    [Joint House and Senate Hearing, 114 Congress]
    [From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]

                       GENDERCIDE: CHINA'S MISSING GIRLS
    =======================================================================

                                    HEARING

                                   BEFORE THE

                  CONGRESSIONAL-EXECUTIVE COMMISSION ON CHINA

                        ONE HUNDRED FOURTEENTH CONGRESS

                                 SECOND SESSION

                                   __________

                                FEBRUARY 3, 2016

                                   __________

     Printed for the use of the Congressional-Executive Commission on China

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             Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.cecc.gov

                                   ___________

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                  CONGRESSIONAL-EXECUTIVE COMMISSION ON CHINA

                        LEGISLATIVE BRANCH COMMISSIONERS

    House

                                         Senate

    CHRIS SMITH, New Jersey, Chairman    MARCO RUBIO, Florida, Cochairman
    ROBERT PITTENGER, North Carolina     TOM COTTON, Arkansas
    TRENT FRANKS, Arizona                STEVE DAINES, Montana
    RANDY HULTGREN, Illinois             JAMES LANKFORD, Oklahoma
    DIANE BLACK, Tennessee               BEN SASSE, Nebraska
    TIM WALZ, Minnesota                  DIANNE FEINSTEIN, California
    MARCY KAPTUR, Ohio                   JEFF MERKLEY, Oregon
    MICHAEL HONDA, California            GARY PETERS, Michigan
    TED LIEU, California

                         EXECUTIVE BRANCH COMMISSIONERS

                     CHRISTOPHER P. LU, Department of Labor
                       SARAH SEWALL, Department of State
                    STEFAN M. SELIG, Department of Commerce
                     DANIEL R. RUSSEL, Department of State
                      TOM MALINOWSKI, Department of State

                         Paul B. Protic, Staff Director

                    Elyse B. Anderson, Deputy Staff Director

                                      (ii)

                                 CO N T E N T S

                                  ----------

                                   Statements

                                                                       Page
    Opening Statement of Hon. Christopher Smith, a U.S.
      Representative from New Jersey; Chairman, Congressional-
      Executive Commission on China..................................     1
    Walz, Hon. Timothy, a U.S. Representative from Minnesota.........     3
    Franks, Hon. Trent, a U.S. Representative from Arizona...........     5
    Pittenger, Hon. Robert, a U.S. Representative from North Carolina     6
    Chai Ling, Founder, All-Girls Allowed--In Jesus' Name Simply Love
      Her............................................................     8
    Hvistendahl, Mara, Contributing Correspondent for Science
      Magazine and Author of ``And the City Swallowed Them'' and
      ``Unnatural Selection: Choosing Boys Over Girls, and the
      Consequences of a World Full of Men''..........................    14
    Brenning, Julie Ford, Director of Research and China Outreach,
      Give Her Life..................................................    18

                                    APPENDIX
                              Prepared Statements

    Chai Ling........................................................    32
    Hvistendahl, Mara................................................    35
    Brenning, Julie Ford.............................................    40

    Smith, Hon. Christopher, a U.S. Representative from New Jersey;
      Chairman, Congressional-Executive Commission on China..........    57
    Rubio, Hon. Marco, a U.S. Senator from Florida; Cochairman,
      Congressional-Executive Commission on China....................    58

                           Submissions for the Record

    Article from Foreign Policy titled, ``Where Have All the Girls
      Gone? '' by Mara Hvistendahl, dated June 27, 2011..............    60

    Witness Biographies..............................................    67

                       GENDERCIDE: CHINA'S MISSING GIRLS

                                  ----------

                          WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 3, 2016

                                Congressional-Executive
                                           Commission on China,
                                                        Washington, DC.
        The hearing was convened, pursuant to notice, at 2:32 p.m.,
    in Room 2255, Rayburn House Office Building, Hon. Christopher
    Smith, Chairman, presiding.
        Also Present: Representatives Pittenger, Franks, and Walz.

          OPENING STATEMENT OF HON. CHRISTOPHER SMITH, A U.S.
        REPRESENTATIVE FROM NEW JERSEY; CHAIRMAN, CONGRESSIONAL-
                     EXECUTIVE COMMISSION ON CHINA

