    [House Hearing, 115 Congress]
    [From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]

                       DEMOCRACY UNDER THREAT IN ETHIOPIA

    =======================================================================

                                    HEARING

                                   BEFORE THE

                     SUBCOMMITTEE ON AFRICA, GLOBAL HEALTH,
                            GLOBAL HUMAN RIGHTS, AND
                          INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

                                     OF THE

                          COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS
                            HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

                         ONE HUNDRED FIFTEENTH CONGRESS

                                 FIRST SESSION

                                   __________

                                 MARCH 9, 2017

                                   __________

                                Serial No. 115-9

                                   __________

            Printed for the use of the Committee on Foreign Affairs

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                          COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS

                     EDWARD R. ROYCE, California, Chairman
    CHRISTOPHER H. SMITH, New Jersey     ELIOT L. ENGEL, New York
    ILEANA ROS-LEHTINEN, Florida         BRAD SHERMAN, California
    DANA ROHRABACHER, California         GREGORY W. MEEKS, New York
    STEVE CHABOT, Ohio                   ALBIO SIRES, New Jersey
    JOE WILSON, South Carolina           GERALD E. CONNOLLY, Virginia
    MICHAEL T. McCAUL, Texas             THEODORE E. DEUTCH, Florida
    TED POE, Texas                       KAREN BASS, California
    DARRELL E. ISSA, California          WILLIAM R. KEATING, Massachusetts
    TOM MARINO, Pennsylvania             DAVID N. CICILLINE, Rhode Island
    JEFF DUNCAN, South Carolina          AMI BERA, California
    MO BROOKS, Alabama                   LOIS FRANKEL, Florida
    PAUL COOK, California                TULSI GABBARD, Hawaii
    SCOTT PERRY, Pennsylvania            JOAQUIN CASTRO, Texas
    RON DeSANTIS, Florida                ROBIN L. KELLY, Illinois
    MARK MEADOWS, North Carolina         BRENDAN F. BOYLE, Pennsylvania
    TED S. YOHO, Florida                 DINA TITUS, Nevada
    ADAM KINZINGER, Illinois             NORMA J. TORRES, California
    LEE M. ZELDIN, New York              BRADLEY SCOTT SCHNEIDER, Illinois
    DANIEL M. DONOVAN, Jr., New York     THOMAS R. SUOZZI, New York
    F. JAMES SENSENBRENNER, Jr.,         ADRIANO ESPAILLAT, New York
        Wisconsin                        TED LIEU, California
    ANN WAGNER, Missouri
    BRIAN J. MAST, Florida
    FRANCIS ROONEY, Florida
    BRIAN K. FITZPATRICK, Pennsylvania
    THOMAS A. GARRETT, Jr., Virginia

         Amy Porter, Chief of Staff      Thomas Sheehy, Staff Director

                   Jason Steinbaum, Democratic Staff Director
                                     ------

        Subcommittee on Africa, Global Health, Global Human Rights, and
                          International Organizations

                   CHRISTOPHER H. SMITH, New Jersey, Chairman
    MARK MEADOWS, North Carolina         KAREN BASS, California
    DANIEL M. DONOVAN, Jr., New York     AMI BERA, California
    F. JAMES SENSENBRENNER, Jr.,         JOAQUIN CASTRO, Texas
        Wisconsin                        THOMAS R. SUOZZI, New York
    THOMAS A. GARRETT, Jr., Virginia

                                C O N T E N T S

                                  ----------
                                                                       Page

                                   WITNESSES

    Terrence Lyons, Ph.D., associate professor, School for Conflict
      Analysis and Resolution, George Mason University...............     5
    Mr. Felix Horne, senior researcher, Horn of Africa, Human Rights
      Watch..........................................................    17
    Ms. Seenaa Jimjimo, president, Coalition of Oromo Advocates for
      Human Rights and Democracy.....................................    38
    Mr. Tewodrose Tirfe, co-founder, Amhara Association of America...    45
    Mr. Yoseph Tafari, co-founder, Ethiopian Drought Relief Aid of
      Colorado.......................................................    54
    Mr. Guya Abaguya Deki, representative, Torture Abolition and
      Survivors Support Coalition....................................    64

              LETTERS, STATEMENTS, ETC., SUBMITTED FOR THE HEARING

    Terrence Lyons, Ph.D.: Prepared statement........................     9
    Mr. Felix Horne: Prepared statement..............................    22
    Ms. Seenaa Jimjimo: Prepared statement...........................    40
    Mr. Tewodrose Tirfe: Prepared statement..........................    48
    Mr. Yoseph Tafari: Prepared statement............................    57
    Mr. Guya Abaguya Deki: Prepared statement........................    66

                                    APPENDIX

    Hearing notice...................................................    82
    Hearing minutes..................................................    83
    Questions submitted for the record by the Honorable Christopher
      H. Smith, a Representative in Congress from the State of New
      Jersey, and chairman, Subcommittee on Africa, Global Health,
      Global Human Rights, and International Organizations, and
      written responses from:
      Terrence Lyons, Ph.D...........................................    84
      Mr. Felix Horne................................................    86
      Ms. Seenaa Jimjimo.............................................    88
      Mr. Yoseph Tafari..............................................    94
    Material submitted for the record by the Honorable Christopher H.
      Smith:
      Statement of a coalition of groups.............................    98
      Statement of the Embassy of Ethiopia on H. Res. 128............    99

                       DEMOCRACY UNDER THREAT IN ETHIOPIA

                                  ----------

                            THURSDAY, MARCH 9, 2017

                           House of Representatives,

                     Subcommittee on Africa, Global Health,

             Global Human Rights, and International Organizations,

                         Committee on Foreign Affairs,

                                Washington, DC.

        The subcommittee met, pursuant to notice, at 2:00 p.m., in
    room 2172 Rayburn House Office Building, Hon. Christopher H.
    Smith (chairman of the subcommittee) presiding.
        Mr. Smith. The hearing will come to order and good
    afternoon to everyone. As we begin today's hearing, we examine
    the troubling conditions for democracy and human rights in
    Ethiopia. Let us stipulate that this east African government is
    a prime U.S. ally on the continent. Ethiopia is a primary
    contributor to peacekeeping missions along the South Sudan
    border, in South Sudan with UNMISS, and AMISON in Somalia.
        Ethiopia joined the U.N. Security Council in January and is
    one of the three African members of the Council, along with
    Senegal and Egypt.
        During a series of private negotiations in the last months
    of the previous administration, Ethiopia officials acknowledged
    that the tense situation in their country is at least partly
    their government's fault. There have been discussions with
    opposition parties in consideration of changing the electoral
    system to use proportional representation, which could increase
    the chances of opposition parties winning parliamentary and
    local races.
        Late last year, the government released an estimated 10,000
    prisoners despite maintaining a state of emergency. However,
    there are at least 10,000 more people held in jail who are
    considered political prisoners and the government continues to
    arrest and imprison critics of its actions.
        In January, two journalists from the faith-based station
    Radio Bilal, Khalid Mohamed and Darsema Sori, were sentenced to
    5- and 4-year prison terms, respectively, for inciting what
    they said were extremist ideology and planning to overthrow the
    government through their coverage of Muslim protests about
    government interference in religious affairs. The journalists
    were arrested in February 2015 and convicted in December under
    the 2009 anti-terrorism law, alongside 18 other defendants.
        In late February, Ethiopian prosecutors charged Dr. Merara
    Gudina, chairman of the Oromo Federalist Congress, with
    rendering support to terrorism and attempting to disrupt
    constitutional order. Dr. Merara had been arrested upon his
    return to Ethiopia after testifying in November at a European
    Parliament hearing about the crisis in his country. He
    testified, alongside exiled opposition leader, Dr. Berhanu
    Nega; and Olympic medal winner, Feyisa Lilesa. Other senior OFC
    leaders including the deputy chairman, Gerba, have been
    imprisoned on terrorism charges, so called, for more than a
    year. Both are viewed by many as moderate voices among
    Ethiopia's opposition.
        According to the U.S. Department of State's newly released
    Country Reports on Human Rights Practices report on Ethiopia,
    security forces killed hundreds in what they say is the context
    of using excessive force against protesters in 2016. At year's
    end, there were more, according to the State Department, more
    than 10,000 persons still believed to be detained. Many have
    not been provided due process. The government has denied the
    U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights access to the Oromia
    and Amhara regions.
        The lack of due process in Ethiopian courts also affects
    foreigners. Israeli businessman Menasche Levy has been in jail
    for nearly 1\1/2\ years on financial crimes charges. The
    government officials accused of being involved with Levy in
    illegal activities have had their charges dropped and have been
    released from jail, yet Levy's next court proceeding won't be
    for several more months. We cannot determine his guilt or
    innocence on the charges, but it is clear that he has been
    denied a trial in a reasonable time frame and has been beaten
    in jail by other prisoners and denied proper medical care.
    These circumstances unfortunately apply all too often to people
    who come in contact with the Ethiopian court system.
        My staff and I have discussed with the Government of
    Ethiopia the possibility of working cooperatively to find ways
    to end the repression without creating a chaotic transition.
    Unfortunately, there is significant variance in how that
    government sees its actions and how the rest of the world looks
    as well. That is why I and my distinguished ranking member, Ms.
    Bass, and some other of our colleagues have introduced House
    Resolution 128 to present the true picture, as true as can be
    painted, as to what is going on in Ethiopia today. This panel
    and this hearing is designed to elicit additional insights so
    that we can absolutely get it right and then hold that
    government to account.
        In the first panel, we have witnesses who will provide an
    overview of the current state of democracy and human rights in
    Ethiopia. They will present the facts.
        Our second panel consists of four Ethiopians representing
    various ethnic groups and organizations created to help the
    Ethiopian people.
        We have no opposition parties appearing today despite the
    tendency of the government and its supporters to see anyone,
    anyone who disagrees with them and their actions as supporting
    terrorists seeking to overthrow the government. Presumably,
    this subcommittee falls into that realm as well.
        It is my belief that until the Government of Ethiopia can
    squarely face the consequences of its actions, there will not
    be the genuine reform that it has promised. For example,
    government officials say we have mistakenly said that the
    ruling coalition holds 100 percent of the legislative seats. We
    have said the coalition holds all of the seats, whether in the
    name of the coalition itself or as affiliate parties. If the
    government cannot be honest with us or itself in such an
    obvious manner, it is unlikely that the conditions for reform
    can exist.
        The government does appear to realize its precarious
    position. We have discussed the frustration it creates by not
    fully allowing its citizens to exercise their rights of speech,
    assembly, and association.
        In a hearing that we had in June 2013, Mr. Nega said the
    government had created a situation in which there is no
    legitimate means to redress grievances. Although the government
    jailed him after he won the 2005 race to become mayor of Addis
    Ababa, he was not known to have begun his campaign of armed
    resistance until after that time.
        Let me yield to my colleague, and then I will get into some
    introductions and then we will continue there. I would like to
    yield to the distinguished gentlelady from California, Ms.
    Bass.
        Ms. Bass. Thank you. Thank you, Mr. Chair, for holding
    these meetings and to our witnesses that will be coming on both
    panels. I want to thank you for being here. I look forward to
    hearing from each of the witnesses. And I also welcome the
    audience and understand their concern and desire to see the
    issue regarding the lack of democracy in Ethiopia thoroughly
    addressed. I know that there are a huge number of people
    outside that are not able to come in, and hopefully throughout
    the hearing maybe we can find room for them over time.
        Over the past decade, Ethiopia has made significant
    economic strides addressing poverty and expanding economic
    development. Ethiopia has appeared repeatedly on the list of
    the world's fastest growing economies with growth rates in
    excess of 8 percent per year.
        Ethiopia has also been a stalwart partner of the United
    States in many areas such as regional security, and
    increasingly, trade via AGOA and enjoying strong bilateral
    relations with the United States.
        I must also note that by way of hard work, astute
    scholarship and a strong support system, the Ethiopian-American
    community has become one of the most successful African
    diaspora communities in the United States. The Ethiopian
    diaspora has never turned its back on its country and has
    contributed millions of dollars in remittances to the country's
    economy.
        However, all of these achievements take place against a
    backdrop in Ethiopia which is described as a diminished
    political space and a steady assault on the human and civil
    rights of citizens. The right of peaceful assembly and freedom
    of expression is increasingly challenged. There is reportedly
    no free media in Ethiopia and Internet service reportedly has
    only recently resumed following the government declared state
    of emergency in October of last year.
        According to the State Department's recently released 2016
    Country Report Human Rights report, there were numerous reports
    of the government committing arbitrary and unlawful killings of
    security using excessive force against protesters. The protests
    were mainly in Oromia and Amhara regions. At year's end, more
    than 10,000 persons were believed to still be detained.
        While these two communities are clearly the focus, as was
    cited in House Resolution 128, supporting respect for human
    rights and encouraging inclusive governance in Ethiopia,
    several vulnerable communities in Ethiopia are subject to
    government interference such as the Muslim community and the
    indigenous Anuaks in the Gambela region.
        I am privileged to represent a part of my congressional
    district that includes a section of Los Angeles that is called
    Little Ethiopia. Some of my constituents expressed concern
    before this hearing that they felt that they wanted to be sure
    that the hearing didn't over emphasize ethnic divisions and
    contribute to the U.S. stereotype of Africa, that the problems
    are just a result of inter-ethnic fighting. So I want to make
    note of that.
        I also want to report on a description of what life is like
    in Ethiopia now as described by one of my constituents. She
    says that her mother says that the suspension of civil
    liberties is affecting every facet of daily life, that people
    cannot travel around the country to conduct business, visit
    friends, or care for relatives. She said that the Internet was
    down for some months, but she thinks it was between 2 to 4
    months that there was no Internet service, but it has been back
    up for the last several weeks.
        Members of her family are farmers who were forced off their
    lands by the government. The family has fled into the forest
    and is now part of the resistance force. The family doesn't
    like being in this position and doesn't want to participate in
    the resistance, but basically now has no crops and essentially
    cannot support itself. Buses won't travel to her part of the
    country and with travel restricted, even if there is a crop, it
    is hard to get to market. She describe a state of emergency
    that appears to have no end in sight.
        I think it is important that I communicate concerns
    directly from my constituents and from the Ethiopian-American
    community and Little Ethiopia in Los Angeles. I will note and I
    am sure our chairman will, too, that we have a letter of
    explanation from the Embassy of Ethiopia that, needless to say,
    refutes most of these charges. I am just looking at the letter.
    I have not had an opportunity to read it. I will glance at it
    during the course of this hearing and might raise questions
    connected to their response.
        Mr. Smith. Thank you, Ranking Member Bass. I would like to
    now introduce our very distinguished first panel beginning with
    Dr. Terrence Lyons, who is an associate professor of conflict
    resolution at the School for Conflict Analysis and Resolution
    at George Mason University. Dr. Lyons was a fellow at the
    Brookings Institution, served as senior program advisor to the
    Carter Center's Project on Post-Conflict Elections in Ethiopia
    in 2005, and has worked as a consultant for the U.S.
    Government, the World Bank, and several non-governmental
    organizations on issues relating to democracy and conflict in
    Africa. He has written extensively on Ethiopia and taught at
    universities there. Welcome, Dr. Lyons.
        I would also like to welcome, Mr. Felix Horne, who is the
    senior Ethiopia and Eritrea researcher for Human Rights Watch.
    He has documented the human rights dimensions of Ethiopia's
    development programs, telecom surveillance, media freedoms,
    misuse of counterterrorism law, and other topical issues in the
    Horn of Africa, including the year-long crackdown against
    peaceful protesters in Ethiopia. Previously, Mr. Horne worked
    on a variety of indigenous rights and land issues, including
    several years of research into the impacts of agricultural
    investment in several African countries.
        Again, thank you for being here and I would like to note as
    well that we do have an overflow crowd of very interested
    Ethiopian-Americans and others who are concerned about human
    rights there.
        It is a privilege to welcome each and every one of you
    here. I think you bring additional impact to all that will be
    said here, that there was such heightened concern about what is
    occurring there. And parenthetically Greg Simpkins visited
    Ethiopia right after the 2005 elections when people were being
    killed in the streets, sadly, under President Meles. We met
    with President Meles, and sadly we are now talking about a
    very, very serious deterioration of human rights and I look
    forward to your testimony.
        Dr. Lyons, the floor is yours.

