length entered because wall-hung upper cabinets are
            not needed.

        Considerations:

       Includes removing and replacing worn-out, broken, or
            nonfunctioning chemical-resistant countertops, base cabinets,
            and wall cabinets.

       Does not include cabinet repair or refinishing, which could
            be operations or minor maintenance work, or a custom item if
            the expense is significant.
    Figure 38
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Photo of an old, painted steel base cabinet supporting a lab
            sink. One cabinet door under the sink won't close completely.
              This old lab cabinet has remained in use for more than 50
            years, and it shows. Rust and pitting are extensive. The
            cabinet should be replaced.
    Figure 39
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Photo of a clear-finish wood cabinet supporting a lab sink
            and counter. One cabinet door has a large horizontal scratch.
            The cabinet finish is stained and deteriorating in a few
            places.
              This wooden lab cabinet and countertop look as though they
            are in poor condition. However, a thorough cleaning and
            refinishing will probably restore them. They still function
            well.
    Work Item 07006--Window, Remove/Replace
        Definition: Remove and replace a window (figure 40).
        Typical Life Cycle: 30 years.
        Unit of Measure: each (EA).

       Count each window unit as 1 EA. Window units are separated
            by a section of wall or by a vertical support mullion, as shown
            in figure 41. The paired components of sliding or double-hung
            windows are counted as one window unit.

        Considerations:

       Includes removing and replacing existing windows with new
            windows that meet the Forest Service standard (good quality,
            thermally efficient). Includes all materials, equipment, and
            scaffolding required to complete the work, including replacing
            or repairing trim.

       Includes replacing windows that should be tempered but often
            aren't, such as windows near doors and stairways or within 18"
            of the floor.

       Includes replacing single-pane windows with new windows to
            increase energy efficiency.

       Does not include storefront windows (large expanses of glass
            typically surrounding an entry door), which are custom work.

       Does not include window repair (an operations or maintenance
            expense) or rebuilding historic windows (a custom item).

       Caution: for buildings that are eligible for or listed on
            the National Register of Historic Places, it is often better to
            rebuild and/or add storm windows rather than replacing original
            windows. Such work is a custom item.
    Figure 40
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Detail photo of part of a steel-frame, multi-pane window in a
            painted brick wall. Two panes are cracked. The inside half of
            part of the frame is missing and the glass is held in place at
            the bottom by a 1" by 1" board.
              It's difficult to tell in this photo, but the steel frame of
            this window isn't in any better condition than the cracked
            windowpanes. The frame is warped, rusted in places, and
            partially missing. The window should be replaced.
    Figure 41
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Photo of the inside of a lookout tower cab. A low cabinet,
            low shelf, woodstove on a ceramic tile base, and an Osborne
            Firefinder are visible, as are the catwalk rails, mountains,
            valleys, and lake beyond the windows.
              This photo shows nine windows separated by support mullions
            and a door with three vision panes. Each window has four
            windowpanes (lites). If you had to replace them all, you would
            count nine each of work item 07006 (windows) and one each of
            work item 06002 (exterior door).
    Work Item 08001--Stairs, Interior, Remove/Replace
        Definition: Remove and replace interior stairs (figure 42).
        Typical Life Cycle: 40 years.
        Unit of Measure: step, each (STEP, EA).

       Count the stair risers to determine the number of steps.

        Considerations:

       Includes removing and replacing a complete flight of
            interior stairs (including pull-down units) up to 42" wide,
            constructed of any standard material, that are deteriorated or
            don't meet code requirements for existing buildings.

       Does not include replacing carpeting or other flooring for
            the stairs or replacing railings. Use work items 09002, 09003,
            09004, 09005, and 08002 for such work.

       Does not include replacing flights of stairs more than 42"
            wide (a custom item) or replacing one or two treads, which is
            an operations or minor maintenance expense.
    Figure 42
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Sideview photo of an interior stairway in a historic ranger's
            house. An arrow and dimensions indicate the head clearance for
            the stair is only 56".
              The stairway of this early 20th century log house should be
            replaced because it is unsafe and doesn't comply with building
            codes for existing buildings. The stairway doesn't have enough
            head clearance and the steps are too steep.
    Work Item 08002--Railing, Stair, Guards and Handrails, Remove/Replace
        Definition: Remove and replace interior handrails and guardrails
    (figure 43).
        Typical Life Cycle: 45 years.
        Unit of Measure: linear feet (LF).

       Measure the handrail and guardrail separately if they are
            not integrated and both need to be replaced. Add the linear
            feet of the handrail and the linear feet of the guardrail to
            get the total linear feet.

        Considerations:

       Includes removing and replacing nonfunctional, worn-out, or
            non-code-compliant handrails and guardrails constructed of any
            common building material.
    Figure 43
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Photo of an interior stairway looking at the top landing and
            down the stairs. Mouse droppings and other debris litter the
            floor and steps, but the structure is sound and undamaged. A
            low hand rail is on the left and on the right is a guardrail
            with a fancy newel post protecting the landing from the
            stairwell dropoff.
              This handrail is in good condition. It should be raised so
            that it is 34" to 38" above the noses of the steps. The
            guardrail should be rebuilt so that the top of the rail is 42"
            above the floor. Because this structure is historic, the top
            rail, newel cap, and newel base should be retained, refinished
            and mounted atop longer balusters and a longer newel post that
            have the same horizontal dimensions and appearance as the
            originals.
    Work Item 09001--Painting, Interior Walls and Ceiling, Includes Prep,
            Prime and One Coat Latex
        Definition: Prepare and paint interior walls, the ceiling, and trim
    with prime and topcoat (figure 44).
        Typical Life Cycle: 5 years.
        Unit of Measure: square feet (SF).

       Calculate the total square feet to be refinished. Do not
            deduct for openings.

        Considerations:

       Includes repainting any common wall or ceiling surface, such
            as gypsum wallboard, plaster, and pressed board.

       Includes masking and providing floor protection; cleaning
            and preparing the surface; priming or sealing; painting
            interior walls, ceiling, and trim; and removing masking and
            drop cloths.

       Does not include removing lead-based paint. Use work item
            16001 for removing lead-based paint.
    Figure 44
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Photo of an inside corner of an attic room. The walls and
            ceiling are covered with painted plywood with \1/2\" by 2" wood
            battens over the seams.
              The walls and ceiling of this second floor room already are
            sanded in preparation for a badly needed repainting. The
            varying depth of sanding indicates the paint was in very poor
            condition.
    Work Item 09002--Flooring, Carpet, Repair/Replacement
        Definition: Remove and replace standard-quality carpet and padding
    (figure 45).
        Typical Life Cycle: 8 years.
        Unit of Measure: square feet (SF).

       Calculate the square feet of carpet to be replaced. Unless
            carpet is unitized (carpet ``tiles''), extend the replacement
            area to a logical joint, such as under a door. Do not ``patch''
            sheet carpet in the middle of a room.

        Considerations:

       Includes removing damaged carpet and installing new carpet
            and pad.

       Includes moving furniture out of the room (if the room is
            furnished) and moving it back in.

       If the carpet is not badly worn or damaged, consider
            cleaning it instead of replacing it. Cleaning would be
            considered an operations cost.

       Consider replacing sheet carpet with carpet tiles to make it
            easier to remove and replace damaged sections, add floor
            outlets, etc.
    Figure 45
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Photo of a badly stained and severely worn level loop carpet
            in an empty office.
              This carpet has exceeded its useful life and should be
            replaced. The pile is completely worn away in some areas, the
            seam is raveling, and the staining is severe.
    Work Item 09003--Flooring, Tile, Remove/Replace
        Definition: Remove and replace wood, laminate, ceramic, or quarry
    floor or wall tiles or boards (figures 46 and 47).
        Typical Life Cycle: 30 years.
        Unit of Measure: square feet (SF).

       Calculate the square feet of flooring to be replaced.

        b If the material can be matched exactly, replace only the area
                that is damaged.

        b If the material cannot be matched exactly, extend the replacement
                area to a logical joint, such as under a door. Do not
                install a mismatched ``patch'' in the middle of a room.

        Considerations:

       Includes removing and replacing damaged or excessively worn
            ceramic, quarry, wood, or laminate wall tiles, floor tiles, or
            flooring boards. Includes surface preparation.

       Does not include refinishing existing wood flooring. Use
            work item 09004 for refinishing.

       Does not include vinyl or other composition flooring tiles.
            Use work item 09005 for vinyl or composition flooring.

       Does not include replacing underlayment, subfloor, or floor
            joists. Such work is a custom item.
    Figure 46
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Detail photo of a floor covered with 1" by 1" ceramic tiles
            with narrow grout lines.
              Many of the individual tiles in this floor are chipped or
            cracked. If it is impossible to find matching tiles to
            individually replace the bad tiles, the entire floor surface
            should be replaced.
    Figure 47
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Photo of part of a deteriorated narrow-width tongue and
            groove wood floor.
              The wood flooring of this lookout cabin is warped and pieces
            are missing. The flooring should be completely replaced before
            the building is returned to use.
    Work Item 09004--Flooring, Wood, Sand and Refinish
        Definition: Sand and refinish wood plank or tongue and groove
    flooring (figure 48).
        Typical Life Cycle: 10 years.
        Unit of Measure: square feet (SF) of flooring to be refinished.

       Calculate the square feet of the entire room. It's not
            possible to satisfactorily refinish only a portion of a room's
            wood floor.

        Considerations:

       Includes removing any remaining old finish and applying new
            stain and a wear layer, as appropriate.

       Does not include replacing wood flooring. Use work item
            09003 for wood flooring.
    Figure 48
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Photo of part of a narrow-width tongue and groove wood floor
            beside a kitchen cabinet. The boards are still perfectly flat
            and the joints are tight.
              The finish of this wood floor is completely worn off in some
            areas. The entire floor should be sanded and refinished.
    Work Item 09005--Flooring, Vinyl, Remove/Replace
        Definition: Remove and replace vinyl or other composition flooring,
    either sheet (figure 49) or tile.
        Typical Life Cycle: 18 years.
        Unit of Measure: square feet (SF).

       Calculate the square feet of flooring to be replaced.

        b If the material can be matched exactly, measure the area that is
                damaged to the nearest pattern line that will camouflage
                the patch.

        b If the material cannot be matched exactly, measure the
                replacement area to a logical joint, such as under a door.
                Do not install a mismatched ``patch'' in the middle of a
                room.

        Considerations:

       Includes removing damaged flooring, preparing the surface,
            and installing new vinyl flooring.

       Does not include removing flooring that contains asbestos.
            Asbestos tiles typically are 9" by 9". Test if uncertain. Use
            work item 16001 for removing asbestos.
    Figure 49
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Detail photo of part of a sheet vinyl floor. Arrows point to
            large scratches and scrapes in two locations.
              The wearing surface and color layer of this vinyl flooring
            are completely scraped off in places. This damage cannot be
            repaired. The flooring should be replaced.
    Work Item 09006--Ceiling, Acoustic, Remove/Replace
        Definition: Remove and replace acoustic ceiling tiles and the
    support grid (figure 50).
        Typical Life Cycle: 20 years.

       Failure more typically results from water damage than
            wearing out.

        Unit of Measure: 100 square feet (CSF).

       Calculate the square feet of the ceiling and divide by 100,
            then round up to the nearest whole number.

       Unless you can match the material exactly, replace the
            ceiling of the entire room.

        Considerations:

       Includes setting up, securing, and taking down scaffold;
            removing old ceiling tiles; removing the old ceiling grid;
            installing the new ceiling grid; installing new ceiling tiles;
            resetting existing light fixtures, diffusers, grills, etc.; and
            sweeping and cleaning debris.

       Does not include replacing light fixtures, diffusers, or
            grills. Use work item 13004 for light fixtures. Replacing
            diffusers or grills can be operations, minor maintenance, or a
            custom item, depending on the extent and expense of the work.

       Does not include replacing a couple of individual tiles in a
            room. Such work is operations or minor maintenance.
    Figure 50
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Photo of part of a suspended acoustic ceiling, including a
            vent, a grill, and a fire sprinkler set into the ceiling
            panels.
              This ceiling has suffered repeated water damage. Previous
            stains were covered with spray paint. Darker areas of the
            ceiling are currently wet. The corners of some of the panels
            are coming apart and the grid is beginning to rust (circled).
            The panels should be replaced before they lose structural
            integrity and fall down. Roof leaks should be corrected before
            the ceiling is replaced. See item 16002--Environmental
            Mitigation, if there is mold.
    Work Item 10001--Toilet/Urinal Fixture, Remove/Replace
        Definition: Remove and replace a toilet (figure 51) or urinal,
    including flush valves.
        Typical Life Cycle: 35 years.
        Unit of Measure: each (EA).
        Considerations:

       Includes turning shutoff valves off and on, removing
            fixtures, installing new wall- or floor-mounted fixtures
            (including wax rings and other connectors), installing flush
            valves and pipes, and checking operation. For public restrooms,
            use elongated toilet bowls (not round) with open-front seats.

       Includes replacing an old fixture to provide accessibility
            for employees and the public. Refer to the Architectural
            Barriers Act (ABA) Accessibility Standards at http://
            www.access-board.gov/ for requirements.

       Includes replacing old fixtures to reduce water use. Refer
            to http://fsweb.wo.fs.fed.us/eng/programs/facilities/sus_green/
            fix_pro.htm for new fixture testing and performance
            information.

       Does not include replacing grab bars or toilet seats, which
            usually are operations or minor maintenance work.

       Does not include replacing a flush valve only, which is an
            operations or minor maintenance expense. Life expectancy for a
            flush valve is 10 years.
    Figure 51
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Photo of an old-style, tank-type toilet with an open-front
            seat set in an alcove with a painted tile-patterned, pressed-
            board wainscot on the lower half of the wall and composition
            floor tiles.
              This toilet from the 1930s still works, but it uses about 8
            gallons of water per flush. Consider historic preservation and
            accessibility requirements as well as water efficiency before
            deciding whether to replace or modify historic fixtures in
            historic buildings. Consult a mechanical engineer to learn
            whether a historic fixture can be modified to use less water[.]
    Work Item 10002--Lavatory Fixture, Remove/Replace
        Definition: Remove and replace a sink, including faucets and drain
    (figures 52 and 53).
        Typical Life Cycle: 35 years.
        Unit of Measure: each (EA).
        Considerations:

       Includes bathroom (lavatory) sinks, laundry room sinks, non-
            freestanding single- and double-bowl kitchen sinks, and other
            similar sinks.

       Includes shutting off water (hot and cold); disconnecting
            and removing sinks; and installing new sinks, faucets, drains,
            and tubing.

       Does not include oversize freestanding sinks or laboratory
            sinks, which are custom work items.

       Includes replacing sinks to provide accessibility for office
            or crew-quarters restrooms or kitchens. Refer to the ABA
            Accessibility Standards at http://www.access-board.gov/ for
            requirements.
    Figure 52
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Detail photo of a one-piece lavatory countertop with integral
            sink, set on a base cabinet. One corner of the countertop is
            cracked all the way through diagonally.
              This combination lavatory and countertop is broken (circled)
            and should be replaced.
    Figure 53
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Detail photo of a double kitchen sink with dirty dishes
            stacked in one bowl. A sign posted on the wall behind the sink
            reads: ``Notice: Non-potable water. Not for drinking or
            cleaning.['']
              Although it has two bowls, this double kitchen sink would
            count as ``1 each.'' A larger problem needs to be addressed,
            however: the water is apparently nonpotable and not suitable
            for washing the dishes that are stacked in the sink. To prevent
            illness, water to the sink should be shut off until the water
            system is restored to potability.
    Work Item 10003--Tub/Shower Complete, Remove/Replace
        Definition: Remove and replace a bathtub or shower, including
    spout, faucet(s), and showerhead (figure 54).
        Typical Life Cycle: 25 years.
        Unit of Measure: each (EA).
        Considerations:

       Includes removing and replacing a tub, shower, or combo
            unit, whether porcelain, tile, fiberglass, or other material.

       Includes removing shower enclosures; installing new shower
            enclosures; and installing new showerheads, arms, faucets and
            drains, and valves.

       Includes replacing showers or tubs to provide accessibility
            in offices, fire stations, or crew quarters. Refer to the ABA
            Accessibility Standards at http://www.access-board.gov/ for
            requirements.

       Does not include extensive reframing necessitated by severe
            deterioration. Use a custom item for reframing.
    Figure 54
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Photo of two steel shower stalls with open curtains. Rust is
            on the inside and outside of the stalls.
              These old metal shower stalls are rusted, allowing water to
            escape from the walls and pans of the stalls. The stalls should
            be replaced.
    Work Item 10004--Drinking Fountain, Remove/Replace
        Definition: Remove and replace a drinking fountain (figure 55).
        Typical Life Cycle: 18 years.
        Unit of Measure: each (EA).
        Considerations:

       Includes removing and replacing the complete old drinking
            fountain or water cooler and installing a new water cooler
            unit. Don't save or reuse an old refrigerated drinking
            fountain.

       Includes replacing water coolers or drinking fountains
            because of compressor failure or to provide accessibility
            (figure 56). Refer to the ABA Accessibility Standards at http:/
            /www.access-board.gov/ for requirements.
    Figure 55
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Photo of an old electrical panel with a wall-hung drinking
            fountain directly below it and a wall phone to the right of it.
              This is a very bad location for a drinking fountain. The
            fountain must be outside the 36" clear area for the electrical
            panel and should ideally be several feet away. The fountain
            should be removed. It doesn't meet accessibility requirements.
            If a drinking fountain is needed, install a new, accessible
            fountain at a different location.
    Figure 56
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              These drawings show some of the clearance and size
            requirements for accessible drinking fountains. Refer to the
            Architectural Barriers Act Accessibility Standards for more
            information about accessibility requirements.
    Work Item 10005--Eye Wash, Remove/Replace
        Definition: Remove and replace an eyewash station (figures 57 and
    58).
        Typical Life Cycle: 25 years.
        Unit of Measure: each (EA).
        Considerations:

       Includes removing and replacing eye wash stations that are
            worn-out, damaged, dysfunctional, or that cannot be sanitized.

       Test existing units during the condition assessment
            inspection to ensure that they are functional and easy to
            access.
    Figure 57
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Photo of a sink faucet with an eyewash station operated using
            a squeeze lever and automatic flip-up spout covers. The eyewash
            station has a retractable extension hose so it can be pulled
            out and over the sink for use. The eyewash station is very
            dirty and greasy, as are the sink, counter, and sink faucet.
              This eyewash station is too dirty to ensure a rinse with
            uncontaminated water. If a thorough cleaning isn't sufficient
            to return it to a sanitary condition, it should be replaced.
    Figure 58
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Photo of a dirty, stained sink with a very old eyewash
            station mounted on the end of a chrome sink faucet with an
            ``X''-type handle. The eyewash spouts look like sink faucet
            aerators and have no protective covers. Beside the eye wash is
            a rough-plumbed pipe extending from the wall with a wheel-type
            handle and an elbow to a downturned discharge opening that
            serves as the sink faucet.
              The lack of protective covers and an easy-to-operate
            activator make this eyewash station unsuitable for use. It
            clearly should be replaced.
    Work Item 10006--Water Heater, Remove/Replace
        Definition: Remove and replace an electric or gas water heater
    (figure 59) or small boiler (figure 60).
        Typical Life Cycle: 15 years.
        Unit of Measure: each (EA).
        Considerations:

       Includes completely removing and replacing commercial water
            heaters (propane, natural gas, or electric) or small boilers up
            to about 150,000 British thermal units (Btu) per hour,
            including valves, venting, etc.

        b Includes an anti-scald device and a pop-off valve with a
                discharge pipe plumbed to a floor drain or to the outside.

        b Includes seismic restraints, as required locally.

        b Includes installing to code standards, including piping,
                clearances, and elevation of the heater 18" above the floor
                if it's in a garage or shop.

        b Includes checking operation after installation.

       Includes replacing water heaters to improve energy
            efficiency--older units typically are 60-percent efficient,
            while new condensing units are 90-percent efficient or more.
    Figure 59
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Photo of an old-style hot-water storage tank that is about
            16" in diameter and 66" tall. It is piped at the bottom to the
            cold-water supply, and hot water would exit the top. To the
            left are the severed ends of the pipes near the bottom and top
            of the tank that used to connect the heating coils inside the
            tank to the heat-extracting coils inside a wood stove.
              This old tank held water that was heated by coils inside a
            wood heat or cook stove that was removed. The tank should be
            replaced if hot water is still needed at this location.
    Figure 60
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Photo of an old vertical-tank gas boiler with a large exhaust
            flue and 1\1/2\" diameter cold- and hot-water pipes entering
            and leaving the boiler to the left of the photo. Exposed
            single-strand plastic-coated wires connect various sensors and
            controls on the boiler tank.
              This old boiler may work, but it probably runs inefficiently,
            and the exposed wiring connections are not safe. It should be
            replaced.
    Work Item 10007--Gas/LP Yard Line, Remove/Replace
        Definition: Remove and replace underground natural gas, propane
    (figure 61), or fuel oil piping.
        Typical Life Cycle: 30 years.
        Unit of Measure: linear feet (LF).

       Measure and include the vertical portions of the line at the
            tank and up the outside of the building, as well as the
            horizontal line.

        Considerations:

       Includes completely replacing a rusted, corroded, deformed,
            or leaking gas or oil underground service line.

        b Includes piping and fittings, as well as trenching and backfill
                to the building, from either an above-ground or buried
                tank.

        b Includes replacing hard or soft copper, black iron, or
                polyethylene lines with code-compliant, properly sized
                materials.

        b Includes obtaining a permit, where required.

        b Includes checking for breaks or leaks before removing the old
                line and checking for leaks after installing the new line.

       Check with the local fuel supplier; they may be responsible
            for part of the work.

       Ensure that the tank is the proper distance from the
            building and openings. Refer to http://www.propane101.com/
            propanetankdistancerules.htm.

       Use detergent in water to check for leaks on exposed parts.
            Refer to http://www.propane101.com/checkingforgasleaks.htm.
    Figure 61
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Photo showing one wall of a wood-sided building on the left
            and a large propane tank about 20 from the building on the
            right. Shrubs and a couple of large conifer tree trunks are
            visible between the building and the tank. A gas pipe runs
            partway up the building wall and extends into the building. At
            the tank, a regulator perches atop a gas pipe that runs from
            the tank into the ground,
              What's underground between the propane tank and the building?
            The consequences can be severe if the line is defective.
            Defective lines should be replaced immediately.
    Work Item 11001--Pump, Circulation, Water or HVAC, Remove/Replace
        Definition: Remove and replace a booster, vacuum, or circulation
    pump (figure 62), including mounts, connections, and controls.
        Typical Life Cycle: 20 years.
        Unit of Measure: each (EA).
        Considerations:

       Includes circulation pumps, booster pumps, and vacuum pumps
            up to about 3 horsepower, including controls.

       Includes needed upgrades of support, vibration mounts,
            isolation valves, flexible connections, disconnects, and
            similar items to ensure efficient operation.

       Includes removing flanged connection pumps, replacing pumps
            and motor assemblies, and installing new flanged connection
            pumps.

       Does not include potable water, irrigation, or wastewater
            pumps in pump/control houses or outside. Such pumps are covered
            under water and wastewater maintenance or improvement.
    Figure 62
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Close-up photo of a circulation pump mounted on a concrete
            pedestal and connected to insulated piping at the top and left
            side. The pump motor is on the right side of the pump.
              The motor on this pump looks newer than the pump and
            fittings. The extent of rust and the pump's marginal
            performance indicate that the pump and fittings should be
            replaced.
    Work Item 11002--Boiler, Remove/Replace
        Definition: Remove and replace a large boiler that uses any fuel
    (figure 63).
        Typical Life Cycle: 30 years.
        Unit of Measure: each (EA).
        Considerations:

       Includes boilers from about 150,000 Btu per hour up to about
            2 million Btu per hour, including connections and fittings.

       Old boilers may be cast iron, steel, copper fin, or
            condensing type.

