    [House Hearing, 115 Congress]
    [From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]

                              [H.A.S.C. No. 115-6]
       ___________________________________________________________

                       MILITARY SERVICES FIFTH-GENERATION

                          TACTICAL AIRCRAFT CHALLENGES

                         AND F-35 JOINT STRIKE FIGHTER

                                 PROGRAM UPDATE

                                   __________

                                    HEARING

                                   BEFORE THE

                  SUBCOMMITTEE ON TACTICAL AIR AND LAND FORCES

                                     OF THE

                          COMMITTEE ON ARMED SERVICES

                            HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

                         ONE HUNDRED FIFTEENTH CONGRESS

                                 FIRST SESSION

                                   __________

                                  HEARING HELD

                               FEBRUARY 16, 2017

    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

                                _________

                    U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE

     24-678                 WASHINGTON : 2017
    ____________________________________________________________________
     For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Publishing Office,
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                  SUBCOMMITTEE ON TACTICAL AIR AND LAND FORCES

                       MICHAEL R. TURNER, Ohio, Chairman

    FRANK A. LoBIONDO, New Jersey        NIKI TSONGAS, Massachusetts
    PAUL COOK, California, Vice Chair    JAMES R. LANGEVIN, Rhode Island
    SAM GRAVES, Missouri                 JIM COOPER, Tennessee
    MARTHA McSALLY, Arizona              MARC A. VEASEY, Texas
    STEPHEN KNIGHT, California           RUBEN GALLEGO, Arizona
    TRENT KELLY, Mississippi             JACKY ROSEN, Nevada
    MATT GAETZ, Florida                  SALUD O. CARBAJAL, California
    DON BACON, Nebraska                  ANTHONY G. BROWN, Maryland
    JIM BANKS, Indiana                   TOM O'HALLERAN, Arizona
    WALTER B. JONES, North Carolina      THOMAS R. SUOZZI, New York
    ROB BISHOP, Utah                     (Vacancy)
    ROBERT J. WITTMAN, Virginia
    MO BROOKS, Alabama
                    John Sullivan, Professional Staff Member
                      Doug Bush, Professional Staff Member
                              Neve Schadler, Clerk

                                C O N T E N T S

                                  ----------
                                                                       Page

                  STATEMENTS PRESENTED BY MEMBERS OF CONGRESS

    Tsongas, Hon. Niki, a Representative from Massachusetts, Ranking
      Member, Subcommittee on Tactical Air and Land Forces...........     4
    Turner, Hon. Michael R., a Representative from Ohio, Chairman,
      Subcommittee on Tactical Air and Land Forces...................     2

                                   WITNESSES

    Bogdan, Lt Gen Christopher C., USAF, Program Executive Officer,
      F-35 Joint Program Office......................................     4
    Davis, LtGen Jon M., USMC, Deputy Commandant for Aviation,
      Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps................................     7
    Harris, Lt Gen (Select) Jerry D., USAF, Deputy Chief of Staff for
      Plans, Programs, and Requirements, Headquarters, U.S. Air Force    10
    Miller, RADM DeWolfe, USN, Director, Air Warfare (OPNAV N98),
      Headquarters, U.S. Navy........................................     9

                                    APPENDIX

    Prepared Statements:

        Bogdan, Lt Gen Christopher C.................................    44
        Davis, LtGen Jon M...........................................    75
        Harris, Lt Gen (Select) Jerry D..............................    91
        Miller, RADM DeWolfe.........................................    83
        Turner, Hon. Michael R.......................................    41

    Documents Submitted for the Record:

        [There were no Documents submitted.]

    Witness Responses to Questions Asked During the Hearing:

        [There were no Questions submitted during the hearing.]

    Questions Submitted by Members Post Hearing:

        Mr. Bacon....................................................   112
        Mr. Lamborn..................................................   114
        Mr. Langevin.................................................   111
        Mr. LoBiondo.................................................   111
        Mr. Turner...................................................   105

     MILITARY SERVICES FIFTH-GENERATION TACTICAL AIRCRAFT CHALLENGES AND F-
                     35 JOINT STRIKE FIGHTER PROGRAM UPDATE

                                  ----------

                      House of Representatives,
                           Committee on Armed Services,
                  Subcommittee on Tactical Air and Land Forces,
                           Washington, DC, Thursday, February 16, 2017.
        The subcommittee met, pursuant to call, at 9:05 a.m., in
    room 2118, Rayburn House Office Building, Hon. Michael R.
    Turner (chairman of the subcommittee) presiding.
        Mr. Turner. The hearing will come to order.
        The subcommittee meets today to receive testimony on the
    military services fifth-generation tactical aircraft challenges
    and to receive an update on the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter [JSF]
    Program.
        I want to welcome our distinguished witness panel for
    today: Lieutenant General Chris Bogdan, United States Air
    Force, F-35 Program Executive Officer; Lieutenant General Jon
    M. Davis, United States Marine Corps, Deputy Commandant for
    Aviation; Rear Admiral DeWolfe ``Chip'' Miller, United States
    Navy, Navy Director of Air Warfare; and Lieutenant General
    (Select) General Jerry D. Harris, United States Air Force,
    Deputy Chief of Staff for Plans, Programs, and Requirements.
        Gentlemen, we thank you for your service and we look
    forward to your important testimony today.
        Before we begin, we would like to take care of some
    administrative details. I am pleased to announce that Paul Cook
    will again be serving as the vice chairman of this
    subcommittee.
        Paul, thank you for agreeing to be vice chairman.
        Mr. Cook. Thank you.
        Mr. Turner. I now will turn to introducing the new members
    who are on the subcommittee. Our new members include Don Bacon,
    who represents Nebraska's Second Congressional District. A
    retired Air Force brigadier general, Don has commanded twice at
    the wing level, at Offutt Air Force Base and Ramstein, Germany.
        Matt Gaetz represents Florida's First District, home of one
    of the largest military districts in the country, including
    Naval Air Station Pensacola and Eglin Air Force Base.
        Trent Kelly represents Mississippi's First District. A
    colonel in the Mississippi Army National Guard, he has served
    for 30 years as an engineer, including multiple tours in Iraq.
        We also have Jim Banks, who represents Indiana's Third
    District, home of 122nd Fighter Wing of Indiana National Guard.
    A Navy supply officer, he has recently completed a tour in
    Afghanistan.
        We are glad to have our new members of the subcommittee and
    I will now turn to our ranking member, Ms. Tsongas, who will
    also introduce the new members who are our Democrats.
        Ms. Tsongas. Thank you, Mr. Turner, and I look forward to
    working with you. And welcome those who are here today to
    testify.
        I would like to recognize our new members to the
    subcommittee. First, I would like to welcome my colleagues Jim
    Langevin of Rhode Island and Jim Cooper of Tennessee, who are
    by no means new to HASC [House Armed Services Committee]. Both
    Mr. Langevin and Mr. Cooper are ranking members; Mr. Langevin
    on Emerging Threats and Capabilities, Mr. Cooper on Strategic
    Forces Subcommittees. Mr. Cooper actually also served on this
    subcommittee as recently as the 113th Congress, and we are
    lucky to have him back.
        I would also like to recognize additional new members at
    the subcommittee who are also new to Congress. Congresswoman
    Jackie Rosen of Nevada's Third Congressional District most
    recently served as a president of the largest reform synagogue
    in southern Nevada. Her district is just a short drive from
    Nellis Air Force Base and home to the U.S. Air Force Warfare
    Center.
        Congressman Salud Carbajal represents the 24th
    Congressional District of California which is home to a number
    of military facilities, including Vandenberg Air Force Base.
    Congressman Carbajal served 8 years in the United States Marine
    Corps Reserve, including active duty service during the 1991
    Gulf war.
        Congressman Anthony Brown represents Maryland's Fourth
    Congressional District and previously served as Maryland's
    Lieutenant Governor and Majority Whip in the House of
    Delegates. Congressman Brown was awarded the Legion of Merit
    for his 30 years of distinguished military service and the
    Bronze Star for his service in Iraq.
        Congressman Tom O'Halleran served for 8 years in the
    Arizona State legislature before coming to Congress. Prior to
    his time as an elected official, Tom served on the Chicago
    Board of Trade and was a small-business owner.
        And Congressman Tom Suozzi represents the north shore of
    Long Island, as well as northwestern Queens. Previously he
    served as mayor of his hometown, Glen Cove, New York, and was a
    county executive of Nassau County.
        Again, thank you and we welcome them all, not all here
    today, but I am sure will be participating on a regular basis.

     OPENING STATEMENT OF HON. MICHAEL R. TURNER, A REPRESENTATIVE
      FROM OHIO, CHAIRMAN, SUBCOMMITTEE ON TACTICAL AIR AND LAND
                                 FORCES

        Mr. Turner. Thank you, Ms. Tsongas. I want to thank you
    again for your commitment to the bipartisan spirit of this
    subcommittee, which I know we will see in our new members also
    as a result of your leadership and our relationship.
        This is a timely hearing and it is complementary to our
    Chairman Mac Thornberry's full committee hearing on the state
    of the military. Last week, the committee heard testimony from
    each of the military services' vice chiefs of staff that the
    force is strained and that the services have to do more with
    less.
        These challenges combined with years of budget-driven
    national security strategies and cuts, rather than threat-based
    strategies, have led to a military readiness crisis. With a new
    administration indicating its intent to rebuild the U.S. Armed
    Forces, I look forward to working with them to reverse this
    harmful trend in military readiness. Modernization and building
    capacity are critical components of restoring readiness.
        This brings us to today's focus, fifth-generation tactical
    fighter requirements and the F-35 strike fighter program. This
    is the third oversight hearing the committee has held over the
    past year on the requirements and the importance of the fifth-
    generation fighters, given current and emerging threats. And
    this is a critical time for the F-35.
        One of these hearings was at the National Museum of the
    United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base on
    June 18th, 2016, and the witness then, Major General Jerry
    Harris, here with us today, and then Vice Commander of Air
    Combat Command, showed us a striking picture of one-half of an
    F-35 strike fighter and one-half of a Chinese J-31 fighter
    joined together.
        It looked like one aircraft and it left no one to doubt
    that our adversaries are extremely close to fielding fifth-
    generation fighter programs of their own. With only 187 F-22s
    and 219 F-35s being produced, we will have very limited fifth-
    generation capacity. The F-35 strike fighter program is nearing
    the end of its development program and is over 90 percent
    complete. It is no secret that the F-35 development program has
    faced some significant challenges in cost and schedule overruns
    early in development. After being re-baselined in 2010, the
    program has been successful in meeting cost and schedule goals.
        Although F-35 development is scheduled to be completed by
    October of this year, General Bogdan has noted in previous
    updates that there remains about 3 to 4 months of schedule risk
    to completion of the F-35 development program and additional
    costs could be incurred.
        In terms of oversight, the subcommittee remains concerned
    about the costs associated with closing out the F-35
    development program, the maturity of the program to potentially
    execute a block buy for fiscal years 2018 through 2020, and
    determining whether more efficient program management can help
    accelerate the initial operational test and evaluation program.
    We expect to gain a better understanding of these important
    oversight issues today.
        During our hearing last July, on fifth-generation fighters,
    General Herbert ``Hawk'' Carlisle stressed that fourth-
    generation aircraft still plays a significant role in the near
    term in assessing fighter capability and inventory concerns, as
    we have few operational fifth-generation fighters. He also
    noted that the importance of fifth-generation fighters, and I
    am going to quote him, says, ``The role of our fourth-
    generation fighters will diminish over time due to two main
    reasons. The first is they will age out and be replaced by more
    capable F-35s. But more pressingly, our fourth-generation
    fighters are more increasingly unable to operate in highly
    contested environments where advanced air defense systems
    render them ineffective.''
        Given current fiscal constraints, the military services are
    being forced to prioritize between building capacity in fourth-
    generation tactical aircraft inventory to help mitigate some of
    the immediate readiness burdens on the current force, or trying
    to accelerate needed fifth-generation tactical aircraft
    capability.
        For national security purposes, it is not a question of one
    or the other, which I hope we will discuss today. It really is
    an answer of we need both and we need more of both.
        In closing, there have been several reports and comments in
    regards the President's concern for the need to lower the cost
    of the F-35. Affordability of this program has always been an
    oversight issue, both for this committee and Congress. We
    welcome the President's attention and the effect that this may
    have on the overall program and its cost.
        I am looking forward to working with the new administration
    and the Department of Defense [DOD] to continue to explore ways
    to reduce costs in this program and other defense programs.
        I will now turn to my ranking member, Ms. Tsongas.
        [The prepared statement of Mr. Turner can be found in the
    Appendix on page 41.]

         STATEMENT OF HON. NIKI TSONGAS, A REPRESENTATIVE FROM
    MASSACHUSETTS, RANKING MEMBER, SUBCOMMITTEE ON TACTICAL AIR AND
                              LAND FORCES

        Ms. Tsongas. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, and I would like to
    commend you for picking such an important topic to begin our
    slate of hearings in the 115th Congress.
        For over two decades, the Department of Defense, the
    military services, and industry have worked to produce the most
    advanced fighter aircraft in history. As with any project of
    its size, scope, and complexity, the F-35 deserves appropriate
    congressional oversight. And I look forward to speaking with
    today's witnesses to get a better understanding of how the
    Joint Program Office and the services plan to move forward with
    the program's development and testing.
        With that, I yield back and I look forward to your
    testimony.
        Mr. Turner. General Bogdan, you will be opening the
    hearing.

       STATEMENT OF LT GEN CHRISTOPHER C. BOGDAN, USAF, PROGRAM
              EXECUTIVE OFFICER, F-35 JOINT PROGRAM OFFICE

        General Bogdan. Thank you, sir.
        Chairman Turner, Ranking Member Tsongas, and distinguished
    members of the committee, thank you for the opportunity to
    address this committee regarding the F-35 Lightning II Program.
    I wish to keep my remarks short in order to allow more time for
    your questions.
        I am happy to be joined today by three distinguished senior
    officers who represent our U.S. service warfighters on the F-35
    program. These gentlemen are my customers, as well as 11 other
    allied nations who depend on the success of the F-35 program.
    As the program executive officer and program director, I work
    for them as well as the taxpayers to ensure that we are
    delivering an affordable, reliable, sustainable, and effective
    F-35 weapon system.
        The F-35 program today is much different and improved than
    it was 5 years ago when I first became the program executive
    officer. Today, the fleet of F-35s has grown to exceed 210
    airplanes and has surpassed 73,000 flight hours.
        The weapon system is considered operational and combat
    ready by both the U.S. Air Force and U.S. Marine Corps. It is
    also forward deployed today in Iwakuni, Japan, for the U.S.
    Marine Corps and operated in Israel and Italy by those F-35
    customers. The three major areas of the program--development,
    production, and sustainment--have made significant and solid
    progress since the last time I appeared before you on this
    committee. Let me quickly address each.
        With respect to development and flight test, we are now
    within a year of completing this phase of the program and
    delivering the full capability of the F-35 as it was envisioned
    in 2001 when this program began. Despite what you might hear,
    the development and flight test program is on track to finish
    within a few months and within the cost caps put in place 6
    years ago in 2011, when the program was re-baselined. We are
    also making a smooth transition from development to a lean
    follow-on modernization program that has incorporated many of
    the lessons learned from the original F-35 program and other
    modernization programs such as the F-22 and the F/A-18 Super
    Hornet.
        However, completing the development program is not without
    risk. I have often said that the mark of a good program is not
    that it has no problems, but rather it discovers problems,
    implements solutions, and improves the weapon system while
    keeping the program on track. I believe we have been doing that
    for years now and will continue to do so.
        I am prepared to discuss, during our Q&A [question and
    answer] some of the challenges and risks we face today moving
    forward on the development program, such as our software; our
    Autonomic Logistics Information System, known as ALIS; mission
    data files; various C-model unique issues; and any other risks
    and challenges you might want me to address.
        As for production, we delivered 46 of 53 airplanes last
    year. We were short on delivery of those airplanes due to a
    problem with peeling and deteriorating insulation inside the F-
    35A fuel tanks. The problem is now resolved, with all affected
    aircraft in the field repaired and the aircraft deliveries from
    our production line are recovering. We will be back on
    production schedule by this summer.
        We are also in the middle of the largest ramp-up in the
    program's history, going from 61 aircraft in lot 9 to over 160
    aircraft in lot 13, a nearly threefold increase in just 4
    years.
        I would like also like to thank the Congress for the
    additional 17 F-35s that the services procured in FYs [fiscal
    years] 2015 and 2016 as a result of congressional plus-ups.
        The government/industry team remains laser focused on
    driving the cost of buying F-35s down. We continue to see lot-
    over-lot price reductions with the latest lot of aircraft, lot
    10, being about 7\1/2\ percent less expensive than the previous
    lot 9.
        Today, an F-35A model costs approximately $94.5 million. It
    is the first time that an F-35 has been below $100 million to
    purchase. We believe we are on track to continue to reduce the
    price of the F-35 such that in FY 2019, with an engine,
    including all fees, the F-35A model will cost between $80 and
    $85 million.
        As part of this reduction, we have initiated a block-buy
    strategy for our foreign partners and an economic order
    quantity [EOQ] contracting strategy for the U.S. services. I am
    prepared to discuss this strategy with you as there has been
    much misinformation about what this block buy and EOQ strategy
    really is.
        If the strategy is implemented, it will save approximately
    $2 billion over the three lots of airplanes from FY 2018, 2019,
    and 2020.
        Finally, the last major portion of the program, our
    logistics and sustainment area, is rapidly growing and
    accelerating. We are building a capability to globally maintain
    and repair F-35s in the Pacific, European, and North American
    regions. The ramp-up of depot capacity and heavy maintenance
    repair of components, warehousing, and our global supply chain
    is progressing well with all of our allies contributing to this
    global stand-up. We will also be adding 14 new operating
    locations around the world in the next 3 years, making the F-35
    weapon system a truly global capability.
        I am also prepared today to discuss in detail the two tasks
    that the F-35 was directed by Secretary Mattis. The first one
    is a Joint Program Office task to conduct a comprehensive
    review of all affordability initiatives we have implemented
    thus far in the program and to present future cost reduction
    initiatives we intend on implementing across the program in the
    future.
        The second task is primarily a Navy task and it is to
    determine an appropriate, affordable, complementary mix of F-
    35Cs and advanced Super Hornets on the Navy's aircraft carriers
    in the future. I look forward to answering your questions about
    these two tasks.
        In summary, the F-35 program is on a good trajectory today.
    The fleet is rapidly expanding and we are flying F-35s in the
    United States, Italy, Japan, and Israel as we speak. The
    development program is nearing completion within the cost and
    schedule boundaries put in place in the 2011 re-baseline. And
    the program is also continuing to successfully ramp up
    production and accelerating a stand-up of our global
    enterprise.
        As always, our number one, overarching priority is to
    continue to drive cost out of this program while we deliver the
    full capability to our warfighters. We will continue to execute
    this program with integrity, discipline, and transparency, and
    I hold myself and my team accountable for the outcomes on this
    program. Our team recognizes the great responsibility we have
    been given to provide the foundation of future U.S. and allied
    fighter capability for decades to come.
        We also recognize that someday, your sons and daughters,
    your grandsons and granddaughters may take this airplane into
    harm's way to defend our freedom and our way of life. It is a
    responsibility we never, ever forget.
        Thank you for the opportunity to discuss the program and I
    look forward to answering your questions.
        [The prepared statement of General Bogdan can be found in
    the Appendix on page 44.]
        Mr. Turner. Thank you.
        General Davis.