        Chairman Smith. The Commission will come to order. Good
    afternoon to everybody. Thanks for being here.
        There are tens of millions of missing girls in China today.
    It is a predictable consequence of Beijing's cruel and barbaric
    child limitation policies and cultural preference for boys.
        In her book, ``Unnatural Selection: Choosing Boys Over
    Girls, and the Consequences of a World Full of Men,'' Mara
    Hvistendahl, one of our witnesses today, writes that ``there
    are over 160 million females `missing' from Asia's population.
    That is more than the entire female population of the United
    States. And gender imbalance--which is mainly the result of sex
    selective abortion--is no longer strictly an Asian problem.''
        In Azerbaijan and Armenia, in Eastern Europe, and even
    among some groups in the United States, couples are making sure
    that at least one of their children is a son. So many parents
    now select for boys--so many do so--that they have skewed the
    sex ratio at birth [SRB] of the entire world.
        The global crisis of missing girls constitutes a gross
    human rights abuse--which is aptly described as gendercide--the
    extermination of the girl child in society simply because she
    happens to be a girl.
        For most of us, the statement ``it's a girl'' is cause for
    enormous joy, happiness, and celebration. But in many
    countries, and even in some parts of the United States--it can
    be a death sentence. In China and India alone, an estimated
    three girls are aborted every minute simply because she is a
    girl.
        Gendercide is not only a predictable tragedy of lost
    potential, but also a demographic timebomb, particularly in
    China, with social, political, and potentially even security
    implications.
        China faces some of the world's most sever gender
    imbalances--according to official estimates, there are
    currently 34 million more males than females in China.
    Demographic experts, such as Valerie Hudson and Nicholas
    Eberstadt, who have testified before this Commission
    previously, have warned that China's large number of ``surplus
    males'' could lead to societal instability, higher crime rates
    and sexual violence, and has already increased trafficking of
    women and girls.
        Trafficking, in particular, is a predictable consequence.
    As the author of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of
    2000--America's landmark law to combat sex and labor
    trafficking--I am deeply concerned that China has become the
    human sex trafficking magnet of the world.
        We have seen a marked increase of women trafficked from
    neighboring Southeast Asian countries such as Vietnam, Myanmar,
    and Cambodia being trafficked into China as brides and for
    sexual exploitation. North Korean women who escape into China
    also remain at risk for human trafficking for forced marriages
    and forced labor. And of course, inside of China there is great
    deal of trafficking going on in the country from one province
    to the next.
        China's gender imbalances are significantly exacerbated by
    government policy--particularly its draconian population
    control policies. Chinese law currently bans the use of
    ultrasound scanning technologies to determine the gender of
    unborn babies, but because couples are limited to one or two
    children, millions have easily circumvented the law to abort
    female unborn babies to ensure that their ``government-approved
    child'' will be a son.
        China's recently announced ``Two-Child Policy'' will not
    address China's demographic imbalances. Data has shown that sex
    ratios are often more skewed after the birth of a first child.
    In many parts of China, the largest sex-ratio imbalances are
    found in townships or villages where many residents were
    already allowed to have a second child.
        We are holding this hearing today not only to better
    understand the magnitude of the problem, but to find better
    ways to help rescue the next generation of potentially missing
    girls from violence and death.
        We are asking: Are there models from other places with past
    or present gender imbalances--such as South Korea and India--
    that might be used in China and elsewhere? As Valerie Hudson
    has testified before this Commission previously, South Korea
    addressed skewed sex ratios in part by elevating the status and
    value of women and daughters, specifically in terms of
    encouraging female access to education, as well as equal
    inheritance, marriage, and property rights.
        Given that the Obama administration, the United Nations,
    and especially the UN Population Fund [UNFPA] have failed to
    adequately address the scandal of gendercide, what needs to be
    done to end these massive crimes against women?
        I would note parenthetically that my first amendment in my
    second term--controversial at the time, but it wasn't so much
    as time went on--was on the forced abortion issue in China to
    deny any funds to any organization that supports or co-manages
    a coercive population control program. And UNFPA was found to
    be one of those that did so.
        Then, what can Congress do to help U.S.-based companies,
    such as General Electric, to prevent ultrasound equipment which
    should be used to promote wellness of unborn children from
    being employed as a gender crime search and destroy mission?
        As we know, at 5 months--usually--gestation, that is when
    the sex of the baby can be determined and that is when,
    unfortunately, many of these little girl children are killed.
        What role can the President, including the State
    Department, and Congress play to encourage durable reforms of
    Chinese policies? Are we raising it? I have asked repeatedly in
    Chinese human rights dialogues, how robustly do we raise it? Or
    is it just one of the talking points that quickly is glided
    over to get to the next issue. And then, by the time it is
    over, nothing except what was in that room goes on to become
    policy.
        What U.S. laws need to be reformed or enforced? I would
    note that in 2000, I authored a visa ban law--wrote that law--
    for those complicit in coercive abortion and involuntary
    sterilization. Not only has the Administration failed to
    enforce the ban, but has not responded to our December 9 letter
    asking why. That is not the first letter that I and others have
    sent asking for an explanation.
        Just enforce the law. Make those who are treating women in
    such a horrific manner ineligible to come to the United States.
    It is not rocket science. We have done it with the Magnitsky
    law, vis-a-vis Russia. We have done it with the Belarus
    Democracy Act which I wrote in 2004--for the Lukashenko regime,
    a terrible dictatorship in Belarus--and you hold individuals
    responsible and, again, deny them a visa.
        Congress passed and the President signed into law the Girls
    Count Act this past year--championed by our Cochair, Senator
    Rubio, and Congressman Steve Chabot. This law makes protecting
    children, especially the girl child, a priority for U.S.
    foreign policy. How should this law be implemented and
    directed?
        I believe--and I do believe I share the views of my
    colleagues--that by shining a light on what is happening in
    China with its missing daughters, we hope to move toward a
    world where every woman is valued and deeply respected because
    of her intrinsic dignity, and where every child is welcomed
    regardless of his or her gender.
        I would like to now yield to my good friend and colleague,
    Ranking Member Tim Walz.

      STATEMENT OF HON. TIMOTHY WALZ, A U.S. REPRESENTATIVE FROM
                               MINNESOTA

        Representative Walz. Well, thank you, Mr. Smith and thank
    you to our witnesses for being here helping to share some of
    your knowledge on this issue.
        I also thank the Chairman and I think it is important to--
    as this Commission, maybe one of the last bastions in the
    Congress of trying to stand on human rights as a whole and talk
    about the importance of our policies. As I think many of us
    know, this Commission came out of the decision to decouple the
    idea of human rights with economic trade. I think this issue
    goes across the board of how the United States approaches our
    relationships, approaches our responsibilities and approaches
    those both unilateral and multilateral relationships.
        In November, I had the opportunity to travel and be in Hong
    Kong, and Beijing, and Tibet and had dinner with the Ambassador
    of China at his residence. I can assure you, Mr. Smith, we are
    raising this, we are talking about these issues.
        I cannot tell you that I feel like it is necessarily any
    better on the rule of law on human rights, stretching from
    religious freedoms to reproductive freedoms to many of the
    other issues that we have discussed in here. I can tell you
    that it feels to me like there is a candor that has not been
    there before and I think it is instrumental and maybe can be
    attributed to the work that you have done and this Commission
    has done by continuing to put this issues in the forefront, to
    refuse to allow them to not be brought up, to not be discussed.
        I think in it lies an opportunity to strengthen a
    relationship that is going to be critically important while
    this issue extends beyond the People's Republic of China to
    India and others as we have talked about, this is an area that
    we are going to have to come to some agreements with. We are
    going to have to see some movements and I think in this
    Congress--once again, we have had this conversation at the
    Foreign Affairs Committee where you and I testified--how far
    the American people are willing to go to ensure that these
    values and these basic human rights are adhered to as we deal
    with trade deals.
        So I would love to hear your data, your perceptions on
    this. And rest assured that this is the Commission that is
    keeping that on the forefront and the Chairman has--as he
    stated--for many years continued to do that.
        I think, as I said, while I would not tell you--and I know
    you are experts in this field, the people in this room, I would
    not tell you the human rights situation is better in China, but
    I can tell you that it is being brought up, it is being
    discussed and there is a candor and a willingness to talk. I
    never thought I would sit in the Forbidden City with the
    Premier of China and hear him mention the Dalai Lama and
    clearly try to articulate--that is something new. And again, I
    think it is because folks come here.
        I asked this question when I was in Tibet. I have heard the
    Chairman ask it. We have asked all of you and activists, and
    whoever. I always say, ``Does it help that this Commission
    continues to ask these questions or does it put you in danger?
    '' And they said, ``Continue to ask, continue to bring it up,
    continue to explore, continue to try to find solutions, because
    if you do not, no one else is going to.''
        So I appreciate you all being here and look forward to your
    testimony. Thank you, Chairman.
        Chairman Smith. Thank you, Ranking Member Walz. I would
    like to now ask Trent Franks--Trent is not only the Chairman of
    the Judiciary Constitution Subcommittee, but also Chair of the
    Religious Freedom Caucus that works very hard on religious
    freedom issues around the world, including and especially
    China.
        Mr. Franks?