       Includes replacing boilers to improve energy efficiency.
    Figure 63
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Photo of a small modern boiler in a rectangular housing that
            is about 2 wide by 2 high by 4 deep. The boiler is connected
            to insulated water and glycol pipes and a natural gas line. A
            gas flue extends from the top of the boiler.
              This relatively new and efficient 1 million Btu boiler is
            about \1/4\ the size of an older, equal-capacity boiler. This
            boiler is only about 10 years old and is in good condition.
    Work Item 11003--Cooling Tower, Remove/Replace--Average 50 Ton
        Definition: Remove and replace a cooling tower and its
    appurtenances (figure 64).
        Typical Life Cycle: 15 years.
        Unit of Measure: each (EA).
        Considerations:

       Includes completely removing and replacing worn-out cooling
            towers and appurtenances. Unit cost is based on a 50 to 100 ton
            cooling tower.

       Includes towers located indoors in a mechanical room or
            outdoors on a roof or in a separate tower.

       Cooling towers typically are used in conjunction with water-
            cooled chillers (work item 11004).
    Figure 64
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Photo of a large-enough-to-walk-into cooling tower enclosure.
            On the front are an access door and controls. A cylindrical
            pressure tank sits on the top. Ductwork on the right exhausts
            hot air, and pipes connect to the chiller in figure 65.
              This indoor cooling tower was installed in 1962 and is still
            operating satisfactorily more than 50 years later. It has far
            exceeded the typical operating life for cooling towers.
    Work Item 11004--Chiller, Water Cooled, Remove/Replace--Average 50 Ton
        Definition: Remove and replace a water-cooled chiller, including
    its appurtenances (figure 65).
        Typical Life Cycle: 20 years.
        Unit of Measure: each (EA).
        Considerations:

       Includes removing and replacing worn-out centrifugal-,
            screw-, or piston and cylinder-type chillers or water coolers,
            50 to 100 ton capacity, including fittings and connections.

       Water-cooled chillers typically are used in conjunction with
            cooling towers (work item 11003).

       Units with 60 to 100 tons of cooling capacity are common at
            Forest Service labs.
    Figure 65
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Photo of the front of the rectangular control box, support
            frame, cooling tube, and compressor of a chiller that cools
            refrigerant for air conditioning. Numerous wires and pipes
            connect to the chiller.
              This indoor chiller, installed in 1962, uses water from the
            cooling tower shown in figure 64. It has far exceeded the
            typical operating life for chillers. It is inefficient and
            replacement parts are becoming difficult to obtain. Both the
            chiller and cooling tower should be replaced in the near
            future.
    Work Item 11005--Chiller, Air Cooled, Remove/Replace
        Definition: Remove and replace an air-cooled chiller, including its
    appurtenances (figure 66).
        Typical Life Cycle: 15 years.
        Unit of Measure: each (EA).
        Considerations:

       Includes removing and replacing worn-out, air-cooled
            chillers, 50 to 100 ton capacity, including fittings and
            connections.

       Includes air-cooled chillers in any location (typically
            outside on a pad or on the roof).

       Units with 70 to 100 tons of cooling capacity are common at
            Forest Service labs.
    Figure 66
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Photo of two Forest Service employees inspecting the housing
            for four outdoor chillers. The housing is about 8 wide by 6
            tall by 12 deep. Grills constitute most of the left side of
            the enclosure, and four fan guards are on the top. Two large
            insulated pipes run from the left side of the enclosure through
            the supporting concrete slab.
              These chillers still work, but they are inefficient and
            repair parts are becoming difficult to find. They should be
            replaced within a few years.
    Work Item 11006--Replace Condenser, Air Cooled, 5 Ton
        Definition: Remove and replace an air-cooled condenser (figure 67).
        Typical Life Cycle: 15 years.
        Unit of Measure: each (EA).
        Considerations:

       Includes removing and replacing a residential or light
            commercial air-cooled condenser up to 5 tons of cooling
            capacity, including fittings and connections.

       Includes replacing pipe because of new refrigerant
            requirements.

       Includes replacing a condenser to improve energy efficiency,
            to convert to ozone-saving refrigerants, because the
            refrigerant pipe insulation is damaged, because it has
            inadequate clearance, because it is not level, or because it
            has bent fins or guards.

       Does not include larger units up to about 60 tons that are
            common at Forest Service labs. Use a custom item for condensers
            with more than 5 tons of cooling capacity.
    Figure 67
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Photo of a condenser outside a building. mounted on a 1 high
            metal stand. Liquid and electric lines run between the
            condenser and the building. A fuse box on the wall serves the
            electric lines that run from the building to the condenser. The
            three sides of the condenser that do not face the building are
            covered with grills.
              This 3 ton condensing unit is only about 5 years old and is
            in pretty good condition. It should continue to work well for
            many more years.
    Work Item 11007--Replace Furnace
        Definition: Remove and replace a furnace (figure 68), heat pump
    (figure 69), wood heat stove, or pellet stove.
        Typical Life Cycle: 15 years for heat pumps; 20 years for furnaces;
    10 to 30 years or more for stoves.
        Unit of Measure: each (EA).
        Considerations:

       Includes electric, liquid propane, fuel oil, natural gas,
            wood, coal, or pellet furnaces; water-source or air-source heat
            pump blower coil units; or free-standing gas, wood, or pellet
            heat stoves about 20,000 to 150,000 Btu per hour. Includes
            venting and connection to fuel lines, ductwork, electric power,
            etc.

       Includes replacing heating systems to improve energy
            efficiency.

       Does not include heat pumps with underground or underwater
            exchange tubing, which are custom items.

       Does not include replacing carbon monoxide detectors. Use
            work item 13006 for carbon monoxide detectors.

       Does not include clearing heat pump condensate lines and
            terminations, increasing clearance from combustibles, repairing
            leaks in piping, or changing filters, all of which normally are
            operations or minor maintenance work.

       Does not include replacing masonry flues or chimneys, which
            are custom items.
    Figure 68
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Photo of the cast iron front of an old, rusty furnace. Doors
            for flue cleanout, access to the firebox, access to the vapor
            fan, and access to the ash pan are arrayed vertically, and a
            long cleaning lever is at the left.
              This pre-1930 Sunbeam Fox 1044-BDA model is a ductless
            furnace. Although it's possible that it has been well
            maintained and is safe to operate, it's definitely not as
            efficient as modern furnaces. It should be replaced.
    Figure 69
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Photo of two roughly cube-shaped heat pumps mounted or,
            concrete pads outside a vinyl-sided Forest Service office with
            a stone-faced base. The concrete pads have settled and aren't
            level. The heat pumps have grills on the front and sides.
              These air-source heat pumps would probably operate acceptably
            if they were sitting on level pads. The heat pumps are old and
            not very efficient, however, so they probably should be
            replaced.
    Work Item 11008--Replace Package Terminal HVAC Unit
        Definition: Remove and replace a package air-conditioning unit
    (figures 70 and 71).
        Typical Life Cycle: 10 years.
        Unit of Measure: each (EA).
        Considerations:

       Includes removing and replacing worn-out or inoperative
            through-wall, gas-pack, hotel-type, rooftop, window, suspended-
            ceiling, or small ductless split-system air conditioners,
            including fittings and connections, controls, fan motors,
            compressors, condensers, and refrigerant.

       Includes replacing air conditioners (which vary a lot in
            efficiency) to reduce energy use.
    Figure 70
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Photo of a very rusty outside condenser. One of the two
            electrical conduits has separated from the condenser, exposing
            two wires.
              This split-system air conditioner is severely corroded. If it
            hasn't already failed, it will soon. It should be replaced.
    Figure 71
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Photo of an air conditioner mounted nearly flush with the
            interior wall of an office, surrounded by wood trim.
              This window-type air conditioner is permanently mounted in
            the wall. Check the manufacturer's literature. If this
            nonstandard installation is unsafe, the air conditioner should
            be replaced.
    Work Item 11009--Unit Heater, Remove/Replace
        Definition: Remove and replace an electric (figures 72 and 73) or
    gas unit heater.
        Typical Life Cycle: 15 years.
        Unit of Measure: each (EA).
        Considerations:

       Includes removing and replacing unsafe, damaged, or
            inefficient gas or electric unit heaters (single-room size) or
            gas-fired radiant or infrared tube heaters, including fittings
            and connections.

       Does not include replacing carbon monoxide monitors if the
            heaters are gas or oil fired. Use work item 13006 for carbon
            monoxide detectors.
    Figure 72
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Photo of a boxy electric heater with a discharge face
            slightly tilted down from vertical, suspended from the ceiling
            by two angled metal rods. The wiring is inside flexible
            conduit.
              This 5 kilowatt horizontal electric unit heater is suspended
            from the ceiling. The wiring installation is inelegant, but all
            the wiring is protected inside conduit.
    Figure 73
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Photo of an electric heater suspended about 1 below the
            ceiling from a frame made from steel L-shaped, perforated bars.
            Air intakes are on the sides and discharge is downward.
              Many heaters are designed to be mounted with a specific
            orientation and are hazardous if mounted improperly. This
            electric heater was designed to be installed vertically on a
            wall. It should be replaced with a heater designed to be
            suspended from a ceiling.
    Work Item 12001--Compressor, Air, Remove/Replace
        Definition: Remove and replace a permanently mounted air compressor
    (figures 74 and 75).
        Typical Life Cycle: 25 years.
        Unit of Measure: each (EA).
        Considerations:

       Includes removing and replacing worn-out, damaged, or
            inoperable air compressors that are permanently mounted to a
            building.

       Does not include portable air compressors, which are
            personal property.

       Does not include monthly checks on compressors required by
            OSHA, which is operations work.
    Figure 74
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Photo of a floor-mounted permanently wired and piped air
            compressor inside a screened alcove.
              This compressor in a laboratory building is typical of
            permanently mounted compressors that serve pressure air lines.
            It operates well and will probably continue to do so for many
            more years.
    Figure 75
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Photo of a large air-compressor tank with two motors on top
            that have separate switches. Several notes and tags with
            operating instructions are attached to the tank and wiring
            conduit.
              This permanently mounted compressor is part of an HVAC
            system. Although it's not new, it has been well maintained and
            works well.
    Work Item 12002--Elevator, Remove/Replace
        Definition: Remove and replace an elevator that serves up to three
    stories (figures 76 and 77).
        Typical Life Cycle: 50 years.
        Unit of Measure: each (EA).
        Considerations:

       Includes removing and replacing inoperative or unsafe
            elevators or lifts serving two or three stories, or installing
            a new elevator that is needed to provide accessibility.

       Does not include elevators for high-rise buildings or other
            long vertical distances. For instance, replacing the elevator
            that descends 216 into Blanchard Springs Caverns on the Ozark
            National Forest would be a custom item.

       Does not include annual state inspections, repairing leaks
            in oil reservoirs and piping, or repairing faulty emergency
            phones, all of which are operations work.
    Figure 76
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Photo of an elevator door and frame with a bronze metallic
            finish. A single elevator call button is on the wall beside the
            frame. The numeral 2 is attached to the elevator door and
            another numeral 2 is attached to the doorframe.
              This elevator was installed more than 30 years ago. Although
            the finish on the door and trim is a little worn, it has many
            years of service left if it is properly maintained.
    Figure 77
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Photo of part of a two-story lobby with a balcony guarded by
            an open metal mesh rail at the second floor. Elevator doors are
            on both the lobby and balcony levels.
              This elevator was installed when the building was constructed
            in 2002. It serves two floors and is a typical size for a
            Forest Service elevator. It has had a few operational problems
            that have been corrected promptly. It is serviced regularly and
            should continue to work well for a long time.
    Work Item 12003--Laboratory Fume Hood/Exhaust Hood, Remove/Replace
        Definition: Remove and replace an enclosed laboratory fume hood
    (figure 78).
        Typical Life Cycle: 30 years.
        Unit of Measure: each (EA).
        Considerations:

       Includes removing and replacing worn-out or inoperative
            laboratory-type fume hoods, fume hoods used for painting small
            items, and other similar enclosed or semi-enclosed countertop
            exhaust hoods.

       Includes replacement because of inoperative sashes, a
            compromised enclosure, or because the system is not energy
            efficient.

       Does not include HVAC exhaust equipment or other exhaust
            fans not associated with an exhaust hood. Bathroom fans;
            exhaust fans in shop buildings; residential kitchen hoods; and
            fans in attics, warehouses, and garages are replaced as
            maintenance work. These fans have a life expectancy of about 10
            years.

       Does not include the annual inspection of fan face velocity
            and overall function required by OSHA, which is operations
            work.

       Does not include ductwork. Cleaning, repairing or replacing
            ducts, duct insulation, duct cement, and duct taping or sealing
            are usually operations work, but may be a custom item if the
            work is extensive.
    Figure 78
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Photo of a 6 wide fume-hood cabinet with a glass door that
            is raised about halfway. The hood enclosure rests on a counter
            over a wood cabinet. The fan and bottom of the vent duct are on
            top of the hood cabinet.
              This fume hood has operated satisfactorily since 1961. It
            doesn't have modern features, but still works because it is
            well maintained. The fan motor is probably inefficient,
            however. Replacing the fan is ordinary maintenance work.
    Work Item 13001--Main Service Switchgear, <1,200 Amps, Remove/Replace
        Definition: Remove and replace the main switchgear at an electric
    service entrance (figures 79 and 80).
        Typical Life Cycle: 20 years.
        Unit of Measure: each (EA).
        Considerations:

       Includes removing and replacing obsolete, corroded,
            undersized, or worn-out metering and service equipment up to
            1,200 amps and 600 volts.

       Includes replacing switchgear for which fuses and breakers
            are no longer available.

       Does not include transformers.
    Figure 79
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Photo of an electric panel that is about 6 wide by 7 tall,
            mounted behind a pair of open doors in an alcove under a roof
            on the outside of a building. A meter is on the left half of
            the panel and a main disconnect and seven subpanel shutoffs are
            on the right half of the panel.
              This typical 1,200 amp main service panel is in good
            condition and should continue to work well for many more years.
    Figure 80
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Photo of an electric panel that is about 4 wide by 7 tall,
            mounted inside a building in a corner on an outside wall. On
            the panel face are a main disconnect, five subpanel shutoffs,
            and two rows of nine circuit breakers.
              If the rust on the surface of this 100 amp main service panel
            extends to the interior, it should be replaced.
    Work Item 13002--Disconnects or Enclosed Circuit Breakers, Remove/
            Replace
        Definition: Remove and replace an equipment disconnect or enclosed
    circuit breaker (figures 81 and 82).
        Typical Life Cycle: 25 years.
        Unit of Measure: each (EA).
        Considerations:

       Includes replacing fused, unfused, or enclosed circuit
            breakers (example: a single circuit breaker in a cabinet) or
            shutoff switches that serve a single piece of equipment and are
            located within sight of the equipment that they serve.
    Figure 81
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Photo of two large, exposed shutoff switches and two
            emergency transfer switches in cabinets mounted on a wall.
            Smaller unlabeled shutoff switches and flip switches are
            mounted below each elevator switch.
              Shutoff switches are sometimes grouped near the equipment
            they serve. These heavy-duty switches are for a pair of
            elevators. The switches are in excellent condition.
    Figure 82
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Photo of a small shutoff switch mounted on a wall below a
            panel box. The wire from the shutoff to the circuit-breaker box
            and to the compressor is in flexible conduit. The conduit from
            the shutoff to the compressor runs across a large round of wood
            with an anvil attached to it. The compressor hose is looped
            over a hose rack mounted on the wall behindthe conduit and
            anvil block.
              The wiring from the disconnect switch to the compressor in
            this old shop should not be suspended across the anvil block.
            The disconnect switch should be replaced with a switch closer
            to the compressor, and the wiring from the panel to the switch
            should be encased in rigid conduit secured to the wall.
    Work Item 13003--Electrical Panel, Remove/Replace
        Definition: Remove and replace an electrical panel (figures 83 and
    84).
        Typical Life Cycle: 30 years.
        Unit of Measure: each (EA).
        Considerations:

       Includes removing and replacing an electric load center,
            lighting, or equipment panel; single- or three-phase; up to 42
            spaces and 400 amp rating.

       Includes replacement because of rust and corrosion, growth
            of the load being served, obsolescence, or possibly because of
            hot spots revealed by thermography.

       Does not include fitting knockouts with appropriate covers,
            labeling circuits, or the checking and retightening of
            electrical connections every few years by a licensed
            electrician, which are operations or minor maintenance work.
    Figure 83
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Photo of a 36-space panel box with the door open. Some of the
            circuit numbers are written beside the breakers in felt pen,
            some correct circuit numbers are on the breaker switches, some
            wrong circuit numbers are on the breaker switches, and some
            breakers are not numbered. Duct tape covers six circuit-breaker
            switches. Three pieces of the tape are labeled ``off'' and
            three are labeled ``leave on.'' Duct tape also covers an empty
            slot. A note is taped to the inside of the door that says
            ``Audio/Video Equipment. On in morning. Off in evening.''
              This old electrical panel is a bit rusty. Duct tape was used
            as an inappropriate substitute for a knockout cover and to
            indicate which circuits should remain on or off at all times.
            The circuitry appears to have been modified many times, which
            is a problem if the work was not performed according to code
            requirements. This panel should be replaced.
    Figure 84
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Photo of a 125 amp, 42 space panel box with the door open.
            All circuit breakers are properly numbered.
              The electrical panel in this photo is a good example of a
            properly wired and well maintained panel, except that labels
            for a few of the circuits are missing from the list on the
            door.
    Work Item 13004--Light Fixtures, Remove/Replace
        Definition: Remove and replace a light fixture.
        Typical Life Cycle: 20 years.
        Unit of Measure: each (EA).
        Considerations:

       Includes removing and replacing broken or unsafe light
            fixtures and replacing fixtures to increase energy efficiency.

       Includes fluorescent, incandescent, high-intensity discharge
            (HID), or light-emitting diode (LED) fixtures, both interior
            (figure 85) and exterior (figure 86).

       Does not include relamping, replacing yellowed or missing
            fixture lenses, or replacing wiring channel covers or impact
            guards, which are operations or minor maintenance work.
    Figure 85
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Photo of a suspended light fixture in an office. The fixture
            has two sections, each with two 4 long fluorescent tubes and
            metal ``egg crate'' grills.
              This typical, old fluorescent office light fixture uses T-12
            tube lamps and a magnetic ballast. It is far less energy
            efficient than modern fixtures. Although T-12 tubes are still
            available, this fixture should be replaced in the near future.
    Figure 86
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Photo of an old storage shed with numerous buckets, a barrel,
            tires, and miscellaneous equipment stacked around it. The light
            fixture is on the gable end between the peak of the roof and a
            screened vent. A sign on the shed door reads: ``Danger
            Flammable.''
              This exterior light fixture is simply a ceramic bulb socket
            mounted under a handmade steel hood. It is unsafe and should be
            replaced.
    Work Item 13005--Emergency Light Fixture, Remove/Replace
        Definition: Remove and replace an emergency light fixture (figure
    87) or exit light (figure 88).
        Typical Life Cycle: 20 years.
        Unit of Measure: each (EA).
        Considerations:

       Includes removing and replacing obsolete or inoperative
            emergency light fixtures and exit signs with fluorescent or LED
            fixtures or signs, or photoluminescent signs.

       Photoluminescent signs must be lit continually by an outside
            light source to work properly when the power goes out. Work
            includes adding such a light source.

       Includes replacing fixtures or signs to improve energy
            efficiency.
    Figure 87
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Photo of a commercial emergency light two small round
            floodlights mounted on top of a rectangular box that holds the
            transfer switches and battery. In the lower left corner of the
            box are a button to push to test operation on battery and an
            indicator light showing current power source.
              Although this emergency light was only 10 years old, it
            failed yearly operational testing and was repaired three times
            before the facilities manager replaced it.
    Figure 88
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Photo of a photoluminescent ``EXIT'' sign illuminated by a
            small strip fight mounted above the sign.
              The fluorescent exit signs with battery backup at this
            building continually failed yearly operating tests and required
            repair. Finally, the facilities manager purchased
            photoluminescent signs and lit them with inexpensive LED strip
            lights so that the signs would always be ``charged'' should the
            power go out.
    Work Item 13006--Fire Alarm and/or Security System, Install
        Definition: Remove and replace a fire alarm system (figure 89) or
    security system.
        Typical Life Cycle: 20 years.
        Unit of Measure: system (SYSTEM).
        Considerations:

       Includes removing and replacing a complete inoperative or
            obsolete fire alarm or security system, including control
            panels, fire alarms, hard-wired smoke detectors, carbon
            monoxide detectors, etc.

       Includes installing a system when none exists. A change in
            occupancy classification may make adding a system necessary.
            For instance, converting a former office at a work center to
            crew quarters may necessitate installing fire alarms, smoke
            detectors, and carbon monoxide detectors.

       Does not include testing and replacing inoperable individual
            components of a system (figure 90), which are operations
            expenses and should be completed immediately.

       Combination fire alarm/intruder alarm systems are common in
            larger buildings.
    Figure 89
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Photo of an old fire alarm manual pull switch and horn
            mounted on a concrete block wall. The wiring for the horn and
            alarm pull extends down from the ceiling in metal surface-
            mounted wire raceway,
              This old fire alarm system is obsolete. Even if it still
            works, it probably should be replaced.
    Figure 90
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Photo of a small portion of a bedroom showing a wall, two
            wood doors, and some wires dangling from a recessed box in the
            ceiling. The dangling wires are where the smoke detector was
            removed. One door goes to the hall and the other to the closet.
              The hard-wired smoke alarm system in this building is fine,
            but a smoke detector is missing (circled) and should be
            replaced immediately using operations funding.
    Work Item 13007--Lightning Protection System, Remove/Replace
        Definition: Remove and replace a lightning protection system
    (figures 91 and 92).
        Typical Life Cycle: 25 years.
        Unit of Measure: system (SYSTEM).
        Considerations:

       Includes removing and replacing a complete lightning
            protection system for a building or lookout/observation tower.

        b Refer to ``Evaluating Lightning Protection on Lookouts and
                Communication Facilities'' http://www.fs.fed.us/t-d/php/
                library_card.php?p_num=0873 2333 for detailed information
                about inspecting lightning protection systems and
                requirements for proper systems.

        b Lightning protection systems are particularly important in rural
                and remote areas, and are mandatory for all lookout/
                observation towers.

       Includes design for the particular building or tower and
            installation under the direction of a licensed professional
            engineer or a master lightning protection installer certified
            by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), Underwriter
            Laboratories (or another listing agency), or the Lighting
            Protection Institute.

       Includes removing and replacing cables, excavating for a
            ground rod, installing a \5/8\" diameter, 10 long ground rod
            and ground clamp or radials, installing lightning rods (air
            terminals), installing down conductors, installing bonding
            clamps, and backfilling over the ground rod.

       Does not include systems that protect large electronic
            equipment from lightning surges. These systems are a custom
            (and very expensive) item.

       Does not include the yearly preopening inspection of
            lightning protection systems for lookout towers, which is an
            operations cost.

       Does not include expert inspection every 5 years, per NFPA
            780 B.5. Major work items identified during the expert
            inspection need to be added to the NRM Infra database. Minor
            work items should be accomplished using operations or
            maintenance funds.
    Figure 91
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Detail photo of a solid guardrail high above the ground. A
            small, single-wire antenna, a very short air terminal (vertical
            copper rod), and the lower portion of a galvanized pipe mast
            for a larger antenna are all mounted on it in close proximity
            on the rail. An assortment of insulated wires, a braided steel
            cable, and a braided, patinated copper cable--all in various
            stages of deterioration--run horizontally along the rail and
            are attached to it in a few places.
              This lightning protection system includes a clamp that
            doesn't grab all the strands, an air terminal that is far from
            being the tallest conductor on the roof, and many unbonded
            metal items. The system should be given a major overhaul or
            should be replaced.
    Figure 92
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Photo of the base of a timber lookout tower. A braided copper
            cable dangles from the frame about 6 above the ground.
              This ground conductor isn't secured and the terminus
            (circled) doesn't even come close to the ground rod. If the
            rest of the system is as inadequate and poorly maintained, it
            should be replaced. If the rest of the system is okay, the
            ground conductor should be replaced immediately using
            maintenance funds.
    Work Item 14001--Fire Sprinkler System, Remove/Replace
        Definition: Remove and replace a wet-pipe or dry-pipe fire
    sprinkler system (figure 93).
        Typical Life Cycle: 40 years.
        Unit of Measure: square feet (SF).

       Calculate the square feet of floor space to be protected by
            the system.

        Considerations:

       Includes removing and replacing inoperative fire sprinkler
            systems.

        b Be sure to check the code requirements to determine whether the
                system is adequate. A variety of NFPA standards apply,
                including NFPA 13, 13D, 13R, 101, and 914.