     STATEMENT OF LTGEN JON M. DAVIS, USMC, DEPUTY COMMANDANT FOR
               AVIATION, HEADQUARTERS, U.S. MARINE CORPS

        General Davis. Chairman Turner, Ranking Member Tsongas,
    distinguished members of House Armed Services Subcommittee on
    Tactical Air and Land Forces, and other distinguished members,
    thank you for your continued support. All of us appreciate the
    opportunity to testify on the F-35 Lightning Program.
        I am sure you are aware, the F-35B and the F-35C remain a
    top acquisition priority for the Marine Corps. We can't get
    into those airplanes fast enough.
        You have my statement already printed out. I just returned
    last night from Yuma, Arizona, spent 3 days out there with our
    fleet forces and our NAVAIR [Naval Air Systems Command] team,
    talking about how we improve the readiness of the legacy
    platforms out there and we are making progress out there.
        But I will tell you that, on average, Marine Corps tactical
    aviation is some of the oldest in the Department of Defense, if
    not the oldest. F-18s and Harriers, on average, 22 years old.
    These airplanes have performed brilliantly. We are extracting
    maximum value out of each and every one of them, but they are
    old airplanes. And we intend to extract maximum value, but it
    is getting harder and harder each and every day.
        Also out there in Yuma, that is kind of the epicenter of
    Marine Corps F-35 operations right now, too. And bottom line,
    while that is taking place inside, outside, both day and night,
    the F-35s are overhead flying, training. And I will tell you,
    the pilots and the folks that are working on those airplanes
    and getting into those airplanes know, as I know, and I am
    becoming increasingly convinced, that we have a game changer, a
    war winner on our hands.
        The United States Marine Corps is our Nation's force in
    readiness. We hold that responsibility to be a sacred
    responsibility. When the Nation's least ready, we need to be
    most ready, and that means not just against a low-end threat,
    but against the high-end threat. In an overmatch fight, we are
    convinced, I am convinced, we absolutely positively have to
    have this airplane in numbers as quickly as we can.
        I will tell you that I have been flying Marine Corps
    airplanes--I have been in the Marine Corps for 37 years, flying
    Marine tactical airplanes for 36. I have commanded our Weapons
    School. I have not seen anything like this in the entire
    history of my time. I have flown AV-8s, I have flown F-18s, I
    still occasionally fly the F-5, not very well, but I still fly
    a little bit. This airplane is changing things in a big way,
    whether it is at Red Flag where the Chief of Staff of the Air
    Force says the airplane, F-35B, support of an Air Force
    operation, turned in a decisive effort.
        The exchange rates, I read the blogosphere, 15 to 1, the
    last of Red Flag. I have seen the blogosphere, the retired
    Marine generals writing, that can't be true. I am like, it is
    true. I am not challenging that whatsoever. I see that in the
    last three WTI [Weapons and Tactics Instructor] classes we ran
    at MAWTS-1 [Marine Aviation Weapons and Tactics Squadron One].
        The scenarios that we could never get in before, that our
    airplanes got shot down and, more importantly, because we are
    always going to try to get in there and deliver that bomb for
    the marine on the ground, in simulated exercises we lost a lot
    of airplanes in scenarios that were fourth-generation airplanes
    and putting in both our Prowlers, our Hornets, and our
    Harriers.
        That changed when we brought in fifth-generation airplanes,
    specifically F-35. We are achieving astonishing results in the
    highest threat scenarios and that across the range of military
    operations fight with the F-35. It is changing things in a very
    decisive way. We have taken it and deployed at the Twentynine
    Palms and lived hard, which is what we expect our marines to
    do. We have taken it onboard amphibious ships.
        The last time we decided to see what we could do, we sent
    as many as we could afford to send with a deployment going on
    to Japan, we sent 12 airplanes to aboard the USS America.
    Fantastic, we took out V-22s, AH-1 Zulus and Yankees and
    operated out there for 3 or 4 days. It was seamless and it was
    exceptional and, I mean, a really great effort out there on the
    part of the team.
        Last year we sent airplanes over to the, trans-Atlantic
    across to the United Kingdom. And just in January we sent our
    first operational squadron, VMFA-121, which is the first
    squadron to clear our initial operating capability [IOC], to
    Japan. So that squadron is in Japan now and if you read the
    press reports, they are not only just in Japan, they were at
    Okinawa supporting our marines on the ground and operating out
    there. So they are already operating fifth-generation STOVL
    [short take-off and vertical landing] airplanes in the Pacific,
    really inspiring.
        And the last thing I will tell you, we just had a what we
    call a Marine Division Tactics class down in Beaufort, South
    Carolina. And we had a scenario out there, it was a 20 v. 8, 20
    versus 8, 20 bad guys against 8 good guys; in those 8 good guys
    were 4 Marine F-35Bs. That was interesting; basically the 20
    guys had a very bad day, I will leave it at that. The eight had
    a very good day. They all came home.
        But what was most important, in the debrief, one of the
    pilots talking about all the kills they made, and the majority
    of the kills came from the F-35s, he was very clear, he was an
    amazing presence, he talked about what he did. And when they
    found out who he was, he was a CAT-1 student in our fleet
    replacement squadron, this was his graduation exercise. We have
    brand-new guys coming out of the training pipeline flying this
    airplane that are operating like Marine veterans that have 3 or
    4 years' experience. I have never seen anything like it. I
    thought I would want to tell you about that today. That means
    we have an airplane out here and it is the beginning of its
    life that is going to grow and get more and more capability. I
    can't get those airplanes in the fleet fast enough to replace
    our F-18s and our Harriers.
        And I will look forward to your support and I will answer
    any and all of your questions. Thank you.
        [The prepared statement of General Davis can be found in
    the Appendix on page 75.]
        Mr. Turner. Admiral Miller.

     STATEMENT OF RADM DEWOLFE MILLER, USN, DIRECTOR, AIR WARFARE
                  (OPNAV N98), HEADQUARTERS, U.S. NAVY

        Admiral Miller. Chairman Turner, Ranking Member Tsongas,
    and distinguished members of the subcommittee, thank you for
    the opportunity to appear before you today to discuss how the
    Navy and Marine Corps F-35C, with fifth-generation capabilities
    and fully integrated into our carrier air wings, will meet and
    exceed warfighting needs.
        Along with our Marine Corps and Air Force team, the F-35C
    remains a naval aviation acquisition priority. The F-35C will
    form the backbone of Navy air combat superiority for decades to
    come, complementing the tactical fighter fleet with a dominant,
    multi-role, fifth-generation aircraft capable of projecting
    U.S. power and deterring potential adversaries.
        The carrier air wing of the future must rely on the
    capacity and capabilities of both fourth- and fifth-generation
    aircraft. The F-35C provides unique capabilities that cannot be
    matched by modernizing fourth-generation aircraft.
        Stealth technology and advanced integrated systems enable
    the F-35C to counter rapidly evolving air-to-air and surface-
    to-air threats; fifth-generation advancements shift focus from
    kinematics to information collection and dissemination in real-
    time battle space, enabling us to break enemy kill chains while
    facilitating our own. Coupled with the proven capabilities and
    capacities of a continually improving and relevant carrier air
    wing, the F-35C greatly enhances a carrier strike group's
    battle space awareness, lethality, and survivability to prevail
    in a high-end conflict.
        The fiscal year 2017 President's budget supports the F-35C
    procurement to complete system development [and] demonstration,
    initial operations test and evaluation, initial operational
    capability, and to transition squadrons on a timeline that
    supports the first operational deployment on USS Carl Vinson in
    fiscal year 2021. The Navy also has a robust sustainment plan
    that supports operating this new aircraft and properly training
    maintenance crews and carrier air wing aviators.
        Ultimately, the F-35C integrated and interoperable in the
    carrier air wing, the carrier strike group of the future will
    be more lethal, survivable, and able to accomplish the entire
    spectrum of mission sets to include immediate response to high-
    end threats. The Navy remains dedicated to a capabilities-
    focused approach as we evolve the carrier air wing and carrier
    strike group of the future. The dynamic security environment
    requires the speed, endurance, flexibility, and autonomous
    nature of the carrier strike group.
        The Nation needs the tremendous capabilities of the F-35C
    on its carrier flight decks. The aircraft's stealth
    characteristics, long-range combat identification, and ability
    to penetrate threat envelopes, while fusing multiple
    information sources into a coherent picture, will transform the
    joint coalition view of the battlefield. I agree with my
    colleague General Davis, we have already seen it in practice so
    far.
        The F-35C's capability will provide decision superiority to
    the Nation's warfighters to ensure that if deterrence fails,
    the United States can conduct and will conduct decisive combat
    operations to defeat any enemy.
        Thank you again for your continued support and I look
    forward to any and all of your questions.
        [The prepared statement of Admiral Miller can be found in
    the Appendix on page 83.]
        Mr. Turner. General Harris.

      STATEMENT OF LT GEN (SELECT) JERRY D. HARRIS, USAF, DEPUTY
         CHIEF OF STAFF FOR PLANS, PROGRAMS, AND REQUIREMENTS,
                      HEADQUARTERS, U.S. AIR FORCE