      STATEMENT OF HON. TRENT FRANKS, A U.S. REPRESENTATIVE FROM
                                ARIZONA

        Representative Franks. Well thank you, Mr. Chairman. Thank
    all of you for being here. I, quite honestly, do not have a
    prepared statement. I came from another gathering, but if I
    could start by saying that I am in violent agreement with
    everything that Chairman Smith said. I do not know how I could
    possibly construct a more compelling commentary.
        He is not only a friend, but this man is a friend to
    humanity. He is committed to try to see every last one of God's
    children made whole on the miracle of life and grow up in
    freedom and pursue their dreams. It is not a new idea, but he
    articulates and pursues it in such a wonderful way.
        I continue to be extremely grateful to this man. He has
    been a hero to me forever. I will stop there.
        I wanted just to--from my own perspective--say that some of
    us have worked on this gendercide issue within our own country.
    Even in America now, sex selection abortion has begun to grow
    and Mara is here today, some of the work that she has done has
    been the basis of work that we have tried to pursue to protect
    children in this country.
        There is sort of a dialogue going on in the country about
    ``what war on women? '' I don't know of anything that is a more
    overt war on women than killing them simply because they are
    female, because they are a little tiny woman.
        I do not know how it gets more dramatic than that. When
    there is no other purpose but to say, ``No, this is a woman or
    this is a little girl, and that is not what we wanted.''
        It is especially difficult for me because I have a little
    girl. I am reminded when she was three-years-old, we used to
    watch videos together and we clicked on one that was sort of an
    accident and it was a little boy playing a piano with his feet
    because he had no arms. It was extremely moving.
        I thought, well, this is a teaching moment. And I said,
    ``Look at that baby. He is playing without any arms. Is that
    not amazing? '' She said, ``But Daddy, he does not have any
    arms.'' And she was wet-eyed and broken. She saw something much
    more real than I did.
        I saw a little fellow that had overcome the odds, and that
    was a victory all by itself. She saw another little human being
    that did not have any arms. And she said, ``Daddy, we have just
    got to help him. We have got to get some arms and give them to
    him.''
        I said, ``Well baby, there is not any extras that will fit
    on him.'' And she said ``Would one of mine fit on him.'' And I
    said ``You want to give him one of yours? '' And she said,
    ``Yes, Daddy, because he does not have any arms.'' In other
    words, each one of us would have one.
        So the teaching moment was for me because my little girl
    saw another little human being that did not have any arms and
    she was willing to give him one of hers. When we have that kind
    of moral impulse in our souls and hearts, that is when we will
    finally achieve what this miracle of human life and living on
    this Earth is all about.
        I know that that is the goal--at least moving toward that
    goal with this hearing today--and of the many people that have
    gathered here today. I am--for whatever reason that is a
    strange thing to say--but I am so proud of all of you; you
    know, that you would have the courage to come here and take the
    time out to speak on something of this magnitude, where we are
    killing little girls by the millions simply because they are
    little girls.
        If that is not wrong, nothing on Earth is wrong. God help
    us to hold to that reality. I would only say to you in closing,
    I think some day--as has been said in different ways before--
    there will come a time when our children will ask us, ``Well,
    where were you? Where were you when they were killing little
    girls just because they were little girls? '' My little girl
    may be asking me that someday, Chris, Mr. Chairman, and if she
    does, thank God because of the work that is being done here
    today, I will have an answer.
        So thank all of you very, very much. Let us not quit until
    we win. It is not over until we win. Thank you.
        Chairman Smith. Commissioner Franks, thank you very much
    for that very eloquent statement and for all of your work on
    human rights, especially trying to rescue the girl child.
        I would like to now yield to Commissioner Pittenger who has
    also a lifetime of commitment to defending religious freedom
    and promoting the Gospel, having worked with Bill Bright for so
    many years--a man that I greatly respected and do as well as
    for Bob Pittenger.

