[Senate Hearing 114-239] [From the U.S. Government Publishing Office] S. Hrg. 114-239 IMPACT OF FEDERAL LABOR AND SAFETY LAWS ON THE U.S. SEAFOOD INDUSTRY ======================================================================= HEARING BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON SMALL BUSINESS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP UNITED STATES SENATE ONE HUNDRED FOURTEENTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION __________ MAY 6, 2015 __________ Printed for the Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT] Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.fdsys.gov _________ U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE 99-457 PDF WASHINGTON : 2016 _________________________________________________________________________________ For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Publishing Office, Internet:bookstore.gpo.gov. Phone:toll free (866)512-1800;DC area (202)512-1800 Fax:(202) 512-2104 Mail:Stop IDCC,Washington,DC 20402-001 COMMITTEE ON SMALL BUSINESS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP ONE HUNDRED FOURTEENTH CONGRESS ---------- DAVID VITTER, Louisiana, Chairman JEANNE SHAHEEN, New Hampshire, Ranking Member JAMES E. RISCH, Idaho MARIA CANTWELL, Washington MARCO RUBIO, Florida BENJAMIN L. CARDIN, Maryland RAND PAUL, Kentucky HEIDI HEITKAMP, North Dakota TIM SCOTT, South Carolina EDWARD J. MARKEY, Massachusetts DEB FISCHER, Nebraska CORY A. BOOKER, New Jersey CORY GARDNER, Colorado CHRISTOPHER A. COONS, Delaware JONI ERNST, Iowa MAZIE K. HIRONO, Hawaii KELLY AYOTTE, New Hampshire GARY C. PETERS, Michigan MICHAEL B. ENZI, Wyoming Zak Baig, Republican Staff Director Ann Jacobs, Democratic Staff Director C O N T E N T S ---------- Opening Statements Page Vitter, Hon. David, Chairman, and a U.S. Senator from Louisiana.. 1 Shaheen, Hon. Jeanne, Ranking Member, a U.S. Senator from New Hampshire...................................................... 2 Witnesses Panel 1 Dr. Steven Solomon, Deputy Associate Commissioner for Regulatory Affairs, U.S. Food and Drug Administration..................... 8 Ms. Portia Wu, Assistant Secretary of the Employment and Training Administration, U.S. Department of Labor....................... 26 Panel 2 Dr. Mike Strain, Commissioner, Louisiana Department of Agriculture and Forestry....................................... 43 Mr. John P. Connelly, President, National Fisheries Institute.... 51 Mr. Frank Randol, President, Randol Inc.......................... 60 Alphabetical Listing and Appendix Material Submitted Connelly, John P. Testimony.................................................... 51 Prepared statement........................................... 53 Highliner Foods Letter Dated May 5, 2015..................................... 4 Randol, Frank Testimony.................................................... 60 Prepared statement........................................... 63 Addendum 1................................................... 74 Addendum 2................................................... 77 Addendum 3................................................... 79 Addendum 4................................................... 81 Addendum 5................................................... 90 Addendum 6................................................... 112 Addendum 7................................................... 123 Addendum 8................................................... 142 Addendum 9................................................... 149 Addendum 10.................................................. 177 Addendum 11.................................................. 193 Addendum 12.................................................. 212 Addendum 13.................................................. 237 Addendum 14.................................................. 263 Shaheen, Hon. Jeanne Opening statement............................................ 2 Prepared statement........................................... 6 Letter Dated April 30, 2015.................................. 72 Solomon, Dr. Steven Testimony.................................................... 8 Prepared statement........................................... 11 Responses to questions for the record........................ 264 Strain, Mike Testimony.................................................... 43 Prepared statement........................................... 47 Vitter, Hon. David Opening statement............................................ 1 Wu, Portia Testimony.................................................... 26 Prepared statement........................................... 28 Responses to questions for the record........................ 269 IMPACT OF FEDERAL LABOR AND SAFETY LAWS ON THE U.S. SEAFOOD INDUSTRY ---------- WEDNESDAY, MAY 6, 2015 United States Senate, Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship, Washington, DC. The Committee met, pursuant to notice, at 2:34 p.m., in Room SR-428A, Dirksen Senate Office Building, Hon. David Vitter, Chairman of the Committee, presiding. Present: Senators Vitter, Risch, Fischer, Ayotte, Shaheen, and Cantwell. OPENING STATEMENT OF HON. DAVID VITTER, CHAIRMAN, AND A U.S. SENATOR FROM LOUISIANA Chairman Vitter. Good afternoon. We are going to start our hearing today on the Impact of Federal Labor and Safety Laws on the U.S. Seafood Industry. Thanks for joining us today. We are going to be hearing from two panels of expert witnesses and stakeholders, a Federal panel who I will introduce in a minute, and then a stakeholder panel. I want to thank all of our witnesses for being here today to testify on these important issues. As anyone who has visited Louisiana knows, we enjoy great quality seafood and that plays a major role in our culture and our economy, and this is true for other States in the United States and it is an important part of our economy. In Louisiana, that seafood industry supports 20,000 jobs in the State with an annual economic impact of over $1.7 billion. More regionally, the Gulf States produce 70 percent of the nation's oysters, 69 percent of domestic shrimp, and are a leading producer of domestic hard- and soft-shell blue crabs. More broadly, the seafood industry is responsible for creating jobs and revenue that supports so many families along the Gulf, in Alaska, and elsewhere, including the East Coast and the West Coast. Seafood processors in Louisiana and across the Gulf Coast rely on seasonal foreign workers to fill the most labor- intensive positions throughout the sector. These workers come to the United States legally under the H-2B visa program. This program is vital to many in the seafood business, as many of these operations take place in small rural communities where access to a stable, reliable labor force can be extremely difficult. Recently, we have seen the difficulty of compliance with this program increase, most notably the Department of Labor's decision to stop accepting private wage rate surveys, which has often forced businesses to reallocate their financial resources, and that has been a big, big cost increase for these businesses. Another area that requires attention is ensuring the safety of seafood that is being imported into the country. It is imperative that we ensure that foreign imports are playing by the same rules and regulations that our domestic producers operate under, and that is one of the reasons I introduced the Imported Seafood Safety Standards Act. This legislation increases inspection rates, quality standards, and penalties in order to protect American families. In closing, we need to make sure that Federal regulations of all types, like the two areas I have highlighted, do not unfairly and negatively impact our small domestic seafood providers. What Washington bureaucrats often fail to realize is that their rulemaking can literally put some small businesses, like domestic seafood producers, out of business. So, we need to focus on these and other regulatory areas. Again, I thank everyone for being here today and I look forward to our discussion. With that, I will turn it over to our Ranking Member, Senator Shaheen. OPENING STATEMENT OF HON. JEANNE SHAHEEN, RANKING MEMBER, A U.S. SENATOR FROM NEW HAMPSHIRE Senator Shaheen. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, and thank you to all of our panelists this afternoon for being here. As the Chairman said, seafood is a big issue in my home State of New Hampshire just as it is in Louisiana. Even though we only have 18 miles of coastline, it is an industry that is important to the State, both because of our tourism industry and the fishing--the pleasure boat fishing that goes on off the coast of New Hampshire, but also because we have not only a small fishing industry, but we also have a fish processing industry in New Hampshire. And, Mr. Chairman, in the interest of brevity and because I have to leave early, I am going to submit my full statement for the record, but I just wanted to raise a couple of concerns. One is not directly related to this hearing, but since we are talking about seafood, I feel compelled to talk about the concerns that we have in New Hampshire and the Northeast relative to the fishing quotas that have been set by the Department of Commerce and specifically by NOAA. Over the past few years, the Federal Government has found that the declining levels of cod in the Gulf of Maine have been dramatic. There is some disagreement about that among scientists and among the fishing industry, but they have set very dramatic, very low quotas that have almost totally decimated the fishing industry in New Hampshire, and again, I appreciate that that is not the subject of today's hearing, but it is an issue that we are very concerned about and I think it is something that we need to deal with because of its impact on our small business fishing fleet in New Hampshire. The other issue that is relevant to today's discussion is one that is having an impact in New Hampshire, as well, and that is the impact of