        General Harris. Chairman Turner, Ranking Member Tsongas,
    and distinguished members of the Tactical Air and Land Forces
    Subcommittee, thank you for the opportunity to continue our
    fifth-generation discussion for fighter capabilities.
        When I spoke to you last at a field hearing in Dayton, we
    talked about the fifth-generation capabilities and now I intend
    to offer to you a glimpse of how the F-35A is performing and
    meeting our Air Force requirements as we continue to develop
    and procure this stealthy fighter.
        Since we last met, the F-35A completed a trip to the United
    Kingdom, and also very recently successfully completed a
    deployment to Nellis Air Force Base and participated in
    Exercise Red Flag-Alaska. While we look forward to the fielding
    of the final system development and demonstration Block 3F
    aircraft, our operational pilots and maintainers at Hill Air
    Force Base are pleased with the F-35A in the Block 3i
    configuration.
        General Carlisle in August of last year declared the unit
    IOC and the team has been performing remarkably well. Even
    though the Block 3i is an interim capability, the performance
    continues to excite the pilots. The pilots I have spoken with
    are pleased with the way the aircraft handles, and the
    destruction of targets, both in the air and on the ground,
    continues to be at rates higher than expected. The maintainers
    continue to produce combat-ready aircraft at impressive levels.
        The team deployed 13 F-35A's and executed 207 of 226
    planned sorties with zero maintenance non-deliveries, and
    maintained greater than a 90 percent mission capable rate.
    Nineteen sorties were mission canceled by the Red Flag staff
    for weather, not due to F-35 limitations. That is simply an
    awesome effort. And as you know, most fighter pilots will tend
    to exaggerate their claims and capabilities, but this morning's
    report with a 15 to 1 kill ratio is actually a little bit off
    the mark. Looking at the numbers, it was 20 to 1. The airplane
    is doing exactly what we need it to do.
        The F-35A fleet is growing and will become a dominant force
    in our fifth-generation arsenal, deterring potential
    adversaries, and assuring both our allies and our partners at
    the same time.
        Thank you for having me back. I look forward to your
    questions.
        [The prepared statement of General Harris can be found in
    the Appendix on page 91.]
        Mr. Turner. Thank you, gentlemen. And thank you for the
    report on the progress that is being made with the F-35.
        As I mentioned in my opening statement, President Trump has
    entered into the discussion on the cost of the F-35 and has
    raised the issue of the F-18.
        General Bogdan, you have spoken to the President directly,
    and several times, on this issue. We all know that the F-35 can
    do the job of the F-18. The F-18 cannot do the job of the F-35,
    but you don't always need an F-35 to do the job. So the
    question is to that mix and how we proceed. It is an issue that
    I know, General Bogdan, you have been involved in and Admiral
    Miller. Secretary of Defense Mattis has tasked you and others
    with the prospects of putting together a report as to that
    comparison.
        As we look to that issue, it certainly goes to the
    operational capabilities of the F-35, the environment that the
    F-35 and the F-18 enter into, but we certainly want to
    underscore the need for ensuring that we do acquire all of the
    F-35s that we need and that we have the F-18 capability.
        General Bogdan, do you want to tell us how those
    conversations go? And I just want to interject for a minute.
    There has been some media reports that the President has called
    you directly and that, you know, that is breaking the chain of
    command. I know, having spoken to you personally, you are
    certainly up to that task, and I am glad that he picks up the
    phone and calls you. I will look forward to your answer.
        General Bogdan. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, and thank you for
    giving me an opportunity to address this directly.
        The first time I met the President-elect was in mid
    December at Mar-a-Lago in Florida with a number of other senior
    DOD military officers. That discussion centered around the F-35
    and the Presidential aircraft. Following that meeting, I had
    two follow-up phone conversations with the President-elect; one
    of them was on the 9th of January, one of them was on the 17th
    of January.
        On the 9th of January, that phone call was just myself and
    President-elect Trump. On the 17th of January, the phone call
    was myself, President-elect Trump, and Mr. Muilenburg, the CEO
    [chief executive officer] of Boeing. It is important to
    understand that in the discussions that we had were all pre-
    decisional, there were no decisions made during those
    conversations, and it was my belief that President-elect Trump,
    at the time, was attempting to gain more information about the
    F-35 and its affordability, trying to gain more information
    about the F-35's capabilities relative to the Super Hornet, and
    to gain more information about the Presidential aircraft
    replacement program.
        In fact, the questions that he asked and the answers that I
    gave were the foundation of the tasks that came out from
    Secretary Mattis 2 weeks ago, which are ongoing right now. The
    first of those being, what are you doing to ensure the
    affordability of the F-35 now and in the future, and how can we
    ensure that the taxpayers are getting a best value for their
    dollar.
        And the second of those tasks was a Navy task about the
    complementary mix of Super Hornets, advanced Super Hornets, and
    F-35Cs on the deck of an aircraft carrier, where he was asking
    for a comparison of the capabilities. Those tasks are ongoing,
    they are not completed yet. We have yet to report the answers
    to the Secretary of Defense. I am sure as soon as we report
    those tasks to him, he will then relay them to the appropriate
    folks in the administration.
        Mr. Turner. Admiral Miller, great segue then to you. I know
    from General Bogdan you can't report on the outcome, but you
    can give us some understanding of the elements that are being
    looked at. You know, our concern is one of ensuring that in
    having that complementary mix that we don't disadvantage
    ourselves, that we don't underestimate what future challenges
    will be and diminish what our overall assets will be in fighter
    aircraft. Could you give us some understanding of what elements
    that you are looking at?
        Admiral Miller. Yes, sir. It is interesting when you see
    how the task came and you hear the word ``competing,'' that is
    not how the Navy views it. The Navy views our F-18 Super Hornet
    and its fourth-gen [generation] capacity and the capabilities
    that come with the exquisite F-35C as complementary.
        In our view and per our 30-year aviation plan is that we
    end up with a carrier air wing mix, we grow to a mix that
    provides two squadrons of F-35Cs and two squadrons of Super
    Hornets. We feel that that mix, that complementary capacity of
    the Super Hornet and the capability of the F-35C is going to
    handle us well in the near term, and as we continue to grow
    that capability into the far term.
        Now, both of these aircraft, just like every weapon system
    that we always have, continues to have to have a modernization
    program, so the F-35C follow-on modernization program addresses
    that for the F-35. F-18s are not unique in that regard, they
    also have a modernization effort, so just as do our ships and
    existing airplanes within the air wing.
        Chairman Turner, you mentioned earlier about the readiness
    hearings where the vice chiefs were out and you see the extent
    where we sit right now. We have a shortfall in the Navy on our
    carrier flight decks, in our strike fighter, we call it strike
    fighter inventory management. So that mix and what we need to
    buy now and how we portray that throughout the FYDP [Future
    Years Defense Program] and in the following years will be
    something that we are going to take seriously. So we have to
    address our near-term issues as well as make sure that our
    warfighting needs are met.
        Mr. Turner. Thank you. Well, this is a program that
    everyone has looked at both issues of cost and time.
        General Bogdan, this program, since 2010, has been on-cost
    and on-schedule. We are, however, looking forward and in doing
    so, seeing that we have concerns once again of increased costs
    and increased time. We look at finishing the program. We
    understand that the director of operational test and evaluation
    indicated that up to a billion dollars of additional funding
    could be required to complete the F-35 system design and
    development [SDD], which is currently scheduled to be completed
    in October of this year.
        In addition, we looked at initial operating tests and
    evaluations. The belief was that the F-35 would be operational
    August 2017; now we look at those dates, might slip 2018 or
    even early 2019. General Bogdan, can you tell us where we are
    and what needs to be done so we can get back on track.
        General Bogdan. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. The portrayal that
    we need another billion dollars to finish the SDD program is
    inaccurate. Today, as it stands, the budget for the SDD program
    in 2017, 2018, 2019, and a very small amount in 2020 is short
    about $532 million. And let me explain where that $532 million
    shortfall comes from.
        First, in 2014, the Department of Defense removed $100
    million of RDT&E [research, development, test, and evaluation]
    funding from the F-35 program to pay for higher priority things
    in the Department. That money was never paid back. So that
    would be $100 million that we would just expect to get paid
    back just to get us to the baseline budget we have.
        There were also $165 million worth of new requirements that
    have been added to the program since 2013. Some of those
    include the need for a deployable ALIS. Some of them include
    some cybersecurity enhancements we needed to make to our off-
    board systems, like our mission planning system, as well as the
    airplane. Those were mandated from OSD [Office of the Secretary
    of Defense] and from the cybersecurity folks.
        If you add those requirements, which were not paid for at
    the time we executed them, that is another $165 million of
    added requirements that normally would have been paid for in
    the 2013, 2014, 2015 timeframe when we were executing them,
    that we are not because the Department asked us at that time to
    use management reserve to pay for those added requirements.
    That adds up to $265 million.
        The remaining $267 million, to get you to 532, is the
    result of unexpected results we have had in our flight testing.
    We had an engine fire back 2\1/2\ years ago and we had to fix
    the engine. We had 3i software stability issues last year that
    required us to go in and fix that stability. We have had
    problems with the 3i and 3F software in terms of clutter and
    ghosting and things like that; we had to fix those issues, too.
    That is the added $267 million, totaling the 532 that I need to
    finish SDD.
        But here is the real important point about this: Every
    penny of that $532 million is coming from inside the F-35
    program with funding that I already have. It comes from
    management reserve, it comes from fee that our industry
    partners have not earned and will not earn, and it comes from
    negotiated saving that we have when we negotiate contracts in
    excess of the budget that we have been given.
        So from our warfighters' perspective, I am not going back
    and asking them for a penny more than what they have already
    put into the program because the direction from the Department
    has been, General Bogdan, you will find the money for that $532
    million inside the program. And we have.
        Mr. Turner. General Bogdan, when you just mentioned 2014
    and you lost dollars, we have had an environment of defense
    cuts that have affected modernization and also has affected
    readiness, sequestration being one of the big effects of that
    that has had devastating effects on our military. But I want to
    ask you for a moment if you could embellish the discussion that
    you just had on defense cuts, because so many times we get into
    the false discussion of, well, if the prices are high, we could
    just buy less. But the reality is, is that buying less means
    that the costs go up. I mean, you have a fixed cost base that
    you have to maintain for the production line and equipment. And
    the marginal cost, again, the additional planes that you buy,
    actually overall lowers the cost.
        Could you give us your thoughts on that, so that we can
    have people understand a little bit about what your challenges
    are?
        General Bogdan. Yes, sir. What you were mentioning there is
    a phenomenon in the acquisition world known as a death spiral.
    And it goes something like this. If I am going to buy a certain
    number of airplanes and each of those airplanes costs a certain
    amount of money and we budget for that, if budget is removed so
    you cannot buy that many airplanes and you have to buy less
    airplanes, the price of each of those fewer airplanes goes up.
    And then the future airplanes that you are going to buy also
    goes up, so the budget that you had doesn't go as far.
        And that death spiral gets you to a point where ever-
    decreasing budgets result in ever-decreasing quantities, which
    result in ever-increasing unit prices on the airplane. And you
    get to a point where you are buying a whole lot of airplanes, I
    mean, very few airplanes for a whole lot of money. This program
    has not experienced that yet and will not experience that,
    because if we continue on the ramp rate that the warfighters
    need, the price of the airplane will continue to come down.
        But when you take money away from the production program,
    every airplane in the future, the price then goes up on this
    program.
        Mr. Turner. Thank you, General. I think that that is a very
    important part of the discussion. As we look at the mix of the
    F-35 and the F-18, we don't want to say, we will just buy more
    18s because then we can lower the cost on the F-35. Because in
    the end, if you reduce the production of F-35, you could result
    in spending more on both and getting less.
        With that, I will turn to Niki Tsongas.
        Ms. Tsongas. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
        And I appreciate the testimony today just highlighting the
    extraordinary potential capabilities of the F-35 and how it is
    a game changer. But we all still wrestle with the cost and that
    is particularly true in the constrained environments in which
    we have been operating.
        And General Bogdan, I appreciate that as there are
    additional costs that have been identified, and you reference
    $532 million that are available so that it isn't going to
    require any new funding for the SDD phase.
        I just wonder, if that $532 million comes from inside the
    program, does that mean you routinely have a billion, half-a-
    billion dollars, just extra money available? And what else
    could we do with that money were this SDD phase didn't need
    these additional funds? Could we not buy more planes?
        General Bogdan. It is a great question, ma'am. The $265
    million of the 532 was simply payback for new requirements and,
    like I said, for money that was taken away. The $267 million,
    clearly, if I can find that money inside the program and I
    didn't have to apply it to finish the SDD program, it could
    have been used for something else.
        The normal procedure that I have when we do negotiate
    better contracts and when we do have fee that industry hasn't
    earned is, I turn to the warfighters and to the services and I
    say to them, what would you like me to do with that money?
    Would you like me to buy more airplanes, would you like me to
    keep it inside the program to pay for new requirements, or
    would you like me to give that money back so you can use it in
    other parts of your defense budget not F-35 related?
        In this instance, when I identified the funds inside, we
    went back to the services and we went back to the Department,
    and the decision was made leave the money inside the program so
    that you can finish the SDD program. But you are correct,
    ma'am, that extra money could be used for other things. And
    unfortunately, it has to be used to complete SDD, the
    development program, because we had unexpected results, engine
    fires and things that we didn't expect to have happen that we
    simply needed to fix.
        Ms. Tsongas. But it certainly does highlight that there are
    large sums available when needed within the program. And I
    think my question really is about that fact, but I would
    actually like to go on to something else.
        You have referenced that the $1 billion estimate of
    potential future costs is inaccurate, and I am just curious how
    confident you are that you won't be coming back here in the
    next round, again suddenly the numbers have moved. How
    confident are you?
        General Bogdan. Ma'am, I am very confident. I have been
    running this program for 5 years now, and I have never once
    gone back to the services or to you to ask for more money. This
    is the first time, as we get near the end of SDD, where I have
    shown and been transparent about a budget shortfall.
        However, given the fact that we negotiate large lots of
    airplanes, for example lot 11 is going to be somewhere in the
    order of above $10 billion worth, if we can negotiate better
    deals for the price of those airplanes, then that money that I
    save in negotiating is the money that I will turn to the
    services and turn to the Department and ask, what would you
    like me to do with that?
        Ms. Tsongas. Well, I appreciate your confidence. I would
    like to ask another question now. The director of operational
    test and evaluation estimates that a significant delay in
    starting initial operational test and evaluation due to delays
    in getting aircraft modified and upgraded to the required
    standards.
        In your written testimony, you mention a desire to start
    initial operational tests and evaluation earlier than currently
    planned, but with fewer test aircraft, and you cite several
    reasons for wanting to do that. A longstanding testing standard
    for operational tests are to ensure that fully capable
    production-representative aircraft are used, similar to those
    that will be operated by frontline service members.
        If DOD does go forward with your plan, it appears that the
    testing would not be done with the previously agreed upon
    number of aircraft and with aircraft that are not fully
    upgraded with the latest combat capabilities. Do you agree that
    the testing will tell us all more if it is done as currently
    planned rather than taking shortcuts? Why cut corners?
        General Bogdan. Ma'am, I can assure you that my program
    office and I would never ever cut corners when it comes to
    delivering combat capability, because young men and women are
    going to put their lives on the line for that. However, having
    said that, it is a true statement that the original program of
    record was supposed to start initial operational testing in
    August 2017.
        One of the requirements to start that full operational
    testing [OT] was to have 23 production-representative F-35s
    ready to go. I will not have 23 full production-representative
    airplanes ready to go in August. In fact, by February of 2018,
    I will only have 18 of those airplanes in a fully production-
    representative configuration. What I have asked the OT
    community to look at is an incremental start to operational
    testing, with those 18 airplanes and then over the next few
    months, add the additional airplanes to get them to the 23.
        So the 18 airplanes that they would incrementally start OT
    with, would be fully production representative and would be
    fully representative of the combat capability of the airplane.
    There are a number of reasons why incrementally starting makes
    sense from a program perspective. One, every 6 months I delay
    OT costs another $30 million. So it saves the Department and
    the enterprise money.
        Second, the sooner I can get the feedback from the
    operational testers, who are the experts, the faster I can fix
    any problems that they find. And given that we are producing
    over a hundred airplanes a year on the production line, any
    time I can find something wrong with the airplane and fix it
    sooner means I can cut that into the production line quicker
    and I am not going to be producing airplanes that later on have
    to be retrofitted and fixed.
        It is not my choice to start OT. What I do is I provide the
    resources to the OT community and they decide. All I have asked
    them to do is take a look at a way to potentially incrementally
    begin operational test, not such that at the end of OT or in
    the middle of OT they wouldn't have everything they need. But
    just to start it a little bit sooner with less than the full
    complement of airplanes.
        Ms. Tsongas. But this program does have a long history of
    discovering problems in developmental testing that has added
    many years to the program. So I just think it makes more sense
    to be more conservative when it comes to operational testing.
        And with that, I yield back.
        Mr. Turner. To our vice chair, Paul Cook.
        Mr. Cook. Thank you very much, Mr. Chair.
        I had the pleasure of visiting Luke Air Force Base out in
    the desert. Now, I came in there and I had a number of
    questions which have been addressed. One was the helmet, the
    computer, the flight suit, the whole works, the cost overruns.
    And I got a chance to talk to a lot of the pilots. And I was
    really, really impressed with the pilots. The pilots, you know,
    I don't want to go into it, they actually were nice to me. Here
    is an infantry guy, they explained the acronyms, they used one-
    syllable words. It was really good. And then--got a great
    feeling.
        The only hang-up I had was talking to the maintenance
    folks. And I am scared to death of the maintenance trail, just
    like I am with the Hornets and the problems and everything else
    like that.
        General Davis, I think you made the point about, you know,
    the fleet is getting old, old planes. The chairman and I were
    out in Twentynine Palms, we were watching tanks, we were
    watching Harriers. And the planes, they were not as old as I
    was, but they are getting close. And every time I start talking
    maintenance, I get, you know, kind of a hesitation whether we
    are going to have this and I--the boneyards and I won't go
    through the whole thing. I want to get that feeling that okay--
    I am committed to the F-35, but God almighty we got to have
    everything in place to make sure that that maintenance trail of
    parts and everything else so that we don't have a system that
    is C4 or is C3 [degraded readiness]. Can you address that,
    anybody? General Bogdan.
        General Davis. Hey, sir, thanks for visiting the Luke and
    thanks for visiting Twentynine Palms, God's country. And in my
    world, the aviators better be nice to the infantry officers or
    we will be without a job. That is why we exist, you know that
    in the Marine Corps.
        Mr. Cook. How come there is no band then on the front of
    the plane then? No, okay.
        General Davis. Yes, sir, it is right there. It is all good.
    Hey, we are, you know, we got underfunded in the spares account
    in this airplane early on and we are living that right now. So
    we have actually basically invested forward, tried to get
    additional help. We have asked for the spare parts to be put
    into the unfunded priority list to get that back up to speed.
        This airplane is performing very well if it has got the
    spare parts and if there is no spare part for an airplane when
    it is down, whether it is Air Force, Navy, or Marine Corps, the
    marines, airmen, and the sailors will get it but they will take
    it off another airplane. That is debilitating, that is the
    wrong way to do business, so the spares accounts need to be
    funded. I think you need to hold us to account to make sure
    that they are. That the airplane comes in, the spares come in
    there as well.
        And I think we talked about how impressed we are with the
    pilots. You know, I have got two, three squadrons right now of
    F-35s. The training squadron's got British Royal Navy/Royal Air
    Force maintainers in there as well, they are phenomenal.
        Mr. Cook. General, since we are at the subject of
    Twentynine Palms, the expeditionary airfield out there, I have
    asked this question three times, but the F-35 is going to
    operate off that field which is very austere, it is sand, it is
    the dreaded FOD [foreign object damage], it is everything else.
        And I have referred in previous committees, be it at Camp
    Lejeune, or ``Lejeurne'' years ago, Lyman Road, you had to have
    a street sweeper to make sure there was no dust on the road.
    That is an austere combat environment. And is that F-35 going
    to be able to operate out of that when the wind and the dirt
    and the sand and everything else, just like it is in the Middle
    East?
        General Davis. Sir, we did. We went up there and operated,
    did very well. I think that what we are finding right now is
    that the F-35B, with this engine, is less susceptible to FOD
    than our Harriers are. We have flown the F-35B now 26,000
    hours. We have been up there to the strip, we have been to the
    estuary strips out there. We do hot combat loads out of Laguna
    Air Field and flying out of Yuma which, historically, is a very
    high FOD environment for our Harriers. We have had four FOD
    events in 26,000 flight hours. That is .00016; that is really
    low. So I think we need to be careful about where we go and
    what we do, but we are learning.
        Like one of the things we learned is, we would come into
    the pad, like we did in the Harrier, 100 feet across the pad
    and 100 feet in and let down. We are crossing now at 150, so we
    are learning as we go. So we are adapting our TTPs a bit, our
    tactics, techniques, and procedures, but we are finding a much
    lower prevalence for FOD on this airplane than we did in the
    Harrier.
        Again, I think it is we are going to operate like the
    Marine Corps does with one foot ashore and one foot at sea and
    we haven't had any FOD events in any of our shipboard
    environments with the F-35B to date.
        Mr. Cook. Thank you, General. I yield back.
        Mr. Turner. Jacky Rosen.
        Ms. Rosen. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. And thank you all for
    being here today and thank you for your service.
        You know, I represent a district in southern Nevada, it is
    less than a dozen miles away from Nellis Air Force Base which,
    of course, is home to the U.S. Air Force Warfare Center, the
    largest advanced air combat training mission in the world. And
    one of Nellis' primary missions includes the testing of the
    Nation's most advanced aircraft and weapons systems.
        Earlier this month, we were privileged to have the F-35,
    the advanced Red Flag exercises right there at Nellis. It is
    great for the people who live there. We see the planes flying
    around; it gives everybody a great chance to see some of the
    things you are doing. But I would like you to discuss how the
    F-35 performed in these exercises, what level of confidence you