       Includes installing a new system where required and where
            none currently exists, especially to comply with code when
            renovating an existing building.

        b Consider installing fire sprinkler systems to protect sleeping
                quarters, historic structures, and structures with high-
                value or irreplaceable contents, even when not required by
                code.

       Does not include required regular testing on existing
            systems, which is operations work.
    Figure 93
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Detail photo of a fire sprinkler in a wood-paneled ceiling.
              The system that includes this fire sprinkler is 10 years old
            and in good condition. Replacement should not be necessary for
            many years.
    Work Item 15001--ABA Mitigation
        Definition: Custom work item. Modify a building to provide
    accessibility to people with disabilities, as required by the
    Architectural Barriers Act Accessibility Standards.
        Typical Life Cycle: none.
        Unit of Measure: lump sum (LS).
        Considerations:

       Includes any work that must be done to meet accessibility
            standards inside the building or to the porch, deck, entry
            steps, or other assemblies directly tied to the building.

        b Interior barriers often include halls or doors (figure 94) that
                are too narrow or toilet rooms that are too small or
                configured improperly.

        b Exterior barriers often include lack of a ramp or door thresholds
                (figure 95) that are too high.

       All work under this item is specific to each building; there
            is no standard unit cost.

       Enter all building accessibility improvements using this
            item so that the accessibility work can be tracked.

        b If any work is consistent with a standard work item, use the unit
                cost numbers from the standard work item, but calculate the
                total and enter it as a lump sum under this item. Note how
                the cost is generated (RS Means or borrowed from a standard
                work item) in the remarks section.

        b In some cases, it will be easiest to estimate the cost of
                completely replacing the affected portion of the building.
    Figure 94
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Detail photo of the legs, feet, and hands of a man standing
            in a bathroom doorway, using a tape to measure the width of the
            door. Part of the bathtub and toilet are visible behind the
            man. They are about as far apart as the door is wide.
              This 26" wide door opening cannot be widened enough to
            accommodate a 36" wide door. The bathroom can't be made
            accessible. It must be enlarged and completely rebuilt if
            accessibility is required.
    Figure 95
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Detail photo of the bottom portion of a new doorframe and
            threshold for the front door of a log cabin.
              This 36" wide door is retrofitted with a beveled threshold to
            provide accessibility.
    Work Item 16001--Lead Based Paint/Asbestos Mitigation
        Definition: Custom work item. Remove or mitigate asbestos material
    (figure 96) or lead-based paint (figure 97) in or on a building.
        Typical Life Cycle: none.
        Unit of Measure: lump sum (LS).
        Considerations:

       Includes lead-based paint or asbestos removal or abatement
            work performed in accordance with National Emission Standards
            for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP), EPA, and OSHA
            requirements.

       All work under this item is specific to each building; there
            is no standard unit cost.

       Enter all lead-based paint and asbestos work using this item
            so that the work can be tracked.

        b Calculate separate totals for lead-based paint and for asbestos
                work for the building and enter each as a lump sum.

        b If work is consistent with a standard work item, use the unit
                cost numbers from the standard work item, but calculate the
                total and enter it as a lump sum under this item. Note how
                the cost is generated in the remarks section.

       See the Facilities Toolbox for more information about
            working with and removing asbestos at http://www.fs.fed.us/eng/
            toolbox/haz/haz02.htm and lead-based paint at http://
            www.fs.fed.us/eng/toolbox/haz/haz03.htm.
    Figure 96
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Detail photo of a section of pipe in good condition. The
            legible portion of the text printed on the pipe reads: ``Johns-
            Manville TRANSITE 10" Round Type 2."
              This intact transite pipe manufactured before 1980 is a
            Category II asbestos-containing material. It does not have to
            be removed unless it is in poor condition or is coming apart.
    Figure 97
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Photo of three people in full protective suits with hoods and
            filtered-air-supply pumps strapped to their waists, standing on
            drop cloths and facing an old, wood-sided building. They are
            using tools to scrape loose paint off the building.
              This crew is properly suited, certified, and equipped to
            remove lead-based paint from an old Forest Service building.
    Work Item 16002--Environmental Mitigation
        Definition: Custom work item. Remove or abate an environmental
    hazard in or on a building.
        Typical Life Cycle: none.
        Unit of Measure: lump sum (LS).
        Considerations:

       Includes removing or abating hazardous substances other than
            lead-based paint and asbestos in buildings. See the Facilities
            Toolbox hazardous materials section at http://www.fs.fed.us/
            eng/toolbox/haz/index.htm for more information.

       Includes large mold infestations (figure 98).

       Does not include lead-based paint or asbestos--see work item
            16001.

       All work under this item is specific to each building; there
            is no standard unit cost.

        b Enter all environmental mitigation work using this work item so
                that the work can be tracked.

        b If work is consistent with a standard work item, use the unit
                cost numbers from the standard work item, but calculate the
                total and enter it as a lump sum under this item. Note how
                the cost is generated in the remarks section.
    Figure 98
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Photo of the inside of a pump room. A large electric pump
            mounted on a cube-shaped concrete base is connected to a large-
            diameter pipe with various fittings, gauges, and valves that
            stretches across the width of the room. Most of the wall
            surfaces of the room are smudged with black or orange (mold)
            and there are several cracks on the wall surfaces. A thin layer
            of water covers about half of the concrete floor.
              Removing this substantial mold infestation in a pump room
            requires a lot of work. The leak also must be fixed (a water/
            wastewater project), and continuous ventilation probably should
            be added to the room.
    Custom Work Item--No Assigned Work Item Number
        Definition: Custom work item.
        Typical Life Cycle: Not applicable.
        Unit of Measure: varies.
        Considerations:

       Includes work that is not one of the standard items on the
            form, but is of significant value relative to the building
            value.

        b Suggest recording items that are at least one percent of the
                total building value, or more than $10,000.

       Does not include small or routine items--these items are
            part of routine facilities operations and maintenance
            practices.

       Custom work item examples:

        b Chip sealing a driveway or parking lot.

        b Replacing a concrete porch or stoop.

        b Overlaying, repairing, or replacing large concrete or masonry
                slabs, walls, chimneys, or other structural elements.

        b Replacing a retardant tank or plumbing at an air tanker base.

        b Replacing a refrigeration unit for a tree seedling cooler.

        b Replacing structural components or guy cabling on a fire lookout
                tower.

        b Replacing large expanses of glazing or the support structure on a
                greenhouse.

        b Conducting extensive restoration work on a historic log
                structure.

        b Replacing a snow-damaged flue for a woodburning stove and
                installing a cricket to protect against future damage.

        b Replacing swinging or sliding historic garage or warehouse doors
                in kind.

        b Replacing large expanses of plaster, premium wood paneling, or
                other high-end wall surfaces in kind.

        b Replacing storefront windows (large expanses of metal-framed
                glass typically surrounding an entry door).

        b Replacing an oversize, freestanding commercial kitchen or
                laboratory sink.

        b Replacing a large, air-cooled condenser with more than a 5 ton
                capacity.

        b Replacing underground or underwater exchange tubing for a heat
                pump.

        b Exterminating termites or other insects and replacing extensively
                damaged structural members.

        b Performing extensive rodent disinfection and deterrence
                (structure modification).

       To record custom work items, use the ``RS Assem,'' ``RS
            Unit$'' or ``Mtnce/Rpr'' tabs (figure 99). You may need to
            choose the item listed in RS Means that is closest to the work
            you need and note any differences in the ``Remarks'' section.

        b Custom work items not included in RS Means may be needed for
                specialized assets.
    Figure 99
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

              Screen shot of part of the NRM Infra Work Items screen for
            the Missoula Technology and Development Center office building.
            At the top of the left column, the ``RS Assem,'' ``Rs Units,''
            and ``M[t]nce/Rpr'' tabs are circled. The ``RS Units'' tab is
            open. Below the tabs, the MasterSpec construction divisions are
            listed. To the right are the ``Features,'' ``Tasks,''
            ``Remarks,'' and ``Costs'' sections. The ``Remarks'' box is
            circled.
              This screen shot shows the NRM Infra database Work Items tabs
            for custom items.

        That's it. Congratulations! You have completed the facilities
    condition assessment for the building.
    Library Card
        Snodgrass, K.; Marks, K. 2014. Facilities condition assessment
    field training guide. 1473-2830-MTDC. Missoula, MT: U.S. Department of
    Agriculture, Forest Service, Missoula Technology and Development
    Center. 142 p.
        This booklet is a training guide and a memory-jogger for Forest
    Service employees who are trained to do facilities condition
    assessments. The format enables inspectors to easily reference
    necessary information onsite and to easily conduct assessments in a
    manner that is consistent throughout the Forest Service. Each work item
    has its own page that includes photos, guidance on whether the item
    applies to the building being inspected, the normal useful life of the
    item, and how to measure and record the quantity of necessary work.
        Keywords: assessment, basic, building, complex, condition,
    construction, database, deficiencies, energy, facility, facility
    engineers, facilities, Infra, inspect, inspections, Iweb, maintenance,
    measure, natural resources manager, NRM, operations, quantity, record,
    survey, work item[.]

        Additional single copies of this document may be ordered from:

        USDA Forest Service,
        Missoula Technology and Development Center,
        5785 Hwy. 10 West,
        Missoula, MT 59808-9361
        Phone: 406-329-3978
        Fax: 406-329-3719
        Email: wo_mtdc_pubs@fs.fed.us

        For additional technical information, contact MTDC:

        Phone: 406-329-3900
        Fax: 406-329-3719

        Electronic copies of National Technology and Development documents
    are available on the Internet at: http://www.fs.fed.us/eng/pubs

        Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management employees can search
    National Technology and Development documents, CDs, DVDs, and videos on
    their internal computer networks at: http://fsweb.mtdc.wo.fs.fed.us/
    search/; http://fsweb.sdtdc.wo.fs.fed.us/.

    Produced by the National Technology & Development Program Missoula, MT
    1473-2830-MTDC
                                  attachment 2
    FY 2020_Deferred Maintenance Protocols for Roads
    Contents
        1. Requirements for Reporting Deferred Maintenance, Annual
    Maintenance, and Capital Improvement Needs for Roads
        2. National Random Sample for Roads
        3. Business Rules for Field Surveys
        4. Year-End Schedule and Summarization Processes
        5. Required Data Fields from FSH 7709.55, Zero Code
        6. Frequently Asked Questions
    Purpose of National Random Sample
        The national random sample for roads is generated solely for:

      1.  External reporting of:

          a.  Critical and non-critical deferred maintenance needs for
                passenger
                    car roads in FS financial statement

          b.  Deferred Maintenance backlog to Congress, and

          c.  Condition class of transportation system (Performance
                Measures--not yet
                    implemented)

        The following guidelines are applicable only for collecting and
    reporting the agency's national deferred maintenance needs.

              Thank you to Catherine Taylor and Christina Foreman of the
            Volpe Center for their work on our Deferred Maintenance Method
            in accordance with the OIG Audit recommendations and
            contributing information incorporated into this document on the
            revised sample methodology goals and objectives and their
            Tables 1-3.
    1. Requirements for Reporting Deferred Maintenance, Annual Maintenance,
            and Capital Improvement Needs for Roads
    Deferred Maintenance
        The agency has moved to a national random sample to report deferred
    maintenance for passenger car roads (operational maintenance level 3-
    5). See item 2 below. There are no requirements to report deferred
    maintenance needs at the Regional or Forest level.
    Annual Maintenance
        There are no national requirements to report annual maintenance
    needs. Collection of annual maintenance needs, costs, and
    accomplishments for the random sample is not required for agency
    reporting purposes.
        Reporting annual maintenance accomplishments on all system roads,
    regardless of the random sample is required. The Road Maintenance
    Planning tool is now available in NRM to support annual maintenance
    planning, cost estimating, and accomplishment reporting. The tool can
    be useful in prioritizing annual maintenance needs within a given
    budget to produce annual maintenance plans. For more information on the
    Road Maintenance Planning tool, see the Travel Routes Road User Board
    webpage (https://usdagcc.sharepoint.com/sites/fs-wo-eng/SitePages/
    RUB.aspx)[.]
    Capital Improvements
        There are no requirements to report capital improvement needs at
    any level.
    2. National Random Sample for Roads
        Note: Conclusions and extrapolations determined from national
    random sample condition survey data for roads are ONLY VALID AT THE
    NATIONAL LEVEL.
    Limitations of National Random Sample
      1.  Deferred maintenance needs determined from the national random
                sample are only valid for required reporting at the Forest
                Service national level.

      2.  Only deferred maintenance needs must be collected for the random
                sample. Collection of annual maintenance needs data for the
                national random sample is optional. Such data will not be
                used at the national level but may be useful at the forest
                level for planning purposes

      3.  All deferred maintenance summaries or extrapolations resulting
                from the data collected on the random sample are only valid
                in the context of nationally averaged unit costs.

      4.  The data gathered through this effort has been analyzed and
                determine to be statistically invalid for use below the
                national level reporting.
    Business Process for Running the National Random Sample
        There are four key considerations to address within the Random
    Sample process:

      1.  The total sample size (i.e., the total number of ML3-ML5 road
                fragments to pull from the national database); and

      2.  All the fragments in the new subset database have an equal
                probability of being selected regardless of whether a
                segment is on the same road has already been selected, and

      3.  Roads sampled in prior years are available for inclusion in the
                current sample, and

      4.  The method for ensuring randomness.

        Each of the four steps is summarized in the following sections.
    Goals and Objectives
        Because the goal is to estimate deferred maintenance cost per mile,
    the statistic of interest is a ratio. The sample size calculation for a
    ratio estimator is more intricate than the basic estimator because its
    calculation takes into account variations in both the deferred
    maintenance costs and segment lengths.
        The original sampling method relied on the ROADCORE II database
    which contains road segments of varying lengths that are defined by
    natural breakpoints in the road such as county boundaries, bridges,
    change in surface types like gravel, pavement, etc. As the result the
    length of the segments in the database varied significantly from 0.1
    miles to 40 miles. This variation in the underlying population of the
    road segment length is a significant contributor to the large sample
    size of segments and also increased the total road mileage sampled
    since long segments would require the entire length to be analyzed for
    deferred maintenance needs.
        To keep the sample size and effort reasonable, while addressing OIG
    concerns of calculating sample size based on ratio estimators, the
    Random Roads sample methodology originally created for 2018 and
    continued for use in 2020 creates fragment (previously based upon Road
    Core segments) sample sections from the ROADCORE II database
    (hereinafter referred to as fragments) of more uniform and shorter
    length.
        All fragments included need to meet the following criteria:

              from ii--Road--Core
              where JURISDICTION like `FS%'
              and ROUTE--STATUS like `EX%'
              and SYSTEM like `NFSR%'
              and substr(OPER--MAINT--LEVEL,1,1) in (`3',`4',`5')
              and ADMIN_ORG is not Null

        The steps involved in this alternative method are:

      1.  Create a new subset within the database of road fragments with
                more uniform fragment lengths to be used as the sampling
                frame for selecting road fragments for analysis of deferred
                maintenance needs. The roads in the database are divided
                into 1 mile fragments from the beginning mile post (BMP).
                Since roads are rarely exact integers in length, the last
                fragment of a road may be less than a mile.

      2.  Based on the new fragmentation of the road database, the
                calculated appropriate sample size to yield a point
                estimate of deferred maintenance per mile that has a 90
                percent confidence interval that is +/- 15% of the point
                estimate incorporates the concept that the statistic of
                interest is a ratio (as pointed out by OIG) and is based on
                data from 2013, 2014, and 2015.

      3.  The sample stratification plan results in a sample that is
                representative of the entire FS network.
    Total Sample Size
        The total target sample size for FY 2020 is 600 road fragments (the
    same as for FY 2018). This value represents the estimated required
    sample size to obtain an estimate of mean deferred maintenance cost per
    mile with a precision of 15% at the 90% confidence level. Note that in
    FY 2018, the 600 fragment sample actually yielded a statistically
    calculated precision of +/- 12% at the 90% confidence level. The
    resulting data showed less variation than presumed in developing the FY
    2018 sampling plan. If this FY 2020 effort similarly results in
    precision tighter than +/- 15% using a sample size of 600, it may be
    possible to reduce the sample size in future years.
        Table 1 presents the counts and percentages of fragments in the new
    roads database based on a snapshot of the roads database created for
    the FY 2018 sample draw. For the purposes of the FY 2020 effort, it is
    assumed that the underlying characteristics of the roads database has
    not changed substantially since the FY18 effort. In that database snap
    shot, 66% of the fragments have uniform lengths of 1 mile while the
    remaining 34% of the road fragment population has lengths that vary
    (between 0 and less than 1 mile). This also translates into 85% of the
    miles from 1 mile fragments and 15% from incomplete fragments (54,913
    miles and 10,015 miles).

      Table 1. Counts and Percentages of Fragment Types from the new Road Database Subset from the FY 2018 Snapshot
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             Fragment Type                  Count         % Count from Total         Miles        % Miles from Total
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
     Complete One Mile Fragments                54,913                 66%              54,913                 85%
            Incomplete Fragments                27,838                 34%              10,015                 15%
                                    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
      Total........................             82,751                100%              64,928                100%
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        For the purposes of this analysis we assume a required sample size
    that is weighted average of the sample size needed for a ratio
    statistic that has a uniform denominator of 1 (that is, a statistic
    that is not actually a ratio) and the sample size needed for ratio
    statistic that has a denominator that is variable (that is, a statistic
    that actually is a ratio).
        Previously, the characteristics of deferred maintenance per mile
    data from 2013, 2014, and 2015 yielded a sample size of 327 road
    segments (non-ratio statistic). Calculations based on the OIG Audit
    concerns yielded a required sample size of 1,121 segments (ratio
    statistic). Taking the weighted average of two yields a sample size of
    approximately 600 fragments based on (0.67  327 + 0.33  1,121 = 589).
    Region-Level Sample Size
        As with the FY 2018 sample, the total FY 2020 sample is stratified
    by region, proportionally with respect to each region's share of newly
    created road fragments. The target sample sizes by region are presented
    in Table 1, by number of complete 1 mile fragments, the number of
    incomplete fragments and the total fragments in the sample:

           Table 2 Presents the Resulting Percentages of the New Database by Region Based on FY 2018 Snapshot
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                           % of
                       Complete      % of Complete                      Incomplete      Incomplete         % of
                      Fragments      Fragments from   % of Complete      Fragments    Fragments from    Incomplete
        Region       (length = 1     Total Complete   Fragments from    (length <1         Total      Fragments from
                        mile)          Fragments      Overall Total        mile)        Incomplete     Overall Total
                                                                                         Fragments
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
               1            11,186           20.45%              14%           4,267          15.24%              5%
               2             5,218            9.54%               6%           2,928          10.46%              4%
               3             3,988            7.29%               5%           1,650           5.89%              2%
               4             5,051            9.23%               6%           3,239          11.57%              4%
               5             6,910           12.63%               8%           3,907          13.96%              5%
               6             8,472           15.49%              10%           2,723           9.73%              3%
               8             7,809           14.28%               9%           5,089          18.18%              6%
               9             5,523           10.10%               7%           3,921          14.01%              5%
              10               544            0.99%               1%             269           0.96%              0%
                  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
      Total......           54,701             100%              66%          27,993         100.00%             34%
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        Table 3 summarizes the proposed stratification plan based on
    effective sample size. For example, 118 fragments should be drawn from
    Region 1, and 104 should be drawn from the collection of fragments that
    are 1 mile in length, and 14 drawn from fragments that are less than 1
    mile in length.

    Table 3: Region-Level Sample Sizes Based on FY 2018 Snapshot, for Use in
                                 FY 2020 Effort
    ------------------------------------------------------------------------
                          Complete          Incomplete
                         Fragments          Fragments
         Region     --------------------------------------  Total Fragments
                     (length = 1 mile)   (length <1 mile)
    ------------------------------------------------------------------------
                1                 104                 14                118
                2                  49                  9                 58
                3                  37                  5                 42
                4                  47                 10                 57
                5                  64                 13                 77
                6                  79                  9                 88
                8                  73                 16                 89
                9                  52                 13                 64
               10                   5                  1                  6
                    --------------------------------------------------------
      Total........               510                 90                600
    ------------------------------------------------------------------------

        Regional distribution of the total sample does not match the
    regional distribution of the total ML3-ML5 system mileage.
    Randomness
        Following are the requirements for ensuring the sample is purely
    random. Note that the resulting random sample for FY 2020 is expected
    to be substantially different than the random sample selected for FY
    2018. Therefore, the analyst responsible for drawing the FY 2020 sample
    should compare it to the random sample drawn for FY 2018 and confirm
    that few, if any, segments that were drawn in FY 2018 are also drawn
    for FY 2020.

      1.  Each road fragment has an equal probability of being selected
                within a region and road (It is possible to have multiple
                fragments in one road.)

      2.  The target region-level sample sizes in Table 3 are achieved.

      3.  An entire road fragment is selected unless the ML changes or the
                route ends.
    FY 2018 Random Sample
        The National Random Sample of 600 fragments, generated with the
    above criteria is available from within NRM by running the roads report
    RD--DM01L. These roads must receive a deferred maintenance condition
    survey in FY 2020. The data collected from the condition surveys will
    be used to determine the Forest Service's agency-wide road deferred
    maintenance needs for ML 3-5 roads. The accuracy of the data contained
    in the sixteen required fields listed in the Travel Planning Handbook
    (FSH 7709.55, Zero Code) must be validated, and corrections made when
    errors are discovered.
        Users will be able to query live NRM data by security ID to monitor
    condition survey accomplishments and check data entry. A Random Sample
    List and Accomplishment Report are available for managers on the
    Corporate Data Warehouse (CDW), under Deferred Maintenance/Roads, using
    a snapshot of data that will be refreshed regularly.
    3. Business Rules for Field Surveys

      1.  Only Deferred Maintenance needs are required to be collected for
                the random sample. Collection of Annual Maintenance needs
                is optional.

      2.  Deferred maintenance needs should be collected by Priority
                (Critical/Non-Critical) and Reason (Health & Safety/
                Resource Protection/Forest Mission), according to Deferred
                Maintenance Protocols already established.

      3.  All condition surveys should be based on operational maintenance
                level needs. This change occurred in FY 2007, and was done
                to place condition surveys in the context of annual
                maintenance planning.

      4.  All deferred maintenance needs will be computed using the
                National Unit Costs accessed through the Task Tab in NRM or
                ERL.

      5.  If ERL is not used to conduct the condition survey, a Condition
                Survey record must be entered in the Record of Events.

      6.  Field surveys for random sample roads shall validate all existing
                deferred maintenance work items and/or create new deferred
                maintenance work items that reflect current conditions. If
                a previous year's work item is no longer valid, it should
                be deleted.

      7.  Field surveys shall validate and reconcile the data contained in
                the sixteen required fields listed in the Travel Planning
                Handbook (FSH 7709.55, Zero Code). Make corrections in the
                database when errors are found.

      8.  Deferred Maintenance data for the random sample will be loaded
                into NRM, and quality checked, by the date specified in the
                Year-End Schedule.

      9.  The Regional Engineer shall assure the quality and completeness
                of the data collected for the Random Sample at the end of
                each fiscal year. The Forest Staff Officer for Engineering
                is responsible for the estimate of Deferred Maintenance
                needs and will select individuals to complete condition
                surveys based on knowledge, education, and experience.

      10.  At a minimum, survey and enter work items for the road fragment
                that is included in the random sample list. Surveying and
                entering work items for any other portion of the road is
                optional. Data on fragments not in the random sample will
                not be used at the national level but may be useful at the
                forest level for planning purposes.
    4. Year-End Schedule and Summarization Processes
    Schedule
        October 31, 2019-September 29, 2020: Forests and regions enter
    deferred maintenance needs and validate data for the random sample in
    NRM. Forests and regions use NRM accomplishment and summarization
    reports to check NRM data and make appropriate edits before agency
    summaries are generated.
        September 30: NRM is closed to editing.