creating a separate Federal program to remove catfish inspection authority from the FDA. As some of you probably already know, the 2008 farm bill transferred the inspection of catfish alone from FDA to the Department of Agriculture and it left the FDA with the jurisdiction of all other seafood products. That means that all of our seafood processors that handle catfish will now be subject to two separate sets of regulations. This is a costly and unnecessary burden on these businesses. It will kill jobs and hurt economic development. And, in fact, just the prospect of this regulation has put a freeze on job creation in some of those companies in New Hampshire. One seafood company, High Liner Foods, which I have had the opportunity to tour, has put on hold the job expansion that they would like to do because of the uncertainty around these regulations, and Mr. Chairman, I would like to enter this letter from High Liner Foods for the record, if I can. [The letter follows:] [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT] Chairman Vitter. Without objection. Senator Shaheen. This duplicative regulation does not just affect the seafood industry and it is not really about food safety, I believe. I think it is an effort to set up trade barriers against foreign catfish that will dramatically affect not only the seafood processing business in New Hampshire and this country, but it also could put us open to challenge at the WTO and trade retaliation against other agricultural industries. So, Mr. Chairman, I have been working with other members of the Senate to try and repeal this duplicative program. I hope we can do that. I think it is unnecessary and I hope that we will have the opportunity to do that and to further discuss this, not just in this committee, but when we get to the floor of the Senate. So, thank you again to our panelists for being here and I look forward to the discussion today. [The prepared statement of Senator Shaheen follows:] [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT] Chairman Vitter. Thank you, Senator Shaheen. We will now go to our first panel of witnesses, our Federal panel. I will introduce both and then we will hear their testimony and have discussion following their testimony. Dr. Steven Solomon is Deputy Associate Commissioner for Regulatory Affairs at the FDA, and he was appointed to that in April 2014. Prior to his appointment, he served in several capacities at the FDA since 1990. Dr. Solomon holds a D.V.M. degree from Ohio State University and a Master's of Public Health from Johns Hopkins University. Prior to joining the FDA, he owned and operated a private veterinary practice. And, he will be followed by Ms. Portia Wu, Assistant Secretary of the Employment and Training Administration within the U.S. Department of Labor. She was appointed to that in April 2004 and she now leads that Employment and Training Administration with its mission to address our nation's workforce needs through high quality training and employment programs. Prior to that, she held a number of positions in public, nonprofit, and private sector situations, including serving at the White House on the Domestic Policy Council as Special Assistant to the President for Labor and Workforce Policy. Ms. Wu holds a Yale Law School degree and a degree from Yale College and a Master's degree from Cornell, and is originally from Albany, New York. Welcome to both of you, and we will start with Dr. Solomon. STATEMENT OF STEVEN M. SOLOMON, D.V.M., M.P.H., DEPUTY ASSOCIATE COMMISSIONER FOR REGULATORY AFFAIRS, FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Dr. Solomon. Good afternoon, Chairman Vitter, Ranking Member Shaheen, and members of the committee. I am Dr. Steve Solomon, Deputy Associate Commissioner for Regulatory Affairs at the Food and Drug Administration, and I appreciate the opportunity to appear before you today to discuss the agency's ongoing efforts to oversee the safety of the U.S. seafood supply. FDA has a strong regulatory program in place to ensure the safety of both domestic and imported seafood. In fact, the Hazard Analysis and Risk Preventive Control framework of FDA's seafood safety program is a basis for the preventive controls requirements for other FDA regulated foods called for in the FDA Food Safety Modernization Act, or FSMA. The agency has a variety of tools to ensure compliance with seafood safety requirements, including inspections of both domestic and foreign processing facilities, a hundred percent electronic screening of all imported products, examination of sampling of domestic seafood and seafood offered for import in the United States, domestic surveillance sampling of imported products, inspection of seafood importers, and foreign country program assessments. In today's testimony, I want to discuss FDA's regulatory framework for overseeing the safety of the U.S. seafood supply, emphasizing the agency's risk-based efforts with regard to imported seafood. Processors of fish and fishery products are subject to FDA's Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point, or HACCP, regulation. In short, the regulation requires both domestic and foreign processors of fish and fishery products to understand the food safety hazards associated with their process and product and require a preventive system to control for those hazards. Every processor is required to have and implement a written HACCP plan whenever a hazard analysis reveals one or more food safety hazards that are reasonably likely to occur. Foreign processors who export seafood to the United States also have to have--apply to the HACCP regulation. In addition, HACCP regulations require importers to understand the hazards associated with the products they are importing and to take positive steps to verify that they obtain shipments from foreign processors who comply with these requirements. In recent years, there have been reports of seafood in the United States being labeled with incorrect market names. FDA is aware that there may be economic incentives for some seafood producers and retailers to misrepresent the identity of the seafood species that they sell to buyers and consumers. While seafood fraud is often an economic issue, we have heightened concerns when species substitution poses a public health risk. The agency has invested in significant scientific advancements to enhance its ability to identify seafood species using state-of-the-art DNA sequencing. FDA is actively working to transfer this technology, which will enable the seafood industry and others to monitor and test their products to confirm the species purchase is correct. Turning now to imports specifically, it is the importers' responsibility to offer for entry into the United States product that is fully compliant with all applicable U.S. laws. FDA has numerous tools and authorities that enable the agency to take appropriate action regarding imported product. In recent years, the agency has significantly increased its number of foreign food inspections. Furthermore, if FDA requests to inspect a foreign facility and is refused, FSMA gave the agency the authority to not allow that facility's food submission into the United States. Besides HACCP inspection of foreign facilities, the agency also conducts surveillance of food offered for import at the border to check for compliance with U.S. requirements. FDA reviews all import entries electronically prior to the product being allowed into the country. The agency has implemented an automated screening tool, the PREDICT system, which significantly improves FDA's screening of imported food. PREDICT utilizes the admissibility history of the firm and/or a specific product and incorporates the inherent risk associated with the product. For example, a PREDICT review includes the facility inspection history, data quality concerns, sample analytical findings, and type of product that the firm offers for entry into U.S. commerce. Based on this electronic screening, the agency will direct resources to the most critical entries that have the greatest impact on public health. A subset of the import entries flagged may be physically inspected and/or sampled at varying rates depending on the type of the seafood product and the risk factors described. Another key regulatory tool for controlling imported goods is the Import Alert. Import Alerts inform FDA field personnel that the agency has sufficient evidence or other information about a particular product, producer, shipper, or importer to believe that future shipments of an importer product may be violative. On the basis of that evidence, FDA field personnel may detain the article that is being offered for import in the United States without physically examining the product. The agency has over 45 active seafood Import Alerts that focus on imports from certain firms, products, and/or countries based upon past violations or public health concerns. An Import Alert shifts the burden to the importer to demonstrate that the product meets FDA regulatory requirements. For example, FDA imposed a country-wide Import Alert on five aquaculture species from China in June 2007 due to the presence of unapproved animal drugs. These entries are currently subject to private laboratory testing before they are allowed into domestic commerce. Finally, I would like to note that the FDA is working globally to better accomplish its mission to promote and protect the public health of the United States. As one example, the agency has conducted foreign country assessments to evaluate the country's laws for and implementation of good aquaculture practices. FDA uses the information from country assessments to target better surveillance sampling of imported aquaculture products, informs its planning of foreign seafood HACCP inspections, provide additional evidence for potential regulatory actions, and improve collaboration with foreign government and industry to achieve better compliance with FDA's regulatory requirements. In closing, oversight of the safety of the U.S. food supply continues to be a top priority for FDA. The agency has a strong regulatory program in place for seafood products. We will continue to work with our domestic and international partners to ensure the safety of both domestic and imported seafood. Thank you again for the opportunity to appear before you today, and I would be happy to answer any questions. [The prepared statement of Dr. Solomon follows:] [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT] Chairman Vitter. Thank you very much, Doctor. Now, we will hear from Ms. Wu. Welcome. STATEMENT OF PORTIA WU, ASSISTANT SECRETARY FOR EMPLOYMENT AND TRAINING, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Ms. Wu. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Chairman Vitter, Ranking Member Shaheen, members of the committee, thank you for having me here today to discuss the H-2B program and the seafood industry. My name is Portia Wu and I am the Assistant Secretary at the Employment and Training Administration at the Department of Labor. Together with the Department of Homeland Security, we administer the H-2B program. The H-2B program allows employers to meet legitimate needs for temporary foreign workers and the Department takes very seriously its statutory responsibility to administer this program and to ensure that U.S. workers have meaningful access to these job opportunities, that their wages and working conditions are not adversely affected. These efforts also help protect foreign-born workers from exploitation. The Department recognizes the vital role that the H-2B program plays for the seafood industry. Many seafood employers are multi-generational family-owned businesses and they are a source of cultural pride in coastal areas. The jobs these businesses provide are critical to local communities and create additional jobs in other related industries. And, Mr. Chairman, as you referenced, these businesses are often in remote or rural areas and so they can struggle to attract and retain a sufficient workforce necessary to provide seafood products for the United States and for the world. Thus, many do depend on temporary workers, including temporary foreign workers. Over the last five years, employers in some of the largest seafood producing States, like Louisiana and Maryland, were among the top ten users of the H-2B program, and last year, approximately 55 percent of the seafood jobs certified by the Department of Labor were located in the Gulf Coast States, ranging from shrimp boat deckhands in Texas to seafood and crawfish processors and packagers in Louisiana. We understand that seafood employers and others are impacted by the current annual 66,000 number cap on H-2B workers. That cap is set by Congress. And, we are again seeing demand nationwide that exceeds that cap. The Department is committed to maintaining a fair and reliable application process for those who use the program. However, unfortunately, in recent years, we have faced difficulties in achieving stability in this program because the Department of Labor's H-2B regulations have been subject to numerous cases brought in court by both employers and worker advocates. In fact, this litigation ultimately resulted in temporarily suspending the processing of H-2B applications earlier this year. Last week, in order to quickly reinstate the H-2B program and also to bring certainty, stability, and continuity to that program, the Department of Labor and the Department of Homeland Security jointly issued two new regulations. One is an interim final rule establishing the overall framework for the H-2B program. I should note that is an interim final rule, so it is open for public comment until June 29. The other is a final updated wage rule that allows the use of private wage surveys in certain circumstances in keeping with a recent court decision. These rules immediately restore processes for approving prevailing wage requests and labor certification applications so the program can continue to operate. They expand employer requirements for recruitment and consideration of U.S. workers so United States workers have a fair shot at finding and applying for these jobs. It also permits employers in the seafood industry to continue to stagger the entry of their H-2B workers into the United States. The regulations strengthen worker protections by clarifying employer obligations with respect to wages, working conditions, and benefits that must be offered to H-2B and U.S. workers alike. And, finally, as I noted, the rules explicitly include the use of private wage surveys, which were restricted by a recent court decision, and they--so, we set guidelines for how these surveys can now be used, and that includes State surveys, which are often used in the seafood industry. Both the Department of Labor and DHS are trying to ensure a smooth transition between the former regulations and the new rules. First and foremost, anyone who had already applied under the old rules or who were in line does not have to change anything. They will continue to operate under the prior regulations. Second, the new regulations allow an expedited process for employers who have a start date of need before October 1, 2015, so people will have time to quickly transition. In conclusion, the Department of Labor strives to maintain an H-2B program that is both responsive to legitimate employer needs where qualified U.S. workers are not available and to provide adequate protections for U.S. and foreign temporary workers. Doing so is not only good for law-abiding employers, including employers in the seafood industry, but also for the many U.S. workers seeking jobs in fields that rely heavily on the H-2B program. Thank you again for this opportunity and I look forward to answering your questions. [The prepared statement of Ms. Wu follows:] [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT] Chairman Vitter. Okay. Thank you, Ms. Wu, and we will start with our questions, and let me begin with you on one of the topics you discussed directly, and that is private wage surveys. Is it not correct that the new rule you were describing greatly limits compared to past practice, greatly narrows and limits the use of private wage surveys? Ms. Wu. Senator, it is true that in December last year, we had--our previous rule allowed significant use of private wage surveys. That use was enjoined by a court in December of last year and the court's opinion lays out a great deal of reasoning, including concerns about how private wage surveys might undercut wages and some other reasons that, for example, surveys that use only entry-level wages are not permissible under the law. They found that to be a violation of the law. At that time, we had to immediately suspend the use of surveys because of the court's order. However, with our new rule, we allow surveys in limited circumstances. There are some, and again, it is in keeping with the court's order, we believe, where, for example, an occupation is not well represented in the Occupational Employment Statistics. We also specifically allow for State conducted surveys, and I know this is a subject of particular interest in the seafood industry because many States do this. There are some basic criteria in keeping with the court's order. For example, as I mentioned, you have to look at average wages in an industry, not simply entry-level wages. But, we believe that this may be an opportunity for many in the seafood industry to take advantage of this provision. We actually--I was talking with some of your folks from Louisiana today and we are putting out some assistance next week to explain to people how they can use these surveys. In the transition provisions, we also said that, for example, if you already got your certification but you have not brought your workers in and you are wondering, can I go back and get a new survey wage, as long as it complies with our basic criteria, we put in a provision to allow people to go back and adjust that wage. Chairman Vitter. Well, Ms. Wu, as you know, there is a lot of concern that the new system is too narrow and narrows the use of these surveys way beyond anything that would be absolutely required or demanded by the court. What is your reaction to that critique, which I think is a fair one? Ms. Wu. Thank you, Senator. I think we believe that the new provisions are in keeping with the court's order. I should note, the State-provided surveys, frankly, we may be getting some criticism from the other side that it may be going beyond what the court allowed. So, there are many points of view on it. But, I do think that this provision of State-provided surveys may be an avenue that industries, particularly the seafood industry, could take advantage of and have taken advantage of in the past. Chairman Vitter. Does use of these State surveys allow for recognizing differences which exist from one local area to others within the State? Ms. Wu. Yes, Senator, it could. Obviously, it is up to the State as to what level of detail is conducted in the surveys. They certainly could provide a survey where there are differences in locality. Obviously, with different sorts of tasks in the industry, they would have different levels of wages. And, the Department is not in the business of dictating how employers should pay their wage or not. I know some employers, for example, use piece rate. They will be able to continue doing so. Chairman Vitter. Okay. And, Dr. Solomon, my understanding is that in 2014, only about 2.77 percent of all seafood imports were inspected. Do you think that percentage is adequate, and if not, what does the FDA plan to do differently? Dr. Solomon. So, the seafood safety system that I described during my testimony is multi-faceted, so there are many components of it. First, it is putting the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point regulations into place, which puts the burden on the processor to produce safe product. Then, we have oversight by doing foreign inspections of