    STATEMENT OF TERRENCE LYONS, PH.D., ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, SCHOOL
     FOR CONFLICT ANALYSIS AND RESOLUTION, GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY

        Mr. Lyons. Thank you very much, Chairman Smith, and Ranking
    Member Bass. It is a great pleasure to be with you here today.
    You have very kindly given my introduction. I will maybe pause
    and reflect on one additional thing. The only other time I have
    ever testified before Congress was in 1992 after Ethiopia's
    local elections before the House subcommittee, so 25 years
    later I have the privilege again and that lets you know the
    years that I have tried to understand Ethiopia.
        I want to make clear that my thoughts today represent my
    best judgment as an independent scholar who regards himself as
    a friend to a diverse range of Ethiopians on all sides of the
    political spectrum, rather than as an advocate for any specific
    constituency or policy. So I am going to try to provide a
    context to the current crisis, why I think Ethiopia is at the
    crossroads, and some thoughts as to what U.S. policy might be.
        My first point, as you will see in my written statement,
    relates to the stakes in Ethiopia at this moment. But Chairman
    Smith, you covered much of that. Ethiopia is a country of
    enormous importance to the Ethiopians and to the other people
    in the Horn of Africa, to the United States, to policies on
    countering terrorism, peacekeeping, a country that has seen a
    remarkable process of development over the past decade or so.
    At the same time, a country with very serious human rights
    concerns that you outlined and my colleague will further
    elaborate.
        So let me go and give one very, very large overarching
    point about where I see Ethiopia and then some of the more--
    break it down or unpack it.
        Ethiopia, since 1991, has had a balance between a politics
    that was about autonomy, was about regional states, was about
    ethnically defined political parties. That was one direction
    that the state was going on. At the same time, it was a state
    of an extraordinarily powerful, centralized regime, very much a
    top down development model of the developmental state and these
    two kind of opposing logics were in tension, but kept together
    by a very strong center, a very strong central committee.
        It is my concern today that that balance has now been
    upset. That balance is now no longer holding and that is why I
    think this is a real structural concern, larger than simply
    something that a change of the cabinet is going to address.
        Predictions that the regime is about to fall have been
    around since at least since 2005. Actually, people were saying
    that in 1992. I was among those. So I think it is worth pausing
    and thinking about that this is a regime that still retains
    considerable strengths. It is a party of some 8 million people.
    It is a party that controls mass organizations and large
    endowment efforts. It is a party that, as we pointed out a
    number of times, along with its affiliates won 100 percent of
    the seats in the most recent election. So it is something that
    is unlikely to disappear with the first movement against it.
        It is also strong relative to its competition at home,
    particularly in terms of organized political parties. The
    regime has very systematically closed down political space so
    that opposition parties, civil society organizations, and
    independent media are not able to operate.
        There have been prior demonstrations. I particularly want
    to note, as I do in my written statement, the early Ethiopian
    Muslim demonstrations that were really quite remarkable. But a
    new type of demonstration or a new phenomenon in Ethiopia
    happened in 2015, particularly in the Oromo region. In Oromia
    protests began in part because of concerns about Addis Ababa, a
    master plan expanding into Oromo areas, but a much more
    structural kind of struggle for control, for power, for the
    Oromos to be able to control their own land, to control their
    own destiny.
        The pattern of Ethiopia's response to demonstrations in the
    past has typically been to deny there is a problem, to blame
    the opposition, or the diaspora, or Eritrea for fomenting the
    dissent and arresting lots of people, particularly young men in
    kind of sweeps and sometimes using live fire to clear the
    streets when they have perceived it as being necessary.
        Those same things happened in 2015 in Oromia, but
    surprisingly or at least contrary to past patterns, the
    demonstrations weren't demobilized. They continued. And in
    fact, they spread. They became larger. It was a real momentum.
    And so the tactics of trying to repress opposition, to repress
    dissent, didn't seem to be working any more.
        You mentioned the crackdown, the arrest of Bekele Gerba and
    Merera Gudina, somebody I know from my days at Addis Ababa
    University. And so the use of--the government succeeded in
    suppressing the demonstrations, but not really resolving the
    underlying state, the underlying concerns, the underlying
    grievances.
        Similarly, in the Amhara region, demonstrators were not
    dissuaded by the power of the regime.
        The state of emergency that was put in place, it was really
    an incredibly expansive state of emergency, has at least for
    now succeeded in lowering the level of violence, lowering the
    temperature, if you will. And if that was being used a first
    step in a larger more structural process of political reform,
    there might be other ways of thinking about the state of
    emergency, but I don't think that is the case.
        Let me just say a few things about why I think Ethiopia is
    at the crossroads, and then a few comments about U.S. policy.
        As I alluded to earlier, I think Ethiopia is really at the
    crossroads because this original bargain of 1991, a
    constitution that was decentralized and set up these regional
    states, at the same time a very centralized, top down kind of
    regime. But that has been knocked off balance and it is not
    clear how it can be put back together again.
        Part of the evidence for this is that there were elements
    within the Oromo People's Democratic Organization, the Oromo
    wing of the ruling party, that were at least looking the other
    way as the demonstrations were going on. Similarly, in the
    Amhara region, the Amhara wing of the ruling party supported
    some of the Amhara nationalists' ideas that were being advanced
    by the demonstrators. So this suggests that the ruling party
    really is beginning to, the elements of it are really beginning
    to question the direction of the center with unclear, where
    that will go. We haven't really seen that in 25 years.
        The short term path forward I don't think is particularly
    hard to see. The Ethiopian Government, if it was serious about
    reform would have to end the state of emergency. Perhaps larger
    than that, reduce the role of the armed forces and politics. In
    general; release political prisoners. You mentioned some of
    them. But not simply reform the civil society proclamation, but
    I think it needs to be scrapped and start over again. It really
    has prevented the kind of advocacy networks, people working on
    human rights and democracy that Ethiopia so desperately needs.
    Respect the political space of opposition so that the
    alternatives are able to speak. And in general, a process of
    dialogue with a broad range of actors, rather than a kind of
    the EPRDF will sort it out within itself, the kind of instinct
    that they often have.
        On U.S. policy toward the region, the first thing that I
    would note is that I think actually the U.S. needs to be quite
    modest in its assessment of its influence in Ethiopia. Many of
    my friends in the diaspora who are with me always disagree with
    me on this, but I don't think that the dynamics that are taking
    place on the ground within the ruling party and within the
    leadership are not because of what the U.S. is doing or not
    doing. These domestic politics, these regional constraints, the
    U.S. assistance has become less relative to the investments of
    China, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, and other actors.
        But I do think it is essential to speak clearly and plainly
    and publicly about Ethiopia's human rights record. The U.S.
    simply has to go on the record and explain why it is that we
    have grave concerns about the direction that the country is
    going and as a good partner, how we are looking for ways to
    engage the regime so that it can open up, so that it can have
    more political space and allow releasing the political
    prisoners and all those other things that I spoke about.
        It seems to me to be past time for the U.S. Government to
    shift its emphasis when thinking about Ethiopia from a kind of
    counterterrorism and regional security agenda. Those things are
    important. The Ethiopian military play very important
    peacekeeping roles, for example, in Sudan. But beyond that,
    there is a larger, longer term agenda that has to rest upon
    participation and rule of law. As a long-time partner of
    Ethiopia, I think the United States needs to shift its
    orientation in that way.
        Let me conclude there and I would just like to thank the
    subcommittee for this opportunity and look forward to any
    questions you may have. Thank you very much.
        [The prepared statement of Mr. Lyons follows:]

    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

                                    ----------

        Mr. Smith. Dr. Lyons, thank you so very much. Mr. Horne, I
    regret that there are two votes that have been called. We have
    got about 5 minutes to get there. We will suspend briefly and
    come right back and you will be next on deck. So I apologize to
    you and to all of our distinguished witnesses for the delay. We
    stand in recess.
        [Recess.]
        Mr. Smith. The hearing will resume, and I yield the floor
    to Mr. Horne. Thank you again for your patience.

       STATEMENT OF MR. FELIX HORNE, SENIOR RESEARCHER, HORN OF
                       AFRICA, HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH

        Mr. Horne. Thank you. Chairman Smith, Ranking Member Bass,
    thank you for holding this important hearing on the current
    situation in Ethiopia and for inviting me to testify. I am
    pleased to be a part of it.
        Ethiopia is a country of dual realities. Visitors and
    diplomats alike are impressed with the double digit economic
    growth, the progress on development, and the apparent political
    stability. But in many ways, this is a smoke screen. Many
    Ethiopians live in fear. The current government, the only one
    since 1991, runs the country with an almost complete grip on
    power, controlling almost all aspects of political, public, and
    often private life. Pervasive telephone and online surveillance
    and an intricate network of informants allow the government to
    quickly curb any threats to its control. It silences critical
    voices through the use of arbitrary arrests and politically-
    motivated prosecutions.
        Ethiopia remains among Africa's leading jailers of
    journalists. If you are an independent journalist, you must
    choose between self-censorship, harassment or arrest, or living
    in exile. The government blocks Web sites. It blocks the
    Internet completely. It jams radio and television stations. In
    short, the state tightly controls the media landscape, making
    it extremely challenging for Ethiopians to access information
    that is independent of government perspectives. As a result,
    Voice of America, which broadcasts in three Ethiopian
    languages, has become an increasingly important source of
    information for many Ethiopians but the government has, at
    times, obstructed its broadcasts as well.
        The independent civil society groups, independent NGOs face
    overwhelming obstructions also. The 2009 Charities and
    Societies Proclamation has made obtaining foreign funding
    nearly impossible for groups working on human rights, good
    governance, and advocacy. As a result, many organizations have
    stopped working on human rights and good governance altogether
    to avoid problems.
        There have also been serious restrictions on opposition
    political parties. This led to the ruling coalition in the 2015
    election winning 100 percent of the seats in the Federal and
    regional parliaments. This is despite evident anti-government
    sentiments in much of the country, as the protests would later
    illustrate. The arbitrary detention of members and supporters,
    politically motivated criminal charges, and restrictions on
    financing ensure that political parties are constrained and
    largely ineffective.
        The state also systematically ensures that many of the
    country's 100 million citizens, particularly those in rural
    areas, are dependent on the government for their livelihoods,
    food security, and economic future. The government controls the
    benefits of development including access to seeds, fertilizers,
    jobs, healthcare, and humanitarian assistance, even when it is
    funded by the United States or other donors. While U.S. funded
    development assistance contributes to much needed poverty
    reduction efforts, it also adds to the repressive capacity of
    the government by bolstering Ethiopians' reliance on the
    government for their livelihoods.
        Now there is no evidence that the ruling party rigs
    elections because they don't need to. The population's
    dependence on the ruling party and the limits on opposition
    parties leaves many citizens, particularly in rural areas,
    little choice but to support the ruling party come election
    time. As one farmer in the Amhara region told me in July 2014,
    ``We do not like the government, but we always vote for them.
    We have to because we get our seeds and fertilizer from them.
    During times of drought, we get food aid from them. If we don't
    vote for them, we can't eat.''
        He went on to tell me about his neighbor who voted for the
    opposition in the 2010 election and shortly thereafter was
    denied food aid, was denied treatment at a government health
    clinic, and eventually was displaced from his land for an
    investment project run by a government cadre.
        The justice system provides no check on the government.
    Courts have shown little independence during politically
    charged trials. Many opposition politicians, journalists, and
    activists have been convicted under the repressive 2009
    antiterrorism law and sentenced to lengthy prison terms.
    Acquittals are rare, credible evidence is often not presented,
    and trials are marred by numerous due process concerns.
    Mistreatment and torture are common in Ethiopia's many places
    of detention.
        So this begs the question: What avenues are left in
    Ethiopia to express dissent, to question government policies,
    or to voice concern over abusive practices, and how can the
    United States help strengthen human rights and democracy in
    Ethiopia?
        I speak to you to today 16 months after large-scale and
    unprecedented protests started in Ethiopia's largest region of
    Oromia in November 2015, spreading to the Amhara region in July
    2016. Ethiopian military and police cracked down on these
    largely peaceful demonstrations, killing hundreds and detaining
    tens of thousands as we have discussed. The protests were a
    predictable response to the systematic and calculated
    suppression of fundamental rights and freedoms that I have
    described here today.
        On October 2, the protest movement took a devastating turn.
    In Bishoftu, in Ethiopia's Oromia region, security forces
    mishandled a large crowd at the Irreecha cultural festival
    causing a stampede that killed scores of people as they fled
    security forces. In the days that followed, angry mobs of youth
    destroyed government buildings and private property. Ethiopia
    was on the brink of chaos. One week after the Irreecha tragedy,
    the government announced a state of emergency, that was 5
    months ago today, that remains in place. It prescribed sweeping
    restrictions on a broad range of actions and goes far beyond
    what is permissible under international human rights law. It
    signaled a continuation of the militarized response to the
    expression of grievances. While the state of emergency has
    halted both the destruction of properties and the protests
    themselves, underlying grievances clearly remain. No one should
    deny there are serious risks, that more unrest could occur.
        Since imposing the state of emergency, the Ethiopian
    Government has repeatedly committed publicly to undertake
    ``deep reform'' and engage in dialogue with opposition parties
    to address grievances. In short, the authorities are saying the
    right things. But the only changes the government has made so
    far are largely cosmetic and fall dramatically short of the
    protesters' calls for the protection of basic human rights.
        The continuation of the state of emergency, which further
    crushes the space for free expression and divergent views of
    governance, is not conducive for the open dialogue that is
    needed to address Ethiopia's ongoing crisis. The government
    announced that it arrested over 20,000 people since the state
    of emergency began, and although there has been little
    corroboration of these numbers, it could be higher. These mass
    arrests along with politically motivated trials of key
    opposition leaders, like Merera and Bekele, reinforces the
    message that the government is continuing along the path of
    suppressing dissent by force and not engaging in genuine and
    meaningful dialogue with opposition groups and citizens.
        The Ethiopian Government's responses to all of these abuses
    is consistent. The allegations are routinely denied without
    meaningful investigation, the government claiming they are
    politically motivated, while simultaneously restricting access
    for independent media and human rights investigators.
        While we are speaking today about the lack of
    accountability over the brutal crackdown in Oromia and Amhara
    over the last 16 months, Ethiopians in other regions have also
    been victims of serious abuses, without any meaningful
    investigations by the government. For example, Human Rights
    Watch documented possible crimes against humanity committed by
    the Ethiopian Army in 2003 and 2004 in the Gambela region.
    There was no credible investigation into the abuses. In
    Ethiopia's Somali regional state, the Ethiopian military
    committed war crimes and possibly crimes against humanity
    between mid-2007 and 2008 during their counterinsurgency
    campaign against the ONLF, the Ogaden National Liberation
    Front. Since that time, there have been serious abuses
    committed in the Somali region by the Liyu police. Again, no
    meaningful investigations have been undertaken into any of
    these alleged abuses in the Somali regional state.
        International scrutiny of Ethiopia's rights record has also
    been lacking despite its June election to the U.N. Security
    Council, and its membership on the U.N. Human Rights Council.
    Ethiopia has refused entry to all U.N. Special Rapporteurs
    since 2007, except for the Special Rapporteur on Eritrea. In
    total, there are 11 Special Rapporteurs that have outstanding
    requests for access to Ethiopia.
        Despite abundant evidence of serious and growing repression
    by the Ethiopian Government, the U.S. Government has been a
    muted critic. Quiet diplomacy has proven ineffectual. It has
    coincided with the dramatic downward spiral in human rights and
    a serious constriction of political space leading to the crisis
    Ethiopia is in today. It is time for a new U.S. approach to
    Ethiopia in which Congress plays a leadership role in seeking a
    more balanced policy and requiring more deliberate oversight as
    it has done in other countries in crisis, including the DRC and
    Egypt.
        As a starting point, Members of Congress should speak out
    strongly and publicly against abuses by the Ethiopian
    Government. House Resolution 128 and the resolutions introduced
    last year are steps in the right direction and contain many
    important elements. While non-binding, they are impactful
    because they let the Ethiopian Government know there are
    repercussions for brutality against their own citizens,
    brutality that undermines U.S. priorities in the Horn of
    Africa, including security, development, and economic growth.
    These partnerships are dependent on long-term stability in
    Ethiopia. Opposition to the ruling party's repressive rule, as
    witnessed in the last 16 months, is a glaring indication that
    Ethiopia's governance model marked by lack of respect for basic
    rights, is incapable of ensuring that stability.
        It is crucial that the U.S. makes it clear that if Ethiopia
    is going to remain a strong U.S. partner, it needs to open up
    legitimate political space and allow for critical voices to be
    heard. Members of Congress can and should call for the release
    of all political prisoners, including Bekele and Merera,
    because they should be part of any credible dialogue between
    the government and the opposition parties.
        Members of Congress should also call for the release of all
    journalists unjustly jailed and call for the repeal or
    substantial amendment of repressive laws used to stifle
    critical voices. Now any meetings with the Ethiopian Ambassador
    to the U.S. should include these points, as should any meetings
    with other Ethiopian officials, whether in DC or elsewhere. As
    the FY18 budget process gets underway, U.S. support to the
    Ethiopian Government should be conditioned on making progress
    in these and other areas of concern.
        Members of Congress should use available opportunities to
    tell Ethiopia to stop hiding its own human rights record from
    international scrutiny. As a member of both the Human Rights
    Council and the Security Council, Ethiopia should cooperate
    fully with U.N. special mechanisms, in particular the
    rapporteurs on peaceful assembly and torture.
        As expressed in House Resolution 128, Members of Congress
    should reiterate the call of the U.N. High Commissioner for
    Human Rights, the African Commission on Human and Peoples'
    Rights, and others, for an independent international
    investigation into the crackdown in Oromia and Amhara. Such
    action will send a powerful message to the Ethiopian Government
    that its security forces cannot shoot and kill peaceful
    protesters with impunity. It will also send an important
    message to the victims and families, including those here in
    this room, that their pleas for justice are being heard.
        International legitimacy is very important to the Ethiopian
    Government. It wants to be a key player on the international
    stage and condemnation of its human rights record contradicts
    that image. So consistent, sustained, and vocal pressure is
    critical.
        I will close by saying that I am aware of concerns
    expressed by some in the administration, and even here in
    Congress, that a more public stance on Ethiopia's domestic
    situation might undermine the bilateral partnership between
    Addis Ababa and Washington. But the United States has often
    underestimated its own leverage and been overly cautious as a
    result. Some of Ethiopia's international partners have made
    strong public statements in the last year and these statements
    have not undermined their strategic partnerships. Far from it.
    The U.S. may need Ethiopia, but Ethiopia needs the U.S., too.
    The U.S. should send a strong signal of support to the many
    Ethiopian citizens and Ethiopian-Americans who seek the
    protection of their rights, greater political space, and
    democracy but whose fight for dignity and freedom has been
    crushed time and again. Thank you.
        [The prepared statement of Mr. Horne follows:]

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                                  ----------