    STATEMENT OF HON. ROBERT PITTENGER, A U.S. REPRESENTATIVE FROM
                             NORTH CAROLINA

        Representative Pittenger. Mr. Chairman, I would carry your
    briefcase anywhere you want to go. You are my hero.
        Last week Charlotte hosted the Ambassador from China to
    celebrate Chinese New Year. The Governor was there, the Mayor
    was there, I was there, we spoke.
        My comments at that meeting which was basically a trade
    meeting between the Chinese Chamber of Commerce and our efforts
    to introduce greater trade with China, related to the
    imperfections of our country and an honest dialogue with China.
    I spoke freely about the concerns that I had with human rights,
    religious liberties, freedoms of conscience that are pervasive
    throughout China.
        As I spoke in honesty about our own country--and as you
    look at our TV and you see the violence, and the drugs, and the
    racial issues, and on and on--we are not a perfect country.
    That does not keep us from having an honest dialogue with
    something that is very critical. To that end, I would like to
    offer these formal remarks.
        The Chinese Government has shown a blatant disregard for
    the basic human rights of women. This egregious attitude has
    magnified the underlying preferences of the traditional
    patriarchal Chinese society through birth control policies and
    propaganda resulting in a society set against women and
    responsible for the systemic killings of millions of baby girls
    annually through abortion and infanticide.
        China's two-child policy does little more than their
    previous one-child policy in combating this detrimental mass
    prejudice against daughters.
        Previously, under the one-child policy a family having a
    daughter as their first and only child may have felt strong
    pressure to take immediate drastic measures to avoid having or
    keeping the baby girl. Under today's policy, a family may have
    two children, but societal pressure to have all or at least one
    son is no less great.
        While a family may feel less pressure to kill or abandon
    their first born daughter they would have under the one-child
    policy, many families under the new policy may still resort to
    infanticidal practices in an effort to have sons, particularly
    when a family has already had one daughter.
        China has officially banned the sharing of a baby's sex to
    expectant parents by doctors and caregivers. However, there is
    a vibrant underground market of illicit clinics which readily
    provide this information to those worried that they may be
    carrying an unborn little baby girl.
        The long-term demographic, humanitarian, and economic
    consequences on China's population control policies are complex
    and they are widespread. Today, men outnumber women by nearly
    34 million in China. Evidence from China's neighbors, Vietnam
    and Korea, clearly show that the long-term effects of
    population control policies are far-reaching and costly to the
    state.
        This imbalance is already fueling human trafficking in
    Southeast Asia as women and young girls from Cambodia, Myanmar,
    Vietnam, and other countries are increasingly trafficked into
    China for forced marriage and commercial sexual exploitation.
        With a rapidly aging population, shrinking workforce, and a
    large cohort of young men who will be unable to establish
    families, China's continued adherence to its population control
    policy not only violates international human rights standards,
    but goes against China's own interest.
        I look forward to hearing from our witnesses today to hear
    their own stories and what actions they are taking to bring to
    an end this horrific atrocity, to what we can do as a Congress
    and a nation to address it. Thank you and God bless you for
    your work.
        Chairman Smith. Thank you very much, Mr. Pittenger, for
    your excellent remarks.
        Let me now go to our distinguished witnesses, beginning
    first with Chai Ling who is founder of All Girls Allowed, a
    nonprofit organization which seeks to expose the injustices of
    China's one-child policy with a particular emphasis on
    gendercide and to rescue girls and mothers from that terrible,
    terrible crime against women.
        A leader in the 1989 Tiananmen Square student movement and
    two-time Nobel Peace Prize nominee, Chai Ling escaped from
    China and received her MPA from Princeton and MBA from Harvard.
        I would say I remember when she first came to Capitol Hill
    and received a hero's welcome. She was one of the most wanted
    student activist in all of China. The government, the police
    wanted her in one place and that was in jail. Thank God she was
    able to escape and tell the story.
        I remember in this building across the way in 2172--the
    Foreign Affairs Committee downstairs--you could have heard a
    pin drop when she spoke about what the students were trying to
    achieve and also simultaneously the brutality that she and
    fellow students suffered as a result of that dictatorship's
    horrible, horrible misdeeds those days and into the following
    weeks.
        She is the founder of Jenzabar, a company that provides
    higher education software management solutions, and a cofounder
    of the Jenzabar Foundation which supports the humanitarian
    efforts of student leaders. Chai Ling is also the author of ``A
    Heart for Freedom,'' a memoir detailing her journey from a
    fishing village in rural China to Tiananmen Square and then,
    thankfully, here to America. She has never ceased in telling
    the story and her organization, as we will hear, has literally
    rescued the girl child from what would have been death because
    she was a girl.
        We will then hear from Mara Hvistendahl, a journalist and
    author of ``And the City Swallowed Them'' and ``Unnatural
    Selection: Choosing Boys Over Girls and the Consequences of a
    World Full of Men,'' a book that I have read. I thank her for
    that. It was very heavily documented and provided extraordinary
    insights.
        She is a contributing correspondent at Science and a
    founding member of the writers' cooperative Deca. She also
    writes for the New York Times, the Wall Street Journal, the
    Atlantic, Popular Science, and other publications.
        Her 2011 book, ``Unnatural Selection: Choosing Boys Over
    Girls,'' on prenatal sex selection and the gender imbalance it
    has produced in Asia was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize and
    the Los Angeles Times Book Prize. For eight years, she covered
    science, politics, and other issues in China. She now lives in
    Minneapolis.
        We will then hear from Julie Ford Brenning who is the
    Director of Research for Give Her Life, a nonprofit
    organization seeking to end gendercide via social enterprise in
    Asia.
        At Give Her Life, she has created the largest database in
    the world solely devoted to the sex ratio at birth in Asia.
    Julie graduated from Brigham Young University with a degree in
    political science and received her Master's Degree in Asian
    studies from the University of Utah where she studied the sex
    ratio at birth in China.
        She has lived in Beijing as well as Taipei and resides with
    her husband and son in Logan, Utah.
        So Ling, if you could begin.