them. Then, we also conduct inspections of HACCP regulations by the importers. So, the testing that takes place at the border is a verification activity or a surveillance activity to try and find if there is any flaws in the system and how it is working and to identify them and it is verification activities. So, we test at different rates a sampling. So, taking generic rates for seafood, we test higher rates for certain products, certain commodities, higher risk areas in much higher rates than that because we want to have additional verification for those particular aspects which pose the greatest safety concerns. Chairman Vitter. I understand all of that. I did not mean to suggest by my question that you just do one thing, you just stop 2.77 percent at the border and test it. So, as part of that overall effort, do you think the net inspection rate of 2.77 percent is adequate? Dr. Solomon. Examination at the border as a verification activity at the various rates we do, we think is a viable control measure in light of all the other measures that we have in place. Chairman Vitter. So, you have no plans to increase it? Dr. Solomon. With the resources we currently have, we would not just increase sampling testing. If the agency had additional resources, we would focus on all the aspects of the framework, the regulatory structure that I described. Chairman Vitter. Why would you increase it if you had more resources? Dr. Solomon. Greater oversight and greater confidence in how the system is working. We would do more foreign inspections. We would do more importer examinations. But, once again, not on a universal basis, on a risk basis, on the products---- Chairman Vitter. So, the level you do now is not optimal? Dr. Solomon. Uh, we think we actually have very few foodborne illnesses associated with seafood products, but with more resources, the agency could do more. Chairman Vitter. Okay. I am just trying to understand. You are suggesting it is adequate, but in the next sentence, you said you would certainly do more with more money. Dr. Solomon. So, it is a risk basis in terms of looking at the products that are coming in. With additional resources, we could look at lower levels of risk. We are looking at the highest levels of risk now. Chairman Vitter. Doctor, certainly in the past, the following has happened. A batch of actually tested and rejected seafood imports has been simply shopped to another port of entry. What in your overall system today categorically prevents that? Dr. Solomon. So, we have a notification system, electronic notification system. When we refuse an entry, that electronic notification system not only notifies Customs and Border Protection, but all the other FDA district offices and ports. Chairman Vitter. And, so, how is that batch tagged indelibly so that that notification is meaningful so that those other ports can identify the same batch we are talking about? Dr. Solomon. So, as you may be aware, we have been working for many years to try and get a marking rule that would provide that marking of the product. That is not in place yet, but right now, we do notifications based off the data that we have of who the importer is, what the commodity line is, and make sure that everyone is aware about that shipment was refused. Chairman Vitter. So, if they--so, there is not a set marking rule, so if they change the packaging or any of the markings, they could very possibly get away with what I am describing? Dr. Solomon. The system is not foolproof, I agree with you, but we do do notifications. Chairman Vitter. Okay. Well, I mean, I would suggest that is a bigger hole than simply saying it is not absolutely foolproof, but we will pursue that. Senator Shaheen. Senator Shaheen. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Dr. Solomon, as I said in my opening statement, I am very concerned that we are in the process of setting up a new program under the Department of Agriculture to separate catfish out from all other seafood and inspect them separately. I think it is duplicative and it does not make sense. So, I wonder if you could talk a little bit about the program that has been operating under FDA, which up until now has had the responsibility for inspecting catfish. Can you tell us how it has functioned and whether or not catfish consumption has posed a risk to human health. Is there a reason why we should be setting up a separate program? Dr. Solomon. So, the last part of the question, catfish is not one of the species that we particularly target as being a risky product. It is not a product that is typically eaten or consumed raw. It is cooked beforehand. It is not put into reduced oxygen packaging, some of the other risk factors that may be associated with it. So, we handle catfish under the same framework that I described before. We have both inspections, domestic inspections, foreign inspections, the HACCP controls in place that have been adequately controlling issues associated with catfish. Senator Shaheen. So, and just to be clear, it is not the FDA or the Department of Labor or USDA that has set up this program separately. It was Congress that did this in the farm bill. But, there was not a safety risk to human health from catfish that triggered this effort, is that how you would analyze the situation? Dr. Solomon. I am not aware of any specific safety hazards unique to catfish. Senator Shaheen. Thank you. And, I know it may be hard for you to put a cost figure on the inspection of catfish under the FDA jurisdiction, that it may take you some time to come up with that. It is my understanding that right now, the USDA's catfish inspection program, it is estimated that it will cost about $14 million a year to operate. So, I am going to ask you to take for the record and try and get for this committee the cost of the inspection of catfish under FDA jurisdiction, if you would. Dr. Solomon. We would be happy to provide that back to you. Senator Shaheen. Okay. Thank you. Ms. Wu, I appreciate the fact that the Department is in a challenging position relative to how to make the H-2B visa program work, given that we have not yet taken up comprehensive immigration reform, which would go a long way towards addressing this challenge. But, in the meantime we do have small businesses in my State, we heard from the Chairman in Louisiana, who are using the H-2B program and are confused about how the new rules will affect their business. So, can you talk a little bit about how you are addressing outreach to those small businesses that are affected. Ms. Wu. Absolutely, Senator. As I noted, we have a bunch of fact sheets on our Web site. We are also doing some sort of webinars and outreach next week to talk with people. We always--we have frequent listening sessions. We recognize the use of this program by small business. We are happy to answer any questions. We have very detailed questions about, you know, if I already submitted my application, what happens to me now. And, I think, as I noted, for people who had already submitted their application before this whole court case in April, they can just keep going along. They got approved. They can keep going along, running the program the way they were going to do it this summer. There will be changes in the future. For those who want workers before October 1, we put in a sort of expedited process. As you may know, DHS administers the cap, but the cap was hit fairly early this year. But, we continue to process requests for labor certification, because there are some exceptions. So, we are happy to answer any questions. We are doing outreach to small businesses. Senator Shaheen. And, so, when you advertise those webinars that you are doing, do you notify the Small Business Administration so they can get it out to the Small Business Development Centers to share that with other businesses around the country? How do you get the word out that you are doing those kinds of webinars? Ms. Wu. Well, first and foremost, we use the contacts list that we have of the users of the program, because, obviously, the Small Business Administration deals with many, many businesses who do not even know what the H-2B program is. Senator Shaheen. Right. Ms. Wu. So, we really focus on the contacts that we have and work with our colleagues at DHS and others to make sure that we get the word out. But, if you have other suggestions or if you are concerned about the employers in your State, we would be happy to conduct some targeted outreach there. We also work with many of the associations who follow these regulations very closely. We make sure we get the word out to them. And, we have regular listening sessions with them to hear about their concerns. I will note the new comprehensive rule is an interim final rule. We took comments on a similar rule in 2011-2012. We made some changes, in part in recognition of the concerns of small business. We are taking comments again and we very much welcome people's comments on how we can improve the program and make it usable for them. Senator Shaheen. So, just because I am still not quite clear, if anybody has--if a company has applied for H-2B visas in the past, would they get a notification of proposed rule changes, of various outreach efforts that you are doing automatically because they are on your list? Ms. Wu. They should. They should. I will check with my operations people---- Senator Shaheen. Okay. Ms. Wu. Yes, we do. Senator Shaheen. Behind you, they are nodding. [Laughter.] So, hopefully, that means that any New Hampshire company that has applied in the past will get those notifications. Ms. Wu. Yes, that is our hope. Senator Shaheen. Thank you very much. Chairman Vitter. Thank you. Next is Senator Ayotte. Senator Ayotte. Thank you, Chairman. I wanted to follow up on the question that Senator Shaheen had asked Dr. Solomon about the catfish program. As far as I can tell, the U.S. FDA handles seafood inspections for all other forms of seafood, correct? Dr. Solomon. That is correct. Senator Ayotte. And, so, there