        Mr. Smith. Mr. Horne, thank you very much for your very
    incisive testimony.
        I will begin the questioning. You mentioned that U.S.
    policy has been muted. I can't tell you how welcoming that
    assessment is because it traverses both the Bush administration
    and the Obama administration since at least 2005 and before. I,
    my staff, and others in a bipartisan way have raised the issue
    that everything post-9/11 can't be antiterrorism and regional
    stability. Human rights ought to be at the core of what we say
    and how we condition our funding. So thank you for that
    refreshing and important admonishment to the new administration
    because the last couple have not gotten it right and that is
    unfortunate. I say that because we held hearings when we heard
    from the Ambassador and high officials in the Bush
    administration and I expressed not only my displeasure, but my
    deep concern over unwitting complicity. Looking the other way
    is complicity. And the same thing has happened, unfortunately,
    under the Obama administration.
        Now we have provided some $820 million between 2015 and
    2017 for health, food, and development aid to Ethiopia. You
    have pointed out in the testimony that people have been denied
    access to medical care and food, humanitarian assistance if
    they were not part or supportive of the regime.
        Has there been a response from the U.S. Government when
    that has happened? Are they aware of it? Have we pushed back
    and said wait a minute, we are the prime providers of that aid.
    We want to make sure it gets to the poorest of the poor or
    those who are at risk without any kind of political pre-
    condition.
        Secondly, you talked about the VOA and I think your point,
    all of the points that have been made about the journalists and
    being one of the worst areas where journalists are censored and
    the idea of self-censorship is a terrible consequence because
    that which is never written because of fear means that
    obviously human rights abuses go unscrutinized.
        But you mentioned the VOA at times is inhibited. Is that
    through jamming? How do they do that? Has it happened recently?
    What has been the response of the U.S. Government when that has
    happened? Because obviously, we should speak out loudly and
    clearly. Perhaps Dr. Lyons, either of you might want to speak
    to this, but the idea of hiding in plain sight, potential
    crimes against humanity and other kinds of serious human rights
    abuses, this is what adds to the shock and horror of that is
    that in plain sight of the African Union which is based in
    Addis, as we all know. It seems to me that a showcase city
    ought to have a showcase government that respects the dignity
    of everybody's life and not just those that are supportive of
    the regime. So if you could.
        Mr. Horne. Yes, thank you for those important questions. On
    the misuse of development assistance, Human Rights Watch
    documented this in 2010 in a reported called ``Development
    Without Freedom'' and it was focused on how the government uses
    the benefits of development assistance to control the rural
    population. And the response from donors, not just in the
    United States, but all of Ethiopia's Western donors was very
    much one of yes, that might be happening, but it is not
    happening on a very wide scale and the benefits of development
    outweigh these potential problems.
        There was initially some discussion about them potentially
    investigating the extent of this problem, but we have not seen
    any evidence that it has been investigated. And it is a very
    tricky thing to investigate, of course, not easy. But I can say
    in that time, in the interviews that we do about other human
    rights abuses, it comes up so often that you do not get--things
    I mentioned, food, seeds, fertilizer, everything, unless you
    are a member of the ruling party. It used to be that as long as
    you weren't considered to be the opposition then you wouldn't
    have problems, but now it seems to be much further, and lots of
    individuals who seem to genuinely avoid being involved in
    politics, including refusing to join the ruling party, have
    reported not being allowed access to food aid, to the seeds,
    the fertilizers.
        In Ethiopia and in many parts of the country, poverty is
    still a big problem and so yes, they don't have anything to
    fall back on. So it means they are really dependent on
    government. So it is definitely something that needs to be
    investigated more, because it is a big problem.
        On the Voice of America question, I think there are a
    number of ways that Ethiopia uses to prevent international
    broadcasters and this applies to others as well, including some
    of the diaspora stations that broadcast into Ethiopia, but yes,
    jamming is a big problem; jamming of radio and also jamming of
    television stations for some of the diaspora stations. But
    also, denial of work permits, a lot of the international
    broadcasters report having great difficulty having people on
    the ground. We talked to many individuals who were sources of
    information, who were interviewed on VOA and other stations who
    were arrested as a result. So the government uses various
    techniques to ensure that VOA can't operate.
        I can't comment on whether VOA or the other stations self-
    censor, but this is part of the strategy. If you make it
    difficult to do your media, and jamming and other tactics
    increase after you have reported on something very sensitive or
    after individuals were on VOA that the government doesn't
    approve of, the national tendency would be a self-censor. I am
    not saying VOA is self-censoring. I can't speak to that, but
    that is the strategy that they use.
        Mr. Lyons. I will just state one or two brief comments on
    the African Union. It came up in perhaps a more dramatic
    context in the mid-1970s during the period of Red Terror in
    Ethiopia where the OAU again, different organization, different
    era, was there while horrific street violence was taking place.
    This was, of course, before this regime came to power.
        The African Union is a growing organization that is
    increasingly talking about things like governance, human
    rights, and democracy. I think it should be encouraged. I think
    the United States does have important bilateral relations and
    has an Ambassador to the AU and that is all to the good. But
    the Africa Union is also an organization of heads of state who
    typically do not want to look too closely at the governance of
    neighboring states and to the extent that they do, it is often
    through the kind of quiet diplomacy that we were referencing
    earlier with the United States. It rarely becomes public and
    that in and of itself is part of the problem.
        Mr. Smith. Before yielding to Ms. Bass, I just point out we
    have got a very sophisticated report from the Embassy which I
    suspect has been produced in whole or in part by their lobbying
    organization which was set up, funded, beginning on January 1
    by SGR LLC. And if the filings we have seen are correct, we are
    talking about a $1.8 million year cost for the lobby.
        And you know, having been on this committee now 36 of my 37
    years, I have to tell you that I remember which Nicolae
    Ceausescu, one of the most brutal dictatorships with a
    Securitate, the KGB equivalent, every year his lobby firm would
    come around with bullet points and made them look like they
    were Mother Theresa. It was just incredible.
        So I think we all need to look at that submission very
    carefully, but the lobby firms are very adroit at putting
    things together that obscure very often the heinous human
    rights abuses that we are trying to highlight.
        Ms. Bass.
        Ms. Bass. Wow. I actually wanted to refer to it on the next
    panel because I want to ask questions based on the memo.
        But I believe, Mr. Horne, you were saying that other
    countries, the U.S. is concerned because obviously Ethiopia is
    a strategic partner and you were referring to other Western
    countries that have not ruptured their partnership because they
    have been critical and perhaps Dr. Lyons would like to respond
    to this as well. So I wanted to hear from both of you about
    other countries in the international community that have
    significant partnerships with Ethiopia and how they are
    responding to the situation.
        Mr. Horne. I think maybe there are two examples that I
    would speak to. One is the European Parliament. In January of
    last year, they passed a very strong resolution that condemned
    Ethiopia for some of these human rights abuses. It was the
    strongest thing we have seen out of the European Parliament in
    many, many years on Ethiopia. And since that time, the
    relationship between Europe and Ethiopia has strengthened.
    There is lots of assistance on migration, on supporting
    refugees, on development which has continued to go into
    Ethiopia, so it doesn't seem to have had a particularly
    negative effect of those sort of strategic partnerships.
        The more recent example is Germany. Chancellor Merkel
    visited Ethiopia just after the state of emergency had been
    called and in a public setting made a very strong statement
    that talked about the importance of political space, to open up
    space for the opposition. That was a very strong thing to say
    in public, in Addis and they didn't chase Germany away.
        In fact, the opposition dialogue that is currently under
    way and Germany is playing a leading role in facilitating that.
    So yes, I think there are lots of examples to point to that
    shows that yes, they are not. As angry as they get and the
    response with these briefing papers about how we are all wrong
    about the human rights abuses, they do get angry, but at the
    same time they are very strategic and they realize that U.S.
    assistance or Germany assistance in that case is very important
    to their country.
        Ms. Bass. Dr. Lyons.
        Mr. Lyons. My point will be just on the more general
    question of who has leverage over who. Typically, Ethiopia says
    listen, we are not going to take your conditions. We don't
    accept your human rights, State Department's human rights
    report or whatever it is that they are unhappy about. And
    because there are things that the United States wants to work
    with Ethiopia on, let us talk about the peacekeepers in the
    Sudan. That position is never pushed.
        I think I agree that there is a lot more room to say we are
    not going to back down just because you are angry at us, but
    rather, as a partner who wants to remain engaged with you for
    the long term, as a long term friend, we have to say it again,
    and we have to say it even more clearly because we think it is
    so important to us. So I guess without--you had the specifics.
    I can think of the Europeans as well. Germany is another good
    case. So I would share those.
        Ms. Bass. Are there any African countries?
        Mr. Lyons. Do you have a quick----
        Mr. Horne. I mean I wouldn't say--I can't think of any
    African countries offhand that have made strong statements on
    Ethiopia. I mean the Africa Commission on Human and Peoples'
    Rights called recently for an investigation. I mean that is
    probably the closest thing we have.
        Ms. Bass. So you said then that statements have been made.
    The question is what results were produced because of that?
        Mr. Lyons. I am going to use Mr. Horne's example. I do
    think that, while I have concerns about it being not a deep
    enough process of reform, the fact that the EPRDF is now
    engaging in discussions with a fraction of the opposition is a
    good thing. It is perhaps a small step in the right direction.
    It is not enough and so on. And I do think that while you never
    know what causes what, that it did follow some tough statements
    from European leaders and particularly in Germany. So at least
    it is consistent to say it was after Germany made a tough
    statement that EPRDF began to talk to elements of the
    opposition. The causation, of course, would be impossible to
    tease out.
        Mr. Horne. I would just say I think it is very difficult
    to, because there hasn't been that many strong public
    statements, it is very difficult to ascertain whether that is
    the correct strategy on Ethiopia.
        What is clear is that the quiet diplomacy hasn't worked. We
    have been talking about this for 10 years, since 2005. It
    clearly hasn't worked. So it is time to try something new. So I
    think this is something worth exploring.
        Ms. Bass. So I know that in many times in Los Angeles, my
    constituents would like for me to support the termination of
    all foreign aid, even humanitarian assistance. I have
    difficulty with that notion because I am concerned that, you
    know, their point of argument is that it never gets to the
    people that it is supposed to get to. And I guess what makes me
    fearful with that is that I don't want to play into forces here
    that are hostile to foreign aid and if it gets to some, then is
    that not better than others.
        And I think both of you made a statement that you thought
    foreign aid should be conditioned on making progress. One, do
    you think the foreign aid gets to the people, to some of the
    people who need it? And then two, if it is conditioned on
    making progress, number one, what would those conditions be and
    how would anybody verify?
        Mr. Lyons. I do not support ending all aid and particularly
    humanitarian aid because I do think it makes a tremendous
    difference on the ground. There were some 10 million people in
    Ethiopia following the El Nino drought of 2014 or 2015 who were
    able to survive, in part, because of the generosity of the
    United States and other donors.
        An important part of our aid package is for things like
    HIV/AIDS and PEPFAR money and education programs. You can go
    out to regional medical centers and see lots of things that
    USAID has done. You can see the work on regional universities
    and other things.
        We have a very, very small democracy and governance budget
    in Ethiopia. I think that there could be places where that
    could be used more creatively to try to get momentum behind
    some of these larger processes of all party dialogues and of a
    real discussion of how this country goes forward. Those
    discussions would not be possible unless there were things like
    release of political prisoners and the opening of political
    space. I think that that could be a place where there is
    leverage.
        The other place of leverage I think that is probably
    stronger and more available to use is diplomacy. Ethiopia wants
    to be a respected member of the world community. It matters
    greatly. They really, really wanted President Obama to visit.
    They thought that was an important way for them to be
    recognized as the most important state in Africa or something
    like that. And that then you don't necessarily get that
    recognition unless certain conditions are met.
        Ms. Bass. You know, there is the role that Ethiopia played
    in the negotiations with South Sudan.
        Mr. Lyons. Very important.
        Mr. Horne. Yes, I would certainly echo all of that. I think
    that Human Rights Watch does not call for aid to be cut off to
    Ethiopia. What we have called for is increased monitoring of
    the aid that is given, so the positive benefits of the aid can
    be experienced, but without some of the negatives. And right
    now what we see is that there is all of this money being put
    in, but there is not a lot of effort to really monitor the
    negative aspects like this increased repressive capacity that
    it gives the government.
        Ms. Bass. One other question I had as I know my colleagues
    want to ask questions, too, is that I have heard that the
    Ethiopian Government is feeling less pressure with the new
    administration in thinking that there is not going to be a
    concern considering that the positions that are being put out
    there are really more inward looking, concerned about what is
    happening here and not a concern so much on the international,
    especially with little to no mention of Africa at all.
        So I want to know what you believe in terms of the signal
    the new administration is sending to Ethiopia.
        Mr. Lyons. It is a very difficult to know where this
    administration is planning to head toward Africa, in part,
    because the personnel just aren't there yet and the kind of
    road map, the budgets and so on are unclear. The way I would--
    signs that I would look for is that on the one hand if this
    administration has heightened concerns about terrorism and
    counterterrorism, that there is a way to think that Ethiopia
    then would be able to get more attention in Washington because
    it would be able to play that role or at least position itself
    to play that role.
        But on the other hand, if USAID gets cut in a dramatic way,
    that presumably would be something that falls on Ethiopia as
    well as other countries. And so I just find it very difficult
    to know which way things will go with regard to U.S. policy
    toward Ethiopia.
        Mr. Horne. Yes, agreed. I think there is still a lot of
    importance to U.S. relationships and partnerships with Ethiopia
    that have been there for a long time and will continue to be
    there on security, on peacekeeping, and potentially development
    assistance.
        Ms. Bass. Is there oil in Ethiopia?
        Mr. Horne. That is a good question. Yes, there is believed
    to be some oil and natural gas in the Somali region,
    definitely. But I think when we talk about the importance of
    benchmarks and human rights measures and conditioning some of
    this support, it is also because you all saw what happened last
    year, you can't have a partnership on security, on development,
    on delivering humanitarian aid when people are protesting when
    a country almost descends into chaos. So respect for human
    rights actually makes development and security assistance much
    more effective which I think is an important part of this.
        Mr. Smith. Before yielding to Mr. Garrett, without
    objection, a correspondence from a coalition of NGOs, diaspora
    groups that support this effort, they also call for the passage
    of House Resolution 128, without objection will be made a part
    of the record.
        Mr. Garrett.
        Mr. Garrett. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I am just curious if
    either of these gentlemen could enlighten us as to what sort of
    accountability we think has happened as it relates to the
    crackdown on dissenters that we saw just last year in the
    region and then on top of that, and obviously, I have had your
    present testimony of the transparency as it relates to that
    accountability.
        Mr. Horne. Yes. I mean there were some calls from various
    countries for an international investigation. And Ethiopia's
    response to that always is we can investigate ourselves. We
    don't need the help of the international community. The fact of
    the matter is they haven't investigated. So the Human Rights
    Commission, which is the body that would be mandated in doing
    that investigation, they presented an oral report to Parliament
    in June of last year, the day that the Human Rights Watch came
    out with a big report into the protests in Oromia. And they
    largely exonerated the Federal security forces. No one knows
    who they talked to. No one knows how they arrived at a
    conclusion that was so radically different from what everyone
    else has found who has looked into the issue. And we have
    spoken to many diplomats, foreign diplomats in Addis, but also
    Ethiopian Government officials, and no one has seen a written
    version of that report.
        So in short, it doesn't seem that there was any meaningful
    investigation that was undertaken. There continues to be more
    promises with more investigations, but we haven't seen anything
    to date.
        Mr. Lyons. If I could add just a couple of sentences on to
    that because there is a media piece to this as well. The
    Ethiopian Government is often very unhappy when groups like
    Human Rights Watch and others come up with estimates on how
    many died or what the casualties were and so on and so forth.
    But there were very few other estimates, in fact, because the
    journalists cannot go out and ask questions and talk to people
    and go to the emergency rooms or whatever it is to get a handle
    on--we are here on the ground and we think that Human Rights
    Watch has overestimated it, but there is nobody on the ground
    collecting that with credibility. And so that is a further
    problem.
        The restrictions on the press mean that that type of
    restriction on accountability.
        Mr. Garrett. Mr. Chairman, I want to preface this by saying
    that we have had very few allies in some regards better than
    Ethiopia as it relates to combatting terrorism, the number of
    peacekeepers that the Ethiopians have contributed to global
    missions and I want to hat tip Ethiopia for that.
        Now as an editorial aside, I will tell you that one of my
    great complaints is that I think sometimes the United States
    participates in creating vacuums vis-a-vis regime change
    initiatives without contemplating who will fill said vacuum
    upon the creation of the vacuum.
        What is the state? What we have here in one person's
    estimation is a nation of Ethiopia that on the one hand does
    wonderful things to be integrated into the world community and
    on the other hand stymies any freedom of the press and we know
    is certainly very vigorous on cracking down on dissent.
        Is there even a viable opposition that would be an entity
    with whom we could do business in Ethiopia just by your
    estimate? Because again, the worst thing I think we can do,
    look at Libya pre- and post-Ghadafi. Look at Syria. Look at
    what happened in Egypt with Sisi sort of stepping in and
    creating stability where we don't know if we would have a
    Morsi, but I contemplate that it might be far worse. Is there a
    viable opposition at all?
        Mr. Lyons. The way I would frame that question is that
    there are a number of small parties and civil society
    organizations that, at great personal risk, have continued to
    operate within Ethiopia, but they have been marginalized by
    systematic actions by the regime.
        The way that I would put it about the vacuum, however,
    though is that if the EPRDF is a strong regime, which in some
    ways it is, 8 million members of the party, 100 percent seats
    in the Parliament, one of Africa's most effective militaries in
    peacekeeping and so on and so forth, double digit growth, it
    may also be a very brittle party that once challenged could
    very quickly, the veneer collapses and the underlying
    structures cannot stand. So that would be the concern I would
    have for a vacuum, that if the ruling party can't hold it
    together because it is under too much pressure, then what? And
    so it is not that we need to put pressure on----
        Mr. Garrett. I know I am interrupting, but with all due
    respect, that is my question. Then what? If the ruling party
    fractures, and there is a vacuum, who rushes in to fill that
    vacuum?
        Mr. Lyons. Very hard to know. My best expectation or my--it
    is really a guess rather than even a very strong conclusion is
    that the organizations in Ethiopia that have the ability to
    mobilize are one, ethnically-based political parties that are
    part of the ruling coalition, so some of the power might
    gravitate back to the ethnic regions and it will be weaker
    centrally; and two, the Ethiopian military, which is very, very
    difficult to get a bead on. And typically, historically has
    kept out of politics, but in the state of emergency, it is much
    more directly in politics, the command centers that are part of
    the state of emergency are Ethiopian military command centers.
    And so those would be two possible dynamics. One more toward
    autonomy and two, a greater role for the military.
        Mr. Garrett. Mr. Horne?
        Mr. Horne. Yes, it is a difficult question for us to
    answer. I guess what I would just point to is that there has
    been a--in my statement I talk about this, that there are a lot
    of tactics they have used to decimate the opposition to ensure
    that the opposition is not effective. And quite often when it
    gets to be hundreds of protesters over the last year and when
    you ask them about how they see the opposition, they don't see
    the opposition as being terribly effective. They don't see the
    opposition being able to represent their views in any sort of
    form.
        Mr. Garrett. So Mr. Chairman, I would yield back in a
    moment. I want to be very though. My concern is that in pushing
    Ethiopia to be a better actor as it relates to openness,
    freedom of the press, etcetera, that we accidentally create a
    vacuum that creates chaos beyond that which we currently
    imagine. So everybody, I think, on both sides of the aisle,
    wants to see free and fair democratic societies across the
    globe, but sometimes if we push and something falls off that
    ledge, what steps to fill the vacuum is not any better than the
    one that precedes and oftentimes, unfortunately, is worse.
        Mr. Smith. Mr. Garrett, thank you very much. The gentleman
    from New York, Mr. Suozzi.
        Mr. Suozzi. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I want to echo some of
    the things that Mr. Garrett was just talking about. I am new to
    this party. I am a freshman member and this is a new area for
    me as well as a member of this committee.
        But my big concern in the world today is not so much this
    country versus that country or this ideology versus that
    ideology, but it was described in Tom Friedman's recent book of
    control versus chaos, places that are stable versus places that
    are unstable.
        And so many places in the world today that were once
    propped up by the Soviets or by the Americans during the Cold
    War that are average or sub-average governments or that are
    either incompetent or corrupt or just lack resources, are not
    able to survive in the current environment because it is easy
    to be, as he described, a breaker in the world as it is to be a
    maker.
        And a lot of places end up with, because of climate change
    and the droughts such as you are experiencing in Ethiopia with
    80 percent of the people involved in agriculture and these
    terrible droughts and so many people are suffering and then
    they move into the cities and they are looking for a better
    life, but they can't find it there and there is civil unrest
    and it becomes political foment and we have gone from 35
    million refugees in the world to 65 million refugees in the
    past 10 years.
        And so if there is a movement to make this change, but as a
    result there is terrible unrest and de-stability that takes
    place in the country as a result, you have got another hot spot
    and another source of refugees in the world that have really
    few places to go.
        So what should we be looking at to help Ethiopia to not
    only address some of the concerns that you were testifying
    about, but also just to be stable in this world where there is
    so much instability?
        Mr. Lyons. The answer, one is broadly and then a little
    more precisely. I think another way of thinking about the
    concern in Ethiopia is not kind of a binary, is not control
    versus chaos, but rather in a context of rapid change,
    including within Ethiopia beginnings of new forms of
    development, but in a time of rapid change and without deeply
    embedded institutions and rule of law, is that the path to
    chaos? In other words, what you need is to have a political
    opening to better manage the process of change so you don't get
    to chaos.
        I certainly agree and many Ethiopians have gone through
    periods of chaos and have seen neighbor states go through
    chaos. That is not the desired end point. The question is if
    the Ethiopian Government does not recognize the challenges that
    face it, is it more likely to lead to that chaos or can a
    process of opening the regime up better manage that threat?
        I do think there are ways to open it up in terms of
    releasing political prisoners, of allowing these opposition
    parties to operate, and other things that I listed in my
    testimony. That does not mean that the regime is going to
    collapse. This isn't regime change. This isn't going in and
    bombing Benghazi or sending troops into Iraq. This is getting
    them to provide space so that Ethiopians who care about
    democracy and human rights are able to speak about those
    things. And it would be a very, very precariously perched
    regime that thought that that was what was going to lead to
    chaos.
        The Zone 9 bloggers are an example of that. A young group
    of Ethiopians who blogged in a way that was critical of the
    regime and the regime was very, very unhappy about that and
    regarded them as criminal. If you are worried about a group of
    young people who are blogging, when you have just won 100
    percent of the seats in Parliament, you have the strongest
    military in sub-Saharan Africa or one of the strongest
    militaries, there is a disconnect there. Why are you so worried
    about being criticized, if in fact, you are the control and not
    the chaos?
        Mr. Horne. Yes, I mean I think this isn't the first time
    there has been sort of this protest in Ethiopia. We said it is
    unprecedented, the scale of the protest was unprecedented and
    the scale of the brutality was unprecedented. But under this
    government there has been protests, movements in the past, and
    the government's response to that is to crush it through force.
    And it has worked. That approach has worked. It didn't work
    last year. And for so many people that I interviewed who were
    out there, when they faced bullets, when they saw their friends
    being shot and killed, when they faced tear gas, arrests,
    torture, and detention, it just emboldened them further.
        So if we care about Ethiopia's stability and we all do,
    everyone agrees, we want Ethiopia to be a stable, long-term
    partner, respect for human rights is core to that, is crucial
    to that. This is not about a vacuum of which party can take
    over post-EPRDF. That is not what we are talking about. We are
    just talking about basic respect for human rights which will
    keep Ethiopia stable and will ensure that it can be a valuable
    partner for the United States for many years.
        Mr. Suozzi. Thank you very much.
        Mr. Smith. Thank you, we will have some additional
    questions that all of us will submit for the record, but thank
    you for your tremendous input to this subcommittee and for your
    leadership for so many decades.
        Mr. Lyons. Thank you.
        Mr. Horne. Thank you.
        Mr. Smith. I now would like to welcome our second panel
    beginning with Ms. Seenaa Jimjimo who was born in South Oromo,
    in Ethiopia. From a very young age, she grieved over the
    injustice she saw growing up and studied political science in
    the hopes of becoming the solution.
        While in school, she served as president of the African
    Student Organization and assistant executive director for the
    Oromo Community Association of Chicago. Currently, she is
    president of the Coalition of Oromo Advocates for Human Rights
    and Democracy and is an environmental health inspector as well.
        We will then hear from Tewodrose Tirfe, who is one of the
    founding members of the Amhara Association of America, an
    organization dedicated to organizing Amhara people and a
    refugee who came to the United States in 1982. He has worked
    with international human rights organizations to bring
    attention to oppression of Amharans and worked to engage policy
    makers and raise awareness of humanitarian issues in Ethiopia
    that advocates for a policy that ensures that American
    interests and moves Ethiopia on the path of democracy. He also
    works as a senior network engineer.
        We will then hear from Mr. Guya Abaguya Deki who is a
    torture survivor from Ethiopia. He contracted polio when he was
    3 years old and was raised in an orphanage. He was an
    outstanding student and became an activist for disability
    rights and the general manager of the Ethiopian National
    Association of the Physically Handicapped. Ethiopia's ruling
    party tried to force him to join the party and when he refused,
    they arrested him several times and dumped him in the jungle
    area with his wheelchair believing that hyenas would attack him
    and kill him. Miraculously, Mr. Deki survived, came to the
    United States in 2003, and was granted political asylum in
    2014.
        We will then hear from Mr. Yoseph Tafari who was born and
    educated in Ethiopia where his social and political activism
    forced him to flee to Khartoum, Sudan in 1976. During his time
    in Sudan he successfully organized the Ethiopians who were
    exiled in that country to have the full protection of the
    UNHCR. Since coming to Colorado, he has worked as a project
    manager in constructing the largest Ethiopian Orthodox church
    ever built outside of Ethiopia and co-founded the Ethiopian
    Drought Relief Aid of Colorado, an advocacy group bringing
    awareness and much needed aid to the victims of the Ethiopian
    famine. He also owns a printing company.
        I would like to now yield to our distinguished first
    witness. I would point out to our witnesses, I have been called
    to a leadership meeting at 4:00. I have to be there for it and
    I apologize. I will read your testimonies very carefully. Ms.
    Bass and I both invited you to be here, so we both, all of us
    on the subcommittee want to hear you, so I apologize. When I do
    depart, it is not a lack of interest, I can assure you.
        Please proceed.