     STATEMENT OF CHAI LING, FOUNDER, ALL GIRLS ALLOWED--IN JESUS'
                          NAME SIMPLY LOVE HER

        Ms. Chai. Yes. Chairman Smith, thank you again for hosting
    numerous hearings like this to shine light on the most
    important human rights issue on Earth today. Thank you,
    Congressman Pittenger, and Congressman Walz, and Congressman
    Franks. Your unity and presence gives hope and encourages
    continuing to carry out the work the Lord has set forth for us.
        I want to share with you how your important voice has made
    a difference through a few testimonies and that we have
    experienced during your hearings alone. Then I would move on to
    talk about what needs to happen next.
        As many of you may remember, on April 30, 2015, all of you
    here at Congress--Chairman Smith's hearing on China's one-child
    policy--during that hearing, I testified that ending the one-
    child policy is not up to the Chinese Government, but up to
    God. We all ended that hearing with a prayer.
        Five months later, on October 29, 2015, China indeed
    declared the ending of the most brutal one-child policy. It is
    something that has been ongoing for 35 years and killed over
    400 million babies. Nobody even thought it was possible that it
    could come to an end, but God brought it to an end. I believe
    today God will do something even more greater, that is ending
    gendercide.
        You may also remember in May 2012, when Mr. Chen Guangcheng
    was pushed out of the American Embassy in Beijing. His life was
    in grave danger. Chairman Smith, you hosted the second urgent
    hearing--we prayed and declared his freedom. Four days later he
    was released from China and landed in the United States in New
    York City. I will show the pictures of him.
        You may also remember in December 2011, when a woman was
    put into China's ``black jail'' with her nursing child and her
    70-year-old mother. We prayed for her safety and freedom. We
    learned later on--12 hours later--she was released from prison
    on a dark night and was dumped into a crossroad somewhere 2
    hours away from Beijing.
        Little did we know, she was still determined to petition
    for justice. She went right back to Tiananmen Square to
    petition again in the morning and she was thrown into prison
    again. However, the prayers and fasting were continuing in the
    United States until she was released again.
        So what I want to say here is, before I came to know the
    invisible God, each hearing was a drag and was a struggle for
    me. We would be reporting these awful human rights violations--
    each time triggering our own memories and PTSDs [post-traumatic
    stress disorders]--and walking away seeing very little got
    done.
        However, when I came to know God through Jesus Christ after
    your November 2009 hearing, each hearing has become a new and
    different experience. My eyes were opened and I now experience
    this is not just another hearing about facts, about hopes, and
    about asks. It is also a place of congregating with saints both
    here and also the many that are watching right now through the
    webcasting, at our church--our elders prayed this morning.
        It is a place to make a declaration. It is a place to make
    a prayer. It is a place to make a transaction with God. When we
    pray together and agree in unity and we believe, we will see
    powerful transformations.
        That is why I believe God and the holy angels and hosts are
    listening intensely and watching along with all of the staff
    and even the Chinese Government's staff. I believe He will
    honor us as we testify according to His will and we will be
    given what we are asking for. When we seek, we will find. When
    we knock, the door will be opened. These are the Scriptures He
    has promised in so many areas in the Holy Bible.
        Today I am asking boldly in faith for the leaders in
    America, the leaders in China, and the Almighty God to bring a
    swift end to gendercide, to save every little precious girl,
    simply because they are girls. And to make China have an all-
    children-allowed policy, and an all-girls-allowed policy right
    away.
        These statistics on gendercide in China show the picture--
    referring to slide 9--five baby girls born for every six baby
    boys born. As many of you have mentioned, China indeed has a
    massive gendercide going on, coincided with the brutal
    enforcement of the one-child policy. The most obvious thing is
    for every sixth girl that was supposed to be born, number six
    would be killed. The number six boys were growing up without
    wives to marry.
        So China today has, reportedly, 37 million men that will
    not have wives to marry. There are massive consequences for
    these kinds of gendercide issues. There are links to increased
    sex trafficking, rape, prostitution, and overall crimes. China
    alone conducts 60 percent of the worldwide sex trafficking.
        Historically, a surplus of young men has led to unrest and
    potentially global wars. There is data stating World War II era
    Japan and modern day Afghanistan and Pakistan also experienced
    a bachelor boom and unrest.
        So this is not just the war against young baby girls. It is
    a war against humanity. It is a war against world peace. So it
    is that important. That is why we are here and asking for
    change and asking for an end to these brutal crimes.
        In China, gendercide has two causes. The government's
    population control policy and the people's bias and actions
    both contribute to conducting gendercide. So, therefore,
    gendercide needs to be taken down on both fronts. A new way of
    life and gender equality harmony needs to be planted and built
    up in every level of society at the same time.
        As the Scripture guides us today, ``See, today I appoint
    you over nations and kingdoms to uproot and tear down, to
    destroy and to overthrow, to build and to plant.'' Jeremiah
    1:10
        So the taking down and the building up needs to take place
    at the same time. These two cannot be separated. So because of
    that, our recommendation for the policy would be the two-child
    policy needs to be replaced by the all-children-allowed policy
    immediately. That will end the killing of the deemed illegal
    children. But an all-girls-allowed policy and culture then
    needs to be put in place and promoted nationwide as soon as
    possible. This will help build up a culture that welcomes girls
    and cherishes women.
        I want to say that the data has shown there is a steady
    rise of the gender imbalance along with China's implementation
    of the one-child policy. So in 1979, right at the beginning of
    the one-child policy, the ratio between boys and girls is 106
    to 100. By 1988, it rose to 111 boys born to every 100 girls.
    By 2001, it reached up to 117 boys versus 100 girls. By 2010--I
    think 2012, it reached up to 119 to 100.
        So there is direct correlation between the continued
    growing gender imbalance gap, versus enforcement of the
    population control. That means even though we are celebrating
    the amazing, awesome victory God has done through ending the
    one-child policy, the two-children policy will be just a
    continued perpetuation of--will continue to enlarge these kinds
    of gender gaps and will be continuing to hurt the girls and the
    mothers.
        Other data also showed that along China's maps, in the area
    that the one-child policy has been most strictly enforced, the
    ratio between boys and girls is rising to be 130 boys born for
    every 100 girls born. The other more lighter blue area where
    there is less strictly enforced--again the gender balance, a
    much more normal, close to normal ratio. So there is another
    confirmation that the population control policy is a direct
    cause for China's gendercide and therefore, needs to be
    abolished altogether.
        Most recently we celebrated another great victory from God
    who blessed China to allow the hukou residence status reform.
    This would allow 13 million ``extra'' children who did not have
    resident status, did not have hukou, who could not go to
    school, who could not have ID, who could not travel, the
    privilege to have passports now will be legal. So this impacts
    90 million to 100-plus million family members. This is another
    great, wonderful thing that God has done, and we just hope--my
    hope and prayer for this one is it will not become a corrupted
    and punitive process toward families who are in the process of
    getting hukou. And will not make them so unaffordable to pay
    and to get their ``extra'' children legal.
        So I have one more argument against the two-children
    policy. That is this policy achieved very little for China's
    population control objectives. As we see from other neighboring
    countries through the World Factbook that the replacement rate
    around South Korea is 1.25, in Japan it is 1.4, in Singapore it
    is at .01, and Taiwan is 1.12. That means for the family who is
    married in China that even the two-child policy is equivalent
    to the all-children-allowed policy already because they--
    without much encouragement--they most likely will not exceed
    that cap.
        However, for those women and young teenage girls who
    today--every year over 4 million of them have to go through
    abortions because they do not have a legal birth permit. They
    can only obtain it through a marriage status or certificate.
    The two-child-policy still remains to be a death sentence
    against their unborn children. It is still an order of
    gendercide against their bodies. That is every year, 4 million
    young teenage girls and mothers that need to be rescued and
    helped. Therefore, the two-child policy has to be abolished
    altogether, immediately, and replaced with the all-children-
    allowed policy.
        As of China now--not too many babies are being born, but
    too few babies are being born, especially too few baby girls