    have in the test.
        And as a former systems analyst and computer programmer, I
    am specifically concerned about your software capabilities, its
    susceptibilities to hackers and their ability to disrupt or
    disable an aircraft. Thank you.
        Mr. Turner. Yes, sir.
        General Harris. Ma'am, thank you for the support for
    Nellis. It is an awesome location and certainly one that the
    Air Force enjoys to talk about, because there is so much going
    on that is on this high-end environment. And the exercise Red
    Flag that I spoke at, that the squadron deployed to, they
    performed extremely well. The maintenance was not an issue. The
    airplanes went out and as I said, the pilots were excited.
        They had 145 air-to-air kills, which is the first time the
    F-35A has participated in a Red Flag, versus 7 losses. And all
    of those losses were within visual environment, in that, it
    means that they weren't seen on the radar, they were just seen
    passing by. And the way we run our Red Flags, because this was
    a high-end Red Flag, there were significantly more adversaries
    than there typically are and these adversaries were employing
    electronic countermeasures and had advanced tactics in an
    integrated air defense. So not just the air, but also the
    threats on the ground.
        And the F-35 is one of the few, only fifth-generation-type
    airplane that can participate and fly inside of those threat
    environments. We would normally build an entire package of
    fourth-gen fighters to try and attack one of these sites. Yet
    the F-35 was able to operate inside of those threats and had
    significant successes. They employed 51 simulated weapons
    against those SAM [surface-to-air-missile] sites with the
    success of killing 49 of them throughout the exercise, which is
    a huge number, much better than what we would have done in our
    fourth gen. And they were 92 percent successful on their
    heavyweight weapons delivery, which is far exceeding where we
    expected to be this early in the development phase. So it is
    going well.
        Ms. Rosen. Thank you.
        General Bogdan. Ma'am, to address your question about the
    software and the vulnerability, I would like to have you think
    of the weapon system in two pieces.
        The first piece is the airplane itself. I can assure you,
    and we can't talk about it here very much, but I can assure you
    that the ability of this airplane to withstand software
    vulnerabilities from the airplane perspective is unmatched in
    the Department of Defense.
        We knew when we started designing this airplane in 2001 it
    would be exported to other nations and other places. So we
    built in the special ways to protect the airplane. I have very,
    very, very little concern about the airplane itself.
        I have a much greater concern about what we call the off-
    board systems, the maintenance system and the mission planning
    system, because those systems connect to other networks in DOD
    and with our partners and all of those networks become
    vulnerable.
        But what I will tell you is, we have undergone over 150
    vulnerability and penetration tests on our maintenance system
    and on our off-board mission planning system. And we found some
    things, and we are fixing them.
        Some of that money I talked about that I had to spend
    extra, goes to the very heart of the cybersecurity issues that
    we have discovered that we have to improve for our off-board
    systems. But what I can tell you is, this is not something that
    the Department is taking lightly. We have the best experts in
    the Department trying to penetrate the system and showing us
    how to fix it. And we are in the process of fixing it. And in
    another forum, ma'am, I would like to be able to show you and
    tell you a little more about that.
        Ms. Rosen. Thank you, I look forward to that. And I yield
    back my time. Thank you.
        Mr. Turner. Martha McSally.
        Ms. McSally. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Thank you, Gentlemen,
    for your testimony.
        I was at Heritage Flight at Davis-Monthan this weekend.
    Climbed up the ladder of the F-35, talked to the pilots and
    maintenance. And it was great to have it there. It is an
    amazing capability that we do need--fifth-generation fighter,
    as fast as possible, as you have all testified.
        My focus, as you all know, is on the low end of the
    spectrum and it replacing CAS [close air support] and combat
    search and rescue capabilities, where you need continuous
    coverage, loiter time, lethality, survivability from small
    arms, and those types of things. One of the important
    capabilities for that is a gun.
        And so I have seen in some of the reports some challenges
    with the accuracy of the gun, the gun sight. So, General
    Bogdan, can you give an update on what is going on with the gun
    and testing and the way ahead?
        General Bogdan. Yes, ma'am, we are in the process of
    qualifying both guns on the A model, which is an internal gun,
    and on the B and the C model, it is a potted gun on the center
    line of the airplane. We have done ground testing, we have done
    in-flight testing and there are fundamentally two issues that
    we have to address in the coming months of development.
        The first of those being, on the A model, when you shot the
    gun because it is off-center from the nose of the airplane, it
    creates a yaw. And as soon as the gun is shot, the nose of the
    airplane moves. And you know, ma'am, as an experienced fighter
    pilot, if you want to put the bullets on the target, you need
    to keep the nose steady.
        Ms. McSally. Exactly.
        General Bogdan. We know what the problem is, we have the
    software and flight control fixes in place and we are testing
    those as we speak. We will let you know if we need to continue
    to evolve the software and the flight controls to improve it.
    But we know what that problem is and we know how to fix it.
        The second issue we have is with the heads-up display in
    the helmet; we don't have a fixed heads-up display. And, when
    you are aiming, and you would know this, I will keep it simple,
    the pipper, which is the little aiming reticle used to put on
    the target for where you want the bullets to hit, has to be
    fairly steady. And today, with the movement of the helmet and
    the movement of the airplane, that pipper is moving around too
    much.
        Ms. McSally. Right.
        General Bogdan. We understand that problem also. We
    understand the feedback loop between the airplane's motion and
    what is going on with the helmet. So we have those software
    fixes coded and in the airplane. Whether they prove to be
    sufficient such that the gun can be fired accurately remains to
    be seen. Those tests happen this spring and this summer. And we
    will let you know that.
        But you are right, we have encountered some issues with the
    gun and we need to improve those.
        Ms. McSally. And there are also issues with moving targets,
    as I understand, and the ability to self-liaise versus buddy-
    liaise. And as you know, on a continuous CAS scenario, you are
    often yo-yoing the tanker as a Sandy [combat search and rescue]
    or a flight lead. So what is the status of that?
        General Bogdan. So I will just briefly talk about that and
    maybe let my warfighting brothers here discuss it. The original
    capability to hit a moving target on this airplane was embodied
    in a weapon that is no longer allowed to be used in our
    inventory. So we did have a capability that was on the books to
    hit moving targets. And when that weapon was removed from the
    U.S. inventory for treaty reasons, we lacked the ability to hit
    a moving target until our follow-on modernization program,
    where we will put in a moving target tracking capability with
    our targeting system.
        In the interim, the Air Force and the Marine Corps have
    come to us and said in the meantime between now and about 2022
    or 2023, with that moving target capability, we have another
    weapon that we would like you to introduce on the airplane. I
    am going to leave that with----
        Ms. McSally. Yes, I am familiar with that. And I appreciate
    it. We can follow up on that later. Thanks for the update.
        My last question is to General Harris. And I agree what
    Admiral Miller said about the complementary focus of the
    inventory. And we have had many discussions about it is not the
    F-35 versus the A-10. I think we need both those capabilities
    in order to have full-spectrum operations. We have included in
    the NDAA [National Defense Authorization Act] a fly-off for the
    F-35 and the A-10 as part of the testing and evaluation.
        And it seems the Air Force has made public statements that
    the A-10 is going to stick around for a while and maybe there
    would be a follow-on light attack aircraft. Is there any
    discussion to remove the A-10, replacement of the A-10 from the
    requirements document and just let the F-35 off the hook for
    that requirement? That would save resources, that would let the
    vendor off the hook and we would be able to move forward to
    have a complementary inventory of the F-35 and the A-10 or the
    follow-on to the A-10.
        General Harris. Yes, ma'am that is a great question, thank
    you. I would expect that the F-35 is still going to be held to
    the same higher requirement of being able to do CAS as a
    mission. Because the Air Force feels that our multi-role
    fighter of the future needs to be able to do that.
        Yes, we have determined that we are going to keep the A-10
    and some other fourth-gen fighters for the next decades based
    on our F-35 buy rates. So we have the CAS as a mission and we
    expect all of our air-to-ground type airplanes to be able to--
    --
        Ms. McSally. And I agree CAS is a mission in the
    environment that it needs to operate in. But I think, again,
    removing that specific requirement of replacing the A-10 or in
    the low end of the spectrum is something I would really like to
    follow up with the Air Force on. It would save some resources
    and allow us to move forward in a complementary way.
        And I am out of time, so thanks, Gentlemen.
        General Davis. Chairman, if I could, I would like, as a
    marine, our bread and butter is close air support, I would like
    to answer that, ma'am if you've got a second.
        I am a career air pilot, so I am a--and I would actually
    challenge the F designation on the F-35. This is an F, it is an
    A for an attack, it is also electronic warfare. And we are
    seeing that. Our weapons school and our training range there is
    a small portion of that that is the fighter mission, it is a
    lot of the attack.
        What I have found, it is different than the A-10 and the
    Harrier in that using the sensors on the airplane we have to do
    close air support. What I have got now in this airplane, what
    we have now as a nation in this airplane, is there is no place
    where my soldiers or sailors or airmen or marines are that we
    can't do close air support.
        As you will see in the weapons school, to do CAS and be
    effective at CAS, you have got to have air superiority or at
    least localized air superiority. This airplane allows you to do
    that in one package. We are doing fighter shots and bomb
    delivery at the same time. The other thing we are doing is
    through the weather with the APG-81. It is a picture-quality
    target view for the pilots.
        And so we had a group out there that was trying to do close
    air support in North Carolina the other day. And they are out
    there flying and the forward air controller says the weather
    has moved in, I think we have to knock this off and [they] said
    hey, we see the target, let us go.
        Ms. McSally. And General, I couldn't agree with you more, I
    know I am way over at time, we need that capability, it is
    amazing. But we also need to be able to stay on station more
    than 20 to 30 minutes, have more than 180 bullets, have more
    than 2 bombs on station and be able to survive a direct hit. So
    we need both, from my perspective, but thank you.
        Mr. Turner. Well, Representative McSally, I want to thank
    you for your tireless effort to ensure that we have a close air
    support capability and your advocacy for the A-10. It is
    incredibly important that you bring your expertise, so thank
    you for that.
        Turning to Mr. Carbajal.
        Mr. Carbajal. Thank you, Chairman Turner and Ranking Member
    Tsongas. Thank you to all the witnesses for coming here today.
        General Bogdan, I would like to focus on the issue of how
    we are planning to manage the follow-on modernization program
    known as Block 4. It is my understanding, DOD will not manage
    Block 4 as a separate and distinct acquisition program, despite
    it being a major acquisition program with the cost tag of
    almost $3 billion over the next 6 years. This is of great
    concern considering this program has faced significant cost and
    schedule overruns and the cost for this program is now reaching
    $400 billion.
        The GAO [Government Accountability Office] has stated by
    managing Block 4 as a separate existing baseline, it will not
    be subject to statutory regulatory oversight requirements. It
    does not seem prudent for us to not subject this program to the
    highest degree of oversight and accountability.
        General Bogdan, can you help me understand why the
    Department is against establishing Block 4 as a separate
    acquisition program?
        General Bogdan. Thank you for that question, Congressman. I
    will try and be as clear as I can about it. The Department's
    decision not to create a separate program for the follow-on
    modernization program has nothing to do with us not wanting to
    be absolutely transparent in what is going on in that program.
    It has to do with the administrative burden that is placed on
    starting a new program versus continuing a previous program and
    adding the modernization program onto it.
        All of the documentation, and there are over a 100
    documents that go along with starting a new acquisition
    program, all have to be redone and re-validated and re-signed
    when you start a new program. That administrative burden costs
    millions of dollars and takes months and months and months to
    get through the bureaucracy. That is not acquisition reform in
    my mind.
        What we have told the Congress we would do, and I will
    stand here today and tell you again, that when we start the
    follow-on modernization program it will be a separate contract,
    it will have separate earned value management. We will watch it
    and monitor it as a separate program in our SAR [selected
    acquisition reports] reports to you, and we will include in
    those SAR reports a separate baseline of the schedule and the
    cost and the performance of the program as if it were a
    separate program, just without the moniker of it being a
    separate program because of that administrative burden.
        I have worked with the defense committees and your staffs
    to make sure that your equities in oversight are kept when we
    do this. Our promise to you is that we will be as transparent
    as if it were a separate program because it is billions of
    dollars. And it is your responsibility to make sure that we are
    spending those taxpayers' dollars wisely.
        So my promise to you, Congressman, is when we set this
    program up we will set it up with separate reporting, with
    separate earned value management, with separate SAR reporting,
    and we will provide the Congress with all the transparency and
    oversight that you would require as if it were a separate
    program. We just don't want the DOD's administrative burden of
    a new program because that will add 6 months to a year to get
    started and tens of millions of dollars.
        Mr. Carbajal. Just to conclude, as a new Member of
    Congress, I am informed that DOD is consistently tardy in
    getting information timely to Congress. How will you ensure
    that timely information is provided to Congress despite that
    infamous reputation that DOD has?
        General Bogdan. Congressman, what I will tell you is if it
    is the desire of this defense committee or any of the other
    defense committees to get monthly updates, quarterly updates of
    our earned value and our cost schedule performance progress on
    the system, we will do that. We will do that. Instead of the
    annual selected acquisition report, which comes out once a
    year, we would more than be willing to provide that data to
    your staffs or to you on whatever frequency you would like,
    sir.
        Mr. Carbajal. Thank you. It is just that having served in
    the Marine Corps, timelines were very important. So when I hear
    this about DOD it kind of blows my mind.
        General Bogdan. Sir, I will tell you having the program
    office here in DC, and me being able to come up here and see
    you and the defense committees, makes that delay in the
    information flow a lot shorter, much to my chagrin sometimes.
    But I will tell you that our promise is that we will be as
    transparent as we possibly can because we do understand the
    oversight role that your committee and the other committees
    have.
        Mr. Carbajal. Thank you.
        Mr. Turner. Mr. Gaetz.
        Mr. Gaetz. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. And thank you all for
    your service and for being here.
        I very proudly represent the warfighters who serve at Eglin
    Air Force Base in northwest Florida. And we are so proud to
    have the F-35 beddown there. We have got plenty of ramp space
    for more hopefully in the future. And I also am very proud to
    represent the warfighters who are stationed at NAS [Naval Air
    Station] Pensacola.
        And in my community, we know very well what it means to
    lose a pilot. We know the impact it has on the warfighters, on
    family members, and on the community at large. And so I was
    hoping, General Bogdan, that you could speak to the
    survivability analysis as we look at the F-35 and the F-18.
    Perhaps you could illuminate what some of the unique
    survivability features are that we can discuss in this setting
    for the 35.
        And then, do you have an opinion that you can share now as
    to the relative survivability for pilots in the 35 to the F-18?
        General Bogdan. Thank you, Congressman. I will take the
    first part of that question. And then I am going to defer to my
    warfighters to give you some specific examples of what has gone
    on in some of the exercises that they have seen where their
    pilots come back and tell them how survivable this airplane is.
        So the F-35 itself is survivable across a full spectrum.
    And in order to shoot down an airplane you have got to do a lot
    of things, okay? The first thing you have got to do is you have
    got to find it, okay? The second thing you have got to do after
    you find it is you have got to fix it in space so you know
    where it is. The next thing you have got to do is you have got
    to track it, so you have got to know where it is going.
        The next thing you have got to do after that, is you have
    got to target it, meaning you have got to be able to know where
    it is going very, very quickly. And then finally, you have to
    put a weapon on it, whether it is a weapon that is shot from
    the air or from the ground. We call that the kill chain.
        The F-35 can attack every point in that kill chain to
    remain survivable. It is not just about stealth. The stealth
    portion is the upfront part of that where it is hard to find it
    and fix it in space. But there are other things on this
    airplane, including electronic warfare, including other
    weapons, including information that other airplanes can give to
    you that at any point in that kill chain, it can be successful
    in stopping you from shooting down the airplane.
        So it is just not about the stealth. It is about the fusion
    of the information, it is about the electronic warfare, it is
    about our countermeasures in the endgame if somebody does shoot
    something at the airplane. So the airplane is very, very
    survivable in almost all environments with most threats.
        Now I will let my warfighter friends tell you about their
    experiences.
        General Davis. That's good. I will tell you its
    survivability. It is not just the F-35 aviator, but it is also
    everybody that they are associated with, that--we don't just
    have airplanes just to have airplanes. We support folks on the
    ground, we support our folks fighting ships in any clime and
    place. I will tell you that this airplane is giving our pilots
    a decisive advantage.
        He talked about the 20 to 0, the 20 to 1, the 24 to 0 that
    we have been enjoying out there at the weapons school. The zero
    means we are not losing these aviators. And it is not just a
    fighter threat, it is a very high-end SAM threat, which in days
    gone by would have been we would call it prohibitive
    interference.
        And I ran a drill when I was a weapons CO [commanding
    officer], school CO in Yuma, we lost half the fleet and we
    didn't hit any targets. So in a simulation that is everybody
    comes back with a long face, talks about how bad the day was.
    In the real world, they are not coming back. So this is a very
    survivable airplane. I mean, incredible.
        The analogy they talked about and just what General Bogdan
    talked about, in days gone by when in my youth we did it was
    almost like a football game, every player had their role,
    running backs, quarterbacks, linebackers, tailbacks. This
    airplane is more like a soccer match. Everybody has the
    opportunity be the killer. Everybody sees, everybody shares.
    And frankly. every exercise, whether it is Air Force, the
    Marine Corps, whoever is flying this airplane, embedded in a
    large package, it makes everybody else more survivable. The
    next WTI we are going to guide for a Marine artillery unit, the
    GMLRS [guided multiple launch rocket system], give them GPS
    [Global Positioning System].
        We shot, basically working with the Navy, with the Aegis
    cruiser, in the desert simulation out there, but a real missile
    at a low-flying target out there, shot an Aegis missile with an
    ADL [automatic data link] and it was behind a mountain range,
    and direct hit. We tracked a missile going up out of Vandenberg
    from 300 miles away. It is changing survivability for everybody
    in a very positive way. We got something new on our hands, and
    I think it is very positive.
        Admiral Miller. Just to add on to that comment of
    increasing the survivability of everybody else, a carrier
    strike group fights in an integrated fashion. So we are mixing
    in this fifth-gen capability with our F-18E/Fs, with our E-2,
    with our Aegis-class cruisers and destroyers and then the
    capacity that that brings. And so, yes, F-35 is more
    survivable. But to the point that General Davis made about
    increasing that survivability for everybody else, it absolutely
    does that because then it is coupled with the lethality that
    comes with the entire strike group.
        We talked earlier about maintenance and training, all of
    that, when we bring this onto our carriers, the entire package,
    making sure that the maintainers know how to operate it to keep
    that lethality in the air, to make sure--and we have already
    put F-35 out in our Top Gun classes out in Fallon, we talked
    about training out at Nellis, but Nellis and Fallon, that is as
    equally important so that our readiness is there when we ask
    for this capability that it is provided.
        Mr. Gaetz. Thank you.
        Mr. Turner. Mr. Veasey.
        Mr. Veasey. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
        I wanted to ask you a question in relation to a sense of
    urgency with the development of a fifth-gen fighter, with
    regard to the F-35. Could you elaborate on how close our
    adversaries are in developing fifth-generation fighters with
    capabilities that may match or exceed ours? And wanted to
    specifically ask General Harris.
        General Harris. Perfect, I appreciate the opportunity to
    respond to that. As we talked almost a year ago, there are
    several adversaries that are trying to copy our capabilities
    and sometimes it is the outer mold line, but what the fifth
    generation brings to us is also the internal piece. It is not
    just the stealth, it is the fusion across the weapon system, it
    is the engines that provide the maneuverability, and we
    continue to have an advantage, but they are quickly closing
    that gap.
        So we are trying to maximize our ability to procure fifth-
    generation airplanes and go from a 100 percent fourth-
    generation fleet to a significant mix of fifth generation so
    that we have the opportunity to operate in these hostile
    environments against these threats that are catching us faster
    than we thought they would.
        Mr. Veasey. As far as the internal capabilities of the
    plane, that involves a lot of technology. What are some issues
    that we may have that would make it hard for us to be able to
    keep up in regards to that area?
        General Harris. Well, we are looking at the weapons that
    the airplanes employ so we not only have to have advances and
    continued with rapid acquisition of the airframe, but as we
    build them, we also must continue to update them, so the
    follow-on modernization program is very important to all the
    warfighters associated with the F-35.
        The threats we look at, fifth generation is already making
    an impact in today's fight. Russia in Syria has deployed an S-
    400 system that would or could exclude all fourth-generation
    aircraft from there. But because we are flying fifth
    generation, not yet the F-35 but very soon, we will have that
    opportunity. It is the fifth gen that brings our ability to
    operate within that environment, hold those threats at risk so
    that we are able to come to the table as a lead, and not a
    near-peer, and continue to have America's domination where we
    need to across the globe.
        Mr. Veasey. And kind of in relation to that, I wanted to
    ask Admiral Miller about U.S. engagement around the globe and
    where would the F-35 have the most immediate impact today.
        Admiral Miller. Yes, good question, sir, I appreciate it.
    Where would they have the most immediate impact today? I will
    tell you that our carriers are globally deployed. And so
    today's fight, for the most part, is counterterrorism. And it
    certainly would contribute there, but that is not the high-end
    fight where the value of the F-35 we would see that value.
        So what is the next trigger point? What is going to cause
    that carrier strike group to reposition and to find itself
    against that near-peer threat that General Davis talked about
    and General Harris talked about?
        So we build and we bring in this capability for that sort
    of a threat. So to answer your question on the immediate
    impact, it certainly would be able to contribute in the fight
    we have today in Iraq and Syria.
        Mr. Veasey. General Davis. Sir.
        General Davis. If I could, sir, I mean, if you watch the
    hands of time move and things change in the world, we talked
    about near-peer and peer competitors that are more closely
    coming to be a peer competitor. But for the high-end fight and
    for the low-end fight, a fifth-generation airplane is a very
    effective killing machine in all spectrum.
        We also have the ability when we get the 3F capability to
    put pylons on this airplane. The Marine Corps has every
    intention of doing that and I will be able to load up the F-35B
    with 3,000 pounds more ordnance than I can carry in a F-18
    right now.
        So we view this, it is a transformer. It can be a fifth-gen