is no reason why you could not continue to handle independently the inspection as you did before Congress on its own created this duplicative inspection regime, the inspection of catfish, which is actually a low-risk species, correct? Dr. Solomon. We are currently, since that rule is not in effect yet, we are currently handling all the catfish inspections. Senator Ayotte. And in the end, as I understand it--you know, it has been interesting to me, we have nine GAO reports on this topic, and those nine GAO reports actually consistently recommend eliminating the newly created by Congress USDA program that, as I understand--you would not know these numbers--but as I understand, has already spent $20 million. Not one fish has been inspected. Obviously, the FDA has handled the inspection of seafood for a long time. And, here we are in the Congress going to--already spent another, you know, USDA, trying to stand up duplicative inspection, already spent $20 million on it, and as Senator Shaheen mentioned, it is going to cost USDA, the estimate is, $14 million a year to continue doing what you already do quite well. So, I do not know if you have had a chance to look at these GAO reports. Have you? Dr. Solomon. Not nine of them, but I have read some. Senator Ayotte. And, do you agree that you can handle the inspection of catfish, that we do not really need another office to inspect catfish? Dr. Solomon. The program has worked effectively as far-- from FDA's perspective. Senator Ayotte. Right. So, this is a great example of government run amok, truthfully, because the notion that we already have the FDA doing its job inspecting seafood, and to carve out just catfish so that we can spend millions of dollars more to have the USDA have another office inspecting catfish, which you are already doing quite well, for one species of fish--you know, these are the kinds of things that I think people look at Washington and they say, what are you all doing down there? So, I really hope, you know, that we will have some common sense on this and allow you to continue to do what you have been doing historically rather than creating another-- continuing to plunk millions of dollars into a duplicative program. I also wanted to follow up, Ms. Wu, on the H-2B issue. I share--obviously, I serve in New Hampshire with Senator Shaheen, and what I have heard in New Hampshire, many of our seasonal businesses depend on these workers. In fact, in Portsmouth, Nashua, Laconia, they had the most H-2B visas granted. But, the abrupt breaks and a burdensome process, especially for smaller business, have been very, very difficult. So, when are we going to make sure that we are not in the same position we were this year as we look to the application process next year, you know, given that this is-- people have to plan on what their workforce needs are? Ms. Wu. Thank you, Senator. It has been frustrating, I know. It has been frustrating for us trying to run a program. I am sure it has been frustrating and frightening, frankly, for a lot of small businesses when these abrupt court decisions come along and halt us from doing something we have been doing in the program, make us suspend this. I mean, it has really been very difficult. That is why we asked for a stay with the court order so we could keep running the program this spring, and now we have issued comprehensive rules--even though the Department of Labor believes we have the authority to do this on our own, because of the legal challenges, we jointly issued these regulations with DHS. So, I think we feel like we are at least insulating ourselves from that level of legal attack. Unfortunately, we do continue to see attacks from all sides on this program, but we hope that brings some certainty and stability. And, we also are trying to include some provisions that will make things easier over the long run for businesses using this program. Senator Ayotte. Well, I really appreciate that, because just the feedback I have gotten from businesses in New Hampshire on the program is that under the administration, it has become more complicated, more difficult, more paperwork, and as I look at the new H-2B interim and wage final rules that were issued on April 29, it is more than 100 pages, and I see the burden on employers increasing. So, I hope when you look at this that we need to decrease the burden on employers, not create more paperwork, especially when many of them, as you know, this is something that they do every year and they have been in the program already. So, thank you for being here today. Chairman Vitter. Thank you. And next, we will go to Senator Cantwell. Senator Cantwell. Thank you, Mr. Chair. Dr. Solomon, I wanted to ask you about Russian pollack. Last fall, I sent a letter, led by my colleague, Senator Murkowski, to the FDA Commissioner Hamburg requesting to fix this labeling problem. The FDA has authority to change the acceptable market name of product from pollack, and not just Alaska pollack. The change would prevent Russian pollack from being labeled as United States Alaskan pollack. So, we requested that the FDA make this change in September and now it is May of 2015. So, do you agree that the term ``Alaskan pollack'' would give consumers the impression that the product is from Alaska? Dr. Solomon. So, the determination about the species naming is handled by our Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. They have what they call a seafood list. I know that your submission--that issue is before that group. They look at both the species name, they work with fish taxonomists and look at the DNA sequencing that talks about these different species, and I know they have that issue under review. Senator Cantwell. And, so, when will we hear about that decision? Dr. Solomon. I know they are actively working on it. I do not have that. We will be happy to try and get back with you. Senator Cantwell. Okay. Do you think, in your view, is the Russian pollack industry a sustainable fishing industry specifically--scientifically, I guess I would say? Dr. Solomon. So, I do not think I am qualified to speak on that. We look at fish from a food safety perspective and we are not, you know, related to the trade issues or other issues associated with it. Senator Cantwell. Well, I think we see things, obviously, about it. They are known for labor issues. Just last month, a Russian pollack catcher/processor vessel sank in the Bering Sea. Only 63 crew members survived. Sixty-nine were lost. Forty percent of the crew were--they are illegally from countries like Burma, Ukraine, Latvia. And, so, these lives are being lost because of lack of training and survival skills, and then consumers are seeing a product that is labeled Alaska and is not really Alaskan pollack. So, we hope that you will get a decision through the FDA about this and look at both the way the industry is operating and the right that consumers have to understand this product. Thank you. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Chairman Vitter. Okay. Thank you both very much. We will excuse you and call up our second panel of witnesses. As they get situated, I am going to go ahead and be introducing all three of them. We are really pleased to be joined by Dr. Mike Strain, the Commissioner of the Louisiana Department of Agriculture and Forestry, who was elected to that position in 2007, sworn into office in January 2008. Dr. Strain holds a Doctorate in Veterinary Medicine from LSU and opened the Claiborne Hill Veterinary Hospital in Covington soon after he received that degree. We are also joined by Mr. John P. Connelly, President of the National Fisheries Institute, America's leading trade association advocating for the full seafood supply chain. John was Chairman of the International Coalition of Fisheries Associations and a board trustee of the Marine Stewardship Council and is currently a board member of the International Seafood Sustainability Organization. And, we are also joined by Mr. Frank Randol, President of Randol, Incorporated. Frank is a seafood processor from Lafayette, Louisiana. He has over 40 years of experience in the industry and also owns Randol's Restaurant in Lafayette, Louisiana. Welcome to all of you, and we will start with Dr. Strain. STATEMENT OF MIKE STRAIN, D.V.M., COMMISSIONER, LOUISIANA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY Dr. Strain. Thank you. Good afternoon, Chairman Vitter. Thank you very much for the opportunity to come here and speak today. My name is Dr. Mike Strain. I am the Louisiana Commissioner of the Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Aquaculture. I am testifying today on behalf of the Louisiana Department of Agriculture. State Departments of Agriculture are responsible for a wide variety of programs, including food safety, combating the introduction and spread of plant and animal diseases, and fostering the economic vitality of our rural communities. Our department oversees all agriculture activities within the State, including the markets for products produced by our farmers, and especially what we are here to talk about today in seafood, in the crawfish industry, which falls under my purview. First of all, I would like to thank Ms. Wu and other members of the Department of Labor for allowing us to come and visit with them on March 23 about this issue and have a very open and frank discussion. Also with me today is the Director of the National Association of State Departments of Agriculture, which I am a Vice President, Dr. Barbara Glenn. My statement is also consistent with the position of the National Association of State Departments of Agriculture, representing commissioners, secretaries, and directors across all 50 States and four Territories, in the development, implementation, and communication of sound public policy and programs which support and promote American agricultural industry while promoting and protecting the environment and our consumers. In order to feed our increased U.S. population, we must have