    are being born. A recent Wall Street Journal, in December 2012,
    had done a very good analysis and said, ``The previous
    generation fears a population explosion, but for today's global
    economy, the problem is just the opposite. Falling fertility
    rates and aging workforces will plague the developing world.
    The race is on for innovative solutions on the world factory
    floor. China will soon confront a serious labor shortage,
    forcing scores of western branches to remake their
    operations.''
        So China will see--reap its own consequences of the policy
    if they do not do something quickly and immediately. So all of
    this data points to the all-children-allowed policy needing to
    be started right away. But even when they start that, this
    alone will not end gendercide.
        By ending gendercide, the all-girls-allowed policy needs to
    be put into place and be implemented right away. So we
    recommend to implement that in four areas.
        One is to end gendercide during a baby girl's birth.
    Another one is ending gendercide during a girl's childhood. A
    third one is ending gendercide in marriages. The forth one is
    ending gendercide in sex education and purity before marriage
    teaching. Again, we believe with God all things are possible.
        I am going to move on to talk about some of the experiences
    our workers in China--we have piloted this baby-shower program.
    We have found amazing, remarkable results that can indeed end
    gendercide.
        The baby-shower program was modeled after the American
    tradition to basically show fellowship and gifting and welcome
    to expecting mothers. In this situation our church--believers
    went around to the rural areas to find mothers who were
    expecting baby girls and under oppression from their family and
    environment to welcome them.
        This picture--they took when she was pregnant with her
    girls. There was an accident after--even though she already had
    a forced sterilization operation, her whole family was upset,
    her husband wanted her to abort, but when we shared God's word
    with her, she decided to keep the baby girl. Later on the baby
    girl did indeed come to life and the whole family rejoiced and
    came to faith.
        So in the past two years we were finally able to get some
    decent data. So each year over thousands of--almost 4 to 5
    thousand times all of these families are being visited by our
    local workers. We have 870 families being reached. So in 2014,
    more than 200 families and babies are being served, and 37 baby
    girls are being rescued from forced and coerced abortions. In
    2015, similar results have been shown. In this situation, 50
    babies were rescued.
        What we found is among all of the babies rescued from
    forced and coerced abortions, there is an alarming ratio of 2
    to 1. That means for every two baby girls we rescued, there was
    only one baby boy rescued. So basically, people are aborting
    their baby girls at twice the rate of aborting their baby boys.
        This is a very random sample of the families we visited.
    There is not a whole agenda thing--only pick girls or only pick
    boys, and they end up helping both boys and girls. We realized
    when we offer this baby-shower program to meet the expectant
    mother when they are pregnant and at high risk of aborting the
    babies, we can help reduce the gender ratio. In 2014, for every
    100 baby girls being born, the boy's ratio becomes 109. So that
    is below the 119 boys to 100 girls' ratio. If we do not rescue
    those 37 babies, the ratio would jump to 124:100. That is 2014
    data.
        In 2015, the ratio becomes 118:100. But if we had not
    rescued those baby girls and baby boys, the ratio would jump
    back to 126:100. That means for every 126 baby boys born, only
    100 baby girls will be born, 26 baby girls would have been
    aborted.
        So this gendercide practice is very pervasive in China.
    This program to really intercept the families when they are
    about to make those critical decisions can, indeed, help to
    save lives and end gendercide.
        The second area of gendercide took place during China's
    massive industrialization. Over 270 million workers are moving
    off of the farm and going to various cities. By doing so, they
    left their wives and their children behind. Today China has 61
    million ``left-behind'' children. These kids tend to suffer
    very low self-esteem and many girls suffer physical, emotional,
    and sexual abuse, potentially.
        As we are speaking right now, China is getting ready for
    its Chinese New Year and China is having the largest migration
    on Earth. This is a good time to really talk about the family,
    what family should be, for the government to make policies to
    encourage the farmers to bring their families to cities. So the
    reason hukou reform is a very good one--we encourage them to
    continue to create educational opportunities for these children
    to be brought back, brought over together with the family--when
    they move, they move together as a family and the husband will
    take their wives with them.
        Our work, again, is to try to combat this massive problem
    out there and we see when we visit these ``left-behind''
    children to show them God's love and words and give them
    fellowships, we see great transformation. So, again, this
    program is to offer family visits, offer summer jobs, offer
    gathering field trips. That, again, can make a difference in
    lives and souls saved and their dignity being restored.
        And the third gendercide takes place in marriages. This is
    another example of--a lot of times these marriage issues are
    intensified when a birth issue, especially a baby girl birth is
    coming on the horizon. This Mrs. Gui Xiu is an example. She was
    expecting her fourth child. It came out to be a girl.
        The husband was so mad he not only forced her to try to
    abort, but didn't succeed. Then when the baby was born, for
    four or five days he would not even look at the baby. He was
    forcing the mother to give away the baby. The mother was
    crying. The whole family was in distress.
        Again, our worker took a whole day bus ride to come and
    visit this family, share the word of the Lord and the husband
    just listened. Finally, he broke down. He said, ``Do you know I
    had a boy and he died when he was 12. The whole family took on
    such debt. That is why we try to have more children so I can
    hope to have another boy to replace my lost son. That is why I
    thought I could not afford to have the fourth girl.''
        When he realized God made girls and boys in his image and
    they all are equally important and valued, he burst into smile
    and said, ``What would you name my daughter? '' The worker just
    said ``Rebecca.'' That was the name in the Bible of Isaac's
    wife.
        So this family, again, was reunited in the Lord. He came to
    the Lord. Now they are living happily. I want to say happily
    ever after, but they are trying to go for another pregnancy, go
    for another boy. So their work is not quite ended, it
    continues. [Laughter.]
        A fourth area of gendercide is really endangering youth.
    China tends to have a really conservative sexual view toward
    sex and purity. With the reform and the openness, the Western
    culture came in. Now this whole generation is very confused and
    there is very little protection and education.
        We are going to try to pilot the program in 2016 and we
    will report back. But that is contributing to the 4 million
    abortions every year, and so many broken hearts and broken
    souls, and broken lives.
        So I want to conclude my presentation here on this thing
    and invite you to pray with me that God will end--will hear our
    prayers and call the Chinese Government to end the two-child
    policy with the all-children-allowed policy immediately, to
    install an all-girls-allowed policy immediately, and to stop
    oppressing the churches in China because we need the church
    workers like our workers. We had a team of 35 of them may be
    able to visit and save thousands, or a couple thousand
    families, children and families through God, but we need 35
    million people to help us end gendercide through the Lord.
        Currently China's government has regulations that will not
    allow NGOs [non-governmental organizations] to register with
    religious affiliation. We want that regulation to be changed.
    It is not the law. It is just a regulation. So we can work and
    serve legally. Some of our workers were so harassed by the
    police that they quit. So our 2015 work suffered greatly.
        Again, I would like to ask the U.S. leaders to help us to
    voice and to talk so we can work and serve with dignity and
    with peace. Again, the last word to leaders of China and also
    America--as wise King Solomon said, ``By justice a king gives a
    country stability . . .''
        I know there is no greater thing China wanted, to have
    stability. Now we are showing them, by ancient wisdom, how they
    can get it by administering justice.
        So having said that, in Jesus' name I pray and declare and
    trust His will to be done. Amen.
        Chairman Smith. Chai Ling, thank you very much for that
    very comprehensive and moving testimony. Like you, I would not
    be here doing what I do if I did not believe in the power of
    prayer, God's mercy and His abiding love. I do think prayer and
    works, ultimately, are the only two elements that are necessary
    to bring horrific crimes to an end. So I join you in that
    prayer to end this terrible----
        Ms. Chai. Thank you. I also want to acknowledge my husband
    who has been an amazing support for my ministry, for my work,
    and has been my inspiration here also. He is sitting here, so I
    would acknowledge him.
        Chairman Smith. Okay.
        Ms. Chai. Thank you.
        Chairman Smith. I would like to now recognize Mara
    Hvistendahl.
        [The prepared statement of Ms. Chai appears in the
    appendix.]