        The following dates are approximate:

        October 2-6: Data Summarization Process is executed by NRM
    Programmers. WO Roads Program Manager validates and approves data. (See
    Summarization description below.) Once approved, NRM programmers will
    finalize agency summaries and formats for formal submittal.
        October 6: NRM is open for editing. Records cannot be deleted until
    replication with CPAIS resumes. This can take up to 6 weeks.
    Summarization Process
        The data summarization process occurs after Forests and Regions
    have validated their data in NRM and involves calculating total
    deferred maintenance needs by Priority (Critical/Non-Critical) and
    Reason (Health & Safety/Resource Protection/Forest Mission) for the
    Random Sample. The WO Road Program Manager will use the random sample
    subtotals, prior year needs reports, and other information to validate
    the data for the Random Sample. Once validated, the random sample data
    will be used to determine a national average unit cost per mile
    extrapolated over the total Operational Maintenance Level 3-5 system to
    determine the agency's deferred maintenance needs by priority and
    reason.
    5. Required Data Fields from FSH 7709.55, Zero Code

      1.  Route number.

      2.  Beginning mile post.

      3.  Ending mile post.

      4.  System.

      5.  Jurisdiction.

      6.  Development status.

      7.  State.

      8.  County.

      9.  Congressional district.

      10.  Administrative Unit (region, forest, and ranger district).

      11.  Functional class.

      12.  Number of lanes.

      13.  Surface type.

      14.  Primary maintainer.

      15.  Operational maintenance level.

      16.  Objective maintenance level.
    6. Frequently Asked Questions:
    Field Surveys
        Q1. What do I do if the selected road does not physically exist?

       Do not survey a replacement road.

       Document road numbers and explain why they exist in the
            inventory.

       Forward documentation to the RO User Board Representative.

       Correct data in NRM. For example, update the route status
            for decommissioned roads.

        Q2. What do I do if the selected road does not have any fragments
    with FS jurisdiction?

       Do not survey a replacement road.

       Document road numbers and explain why Jurisdiction is
            incorrect in the inventory.

       Forward documentation to the RO User Board Representative.

       Correct data in NRM. For example, update the road fragments
            with incorrect Jurisdiction values equal to FS.

        Q3. What do I do if the road selected is not a ML 3-5?

        The random sample business process and NRM scripts are designed to
    only select ML 3-5 roads. However, there may be situations where data
    discrepancies or data edits that occurred after the random sample was
    generated resulted on ML 1-2 roads being selected for the random
    sample. In such cases:

       Do not survey a replacement road.

       Document road numbers and explain the maintenance level is
            incorrect in the inventory.

       Forward documentation to the RO User Board Representative.

       Correct data in NRM. For example, update the operational
            maintenance level.

        Q4. How are these condition surveys related to Real Property Roads
    Inventory?

        The purpose of the condition surveys is to allow the Forest Service
    to estimate its Deferred Maintenance needs on its passenger car road
    system. As part of those surveys, units are required to validate the 16
    required data fields, and update as needed. The Real Property Roads
    Inventory is done to verify the existence of all roads in our
    inventory, and to verify some of the data elements. These two efforts
    are not related.

        Q5. What do I do if the selected road has been changed from ML3 to
    ML2?

       Do not survey a replacement road.

       Document road numbers and explain why they exist in the
            inventory.

       Forward documentation to the RO User Board Representative.

       Correct data in NRM.
    Data
        Q1. What date fields are populated in NRM from ERL?

        A ``Record of Event'' entry is made for a Condition Survey type
    Inspection with the date (Inspection Date) and survey party (to
    Remarks) from ERL.
        For existing tasks:

       The YEAR field is left unchanged

       the DAY_ID field is updated with the date of the current
            field survey

       The CREATED_DATE is left unchanged

       The MODIFIED_DATE is updated with the date of the upload.

        For new tasks:

       The YEAR field is populated with the current FY

       The DAY_ID field is populated with the date of the current
            field survey

       The CREATED_DATE is populated with the date of the upload

       The MODIFIED_DATE is populated with the date of the upload.

        An ``Event'' entry is made in NRM. An Inspection Event Subtype =
    CS--Condition Survey is made with the date of the condition survey
    recorded in ERL.

        Q2. Where is the Deferred Maintenance data collected prior to FY
    2006?

       Prior to FY06, all tasks (AM, DM, CI) regardless of
            completion were archived. Beginning in FY06 and forward, only
            completed tasks were archived. This change occurred due to file
            size concerns, and accomplishment reporting requirements.

       In addition, a snapshot of all tasks that existed at the end
            of FY05 is included with the completed tasks on the Archived
            Tasks screen.

       To date, the Archived Tasks screen (filtered view of the ii
            tasks table) contains a mix of completed tasks (AM, DM, CI)
            when the YEAR is >= 2006, and all tasks (completed and
            uncompleted) when the YEAR equals 2005.

       To access road tasks older than 2005, utilize the Archived
            Tasks for Roads (II_TASKS_ARCHIVR_ROAD_V) user view or submit a
            helpdesk ticket. These tasks are stored in a separate table in
            the database.

       For condition surveys performed using ERL, the Survey Date
            (DAY_ID) field will retain the original survey date, until the
            work item is revisited on a subsequent condition survey; at
            which time it will be overwritten with the latest survey date.
            The work item date history, which records when the work item
            was originally identified on a condition survey, is no longer
            available. This eliminates the ability to determine how long
            some of the maintenance needs have been languishing.

        NRM's business rules for how date fields are handled has changed
    several times. This has resulted in inconsistencies in date related
    data for work tasks. It is difficult to establish any pattern for how
    these dates have been handled since condition survey data was collected
    in 1999. It is nearly impossible, without a major undertaking, to
    utilize archived data older than FY 2006 for any kind of accomplishment
    reporting or trend analysis.
                                  attachment 3
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

    USDA Forest Service FY 2018 Deferred Maintenance

                                  By Asset Type
    ------------------------------------------------------------------------

    ------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Buildings                                                 $1,236,746,593
    Dams                                                         $79,560,275
    Drinking Water Systems                                       $93,021,549
    Heritage                                                     $17,503,549
    Minor Construction Features                                  $85,809,375
    Road Bridges                                                $260,505,527
    Roads                                                     $3,152,783,200
    Trail Bridges                                                 $7,846,506
    Trails                                                      $278,012,495
    Wastewater Systems                                           $30,803,655
                                                          ------------------
      Grand Total                                             $5,242,592,725
    ------------------------------------------------------------------------

                          By Region and National Forest
    ------------------------------------------------------------------------

    ------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Region 1                                                    $880,610,366
      Beaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest                      $100,438,396
      Bitterroot National Forest                                 $47,513,708
      Custer Gallatin National Forest                            $62,471,940
      Dakota Prairie Grasslands                                  $31,943,232
      Flathead National Forest                                   $71,878,120
      Helena-Lewis and Clark National Forest                     $65,673,050
      Idaho Panhandle National Forests                          $140,540,397
      Kootenai National Forest                                  $108,312,397
      Lolo National Forest                                      $102,044,311
      Montana Aerial Fire Depot                                   $2,372,916
      Nez Perce-Clearwater National Forest                      $144,904,488
      Region 1 Unassigned Unit                                    $2,517,411
    Region 2                                                    $477,091,648
      Arapaho-Roosevelt National Forest                          $39,292,966
      Bighorn National Forest                                    $22,805,899
      Black Hills National Forest                                $45,180,445
      Grand Mesa Uncomp * Gunnison National Forest               $65,629,294
      Medicine Bow-Routt National Forest                         $81,322,769
      Nebraska National Forest                                    $8,275,636
      Pike-San Isabel National Forest                            $55,039,152
      Rio Grande National Forest                                 $39,927,539
      San Juan National Forest                                   $48,087,303
      Shoshone National Forest                                   $17,688,978
      White River National Forest                                $53,841,668
    Region 3                                                    $320,262,246
      Apache-Sitgreaves National Forest                          $44,882,535
      Carson National Forest                                     $24,751,450
      Cibola National Forest                                     $22,058,719
      Coconino National Forest                                   $46,245,731
      Coronado National Forest                                   $26,904,461
      Gila National Forest                                       $33,943,741
      Kaibab National Forest                                     $31,023,736
      Lincoln National Forest                                    $18,881,588
      Prescott National Forest                                    $5,136,259
      Region 3 Unit Unassigned                                       $14,522
      Santa Fe National Forest                                   $32,271,870
      Tonto National Forest                                      $34,147,634
    Region 4                                                    $513,267,130
      Ashley National Forest                                     $43,683,425
      Boise National Forest                                      $38,579,411
      Bridger-Teton National Forest                              $42,720,609
      Caribou-Targhee National Forest                            $51,928,130
      Dixie National Forest                                      $37,864,379
      Fishlake National Forest                                   $17,193,962
      Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest                           $53,186,162
      Manti-Lasal National Forest                                $18,224,469
      Payette National Forest                                    $43,330,143
      Region 4 Unit Unassigned                                      $510,692
      Salmon-Challis National Forest                             $70,800,531
      Sawtooth National Forest                                   $34,043,137
      Uinta-Wasatch-Cache National Forest                        $61,202,080
    Region 5                                                    $894,955,732
      Angeles National Forest                                    $33,478,687
      Cleveland National Forest                                  $37,143,160
      Eldorado National Forest                                   $71,088,508
      Inyo National Forest                                       $18,387,546
      Klamath National Forest                                    $89,670,357
      Lake Tahoe Basin Mgt. Unit                                 $30,419,417
      Lassen National Forest                                     $42,936,187
      Los Padres National Forest                                 $45,861,623
      Mendocino National Forest                                  $43,412,592
      Modoc National Forest                                      $31,128,839
      Plumas National Forest                                     $50,300,037
      Region 5 Unassigned Unit                                      $527,675
      San Bernardino National Forest                             $22,804,344
      Sequoia National Forest                                    $46,102,641
      Shasta Trinity National Forest                             $89,096,956
      Sierra National Forest                                     $95,826,714
      Six Rivers National Forest                                 $59,417,958
      Stanislaus National Forest                                 $34,321,666
      Tahoe National Forest                                      $53,030,825
    Region 6                                                    $834,627,114
      Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area                   $2,888,754
      Colville National Forest                                   $26,799,109
      Deschutes National Forest                                  $49,858,085
      Fremont-Winema National Forests                            $68,485,067
      Gifford Pinchot National Forest                            $98,244,205
      Malheur National Forest                                    $28,577,945
      Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest                       $66,389,938
      Mt. Hood National Forest                                   $58,798,653
      Ochoco National Forest                                     $24,077,730
      Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forests                       $108,439,944
      Olympic National Forest                                    $29,816,032
      Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest                       $77,923,069
      Siuslaw National Forest                                    $21,575,353
      Umatilla National Forest                                   $37,248,092
      Umpqua National Forest                                     $40,507,099
      Wallowa Whitman National Forest                            $44,611,060
      Willamette National Forest                                 $50,386,980
    Region 8                                                    $617,866,943
      Chattahoochee-Oconee National Forest                       $37,394,009
      Cherokee National Forest                                   $28,185,380
      Daniel Boone National Forest                               $28,601,485
      El Yunque National Forest                                   $3,578,753
      Francis Marion-Sumter National Forests                     $51,765,646
      George Washington and Jefferson National Forests           $54,677,814
      Kisatchie National Forest                                  $49,819,841
      Land Between the Lakes NRA                                 $26,163,626
      National Forests in Alabama                                $32,819,764
      National Forests in Florida                                $70,172,784
      National Forests in Mississippi                            $45,479,915
      National Forests in North Carolina                         $61,401,598
      National Forests in Texas                                  $46,546,327
      Ouachita National Forest                                   $64,184,569
      Ozark-St. Francis National Forest                          $17,075,432
    Region 9                                                    $501,510,365
      Allegheny National Forest                                  $38,960,612
      Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest                       $122,636,004
      Chippewa National Forest                                   $34,694,078
      Green Mountain and Finger Lakes National Forests            $7,180,071
      Hiawatha National Forest                                   $34,043,140
      Hoosier National Forest                                     $4,501,551
      Huron Manistee National Forest                             $34,167,611
      Mark Twain National Forest                                 $38,385,203
      Midewin National Tallgrass Prairie                         $16,829,521
      Monongahela National Forest                                $43,282,272
      Ottawa National Forest                                     $31,491,082
      Shawnee National Forest                                    $15,409,686
      Superior National Forest                                   $41,041,386
      Wayne National Forest                                       $4,535,554
      White Mountain National Forest                             $34,352,593
    Region 10                                                   $100,338,382
      Chugach National Forest                                    $11,114,034
      Tongass National Forest                                    $89,224,348
    Engineering                                                   $3,590,861
      Missoula Technology and Development Center                     $74,439
      San Dimas Technology and Development Center                 $3,516,422
    Job Corps                                                     $3,316,536
      Angell Job Corp Center                                        $412,615
      Blackwell Job Corp Center                                     $108,355
      Cass Job Corp Center                                           $45,726
      Curlew Job Corp Center                                        $260,739
      Frenchburg Job Corp Center                                     $85,043
      Jacobs Creek Job Corp Center                                  $230,663
      Ouachita Job Corp Center                                       $29,171
      Pine Knot Job Corp Center                                     $726,180
      Timber Lake Job Corp Center                                   $701,188
      Trapper Creek Job Corp Center                                  $65,718
      Wolf Creek Job Corp Center                                    $651,139
    Other                                                           $720,678
      Grey Towers National Historic Site                            $720,678
    Research                                                     $94,434,725
      Forest Products Laboratory                                  $4,856,527
      International Institute of Tropical Forestry                $2,342,201
      Northern Research Station                                  $19,237,722
      Pacific Northwest Research Station                         $30,709,039
      Rocky Mountain Research Station                            $22,267,162
      Southern Research Station                                  $14,667,630
      Wood Education and Resource Center                            $354,445
                                                          ------------------
        Grand Total                                           $5,242,592,725
    ------------------------------------------------------------------------
    * Editor's note: the table, as submitted, when referring to the Grand
      Mesa, Uncompahgre & Gunnison National Forest shortened ``Uncompahgre
      &'' to ``Uncomp''.