    STATEMENT OF MS. SEENAA JIMJIMO, PRESIDENT, COALITION OF OROMO
                ADVOCATES FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEMOCRACY

        Ms. Jimjimo. Thank you, Chairman Smith, Ranking Member
    Bass, and members of the subcommittee for this opportunity. I
    must say my presence here is historic and I am beyond honored
    for the opportunity to speak before you here.
        Today, I acknowledge the suffering of many Ethiopians like
    the Amharas. I am here to speak about three generations of
    pain, agony, and political oppression against the Oromo people.
    My grandfather saw massacres, my father and uncles served in
    prison camps as do my younger brothers and sisters today. This
    is not just the story of my family, rather the story of Oromos
    who constitute over 40 percent of the Ethiopian population and
    occupy the most productive lands. Oromia is the backbone of the
    Ethiopian economy, with the key export items: Coffee, gold,
    other precious minerals. Yet, the Oromo are politically,
    socially, and economically marginalized people.
        I must also acknowledge that while hundreds are better
    qualified than I could be here today, I bring a unique voice.
    To begin with, I am a follower of Wakefanna, the much less
    known indigenous religion. I am also a woman, the primary
    victims of human rights violations you often never hear about.
    And I represent a generation that knows, understands, and lives
    in two different worlds, my birthplace and America, land of
    opportunity.
        To speak the truth, I highly doubt my own people, for whom
    I am fighting day and night, will value me equal to my brother
    who cares less about them. It is with this understanding that I
    not only value the American interest in the region, but believe
    it is necessary that the American mission succeed because it is
    the only voice for women like me. Therefore, I want to assure
    this House that American interest is my interest and the
    interest of so many Oromos.
        Twenty-six years ago, in June 1991, Assistant Secretary of
    State of Hermann Cohen testified in front of House Committee on
    Foreign Affairs. He said, ``No democracy, no support.'' For 26
    years, Ethiopia has become an open prison for so many
    Ethiopians, particularly Oromos, who make the overwhelming
    majority of the prison population. Today, 26 years later, under
    the code name of ``state of emergency,'' a husband watched his
    wife and daughters get raped, sons taken away or killed.
        Even though I myself have lived under this terror and been
    watched and beaten by this government, what is new is the use
    of this new term ``state of emergency,'' which allowed it to
    shut off the small means of communication to the outside world.
    In Ethiopia, as others before me have said, all sorts of media
    is either banned or greatly curtailed. Social media is
    punishable by up to 5 years in jail, all rights organizations
    banned, requests by U.N. for independent investigations are
    denied, and U.S. concern is ignored. Moreover, although as
    early as January 2016, the Ethiopian Government admits to the
    use of excessive force, no single individuals have been brought
    to justice. Now 3 years later, nothing has changed except the
    implementation of the most brutal system of killing, silencing
    innocent people under the cover of martial law. For Oromos, the
    torture is unending, even as they flee Ethiopia. It follows
    them wherever they go in the region. As a proud partner to the
    U.S. War on Terror, the Ethiopian Government can go to Kenya,
    Somalia, Sudan, Yemen, and even as far as Saudi Arabia to bring
    back those who they consider threats to their power.
        While I understand the need for strong and dependable
    partners in a volatile region too close to extremism, reliance
    on a minority-dominated government hailing from a mere 6
    percent of the population, cannot be sustainable and would
    rather endanger American interests. A country of 100 million
    people inhabited by 82 different ethnic groups cannot survive a
    fake democracy or federalism.
        Mr. Chairman, a blind support of this government can only
    extend what is inevitable. If what we seek is united democratic
    recognition where all people have equal opportunity as a human
    being, we must ask for greater accountability and push for real
    tangible actions. Certainly, the introduction of House
    Resolution 128 is a great start. While I thank the leadership
    being behind it and all those who co-sponsored it, I ask you
    and I beg you to reach out to your colleagues to co-sponsor to
    speak before it is too late.
        The window of opportunity closes with each passing day,
    with each passing day, lives are murdered at the hands of this
    government. We know that in no democratic country, let alone
    Ethiopia, can a ruling party win an election by 100 percent. We
    should not ignore the young people's aspiration for democracy
    and justice who make up 50 percent of the entire population. We
    must not leave Ethiopia's fate to the current government or
    leave it up to them to investigate into its own gross human
    rights violations documented by the United States Government.
    Ethiopia's ruling party does not represent the country's
    future, but the past. A regime that kills its own people cannot
    be a regional team player for peace or stability.
        For me, I speak about this knowing I am putting my family
    who still lives there and those who I mentor in great danger. I
    choose to speak because this is not history, but rather
    testimony on my own personal experience for which I am ready to
    accept all sacrifices.
        Thank you again for your commitment in promoting democracy,
    peace, justice, and your relentless efforts to speak on human
    rights violations in Ethiopia. Thank you.
        [The prepared statement of Ms. Jimjimo follows:]

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         STATEMENT OF MR. TEWODROSE TIRFE, CO-FOUNDER, AMHARA
                         ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA

        Mr. Tirfe. Good afternoon. Esteemed members of the
    Subcommittee on Africa, on behalf of the organization I
    represent, Amhara Association of America, Ethiopian-Americans
    across this country, and all Ethiopians who have suffered
    unconscionable brutality at the hands of the Tigray People's
    Liberation Front, the ruling party of Ethiopia, I want to thank
    you for holding this hearing and bringing awareness to a
    humanitarian crisis that has been unfolding before us for the
    past 26 years.
        The subject of today's hearing, Democracy Under Threat in
    Ethiopia, is an misnomer in many ways since democracy has never
    existed under this current Ethiopian Government.
        Since the establishment of the Tigray People's Liberation
    Front, in their 1976 manifesto, they labeled their struggle as
    ``anti-Amhara oppressors'' and in order to achieve their
    struggle they must destroy the old and the dominant Amhara
    culture which represents over 30 percent of the Ethiopian
    population and replace it by a new and revolutionary culture.
    It is only through this that they may be able to secede from
    Ethiopia and establish the Republic of Tigray.
        The TPLF-led government has forcefully annexed historical
    Amhara lands of Wolkite, Tegede, Humera, Tselemti, and Raya-
    Azebo to Tigray. Under the late Prime Minister, Meles Zenawi,
    the TPLF transferred thousands of Tigray settlers to the
    annexed Amhara land in an attempt to change the demographic
    make-up of the region.
        As the ruling party of Ethiopia, TPLF has been and
    continues to commit ethnic cleansing on the Amhara people in
    Wolkite. Their native tongue, Amharic, is suppressed.
    Widespread discrimination, killing, arrest, torture, and
    confiscation of land have led to many of the ethnic Amhara
    people in this escaping to Gonder City, other regions of
    Ethiopia, and foreign countries for survival.
        In 2015, under the guidance of the Ethiopian Constitution's
    covenants, the Amhara people organized themselves and
    petitioned the Ethiopian Government to have the Wolkite region
    to rejoin to the Amhara State. The response by the TPLF regime
    was to kidnap the officers of the Wolkite Amhara Identity
    Committee in the middle of the night in 2016, and charge them
    with terrorism.
        These officers were named in a joint letter to the U.N.
    Human Rights Council by 15 human rights organizations including
    Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International.
        They are: Colonel Demeke Zewudu, who is the face of the
    Amhara Resistance; Getachew Ademe, Atalay Zafe, Mebratu
    Getahun, Alena Shama, Addisu Serebe, and Nega Banteyehun.
        My family is from Wolkite. I, myself, was born in the
    Wolkite city of Humera. Some of the men arrested are either
    related to me or close to my family. The chairman, Getachew
    Ademe, was a student of my father. Nega Banteyehun is my
    cousin. Their crime is being Amhara and petitioning the
    government for the Wolkite region to be rejoined to the Amhara
    State.
        I have family members who have fled Ethiopia to neighboring
    countries because they are being hunted down, one escaping with
    bullet wounds. I have had to collect money to send to these
    young men who have fled to Sudan, Kenya, and Uganda. It has
    been both financially and emotionally challenging for us.
        But Wolkite and Raya-Azebo are not the only areas where
    ethnic cleansing and genocidal acts have been committed against
    Amharas. We can cite in the areas of Benishangul, West and East
    Arsi and Afar between 1990 and 1994, close to 41,800 Amharas
    were killed and 70,000 Amharas were displaced from their homes.
    In the areas of Wollega in the year 2000, 1,200 Amharas were
    killed and 14,000 displaced from their homes. During this
    atrocity, children were thrown into fire and a 4-year-old child
    was forced to drink the blood of her dead father. In Bench
    Maji, 2015, 600 Amharas were killed and 22,000 Amharas were
    displaced from their homes. In West Shewa, 500 Amharas were
    displaced in 2015. Since the Amhara protests began in 2016,
    over 227, and these are government-provided numbers, have been
    killed, but we believe the numbers are much higher. This is
    just a small sample of the many atrocities committed against
    Amharas.
        As stated in the 2007 Ethiopian Census that was released,
    the Amhara population was short by 2\1/2\ million. A debate was
    not even allowed in Parliament when this fact was presented.
    Some estimates have the number now closer to 5 million. We
    believe there has been a systematic effort by the government to
    depopulate the Amhara population. Thus, the recent protests by
    Amharas was not about democracy or economics, but was simply
    about their identity, their land, and the need to survive as a
    people. Hundreds have been killed while peacefully protesting,
    hundreds of homes burned by security forces in retaliation
    against Amharas, and thousands imprisoned. We can never know
    the exact number killed, wounded, tortured, and arrested unless
    an independent and transparent investigation is conducted by an
    international body.
        When all these horrendous acts of genocide and ethnic
    cleansing were occurring, the world including Ethiopian
    opposition groups were silent. It is because of this silence,
    the Amhara people had no other choice but to organize
    themselves so they may have a voice. It is because of this
    silence and the basic need for survival the Amhara farmers in
    Gonder and Gojam decided to wage an armed struggle. One of the
    leaders of these brave farmers, Gobe Malke, was lost to Amharas
    just 2 weeks ago.
        The Amharas are not the only victims of this brutal regime,
    of course. We have witnessed the atrocious violence committed
    against Oromos where thousands have been killed while
    peacefully protesting, the Konso people, Anuaks, Afars,
    Somalis, and I can go on. The TPLF regime reasons to represent
    6 percent of the Tigray population while at the same time
    suppressing the majority Ethiopian population.
        In the past 26 years, Ethiopia has received over $30
    billion from the United States and over $20 billion from our
    allies. This figure does not take into account the humanitarian
    aid Ethiopia receives from the U.S., Europe, and other donor
    countries. Still, Ethiopia ranks as one of the poorest and most
    corrupt countries in the world. Independent research has
    revealed a corrupt system whereby $2 billion to $3 billion
    annually is leaving the country.
        Ethiopia is again facing a massive famine, with an
    estimated 5.6 million Ethiopians requiring emergency food
    assistance by June 2017. The question Ethiopian-Americans are
    asking is where is all the U.S. aid going? Where is the
    accountability from the State Department and European partners?
    This is not representative of a democratic form of governance,
    and may even be failure by our own democratic government to
    account for taxpayer aid. Unaccountable support to the
    Ethiopian Government does not serve the national security
    interest of the United States. I am honored today to be
    accompanied to this hearing by one of my younger brothers,
    Yowseph Tirfe, who is a veteran of the U.S. Marines and who
    proudly served a tour in Iraq. He was inspired to give back
    because he valued and wanted to preserve the freedom that he
    and our parents were afforded as immigrants in this great
    country. My younger brother, Yowseph Tirfe, has served in the
    United States Army. Ethiopian-Americans are law-abiding and
    tax-paying citizens who are proud to be Americans and deeply
    cherish the security, opportunity, freedom, the value of human
    rights, and representative democracy we have in America.
    However, we are very disappointed with the U.S. foreign policy
    that has failed the Ethiopian people and have appeased a brutal
    regime.
        As an Ethiopian-American based organization, the Amhara
    Association of America has provided a 14 point recommendation
    that we believe will ensure our national security interests and
    will lead Ethiopia on a path to democracy.
        Thank you and I forward to any questions.
        [The prepared statement of Mr. Tirfe follows:]