a stable agricultural labor supply. The ability of seasonal businesses to keep their doors open and retain their full-time U.S. employees relies upon having successful peak seasons to offset the rest of the year when business is slow. During their busy seasons, companies must supplement their permanent staff with temporary seasonal employees. Employers spend thousands of dollars and hundreds of hours in their efforts to fill these positions. Unfortunately, even in today's tough economic climates, there are not enough local workers available to fill all the temporary seasonal positions, and efforts to obtain U.S. workers to relocate for temporary seasonal employment have not been successful. As a result, businesses must utilize the H-2B guest worker program to find seasonal workers and workers for their peak workforce needs. The H-2B program is vitally important for many industries, including forestry, nursery, landscaping, outdoor amusement, restaurant and hospitality, tourism, livestock, horse training, sugar, and many others. In Louisiana, the seafood industry, which includes crawfish, shrimp, crabs, oysters, and catfish, is in a critical situation because seafood processors traditionally cannot fill their temporary or seasonal vacancies with U.S. workers. Many of these businesses are located in rural areas that simply do not have sufficient populations to supply their extra workforce needs. Additionally, many who are willing to work want full- time, year-round jobs. Indeed, many of the jobs in these locales that are year-round and are full-time depend on the various processors operating for their own jobs and business operations. In 2014, Louisiana hired 5,546 H-2B workers. For each H-2B worker, it is estimated that 4.64 American jobs are created and sustained. Over the last ten years, Louisiana has seen many natural challenges to the agricultural sector of our economy, with Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, floods on the Mississippi River, spilling water through the spillways into the Atchafalaya Basin, and drought. The H-2B regulations released on April 29, 2015, by the U.S. Department of Labor and the U.S. Department of Homeland Security could impact an already fragile industry's economic competitiveness. The seasonal industries have had to weather several years of regulatory instability. The H-2B wage rule that the Department of Labor adopted on January 19, 2011, imposed a new, untested wage determining methodology that would significantly increase costs for small and seasonal small businesses. After being blocked by Congress in April 2013, the DOL issued an interim final rule that included the same methodology for setting wages, but recognized the importance of State wage surveys. Unfortunately, the new rule released two weeks ago is virtually identical to the rule that was blocked by Congress, causing additional obstacles for employers in the program. In December 2014, the Department of Labor announced that it would no longer allow the private wage rate surveys that were developed by many State Departments of Agriculture, including Louisiana. My staff has spent countless hours gathering information to accurately depict the current wages that the industry is paying in our geographic location. This action forced employers into accepting higher prevailing wages that are not representative of the wages that are being paid domestically. To make matters worse, the H-2B worker caps have already been exceeded and now many seafood processors have not received the workers that they need. Seafood processing has already begun early in the spring, and with the crawfish industry especially, it is time sensitive. These actions have a negative impact on the seafood industry and related commerce sectors, such as restaurants, et cetera. Two months ago, the LSU Ag Center conducted a rapid economic analysis of the recent H-2B policy changes from the U.S. Department of Labor for the Louisiana seafood industry. The assessment was conducted in response to potential changes in the cost and availability of labor stemming from a mid-year cap on H-2B permits and the Department of Labor announcement that it would no longer accept the private wage rate surveys. Results indicate that for every one dollar of employee compensation created by the seafood preparation and packaging industry in Louisiana, employee compensation increased by $2.06 across all sectors of the Louisiana economy. This includes the original one dollar of employee compensation created by the seafood preparation and packaging industry plus $1.06 of induced multiplier effects across all sectors of the economy. Total income generated by H-2B visa workers in the Louisiana seafood industry is estimated between $36 and $43 million. Based on the assumption of $35 million in revenue, the loss of this revenue for any given number of firms would lead to a total reduction in labor income across the entire Louisiana economy, eventually leading to a number of companies closing. The economic impact of two processing facilities closing is $5.3 million, and with five firms shutting down, $13.3. Louisiana has already faced a number of processing facilities closing due to hurricanes and oil spills and the industry simply cannot be sustained without a stable workforce. I am certain that not only is the seafood industry in Louisiana impacted, but the entire United States seafood industry will be affected by these actions. Our markets are subject to particularly fierce competition from abroad. For example, the Chinese have been extremely aggressive in trying to corner the U.S. crawfish market. This predatory practice and behavior began in 1993 and it has continued. The Chinese presently control over 50 percent of the market and are poised to capture even a larger market share if our producers are put at a further competitive price and labor disadvantage. Without temporary H-2B guest seasonal workers to process seafood, Louisiana seafood processors would shut down, eliminating the primary market for our fishermen and our farmers to sell their catch. As a result, foreign seafood would gain a stronger foothold in the U.S. market and our fishermen and farmers who produce and harvest crawfish, shrimp, crabs, oysters, and catfish would be devastated and a key segment of the Louisiana economy crippled. Once we lose the processors, we would not be able to depend on them coming back in future years. Therefore, the losses because of the processors scale back and do not have the ability to operate during the season will have irreparable and bad repercussions now and in the future. The short-term consequence of an immediate expulsion of this vital segment of the workforce will cause a production crisis in a wide variety of seafood processing, field and nursery crops, sugar processing, forestry, livestock, restaurant industry, and others. This would leave the United States and our State of Louisiana no alternative but to import many food products from countries with surplus foreign labor. This is unacceptable. We must do everything in our power to grow and support America's jobs and economy. We are asking for your help. We must streamline and expedite the H-2B process. We need a working system without overburdensome rules, unrealistic time tables, and outright road blocks. Neglecting the labor needs of agriculture will raise the costs of production in a way that harms farmers, fishers, and industries throughout America. I appreciate your time and encourage you to work with us to find workable solutions, ways that we can facilitate rather than making it so difficult to where our processors and our industries cannot operate. Where we are at currently, we have a large crawfish harvest and we do not have enough peelers to process it and that puts us in a severe economic state, and I am sure Mr. Randol will address that, as well. Thank you. [The prepared statement of Dr. Strain follows:] [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT] Chairman Vitter. Thank you very much, Dr. Strain. We will now go to John Connelly. John, welcome. STATEMENT OF JOHN P. CONNELLY, PRESIDENT, NATIONAL FISHERIES INSTITUTE Mr. Connelly. Thank you, Chairman Vitter, for inviting the National Fisheries Institute to present our views today. Our comments will include a brief introduction, the importance of H-2B visas to seafood processors, the economics of the American seafood industry, and the U.S. seafood safety system and its results. NFI is the nation's most comprehensive trade association. Our members include harvesters, like those on ``Deadliest Catch,'' to importers who enable us to enjoy seafood from around the globe, to processors who put fish in a form that consumers recognize, to retailers and restaurants. We do represent all geographic regions, and we were particularly proud to have had the late Louisiana seafood leader, Mike Voisin of Motavatit Seafood in Houma, as our Chairman. On H-2B visas, a functioning H-2B system is essential to seafood processors. Senator Mikulski captured many of the Senator's concerns in her letter to Secretary Johnson last week. Quote, ``The lack of available temporary foreign workers has caused chaos among businesses in Maryland that depend on the H-2B program. More than 40 percent of Maryland's seafood processors have been unable to get the workers that they need for the 2015 crab season.'' I think Dr. Strain pretty much said it all, and I think that is reflective of the rest of the seafood community in the U.S. On economics, seafood is the most globally traded food commodity. That benefits our fishing communities, as we send high quality and bountiful American seafood to Northern Asia and throughout Europe. Trade also benefits the more than 525,000 Americans that process, distribute, and sell imported seafood. Those jobs are found in nearly every State and are an important reminder that trade benefits the U.S. not just when we export. Seafood trade also benefits farm States in two ways. About 18 percent of all soy goes into