    By Region
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

                   By Region, National Forest, and Asset Type
    ------------------------------------------------------------------------
                   National Forests
       Region       & Grasslands/       State    Asset Type      Deferred
                       Station                                 Maintenance
    ------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Region 1--    Northern Region    ID, MT,                    $880,610,366
     Northern      Totals             ND, SD
                  Region 1           MT          Buildings        $2,517,411
                   Unassigned Unit
                  Beaverhead-        MT          Buildings        $4,787,917
                   Deerlodge
                   National Forest
                  Beaverhead-        MT          Dams                 $9,200
                   Deerlodge
                   National Forest
                  Beaverhead-        MT          Drinking           $119,708
                   Deerlodge                      Water
                   National Forest                Systems
                  Beaverhead-        MT          Heritage            $11,000
                   Deerlodge
                   National Forest
                  Beaverhead-        MT          Minor            $1,079,118
                   Deerlodge                      Construct
                   National Forest                ed
                                                  Features
                  Beaverhead-        MT          Road             $5,094,455
                   Deerlodge                      Bridges
                   National Forest
                  Beaverhead-        MT          Roads           $83,278,740
                   Deerlodge
                   National Forest
                  Beaverhead-        MT          Trail               $72,867
                   Deerlodge                      Bridges
                   National Forest
                  Beaverhead-        MT          Trails           $5,680,950
                   Deerlodge
                   National Forest
                  Beaverhead-        MT          Wastewater         $304,440
                   Deerlodge                      Systems
                   National Forest
                  Bitterroot         ID, MT      Buildings        $1,695,407
                   National Forest
                  Bitterroot         ID, MT      Dams                 $8,500
                   National Forest
                  Bitterroot         ID, MT      Drinking           $398,355
                   National Forest                Water
                                                  Systems
                  Bitterroot         ID, MT      Heritage                 $0
                   National Forest
                  Bitterroot         ID, MT      Minor              $257,785
                   National Forest                Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Bitterroot         ID, MT      Road             $1,671,285
                   National Forest                Bridges
                  Bitterroot         ID, MT      Roads           $40,344,476
                   National Forest
                  Bitterroot         ID, MT      Trail               $31,330
                   National Forest                Bridges
                  Bitterroot         ID, MT      Trails           $3,037,699
                   National Forest
                  Bitterroot         ID, MT      Wastewater          $68,870
                   National Forest                Systems
                  Idaho Panhandle    ID          Buildings       $25,059,093
                   National Forests
                  Idaho Panhandle    ID          Drinking           $548,530
                   National Forests               Water
                                                  Systems
                  Idaho Panhandle    ID          Heritage            $41,218
                   National Forests
                  Idaho Panhandle    ID          Minor              $408,283
                   National Forests               Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Idaho Panhandle    ID          Road             $6,509,244
                   National Forests               Bridges
                  Idaho Panhandle    ID          Roads          $100,686,192
                   National Forests
                  Idaho Panhandle    ID          Trail               $59,550
                   National Forests               Bridges
                  Idaho Panhandle    ID          Trails           $7,110,788
                   National Forests
                  Idaho Panhandle    ID          Wastewater         $117,499
                   National Forests               Systems
                  Flathead National  MT          Buildings       $17,006,459
                   Forest
                  Flathead National  MT          Dams                 $3,000
                   Forest
                  Flathead National  MT          Drinking           $545,508
                   Forest                         Water
                                                  Systems
                  Flathead National  MT          Heritage                 $0
                   Forest
                  Flathead National  MT          Minor              $299,248
                   Forest                         Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Flathead National  MT          Road             $3,517,659
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Flathead National  MT          Roads           $46,374,147
                   Forest
                  Flathead National  MT          Trail              $118,330
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Flathead National  MT          Trails           $3,920,538
                   Forest
                  Flathead National  MT          Wastewater          $93,230
                   Forest                         Systems
                  Custer Gallatin    MT          Buildings       $20,867,935
                   National Forest
                  Custer Gallatin    MT          Dams               $132,339
                   National Forest
                  Custer Gallatin    MT          Drinking         $1,500,418
                   National Forest                Water
                                                  Systems
                  Custer Gallatin    MT          Heritage            $18,000
                   National Forest
                  Custer Gallatin    MT          Minor              $459,312
                   National Forest                Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Custer Gallatin    MT          Road             $2,405,159
                   National Forest                Bridges
                  Custer Gallatin    MT          Roads           $30,358,991
                   National Forest
                  Custer Gallatin    MT          Trail              $242,460
                   National Forest                Bridges
                  Custer Gallatin    MT          Trails           $6,071,562
                   National Forest
                  Custer Gallatin    MT          Wastewater         $415,764
                   National Forest                Systems
                  Kootenai National  MT          Buildings       $15,911,640
                   Forest
                  Kootenai National  MT          Drinking           $134,628
                   Forest                         Water
                                                  Systems
                  Kootenai National  MT          Heritage            $25,500
                   Forest
                  Kootenai National  MT          Minor              $710,621
                   Forest                         Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Kootenai National  MT          Road             $6,515,186
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Kootenai National  MT          Roads           $81,677,918
                   Forest
                  Kootenai National  MT          Trail               $28,650
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Kootenai National  MT          Trails           $3,153,765
                   Forest
                  Kootenai National  MT          Wastewater         $154,489
                   Forest                         Systems
                  Helena-Lewis and   MT          Buildings        $8,139,467
                   Clark National
                   Forest
                  Helena-Lewis and   MT          Dams                $99,385
                   Clark National
                   Forest
                  Helena-Lewis and   MT          Drinking           $263,994
                   Clark National                 Water
                   Forest                         Systems
                  Helena-Lewis and   MT          Heritage             $8,000
                   Clark National
                   Forest
                  Helena-Lewis and   MT          Minor              $955,740
                   Clark National                 Construct
                   Forest                         ed
                                                  Features
                  Helena-Lewis and   MT          Road             $4,907,608
                   Clark National                 Bridges
                   Forest
                  Helena-Lewis and   MT          Roads           $45,095,462
                   Clark National
                   Forest
                  Helena-Lewis and   MT          Trail               $69,444
                   Clark National                 Bridges
                   Forest
                  Helena-Lewis and   MT          Trails           $6,112,010
                   Clark National
                   Forest
                  Helena-Lewis and   MT          Wastewater          $21,940
                   Clark National                 Systems
                   Forest
                  Lolo National      MT          Buildings       $17,350,923
                   Forest
                  Lolo National      MT          Dams                 $1,420
                   Forest
                  Lolo National      MT          Drinking           $618,148
                   Forest                         Water
                                                  Systems
                  Lolo National      MT          Heritage                 $0
                   Forest
                  Lolo National      MT          Minor              $303,601
                   Forest                         Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Lolo National      MT          Road             $5,867,533
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Lolo National      MT          Roads           $73,552,902
                   Forest
                  Lolo National      MT          Trail               $28,065
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Lolo National      MT          Trails           $4,134,945
                   Forest
                  Lolo National      MT          Wastewater         $186,773
                   Forest                         Systems
                  Nez Perce-         ID          Buildings       $34,716,465
                   Clearwater
                   National Forest
                  Nez Perce-         ID          Dams               $368,382
                   Clearwater
                   National Forest
                  Nez Perce-         ID          Drinking         $1,297,082
                   Clearwater                     Water
                   National Forest                Systems
                  Nez Perce-         ID          Heritage            $45,000
                   Clearwater
                   National Forest
                  Nez Perce-         ID          Minor              $255,536
                   Clearwater                     Construct
                   National Forest                ed
                                                  Features
                  Nez Perce-         ID          Road             $7,166,532
                   Clearwater                     Bridges
                   National Forest
                  Nez Perce-         ID          Roads           $91,446,468
                   Clearwater
                   National Forest
                  Nez Perce-         ID          Trail               $97,810
                   Clearwater                     Bridges
                   National Forest
                  Nez Perce-         ID          Trails           $8,884,326
                   Clearwater
                   National Forest
                  Nez Perce-         ID          Wastewater         $626,887
                   Clearwater                     Systems
                   National Forest
                  Dakota Prairie     ND, SD      Buildings          $110,705
                   Grasslands
                  Dakota Prairie     ND, SD      Dams             $1,006,459
                   Grasslands
                  Dakota Prairie     ND, SD      Drinking               $800
                   Grasslands                     Water
                                                  Systems
                  Dakota Prairie     ND, SD      Heritage                 $0
                   Grasslands
                  Dakota Prairie     ND, SD      Minor               $29,558
                   Grasslands                     Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Dakota Prairie     ND, SD      Road                 $3,921
                   Grasslands                     Bridges
                  Dakota Prairie     ND, SD      Roads           $30,357,287
                   Grasslands
                  Dakota Prairie     ND, SD      Trail                    $0
                   Grasslands                     Bridges
                  Dakota Prairie     ND, SD      Trails             $428,503
                   Grasslands
                  Dakota Prairie     ND, SD      Wastewater           $6,000
                   Grasslands                     Systems
                  Montana Aerial     MT          Buildings        $2,372,916
                   Fire Depot
    Region 2--    Rocky Mountain     CO, KS,                    $477,091,648
     Rocky         Region Totals      NE, SD,
     Mountain                         WY
                  Bighorn National   WY          Buildings        $5,688,418
                   Forest
                  Bighorn National   WY          Dams               $275,477
                   Forest
                  Bighorn National   WY          Drinking            $85,439
                   Forest                         Water
                                                  Systems
                  Bighorn National   WY          Heritage            $49,000
                   Forest
                  Bighorn National   WY          Minor            $1,451,896
                   Forest                         Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Bighorn National   WY          Road               $589,967
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Bighorn National   WY          Roads           $12,681,616
                   Forest
                  Bighorn National   WY          Trail                    $0
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Bighorn National   WY          Trails           $1,915,142
                   Forest
                  Bighorn National   WY          Wastewater          $68,945
                   Forest                         Systems
                  Black Hills        SD, WY      Buildings        $6,566,163
                   National Forest
                  Black Hills        SD, WY      Dams               $897,670
                   National Forest
                  Black Hills        SD, WY      Drinking         $1,102,103
                   National Forest                Water
                                                  Systems
                  Black Hills        SD, WY      Heritage           $200,600
                   National Forest
                  Black Hills        SD, WY      Minor            $1,050,420
                   National Forest                Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Black Hills        SD, WY      Road               $441,446
                   National Forest                Bridges
                  Black Hills        SD, WY      Roads           $32,163,815
                   National Forest
                  Black Hills        SD, WY      Trail               $35,028
                   National Forest                Bridges
                  Black Hills        SD, WY      Trails           $2,330,336
                   National Forest
                  Black Hills        SD, WY      Wastewater         $392,863
                   National Forest                Systems
                  Grand Mesa Uncomp  CO          Buildings        $9,242,988
                   ** Gunnison
                   National Forest
                  Grand Mesa Uncomp  CO          Dams               $190,797
                   ** Gunnison
                   National Forest
                  Grand Mesa Uncomp  CO          Drinking           $899,128
                   ** Gunnison                    Water
                   National Forest                Systems
                  Grand Mesa Uncomp  CO          Heritage            $86,216
                   ** Gunnison
                   National Forest
                  Grand Mesa Uncomp  CO          Minor              $667,442
                   ** Gunnison                    Construct
                   National Forest                ed
                                                  Features
                  Grand Mesa Uncomp  CO          Road             $4,049,368
                   ** Gunnison                    Bridges
                   National Forest
                  Grand Mesa Uncomp  CO          Roads           $44,191,761
                   ** Gunnison
                   National Forest
                  Grand Mesa Uncomp  CO          Trail                    $0
                   ** Gunnison                    Bridges
                   National Forest
                  Grand Mesa Uncomp  CO          Trails           $6,209,948
                   ** Gunnison
                   National Forest
                  Grand Mesa Uncomp  CO          Wastewater          $91,647
                   ** Gunnison                    Systems
                   National Forest
                  Medicine Bow-      CO, WY      Buildings        $9,181,056
                   Routt National
                   Forest
                  Medicine Bow-      CO, WY      Dams               $126,255
                   Routt National
                   Forest
                  Medicine Bow-      CO, WY      Drinking           $499,919
                   Routt National                 Water
                   Forest                         Systems
                  Medicine Bow-      CO, WY      Heritage           $585,450
                   Routt National
                   Forest
                  Medicine Bow-      CO, WY      Minor              $763,323
                   Routt National                 Construct
                   Forest                         ed
                                                  Features
                  Medicine Bow-      CO, WY      Road             $2,260,834
                   Routt National                 Bridges
                   Forest
                  Medicine Bow-      CO, WY      Roads           $63,748,270
                   Routt National
                   Forest
                  Medicine Bow-      CO, WY      Trail               $14,600
                   Routt National                 Bridges
                   Forest
                  Medicine Bow-      CO, WY      Trails           $4,056,263
                   Routt National
                   Forest
                  Medicine Bow-      CO, WY      Wastewater          $86,800
                   Routt National                 Systems
                   Forest
                  Nebraska National  NE          Buildings        $1,982,720
                   Forest
                  Nebraska National  NE          Dams               $655,158
                   Forest
                  Nebraska National  NE          Drinking           $149,832
                   Forest                         Water
                                                  Systems
                  Nebraska National  NE          Heritage           $109,033
                   Forest
                  Nebraska National  NE          Minor              $682,706
                   Forest                         Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Nebraska National  NE          Road                $60,739
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Nebraska National  NE          Roads            $3,983,380
                   Forest
                  Nebraska National  NE          Trail                    $0
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Nebraska National  NE          Trails             $640,401
                   Forest
                  Nebraska National  NE          Wastewater          $11,668
                   Forest                         Systems
                  Rio Grande         CO          Buildings        $5,565,704
                   National Forest
                  Rio Grande         CO          Dams               $154,231
                   National Forest
                  Rio Grande         CO          Drinking           $388,449
                   National Forest                Water
                                                  Systems
                  Rio Grande         CO          Heritage            $80,000
                   National Forest
                  Rio Grande         CO          Minor              $319,879
                   National Forest                Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Rio Grande         CO          Road             $1,383,018
                   National Forest                Bridges
                  Rio Grande         CO          Roads           $29,643,992
                   National Forest
                  Rio Grande         CO          Trail               $28,773
                   National Forest                Bridges
                  Rio Grande         CO          Trails           $2,324,870
                   National Forest
                  Rio Grande         CO          Wastewater          $38,622
                   National Forest                Systems
                  Arapaho-Roosevelt  CO          Buildings        $9,643,521
                   National Forest
                  Arapaho-Roosevelt  CO          Dams               $109,750
                   National Forest
                  Arapaho-Roosevelt  CO          Drinking         $3,298,473
                   National Forest                Water
                                                  Systems
                  Arapaho-Roosevelt  CO          Heritage           $264,750
                   National Forest
                  Arapaho-Roosevelt  CO          Minor              $920,014
                   National Forest                Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Arapaho-Roosevelt  CO          Road             $1,315,482
                   National Forest                Bridges
                  Arapaho-Roosevelt  CO          Roads           $20,952,906
                   National Forest
                  Arapaho-Roosevelt  CO          Trail                $5,558
                   National Forest                Bridges
                  Arapaho-Roosevelt  CO          Trails           $2,452,555
                   National Forest
                  Arapaho-Roosevelt  CO          Wastewater         $329,957
                   National Forest                Systems
                  Pike-San Isabel    CO, KS      Buildings       $14,825,699
                   National Forest
                  Pike-San Isabel    CO, KS      Dams               $403,610
                   National Forest
                  Pike-San Isabel    CO, KS      Drinking         $1,495,910
                   National Forest                Water
                                                  Systems
                  Pike-San Isabel    CO, KS      Heritage            $59,595
                   National Forest
                  Pike-San Isabel    CO, KS      Minor            $1,193,135
                   National Forest                Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Pike-San Isabel    CO, KS      Road             $1,617,872
                   National Forest                Bridges
                  Pike-San Isabel    CO, KS      Roads           $30,891,940
                   National Forest
                  Pike-San Isabel    CO, KS      Trail              $285,262
                   National Forest                Bridges
                  Pike-San Isabel    CO, KS      Trails           $3,665,841
                   National Forest
                  Pike-San Isabel    CO, KS      Wastewater         $600,289
                   National Forest                Systems
                  San Juan National  CO          Buildings        $7,572,490
                   Forest
                  San Juan National  CO          Dams                $87,973
                   Forest
                  San Juan National  CO          Drinking           $148,208
                   Forest                         Water
                                                  Systems
                  San Juan National  CO          Heritage           $585,247
                   Forest
                  San Juan National  CO          Minor            $1,790,326
                   Forest                         Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  San Juan National  CO          Road               $846,023
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  San Juan National  CO          Roads           $33,246,251
                   Forest
                  San Juan National  CO          Trail              $163,350
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  San Juan National  CO          Trails           $3,563,263
                   Forest
                  San Juan National  CO          Wastewater          $84,171
                   Forest                         Systems
                  Shoshone National  WY          Buildings        $4,295,397
                   Forest
                  Shoshone National  WY          Dams
                   Forest                         $6,500
                  Shoshone National  WY          Drinking           $288,787
                   Forest                         Water
                                                  Systems
                  Shoshone National  WY          Heritage            $15,200
                   Forest
                  Shoshone National  WY          Minor              $225,196
                   Forest                         Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Shoshone National  WY          Road               $931,579
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Shoshone National  WY          Roads            $9,007,450
                   Forest
                  Shoshone National  WY          Trail               $29,920
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Shoshone National  WY          Trails           $2,766,121
                   Forest
                  Shoshone National  WY          Wastewater         $122,829
                   Forest                         Systems
                  White River        CO          Buildings       $20,927,879
                   National Forest
                  White River        CO          Dams               $418,796
                   National Forest
                  White River        CO          Drinking           $234,238
                   National Forest                Water
                                                  Systems
                  White River        CO          Heritage           $460,800
                   National Forest
                  White River        CO          Minor              $355,964
                   National Forest                Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  White River        CO          Road             $4,299,987
                   National Forest                Bridges
                  White River        CO          Roads           $21,478,297
                   National Forest
                  White River        CO          Trail            $1,145,832
                   National Forest                Bridges
                  White River        CO          Trails           $4,463,015
                   National Forest
                  White River        CO          Wastewater          $56,861
                   National Forest                Systems
    Region 3--    Southwestern       AZ, NM                     $320,262,246
     Southwester   Region Totals
     n
                  Region 3 Unit                  Buildings           $14,522
                   Unassigned
                  Apache-Sitgreaves  AZ          Buildings        $2,783,777
                   National Forest
                  Apache-Sitgreaves  AZ          Dams               $266,400
                   National Forest
                  Apache-Sitgreaves  AZ          Drinking           $428,297
                   National Forest                Water
                                                  Systems
                  Apache-Sitgreaves  AZ          Heritage             $2,018
                   National Forest
                  Apache-Sitgreaves  AZ          Minor              $688,981
                   National Forest                Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Apache-Sitgreaves  AZ          Road             $1,038,118
                   National Forest                Bridges
                  Apache-Sitgreaves  AZ          Roads           $37,015,571
                   National Forest
                  Apache-Sitgreaves  AZ          Trail                    $0
                   National Forest                Bridges
                  Apache-Sitgreaves  AZ          Trails           $2,479,199
                   National Forest
                  Apache-Sitgreaves  AZ          Wastewater         $180,173
                   National Forest                Systems
                  Carson National    NM          Buildings        $2,492,264
                   Forest
                  Carson National    NM          Dams               $106,150
                   Forest
                  Carson National    NM          Drinking           $374,307
                   Forest                         Water
                                                  Systems
                  Carson National    NM          Heritage            $71,446
                   Forest
                  Carson National    NM          Minor              $231,912
                   Forest                         Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Carson National    NM          Road               $955,019
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Carson National    NM          Roads           $19,420,244
                   Forest
                  Carson National    NM          Trail                $1,100
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Carson National    NM          Trails           $1,045,432
                   Forest
                  Carson National    NM          Wastewater          $53,577
                   Forest                         Systems
                  Cibola National    NM          Buildings        $4,939,524
                   Forest
                  Cibola National    NM          Dams               $175,141
                   Forest
                  Cibola National    NM          Drinking           $278,391
                   Forest                         Water
                                                  Systems
                  Cibola National    NM          Heritage           $678,682
                   Forest
                  Cibola National    NM          Minor              $441,703
                   Forest                         Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Cibola National    NM          Road               $295,785
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Cibola National    NM          Roads           $13,805,343
                   Forest
                  Cibola National    NM          Trail                    $0
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Cibola National    NM          Trails           $1,256,930
                   Forest
                  Cibola National    NM          Wastewater         $187,220
                   Forest                         Systems
                  Coconino National  AZ          Buildings        $5,404,267
                   Forest
                  Coconino National  AZ          Dams               $141,143
                   Forest
                  Coconino National  AZ          Drinking           $506,794
                   Forest                         Water
                                                  Systems
                  Coconino National  AZ          Heritage                 $0
                   Forest
                  Coconino National  AZ          Minor              $279,598
                   Forest                         Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Coconino National  AZ          Road             $2,220,571
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Coconino National  AZ          Roads           $35,945,363
                   Forest
                  Coconino National  AZ          Trail                    $0
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Coconino National  AZ          Trails           $1,641,135
                   Forest
                  Coconino National  AZ          Wastewater         $106,860
                   Forest                         Systems
                  Coronado National  AZ          Buildings        $3,469,336
                   Forest
                  Coronado National  AZ          Dams               $331,855
                   Forest
                  Coronado National  AZ          Drinking         $2,434,441
                   Forest                         Water
                                                  Systems
                  Coronado National  AZ          Heritage           $238,863
                   Forest
                  Coronado National  AZ          Minor            $2,358,430
                   Forest                         Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Coronado National  AZ          Road             $1,077,978
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Coronado National  AZ          Roads           $15,094,252
                   Forest
                  Coronado National  AZ          Trail                    $0
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Coronado National  AZ          Trails           $1,845,666
                   Forest
                  Coronado National  AZ          Wastewater          $53,640
                   Forest                         Systems
                  Gila National      NM          Buildings        $8,934,954
                   Forest
                  Gila National      NM          Drinking           $910,698
                   Forest                         Water
                                                  Systems
                  Gila National      NM          Heritage           $203,069
                   Forest
                  Gila National      NM          Minor               $88,530
                   Forest                         Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Gila National      NM          Road             $1,247,983
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Gila National      NM          Roads           $19,240,212
                   Forest
                  Gila National      NM          Trail                    $0
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Gila National      NM          Trails           $3,110,700
                   Forest
                  Gila National      NM          Wastewater         $207,595
                   Forest                         Systems
                  Kaibab National    AZ          Buildings        $3,097,724
                   Forest
                  Kaibab National    AZ          Dams               $784,546
                   Forest
                  Kaibab National    AZ          Drinking           $254,183
                   Forest                         Water
                                                  Systems
                  Kaibab National    AZ          Heritage           $152,059
                   Forest
                  Kaibab National    AZ          Minor              $831,768
                   Forest                         Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Kaibab National    AZ          Road               $205,104
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Kaibab National    AZ          Roads           $24,589,233
                   Forest
                  Kaibab National    AZ          Trails           $1,098,940
                   Forest
                  Kaibab National    AZ          Wastewater          $10,180
                   Forest                         Systems
                  Lincoln National   NM          Buildings        $1,237,951
                   Forest
                  Lincoln National   NM          Drinking            $15,405
                   Forest                         Water
                                                  Systems
                  Lincoln National   NM          Heritage            $64,500
                   Forest
                  Lincoln National   NM          Minor               $94,367
                   Forest                         Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Lincoln National   NM          Road               $284,675
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Lincoln National   NM          Roads           $16,094,529
                   Forest
                  Lincoln National   NM          Trail                    $0
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Lincoln National   NM          Trails             $911,680
                   Forest
                  Lincoln National   NM          Wastewater         $178,480
                   Forest                         Systems
                  Prescott National  AZ          Buildings        $1,077,537
                   Forest
                  Prescott National  AZ          Dams               $239,075
                   Forest
                  Prescott National  AZ          Drinking           $287,201
                   Forest                         Water
                                                  Systems
                  Prescott National  AZ          Heritage           $124,300
                   Forest
                  Prescott National  AZ          Minor               $62,157
                   Forest                         Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Prescott National  AZ          Road                $49,598
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Prescott National  AZ          Roads            $1,449,654
                   Forest
                  Prescott National  AZ          Trail                    $0
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Prescott National  AZ          Trails           $1,513,969
                   Forest
                  Prescott National  AZ          Wastewater         $332,767
                   Forest                         Systems
                  Santa Fe National  NM          Buildings        $7,764,975
                   Forest
                  Santa Fe National  NM          Dams                $72,330
                   Forest
                  Santa Fe National  NM          Drinking           $238,885
                   Forest                         Water
                                                  Systems
                  Santa Fe National  NM          Heritage           $682,516
                   Forest
                  Santa Fe National  NM          Minor              $415,085
                   Forest                         Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Santa Fe National  NM          Road             $1,202,227
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Santa Fe National  NM          Roads           $20,129,802
                   Forest
                  Santa Fe National  NM          Trail                    $0
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Santa Fe National  NM          Trails           $1,555,768
                   Forest
                  Santa Fe National  NM          Wastewater         $210,281
                   Forest                         Systems
                  Tonto National     AZ          Buildings        $4,153,314
                   Forest
                  Tonto National     AZ          Drinking           $687,641
                   Forest                         Water
                                                  Systems
                  Tonto National     AZ          Heritage         $4,961,944
                   Forest
                  Tonto National     AZ          Minor            $1,593,062
                   Forest                         Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Tonto National     AZ          Road               $735,268
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Tonto National     AZ          Roads           $20,284,906
                   Forest
                  Tonto National     AZ          Trail                $1,000
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Tonto National     AZ          Trails           $1,579,496
                   Forest
                  Tonto National     AZ          Wastewater         $151,004
                   Forest                         Systems
    Region 4--    Intermountain      ID, NV,                    $513,267,130
     Intermounta   Region Totals      UT, WY
     in
                  Region 4 Unit                  Buildings          $510,692
                   Unassigned
                  Ashley National    UT          Buildings       $11,687,166
                   Forest
                  Ashley National    UT          Dams               $278,656
                   Forest
                  Ashley National    UT          Drinking         $1,071,097
                   Forest                         Water
                                                  Systems
                  Ashley National    UT          Heritage            $67,512
                   Forest
                  Ashley National    UT          Minor              $744,309
                   Forest                         Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Ashley National    UT          Road               $548,031
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Ashley National    UT          Roads           $27,260,647
                   Forest
                  Ashley National    UT          Trail               $33,102
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Ashley National    UT          Trails           $1,817,060
                   Forest
                  Ashley National    UT          Wastewater         $175,845
                   Forest                         Systems
                  Boise National     ID          Buildings        $6,302,105
                   Forest
                  Boise National     ID          Drinking           $890,648
                   Forest                         Water
                                                  Systems
                  Boise National     ID          Heritage                 $0
                   Forest
                  Boise National     ID          Minor              $405,315
                   Forest                         Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Boise National     ID          Road             $2,377,138
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Boise National     ID          Roads           $25,029,547
                   Forest
                  Boise National     ID          Trail                $8,002
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Boise National     ID          Trails           $3,498,329
                   Forest
                  Boise National     ID          Wastewater          $68,327
                   Forest                         Systems
                  Bridger-Teton      WY          Buildings        $2,789,851
                   National Forest
                  Bridger-Teton      WY          Dams               $313,541
                   National Forest
                  Bridger-Teton      WY          Drinking         $1,531,967
                   National Forest                Water
                                                  Systems
                  Bridger-Teton      WY          Heritage                 $0
                   National Forest
                  Bridger-Teton      WY          Minor              $382,328
                   National Forest                Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Bridger-Teton      WY          Road             $2,432,682
                   National Forest                Bridges
                  Bridger-Teton      WY          Roads           $29,121,237
                   National Forest
                  Bridger-Teton      WY          Trail               $83,300
                   National Forest                Bridges
                  Bridger-Teton      WY          Trails           $5,949,505
                   National Forest
                  Bridger-Teton      WY          Wastewater         $116,198
                   National Forest                Systems
                  Dixie National     UT          Buildings        $4,575,170
                   Forest
                  Dixie National     UT          Dams               $417,500
                   Forest
                  Dixie National     UT          Drinking         $1,180,572
                   Forest                         Water
                                                  Systems
                  Dixie National     UT          Heritage            $20,000
                   Forest
                  Dixie National     UT          Minor            $1,052,979
                   Forest                         Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Dixie National     UT          Road             $1,169,318
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Dixie National     UT          Roads           $25,906,380
                   Forest
                  Dixie National     UT          Trail                    $0
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Dixie National     UT          Trails           $2,981,382
                   Forest
                  Dixie National     UT          Wastewater         $561,078
                   Forest                         Systems
                  Fishlake National  UT          Buildings          $657,759
                   Forest
                  Fishlake National  UT          Dams                 $7,000
                   Forest
                  Fishlake National  UT          Drinking           $157,993
                   Forest                         Water
                                                  Systems
                  Fishlake National  UT          Heritage                 $0
                   Forest
                  Fishlake National  UT          Minor              $509,026
                   Forest                         Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Fishlake National  UT          Road                $72,007
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Fishlake National  UT          Roads           $10,575,772
                   Forest
                  Fishlake National  UT          Trail                    $0
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Fishlake National  UT          Trails           $4,360,463
                   Forest
                  Fishlake National  UT          Wastewater         $853,941
                   Forest                         Systems
                  Manti-Lasal        UT          Buildings          $965,908
                   National Forest
                  Manti-Lasal        UT          Dams                $92,560
                   National Forest
                  Manti-Lasal        UT          Drinking           $189,305
                   National Forest                Water
                                                  Systems
                  Manti-Lasal        UT          Heritage           $401,311
                   National Forest
                  Manti-Lasal        UT          Minor              $282,350
                   National Forest                Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Manti-Lasal        UT          Road               $214,448
                   National Forest                Bridges
                  Manti-Lasal        UT          Roads           $14,440,873
                   National Forest
                  Manti-Lasal        UT          Trail                    $0
                   National Forest                Bridges
                  Manti-Lasal        UT          Trails           $1,631,198
                   National Forest
                  Manti-Lasal        UT          Wastewater           $6,517
                   National Forest                Systems
                  Payette National   ID          Buildings       $15,635,510
                   Forest
                  Payette National   ID          Drinking           $174,963
                   Forest                         Water
                                                  Systems
                  Payette National   ID          Heritage             $1,900
                   Forest
                  Payette National   ID          Minor              $174,121
                   Forest                         Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Payette National   ID          Road               $646,182
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Payette National   ID          Roads           $23,393,794
                   Forest
                  Payette National   ID          Trail              $148,250
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Payette National   ID          Trails           $3,148,664
                   Forest
                  Payette National   ID          Wastewater           $6,760
                   Forest                         Systems
                  Salmon-Challis     ID          Buildings       $40,249,383
                   National Forest
                  Salmon-Challis     ID          Drinking         $1,129,587
                   National Forest                Water
                                                  Systems
                  Salmon-Challis     ID          Heritage            $19,500
                   National Forest
                  Salmon-Challis     ID          Minor              $616,282
                   National Forest                Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Salmon-Challis     ID          Road             $2,310,770
                   National Forest                Bridges
                  Salmon-Challis     ID          Roads           $19,845,573
                   National Forest
                  Salmon-Challis     ID          Trail               $65,175
                   National Forest                Bridges
                  Salmon-Challis     ID          Trails           $5,915,674
                   National Forest
                  Salmon-Challis     ID          Wastewater         $648,587
                   National Forest                Systems
                  Sawtooth National  ID          Buildings       $12,127,509
                   Forest
                  Sawtooth National  ID          Drinking         $1,260,920
                   Forest                         Water
                                                  Systems
                  Sawtooth National  ID          Heritage            $30,000
                   Forest
                  Sawtooth National  ID          Minor              $661,385
                   Forest                         Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Sawtooth National  ID          Road               $862,545
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Sawtooth National  ID          Roads           $14,947,506
                   Forest
                  Sawtooth National  ID          Trail                $1,456
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Sawtooth National  ID          Trails           $4,069,876
                   Forest
                  Sawtooth National  ID          Wastewater          $81,940
                   Forest                         Systems
                  Caribou-Targhee    ID          Buildings        $3,765,298
                   National Forest
                  Caribou-Targhee    ID          Drinking           $493,229
                   National Forest                Water
                                                  Systems
                  Caribou-Targhee    ID          Heritage                 $0
                   National Forest
                  Caribou-Targhee    ID          Minor              $606,523
                   National Forest                Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Caribou-Targhee    ID          Road             $1,699,244
                   National Forest                Bridges
                  Caribou-Targhee    ID          Roads           $38,182,424
                   National Forest
                  Caribou-Targhee    ID          Trail              $272,455
                   National Forest                Bridges
                  Caribou-Targhee    ID          Trails           $6,815,957
                   National Forest
                  Caribou-Targhee    ID          Wastewater          $93,000
                   National Forest                Systems
                  Humboldt-Toiyabe   NV          Buildings        $8,615,628
                   National Forest
                  Humboldt-Toiyabe   NV          Dams                $11,000
                   National Forest
                  Humboldt-Toiyabe   NV          Drinking         $2,474,189
                   National Forest                Water
                                                  Systems
                  Humboldt-Toiyabe   NV          Heritage           $607,625
                   National Forest
                  Humboldt-Toiyabe   NV          Minor            $1,186,642
                   National Forest                Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Humboldt-Toiyabe   NV          Road               $220,431
                   National Forest                Bridges
                  Humboldt-Toiyabe   NV          Roads           $33,425,496
                   National Forest
                  Humboldt-Toiyabe   NV          Trail                    $0
                   National Forest                Bridges
                  Humboldt-Toiyabe   NV          Trails           $6,103,056
                   National Forest
                  Humboldt-Toiyabe   NV          Wastewater         $542,095
                   National Forest                Systems
                  Uinta-Wasatch-     UT          Buildings       $13,894,929
                   Cache National
                   Forest
                  Uinta-Wasatch-     UT          Dams               $395,200
                   Cache National
                   Forest
                  Uinta-Wasatch-     UT          Drinking         $2,075,973
                   Cache National                 Water
                   Forest                         Systems
                  Uinta-Wasatch-     UT          Heritage            $40,592
                   Cache National
                   Forest
                  Uinta-Wasatch-     UT          Minor            $4,073,958
                   Cache National                 Construct
                   Forest                         ed
                                                  Features
                  Uinta-Wasatch-     UT          Road               $631,752
                   Cache National                 Bridges
                   Forest
                  Uinta-Wasatch-     UT          Roads           $34,826,855
                   Cache National
                   Forest
                  Uinta-Wasatch-     UT          Trail               $38,915
                   Cache National                 Bridges
                   Forest
                  Uinta-Wasatch-     UT          Trails           $4,324,598
                   Cache National
                   Forest
                  Uinta-Wasatch-     UT          Wastewater         $899,308
                   Cache National                 Systems
                   Forest
    Region 5--    Pacific Southwest  CA                         $894,955,732
     Pacific       Region Totals
     Southwest
                  Region 5           CA          Buildings          $527,675
                   Unassigned Unit
                  Angeles National   CA          Buildings       $15,211,848
                   Forest
                  Angeles National   CA          Drinking         $2,638,377
                   Forest                         Water
                                                  Systems
                  Angeles National   CA          Heritage           $132,100
                   Forest
                  Angeles National   CA          Minor            $1,717,297
                   Forest                         Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Angeles National   CA          Road                $29,569
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Angeles National   CA          Roads            $9,802,608
                   Forest
                  Angeles National   CA          Trail              $174,816
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Angeles National   CA          Trails           $1,300,705
                   Forest
                  Angeles National   CA          Wastewater       $2,471,367
                   Forest                         Systems
                  Cleveland          CA          Buildings       $24,951,619
                   National Forest
                  Cleveland          CA          Dams                $17,600
                   National Forest
                  Cleveland          CA          Drinking         $5,974,053
                   National Forest                Water
                                                  Systems
                  Cleveland          CA          Heritage           $100,000
                   National Forest
                  Cleveland          CA          Minor              $996,639
                   National Forest                Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Cleveland          CA          Road                 $4,723
                   National Forest                Bridges
                  Cleveland          CA          Roads            $4,300,701
                   National Forest
                  Cleveland          CA          Trail                    $0
                   National Forest                Bridges
                  Cleveland          CA          Trails             $564,442
                   National Forest
                  Cleveland          CA          Wastewater         $233,383
                   National Forest                Systems
                  Eldorado National  CA          Buildings       $42,036,548
                   Forest
                  Eldorado National  CA          Drinking         $1,000,106
                   Forest                         Water
                                                  Systems
                  Eldorado National  CA          Heritage             $9,500
                   Forest
                  Eldorado National  CA          Minor              $297,304
                   Forest                         Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Eldorado National  CA          Road                $40,112
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Eldorado National  CA          Roads           $26,159,328
                   Forest
                  Eldorado National  CA          Trail               $38,132
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Eldorado National  CA          Trails           $1,461,611
                   Forest
                  Eldorado National  CA          Wastewater          $45,867
                   Forest                         Systems
                  Inyo National      CA          Buildings        $4,070,414
                   Forest
                  Inyo National      CA          Drinking           $918,831
                   Forest                         Water
                                                  Systems
                  Inyo National      CA          Heritage                 $0
                   Forest
                  Inyo National      CA          Minor            $3,195,462
                   Forest                         Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Inyo National      CA          Road                $69,075
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Inyo National      CA          Roads            $6,066,996
                   Forest
                  Inyo National      CA          Trail              $217,249
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Inyo National      CA          Trails           $2,773,722
                   Forest
                  Inyo National      CA          Wastewater       $1,075,796
                   Forest                         Systems
                  Klamath National   CA          Buildings       $37,971,575
                   Forest
                  Klamath National   CA          Dams                 $7,400
                   Forest
                  Klamath National   CA          Drinking           $466,679
                   Forest                         Water
                                                  Systems
                  Klamath National   CA          Heritage                 $0
                   Forest
                  Klamath National   CA          Minor              $247,550
                   Forest                         Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Klamath National   CA          Road             $6,631,125
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Klamath National   CA          Roads           $42,490,969
                   Forest
                  Klamath National   CA          Trail              $145,073
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Klamath National   CA          Trails           $1,580,694
                   Forest
                  Klamath National   CA          Wastewater         $129,292
                   Forest                         Systems
                  Lassen National    CA          Buildings        $6,727,998
                   Forest
                  Lassen National    CA          Dams                $34,039
                   Forest
                  Lassen National    CA          Drinking           $569,941
                   Forest                         Water
                                                  Systems
                  Lassen National    CA          Heritage           $150,800
                   Forest
                  Lassen National    CA          Minor              $965,884
                   Forest                         Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Lassen National    CA          Road                $93,301
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Lassen National    CA          Roads           $33,534,718
                   Forest
                  Lassen National    CA          Trail                  $395
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Lassen National    CA          Trails             $775,612
                   Forest
                  Lassen National    CA          Wastewater          $83,500
                   Forest                         Systems
                  Los Padres         CA          Buildings       $22,772,624
                   National Forest
                  Los Padres         CA          Dams                 $7,900
                   National Forest
                  Los Padres         CA          Drinking         $2,003,834
                   National Forest                Water
                                                  Systems
                  Los Padres         CA          Heritage            $35,445
                   National Forest
                  Los Padres         CA          Minor              $915,972
                   National Forest                Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Los Padres         CA          Road               $394,242
                   National Forest                Bridges
                  Los Padres         CA          Roads           $16,877,867
                   National Forest
                  Los Padres         CA          Trail                $3,500
                   National Forest                Bridges
                  Los Padres         CA          Trails           $2,458,809
                   National Forest
                  Los Padres         CA          Wastewater         $391,430
                   National Forest                Systems
                  Mendocino          CA          Buildings       $26,832,563
                   National Forest
                  Mendocino          CA          Dams                $12,648
                   National Forest
                  Mendocino          CA          Drinking           $267,528
                   National Forest                Water
                                                  Systems
                  Mendocino          CA          Heritage           $205,650
                   National Forest
                  Mendocino          CA          Minor              $359,266
                   National Forest                Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Mendocino          CA          Road                 $1,709
                   National Forest                Bridges
                  Mendocino          CA          Roads           $14,781,295
                   National Forest
                  Mendocino          CA          Trail                    $0
                   National Forest                Bridges
                  Mendocino          CA          Trails             $942,305
                   National Forest
                  Mendocino          CA          Wastewater           $9,627
                   National Forest                Systems
                  Modoc National     CA          Buildings        $3,695,401
                   Forest
                  Modoc National     CA          Dams                $68,862
                   Forest
                  Modoc National     CA          Drinking           $235,040
                   Forest                         Water
                                                  Systems
                  Modoc National     CA          Heritage            $60,000
                   Forest
                  Modoc National     CA          Minor              $449,169
                   Forest                         Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Modoc National     CA          Road               $290,304
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Modoc National     CA          Roads           $26,112,251
                   Forest
                  Modoc National     CA          Trails             $217,814
                   Forest
                  Six Rivers         CA          Buildings       $19,765,656
                   National Forest
                  Six Rivers         CA          Drinking         $2,718,682
                   National Forest                Water
                                                  Systems
                  Six Rivers         CA          Heritage            $16,000
                   National Forest
                  Six Rivers         CA          Minor              $199,244
                   National Forest                Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Six Rivers         CA          Road               $945,484
                   National Forest                Bridges
                  Six Rivers         CA          Roads           $34,985,688
                   National Forest
                  Six Rivers         CA          Trail               $11,250
                   National Forest                Bridges
                  Six Rivers         CA          Trails             $690,751
                   National Forest
                  Six Rivers         CA          Wastewater          $85,203
                   National Forest                Systems
                  Plumas National    CA          Buildings       $16,307,368
                   Forest
                  Plumas National    CA          Dams                $12,500
                   Forest
                  Plumas National    CA          Drinking         $2,956,784
                   Forest                         Water
                                                  Systems
                  Plumas National    CA          Heritage           $331,801
                   Forest
                  Plumas National    CA          Minor              $702,028
                   Forest                         Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Plumas National    CA          Road               $288,643
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Plumas National    CA          Roads           $27,673,908
                   Forest
                  Plumas National    CA          Trail                $4,335
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Plumas National    CA          Trails           $1,447,278
                   Forest
                  Plumas National    CA          Wastewater         $575,392
                   Forest                         Systems
                  San Bernardino     CA          Buildings        $6,201,842
                   National Forest
                  San Bernardino     CA          Dams               $177,000
                   National Forest
                  San Bernardino     CA          Drinking           $379,446
                   National Forest                Water
                                                  Systems
                  San Bernardino     CA          Heritage            $52,600
                   National Forest
                  San Bernardino     CA          Minor              $391,597
                   National Forest                Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  San Bernardino     CA          Road                $32,870
                   National Forest                Bridges
                  San Bernardino     CA          Roads           $14,247,754
                   National Forest
                  San Bernardino     CA          Trail                    $0
                   National Forest                Bridges
                  San Bernardino     CA          Trails           $1,129,135
                   National Forest
                  San Bernardino     CA          Wastewater         $192,100
                   National Forest                Systems
                  Sequoia National   CA          Buildings       $11,438,207
                   Forest
                  Sequoia National   CA          Dams               $614,638
                   Forest
                  Sequoia National   CA          Drinking         $2,665,533
                   Forest                         Water
                                                  Systems
                  Sequoia National   CA          Heritage             $1,500
                   Forest
                  Sequoia National   CA          Minor              $891,520
                   Forest                         Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Sequoia National   CA          Road             $1,881,152
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Sequoia National   CA          Roads           $25,168,788
                   Forest
                  Sequoia National   CA          Trail              $256,300
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Sequoia National   CA          Trails           $1,803,156
                   Forest
                  Sequoia National   CA          Wastewater       $1,381,848
                   Forest                         Systems
                  Shasta-Trinity     CA          Buildings       $26,129,162
                   National Forest
                  Shasta-Trinity     CA          Drinking         $1,372,798
                   National Forest                Water
                                                  Systems
                  Shasta-Trinity     CA          Heritage           $542,500
                   National Forest
                  Shasta-Trinity     CA          Minor            $3,378,729
                   National Forest                Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Shasta-Trinity     CA          Road             $4,694,154
                   National Forest                Bridges
                  Shasta-Trinity     CA          Roads           $49,340,979
                   National Forest
                  Shasta-Trinity     CA          Trail              $109,740
                   National Forest                Bridges
                  Shasta-Trinity     CA          Trails           $2,327,104
                   National Forest
                  Shasta-Trinity     CA          Wastewater       $1,201,791
                   National Forest                Systems
                  Sierra National    CA          Buildings       $62,001,396
                   Forest
                  Sierra National    CA          Drinking         $1,109,990
                   Forest                         Water
                                                  Systems
                  Sierra National    CA          Heritage                 $0
                   Forest
                  Sierra National    CA          Minor            $2,608,580
                   Forest                         Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Sierra National    CA          Road             $8,291,786
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Sierra National    CA          Roads           $18,850,703
                   Forest