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                                  ----------

        Mr. Smith. Thank you, sir. Mr. Tafari.

     STATEMENT OF MR. YOSEPH TAFARI, CO-FOUNDER, ETHIOPIAN DROUGHT
                         RELIEF AID OF COLORADO

        Mr. Tafari. Chairman Smith, Ranking Member Bass, and
    distinguished members of the subcommittee, thank you for the
    opportunity to testify on the situation in Ethiopia.
        I would like to open my testimony first by thanking our
    representative of the 6th District of Colorado, the Honorable
    Mike Coffman, for his unyielding supportive voice for the
        Ethiopian people and our diverse community in the state. I
    also would like to recognize the passionate advocacy of my
    Ethiopian brothers and sisters from the Oromo community,
    especially Mr. Jamal Said, who is here today.
        Please allow me to introduce myself to make relevance of my
    presence before you. My name is Deacon Yoseph Tafari, co-
    founder of the Ethiopian Drought Relief of Colorado. I am an
    ordained deacon serving under the Archdiocese of the exiled
    Ethiopian Orthodox Holy Synod. I am an entrepreneurial
    businessman operating a commercial printing company in
    Colorado.
        I grew up in Ethiopia where in 1976 I was forced to flee
    Ethiopia and seek refuge in the neighboring Sudan. Fortunately,
    I was allowed to enter the United States as a refugee which
    paved the way to a life-changing journey. Since then, Ethiopia
    has not fared well in most measures, especially since the
    current TPLF, the Tigray People's Liberation Front, regime took
    the central political power in 1991. Ethiopia has gone from bad
    to worse.
        Please allow me to provide some of the major aspects of
    Ethiopia's profile.
        Religious freedom. One of Ethiopia's enduring virtues is
    its multi-century tradition of the coexistence of people with
    various Semitic faiths which exists to the present day of
    Ethiopia. By and large, the Ethiopian Christians, Muslims, and
    Jews together have long recognized the individual right to
    worship free from persecution as the only way for national
    cohesiveness. Throughout its history, evidence of common inter-
    religious marriages, co-observation of sacred holidays, social
    assimilation, mutual inter-dependence for trade, and even the
    gallant sacrifices shared to defend the freedom of the country
    is a rare find anywhere.
        Therefore, in the fight against extremism and global
    terrorism, one can never find a better natural ally than the
    people of Ethiopia who for centuries have possessed the wisdom
    and ingredients for peaceful coexistence amongst people of
    different religions. This collective asset will undoubtedly
    contribute far more lasting regional stability, provided it is
    represented by a democratic political structure. Instead,
    Ethiopia is ruled by a minority ethnic regime which has brought
    about highly destructive governance by perpetually
    marginalizing and terrorizing other ethnic and religious groups
    by pitting one against the other which may yield a damaging
    consequence to the nation's unique virtues and ultimately the
    fight against extremism and global terrorism itself.
        Ethnic identity. From the early days of its foundation,
    TPLF goals have been well documented. It is to break up
    Ethiopia's population by ethnic identity while simultaneously
    controlling all the nation's resource for the benefit of a
    single ethic minority group. All actions in every layer of
    civic duties, legislation, public policy, economic planning, as
    well as national security is shaped by this singular mission.
    Today, Ethiopia is strained to a breaking point due to
    excessive marginalization of the majority ethnic population.
    Desperate for their lives, hundreds of thousands of Ethiopians
    are fleeing the country making it one of the world's top
    refugee producing nations.
        Oromo and Amhara are the two biggest ethnic groups,
    together composing over 65 percent of the population. Since
    taking power, the regime embarked on a national campaign to
    incite conflict between these two significant ethnic groups to
    no avail. When the clear majority of Ethiopians finally said
    enough, massive protests were sparked across the country. In
    particular, a joint declaration of unity between the Oromo and
    the Amhara ethnic groups, has resulted in the regime declaring
    an emergency decree on the entire nation. Unlike its
    predecessor, the TPLF is a silent killer utilizing covert
    methods including assassins, sniper sharp shooters, poisoning,
    and numerous inhuman methods against its own people. The
    emergency decree is an added blanket tool in its lethal arsenal
    to efficiently execute its barbaric measures against all
    humanity in Ethiopia.
        Much ink has been spilled in documenting the crimes of the
    TPLF regime against the Ethiopian people. In short, Ethiopia is
    a country with no opposition, judicial system, civil society,
    independent media, or political space. Instead, the country has
    turned into closed killing chambers and the prisons and
    detention centers are packed with thousands of political
    prisoners while the world is looking the other way.
        Ethiopia's aspiration for genuine democracy and the reality
    of ethnic dictatorship, to point a few highlights in order to
    frame today's discussion.
        Religious freedom. All religious institutions are under the
    strict control of the regime making moral challenge virtually
    impossible to the ruling party's brutal measures.
        Political freedom. Systematic suppression of independent
    political parties especially after its resounding defeat by the
    opposition parties in the 2005 national election. Since then,
    the regime has devised the most perfect--I say that again--the
    most perfect rigging mechanism of the entire election process,
    resulting in ``perfect vote score'' of 100 percent electoral
    margin in the subsequent national elections of 2010 and 2015.
        Independent media. Ethiopia has virtually no independent
    media within its borders and international broadcasters'
    signals are regularly jammed. Today, Ethiopia is the second-
    highest number of jailed journalists in sub-Saharan Africa.
        Independent judicial branch. The legislative and judicial
    bodies in Ethiopia are totally controlled by the regime as a
    convenient ``legalizing platform,'' an effective tool for the
    executive branch to rule the country at will.
        The military. Ethiopia has no national army. I know this
    may come as a surprise to many, but the entire military
    apparatus is a direct extension of the ruling party, and over
    95 percent of its generals are ethnic Tigray to ensure
    unwavering loyalty to the minority regime.
        Economy. Highly centralized where by the largest source of
    gainful employment source in the country is the government
    itself. In order to self-serve the ruling party, it is used as
    an exclusive weapon for nationwide mechanism to reward its
    supporters and punish its potential foes. Despite claims of
    growth and prosperity, Ethiopia still remains the eighth
    world's poorest nation where nearly 20 percent of the
    population is facing endless chronic famine.
        Mr. Donovan [presiding]. We are going to put your entire
    statement into the record. I just want to give the other
    witnesses a chance to speak and make sure all the members get
    to ask their questions.
        Mr. Tafari. Can I----
        Mr. Donovan. Do you want to sum up? Yes, certainly, sir.
        Mr. Tafari. Okay. Ethiopia has been gripped by an
    apartheid-like system of governance affecting 100 million of
    its citizens. The regime has repeatedly showed the world that
    it operates much as an underground criminal enterprise than a
    ruling body with a mandate to govern an ancient country like
    Ethiopia. All its activity and sheer existence is for monetary
    gain from the nation which has made a few individuals of the
    inner circle fabulously wealthy. To those individuals, Ethiopia
    is for sale and the asset of the nation is to be monetized in
    every turn. By providing material assistance it receives under
    the pretext of ``ally against terror'' the regime should never
    be given the license to terrorize its own people. The United
    States needs to take into account that dictatorship based on
    the sole interest of a minority ethnic group can be the most
    ruthless force as the world is just witnessing the humanitarian
    crisis unfolding in present-day Syria. The primordial fear of
    retribution becomes a self-fulfilling cycle of suppression and
    human rights violations by this minority ethnic dictatorship.
        Last, we can find examples within the same continent of
    much better political solutions in which the United States
    played a major role in bringing to historical outcome. This
    fine example is none other than the end of apartheid system in
    South Africa. In both instances, the culprit for the suffering
    of the people of Ethiopia and South Africa is minority ruling
    dictatorship. Intrinsic to its core belief, such system can
    only function by forceful suppression of the will of the
    majority. As a result, both TPLF of Ethiopia and the apartheid
    system of South Africa are the perfect example of unsustainable
    political status quo.
        As in the case of South Africa, the gallant struggle of the
    majority combined with world economic embargo forced the
    dictatorship to come to the table for peaceful transition,
    thereby creating a more perfect union. In my opinion, that is
    the ``the fierce urgency of now'' for Ethiopia today.
        [The prepared statement of Mr. Tafari follows:]

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                                   ----------

        Mr. Donovan. Thank you very much. I have to go on. Mr.
    Deki.

      STATEMENT OF MR. GUYA ABAGUYA DEKI, REPRESENTATIVE, TORTURE
               ABOLITION AND SURVIVORS SUPPORT COALITION

        Mr. Deki. Thank you. My name is Abaguya Ayele Deki, I am a
    survivor of torture from Ethiopia. I would like to thank this
    subcommittee for inviting me to testify at this important
    hearing, and Congressman Chris Smith and Congressmember Karen
    Bass for introducing House Resolution 128 on Ethiopia.
        I am here today representing the Torture Abolition and
    Survivors Support Coalition, TASSC. TASSC is a small
    organization in Washington DC that services to more than 300
    torture survivors a year, mostly from Africa. Two-thirds of
    TASSC survivors are from Ethiopia. They were brutally tortured
    and raped for criticizing the government, refusing to join the
    ruling party, exposing government corruption, or participating
    in a peaceful demonstration.
        This is my story. After I contracted polio at age three, my
    father decided I needed an education to survive. He sent me to
    an orphanage in Addis Ababa where I completed high school. I
    graduated at the top of my class and then became the first
    student in a wheelchair to enroll at Addis Ababa University.
    The students used to call me the ``wheelchair man.''
        There was and still is lots of prejudice against disabled
    people in Ethiopia. But since I was very young, I decided to
    fight for my rights instead of feeling sorry for myself. I
    became an activist for disability rights and then general
    manager of the National Association of the Physically
    Handicapped, a job I held for 7 years. Because I was a leader
    of such a large independent organization, the ruling party, the
    Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front, or EPRDF,
    wanted to control and manipulate me. It tried to force me to
    tell the media and the community what a great job the party was
    doing for disabled people. But this was not true.
        I remember one time before the 2005 election, government
    cadres took wheelchairs donated by the United States, Sweden,
    and The Netherlands had donated and put them on a truck. They
    drove the truck through the city telling people the wheelchairs
    were a ``gift'' from the ruling party and about how the party
    helped disabled people. But it was all a big lie. The
    government did nothing for us. It was America and the other
    foreign donors who helped us.
        The government became much more repressive, especially in
    Addis Ababa, after losing the 2005 election. Cadres started
    attacking anyone who criticized the government. In many
    neighborhoods, commandos called the Agazi invaded people's
    homes and dragged the men to hidden prisons. The Agazi
    threatened the women, saying their husbands and children would
    be killed if the women did not have sex with the Agazi. These
    Agazi are not part of the police or army, they are special
    forces trained to be killing machines.
        I was detained a total of nine times for refusing to
    participate in activities to promote the ruling party. In 2007,
    security forces abducted me in a van and took me to a jungle
    about 25 kilometers from Addis Ababa. They threw me and my
    wheelchair out of the van, breaking one of my fingers and badly
    bruising my shoulders. They thought I would be killed and eaten
    by hyenas, since they threw me in a place with lots of hyenas.
    I made a fire from dry grass using my lighter, local families
    from the Oromo ethnic group found and rescued me.
        In 2010, I was arrested again by security forces in a taxi.
    The driver punched me in my mouth with his pistol and I lost my
    two lower teeth. They kept me for 3 days in solitary
    confinement in a tiny dark cell. My hands were tied to a chair
    and my mouth was wrapped up with dirty wet socks and I had to
    crawl on the ground outside to get to the toilet outside my
    cell. Friends and board members of my association convinced
    them to finally release me.
        The government wanted me to go into exile instead of
    killing me because then I would have become a martyr for people
    with disabilities.
        In 2013, I did leave Ethiopia to save my life and then in
    2014, I was granted asylum. I am now living in Joseph's House
    in Washington, DC, and hope to study computer science at the
    university. I would like to conclude my testimony with some
    recommendations.
        First, House Resolution 128 refers to the Global Magnitsky
    Human Rights Accountability Act which calls on the United
    States Government to punish individuals or entities responsible
    for killings, torture, and other gross violations of human
    rights. The Magnitsky Act should be applied to leaders of the
    Agazi killing machine and the security forces guilty of
    terrible human rights abuses.
        Second, House Resolution 128 also calls for better
    oversight and accountability of U.S. assistance to Ethiopia.
    People need this aid, especially to prevent and treat HIV/AIDS
    and other diseases, improve education, and combat food
    insecurity. But the government divers far too much of this aid
    for political purposes, to promote the ruling party and to pay
    off government supporters. There needs to be a stronger
    monitoring mechanism to ensure American funds are used wisely,
    not to strengthen Ethiopia's one party ethnic dictatorship.
    Also, in certain regions, women from the Amhara ethnic group
    are being possibly sterilized in government hospitals to reduce
    the Amhara population. USAID should investigate to see if any
    of these forced sterilizations are being carried out in
    hospitals supported by the U.S. assistance.
        Third, please, ask Mr. Girma Birru, Ethiopia's Ambassador
    to the United States, to tell his government to immediately
    stop harassing the families of tortured survivors and the other
    Ethiopians in the United States. Many TASSC survivors are upset
    because the government began harassing their families in
    Ethiopia after they fled the country.
        Thank you for listening to my testimony. I hope the
    Ethiopian Government will pay attention to this hearing and
    change its policies and that the U.S. Congress will be watching
    closely to see whether Ethiopia makes any specific and concrete
    changes after this hearing. Thank you.
        [The prepared statement of Mr. Deki follows:]