     STATEMENT OF MARA HVISTENDAHL, CONTRIBUTING CORRESPONDENT FOR
    SCIENCE MAGAZINE AND AUTHOR OF ``AND THE CITY SWALLOWED THEM''
     AND ``UNNATURAL SELECTION: CHOOSING BOYS OVER GIRLS, AND THE
                 CONSEQUENCES OF A WORLD FULL OF MEN''

        Ms. Hvistendahl. Thank you, Chairman Smith, for providing
    me with the opportunity to share my thoughts on China's
    imbalanced population and on the horrible effects of sex
    selection over the past 35 years.
        We are all here because we care about the world's women. I
    appear before you as well as a journalist who spent nearly a
    decade in China reporting on various issues. I spent three
    years of that time investigating the disappearance of nearly
    100 million women from the global population.
        As I detailed in my book, ``Unnatural Selection,'' sex-
    selective abortion and other forms of sex selection have spread
    beyond China and India and into countries as varied as Albania,
    Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, South Korea, Taiwan, and Vietnam,
    as well as to some groups in the United States and Canada.
    China is the world leader when it comes to sex selection, but
    it has some factors in common with these other countries, and I
    will explain what those are.
        Sex-ratio distortion is now a massive international issue,
    on the scale of the HIV epidemic in terms of the number of
    lives it has affected. Yet despite the scope of this problem,
    there has been very little international response. I appreciate
    the work that Congress is doing, but globally, the response has
    been disappointing. That is in part because it is assumed that
    China and India alone bear responsibility for what is
    happening. That is not true.
        Currently, there are 118 boys born for every 100 girls in
    China. That sex ratio at birth becomes painfully apparent in
    visiting elementary schools in many parts of China. Go to a
    classroom in many second- and third-tier cities, and you will
    see that there are many more boys than girls.
        While China's population policies have definitely
    contributed to that gap, even as population targets have been
    relaxed and grown a little more lenient, the sex ratio at birth
    has continued to rise. Sex selection is not likely to go away
    under the current two-child policy. In fact, if you look back
    at the past few decades, the sex ratio at birth has steadily
    increased.
        When I began researching my book, I traveled to a county
    called Suining in northern Jiangsu province, an area that was
    once agricultural and is now rapidly industrializing. At the
    time I visited, Suining had a sex ratio at birth of 153 boys
    per 100 girls--an enormous gap that was readily apparent
    everywhere I went. Everybody talked about what was going on;
    they could see the sex-ratio imbalance taking shape on the
    streets and in their neighborhoods.
        Yet Suining wasn't the county in China with the worst sex
    ratio at birth at the time. I simply chose it because I was
    working with a photographer named Ariana Lindquist, who knew
    people there.
        Ariana and I spent a lot of time with the woman whom I call
    Liao Li in my book. She was a strong and independent woman. She
    managed the finances in her family and in many ways called the
    shots. She kept the family cell phone when her husband was away
    on construction jobs.
        Liao Li and her husband sometimes struggled to make ends
    meet, but they were not the poorest family in their
    neighborhood. In some ways they were relatively typical of the
    stage of urbanization that China is in right now. All of those
    factors made me think that Liao Li would be a good guide to
    understanding the sex-selective abortions that were going on
    around her.
        Now over the several days that I spent with her, Liao Li
    was quite critical about the epidemic that had hit Suining. She
    said things like, ``It is stupid to abort a girl when you are
    yourself, after all, a woman.''
        And yet, shortly before we returned to Shanghai, she had
    Ariana and me over for dinner, and we drank some warm beer, and
    partway through the dinner Liao Li stood up and said, ``I
    aborted two girls.'' That threw me for a loop, but as my
    reporting took me to other parts of China and to places like
    Albania and India and Vietnam, I realized that her situation
    was not, in fact, all that atypical.
        Around the world, it is not the poorest people in villages
    who are perpetrating these horrible crimes against women. It is
    the relatively well-off or somewhat educated people who are
    moving to cities. Sex selection starts in wealthy or middle-
    class areas and then trickles down from there. After several
    decades of rampant sex selection, China is at a relatively late
    stage of this process, which is why sex-selective abortions are
    now occurring in second- and third-tier cities. In India, sex
    selection started among the elite in Delhi. I will talk a bit
    about how exactly it began there.
        Unfortunately in 2016, sexism is far from dead. A
    preference for boys still exists in many parts of the world.
    Combine that with economic development, which means that just
    as people are moving to cities, new technologies like
    ultrasound emerge to give them access to sex determination.
    Ultrasound is what is used most commonly now, but it is not the
    future of sex selection, as I will explain.
        The third factor is that many of the countries where sex
    selection is common have a history of coercive population
    policies and of abortion being used by women--in some cases
    forcibly--as birth control. This is the case in China with the
    one-child policy, most obviously, but also in Vietnam, with its
    two-child policy, and in several other countries. India, in
    particular, had a very horrible dark period of population
    control.
        When all of these factors are combined--access to new
    technologies, pressure on birth rates, and coercive population
    policies--people end up taking measures to ensure that they
    have a son by whatever means possible.
        So sex selection is therefore a modern problem, but it is
    also a problem for which Western nations, including the United
    States, bear responsibility.
        If you were in Washington debating policy 40 years ago,
    there is a good chance that you would have been asked to
    consider the issue of population growth, which was front and
    center at the time.
        Books like ``The Population Bomb,'' which warned of an
    eminent population explosion, were very popular. Western
    intellectuals were obsessed with solving the population problem
    by focusing on the developing world, where birthrates were
    highest.
        That is where we went wrong. To some extent population
    growth was a legitimate concern, but this kind of single-handed
    and imperialistic focus on the developing world was a supreme