                  Sierra National    CA          Trail              $676,125
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Sierra National    CA          Trails           $2,126,361
                   Forest
                  Sierra National    CA          Wastewater         $161,774
                   Forest                         Systems
                  Stanislaus         CA          Buildings        $5,613,283
                   National Forest
                  Stanislaus         CA          Dams               $417,083
                   National Forest
                  Stanislaus         CA          Drinking         $1,775,722
                   National Forest                Water
                                                  Systems
                  Stanislaus         CA          Heritage         $1,199,033
                   National Forest
                  Stanislaus         CA          Minor              $285,563
                   National Forest                Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Stanislaus         CA          Road             $3,292,527
                   National Forest                Bridges
                  Stanislaus         CA          Roads           $19,188,101
                   National Forest
                  Stanislaus         CA          Trail               $78,460
                   National Forest                Bridges
                  Stanislaus         CA          Trails           $2,349,771
                   National Forest
                  Stanislaus         CA          Wastewater         $122,123
                   National Forest                Systems
                  Tahoe National     CA          Buildings       $15,501,522
                   Forest
                  Tahoe National     CA          Dams                $24,700
                   Forest
                  Tahoe National     CA          Drinking         $1,212,441
                   Forest                         Water
                                                  Systems
                  Tahoe National     CA          Heritage            $20,000
                   Forest
                  Tahoe National     CA          Minor            $6,448,256
                   Forest                         Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Tahoe National     CA          Road               $448,413
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Tahoe National     CA          Roads           $26,829,070
                   Forest
                  Tahoe National     CA          Trail                    $0
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Tahoe National     CA          Trails           $2,504,359
                   Forest
                  Tahoe National     CA          Wastewater          $42,063
                   Forest                         Systems
                  Lake Tahoe Basin   CA          Buildings       $19,515,980
                   Mgt. Unit
                  Lake Tahoe Basin   CA          Dams             $3,901,259
                   Mgt. Unit
                  Lake Tahoe Basin   CA          Drinking         $1,523,306
                   Mgt. Unit                      Water
                                                  Systems
                  Lake Tahoe Basin   CA          Heritage             $2,500
                   Mgt. Unit
                  Lake Tahoe Basin   CA          Minor            $1,002,843
                   Mgt. Unit                      Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Lake Tahoe Basin   CA          Road                 $1,690
                   Mgt. Unit                      Bridges
                  Lake Tahoe Basin   CA          Roads            $3,853,392
                   Mgt. Unit
                  Lake Tahoe Basin   CA          Trail                  $910
                   Mgt. Unit                      Bridges
                  Lake Tahoe Basin   CA          Trails             $617,538
                   Mgt. Unit
    Region 6--    Pacific Northwest  OR, WA (CA                 $834,627,114
     Pacific       Region Totals      * ID *)
     Northwest
                  Deschutes          OR          Buildings       $19,473,598
                   National Forest
                  Deschutes          OR          Dams               $201,657
                   National Forest
                  Deschutes          OR          Drinking         $2,908,423
                   National Forest                Water
                                                  Systems
                  Deschutes          OR          Heritage            $10,000
                   National Forest
                  Deschutes          OR          Minor            $1,228,740
                   National Forest                Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Deschutes          OR          Road               $867,752
                   National Forest                Bridges
                  Deschutes          OR          Roads           $21,181,879
                   National Forest
                  Deschutes          OR          Trail                $6,878
                   National Forest                Bridges
                  Deschutes          OR          Trails           $3,663,064
                   National Forest
                  Deschutes          OR          Wastewater         $316,093
                   National Forest                Systems
                  Fremont-Winema     OR          Buildings       $13,081,848
                   National Forests
                  Fremont-Winema     OR          Dams                $59,200
                   National Forests
                  Fremont-Winema     OR          Drinking           $783,111
                   National Forests               Water
                                                  Systems
                  Fremont-Winema     OR          Heritage                 $0
                   National Forests
                  Fremont-Winema     OR          Minor              $756,761
                   National Forests               Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Fremont-Winema     OR          Road             $2,069,057
                   National Forests               Bridges
                  Fremont-Winema     OR          Roads           $49,046,731
                   National Forests
                  Fremont-Winema     OR          Trail                    $0
                   National Forests               Bridges
                  Fremont-Winema     OR          Trails           $2,220,160
                   National Forests
                  Fremont-Winema     OR          Wastewater         $468,200
                   National Forests               Systems
                  Gifford Pinchot    WA          Buildings       $29,343,512
                   National Forest
                  Gifford Pinchot    WA          Dams            $41,578,834
                   National Forest
                  Gifford Pinchot    WA          Drinking           $720,741
                   National Forest                Water
                                                  Systems
                  Gifford Pinchot    WA          Heritage             $6,600
                   National Forest
                  Gifford Pinchot    WA          Minor              $939,575
                   National Forest                Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Gifford Pinchot    WA          Road             $3,699,340
                   National Forest                Bridges
                  Gifford Pinchot    WA          Roads           $19,297,008
                   National Forest
                  Gifford Pinchot    WA          Trail               $34,426
                   National Forest                Bridges
                  Gifford Pinchot    WA          Trails           $2,524,803
                   National Forest
                  Gifford Pinchot    WA          Wastewater          $99,366
                   National Forest                Systems
                  Malheur National   OR          Buildings        $5,689,902
                   Forest
                  Malheur National   OR          Dams                 $7,084
                   Forest
                  Malheur National   OR          Drinking           $456,654
                   Forest                         Water
                                                  Systems
                  Malheur National   OR          Heritage            $84,000
                   Forest
                  Malheur National   OR          Minor               $13,873
                   Forest                         Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Malheur National   OR          Road             $2,621,862
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Malheur National   OR          Roads           $17,503,732
                   Forest
                  Malheur National   OR          Trail               $25,400
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Malheur National   OR          Trails           $2,173,439
                   Forest
                  Malheur National   OR          Wastewater           $2,000
                   Forest                         Systems
                  Mt. Baker-         WA          Buildings        $9,981,698
                   Snoqualmie
                   National Forest
                  Mt. Baker-         WA          Dams                $12,418
                   Snoqualmie
                   National Forest
                  Mt. Baker-         WA          Drinking         $1,107,015
                   Snoqualmie                     Water
                   National Forest                Systems
                  Mt. Baker-         WA          Heritage                 $0
                   Snoqualmie
                   National Forest
                  Mt. Baker-         WA          Minor              $666,780
                   Snoqualmie                     Construct
                   National Forest                ed
                                                  Features
                  Mt. Baker-         WA          Road             $1,974,233
                   Snoqualmie                     Bridges
                   National Forest
                  Mt. Baker-         WA          Roads           $49,504,234
                   Snoqualmie
                   National Forest
                  Mt. Baker-         WA          Trail                    $0
                   Snoqualmie                     Bridges
                   National Forest
                  Mt. Baker-         WA          Trails           $2,712,189
                   Snoqualmie
                   National Forest
                  Mt. Baker-         WA          Wastewater         $431,370
                   Snoqualmie                     Systems
                   National Forest
                  Mt. Hood National  OR          Buildings       $34,457,234
                   Forest
                  Mt. Hood National  OR          Dams               $307,222
                   Forest
                  Mt. Hood National  OR          Drinking           $346,334
                   Forest                         Water
                                                  Systems
                  Mt. Hood National  OR          Heritage                 $0
                   Forest
                  Mt. Hood National  OR          Minor              $147,241
                   Forest                         Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Mt. Hood National  OR          Road             $3,564,357
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Mt. Hood National  OR          Roads           $17,868,047
                   Forest
                  Mt. Hood National  OR          Trail                $4,500
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Mt. Hood National  OR          Trails           $1,930,708
                   Forest
                  Mt. Hood National  OR          Wastewater         $173,011
                   Forest                         Systems
                  Ochoco National    OR          Buildings       $10,675,652
                   Forest
                  Ochoco National    OR          Dams                $24,996
                   Forest
                  Ochoco National    OR          Drinking            $82,042
                   Forest                         Water
                                                  Systems
                  Ochoco National    OR          Heritage            $19,000
                   Forest
                  Ochoco National    OR          Minor              $171,449
                   Forest                         Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Ochoco National    OR          Road             $1,823,505
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Ochoco National    OR          Roads           $10,659,800
                   Forest
                  Ochoco National    OR          Trail               $27,900
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Ochoco National    OR          Trails             $587,181
                   Forest
                  Ochoco National    OR          Wastewater           $6,204
                   Forest                         Systems
                  Olympic National   WA          Buildings        $3,499,359
                   Forest
                  Olympic National   WA          Drinking           $578,426
                   Forest                         Water
                                                  Systems
                  Olympic National   WA          Heritage             $8,200
                   Forest
                  Olympic National   WA          Minor              $505,329
                   Forest                         Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Olympic National   WA          Road             $5,275,767
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Olympic National   WA          Roads           $19,357,686
                   Forest
                  Olympic National   WA          Trail               $77,184
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Olympic National   WA          Trails             $493,481
                   Forest
                  Olympic National   WA          Wastewater          $20,600
                   Forest                         Systems
                  Rogue River-       OR          Buildings        $7,902,639
                   Siskiyou
                   National Forest
                  Rogue River-       OR          Dams               $113,200
                   Siskiyou
                   National Forest
                  Rogue River-       OR          Drinking         $2,767,290
                   Siskiyou                       Water
                   National Forest                Systems
                  Rogue River-       OR          Heritage                 $0
                   Siskiyou
                   National Forest
                  Rogue River-       OR          Minor              $696,953
                   Siskiyou                       Construct
                   National Forest                ed
                                                  Features
                  Rogue River-       OR          Road            $12,043,385
                   Siskiyou                       Bridges
                   National Forest
                  Rogue River-       CA *, OR    Roads           $50,137,735
                   Siskiyou
                   National Forest
                  Rogue River-       OR          Trail              $247,384
                   Siskiyou                       Bridges
                   National Forest
                  Rogue River-       CA *, OR    Trails           $2,297,395
                   Siskiyou
                   National Forest
                  Rogue River-       OR          Wastewater       $1,717,088
                   Siskiyou                       Systems
                   National Forest
                  Siuslaw National   OR          Buildings        $8,334,141
                   Forest
                  Siuslaw National   OR          Dams                $14,755
                   Forest
                  Siuslaw National   OR          Drinking           $888,293
                   Forest                         Water
                                                  Systems
                  Siuslaw National   OR          Heritage                 $0
                   Forest
                  Siuslaw National   OR          Minor              $335,484
                   Forest                         Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Siuslaw National   OR          Road               $918,300
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Siuslaw National   OR          Roads           $10,497,909
                   Forest
                  Siuslaw National   OR          Trail                    $0
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Siuslaw National   OR          Trails             $306,924
                   Forest
                  Siuslaw National   OR          Wastewater         $279,545
                   Forest                         Systems
                  Umatilla National  OR, WA      Buildings        $7,372,498
                   Forest
                  Umatilla National  OR, WA      Dams               $236,954
                   Forest
                  Umatilla National  OR, WA      Drinking         $1,070,891
                   Forest                         Water
                                                  Systems
                  Umatilla National  OR, WA      Heritage                 $0
                   Forest
                  Umatilla National  OR, WA      Minor               $86,111
                   Forest                         Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Umatilla National  OR, WA      Road             $2,306,646
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Umatilla National  OR, WA      Roads           $22,892,437
                   Forest
                  Umatilla National  OR, WA      Trail               $14,679
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Umatilla National  OR, WA      Trails           $2,398,509
                   Forest
                  Umatilla National  OR, WA      Wastewater         $869,367
                   Forest                         Systems
                  Umpqua National    OR          Buildings        $6,168,665
                   Forest
                  Umpqua National    OR          Dams                $35,154
                   Forest
                  Umpqua National    OR          Drinking           $264,681
                   Forest                         Water
                                                  Systems
                  Umpqua National    OR          Heritage             $4,000
                   Forest
                  Umpqua National    OR          Minor              $160,808
                   Forest                         Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Umpqua National    OR          Road             $4,238,804
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Umpqua National    OR          Roads           $26,183,415
                   Forest
                  Umpqua National    OR          Trail               $36,400
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Umpqua National    OR          Trails           $2,135,093
                   Forest
                  Umpqua National    OR          Wastewater       $1,280,080
                   Forest                         Systems
                  Wallowa-Whitman    OR          Buildings       $10,967,001
                   National Forest
                  Wallowa-Whitman    OR          Drinking           $919,790
                   National Forest                Water
                                                  Systems
                  Wallowa-Whitman    OR          Heritage            $20,000
                   National Forest
                  Wallowa-Whitman    OR          Minor              $841,612
                   National Forest                Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Wallowa-Whitman    OR          Road             $5,806,734
                   National Forest                Bridges
                  Wallowa-Whitman    ID *, OR    Roads           $20,732,812
                   National Forest
                  Wallowa-Whitman    OR          Trail               $83,300
                   National Forest                Bridges
                  Wallowa-Whitman    ID *, OR    Trails           $5,096,781
                   National Forest
                  Wallowa-Whitman    OR          Wastewater         $143,030
                   National Forest                Systems
                  Okanogan-          WA          Buildings       $11,011,567
                   Wenatchee
                   National Forests
                  Okanogan-          WA          Dams                 $8,025
                   Wenatchee
                   National Forests
                  Okanogan-          WA          Drinking         $2,774,041
                   Wenatchee                      Water
                   National Forests               Systems
                  Okanogan-          WA          Heritage                 $0
                   Wenatchee
                   National Forests
                  Okanogan-          WA          Minor            $1,832,152
                   Wenatchee                      Construct
                   National Forests               ed
                                                  Features
                  Okanogan-          WA          Road             $8,841,350
                   Wenatchee                      Bridges
                   National Forests
                  Okanogan-          WA          Roads           $74,670,153
                   Wenatchee
                   National Forests
                  Okanogan-          WA          Trail                    $0
                   Wenatchee                      Bridges
                   National Forests
                  Okanogan-          WA          Trails           $8,962,861
                   Wenatchee
                   National Forests
                  Okanogan-          WA          Wastewater         $339,794
                   Wenatchee                      Systems
                   National Forests
                  Willamette         OR          Buildings        $4,793,138
                   National Forest
                  Willamette         OR          Dams                 $5,000
                   National Forest
                  Willamette         OR          Drinking         $2,365,551
                   National Forest                Water
                                                  Systems
                  Willamette         OR          Heritage                 $0
                   National Forest
                  Willamette         OR          Minor              $678,208
                   National Forest                Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Willamette         OR          Road             $5,241,651
                   National Forest                Bridges
                  Willamette         OR          Roads           $34,038,691
                   National Forest
                  Willamette         OR          Trail               $41,400
                   National Forest                Bridges
                  Willamette         OR          Trails           $2,852,945
                   National Forest
                  Willamette         OR          Wastewater         $370,395
                   National Forest                Systems
                  Colville National  WA          Buildings        $7,366,453
                   Forest
                  Colville National  WA          Dams                 $1,100
                   Forest
                  Colville National  WA          Drinking           $208,443
                   Forest                         Water
                                                  Systems
                  Colville National  WA          Heritage            $36,500
                   Forest
                  Colville National  WA          Minor              $127,078
                   Forest                         Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Colville National  WA          Road               $533,305
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Colville National  WA          Roads           $17,109,514
                   Forest
                  Colville National  WA          Trail              $199,800
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Colville National  WA          Trails             $943,946
                   Forest
                  Colville National  WA          Wastewater         $272,971
                   Forest                         Systems
                  Columbia River     OR, WA      Buildings          $757,430
                   Gorge National
                   Scenic Area
                  Columbia River     OR, WA      Drinking           $246,164
                   Gorge National                 Water
                   Scenic Area                    Systems
                  Columbia River     OR, WA      Heritage         $1,003,700
                   Gorge National
                   Scenic Area
                  Columbia River     OR, WA      Minor              $126,125
                   Gorge National                 Construct
                   Scenic Area                    ed
                                                  Features
                  Columbia River     OR, WA      Road                 $9,840
                   Gorge National                 Bridges
                   Scenic Area
                  Columbia River     OR, WA      Roads              $323,539
                   Gorge National
                   Scenic Area
                  Columbia River     OR, WA      Trail               $14,779
                   Gorge National                 Bridges
                   Scenic Area
                  Columbia River     OR, WA      Trails             $382,245
                   Gorge National
                   Scenic Area
                  Columbia River     OR, WA      Wastewater          $24,932
                   Gorge National                 Systems
                   Scenic Area
    Region 8--    Southern Region    AL, AR,                    $617,866,943
     Southern      Totals             FL, GA,
                                      KY, LA,
                                      MS, NC,
                                      OK, PR,
                                      SC, TX,
                                      VA (WV *)
                  National Forests   AL          Buildings        $2,738,454
                   in Alabama
                  National Forests   AL          Dams               $171,881
                   in Alabama
                  National Forests   AL          Drinking           $178,782
                   in Alabama                     Water
                                                  Systems
                  National Forests   AL          Heritage                 $0
                   in Alabama
                  National Forests   AL          Minor                $3,682
                   in Alabama                     Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  National Forests   AL          Road             $3,515,489
                   in Alabama                     Bridges
                  National Forests   AL          Roads           $25,472,133
                   in Alabama
                  National Forests   AL          Trail               $46,400
                   in Alabama                     Bridges
                  National Forests   AL          Trails             $660,792
                   in Alabama
                  National Forests   AL          Wastewater          $32,152
                   in Alabama                     Systems
                  Daniel Boone       KY          Buildings        $3,041,591
                   National Forest
                  Daniel Boone       KY          Dams               $262,947
                   National Forest
                  Daniel Boone       KY          Drinking           $214,641
                   National Forest                Water
                                                  Systems
                  Daniel Boone       KY          Heritage            $31,000
                   National Forest
                  Daniel Boone       KY          Minor            $2,893,661
                   National Forest                Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Daniel Boone       KY          Road               $139,546
                   National Forest                Bridges
                  Daniel Boone       KY          Roads           $20,454,185
                   National Forest
                  Daniel Boone       KY          Trail               $36,708
                   National Forest                Bridges
                  Daniel Boone       KY          Trails           $1,075,465
                   National Forest
                  Daniel Boone       KY          Wastewater         $451,741
                   National Forest                Systems
                  Chattahoochee-     GA          Buildings        $2,501,695
                   Oconee National
                   Forest
                  Chattahoochee-     GA          Dams               $444,371
                   Oconee National
                   Forest
                  Chattahoochee-     GA          Drinking           $116,634
                   Oconee National                Water
                   Forest                         Systems
                  Chattahoochee-     GA          Heritage             $6,600
                   Oconee National
                   Forest
                  Chattahoochee-     GA          Minor              $584,929
                   Oconee National                Construct
                   Forest                         ed
                                                  Features
                  Chattahoochee-     GA          Road             $3,027,760
                   Oconee National                Bridges
                   Forest
                  Chattahoochee-     GA          Roads           $29,057,083
                   Oconee National
                   Forest
                  Chattahoochee-     GA          Trail                $1,100
                   Oconee National                Bridges
                   Forest
                  Chattahoochee-     GA          Trails           $1,482,610
                   Oconee National
                   Forest
                  Chattahoochee-     GA          Wastewater         $171,226
                   Oconee National                Systems
                   Forest
                  Cherokee National  TN          Buildings        $3,869,585
                   Forest
                  Cherokee National  TN          Dams               $237,001
                   Forest
                  Cherokee National  TN          Drinking           $162,188
                   Forest                         Water
                                                  Systems
                  Cherokee National  TN          Heritage                 $0
                   Forest
                  Cherokee National  TN          Minor            $1,060,197
                   Forest                         Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Cherokee National  TN          Road               $363,365
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Cherokee National  TN          Roads           $21,134,481
                   Forest
                  Cherokee National  TN          Trail               $13,400
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Cherokee National  TN          Trails           $1,277,631
                   Forest
                  Cherokee National  TN          Wastewater          $67,531
                   Forest                         Systems
                  National Forests   FL          Buildings        $2,485,586
                   in Florida
                  National Forests   FL          Drinking           $106,369
                   in Florida                     Water
                                                  Systems
                  National Forests   FL          Heritage            $28,020
                   in Florida
                  National Forests   FL          Minor              $935,383
                   in Florida                     Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  National Forests   FL          Road             $4,797,706
                   in Florida                     Bridges
                  National Forests   FL          Roads           $60,441,190
                   in Florida
                  National Forests   FL          Trail                    $0
                   in Florida                     Bridges
                  National Forests   FL          Trails           $1,347,432
                   in Florida
                  National Forests   FL          Wastewater          $31,099
                   in Florida                     Systems
                  Kisatchie          LA          Buildings        $2,467,029
                   National Forest
                  Kisatchie          LA          Dams                $73,100
                   National Forest
                  Kisatchie          LA          Drinking         $1,076,638
                   National Forest                Water
                                                  Systems
                  Kisatchie          LA          Heritage                 $0
                   National Forest
                  Kisatchie          LA          Minor              $754,362
                   National Forest                Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Kisatchie          LA          Road            $11,589,927
                   National Forest                Bridges
                  Kisatchie          LA          Roads           $32,932,392
                   National Forest
                  Kisatchie          LA          Trail              $119,655
                   National Forest                Bridges
                  Kisatchie          LA          Trails             $600,222
                   National Forest
                  Kisatchie          LA          Wastewater         $206,517
                   National Forest                Systems
                  National Forests   MS          Buildings        $5,858,676
                   in Mississippi
                  National Forests   MS          Dams               $120,501
                   in Mississippi
                  National Forests   MS          Heritage                 $0
                   in Mississippi
                  National Forests   MS          Minor              $388,327
                   in Mississippi                 Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  National Forests   MS          Road               $711,552
                   in Mississippi                 Bridges
                  National Forests   MS          Roads           $37,596,942
                   in Mississippi
                  National Forests   MS          Trail               $74,337
                   in Mississippi                 Bridges
                  National Forests   MS          Trails             $712,423
                   in Mississippi
                  National Forests   MS          Wastewater          $17,157
                   in Mississippi                 Systems
                  George Washington  VA          Buildings        $6,584,161
                   and Jefferson
                   National Forests
                  George Washington  VA          Dams             $1,195,768
                   and Jefferson
                   National Forests
                  George Washington  VA          Drinking           $127,209
                   and Jefferson                  Water
                   National Forests               Systems
                  George Washington  VA          Heritage                 $0
                   and Jefferson
                   National Forests
                  George Washington  VA          Minor            $1,195,025
                   and Jefferson                  Construct
                   National Forests               ed
                                                  Features
                  George Washington  VA          Road             $1,149,834
                   and Jefferson                  Bridges
                   National Forests
                  George Washington  VA, WV *    Roads           $40,086,227
                   and Jefferson
                   National Forests
                  George Washington  VA          Trail              $232,630
                   and Jefferson                  Bridges
                   National Forests
                  George Washington  VA, WV *    Trails           $3,723,931
                   and Jefferson
                   National Forests
                  George Washington  VA          Wastewater         $383,028
                   and Jefferson                  Systems
                   National Forests
                  Ouachita National  AR, OK      Buildings        $1,485,069
                   Forest
                  Ouachita National  AR, OK      Dams                $98,030
                   Forest
                  Ouachita National  AR, OK      Drinking            $62,798
                   Forest                         Water
                                                  Systems
                  Ouachita National  AR, OK      Heritage            $49,591
                   Forest
                  Ouachita National  AR, OK      Minor              $326,302
                   Forest                         Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Ouachita National  AR, OK      Road             $1,201,080
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Ouachita National  AR, OK      Roads           $59,276,658
                   Forest
                  Ouachita National  AR, OK      Trail                  $500
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Ouachita National  AR, OK      Trails           $1,583,277
                   Forest
                  Ouachita National  AR, OK      Wastewater         $101,265
                   Forest                         Systems
                  Ozark-St. Francis  AR          Buildings        $2,766,971
                   National Forest
                  Ozark-St. Francis  AR          Dams               $734,916
                   National Forest
                  Ozark-St. Francis  AR          Drinking           $255,833
                   National Forest                Water
                                                  Systems
                  Ozark-St. Francis  AR          Heritage            $30,000
                   National Forest
                  Ozark-St. Francis  AR          Minor              $670,771
                   National Forest                Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Ozark-St. Francis  AR          Road               $111,698
                   National Forest                Bridges
                  Ozark-St. Francis  AR          Roads           $11,377,800
                   National Forest
                  Ozark-St. Francis  AR          Trail                $5,041
                   National Forest                Bridges
                  Ozark-St. Francis  AR          Trails           $1,096,775
                   National Forest
                  Ozark-St. Francis  AR          Wastewater          $25,628
                   National Forest                Systems
                  National Forests   NC          Buildings        $7,887,343
                   in North
                   Carolina
                  National Forests   NC          Dams               $460,916
                   in North
                   Carolina
                  National Forests   NC          Drinking           $695,384
                   in North                       Water
                   Carolina                       Systems
                  National Forests   NC          Heritage           $534,250
                   in North
                   Carolina
                  National Forests   NC          Minor            $2,017,939
                   in North                       Construct
                   Carolina                       ed
                                                  Features
                  National Forests   NC          Road             $1,118,414
                   in North                       Bridges
                   Carolina
                  National Forests   NC          Roads           $45,101,204
                   in North
                   Carolina
                  National Forests   NC          Trail               $32,750
                   in North                       Bridges
                   Carolina
                  National Forests   NC          Trails           $3,344,337
                   in North
                   Carolina
                  National Forests   NC          Wastewater         $209,061
                   in North                       Systems
                   Carolina
                  Francis Marion-    SC          Buildings        $3,553,169
                   Sumter National
                   Forests
                  Francis Marion-    SC          Dams                $72,200
                   Sumter National
                   Forests
                  Francis Marion-    SC          Drinking           $701,890
                   Sumter National                Water
                   Forests                        Systems
                  Francis Marion-    SC          Heritage           $900,000
                   Sumter National
                   Forests
                  Francis Marion-    SC          Minor              $317,884
                   Sumter National                Construct
                   Forests                        ed
                                                  Features
                  Francis Marion-    SC          Road             $2,077,568
                   Sumter National                Bridges
                   Forests
                  Francis Marion-    SC          Roads           $42,964,196
                   Sumter National
                   Forests
                  Francis Marion-    SC          Trail                    $0
                   Sumter National                Bridges
                   Forests
                  Francis Marion-    SC          Trails           $1,009,693
                   Sumter National
                   Forests
                  Francis Marion-    SC          Wastewater         $169,046
                   Sumter National                Systems
                   Forests
                  National Forests   TX          Buildings        $3,557,152
                   in Texas
                  National Forests   TX          Dams             $2,589,000
                   in Texas
                  National Forests   TX          Drinking           $150,087
                   in Texas                       Water
                                                  Systems
                  National Forests   TX          Heritage                 $0
                   in Texas
                  National Forests   TX          Minor              $525,964
                   in Texas                       Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  National Forests   TX          Road             $1,159,739
                   in Texas                       Bridges
                  National Forests   TX          Roads           $37,021,426
                   in Texas
                  National Forests   TX          Trail              $121,670
                   in Texas                       Bridges
                  National Forests   TX          Trails             $753,776
                   in Texas
                  National Forests   TX          Wastewater         $667,514
                   in Texas                       Systems
                  El Yunque          PR          Buildings        $1,182,543
                   National Forest
                  El Yunque          PR          Drinking            $16,612
                   National Forest                Water
                                                  Systems
                  El Yunque          PR          Heritage            $53,800
                   National Forest
                  El Yunque          PR          Minor            $1,945,214
                   National Forest                Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  El Yunque          PR          Roads              $313,102
                   National Forest
                  El Yunque          PR          Trail                $3,600
                   National Forest                Bridges
                  El Yunque          PR          Trails              $33,415
                   National Forest
                  El Yunque          PR          Wastewater          $30,467
                   National Forest                Systems
                  Land Between the   KY, TN      Buildings        $7,646,875
                   Lakes NRA
                  Land Between the   KY, TN      Dams $54
                   Lakes NRA
                  Land Between the   KY, TN      Drinking           $727,372
                   Lakes NRA                      Water
                                                  Systems
                  Land Between the   KY, TN      Heritage             $2,000
                   Lakes NRA
                  Land Between the   KY, TN      Minor              $128,038
                   Lakes NRA                      Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Land Between the   KY, TN      Road               $562,023
                   Lakes NRA                      Bridges
                  Land Between the   KY, TN      Roads           $16,349,447
                   Lakes NRA
                  Land Between the   KY, TN      Trail                    $0
                   Lakes NRA                      Bridges
                  Land Between the   KY, TN      Trails             $582,986
                   Lakes NRA
                  Land Between the   KY, TN      Wastewater         $164,830
                   Lakes NRA                      Systems
    Region 9--    Eastern Region     IL, IN,                    $501,510,365
     Eastern       Totals             OH, ME,
                                      MI, MN,
                                      MO, NH,
                                      NY, PA,
                                      VT, WI,
                                      WV
                  Chippewa National  MN          Buildings        $3,643,067
                   Forest
                  Chippewa National  MN          Dams               $151,133
                   Forest
                  Chippewa National  MN          Drinking           $523,783
                   Forest                         Water
                                                  Systems
                  Chippewa National  MN          Heritage                 $0
                   Forest
                  Chippewa National  MN          Minor              $644,795
                   Forest                         Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Chippewa National  MN          Road             $2,015,482
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Chippewa National  MN          Roads           $26,495,968
                   Forest
                  Chippewa National  MN          Trail               $16,650
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Chippewa National  MN          Trails           $1,047,106
                   Forest
                  Chippewa National  MN          Wastewater         $156,094
                   Forest                         Systems
                  Huron-Manistee     MI          Buildings        $4,646,900
                   National Forest
                  Huron-Manistee     MI          Dams               $141,611
                   National Forest
                  Huron-Manistee     MI          Drinking            $84,731
                   National Forest                Water
                                                  Systems
                  Huron-Manistee     MI          Heritage                 $0
                   National Forest
                  Huron-Manistee     MI          Minor              $306,998
                   National Forest                Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Huron-Manistee     MI          Road                 $1,052
                   National Forest                Bridges
                  Huron-Manistee     MI          Roads           $25,777,061
                   National Forest
                  Huron-Manistee     MI          Trail                $8,150
                   National Forest                Bridges
                  Huron-Manistee     MI          Trails           $3,147,838
                   National Forest
                  Huron-Manistee     MI          Wastewater          $53,271
                   National Forest                Systems
                  Mark Twain         MO          Buildings        $6,113,981
                   National Forest
                  Mark Twain         MO          Dams               $917,102
                   National Forest
                  Mark Twain         MO          Drinking           $373,380
                   National Forest                Water
                                                  Systems
                  Mark Twain         MO          Heritage           $175,597
                   National Forest
                  Mark Twain         MO          Minor              $630,307
                   National Forest                Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Mark Twain         MO          Road                $52,009
                   National Forest                Bridges
                  Mark Twain         MO          Roads           $28,647,991
                   National Forest
                  Mark Twain         MO          Trail               $57,685
                   National Forest                Bridges
                  Mark Twain         MO          Trails           $1,347,198
                   National Forest
                  Mark Twain         MO          Wastewater          $69,953
                   National Forest                Systems
                  Ottawa National    MI          Buildings        $2,546,211
                   Forest
                  Ottawa National    MI          Dams               $604,555
                   Forest
                  Ottawa National    MI          Drinking           $590,700
                   Forest                         Water
                                                  Systems
                  Ottawa National    MI          Heritage            $12,000
                   Forest
                  Ottawa National    MI          Minor              $210,603
                   Forest                         Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Ottawa National    MI          Road               $170,181
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Ottawa National    MI          Roads           $23,237,898
                   Forest
                  Ottawa National    MI          Trail               $66,397
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Ottawa National    MI          Trails           $3,934,662
                   Forest
                  Ottawa National    MI          Wastewater         $117,874
                   Forest                         Systems
                  Shawnee National   IL          Buildings        $6,397,614
                   Forest
                  Shawnee National   IL          Dams               $150,982
                   Forest
                  Shawnee National   IL          Drinking           $261,148
                   Forest                         Water
                                                  Systems
                  Shawnee National   IL          Heritage                 $0
                   Forest
                  Shawnee National   IL          Minor              $226,632
                   Forest                         Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Shawnee National   IL          Road             $1,218,063
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Shawnee National   IL          Roads            $6,235,295
                   Forest
                  Shawnee National   IL          Trail                $3,325
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Shawnee National   IL          Trails             $762,062
                   Forest
                  Shawnee National   IL          Wastewater         $154,564
                   Forest                         Systems
                  Superior National  MN          Buildings        $7,431,083
                   Forest
                  Superior National  MN          Dams               $237,490
                   Forest
                  Superior National  MN          Drinking           $145,613
                   Forest                         Water
                                                  Systems
                  Superior National  MN          Heritage                 $0
                   Forest
                  Superior National  MN          Minor              $122,825
                   Forest                         Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Superior National  MN          Road             $1,060,838
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Superior National  MN          Roads           $27,341,068
                   Forest
                  Superior National  MN          Trail              $130,700
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Superior National  MN          Trails           $4,529,196
                   Forest
                  Superior National  MN          Wastewater          $42,573
                   Forest                         Systems
                  Hiawatha National  MI          Buildings        $5,690,148
                   Forest
                  Hiawatha National  MI          Dams                $55,039
                   Forest
                  Hiawatha National  MI          Drinking            $94,219
                   Forest                         Water
                                                  Systems
                  Hiawatha National  MI          Heritage           $326,000
                   Forest
                  Hiawatha National  MI          Minor               $39,298
                   Forest                         Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Hiawatha National  MI          Road             $1,321,122
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Hiawatha National  MI          Roads           $24,246,986
                   Forest
                  Hiawatha National  MI          Trail              $450,760
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Hiawatha National  MI          Trails           $1,792,726
                   Forest
                  Hiawatha National  MI          Wastewater          $26,842
                   Forest                         Systems
                  Hoosier National   IN          Buildings          $230,295
                   Forest
                  Hoosier National   IN          Dams                $22,989
                   Forest
                  Hoosier National   IN          Drinking           $420,000
                   Forest                         Water
                                                  Systems
                  Hoosier National   IN          Heritage                 $0
                   Forest
                  Hoosier National   IN          Minor              $216,126
                   Forest                         Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Hoosier National   IN          Road               $190,078
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Hoosier National   IN          Roads            $2,164,872
                   Forest
                  Hoosier National   IN          Trail                    $0
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Hoosier National   IN          Trails             $430,891
                   Forest
                  Hoosier National   IN          Wastewater         $826,300
                   Forest                         Systems
                  Chequamegon-       WI          Buildings        $9,274,331
                   Nicolet National
                   Forest
                  Chequamegon-       WI          Dams               $894,141
                   Nicolet National
                   Forest
                  Chequamegon-       WI          Drinking            $75,569
                   Nicolet National               Water
                   Forest                         Systems
                  Chequamegon-       WI          Heritage             $5,000
                   Nicolet National
                   Forest
                  Chequamegon-       WI          Minor              $264,673
                   Nicolet National               Construct
                   Forest                         ed
                                                  Features
                  Chequamegon-       WI          Road             $4,628,573
                   Nicolet National               Bridges
                   Forest
                  Chequamegon-       WI          Roads          $103,102,919
                   Nicolet National
                   Forest
                  Chequamegon-       WI          Trail               $56,170
                   Nicolet National               Bridges
                   Forest
                  Chequamegon-       WI          Trails           $4,190,988
                   Nicolet National
                   Forest
                  Chequamegon-       WI          Wastewater         $143,641
                   Nicolet National               Systems
                   Forest
                  Wayne National     OH          Buildings          $598,201
                   Forest
                  Wayne National     OH          Dams             $1,392,811
                   Forest
                  Wayne National     OH          Drinking            $79,250
                   Forest                         Water
                                                  Systems
                  Wayne National     OH          Heritage            $45,000
                   Forest
                  Wayne National     OH          Minor               $99,201
                   Forest                         Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Wayne National     OH          Roads            $1,518,585
                   Forest
                  Wayne National     OH          Trail                    $0
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Wayne National     OH          Trails             $751,355
                   Forest
                  Wayne National     OH          Wastewater          $51,150
                   Forest                         Systems
                  Midewin National   IL          Buildings       $15,473,955
                   Tallgrass
                   Prairie
                  Midewin National   IL          Drinking               $293
                   Tallgrass                      Water
                   Prairie                        Systems
                  Midewin National   IL          Heritage               $800
                   Tallgrass
                   Prairie
                  Midewin National   IL          Road             $1,200,823
                   Tallgrass                      Bridges
                   Prairie
                  Midewin National   IL          Roads              $103,105
                   Tallgrass
                   Prairie
                  Midewin National   IL          Trail                    $0
                   Tallgrass                      Bridges
                   Prairie
                  Midewin National   IL          Trails              $50,544
                   Tallgrass
                   Prairie
                  Midewin National   IL          Wastewater               $0
                   Tallgrass                      Systems
                   Prairie
                  Allegheny          PA          Buildings        $9,432,998
                   National Forest
                  Allegheny          PA          Dams               $836,737
                   National Forest
                  Allegheny          PA          Drinking           $211,544
                   National Forest                Water
                                                  Systems
                  Allegheny          PA          Heritage                 $0
                   National Forest
                  Allegheny          PA          Minor            $1,198,970
                   National Forest                Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Allegheny          PA          Road             $1,292,203
                   National Forest                Bridges
                  Allegheny          PA          Roads           $24,495,783
                   National Forest
                  Allegheny          PA          Trail               $14,700
                   National Forest                Bridges
                  Allegheny          PA          Trails           $1,352,317
                   National Forest
                  Allegheny          PA          Wastewater         $125,360
                   National Forest                Systems
                  Green Mountain     NY, VT      Buildings        $1,187,273
                   and Finger Lakes
                   National Forests
                  Green Mountain     NY, VT      Dams                 $7,050
                   and Finger Lakes
                   National Forests
                  Green Mountain     NY, VT      Drinking             $9,573
                   and Finger Lakes               Water
                   National Forests               Systems
                  Green Mountain     NY, VT      Heritage            $33,000
                   and Finger Lakes
                   National Forests
                  Green Mountain     NY, VT      Minor               $57,510
                   and Finger Lakes               Construct
                   National Forests               ed
                                                  Features
                  Green Mountain     NY, VT      Road               $246,865
                   and Finger Lakes               Bridges
                   National Forests
                  Green Mountain     NY, VT      Roads            $3,862,130
                   and Finger Lakes
                   National Forests
                  Green Mountain     NY, VT      Trail               $25,400
                   and Finger Lakes               Bridges
                   National Forests
                  Green Mountain     NY, VT      Trails           $1,738,181
                   and Finger Lakes
                   National Forests
                  Green Mountain     NY, VT      Wastewater          $13,090
                   and Finger Lakes               Systems
                   National Forests
                  Monongahela        WV          Buildings        $4,920,297
                   National Forest
                  Monongahela        WV          Dams             $1,864,610
                   National Forest
                  Monongahela        WV          Drinking           $368,926
                   National Forest                Water
                                                  Systems
                  Monongahela        WV          Heritage            $75,000
                   National Forest
                  Monongahela        WV          Minor              $553,977
                   National Forest                Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Monongahela        WV          Road             $1,793,986
                   National Forest                Bridges
                  Monongahela        WV          Roads           $31,733,627
                   National Forest
                  Monongahela        WV          Trail              $139,092
                   National Forest                Bridges
                  Monongahela        WV          Trails           $1,350,963
                   National Forest
                  Monongahela        WV          Wastewater         $481,795
                   National Forest                Systems
                  White Mountain     ME, NH      Buildings        $9,592,586
                   National Forest
                  White Mountain     ME, NH      Dams             $9,309,008
                   National Forest
                  White Mountain     ME, NH      Drinking         $1,092,901
                   National Forest                Water
                                                  Systems
                  White Mountain     ME, NH      Heritage            $72,000
                   National Forest
                  White Mountain     ME, NH      Minor              $278,851
                   National Forest                Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  White Mountain     ME, NH      Road             $3,039,285
                   National Forest                Bridges
                  White Mountain     ME, NH      Roads            $7,547,563
                   National Forest
                  White Mountain     ME, NH      Trail              $345,691
                   National Forest                Bridges
                  White Mountain     ME, NH      Trails           $2,885,209
                   National Forest
                  White Mountain     ME, NH      Wastewater         $189,500
                   National Forest                Systems
    Region 10--   Alaska Region      AK                         $100,338,382
     Alaska        Totals
                  Chugach National   AK          Buildings        $3,919,145
                   Forest
                  Chugach National   AK          Dams                $21,585
                   Forest
                  Chugach National   AK          Drinking           $170,065
                   Forest                         Water
                                                  Systems
                  Chugach National   AK          Heritage            $50,000
                   Forest
                  Chugach National   AK          Minor              $487,357
                   Forest                         Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Chugach National   AK          Road               $264,660
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Chugach National   AK          Roads            $2,821,999
                   Forest
                  Chugach National   AK          Trail                $3,750
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Chugach National   AK          Trails           $3,347,342
                   Forest
                  Chugach National   AK          Wastewater          $28,132
                   Forest                         Systems
                  Tongass National   AK          Buildings       $17,808,018
                   Forest
                  Tongass National   AK          Dams                 $4,523
                   Forest
                  Tongass National   AK          Drinking           $324,389
                   Forest                         Water
                                                  Systems
                  Tongass National   AK          Heritage            $10,016
                   Forest
                  Tongass National   AK          Minor              $396,480
                   Forest                         Construct
                                                  ed
                                                  Features
                  Tongass National   AK          Road            $37,183,605
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Tongass National   AK          Roads           $27,345,723
                   Forest
                  Tongass National   AK          Trail              $200,348
                   Forest                         Bridges
                  Tongass National   AK          Trails           $5,738,741
                   Forest
                  Tongass National   AK          Wastewater         $212,505
                   Forest                         Systems
    Other         Other Totals                                  $102,062,800
                  Forest Products                Buildings        $4,856,527
                   Laboratory
                  San Dimas                      Buildings        $3,516,422
                   Technology and
                   Development
                   Center
                  Missoula                       Buildings           $74,439
                   Technology and
                   Development
                   Center
                  Frenchburg Job                 Buildings           $85,043
                   Corp Center
                  Jacobs Creek Job               Buildings          $230,663
                   Corp Center
                  Pine Knot Job                  Buildings          $726,180
                   Corp Center
                  Cass Job Corp                  Buildings           $45,726
                   Center
                  Ouachita Job Corp              Buildings           $29,171
                   Center
                  Blackwell Job                  Buildings          $108,355
                   Corp Center
                  Trapper Creek Job              Buildings           $65,718
                   Corp Center
                  Timber Lake Job                Buildings          $701,188
                   Corp Center
                  Wolf Creek Job                 Buildings          $651,139
                   Corp Center
                  Angell Job Corp                Buildings          $412,615
                   Center
                  Curlew Job Corp                Buildings          $260,739
                   Center
                  International                  Buildings        $2,287,183
                   Institute of
                   Tropical
                   Forestry
                  International                  Wastewater          $55,018
                   Institute of                   Systems
                   Tropical
                   Forestry
                  Rocky Mountain                 Buildings       $21,444,549
                   Research Station
                  Rocky Mountain                 Drinking           $757,084
                   Research Station               Water
                                                  Systems
                  Rocky Mountain                 Wastewater          $65,529
                   Research Station               Systems
                  Northern Research              Buildings       $18,938,415
                   Station
                  Northern Research              Drinking            $78,777
                   Station                        Water
                                                  Systems
                  Northern Research              Road                $82,465
                   Station                        Bridges
                  Northern Research              Wastewater         $138,065
                   Station                        Systems
                  Pacific Northwest              Buildings       $15,072,737
                   Research Station
                  Pacific Northwest              Drinking           $415,906
                   Research Station               Water
                                                  Systems
                  Pacific Northwest              Wastewater         $335,584
                   Research Station               Systems
                  Pacific Northwest              Buildings       $14,177,965
                   Research Station
                  Pacific Northwest              Drinking           $555,940
                   Research Station               Water
                                                  Systems
                  Pacific Northwest              Wastewater         $150,907
                   Research Station               Systems
                  Southern Research              Buildings       $14,649,003
                   Station
                  Southern Research              Drinking             $3,500
                   Station                        Water
                                                  Systems
                  Southern Research              Wastewater          $15,127
                   Station                        Systems
                  Wood Education                 Buildings          $354,445
                   and Resource
                   Center
                  Grey Towers                    Buildings          $201,931
                   National
                   Historic Site
                  Grey Towers                    Drinking           $450,500
                   National                       Water
                   Historic Site                  Systems
                  Grey Towers                    Roads               $68,247
                   National
                   Historic Site
                                                            ----------------
        Grand                                                 $5,242,592,725
         Total
    ------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Deferred maintenance values for passenger car roads and trails are based
      on a statistically significant random sampling of these assets to
      generate a national deferred maintenance cost per mile. These national
      averages are not statistically valid at a regional or forest level,
      but have been applied for estimation purposes. Deferred maintenance
      values for high clearance vehicle and basic custodial care (closed)
      roads cannot be estimated with a suitable degree of confidence and are
      therefore not included.
    *Roads and/or Trails may have segments located in multiple states that
      may lie outside ofproclaimed unit boundaries.
    ** Editor's note: the table, as submitted, when referring to the Grand
      Mesa, Uncompahgre & Gunnison National Forest shortened ``Uncompahgre
      &'' to ``Uncomp''.