fish farms, many of those fish farms in Asia. And, two, the countries to which American farmers increasingly seek to send our ag products are countries that export seafood to America. We cannot expect to open Asian markets to U.S. pork, beef, poultry, corn, dairy, and soy if we shut off access to our seafood markets. To seafood safety. NFI has been a long and strong supporter of seafood safety in word and deed. NFI has worked closely with academia and regulators to understand how to best implement HACCP. NFI joined you, Mr. Chairman, as an early and strong supporter of FSMA. And, NFI works with the Alliance for a Stronger FDA to urge Congress to appropriate the needed resources for the agency to meet its statutory obligations. As Dr. Solomon aptly and fully described the HACCP system, I will not duplicate that extensive discussion. I will close, though, speaking to results. Results, after all, are what matters. The fact is, the Centers for Disease Control analyzed and reported illnesses from all foods. Over the five-year period ending in 2010, CDC found that 141 of 122,000, that is, 0.001156, or 0.12 percent of illnesses were caused by imported seafood. Most of us love baseball. It is a great day to go down to the Nats game. But, we recall going to the games with our dads, clutching that mitt, and hoping to catch that foul ball. Unfortunately, we often came home crestfallen because we rarely, if ever, did, because the chance of catching a foul ball is the exact same as becoming sick from imported seafood, 0.001156, or 0.12 percent. As an example of the effectiveness of the FDA, and again, while the hearing focus is not on the USDA catfish program, I did want to acknowledge the leadership of Senators Shaheen and Ayotte and others on this committee in working in a bipartisan manner to eliminate a program that USDA's own risk experts have said will not improve public health, primarily because the FDA regulation of catfish, both domestic and imported, has reduced illnesses to less than two per year. That is a safe product. It is because of the stringent requirements of HACCP, a system required for both domestic and imported seafood, a system that requires problems to be fixed thousands of miles away from America and not caught at the border, that Congress acknowledged and exempted companies in seafood HACCP compliance from some of FSMA's key provisions. NFI agrees with Congress' determination. The safety of domestic and imported seafood is excellent. Thank you. [The prepared statement of Mr. Connelly follows:] [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT] Chairman Vitter. Thank you very much. And now, we will hear from Mr. Frank Randol. Frank, welcome. STATEMENT OF FRANK B. RANDOL, PRESIDENT, RANDOL, INC., LAFAYETTE, LA Mr. Randol. Thank you, Chairman Vitter, and for the members that are not here, Ranking Member Shaheen, Senator Cardin. I want to thank you for inviting me here to testify about the guest worker program that we refer to as H-2B. The program is a vital part of the survival--this program is vital to the survival of seafood processing, especially in Louisiana and Maryland. The program--I will--and I am getting shook. Excuse me. Just let me go. Chairman Vitter. Sure. Mr. Randol. It is vital. I will submit my statements for the record, in addition to a number of exhibits that will provide a useful reference for the committee. I will now provide my oral comments. I am here to express my concerns for the future of my business and other small businesses that struggle daily to succeed. I started Randols in 1971, starting small--one man, one truck. After four decades, Randols has grown in size and scope. We are transitioning to the next generation. The future is in my sons that work my business, allowing me to pull back. Hurdles over the last four years were detailed by the Commissioner--floods, hurricanes, oil spills, lack of product, predatory imports from China, yet the single most pressing issue for us has always been the lack of labor. In the 1970s, when I started my business, I was lucky enough to have the refugees from Vietnam come in, so we brought in roughly 40 to help us get through that time. Over the course of the years, we came to the 1990s, when that started to wane just a little bit. We discovered the H-2B program and started bringing in the guest workers from Mexico. We started with 40, dwindled to 30, now we are to 25. I am here to talk about the H-2B guest worker program, the legal--legal--temporary workers that we get from visas to support businesses from farming, fishing, to restaurants, wholesale, and retail food operations. The attached declarations that I have submitted from Dr. Strain, filed in our suit of 2011 against the Department of Labor, gives an overview of the importance of the H-2B program to the Louisiana economy. The H-2B application process has been a growing and expensive challenge. Since DOL took over the initial wage certification from the State in 2008, the process has become increasingly more time consuming and costly. Initially, I did the paperwork myself, but now, I have to turn it over to someone else more qualified to run through the governmental hoops. Many people are using legal or international immigration attorneys to do their paperwork. The stack of paperwork here represents what was submitted on the October 2014 application for the first cap. The same amount was resubmitted for the second cap, so it would be twice that stack. We missed both caps. Our plant was scheduled to open February 2015. We are still waiting to see if we will be getting any workers this year so we can open and salvage a part of it. Last year, we were processing between 6,000 and 8,000 pounds of seafood daily, and like I said, right now, we are shuttered. Often, we hear the remark, why, if you pay more money, then you will get the labor you need. We feel that that is not the case. It is more about the job than the money in our seafood industry. After missing the cap--both caps--we tried something different, seven prison trustees. After one day, one prison trustee said, ``I would rather go back to jail than to peel crawfish.'' [Laughter.] The warden picked him up, brought him back, we did not see him again. The remaining trustees continued to shrink until after a two-week effort, they were all gone. Now, union activity has started to increase and created problems for us, and recently, the NLRB has surfaced and getting involved. We have referenced this in documents that we brought as exhibits. We need--urgently, we need fixes to save the H-2B program for small businesses. Congress has to take action now. The lost opportunity to fix the problems created by DHS and DOL last year have already done severe harm in Louisiana. Some of Louisiana's small businesses will not recover. Others may be forced to cross the border. As in the past, we need immediate Congressional action to block the new DHS and DOL proposals of last Wednesday. The H-2B Workforce Coalition has submitted a statement which we have attached as an exhibit. In addition, we need to resume the H-2B returning worker, guest worker exemption from the annual cap. We also have to return to the authority of determining prevailing wages to the States. Additionally, we feel we need a seat at the table with DOL, just like the National Guest Workers Alliance. SBA's Office of Advocacy needs to be more aggressive in confronting DHS and DOL as policy changes are being discussed. And, part of what came up today, as I was listening to the testimony, is what we have been hearing, that somehow, what is happening here was caused by a judge or was caused by industry. You know, we just do not see it that way. We are small people, but we do know that no matter where it was caused or what, somehow, when something like this happens, if there is an error or whatever, the people that make the error still have their jobs. But in our case, we are small. We do not survive. So, there is some give and take that has got to take place here, and that is really why I am here. Somebody had to come up and tell you about what is going on back home, the little guys that are having problems. And, some of the big guys have the same problem. Hershey had these problems the last part of--from 2007 on to 2011 when they decided to open up in Monterrey, Mexico, and most of their growth has already been funneled into that plant for their--American chocolate is now the Americas' chocolate. We have one right here, Elmer's, Louisiana, Ponchatoula, largest employer in Ponchatoula. He hires--he uses H-2B. He missed the cap and he is struggling. He is trying to make his orders for this year. Small business. He is up against somebody like Hershey. I am not saying that they are going to Mexico. This is good chocolate. It needs to stay home. I would be happy to answer any questions you may have. Thank you again. [The prepared statement of Mr. Randol follows:] [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT] Chairman Vitter. Thank you very much, Frank, and let us start with you, since you offer such a great real world perspective. If you can--I know you touched on it in your testimony-- walk through the specific, concrete impact to your business that the various recent Department of Labor changes and rulings have had, number one. Number two, if you have any reaction so far--and it may be too new, maybe you do not--but, if you have any reaction so far of the new Department of Labor guidance moving forward on wage surveys. Mr. Randol. Let me start from the back. It is more of the same, as I see it, from DOL. We have reviewed this stuff. It is stuff that does not work. I mean, program rules, 75 percent guarantee. Hurricane comes, I cannot turn them back, got to keep them for ten months and got to pay them. That does not work in Louisiana. As far as the parity, if I pay one person this, another person has to be paid the same. In the seafood industry, we pay for productivity. You know, we might bring them in at entry level, but we give them