    airplane for day 0 through 5 when, you know, I have got to bust
    in for days 5 through 60. I can put pylons on, operate from an
    amphibious ship, operate from 3,000 foot of 10 ashore
    and basically go crush the bad guys, provide close air support
    to the guys on the ground and do what we have got to do.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
         ``3,000 foot of 10 ashore'' refers to a 3,000-foot
    airfield ashore.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        And then if I have to go move someplace else, go back to a
    high-end force or the situation changes, they roll in those
    missiles, right, and we still have guys on the ground that we
    have got to support. Bottom line is the F-35 can go back to
    that low-signature airplane very quickly.
        And with an airplane like in our Block 4, we get small-
    diameter bomb. Now you are carrying eight SDB IIs and internal
    to the airplane, plus a cannon. It allows you to survive in
    that high-end threat environment and do close air support, that
    is the game changer. The airplane can go back and forth and do
    it all. I think that is the powerful thing we have got coming
    our way.
        Mr. Veasey. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I yield back.
        Mr. Turner. I am going to read the order here so people can
    understand the expectation of when the time is for questioning.
    We have got Banks, Brown, Bishop, Wittman, Langevin.
        Going to Mr. Banks.
        Mr. Banks. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. And Gentlemen, thank
    you for your service. Thanks for being here today.
        You have answered a number of questions already. This has
    been enlightening for a new Member of Congress, like me. But
    specifically, I have a question, General Harris, for you about
    the future of the National Guard, the future of the program for
    the Reserves, for communities like mine, the 122nd Fighter
    Wing, who might hope one day to pursue the F-35 as a program at
    our base, at our installation.
        But more broadly, what does the program look like in the
    National Guard and the Reserves moving forward?
        General Harris. Well, sir, that is a great question. We
    have, over the last 5 or 6 years, moved the Air Force through
    some of the concerns we had with our Guard and Reserve because
    over the last two decades our Guard and Reserve have been
    participating at extreme levels, much more than we would have
    expected a while ago for the rapidity of how often they deploy
    and the capabilities they bring to the fight.
        And when you listen to a brief, when you look at the
    performance, you can't tell the difference between an Active, a
    Guard, or Reserve, it is all the same. Because of that, we are
    looking at the beddown of F-35s in the Guard and Reserve as we
    go along. So it is not an airplane that is going to flow to the
    Active first and then move to the Guard or the Reserve. We are
    already making those beddown decisions now. So as you can see,
    our next one has already been selected for the Guard and we are
    now looking at five and six where those are best going to be
    placed.
        They are a part of it, they are involved with us on a daily
    basis and specifically units, not every unit is going to get an
    F-35, but we have some of these that will continue to advance
    either in the fourth-gen capability as we modernize that and
    they can participate in small areas and also homeland defense.
    But then there will be a follow-on to the F-35, whether it is
    in an air superiority role complementary to the F-22, as the F-
    35 is, or that next generation after it, it may be a sixth
    generation. So I expect the Guard and Reserve to continue to be
    equal partners with the Active Duty.
        Mr. Banks. Thank you for your commitment to that. Thank
    you, Mr. Chairman. I yield back.
        Mr. Turner. Mr. Brown passes. Mr. Bishop.
        Mr. Bishop. Thank you.
        First of all, I appreciate, Mr. Chairman, you hosting this
    hearing, as well as, Gentlemen, for showing up to it, that is
    very kind of you. I am glad I was able to free my schedule so I
    could listen to all of this; this is an important issue.
        However, Mr. Chairman, you don't really have to start at
    8:00 in the morning for me to free up my schedule. I can't for
    the future. He is not listening. Fine, all right.
        [Laughter.]
        Mr. Turner. I was, I just don't have a response.
        Mr. Bishop. Yes, okay, fine, we will talk about that later,
    too.
        General Bogdan, if I can, I am in a policy level here, I am
    an old history teacher so the specifics sometimes are mind-
    boggling. What I am trying to come up with is simply what our
    policy decisions ought to be. So if you could just tell me, you
    know, the recent Red Flag exercises you had, did the F-35 meet
    your expectations or did they exceed those expectations?
        General Bogdan. I will tell you, Congressman, from a
    program director's perspective, those results far exceeded my
    expectations. The idea that 13 airplanes could have a mission-
    capable rate of above 90 percent and they could fly 207
    missions out of 226 and the only missions that they lost were
    due to weather or other reasons, with none lost to maintenance.
    At this point in the program where we only have 200 airplanes
    out there and we only have 73,000 hours of fleet time, which is
    about only 25 percent to 30 percent on the way to full airplane
    maturity, tells me that this airplane is just getting better
    and better and better, day in and day out.
        Mr. Bishop. Which becomes extremely significant, as our
    colleague from Florida mentioned. When we send the warriors out
    into battle, I don't want it to be a fair fight. That should
    not be our policy decision. And the value of a life is a
    significant component that can't be placed in simple dollars-
    and-cents terms, and that is why it is simply important that
    this generation of fighter becomes so much more significant
    than the fourth generation, because we are talking about real
    people here.
        When you also mention the death spiral, as far as
    budgeting, that happens if we decide to cut spending. If we
    just do a continuing resolution, though, that simply moves the
    spending to the right and postpones it; is that having the same
    impact as if we actually authorize some kind of cut to it?
        General Bogdan. A continuing resolution in FY 2017 for the
    program is not as harmful as if it were going to last a very
    long time. And what I mean by that is right now I am in the
    throes of negotiating our lot 11 airplanes. It is 120
    airplanes, that is FY 2017. In the continuing resolution, I am
    not allowed and not authorized to spend any more money than I
    did in FY 2016 or buy any more of the airplanes than I bought
    in 2016. So right now my hands are tied when it comes to
    negotiating lot 10.
        Mr. Bishop. So what we need to do is making sure that that
    could have the same impact as simply doing an outright cut to
    your program.
        General Bogdan. Yes, sir, it does.
        Mr. Bishop. Let me hit a couple other things. Look, you
    have talked also about the cost per unit. And this is a great
    aircraft, although I have to admit the B still looks like a
    1957 Chevy. But other than that, it is still a great program
    here. If you can recall when I was young and we were doing the
    F-16s, how many were we producing a year?
        Do you recall at the high point of that production what the
    number was?
        General Bogdan. I do not recall that, sir. I know it was
    more than 100.
        Mr. Bishop. I bet you weren't doing 43 a year back.
        General Bogdan. No, we were doing a lot more than that.
        Mr. Bishop. And the cost per unit still goes up, the
    smaller that is, that number, that lot is that takes place.
        General Bogdan. Correct.
        Mr. Bishop. Can I ask another question? When do we need to
    start working on the sixth generation?
        General Harris. Sir, we started that long ago.
        Mr. Bishop. Which is another reason why we have to have the
    fifth in production and use it quickly.
        General Harris. Sir, I would say that part of our
    termination of the F-35 program will deal partially with the
    numbers and the rates we are able to buy them, how fast we can
    get to the end, but also that we have another fighter available
    for procurement. The Air Force needs to be procuring more than
    100 fighters a year with the 1,900-plus that we have now to
    replace them. Because right now the average Air Force fighter
    is 27 years old and that is a classic if we were automobiles in
    several States.
        Mr. Bishop. I will just do this in the 10 seconds I have
    got left. If there is an overrun on the next lot, who bears
    that burden? And is that different than in the first lot that
    came if there is an overrun?
        General Bogdan. Absolutely. If there is an overrun in the
    target cost of the lot of airplanes, that is born 100 percent
    by industry because the contracts we now negotiate with them on
    the top end of this are their responsibility and their risk.
        Mr. Bishop. And is that different from the first lot?
        General Bogdan. Yes, that is different from the first four
    lots of airplanes. We started that in lot five when I first
    came on the program to balance that risk, sir.
        Mr. Bishop. Thank you. I yield back.
        Mr. Turner. Representative Wittman.
        Mr. Wittman. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
        Gentlemen, thank you so much for joining us today. And,
    again, thank you for your service to our Nation.
        Lieutenant General Davis, I want to begin with you. You
    have spoken very eloquently about the F-35B and its
    capabilities. You did recently talk about the ramp rate for the
    F-35B, saying that it is anemic. Give me your perspective on
    where you think the ramp rate needs to be on F-35B procurement.
    And before you begin that, I just want to echo that you have an
    exceptional marine there in Major Glines. Go ahead.
        General Davis. I know that, sir. Thanks very much for the
    question. I will tell you, the ramp rate right now has been
    anemic and it is manifesting itself that we are keeping our
    legacy platforms going longer. And frankly, we have got some
    inventory challenges out there on the flight line that are very
    difficult to address.
        We are, with your help, we are basically pushing the
    numbers back up. But we won't recover our full readiness until
    some time in the future for what we need to do our job as a
    Marine Corps the way we need to do it. So right now the ramp
    rate is anemic.
        We think, in talking with Lockheed Martin, that if we could
    get a few more a year we would actually be able to sundown our
    entire fourth-generation fleet of F-18s and Harriers by 2026.
    That cuts about $2 billion worth of operating costs versus
    sustaining old airplanes that are not giving us the readiness
    we really need. They are tried-and-true, but it is like trying
    to get me--I did a marathon last year, sir. My first marathon,
    I was able to go out and walk around after. This last marathon,
    I had to lay still for a couple of days. And we are seeing that
    with some of our older airplanes. But we think, like, this
    year, I think, we are 16, 20, 20, 20, 21 for the F-35s. We
    think we could go to 19, 23, 23, 23, 31 and get a max
    production rate of 37 aircrafts in 23.
        That pulls all that left and basically gets us out of the
    old metal earlier and gives our marines that capability they
    need to go fight our Nation's battle and collapses our
    readiness challenge in a significant way.
        Mr. Wittman. Very good, our job is to authorize and fund
    that.
        Rear Admiral Miller, I want to elaborate even more on where
    the Navy is. Admiral Moran, the Vice CNO [Chief of Naval
    Operations], came in the other day, talked about availability
    of F-18 aircraft, obviously very, very problematic. I asked
    Lieutenant General Davis about the ramp rate for F-35 for the
    Marine Corps. If the F-35 ramp rate for the Marine Corps is
    anemic, then I would say that the ramp rate for the Navy, the
    ramp rate has no pulse.
        The question is, if we have these F-35 aircraft that have
    these exceptional capabilities that we need up there in the air
    that perform exceptionally, you had some recent tests of F-35
    on the carrier, success there in those tests. This year we are
    on track to purchase two F-35s in the Navy.
        Give me your perspective on how we have this seeming
    dichotomy, an exceptional aircraft the F-35, and what it can
    do. We have unavailability of current Navy inventory of F-18
    aircraft. How do we bridge that gap? How do we make the right
    decisions to get to where we need to be?
        Admiral Miller. Yes, sir. I think you accurately depicted
    our current situation. First off, on the tests out at sea, we
    had some discussion earlier about Red Flag and that, for us, it
    was taking F-35C out to sea on USS George Washington. Very
    successful, we learned an awful lot.
        But the one thing that really jumps out at you from a
    carrier aviator perspective: 152 arrested landings, 100 percent
    boarding rate. And this was bringing fleet pilots, our FRS
    [fleet replacement squadron] instructors out there. Pretty
    unheard of, zero bolters and zero ``1'' wires. So it does give
    us, you know, quite excitement for that. So we are working a
    balance.
        We need to address the bulk of our fleet right now. We have
    four F-18 squadrons in every single one of our nine carrier air
    wings. And the availability is as the vice chief described it,
    so we have to get after that. A lot of different levers, of
    which one is depot throughput, the other is really the enabler
    accounts, your spares accounts, your PRE [program related
    equipment] and PRL [program related logistics] accounts that
    work tech pubs and updates to manuals and that sort of stuff,
    has been underfunded for many years and now we are starting to
    see the results of that.
        So what do we need to do? We have to properly fund and
    start recovering that readiness of our existing F-18 fleet
    today.
        Some of that, one of those--and then procurement is really
    another lever to pull. So I would contend that we need to, and
    our budget has asked for, at least through the unfunded
    priority list, additional F-18s to start applying towards that
    readiness.
        As we ramp up, we are in a little different position than
    the Air Force and the Marine Corps with respect to F-35. Our
    first squadron doesn't start training until next year, and then
    we don't deploy until 2021. So we need to do that in a fashion
    such that we have the maintenance throughput, such that all of
    the systems on the ship, USS Carl Vinson, that is going to
    support that first deployment, that air-ship integration is
    fully in place.
        So our ramp rate right now, even if you seriously changed
    it, would I have that throughput and what would that difference
    be. So I think for right now, our near-term focus is on the F-
    18 readiness issue that we have. And probably in the out-years,
    that is where all of a sudden we may have some opportunity to
    adjust that rheostat and change that ramp rate.
        Mr. Wittman. All right. Very good. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
    I yield back.
        Mr. Turner. Mr. Langevin.
        Mr. Langevin. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
        I want to thank our witnesses for your testimony today and
    we thank you all for your great service to our Nation.
        Let me say, it is a pleasure to be a part of the
    subcommittee for the first time during my tenure on the Armed
    Services Committee. And I certainly look forward to working
    with you, Mr. Chairman, and our ranking member. I congratulate
    our ranking member for assuming her position in this role and,
    of course, the other members of this subcommittee.
        So, General Harris and General Bogdan, I come from the
    Emerging Threats and Capabilities Subcommittee where I serve as
    the ranking member, where cybersecurity is one of our higher
    priorities. So, many have been critical of cybersecurity
    inadequacies within the F-35 program. And I understand that the
    technology advancements in fifth-generation fighters will be
    operating on a netted enterprise that will rely upon advanced
    systems for data links, target mapping systems, and C2 [command
    and control] that could be vulnerable to cyberattacks.
        So obviously, it is imperative that we understand the
    cybersecurity requirements for fifth-generation and beyond
    fighter programs in order to avoid further cost impacts,
    schedule delays, and possible cyber intrusions or
    vulnerabilities.
        To this effect, last year section 1649 of the NDAA required
    an evaluation of cyber vulnerabilities in the F-35 aircraft and
    support systems. Can you explain how the current version of the
    F-35 software addresses security vulnerabilities found in
    previous versions? Do known vulnerabilities from previous
    software versions remain unpatched? And are there mitigation
    techniques for vulnerabilities that remain, whether inherited
    from previous iterations or new to the current version?
        General.
        General Bogdan. As I said before, Congressman, if you look
    at the airplane itself, I think you will find that the
    architecture of the airplane, when it was designed early on,
    was, foremost in our mind was that we were going to export this
    airplane and other people were going to use it. Therefore, when
    we built the airframe itself, we ensured that there were things
    on the airplane that were protected.
        I have no doubt in my mind, given the testing that we have
    done so far, that those safeguards on the airplane are working
    well. And the OT community today is doing the penetration
    testing and the vulnerability testing on the airplane itself.
    And those reports, when completed, we will make available to
    the Congress. They would not be publicly able to be seen, we
    would have to do that in another place.
        But as I said, the bigger problem that we see is on our
    off-board systems that are connected to various networks. And
    when the system was originally designed, the maintenance system
    and the mission planning system on this airplane, we didn't
    know what we didn't know about the threats. And the threat
    cyber-wise continues to evolve day in and day out. So it is
    sometimes a catch-up game for us to be able to recognize what
    the current threats can do and figure out a way to get that
    into our systems.
        Mr. Langevin. Do we know, do you know if known
    vulnerabilities from previous software versions remain
    unpatched?
        General Bogdan. I will tell you that there are
    vulnerabilities in the system today that we know about that we
    are trying to fix. Can we fix them all at once with the flip of
    a switch? The answer is no. But we put other mitigation
    strategies in place to ensure that that vulnerability doesn't
    become a risk or a problem, additional inspections, where we
    use the system, how we use the system. But it is a true
    statement that today there are vulnerabilities that exist that
    we are trying to fix.
        Mr. Langevin. Okay. General Harris, do you have anything to
    add?
        General Harris. Sir, I would also add that with cyber, all
    vulnerabilities generally go down to the weakest link, which
    means a lot of times it is our young men and women that are
    working on the airplane or plugging into it with something. So
    it comes back partially to training and making sure they
    understand the process and procedures they can follow and that
    social media and other things have no place in this type of an
    environment.
        Mr. Langevin. On that particular point, I believe we must
    consistently ask how warfighters are training and building
    confidence with advanced technologies that they are going to be
    using. And while I am new to this subcommittee, I believe that
    general principle holds true across disciplines. So how are we
    doing as far as pilots getting training hours to become
    confident in their abilities inside the aircraft before they
    take to the skies in combat scenarios?
        General Harris. Sir, we are doing well on that. We are
    working through the simulated environment to make sure that
    they get that training before the first sortie and that is
    actually part of the congressional help that we had at Luke Air
    Force Base, standing up the simulators and the facilities.
        The team is doing extremely well, the maintainers and the
    tech training, so that by the time they go out and complete
    their training, whether it is as an operator or maintainer, the
    results speak for themselves at Red Flag; 92 percent MC
    [mission capable] rates are better than we are seeing across
    any other fighter fleet.
        Mr. Langevin. Thank you, General.
        Mr. Chairman, I would hope that the report that General
    Bogdan referred to, once it is available, will be forwarded to
    the committee so we understand the cyber vulnerabilities that
    haven't been addressed or still remain. And I have some other
    questions I would like to submit for the record if possible.
    With that I yield back.
        Mr. Turner. Great. Thank you. Well, Representative
    Langevin, you have been a great advocate on the issue of cyber
    so we appreciate your comments.
        With unanimous consent, I recognize Doug Lamborn.
        Mr. Lamborn. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, for letting me join
    this important hearing.
        I am a strong supporter of the F-35 program. Fifth-
    generation capabilities are essential to our Nation's defense.
    I do remain concerned about the pilot escape system, especially
    the ejection seat. So I have a few questions on that. And I am
    not sure who to direct this to specifically. Okay.
        Thank you, General.
        As you know, the Air Force discovered that pilots who weigh
    less than 136 pounds were at high risk of severe injury or
    death during ejection. The program review last year by the
    director of operational test and evaluation from OSD stated,
    quote, ``The extent to which the risk has been reduced for
    lighter-weight pilots by the modifications to the escape system
    and helmet is still to be determined by a safety analysis of
    the test data,'' unquote. So that is what I am going to pursue.
        So first of all, how many tests to date have you done to
    qualify the Martin-Baker ejection seat for the F-35?
        General Bogdan. Multiple different kinds of tests, but if
    you are talking about the actual no-kidding, shooting the
    ejection seat with a dummy in it to check, I believe we have
    done on the order of about 19 to 23 tests.
        And we are completed now with all of those tests. The last
    few tests that we did over the last 5 or 6 months included the
    three fixes that were necessary to reduce the risk of those
    lightweight pilots in an ejection scenario. The first of those
    fixes was a lighter helmet, and we have built those lighter
    helmets and have them now.
        The second was a sequencer switch on the seat that could be
    selected by the pilot if he is a lightweight pilot or
    heavyweight pilot. And that reduces the opening shock on
    ejection.
        And the third is a head support panel that is placed on the
    risers so that when the parachute does come out during
    ejection, the pilot's head cannot be snapped back. All three of
    those fixes were designed, all three of those fixes are now
    tested, all three of those fixes are now getting ready to be
    cut into production.
        The one last test I have to do for the entire ejection seat
    system is put all of those together and fire electrons at it to
    make sure our triple, we call it triple E testing, triple E
    testing is done. That testing is scheduled in March, sir.
        As soon as those tests are complete, we will have all the
    reports necessary to hand to the services so that they can make
    the determination that the risk has been reduced enough to
    lower the weight of the pilots.
        We are not waiting for that. We are now putting the kits
    together to retrofit all the airplanes out there with the
    lighter helmets, with the helmet support, and with the switch
    so that if the services give us the okay in April we will start
    modifying airplanes.
        The data that I have seen so far, and it is not the final
    data, indicates that we have reduced the risk not only for
    lighter pilots, but all pilots in the F-35 from a problem with
    neck loads with these three fixes, and that is an improvement
    across all of the pilot population. And we will be able to
    remove that restriction down to 103 pounds. But it just took
    some time to get it done and now we are getting it done.
        Mr. Lamborn. And I know that there is another model out
    there or available. And I want to really be making sure that we
    compare the risk of what is currently in place versus the
    alternative model that is available to make sure we are not
    having unacceptable risk to our highly trained and valuable
    pilots.
        General Bogdan. And we agree with that. When we did
    originally pick the Martin-Baker seat over an ACES [Advanced
    Concept Ejection Seat] seat, that risk was done. In 2010, the
    U.S. Air Force did a second look to make sure that the Martin-
    Baker seat was the right seat and they did it.
        But notwithstanding all of that, with the three fixes we
    have had to make, the Air Force has sent me direction that they
    want me to relook once again to make sure that the Martin-Baker
    seat is fully capable of protecting our pilots as best we can
    and compare that to what a future ACES seat would look like. We
    are in the process of doing that right now.
        Mr. Lamborn. Thank you. I am glad, glad to hear that.
        General Bogdan. We are doing that right now.
        Mr. Lamborn. And a couple background questions real quick
    before my time is up. What is the total cost to the program
    that has been incurred because of all this 19 to 23 tests and
    the future test you are talking about?
        General Bogdan. Zero. When the problems with this occurred,
    we went back to industry and said we believe that we have given
    you enough time and enough money to design the seat
    appropriately. Therefore, any changes that have to be made in
    the engineering, the retrofitting, and the production cut-in
    are to be borne by industry and not the government, and they
    agreed.
        So right now the U.S. Government is not paying for any of
    those fixes, sir.
        Mr. Lamborn. Okay, thank you. Mr. Chairman, I yield back.
        Mr. Turner. Gentlemen, we have come to the end of the
    hearing. I wanted to give you an opportunity if any of you have
    additional comments for the questions that have been asked or
    for information you think would be important for this
    committee. I want to give you the opportunity to take this
    opportunity. Any additional comments?
        General Bogdan. Sir, I just want to thank the committee for
    your continued oversight. I have been on the program for almost
    5 years. I have a tremendous working relationship with your
    staffs and I appreciate that. We try and be as open and as
    transparent as we can. We understand you have a tough job to
    do.
        I will tell you this is not the same program it was many
    years ago. And we appreciate the support that this committee
    has given to the F-35 program. Thank you, sir.
        Mr. Turner. Great, thank you. And with that we will be
    adjourned.
        [Whereupon, at 10:53 a.m., the subcommittee was adjourned.]