                  For Roads, Trails, and Road Bridges By State
    ------------------------------------------------------------------------
         State          Roads          Trails     Road Bridges      Total
    ------------------------------------------------------------------------
              AK     $30,167,722     $9,086,083    $37,448,265   $76,702,070
               AL    $25,465,968       $645,423     $3,515,489   $29,626,880
              AR     $65,004,771     $2,232,089     $1,219,489   $68,456,349
              AZ    $133,929,957     $9,977,170     $5,326,637  $149,233,764
              CA    $406,953,614    $27,000,212    $27,430,876  $461,384,703
              CO    $199,488,371    $24,714,337    $13,511,750  $237,714,459
               FL    $60,447,355     $1,317,739     $4,797,706   $66,562,800
              GA     $29,057,083     $1,479,095     $3,027,760   $33,563,938
              ID    $308,137,988    $39,290,149    $21,571,656  $368,999,793
               IL     $6,338,400       $779,887     $2,418,886    $9,537,173
              IN      $2,164,872       $430,282       $190,078    $2,785,232
              KS      $2,892,192       $134,463             $0    $3,026,655
              KY     $31,898,023     $1,532,881       $701,569   $34,132,472
                LA   $32,932,392       $618,531    $11,589,927   $45,140,849
              ME        $997,025       $215,141             $0    $1,212,166
              MI     $73,261,945     $8,847,679     $1,492,355   $83,601,979
              MN     $53,837,036     $5,136,494     $3,076,320   $62,049,851
              MO     $28,647,991     $1,344,632        $52,009   $30,044,632
              MS     $37,596,942       $726,101       $711,552   $39,034,595
              MT    $397,467,099    $30,711,396    $29,978,886  $458,157,381
              NC     $45,141,009     $3,334,688     $1,118,414   $49,594,112
              ND     $28,575,225       $430,282         $3,921   $29,009,429
              NE      $3,919,546       $295,819        $60,739    $4,276,104
              NH      $6,550,538     $2,689,264     $3,039,285   $12,279,087
              NM     $88,809,831     $7,637,510     $3,985,690  $100,433,031
              NV     $29,210,265     $2,716,157       $220,431   $32,146,853
              NY         $68,543       $134,463             $0      $203,006
              OH      $1,518,585       $752,994             $0    $2,271,579
              OK      $5,749,103       $403,390        $93,289    $6,245,781
              OR    $273,358,196    $24,203,377    $41,511,893  $339,073,466
              PA     $24,564,030     $1,344,632     $1,292,203   $27,200,865
              PR        $313,102        $26,893             $0      $339,995
              SC     $42,964,196       $995,028     $2,077,568   $46,036,791
              SD     $28,651,535     $2,366,552             $0   $31,018,087
              TN     $26,000,286     $1,479,095       $363,365   $27,842,747
              TX     $37,251,330       $726,101     $1,159,739   $39,137,170
              UT    $109,194,877    $14,844,738     $2,635,556  $126,675,171
              VA     $37,763,444     $3,442,258     $1,149,834   $42,355,537
              VT      $3,793,587     $1,586,666       $246,865    $5,627,117
              WA    $189,148,028    $16,458,296    $20,323,995  $225,930,319
              WI    $103,102,919     $4,168,359     $4,628,573  $111,899,852
              WV     $34,056,410     $1,586,666     $1,793,986   $37,437,061
              WY    $106,371,237    $13,016,038     $6,656,507  $126,043,783
                   ---------------------------------------------------------
      Grand Total.  $3,152,762,57  * $270,859,05  * $260,423,0  $3,684,044,6
                               0              3             62            85
    ------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Deferred maintenance values for passenger car roads and trails are based
      on a statistically significant random sampling of these assets to
      generate a national deferred maintenance cost per mile. These national
      averages are not statistically valid at a regional or forest level,
      but have been applied for estimation purposes. Deferred maintenance
      values for high clearance vehicle and basic custodial care (closed)
      roads cannot be estimated with a suitable degree of confidence and are
      therefore not included.
    * Deferred maintenance totals for trails and bridges as shown in this
      table may differ from FY 2018 national totals as this table excludes
      assets that do not have a value for 'state' assigned in the system of
      record.