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                                  ----------

        Mr. Donovan. Thank you for sharing your experience with us,
    Mr. Deki.
        Each member of the subcommittee will be allowed 5 minutes
    to ask questions. I now recognize myself for 5 minutes. I would
    like to begin by congratulating and recognizing the great work
    of Chairman Chris Smith and my good friend, Karen Bass from
    California, on House Resolution 128. That is a starting point.
        What I would like to use my 5 minutes up with is to ask you
    each just to describe for 1 minute aside from the House
    Resolution, what do you think the United States can do to help
    Ethiopia and their efforts for a better democracy?
        Ms. Jimjimo. First, the U.S. has a lot of opportunity to
    negotiate and talk to the Ethiopian Government because they
    receive millions of aid from the U.S. and not only the aid that
    comes from here, but the influence of other governments whether
    the European Government or Asian, other governments. But they
    have a leverage to influence the whole entire world, how they
    operate with the Ethiopian Government.
        So what they need to do, I think, is the U.S. can, should
    pressure the Ethiopian Government to open up--first they should
    release all political prisoners without any precondition. Lift
    the state of emergency because what is happening under the
    state of emergency that people cannot record any video. People
    cannot be seen walking together. So they go house to house
    killing people and lift the state of emergency and allow
    journalists, not just even Ethiopian journalists, but
    international community, such as what the U.N. asked last year
    for independent investigation. For that to happen, they need to
    force and allow, actually, demand that they do a lot of those
    independent investigations to take place of all those killings.
    The killing is not being reported.
        And another thing is the U.S. does give a lot of money.
    That money should come with a lot of accountability. For
    example, the question that was asked earlier, U.S. gives
    millions of dollars and is that money going to certain people
    even if it is going to a small amount of people. The vast
    majority of that money is being used even if it goes to the
    people, it goes to the people through only government channel
    with you support me, you do this, or you vote for me or you do
    something for me, then you get this fertilizer, you get this
    kind of aid. So make sure those civic organizations actually do
    exist and the new proclamation system they have is like
    everything is through government. There is no NGO or
    independent organization that is operating independently
    outside of Ethiopia, even the international organizations.
        So the U.S. has huge leverage. They should use this
    leverage to open up the political space, request the release of
    political prisoners, lift the state of emergency and above all,
    I think it is time that Ethiopia should not continue to be
    ruled with the one party, even though they fake federalism,
    that does not actually exist. But that is what I think should
    happen.
        [Additional information follows:]
        Additional Written Response Received from Ms. Seenaa Jimjimo to
       Question Asked During the Hearing by the Honorable Daniel Donovan
        The Ethiopian regime is a one-party state that has been in power
    for the past 26 years. The Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic
    Front (EPRDF) controls 100% of the political space at all levels--
    local, regional and state, plus the legislative, executive, judiciary
    and security apparatus of the country while the majority of the people
    of Ethiopia, particularly in Oromia and Amhara states, which add up to
    at least 60% the entire population, has rejected the regime. Hence, the
    State of Emergency to control a large swath of the country by direct
    military command posts.
        Lack of tolerance by the EPRDF for multiparty democracy is the
    leading obstacle to the opportunity for democratic tradition taking
    root in Ethiopia. EPRDF on its owe will never open up the political
    space in Ethiopia without either outside pressure or inside turmoil. We
    have seen this since the 2005 election, at which point the EPRDF
    experimented with democracy and seen the outcome, which was not
    favorable to EPRDF, and since closed the democratic avenues firmly, by
    passing laws that effectively bans civic societies and independent
    political parties.
        The current situation in Ethiopia is a clear recipe for a
    devastating instability in the Horn of Africa unless stopped--a region
    already troubled by civil wars, failed states, famine, extremism and
    other natural disasters. Therefore, in addition to already introduced
    H. Res. 128, the United States government should consider the following
    options in order to give democracy a chance in Ethiopia:
        A. Since, the second largest regional state--Amhara regional state
    has joined Oromia in resisting EPRDF rule, the United States policy
    towards Ethiopia has to show a paradigm shift i.e. recognize Oromia
    political actors as the future of Ethiopia in regards to betterment of
    the efforts of the people of Ethiopia for democracy.
        B. The United States should provide tangible efforts such as
    training, diplomatic, financial and other support to start dialog with
    opposition party that represent constituent not the one the government
    creates at free will when they deem necessary to confuse/manipulate the
    international community.
        C. Insist for immediate access to Ethiopia by the UN human rights
    rapporteur to conduct an independent investigation into the Ethiopian
    state brutality against peaceful demonstration in Oromia, Amhara,
    Gambela and other regional states.
        D. Demand the immediate release of tens of thousands of political
    prisons in Ethiopia, including prominent democratic leaders such as
    Mr.Bekle Gerba, Dr. Merera Gudina, federal judge Wabe Jarso, highly
    respected elder and lawyer Mr. Dekeba Wario and highly respected
    historian, thinker and cultural guru Dabasa Guyo, journalist, and all
    other political prisoners in the country.
        E. Accept the fact that EPRDF had 26 long years to improve
    democracy in Ethiopia and failed or has shown no interest in listening
    to the United States in this regards. So, the United States should
    consider a new policy vis-a-vis the democratic transition of power in
    Ethiopia. In this regards, it may pay off to sponsor a research project
    that can objectively study the possibilities for nurturing effective
    opposition or alternative political force/s that is/are able to replace
    the EPRDF and make recommendations to the United States government who
    should be supported.
        F. The United States remains among the largest donors to Ethiopia.
    The United State development assistance to Ethiopia focuses on reducing
    famine vulnerability, hunger, and poverty and emphasizes economic,
    governance, and social sector policy reforms. Moreover, as a strategic
    United States alliance in war against terrorism, Ethiopia also receives
    large sums of money and technical aid towards its military and
    intelligence capability. The EPRDF uses money from aid given to the
    Ethiopian regime for total domination and favoring its own supporters
    as a means to remain in power. Hence, the United States must give aid
    money and assistance directly to local and international non-
    governmental organizations to deliver to the people in need of
    assistance rather than funding a corrupt regime.

        Mr. Donovan. Thank you very much. Mr. Tirfe, I know you
    said you had 14 points. If you could just summarize what they
    are. You didn't think I was listening, did you?
        Mr. Tirfe. I guess you did listen. Thank you for that. And
    thank you for your question. I won't repeat what Seenaa said,
    so to echo what she said, the U.S. does have a lot of leverage.
        Ethiopian Government, the TPLF government mainly is heavily
    dependent on foreign aid. So that foreign aid can be used to
    open up some things within Ethiopia to allow the political
    space and other civic organizations to operate. So not just the
    foreign aid that comes from America, but also from our allies.
    But America can lead that effort.
        One of the things that is really concerning to us is to
    allow for an international, independent and transparent
    investigation into the cost of 2\1/2\ million to 5 million
    missing Amharas. As he has just stated, that there is a belief
    that there is a forced sterilization effort of Amhara women
    that has been taken place to depopulate the Amhara population.
    We cannot know that unless there is an independent
    investigation that happens there. And there is a belief that
    there is a silent genocide that is occurring now amongst the
    Amhara population.
        Also, we need a push to allow for international independent
    transparent investigation into all the deaths caused by the
    Ethiopian security forces and other human rights violations and
    hold those responsible accountable.
        Mr. Donovan. Thank you. I only have 30 seconds left. I need
    to let these two gentlemen speak. Thank you.
        Mr. Tirfe. Sure.
        Mr. Donovan. Thank you and we will review every one of
    those 14 points. I promise you.
        Mr. Tirfe. And I will follow up.
        Mr. Donovan. Thank you. Mr. Tafari.
        Mr. Tafari. How many seconds do I have?
        Mr. Donovan. Fourteen now, but go ahead.
        Mr. Tafari. Well, in that case, I will just state one.
    Immediate hold of direct foreign aid to the Ethiopian
    Government, especially direct budgetary assistance, and all
    humanitarian assistance should be applied to a direct
    humanitarian organization on the ground, preferably the United
    Nations' World Food Programme.
        Mr. Donovan. Thank you, sir. Mr. Deki, do you have any
    recommendations to the United States?
        Mr. Deki. I would say if United States doesn't give due
    recognition for this dictatorship as elected government so that
    they cannot use this political support or recognition to harm
    the people back home. So United States should scrutinize that.
    The minority represented party cannot be elected 100 percent.
    Therefore, the United States, the first and most important to
    just denying political recognition. Thank you.
        Mr. Donovan. Thank you, sir. And thank you again for
    sharing your story with us. And best of luck with your studies.
        The chair now recognizes my friend from California, the
    ranking member of the subcommittee, Karen Bass.
        Ms. Bass. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. So I wanted to ask a few
    questions. I mentioned in the first panel that a reference was
    made to a letter from the Embassy of Ethiopia, but Chairman
    Smith says it is a from a consulting firm that was paid a hefty
    amount of money, $1.8 million, he presumes. But I want to raise
    several of the things that are mentioned in their letter.
        If I cut you off, it is only because I have limited time
    and so I want everybody to have an opportunity to respond.
        So one of the things it is said in this letter is that it
    is not that the EPRDF controls all of the seats in Parliament.
    They control 500 out of 546. And that there are 46 seats that
    are controlled by other parties. So I want to know is that
    true, yes or no?
        Ms. Jimjimo. The short is that is not true because even if
    those 46 persons, these people are 100 percent controlled by
    EPRDF in every aspect of the government.
        [Additional information follows:]
        Additional Written Response Received from Ms. Seenaa Jimjimo to
         Question Asked During the Hearing by the Honorable Karen Bass
        In order to answer this question one needs to understand what EPRDF
    is. The EPRDF is an alliance of four parties: the TPLF based in the
    Tigray Region; the OPDO, which is based in the Oromia Region; the ANDM
    based in the Amhara Region; and the SEPDF based in the Southern
    Nations. Nationalities, and People's Region. This alliance won 500
    seats in the national parliament.
        The OPDO, ANDM, and SEPDF are surrogate organizations controlling
    their respective regions for the TPLF. Now, the TPLF has also created
    surrogate organizations (although not formally part of the EPRDF
    alliance) for the rest of the regions: SPDP in Somali Region; BGPDP in
    Benishangul Gumuz Region; ANDP in Afar Region, GPDM in Gambela Region;
    APDO in Argoba Region; and HNL in Hareri Region. These surrogate
    organisations created by TPLF won 47 seats.

    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

                       Map of Ethiopia's regional states

        Although the EPRDF alleges that it won 500 out of 547 seats, I
    reality the EPRDF controls 100% the seats through its surrogate
    parties.
        Time and again they have openly and proudly have bragged about
    winning 100% of the seats. In addition, United State national security
    advisory Susan Rice said they won by 100% at press statement on July
    22, 2015. In fact, whether EPRDF controls 100% or 90% of the so-called
    parliamentary seats is academic as on the ground the EPRDF controls the
    entire economic, social and political lives of people in Ethiopia.

        Ms. Bass. Okay, the second question is that there has been
    a halt to the moving of people off the land, that that has been
    halted; that the plans to incorporate farm land around Addis
    Ababa were on hold. Is this still the case? Has there been any
    seizure of land taking place elsewhere in the country? Mr.
    Tirfe?
        Mr. Tirfe. I mean right now, Representative Bass, Ethiopia
    is under a state of emergency and so to know what is going on
    in terms of moving people outside of their land is very
    difficult. But one thing that we do know, the Amharas in the
    Wolkite region are being moved out of their land and in fact,
    because out of fear, their own, themselves, they are moving.
    They are leaving that area into safer regions and many are
    escaping to neighboring countries.
        [A written response follows:]
      Written Response Received from Ms. Seenaa Jimjimo to Question Asked
                 During the Hearing by the Honorable Karen Bass
        No, the expansion of the capital and displacing Oromo farmers is
    not halted. It is true that the Ethiopian regime was forced to announce
    that it will abandon the plan for the expansion of the capital in
    January 2016, after two months of protests by the Oromo people who have
    complained about the handling of the expansion into their land.
    However, the regime has announced a renewal of the expansion known as
    the 'Master Plan' and the formation of a special committee that will
    have an oversight of the removal of 20,000 Oromo households (estimated
    100,000 people) from areas surrounding the capital, according to a
    special broadcast on Ethiopian Broadcasting Corporation (EBC)
    television, on 13 December 2016. After this was announced, the Oromo
    people would have been back on the streets demonstrating against the
    renewed expansion of the capital had it not been for the State of
    Emergency and the military command posts all over Oromia.
        The scale of the so called 'integrated zone' covered in the plan
    for the expansion of the capital ('Master Plan') needs to be
    understood. The plan for expansion in the plan includes a 1.1m hectare
    strip of land around the city, outside the current municipal
    boundaries. A glance at the map shows the expansion of Addis Ababa
    would have neatly bisect Oromia.