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                                A P P E N D I X

                               February 16, 2017

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                  PREPARED STATEMENTS SUBMITTED FOR THE RECORD

                               February 16, 2017

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                  QUESTIONS SUBMITTED BY MEMBERS POST HEARING

                               February 16, 2017

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                       QUESTIONS SUBMITTED BY MR. TURNER

        Mr. Turner. We have read a lot that SDD may not complete by the end
    of October of this year. Can you give this committee the ground truth
    as where we are with completing SDD? And why is your estimate to
    complete so much lower than what DOT&E has said?
        General Bogdan. The completion of System Development and
    Demonstration (SDD) will be event driven. The JPO/Industry team will
    continue SDD until the full Block 3F capability is delivered to the
    warfighter. There is no intention of truncating the program on any
    specific calendar date or at some pre-determined budget-level. There
    are two important milestones associated with the closeout of this phase
    of the program: Completion of SDD flight test and the delivery of the
    full Block 3F capability.
        Completing SDD Flight Test: The original 2011 re-baselined Program
    of Record showed flight testing ending on 31 October 2017. The JPO has
    always believed there is 3 to 4 months of risk to this completion date,
    putting the end of SDD flight test in February 2018. However, the
    Department has directed the JPO to maintain the resources necessary to
    continue flight testing to May 2018 if necessary. The JPO's risk-
    adjusted date of 31 January 2018 is the result of a number of flight
    test delays experienced in the past 2 years including the 2014 F-35
    engine fire and the Block 3i software stability issues which delayed
    Block 3F flight testing. We are confident flight testing will be
    completed in January 2018.
        Delivering Full Block 3F Capability: The delivery of the full
    capability for all 3 variants falls within the original 2011
    Acquisition Program Baseline dates with the exception of the B-model
    envelope expansion to 1.6 Mach.

                                            Full Block 3F Capability Delivery
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                2011 Post Nunn-McCurdy APB Dates                                 Current Estimate
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                             F-35A: October 2017 (w/o AIM-9X)
    Objective: August 2017                                         November 2017 (w/ AIM-9X)
                                                             F-35B: November 2017 (1.3 Mach)
                                                                   May 2018 (1.6 Mach)
    Threshold: February 2018                                 F-35C: January 2018 (1.3 Mach)
                                                                   February 2018 (1.6 Mach)
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        SDD Cost-to-Complete: The remaining SDD work is estimated to cost
    $2.3 billion which includes an additional $532 million above the
    current funded program. The additional funding is needed due to several
    factors. First, there were additional requirements added to the
    programduring SDD (e.g., deployable ALIS, mandated program security
    changes, mandated aircraft cyber security changes) which were never
    paid for at the time they were executed. These new requirements totaled
    $165 million. Secondly, DOD removed $100 million from SDD funding in
    prior years to pay other higher priority bills and this money was never
    restored to the Program's baseline SDD budget. Finally, a shortfall of
    approximately $267 million was caused by unforeseen events, such as the
    2014 engine fire and the delay to Block 3F testing while the Program
    improved Block 3i software stability and fusion issues; both of these
    issues resulted in added schedule and cost to the completion of SDD.
    The $265 million of ``payback'' along with the $267 million due to
    unforeseen events resulted in a need for an additional $532 million.
    This money as mentioned above will be sourced from inside the F-35
    Program using management reserve, unearned fee, and the savings
    resulting from negotiating lower costs on various contracts. In
    addition, use of this internal funding will result in no impact to any
    other DOD programs or the Services/DOD's budget requirements.
    Additionally, as mentioned previously the Department has directed the
    JPO to maintain the resources necessary to continue SDD flight testing
    to May 2018. Should flight testing beyond February 2018 to May 2018 be
    necessary the JPO will hold $100 million of Follow-on-Modernization
    (FOM) funding in fiscal year (FY) 2018 to pay for this added flight
    testing.
        In response to DOT&E's assessment and recommendations on SDD
    completion and cost, the JPO's estimate incorporates schedule and cost
    savings/avoidance brought about by a disciplined process to identify
    No-Longer-Required (NLR) test points based on previous results and
    implementation of an improved, more rapid software deficiency
    resolution process. The F-35 program will continue to implement these
    disciplined processes in close coordination with the Operational Test,
    Developmental Test and operational user community and is committed to
    correcting all deficiencies that the Services and Partners deem
    necessary to fix. Based on progress to date, we are confident both SDD
    Flight Test Completion and Delivering Full Block 3F Capability
    milestones will meet the above schedule.
        As a final note on the SDD budget, it is important to look back to
    the 2011 Rebaselined Program and compare today's cost estimate to
    complete SDD with the cost controls put in place after the Nunn-McCurdy
    Breach. The following table makes this comparison.