the incentives through piece work. They accelerate. They get better. They might enter at a nominal rate, but a lot of these people get up to these larger rates, $12 to $15 an hour, peeling crawfish. That is attainable. Chairman Vitter. Just to take those two examples, as far as you know, is any of that mandated by statutory law, or is it just a creation of the Department of Labor? Mr. Randol. Creation. These mandates are killers for us. You know, you all write the laws, they interpret the laws, and then we try to say that is not what you meant, and that is what I have been doing for the last decade. You saw me up here in 2006. It was very easy to predict or see where we were going, and now we are here, you know, when I first came to discuss this. The pain is in reality, and the pain to me. I feel it because I am in it and I cannot get out of it. We got through the process. We missed the first cap. I have been at this for a half a year, trying to make a deadline that was imposed--I can only start four months before I need them, four months, and I have been at it for six months and I am still not in the last step, which would gain me access in six weeks to bring them in. The real lifting is at the border to determine whether these people really need to come in. We demonstrated that we do not have the workforce here, but---- Chairman Vitter. Frank, if I can interrupt for a second, if I can just through the record ask Ms. Wu, we talked about two specific requirements that you mentioned that are just flat out unworkable in the real world from your perspective. Ms. Wu, if you could submit for the record any statutory basis that requires the Department of Labor to do that, because from what I see, there is none. Thank you. Go ahead, Frank. Mr. Randol. Okay. The last one, we see that a lot of this stuff is outlined in the H-2B Coalition paper, but what comes to mind is open up a job order that starts four months out and you have to take it 20 days to where these people are coming inside the country and leave it open. So, normally, we--you know, we have demonstrated that there are no people that want this job. But these are just some of the few, and what I have offered to DOL is, you know, the NGA apparently has their ear. Let us let small business somehow be in the process so that we do not see the results of a mandate, but we have a team effort to try to move forward. Because, like I say, when they impose these things, we feel the pain. A lot of people go out of business. Chairman Vitter. Right. Let me ask both you and Dr. Strain if you have any specific reaction yet to their new guidance about allowing private, including State, surveys. Is it workable? Is it not? Is it reasonable? Is it too narrow? Do you have any reaction yet? Dr. Strain. Mr. Chairman, the reaction I have is that we have been using the State prevailing wage rate surveys for many years, and when you look at the final rule, it says they will be used in limited exceptions. And, so, now we have several different methodologies to determine a wage rate. I mean, simply let us continue to use the prevailing wage rate rule. If you look at it in the seafood industry and the crawfish industry, the State prevailing wage rate, as determined by the LSU Ag Center and my office, it is currently $8.66. That is a floor. But, they are also paid on piecemeal, and you have some--you have workers that make $12, $15, $18 an hour depending on production. This sets a minimum wage. So, let us not--if you look at what is in the interim rule there, it is very--it is complicated. We need to simplify this. Chairman Vitter. Okay. And, Dr. Strain, I also wanted to touch on my Imported Seafood Safety Act. Dr. Strain. Yes, sir. Please. Chairman Vitter. As you know, we have worked on it together. We have talked about it. As you know, it would give States more power to increase seafood inspections for foreign imports---- Dr. Strain. Yes, sir. Chairman Vitter [continuing]. In conjunction with the Federal Government. We have talked about this before, essentially empowering you to reinforce the effort of the Federal Government to put more cops on the beat. We do this in many other areas where the primary regulation is at the Federal level, but related State entities can help enforce that. What is your view on that and how it could improve seafood safety? Dr. Strain. Mr. Chairman, the American public, when they go to the market, 100 percent of the mammalian proteins for beef and pork and 99 percent for poultry--there is a specialty thing for poultry, if you have a very small amount, less than 10,000 chickens, you can sell them, but it is very tiny--but all those proteins are inspected. They are monitored from the farm all the way through slaughter. They are inspected at slaughter and they are tested and back-traced. The American public believes their seafood that they consume is inspected and safe at that same level. If you look at the CDC report, and I am going to quote their press release, March 14, 2012, it says that we currently import about 85 percent of our seafood, 60 percent of our fresh produce, and we currently import about 50 percent of our crawfish. And, I quote, ``CDC experts reviewed outbreaks from their Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System from 2005 to 2010. During that five-year period, 39 outbreaks, 2,348 illnesses, were linked to imported food from 15 countries. Of those outbreaks, 17, half, occurred in 2009 and 2010. Overall, fish, 17 outbreaks, were the most common source of implicated imported foodborne disease outbreaks, followed by spices. Nearly 45 percent of the imported foods causing outbreaks came from Asia.'' The American public assumes that we are doing this testing. We know that we are not. Less than three percent of the imported seafood. Eighty-five percent of the seafood consumed in the United States is imported, and less than three percent is being tested. Furthermore, when you look at that particular issue, if you look in a container of seafood, there could be, in the case of crawfish, there could be up to 20 different lots--20 different lots, different origins, coming together. So, when you think that it is all a blended product and you take one sample and that it is consistent with everything in the container, it is not. And, when you look at the particular issues that we are talking about, we are talking about antibiotics that are banned from the United States, such as chloramphenicol, chemicals such as malachite green that are banned from the United States. And, so, when you look at that, it is imperative that we all be on the same level playing field. And, when you start talking about why we need to test this seafood and you say, well, how are we going to stop port shopping, well, it is very simple, is that we need to make sure that we have eyes on at the processing level in those foreign countries, and I think some of that will take into effect in the future under the Food Safety Modernization Act, but that is somewhere in the future, and that container be accompanied by a certificate stating that it has been tested, and that when--if you get--and if that container comes in and you retest that container and it is not what it says, then it can either return directly and be certified to go back to the country of origin or be destroyed on site. Now, our department, I am responsible--I oversee the Department of Animal Health and Food Safety and we have a food inspection program. We also work hand in hand with the USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, to where we do joint meat inspection. We do State plants and we can work jointly on Federal plants where those products can cross State lines. But, I am not permitted to test imported seafood. Now, I can look at the containers to make sure that, and as I, as the Commissioner of the Office of Metrology, Weights, Measures, and Standards, that if there is a pound of seafood in there, there is supposed to be a pound. But, we are not allowed to take samples and test it for contaminants. So, just like we are having a working relationship and we have a cooperative endeavor agreement with the Federal Government to do the other protein inspections, let us have the same arrangements where my inspectors who are out at those plants looking at other things--and we do label inspections for the Federal Government, as well--give us the authority under cooperative endeavor agreement to be a further arm. We have testing labs in Louisiana. We do half of the seafood testing. Chairman Vitter. And, so, if that were done, which I certainly support and am advocating through my bill, that would be fully consistent with the Federal standards. It would not be using different standards in any way. You would just be additional cops on the beat, correct? Dr. Strain. That is correct. And, if you--and, what we do, our standards, our procedures are in alignment with the Federal procedures. Chairman Vitter. Right. Right. Dr. Strain. And, we should have standards as high as the European Union. Chairman Vitter. Right. Dr. Strain. They test, and I believe it is up to 15 to 20 percent of all the products going to the EU. We should meet at least those standards. Chairman Vitter. Right. Well, thank you all very much. We are going to wrap up, but in doing so, let me also ask through the record if Dr. Solomon could supplement his testimony with a response to this question. Dr. Strain mentioned the use of chemicals on imported seafood that are banned in the United States. Why should not that practice be presumptive grounds to not allow that seafood into the country, if Dr. Solomon could respond for the record. Thank you all very much. I think this was very informative and productive, particularly focusing on Department of Labor activity and regulations and the safety regime for seafood imports. Thanks very much, and our hearing is adjourned. [Whereupon, at 3:54 p.m., the committee was adjourned.] APPENDIX MATERIAL SUBMITTED [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]