    By State and Transportation Asset Type
    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

                         For Roads, Trails, and Road Bridges By State and Congressional District
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                          Congressional
          State             District             Roads            Trails           Road Bridges           Total
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                AK                  01        $30,167,722        $9,086,083          $37,448,265       $76,702,070
                 AL                 01           $573,875                $0             $298,693          $872,568
                                    02         $1,122,508           $26,893             $465,144        $1,614,545
                                    03         $9,936,917          $457,175             $769,449       $11,163,541
                                    04         $6,778,593          $161,356             $630,272        $7,570,221
                                    05           $454,411                $0             $857,631        $1,312,042
                                    07         $6,599,664                $0             $494,299        $7,093,963
                AR                  01         $1,549,978          $242,034             $423,976        $2,215,988
                                    02        $20,364,769          $376,497             $298,095       $21,039,361
                                    03         $1,927,594          $242,034              $35,513        $2,205,140
                                    04        $41,162,430        $1,371,525             $461,905       $42,995,860
                AZ                  01       $112,081,190        $8,363,611           $4,236,474      $124,681,276
                                    02            $54,757                $0               $1,382           $56,138
                                    03           $847,221           $80,678                   $0          $927,899
                                    04         $4,556,246           $26,893             $101,297        $4,684,435
                                    05         $2,668,069          $322,712              $31,771        $3,022,552
                                    06            $19,320          $134,463               $7,817          $161,600
                                    07         $1,586,871          $268,926              $19,103        $1,874,900
                                    08        $12,116,284          $779,887             $928,793       $13,824,964
                CA                  01        $93,824,731        $1,855,592           $3,313,882       $98,994,205
                                    02        $84,292,128        $5,055,817          $10,247,650       $99,595,595
                                    03         $4,070,622        $3,415,365             $553,998        $8,039,985
                                    04       $125,853,266        $2,958,191           $7,871,414      $136,682,871
                                    08           $145,173           $26,893                 $979          $173,045
                                    11                 $0                $0             $759,110          $759,110
                                    14         $4,558,236                $0                   $0        $4,558,236
                                    17         $2,135,892          $537,853              $69,654        $2,743,399
                                    18         $2,397,636                $0                   $0        $2,397,636
                                    19        $16,173,702        $2,474,123           $2,282,012       $20,929,838
                                    20         $1,775,218           $53,785                   $0        $1,829,003
                                    21        $22,716,105        $3,280,902           $1,634,700       $27,631,707
                                    22         $7,124,472        $1,048,813             $284,199        $8,457,484
                                    23            $14,563                $0              $31,437           $46,000
                                    24        $12,576,957        $1,586,666                   $0       $14,163,623
                                    25         $5,194,645        $2,554,801             $300,744        $8,050,189
                                    26                 $0          $510,960                   $0          $510,960
                                    27                 $0                $0              $30,982           $30,982
                                    28                 $0           $26,893              $19,787           $46,679
                                    33         $5,531,960                $0                   $0        $5,531,960
                                    35        $11,705,557          $134,463                   $0       $11,840,020
                                    37         $2,562,051           $26,893                   $0        $2,588,944
                                    41                 $0          $591,638              $26,517          $618,156
                                    42           $482,032                $0                   $0          $482,032
                                    43            $11,650                $0                   $0           $11,650
                                    44           $479,216           $80,678                   $0          $559,894
                                    45            $42,184          $322,712               $3,810          $368,705
                                    48             $4,854                $0                   $0            $4,854
                                    49         $1,639,278          $215,141                   $0        $1,854,419
                                    52         $1,641,486          $242,034                   $0        $1,883,520
                CO                  02        $21,226,446        $3,899,433           $1,538,089       $26,663,968
                                    03       $148,481,717       $17,722,251          $11,091,150      $177,295,117
                                    04        $13,616,409        $1,183,276              $52,762       $14,852,447
                                    05        $16,154,576        $1,909,378             $829,749       $18,893,703
                                    06             $9,223                $0                   $0            $9,223
                 FL                 01             $6,165                $0                   $0            $6,165
                                    02        $29,799,917          $376,497           $3,431,375       $33,607,789
                                    03         $9,725,003          $510,960                   $0       $10,235,963
                                    04        $14,020,670          $134,463           $1,366,330       $15,521,463
                                    08         $6,895,601          $295,819                   $0        $7,191,420
                GA                  03         $1,861,915                $0                   $0        $1,861,915
                                    03                 $0                $0              $13,813           $13,813
                                    07           $463,100                $0                   $0          $463,100
                                    08         $1,646,239           $26,893               $4,870        $1,678,001
                                    09        $16,015,816          $699,209           $2,957,349       $19,672,373
                                    10         $6,163,403          $672,316              $48,407        $6,884,126
                                    11         $2,366,568           $80,678               $3,322        $2,450,568
                                    12           $540,041                $0                   $0          $540,041
                ID                  01       $232,804,947       $23,073,886          $16,628,617      $272,507,450
                                    02        $75,333,042       $16,216,263           $4,943,039       $96,492,343
                 IL                 01           $195,628                $0              $12,135          $207,764
                                    11           $103,105                $0                   $0          $103,105
                                    12         $2,840,989          $188,248              $96,586        $3,125,823
                                    16                 $0           $26,893           $1,255,904        $1,282,797
                                    19         $3,198,678          $564,745           $1,054,261        $4,817,684
                IN                  07                 $0                $0              $62,027           $62,027
                                    08         $1,427,407          $215,141                   $0        $1,642,548
                                    09           $737,465          $215,141             $128,050        $1,080,657
                KS                  01         $2,892,192          $134,463                   $0        $3,026,655
                KY                  01        $11,443,837          $457,175             $554,791       $12,455,803
                                    05        $17,025,982          $806,779              $91,309       $17,924,070
                                    06         $3,428,204          $268,926              $55,469        $3,752,599
                  LA                04         $5,310,459          $215,141           $9,118,841       $14,644,441
                                    05        $21,556,825          $403,390           $2,471,086       $24,431,301
                                    08         $6,065,108                $0                   $0        $6,065,108
                ME                  01           $142,231                $0                   $0          $142,231
                                    02           $854,794          $215,141                   $0        $1,069,935
                MI                  01        $66,599,807        $7,234,120             $869,484       $74,703,411
                                    02         $6,662,138        $1,613,558                   $0        $8,275,697
                                    11                 $0                $0             $622,871          $622,871
                MN                  07         $3,343,739           $26,893             $190,216        $3,560,847
                                    08        $50,493,298        $5,109,602           $2,886,104       $58,489,004
                MO                  03           $538,827           $53,785                   $0          $592,613
                                    04         $1,250,274                $0                   $0        $1,250,274
                                    07         $5,565,940          $322,712                   $0        $5,888,652
                                    08        $21,176,447          $914,350              $52,009       $22,142,806
                                    09           $116,503           $53,785                   $0          $170,288
                MS                  01         $4,673,186           $80,678              $90,755        $4,844,619
                                    02         $1,591,385           $80,678              $65,606        $1,737,669
                                    03         $8,718,551          $188,248             $226,529        $9,133,328
                                    04        $22,607,363          $376,497             $328,662       $23,312,523
                                    05             $6,456                $0                   $0            $6,456
                MT                  01       $397,467,099       $30,711,396          $29,978,886      $458,157,381
                NC                  01         $7,120,578           $80,678              $19,825        $7,221,082
                                    02                 $0           $26,893                   $0           $26,893
                                    03           $150,775          $188,248              $24,747          $363,770
                                    06            $30,291                $0                   $0           $30,291
                                    08         $1,446,339          $188,248               $1,131        $1,635,718
                                    10         $5,097,064          $107,571              $29,794        $5,234,428
                                    11        $31,295,963        $2,743,049           $1,042,917       $35,081,929
                ND                  01        $28,575,225          $430,282               $3,921       $29,009,429
                NE                  03         $3,919,546          $295,819              $60,739        $4,276,104
                NH                  01         $1,642,016          $806,779             $593,554        $3,042,349
                                    02         $4,908,523        $1,882,485           $2,445,731        $9,236,738
                NM                  01         $1,546,386          $591,638              $53,846        $2,191,870
                                    02        $42,091,004        $4,544,856           $1,686,923       $48,322,784
                                    03        $45,172,441        $2,501,016           $2,244,921       $49,918,377
                NV                  01                 $0           $26,893                   $0           $26,893
                                    02        $29,210,265        $2,689,264             $220,431       $32,119,960
                NY                  01                 $0           $26,893                   $0           $26,893
                                    23                 $0          $107,571                   $0          $107,571
                                    31            $68,543                $0                   $0           $68,543
                OH                  06         $1,459,610          $457,175                   $0        $1,916,785
                                    10            $17,543                $0                   $0           $17,543
                                    15            $41,431          $295,819                   $0          $337,251
                OK                  02         $5,649,687                $0              $93,289        $5,742,976
                                    03                 $0          $403,390                   $0          $403,390
                                    06            $99,416                $0                   $0           $99,416
                OR                  01         $4,113,534                $0                   $0        $4,113,534
                                    02       $167,956,246       $16,996,149          $20,974,819      $205,927,215
                                    03         $1,511,144          $699,209             $542,237        $2,752,589
                                    04        $87,000,415        $5,916,381          $16,805,076      $109,721,872
                                    05        $12,776,857          $591,638           $3,189,761       $16,558,256
                PA                  05        $24,495,783           $53,785                   $0       $24,549,569
                                    10            $68,247                $0                   $0           $68,247
                                    15                 $0        $1,290,847           $1,292,203        $2,583,050
                PR                  01           $313,102           $26,893                   $0          $339,995
                SC                  01         $2,836,901          $349,604             $199,298        $3,385,804
                                    03        $15,064,155          $376,497             $507,957       $15,948,609
                                    04         $3,383,496           $80,678              $10,361        $3,474,535
                                    05         $7,829,889          $188,248              $81,215        $8,099,352
                                    06        $13,849,755                $0           $1,278,736       $15,128,491
                SD                  01        $28,651,535        $2,366,552                   $0       $31,018,087
                TN                  01         $7,323,624          $591,638             $203,701        $8,118,963
                                    02         $5,741,181          $322,712             $128,390        $6,192,282
                                    03         $8,029,871          $430,282              $21,071        $8,481,225
                                    07         $1,177,168          $134,463              $10,203        $1,321,834
                                    08         $3,728,442                $0                   $0        $3,728,442
                TX                  01         $2,295,793                $0             $478,548        $2,774,340
                                    02        $31,635,313           $53,785                   $0       $31,689,098
                                    04           $127,425                $0                   $0          $127,425
                                    06                 $0          $134,463             $199,312          $333,775
                                    08         $2,265,089          $403,390             $428,154        $3,096,633
                                    09                 $0           $53,785                   $0           $53,785
                                    13           $229,905           $26,893              $53,725          $310,522
                                    17           $697,806           $53,785                   $0          $751,591
                UT                  01        $41,294,700        $3,200,224             $935,156       $45,430,081
                                    02        $41,125,096        $6,454,234           $1,251,518       $48,830,847
                                    03        $26,775,081        $4,975,139             $433,873       $32,184,092
                                    04                 $0          $215,141              $15,009          $230,150
                VA                  02            $23,689                $0                   $0           $23,689
                                    05            $82,426           $53,785               $5,579          $141,791
                                    06        $23,517,384        $1,721,129             $803,911       $26,042,424
                                    07           $249,317           $80,678                   $0          $329,995
                                    09        $11,367,023        $1,559,773             $328,479       $13,255,276
                                    10         $2,523,605           $26,893              $11,865        $2,562,362
                VT                  01         $3,793,587        $1,586,666             $246,865        $5,627,118
                WA                  01           $643,195        $2,043,841             $764,922        $3,451,957
                                    02        $28,095,470                $0           $2,685,239       $30,780,709
                                    03        $18,722,744        $2,474,123           $3,145,959       $24,342,826
                                    04        $14,187,226        $7,045,872           $4,940,120       $26,173,218
                                    05        $59,522,698        $3,738,077           $3,565,076       $66,825,851
                                    06        $19,357,686          $484,068           $3,857,479       $23,699,233
                                    08        $48,619,009          $672,316           $1,358,995       $50,650,320
                                    10                 $0                $0               $6,205            $6,205
                WI                  07        $93,282,850        $2,258,982           $3,413,728       $98,955,560
                                    08         $9,820,069        $1,909,378           $1,214,846       $12,944,292
                WV                  01         $4,833,815          $215,141             $951,591        $6,000,547
                                    02        $12,970,398          $618,531             $302,409       $13,891,338
                                    03        $16,252,196          $752,994             $539,985       $17,545,175
                WY                  01       $106,371,237       $13,016,038           $6,656,507      $126,043,782
                      ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
      Grand Totals.......................  $3,152,762,570    * $270,859,053    */** $260,423,062    $3,684,044,685
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Deferred maintenance values for passenger car roads and trails are based on a statistically significant random
      sampling of these assets to generate a national deferred maintenance cost per mile. These national averages
      are not statistically valid at a regional or forest level, but have been applied for estimation purposes.
      Deferred maintenance values for high clearance vehicle and basic custodial care (closed) roads cannot be
      estimated with a suitable degree of confidence and are therefore not included.
    * Deferred maintenance totals for trails and road bridges as shown in this table may differ from FY 2018
      national totals as this table excludes assets that do not have a value for `Congressional district' assigned
      in the system of record.
    ** Deferred maintenance values for road bridges is estimated based on the proportion of the Congressional
      district's deferred maintenance compared to the state total deferred maintenance as of March 26, 2019, as data
      for total deferred maintenance values by congressional district are dynamic and no longer available for
      September 30, 2018 as of the date of publication of this report.