                                                    SDD Cost Baseline
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                  2011 Post Nunn-McCurdy 2011                                    Current Estimate
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Objective: $13.9 B (50% probability)                     $13.9 B
    Threshold: $15.1 B                                       delta = $267 M (discoveries)
                                                             Total = $14.2 B
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        As the chart indicates, the Program has remained within $267
    million (2.1%) of the 2011 Objective Budget Estimate and well below the
    Threshold Budget Estimate, indicating that the fiscal discipline and
    cost control measures executed by the Department have been effective.
        Mr. Turner. What is the JPO and industry doing to adjust to a
    potential increase in production demand, a ramp up if you will?
        General Bogdan. The JPO and Industry have been anticipating and
    preparing for the ramp to full rate production since re-baselining the
    program in 2011. Industry capacity and infrastructure to support peak
    production are assessed annually through joint Production Readiness
    Reviews (PRRs), as well as industry-led capacity deep dives. The next
    increment of PRRs is set to be conducted from 2nd Quarter 2017 through
    1st Quarter 2018. Lockheed Martin's assembly operations, as well as 27
    key suppliers, will be assessed.
        F-35 final assembly facilities and their suppliers have for the
    most part established an infrastructure and manufacturing footprint
    that will support full rate production. The focus now and in the
    immediate future is adding the tools and additional skilled workforce
    necessary to fully leverage the infrastructure that is in place. Key
    enablers that we are executing to support the ramp to full rate
    production include:
          Stabilizing the F-35's design: This supports more
    efficient production, with less disruptions from product definition and
    manufacturing changes;
          Issuing timely contract awards: This enables assembly and
    fabrication operations to begin with adequate lead times and focus on
    timely deliveries;
          Improving Tooling and Manufacturing Technologies: This
    enables improved quality, reduced span times, increased production
    efficiency, and better schedule adherence; and
          Maximizing Dual or Alternate Sourcing: This reduces
    single point failures in the supply chain, as well as provides
    competition that can be leveraged for improved affordability.
        Rate readiness will continue to be evaluated to validate capacity
    and identify and mitigate risks in transitioning to full rate
    production. The JPO is confident that the Government-Industry team can
    execute the current production ramp up plan.
        Mr. Turner. The F-35's Autonomic Logistics Information System or
    ALIS has been challenged and in some cases lacking. General Bogdan,
    when do you expect to deliver the full capability of ALIS 2.0.2 and
    what steps has the program taken to improve the delivery performance?
        General Bogdan. The F-35 JPO agrees that the Autonomic Logistics
    Information System or ALIS has been a challenge. The System is
    improving and providing good capability to the field; however, there is
    still more work to be done. The System is a ``first of its kind'' for
    maintenance and logistics management within DOD.
        Improving Performance: Recognizing we needed to do a better job
    with ALIS development, the JPO/Industry team took these measures:
          First, we created an ALIS Operational Representative
    Environment (ORE) at Edwards Air Force Base in California. The ALIS ORE
    functions as the test platform for ALIS that allows us to test ALIS in
    a more operationally relevant environment.
          Second, industry has added additional software expertise
    to its team.
          Finally, from an operational perspective, as ALIS
    supported Development Test and Operational Test events ashore and
    afloat, we took the lessons learned from the deployability
    demonstrations and incorporated them into an ALIS Deployment Guide
        Expected Delivery: The next version of ALIS, version 2.0.2, is
    complete. This version of ALIS combines the management of F135 engine
    maintenance within ALIS and tracks all the life-limited parts on each
    and every F-35 aircraft. Our original estimate was that ALIS 2.0.2
    would be fielded in December 2016. The software was installed at Nellis
    Air Force Base in Nevada on 23-26 March and is performing well. The
    deployment plan for all sites has been established and we are executing
    to that plan. All operational sites will transition to ALIS 2.0.2 by
    the end of October 2017.
        Mr. Turner. Last year when you appeared before this committee, the
    F-35 development program was experiencing challenges with the
    software's stability. Can you give us an update on this and let us know
    if this issue persists?
        General Bogdan. Let me begin by first characterizing the software
    stability challenges and what we were seeing a year ago. At the time,
    we had both Block 3i and Block 3F mission software in flight test and
    we were experiencing instability in the sensors--particularly the
    radar--leading it to shut off and ``reboot'' in flight. This was
    occurring about once every 4 hours of flying, far below where we wanted
    it to be--once every 8 to 10 hours.
        We did two things to work through this:
          First, I suspended all Block 3F mission systems flight
    testing so we could apply all our energy and resources on Block 3i, the
    software version we needed to support the Air Force's Initial Operating
    Capability, and the software that formed the foundation of Block 3F.
          Second, we assembled a team of Government and Industry
    experts--A Software Red Team--to dig into this and identify the root
    cause and make recommendations to improve our software development and
    test process.
        Today the Block 2B and 3i mission software is exceeding initial
    estimates in terms of stability. The Block 2B software experiences a
    software stability event once every 29 flight hours and Block 3i
    experiences a software stability event once every 25 flight hours.
    These are the software versions that our U.S. Marines and Airmen are
    flying with in their operational combat-coded F-35s. These stability
    measures are considered excellent when compared to our original
    stability starting points and when compared to legacy aircraft that
    have far less complex software systems.
        The F-35's Block 3F software is more complex than Block 3i so we
    anticipated having to work through a learning curve--test, fix, and
    verify. We initially were seeing a software stability event once every
    5 flight hours and now we're seeing that improve. The current Block 3F
    software that is in flight test is well above the 10 hour goal showing
    us a stability event once every 22 hours. While this is encouraging,
    we're not ready to claim victory yet. We need to do a lot more testing
    and get a lot more flight hours with this software before we say with
    certainty that it's as stable as Blocks 2B and 3i.
        Mr. Turner. Another area you discussed with us last year is the
    technical challenges with the F-35's ejection seat system. Please share
    with the committee what progress the program has made in resolving this
    and what if anything remains to be done?
        General Bogdan. The F-35 ejection seat/escape system is not only
    the safest we have today but provides protection for the widest range
    of pilots--from 103 pounds to 245 pounds--of any ejection system ever
    built. During the summer of 2015, the F-35 Government and Industry team
    became aware of an issue with the F-35 ejection seat/escape system that
    led to, in August 2015, the U.S. Services and International Partners
    restricting F-35 pilots weighing less than 136 pounds from operating
    the F-35 after safe escape tests indicated the potential for increased
    risk of injury to this pilot population.
        Expert teams from the U.S. Services, Joint Program Office, and
    industry developed and tested three technical solutions that when in
    place will reduce the risk of neck injury to all pilots and will
    eliminate the restriction to any pilot population. These solutions
    include:
          A head support panel between the rear parachute risers
    that prevents neck over-extension; ? A pilot-selectable weight switch
    to reduce opening parachute loads; and
          A lighter F-35 helmet.
        Test data indicates that these fixes have made all pilots safer if
    they have to eject from an F-35 and have reduced neck loads
    sufficiently to allow the smallest lightest pilots (103 lbs.) to fly
    the F-35. All testing has been completed and the F-35 Joint Program
    Office (JPO) System Safety team has provided its recommendation to the
    U.S. Services to remove pilot restrictions. The JPO expects to begin
    retrofit of fielded aircraft in April, pending final Service approval.
    The production cut in of these fixes is our Lot 10 aircraft.
        Mr. Turner. What is the optimal ramp rate for F-35 procurement for
    the Marine Corps?
        General Davis. An optimal F-35B ramp for Marine Aviation, across
    the FYDP would be 20, 23, 23, 23, 30 and up to 37 in 2023, increasing
    to full rate production outside the FYDP until we complete our program
    of record. This gets us out of legacy aircraft and into new aircraft
    faster, saves money in procurement spending, avoids the increasing O&S
    costs of legacy platforms, and eliminates redundancies by modernizing
    from the current three legacy aircraft into the Joint Strike Fighter.
        Mr. Turner. How could F-35 help with strike/fighter readiness?
        General Davis. The Marine Corps has a very different readiness
    model when compared to the other services. We are small in size, but
    are required to maintain a constant state of high readiness. As the
    ``Nation's Force in Readiness,'' the answer to our tactical aircraft
    readiness challenges lies in the recapitalization of our legacy fleet,
    a process currently flowed out over the next 14 years, completing in
    2030. The average age of any Harrier or Hornet in the Marine Corps is
    22 years. The oldest Harrier in the inventory is 28 years old. The
    oldest C and D Hornets in the inventory are pushing 30 years, built
    just after Apple rolled out the first personal computer. These aircraft
    will be well into their 40s at the end of the transition. While these
    aircraft have met the call of duty and performed brilliantly in battle,
    maintaining aging legacy platforms is a challenge that costs more over
    time, especially with today's high operational tempo. Transitioning the
    fleet from legacy into F-35 as fast as prudently possible is the only
    way to ensure tactical readiness for future demands.
        Mr. Turner. How confident are you in F-35's capability to deploy?
        General Davis. I am extremely confident in the capability of this
    aircraft to deploy and perform while deployed, as demonstrated by VMFA-
    121's deployment to PACOM in January 2017. The F-35B has proven itself
    ready to deploy through operational and developmental testing,
    participating in numerous large scale exercises, and conducting fleet
    operations. These efforts rigorously tested the ability of F-35 to move
    from a main base to an expeditionary site and then sustain simulated
    full spectrum combat operations. Whether aboard ship (OT-1, DT-3), or
    while conducting operations from austere environments such as the
    Strategic Expeditionary Landing Field in 29 Palms, Ca (Exercise Agile
    Lightning), F-35 met the operational mark. The aircraft performed
    exceptionally well during high end, large scale exercises; to include
    achieving never before seen results in the demanding scenarios of our
    weapons school (Weapons and Tactics Instructor Course) and the United
    State Air Force sponsored Red Flag Exercise. The aircraft is ready to
    rapidly deploy anywhere in the world; in the last 7 months it has flown
    across both the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Finally, we know it is
    ready to deploy because we've already done it. VMFA-121 just completed
    their squadron's permanent change of station (PCS) from MCAS Yuma, Az
    to Iwakuni, Japan and they are now firmly established overseas
    conducting operations.
        Mr. Turner. What kind of feedback have you received from your F-35
    pilots in regards to performance?
        General Davis. They love the aircraft. Our conversion pilots tell
    us they are more lethal and more survivable and wouldn't go back. Our
    newest generation of pilots is performing at levels previously occupied
    solely by legacy instructor pilots. The future is very bright. We are
    getting feedback from our pilots of unprecedented performance at our
    premier weapons school and during joint exercises. The confidence our
    pilots have in the aircraft is unprecedented and is well founded in the
    demonstrated leap forward in effectiveness and efficiency of the F-35B.
        Mr. Turner. Do you believe the amphibious fleet is ready to host
    the F-35?
        General Davis. Absolutely. The LHA/LHD modernization schedule is
    on-track with the Wasp and Essex on timeline to make their upcoming MEU
    sail dates with F-35B aboard ship. The level of effort the USN has put
    forth to ensuring their ships and personnel are prepared, trained, and
    equipped to support F-35 operations has been great. F-35 conducted very
    successful test events at sea, to include operating 12 F-35Bs aboard
    the USS America during DT-3. Feedback from both OT-1 aboard the USS
    Wasp and DT-3 aboard the USS America has been very positive with F-35
    meeting or exceeding every major milestone. The Navy and Marine Corps
    team has come together in two large format wargames to prepare for the
    upcoming deployment: the Ship Sustainment Working Group and the First
    Deployment Initiative. These two efforts addressed everything from what
    equipment we are going to bring aboard ship, to how we are going to
    conduct operations, to how we are going to sustain the aircraft while
    deployed. The result of all of this effort and preparation is going to
    be a more lethal, more ready, more prepared Navy/Marine Corps team when
    the ships sail next year with F-35 aboard.
        Mr. Turner. The Navy has always said that their requirement is to
    have a combination or mix of 4th gen and 5th gen aircraft. Based on the
    current assessment that the Navy is doing in regards to the SECDEF
    directive, will the Navy's requirement for F-35C variants remain at 260
    aircraft?
        Admiral Miller. The Department of the Navy requires 340 F-35C
    aircraft. Based on detailed campaign analysis, the Navy plans to field
    a 50/50 mix of 4th and 5th generation Strike Fighters represented by
    the F/A-18E/F and the F-35C. This provides our Carrier Strike Groups
    the capability and capacity to meet any threat. Each of our nine
    Carrier Air Wings (CVWs) has four Strike Fighter Squadrons. Two of each
    of these four squadrons will be F-35C squadrons. There will be a total
    requirement of 18 F-35C squadrons. The remaining aircraft inventory
    represents training assets, aircraft out of reporting due to deep
    maintenance, modifications, and attrition. If the force requirement
    grows, this requirement would increase. The Navy and Marine Corps
    current TACAIR Integration Agreement (TAI) requires the Navy to field
    14 F-35C squadrons and the USMC to field four squadrons. This
    represents a mix of 273/67 aircraft.
        Mr. Turner. We have been told about high-end warfare and near-peer
    competitors. What do you envision as the primary role of the F-35C in
    the air wing of the future, and how will it create an effective
    advantage over the most advanced threats you anticipate the Navy will
    face?
        Admiral Miller. The F-35C will form the backbone of the Carrier Air
    Wing of the future. The F-35C complements the Navy's tactical fighter
    fleet and through continuous improvements in both fourth and fifth
    generation aircraft, ensures the Carrier Strike Group (CSG) is capable
    of projecting U.S. power and deterring potential adversaries. The F-35C
    brings fifth generation capability to the Carrier Air Wing. The F-35C's
    stealth characteristics, long-range combat identification and ability
    to penetrate threat envelopes while fusing multiple information sources
    into a coherent picture will transform the CSG decision superiority. By
    combining the correct mix of fourth and fifth generation strike fighter
    aircraft, the Navy will have the capability and capacity to accomplish
    the full spectrum of mission requirements including immediate response
    to high-end threats.
        Mr. Turner. The F-35 program has seen its share of cost and
    schedule growth over the last two decades. Given the Navy's roadmap to
    IOC and planned first deployment, how confident are you in the Navy's
    plan and current status of integrating the F-35 into the fleet and
    deploying it with full warfighting capability?
        Admiral Miller. The United States Navy is very confident with its
    plan to integrate F-35C into the Carrier Air Wing and deploy as
    scheduled in 2021 in the 3F software configuration. The 3F software
    configuration will provide the full warfighting capability against the
    current threat. F-35C integration efforts are well underway. The Navy
    has captured and applied lessons learned, from both an operational and
    maintenance perspective, following three Developmental Test (DT) events
    on active Aircraft Carriers at sea. The Navy is also leveraging lessons
    learned from USMC F-35B Air-Ship-Integration (ASI) efforts.
        Mr. Turner. Recently, there was a significant developmental test
    conducted flying the F-35C onboard a carrier. We heard it was a
    success. Obviously, this testing is exclusive to the Navy. Can you
    describe the Navy unique requirements that must be met to integrate the
    F-35C onto a carrier?
        Admiral Miller. The Navy has three unique requirements that must be
    met in order to integrate the F-35C into the Carrier Air Wing (CVW) and
    Carrier Strike Group (CSG). These requirements include:
        (1) Completion of a Carrier Suitability (CS) assessment during
    System Development and Demonstration (SDD).
        (2) Refinement of the F-35C's Global Support Solution (GSS) to
    ensure effective and efficient logistics and sustainment at sea.
        (3) Demonstration that the F-35C is tactically integrated and
    interoperable with all Carrier Strike Group assets and required
    networks.
        Amplification of each of these requirements is provided below:
        (1) F-35C Carrier Suitability assessment is planned during the
    afloat phase of Initial Operational Test and Evaluation (IOT&E) in
    2018. This assessment examines all phases of flight operations and
    maintenance activities. The Navy plans to use this assessment to
    identify any challenges that must be overcome prior to the first
    planned deployment in 2021.
        (2) The GSS represents an entirely new approach to supply and
    aircraft sustainment at sea (compared to legacy Navy aircraft). GSS is
    based on a complex system that shares resources between all logistical
    support stakeholders. The Navy has a dedicated team of logistics and
    sustainment professionals working directly with the Joint Program
    Office to ensure the GSS is able to meet all Navy requirements.
        (3) The F-35C must demonstrate it is tactically integrated and
    interoperable with all Carrier Strike Group assets and required
    networks. Although not fully addressed here, this includes
    collaborative mission planning, in-flight mission specific requirements
    and post mission information dissemination. The Navy continues to
    develop the infrastructure and ``Command and Control'' (C2) required to
    meet these battlespace awareness and mission execution requirements the
    F-35C will provide.
        Mr. Turner. We've heard a lot about the ``Delta Flight Path,'' or
    Magic Carpet, precision landing mode. Can you explain the results that
    were seen during the recent carrier testing and how you think this will
    effect training, performance and safety in the future?
        Admiral Miller. Delta Flight Path (DFP) is the Precision Landing
    Mode utilized by the F-35C for carrier arrested landings. The software
    is nearly identical to the MAGIC CARPET software recently introduced to
    the F/A-18E/F fleet. DFP was tested on all three F-35C Developmental
    Test evolutions and used by VFA-101 for the first fleet Carrier
    Qualification (CQ) at-sea period. A total of 12 pilots from VFA-101
    completed their initial daylight CQ. These events included 154
    approaches and resulted in a 100 percent boarding rate, of which, more
    than 80 percent were recovered using the targeted ``3'' wire. No
    recoveries were made using the ``1'' wire--the least favorable landing
    wire. These statistics are truly remarkable. DFP reduces pilot workload
    and minimizes aircraft deviations from a targeted flight path. Based on
    the current data set, DFP contributed significantly to the safe
    recovery aboard the aircraft carrier during each of these events. The
    Navy will continue to track DFP events in order to assess future
    training requirements.
        Mr. Turner. The Senate Armed Services Committee and others have
    called for the Air Force to ramp up F-35A procurement faster and
    transition into a new fighter program sooner. Does the Air Force have
    any program or studies in place to develop a follow-on to the F-35A, or
    some type of air-to-ground specialist akin to the F-35A/F-16/F-15E?
        General Harris. The Air Force does not currently have a program or
    study in place to develop a follow-on to the F-35A or any legacy air-
    to-ground aircraft. Early investigation is being made into advanced
    counter-air and electronic attack concepts. However, these
    investigations are not focused on air-to-ground aircraft.
        Mr. Turner. Do you anticipate any change to the Air Force
    requirement for 1,763 F-35s?
        General Harris. The current F-35 program of record remains 1,763
    aircraft.
        Mr. Turner. Given that we must be prepared to face a ``near-peer''
    adversary, the likelihood of such a conflict is low. Is the F-35 still
    necessary against lower threat countries such as Syria or Iran?
        General Harris. The F-35 is still necessary against lower threat
    countries such as Syria and Iran. Although these countries do not
    develop and field organic advanced threat systems, the USAF will face
    high threat systems exported by Russia and China. Iran already has the
    S-300 surface-to-air missile (SAM) system in place with Russian
    assistance. Several media reports also state that negotiations for the
    S-400 SAM system have already taken place. The view the USAF takes is
    that although the likelihood of facing a near-peer adversary in
    conflict is low, the likelihood of facing their exported advanced SAMs
    systems is very high. We must be prepared to meet and defeat or
    mitigate these advanced systems.
        Mr. Turner. The Air Force fiscal year 2017 budget request projected
    44 F-35s for fiscal year 2018. Do you believe the Air Force will seek a
    higher F-35 procurement rate for fiscal year 2018?
        General Harris. The Air Force will assess its planned buy for
    Fiscal Year 2018 (FY18) once it incorporates new fiscal guidance into
    its updated FY18 budget submission.
                                     ______

                      QUESTIONS SUBMITTED BY MR. LOBIONDO
        Mr. LoBiondo. As you know, earlier this month the White House
    announced a contract for 90 F-35 jets from Lockheed Martin Corp. valued
    at as much as $8.2 billion. Given the desire to activate more Guard and
    Reserve troops in military missions to build readiness and given that
    the Armed Services are losing pilots with experience to civilian jobs.
        In future F-35 basing decisions, have you considered looking to
    National Guard or Reserve bases sooner than originally planned or more
    often, where pilot retention is much more stable?
        For example, has a follow up to the recent Ops 5 and Ops 6 decision
    for the Air Force's F-35A been considered?
        General Harris. Yes, strategic basing decisions that follow Ops 5-7
    are currently under consideration. As you know, the fifth and sixth F-
    35 operational locations are Air National Guard units and the seventh
    is an Air Force Reserve Command location. As it plays an integral role
    in our Total Force, we will continue to expeditiously bed down F-35s at
    Air Reserve Component bases. We anticipate starting the next round of
    F-35 basing this year, with accelerating the next ARC selection under
    consideration.
                                     ______