    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

        It is my understanding that the regime is determined to implement
    the expansion of the capital into Oromo land for the purpose of ethnic
    cleansing rather than a natural development of the capital. In so many
    town planning experts' opinions the capital must grow upwards rather
    than into the villages and small towns in the vicinity with all its
    disastrous consequences for human life and the environment.
        Furthermore, it is important to remember the behavior of this
    government. Like other policies they announce time and again they will
    only change the name and tactic not actually address the root issue. In
    the case of 'Master Plan', not only did they made the same statement of
    halt in 2014 but also the party leaders like Abay Tsahaye have said it
    out in open on the national TV that the plan will be implement one way
    or the others. Therefore, they cannot be trusted or their word cannot
    be taken literally because of ...

    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

                   EBC TV programme 13 Dec 2016 (screenshot)

        Ms. Bass. Okay, the ruling party has said that they are
    embarking on a dialogue and a negotiation with 22 opposition
    parties. The dialogue and consultations will include a
    discussion on amending the election laws and encouraging the
    participation on different voices in Parliament. Mr. Tafari?
        Mr. Tafari. The history of TPLF, the EPRDF is woeful in
    terms of having to cooperate and work with any opposition
    group, with anyone.
        [A written response follows:]
      Written Response Received from Ms. Seenaa Jimjimo to Question Asked
                 During the Hearing by the Honorable Karen Bass
        To begin with only three are truly opposition groups while 19
    others are simply created by government. Second, as of now the single
    largest opposition party, Oromo Federalist Congress (OFC) have formal
    withdrawn. Third, if the opposition parties' leaders are in jail who
    are they negotiating with? In fact, on the latest interview by the
    largest option party, MEDREK leader Prof. Beyene Petros (an umbra
    organization that represent several different option, Oromo Federalist
    Congress, Sidama Liberation Front, Union of Tigreans for Democracy and
    Sovereignty and the Ethiopian Social Democracy--Southern Ethiopian
    people Democratic Union) said there is no point without of staying on
    table if our demand were not met. According to him the PM . . . seem to
    walk back on something he promised the party leader. To be frank to
    expect this negotiation will be fruitful is totally absurd because
    these so-called opposition parties know if they do not accept they will
    be arrested or worse killed or pushed to exile.

        Ms. Bass. Is there a dialogue that is taking place?
        Mr. Tafari. There is, but all we have to do is go back 40
    years of their history to see how we see these type of
    dialogues would come to a real fruition.
        Ms. Bass. Okay. Measures were taken on the government
    officials who were engaged in corrupt practices and some were
    removed from office and the legal process is underway. Mr.
    Deki?
        Mr. Deki. This is a big lie. The TPLF is known by its big
    lie.
        Ms. Bass. Go ahead.
        Mr. Deki. I would like to remember the past history of TPLF
    which says we can negotiate just below the sun. Everything then
    after just starting the negotiation and the opposition parties
    came to the table, then the facilitator is changed from the
    Prime Minister and then it is forgotten. They are killing
    people like that. They are very much well versed in this
    manipulation.
        [A written response follows:]
      Written Response Received from Ms. Seenaa Jimjimo to Question Asked
                 During the Hearing by the Honorable Karen Bass
        Nothing is far from this or the truth in this regard. This sort of
    shenanigan by the regime is not new. They regime has been engaged in
    'removing corrupt officials' since the mid 1990 starting from the
    removal of the then prime minister Mr. Tamrat Layne (removed from
    office on charge of corruption in 1995). The fact is the real corrupt
    inner TPLF circle is never removed. The ruling elite uses corruption as
    a pretext to get rid of opponents and non-loyal officials. They had two
    decades to stump out corruption, but nothing seems working. If
    anything, corruption is getting worse by the day. For instance,
    according to Transparency International's Corruption Perception Index,
    Ethiopia ranks 103 out of 168 countries and territories included in
    2015 index [https://www.transparency.org/cpi2015].
        Moreover, in the case of recent 2016 Oromo Protests, there is no
    single individual brought to court or announced to public they were
    removed from office either for corruption or violating/ excessive use
    of force that killed hundreds by government admission. If the rotation
    or reshuffling of the Oromia president or few high officials is/can be
    considered the government is addressing corruption than these people
    are only placed in different position. How is rotating or reshuffling
    can be/should be considered as addressing corruption? If not government
    need to show or name a single individual who lost his/her job because
    of corruption or killing hundreds of unarmed protests.

        Ms. Bass. So going back to what I was referring to in the
    past about the elections in 2015, there were a number of
    televised debates during which all sorts of political issues
    were voiced and argued between the candidates. Back to Ms.
    Jimjimo.
        Mr. Tirfe. Can you repeat the question, Representative
    Bass?
        Ms. Bass. Sure. In the last election, there were numerous
    televised debates during which all sorts of political issues
    were voiced and argued between the candidates. This is in
    contrast to the notion that there has been diminished political
    space.
        [A written response follows:]
      Written Response Received from Ms. Seenaa Jimjimo to Question Asked
                 During the Hearing by the Honorable Karen Bass
        First, even during televised debate the opposition parties were
    given only limited time whereas the EPRDF was given as much time as it
    liked. Second, right after televised debate where Mr. Bekele Gerba gave
    influential statement he was given ultimatum, warning and physical
    abuse by the EPRDF security agents for speaking what he believed and
    forthright. Hence, the debate was nothing more than a facfade that the
    EPRDF used for tricking donors and the international community. The
    people of Ethiopia are forced to vote for the EPRDF not because the
    EPRDF was better at debate but rather uses underhand techniques of
    controlling the population for people voting for the opposition parties
    are not entitled to employment, food aid, land or any rights that the
    people who grudgingly vote for EPRDF.
        Therefore, what is the purpose of televised debate when there is no
    fair or free election where international observers are not present?
        Moreover, could quasi debate whereby individuals know what they say
    on that stage will be used against them as 'plan to terrorize or
    overthrow government' be a real indicator for open and free debate let
    alone ground for fair election? How come those who spoke against the
    policy of the government are relinquishing in jail? How come opposition
    leader Mr. Gerba sits in jail with terrorism charge while his party is
    not labeled as such or sits in jail for over 14 months without
    government haven to provide his link or action to terrorism? To
    governments' admission over 28,000 people were arrested since the State
    of Emergency'' and what are the crimes of those individuals beside
    taken part in peaceful rally to express their grievance? In what
    nation, can a government impose such restriction in social media,
    arrested thousands of people without justification, implement state of
    martial law simply to control dissent and continue to intimidate
    citizen while receiving unconditional support to which millions end up
    in military training to kill, arrest and abuse citizen? When should the
    international community say enough that a country that received 30
    billion in aid and stole 30 billion (Steinan) https://www.forbes.com/
    sites/realspin/2017/03/03/ethiopias-cruel-con-game/#17e5352b29d0,
    refused UN request and ignore US continues concern statement? When or
    where is the red line for Ethiopian government?

        Mr. Tirfe. Representative Bass, the TPLF-led political
    party won 100 percent of all parliamentarian seats in 2015.
        Ms. Bass. They won 500 out of 546.
        Mr. Tirfe. One hundred percent and the regional seats, 100
    percent also. So imagine the Democratic or Republican party
    winning all of Congress, as well as the governors and----
        Ms. Bass. Depending on which party you are in.
        Mr. Tirfe. Right. I know many of us refer to 2015, but if
    we go back to the 2005 election, they won 99.99 percent of all
    the parliamentarian seats.
        Ms. Bass. I think the point of the letter was to show that
    some progress had been made and so that was the question.
        Mr. Tirfe. No, because we went from 2005 election where
    there was one opposing member in Parliament to in 2015, there
    is none. They won 100 percent.
        Ms. Bass. Thank you.
        Ms. Jimjimo. I would like to just answer that. The thing is
    they have arrested all liable, all actual opposition parties.
    They are in jail. So they create their own party and they bring
    22 parties. There is no dominant or a voice that is talking to
    them. They created, they make up and then they call is a
    negotiation. I just wanted to add that.
        Ms. Bass. Thank you. I yield back my time.
        Mr. Donovan. The chair recognizes for 10 seconds because he
    has to leave for somewhere else. Actually, it is Mr.
    Rohrabacher's time, but the chair is going to recognize Mr.
    Suozzi for 10 seconds.
        Mr. Suozzi. I just want to thank all of you because I know
    how difficult it was for you to get here and prepare for this
    today. I apologize that I can't stay, but thank you very much.
    [Speaking foreign language.] Thank you very much.
        Mr. Donovan. We had to allow him to show you that he
    studied before the hearing. The chair now recognizes my friend
    from California, Mr. Rohrabacher.
        Mr. Rohrabacher. First and foremost, I would like to thank
    the witnesses for coming here and to putting yourselves in a
    public place on the record, when you were dealing with a brutal
    regime that you have no idea whether or not you will face
    retaliation. So thank you for having the courage and thank you
    for your patriotism to your country of Ethiopia.
        And frankly, I believe all those people who believe in
    honest government, all those people who believe in honest
    elections and representative government are all basically
    Americans at heart. So your fellow Americans who share those
    values wish you well.
        I want to thank Chris Smith as the chairman of this
    subcommittee. I believe the fact that he has put this hearing
    together, he has been unrelenting in his efforts to expand
    freedom and respect for the dignity of individuals around this
    world. And nowhere is that message of Chris Smith more
    important than in Ethiopia.
        And let me just say that I think it is disgraceful,
    especially after the election of 2005 where it was clearly a
    loss of ruling party and then we end up with understanding that
    a--I don't know what I want to describe it as--an offensive
    after the election with military equipment spreads out
    throughout the country of Ethiopia and the people of Ethiopia
    begin feeling oppression immediately after a supposed free
    election. And the worst part of that is that these people who
    were out there in their uniforms have American weapons that
    they were using to repress their own people.
        I believe there has to be some level that we Americans
    have, if indeed we do share, if we really are soul mates with
    people who love freedom around the world, at the very least, we
    should say that corrupt regimes that utilize weapon systems
    from the United States to repress their own people will be not
    be provided those weapons. So I would renew that today. It is
    time to eliminate Ethiopia from its ability to purchase and to
    obtain United States weapons.
        Okay, so what is the result of all of this? What is going
    on? The result of this is you have repression, political
    repression. How does it manifest itself? Twenty percent of the
    people of Ethiopia are hungry. They are starving. This is
    outrageous. This is a country that has every ability to feed
    itself if it had honest government and instead, you have a
    small clique running Ethiopia and we have heard the testimony
    today. A small clique that is corrupt and brutal and the
    product of that raping of that country, the product of that is
    not only repression, but misery and hunger for a larger
    percentage of its people.
        It is disgraceful and it is time for the United States--I
    understand during this whole war against radical Islam and we
    have been at war with radical Islam because they are at war
    with us, radical Islamist terrorists want to hurt the United
    States. We have used that as an excuse to form a relationship
    with a horrible regime.
        I have to ask you now if we didn't support this government
    in Ethiopia that says it is helping us with radical Islamic
    terrorists, wouldn't just regular people and a really honestly
    elected government be against radical Islamist terrorism? There
    you go.
        Now let me let you know how I understand, how I came to
    understand this issue. I am a surfer out in California. That is
    what I do. I am a surfer. I couldn't help but notice that there
    was a black surfer who was with me out in the water. So one of
    the few black surfers in California is Petros Berhane who comes
    from Ethiopia and became one of my best friends. And his family
    owned a major distillery in Addis Ababa and when the communists
    took over, they left, they fled and his family are now U.S.
    citizens, proud U.S. citizens.
        Anyway, he told me about the plight of his family. And
    after the communists left, they were supposed to get back the
    distillery. All of the property that was illegally confiscated
    was supposed to be given back by the current ruling clique. But
    instead the current ruling clique found out that his distillery
    had actually been making money and so they are not getting back
    their distillery.
        And the reason I am telling you this is because I have been
    a Member of Congress here for a number of years. I am a senior
    member, so I have been working for my--he is my surfing buddy,
    but he is also my constituent who I am watching out for his
    needs. And I was demanding that the Ethiopian Government, if
    they are not going to give back that distillery at least give
    him some compensation for taking the distillery. Well, the
    government there has been so arrogant they refused to even
    consider any type of compensation.
        I had the Overseas Private Investment Corporation do an
    analysis to make sure that that claim was a legitimate claim.
    And they came back and they said yes, we find the fact that the
    Berhane family honestly owns that and they should be given some
    compensation for it. Well, I said okay. There is going to be no
    loans guaranteed through the Overseas Private Investment
    Corporation to Ethiopia until they treat this American citizen
    right and do justice by him. All of these years now, it has
    been over 10 years, maybe 15 years. The Government of Ethiopia
    is so arrogant, or also may be making money from the distillery
    themselves, that they were willing to sacrifice the well-being
    of the people of Ethiopia in order not to pay any just
    compensation to a man whose distillery had been illegally
    confiscated.
        Now if you just take Petros out of the picture and you just
    say these people who are heading that government do not care
    anything enough about their people because all these
    investments which we would have been involved with helping
    bringing jobs and money and wealth to the people, they rejected
    that because they themselves were not going to necessarily
    benefit from it as compared to owning that distillery or
    whatever they are getting from that distillery. So if we have a
    government that cares that little about their own people, a
    government that basically represents a very small minority of
    people in Ethiopia and we are providing that small clique, that
    corrupt and brutal clique, it is time for the United States to
    step up and say we made a mistake by going down the road with
    that clique of people. We should be friends with the overall
    population of Ethiopia and not just that clique. That would
    serve America's interests as well as the people of Ethiopia.
        Mr. Donovan. I would like to ask our guests to respect to
    decorum of the chamber. Thank you, Member Rohrabacher.
        This concludes the testimony and the questions of the
    members of the hearing. I remind everyone that the record of
    the hearing will remain open for 10 days. Many of the members
    may have other questions they may want to submit during that
    10-day period. We that all of you submit your answers to those
    questions in writing. I thank you all for appearing today. I
    thank you for your testimony.
        Again, Mr. Deki, I thank you for sharing your experiences
    with all of us.
        The Subcommittee on Africa, Global Health, Global Human
    Rights, and International Organizations is now adjourned.
        [Whereupon, at 4:40 p.m., the subcommittee was adjourned.]

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