                      QUESTIONS SUBMITTED BY MR. LANGEVIN
        Mr. Langevin. I come from the Emerging Threats and Capabilities
    Subcommittee as Ranking Member, where cybersecurity is one of our
    highest priorities. Many have been critical of cybersecurity
    inadequacies within the F-35 program. Is intrusion testing being
    conducted on software that is currently in development?
        General Bogdan. Yes. Cybersecurity elements are embedded into the
    F-35's software modules including: the aircraft's Operational Flight
    Program (OFP), Mission Data Files (MDFs), Off board Mission Systems
    (OMS) and the Autonomic Logistics Information System (ALIS).
    Vulnerability and penetration testing is conducted throughout the
    software development process, and the U.S. Services perform independent
    audits of fielded software. The F-35 adheres to the DISA, U.S. Navy,
    U.S. Marine Corps, and U.S. Air Force cybersecurity policies/testing
    that lead to the granting of Authority to Operate (ATO) and Authority
    to Connect (ATC) for the F-35 Air System.
        To date, the Joint Strike Fighter Operational Test Team (JOTT) has
    led 15 cyber testing efforts on the F-35 system using 10 different
    cyber testing teams from the U.S. Air Force, U.S. Navy, U.S. Marine
    Corps, and Lockheed Martin. These testing efforts include Cooperative
    Vulnerability Penetration Assessments (Blue teams), Adversarial
    Assessments (Red Teams), air vehicle testing and Blue team inspections
    (``Blue Hunts'') for signs of illicit activity or software that could
    become active later.
        Extensive testing has been done on the potential entry pathways
    into ALIS. Each major ALIS node gets re-tested with every major
    software release. Testing on the air vehicle began in 2016 and will
    expand in the next year. Blue and Red teams will also assess the U.S.
    Reprogramming Lab and training systems.
        Vulnerabilities and areas where security can be improved are
    reported to the F-35 Joint Program Office in the form of Deficiency
    Reports, to be addressed in either immediate policy changes or future
    updates of software.
        Mr. Langevin. Can you compare the F-35's abilities compared to that
    of the next generation fighter jets coming out of China and Russia?
    Where do we excel, and additionally, what comparative challenges do we
    still face and must overcome?
        General Bogdan. The F-35's unique attributes of stealth and
    integrated systems afford an advantage over near peer adversaries'
    capabilities. The United States has the advantage of many years of
    experience developing and maintaining low observable platforms which
    has resulted in the advances you see in the F-35. Additionally, the F-
    35's sensor suite and information fusion are unmatched in providing and
    sharing battlefield awareness. Also, the F135 engine for the F-35 is
    more reliable and maintainable and has a reduced signature level than
    4th generation aircraft engines. These advantages are brought to bear
    in advanced 5th generation tactics where the United States is the world
    leader. The F-35's Follow-on Modernization Program will ensure the F-35
    maintains its advantage over a rapidly evolving threat of future.
        Mr. Langevin. Can you compare the F-35's abilities compared to that
    of the next generation fighter jets coming out of China and Russia?
    Where do we excel, and additionally, what comparative challenges do we
    still face and must overcome?
        General Davis. The F-35 is without a doubt the most advanced, mass
    produced fighter aircraft in the world today. However, advanced
    aircraft and corresponding capabilities produced by competitors shows
    our advantage is shrinking. Other countries are aggressively developing
    low observable aircraft, advanced radars and IR sensors, along with
    highly capable air to air and air to ground weapons to compete with
    U.S. technology. While we currently enjoy a margin of advantage in
    building advanced avionics and stealth, these advantages won't last
    forever. It is imperative that we continue to invest in advancements in
    capability through follow-on-modernization (FOM) in order to maintain
    our tactical advantage over non-U.S. 5th generation platforms and
    provide the access the MAGTF requires to meet its mission. The Senate
    Defense Appropriations mark cut almost $45M from Marine Corps JSF FOM.
    This could delay FOM by a year, which I think is a dangerous decision.
    My goal is to maintain a lead in this technology race to ensure our
    Marines get the aviation support they need in any and all fights.
        Mr. Langevin. Can you compare the F-35's abilities compared to that
    of the next generation fighter jets coming out of China and Russia?
    Where do we excel, and additionally, what comparative challenges do we
    still face and must overcome?
        Admiral Miller. The F-35C's unique attributes of stealth and
    advanced integrated systems are a tactical advantage over near peer
    adversaries now and into the future. Planned Follow-on Modernization is
    required to ensure the F-35C will continue to pace a rapidly evolving
    threat. Its ability to collect and disseminate information for the
    Carrier Strike Group (CSG) assets, in real-time battle space, shifts
    the focus from kinematics to information dominance and greatly enhances
    the CSG's awareness, lethality and survivability in a high-end
    conflict.
        Mr. Langevin. I come from the Emerging Threats and Capabilities
    Subcommittee as Ranking Member, where cybersecurity is one of our
    highest priorities. Many have been critical of cybersecurity
    inadequacies within the F-35 program. Is intrusion testing being
    conducted on software that is currently in development?
        General Harris. Yes. Cybersecurity elements are embedded into the
    F-35's software modules including: the aircraft's Operational Flight
    Program (OFP), Mission Data Files (MDFs), Off board Mission Systems
    (OMS) and the Autonomic Logistics Information System (ALIS).
    Vulnerability and penetration testing is conducted throughout the
    software development process, and the U.S. Services perform independent
    audits of fielded software. The F-35 adheres to the DISA, U.S. Navy,
    U.S. Marine Corps, and U.S. Air Force cybersecurity policies/testing
    that lead to the granting of Authority to Operate (ATO) and Authority
    to Connect (ATC) for the F-35 Air System. To date, the Joint Strike
    Fighter Operational Test Team (JOTT) has led 15 cyber testing efforts
    on the F-35 system using 10 different cyber testing teams from the U.S.
    Air Force, U.S. Navy, U.S. Marine Corps, and Lockheed Martin. These
    testing efforts include Cooperative Vulnerability Penetration
    Assessments (Blue teams), Adversarial Assessments (Red Teams), air
    vehicle testing and Blue team inspections (``Blue Hunts'') for signs of
    illicit activity or software that could become active later. Extensive
    testing has been done on the potential entry pathways into ALIS. Each
    major ALIS node gets re-tested with every major software release.
    Testing on the air vehicle began in 2016 and will expand in the next
    year. Blue and Red teams will also assess the U.S. Reprogramming Lab
    and training systems. Vulnerabilities and areas where security can be
    improved are reported to the F-35 Joint Program Office in the form of
    Deficiency Reports, to be addressed in either immediate policy changes
    or future updates of software.
        Mr. Langevin. Can you compare the F-35's abilities compared to that
    of the next generation fighter jets coming out of China and Russia?
    Where do we excel, and additionally, what comparative challenges do we
    still face and must overcome?
        General Harris. The F-35's unique attributes of stealth and
    integrated systems afford an advantage over near peer adversaries'
    capabilities. The United States has the advantage of many years of
    experience developing and maintaining low observable platforms which
    has resulted in the advances you see in the F-35. Additionally, the F-
    35's sensor suite and information fusion are unmatched in providing and
    sharing battlefield awareness. Also, the F135 engine for the F-35 is
    more reliable and maintainable and has a reduced signature level than
    4th generation aircraft engines. These advantages are brought to bear
    in advanced 5th generation tactics where the United States is the world
    leader. The F-35's Follow-on Modernization Program will ensure the F-35
    maintains its advantage over a rapidly evolving threat of future.
                                     ______

                        QUESTIONS SUBMITTED BY MR. BACON
        Mr. Bacon. The demand for traditional ISR by the Combatant
    Commanders continues to vastly exceed Service capacity to source. In
    many situations, ``fast air'' fighter aircraft are the only eyes and
    ears over the battlespace capable of observing the enemy and sharing
    critical information with the joint force. The F-35 is equipped with
    one of the most capable sensors suites ever developed; warfighter need
    and fiscal prudence requires that DOD smartly leverage the ability of
    our 5th gen aircraft to function as critical sensors over the
    battlefield. This capability is also important to many of our
    international partners, notably the U.K. Can you tell us what work has
    been accomplished to date to fully integrate the information collected
    by each F-35 sensor into our joint intelligence architecture? When will
    we have to ability to record and share what the F-35's active and
    passive sensors collect?
        General Bogdan. In the F-35's current Block 3F configuration, there
    is no capability to record sensor data because there was no original
    requirement to do so. However, this is a future requirement that will
    be addressed in the F-35's Follow-on Modernization Block 4 Program. In
    Block 4, the Program has a requirement to record and bring back sensor
    information for off board processing. The primary requirement for this
    capability is to fill the gaps or shortfalls of information or
    intelligence that is used to program Mission Data Files (MDF). The
    larger U.S. and Partner Military Intelligence communities (IC) are
    assessing the usefulness of the quantity and quality of the sensor data
    that an F-35 can provide. The F-35 Joint Program Office meets regularly
    with this community to assess IC requirements for access to this
    information and its ultimate processing and dissemination.
    Additionally, the U.S. Services and some Partners are developing their
    respective requirements (manpower and infrastructure) for the use of
    this data.
        Mr. Bacon. Success in a contested environment will depend on our
    ability to dominate the electro-magnetic spectrum. How has the AN/ASQ-
    239 electronic warfare suite performed in testing and live fly against
    high-end threats? What improvements are required to ensure the F-35 can
    dominate in a contested environment? What additional enhancements are
    required at the U.S. Reprogramming Facility (USRF) to ensure our pilots
    have the most up to date mission data?
        General Bogdan. The AN/ASQ-239 Electronic Warfare (EW) system has
    performed well in testing. The detection range, Advanced Emitter
    Location (AEL), Enhanced Geolocation (EGL), threat Identification (ID)
    performance and system response time all meet or exceed performance
    specification against the F-35 Block 3 advanced threats. Threats are
    continuously evolving and the current AN/ASQ-239 will face challenges
    against future advanced threats. Future planned improvements to stay
    ahead of the evolving threats include expanded Radio Frequency
    coverage, expanded Electronic Attack modes, and improved processing
    algorithms for advanced and emerging threats. Improved Mission Data
    File (MDF) development and testing capabilities are also important to
    the successful performance of the AN/ASQ-239. It is imperative that the
    United States Reprogramming Laboratory (USRL) be able to test and
    verify future MDF performance against the advanced threats. The F-35
    Enterprise has plans to upgrade and improve the Reprogramming Labs to
    ensure we have the most up-to-date mission data. Examples of these
    future upgrades include a new, more robust Combat Electromagnetic
    Environment Simulator (CEESIM) and additional closed-loop threat
    simulation capability as well as improved tools to enable more rapid
    and efficient MDF creation.
        Mr. Bacon. The demand for traditional ISR by the Combatant
    Commanders continues to vastly exceed Service capacity to source. In
    many situations, ``fast air'' fighter aircraft are the only eyes and
    ears over the battlespace capable of observing the enemy and sharing
    critical information with the joint force. The F-35 is equipped with
    one of the most capable sensors suites ever developed; warfighter need
    and fiscal prudence requires that DOD smartly leverage the ability of
    our 5th gen aircraft to function as critical sensors over the
    battlefield. This capability is also important to many of our
    international partners, notably the U.K. Can you tell us what work has
    been accomplished to date to fully integrate the information collected
    by each F-35 sensor into our joint intelligence architecture? When will
    we have to ability to record and share what the F-35's active and
    passive sensors collect?
        General Harris. The F-35's sensor fusion solution and data sharing
    capabilities are focused on providing the interoperability required by
    the warfighter in support of the execution of the mission at the
    tactical level. The program is currently planning increased capability
    in these areas as part of Follow-on Modernization, to include Tactical
    Data Recording capability, which will allow the warfighter to record
    and use this data for ``next day'' missions. While there is no current
    capability or approved operational requirement to contribute to the
    Process, Exploit, Dissemination (PED) architecture, the Services
    continue to investigate future opportunities to include this capability
    in future F-35 upgrades.
        Mr. Bacon. Success in a contested environment will depend on our
    ability to dominate the electro-magnetic spectrum. How has the AN/ASQ-
    239 electronic warfare suite performed in testing and live fly against
    high-end threats? What improvements are required to ensure the F-35 can
    dominate in a contested environment? What additional enhancements are
    required at the U.S. Reprogramming Facility (USRF) to ensure our pilots
    have the most up to date mission data?
        General Harris. The AN/ASQ-239 Electronic Warfare (EW) system has
    performed well in testing. The detection range, Advanced Emitter
    Location (AEL), Enhanced Geolocation (EGL), threat Identification (ID)
    performance and system response time all meet or exceed performance
    specification against the F-35 Block 3 advanced threats. Threats are
    continuously evolving and the current AN/ASQ-239 will face challenges
    against future advanced threats. Future planned improvements to stay
    ahead of the evolving threats include expanded Radio Frequency
    coverage, expanded Electronic Attack modes, and improved processing
    algorithms for advanced and emerging threats. Improved Mission Data
    File (MDF) development and testing capabilities are also important to
    the successful performance of the AN/ASQ-239. It is imperative that the
    United States Reprogramming Laboratory (USRL) be able to test and
    verify future MDF performance against the advanced threats. The F-35
    Enterprise has plans to upgrade and improve the Reprogramming Labs to
    ensure we have the most up-to-date mission data. Examples of these
    future upgrades include a new, more robust Combat Electromagnetic
    Environment Simulator (CEESIM) and additional closed-loop threat
    simulation capability as well as improved tools to enable more rapid
    and efficient MDF creation.
                                     ______

                       QUESTIONS SUBMITTED BY MR. LAMBORN
        Mr. Lamborn. Since initial contract award of the F-35 ejection
    seat, what is the total cumulative number of ejection seat tests to
    date that have been accomplished to qualify the Martin Baker ejection
    seat for the F-35?
        General Bogdan. The F-35 Program has completed a total of 124
    ejection seat tests (with an ejection seat actuated from a test sled or
    test aircraft). These tests began in 2005 and completed in 2016. The
    tests included:
          8 tests in 2005 performed as proof of concept testing
          16 tests in 2006 developing and certifying the dash 1 (-
    1) seat version for use in the first F-35 aircraft
          31 tests between 2007 and 2009 developing and certifying
    the dash 2 (-2) seat version for use in the Systems Development and
    Demonstration (SDD) aircraft
          32 tests between 2009 and 2010 developing and certifying
    the dash 4 (-4) seat version for use in the Low Rate Initial Production
    (LRIP) aircraft
          15 tests between 2012 and 2015 developing and certifying
    the Generation III Helmet-Mounted Display for use in SDD and LRIP
    aircraft
          22 tests between Nov 2015 and Sep 2016 to qualify the
    dash 6 (-6) seat version for use in LRIP aircraft
        Mr. Lamborn. Since initial contract award of the F-35 ejection
    seat, how many design changes have there been to the Martin Baker seat?
        General Bogdan. There have been three design configuration changes
    to the F-35 ejection seat cleared for flight since the original
    configuration for a total of four versions. Each configuration is
    designated with a dash number, -1, -2, -4 and -6. The -1 seat was the
    first design cleared and supported the first F-35 aircraft which is
    designated AA-1. The -1 seat was similar to legacy seats that came
    before the F-35. The -2 seat introduced an airbag system to support the
    pilot's head during the initial stages of the ejection (when the pilot
    is in the seat). The -4 seat refined the airbag system to incorporate
    lobes beside the head to keep the head centered during the initial
    stages of ejection. The -6 seat effort was to redesign and test a new
    sequencer due to Diminishing Manufacturing Sources. During that
    process, performance deficiencies were discovered and prompted
    additional design efforts that led us to introduce a head support panel
    (HSP) between the rear risers of the parachute to support the head of
    the pilot after separation from the seat and a pilot selectable switch
    (aka the ``light/heavy pilot weight switch'') to control parachute
    opening loads.
        Mr. Lamborn. Lt Gen Bogdan indicated that the Air Force incurred no
    additional costs with recent modifications and testing of the Martin
    Baker seat to qualify for lower weight pilots. Has the program ever
    incurred any costs due to design changes or testing of the Martin Baker
    seat since contract award?
        General Bogdan. Yes. The ejection seat system has undergone
    incremental development and the Program has borne those costs. There
    have been three design configuration changes to the F-35 ejection seat
    cleared for flight since the original configuration with the latest
    version being designated as the ``-6'' version. The -6 seat effort was
    to redesign and test a new sequencer due to Diminishing Manufacturing
    Sources. During that process, performance deficiencies were discovered
    and prompted additional design efforts that led us to introduce a head
    support panel (HSP) between the rear risers of the parachute to support
    the head of the pilot after separation from the seat and a pilot
    selectable switch (aka the ``light/heavy pilot weight switch'') to
    control parachute opening loads. The costs to design and test
    modifications due to the performance deficiencies were incurred by the
    Industry team (Lockheed Martin, BAE Systems and Martin Baker).