    error.
        Scholars were enlisted in the quest to lower the
    birthrates. It soon became clear that women in many parts of
    the world continued to have children until they had a son. So
    the idea emerged to guarantee them a son on the first try and
    avoid all of those extra births. Never mind that the extra
    births were girls.
        As a science journalist, I am embarrassed to note that many
    of the world's top science magazines featured gushing articles
    on possible sex selection methods at the time.
        Now, what is particularly shocking is that America's
    advocates of sex selection actually considered the horrible
    effects of a world where men seriously outnumbered women. They
    knew that women's rights would suffer, that women would be
    coveted as wives and mothers and traded as chattel, and yet
    they continued to promote sex selection as a population control
    method.
        In the mid-1960s, Sheldon Segal, the medical director of
    the Population Counsel, helped train doctors in Delhi at the
    All-India Institute of Medical Sciences in an early sex
    determination method. A few years later, the institute became a
    site of shocking medical experiments in which doctors brought
    in poor pregnant women and offered them the opportunity to
    determine sex--which in 1975 was revolutionary--and then
    tracked whether or not they aborted based on sex. The doctors
    wrote up the results in a medical journal.
        The same year, the Chinese Medical Journal--which is one of
    China's top journals--published a paper by a group of doctors
    in Liaoning province describing a very similar experiment.
        Not long after that, sex selection took off in both
    countries. And, of course, the one-child policy was introduced
    in China in 1980, which didn't help. I believe that sex-
    selective abortion's usefulness as a population control method
    is one reason why the Chinese Government has had little
    incentive to eradicate it.
        Today China is seeing a sharp rise in bride-buying and
    trafficking of women, both for marriage and for sex. So-called
    ``marriage agencies'' have cropped up across China to help men
    buy wives. Women are typically trafficked from poor western
    provinces to eastern China. I met several women in reporting my
    book who were brought from rural Yunnan province to Jiangsu
    province to marry men who spoke a different dialect and
    belonged to a different culture. The men might just as well
    have been foreign, so different are these two areas.
        Increasingly, women are also trafficked internationally
    from countries like Vietnam and North Korea to provide Chinese
    men with wives. The U.S. State Department now lists China's
    sex-ratio imbalance as a major cause of trafficking in the
    region.
        Meanwhile, as technology moves forward, we are entering a
    new era of sex selection. Although abortion and ultrasound
    still account for the majority of missing girls, this is about
    to change.
        So-called fetal DNA tests, or blood tests a woman can take
    as early as seven weeks of pregnancy to determine the sex of
    the fetus, recently came on the market. That is really a game-
    changer. In the United States these are now widely available,
    and when I had my first child in Shanghai in 2013 they were
    becoming available there as well. I assume that the Chinese
    Government will not allow these tests to be used for sex
    determination, which is technically illegal in China, but much
    like ultrasound, I assume that they will be used for that
    purpose.
        Sex selection is also practiced during in-vitro
    fertilization [IVF] using a technique called preimplantation
    genetic diagnosis. That is something that the United States
    excels in. Assisted reproductive technology is heavily
    regulated in Western Europe and in Australia, but America is
    really the Wild West. Couples from China and India now travel
    to California just to choose the sex of their baby using IVF.
    We need to ensure that these technologies are properly used.
        Sex selection is a major international issue, and it
    demands an international response. As a nation concerned with
    humanitarian causes and as the birthplace of the technologies
    that are now so brutally affecting populations in Asia, the
    United States should play a leading role in combating sex
    selection.
        Congress should urge the United Nations to devote more
    attention to publicizing the impact of sex selection worldwide
    and to pursuing meaningful action to prevent it. Legislators
    should outlaw the use of IVF for social sex selection, or sex
    selection not connected to sex-linked diseases. This is a
    regulation that is already on the books in much of the Western
    world.
        Congress should further regulate the use of fetal DNA tests
    and limit their use to genetic disease or sex-linked disease,
    while also ensuring that they are administered in clinics with
    oversight from a genetic counselor. Last time I checked, you
    could order a kit that supposedly tests for fetal sex online.
        I want to add that the solution to sex-ratio imbalance is
    not to further infringe on the rights of women by limiting
    access to fair family planning--and I mean family planning not
    in the way the Chinese Government uses the term, but services
    that women actually seek out themselves. If we were to ban
    abortion outright, women would suffer, and sex selection would
    not stop. That also does nothing to prevent couples from
    turning to IVF to get a son.
        I believe the solution is to eradicate the population
    control policies, including China's current two-child policy,
    that encourage people to abort girls; to introduce incentive
    schemes tailored to the urban residents who actually practice
    sex selection; and to better regulate new reproductive
    technologies, both in the United States and abroad.
        Thank you very much.
        Chairman Smith. Thank you so very much for your testimony,
    your insights, and recommendations. It gives us a lot to follow
    up on, so I do thank you again and I do have some questions
    when we get to the Q and A part.
        Ms. Hvistendahl. Sure.
        Chairman Smith. Now, Ms. Brenning, please proceed.
        [The prepared statement of Ms. Hvistendahl appears in the
    appendix.]

      STATEMENT OF JULIE FORD BRENNING, DIRECTOR OF RESEARCH AND
                     CHINA OUTREACH, GIVE HER LIFE

        Ms. Brenning. Thank you. I am grateful for the opportunity
    to present today to the China Commission. I just want to
    dedicate this speech to my daughter, my 10-month-old daughter.
    I hope that she can grow up in a world without gendercide.
        The Chinese ``Book of Songs'' states, ``When a son is born,
    let him sleep on the bed, Clothe him with fine clothes . . .
    When a daughter is born, Let her sleep on the ground, Wrap her
    in common wrappings and give broken tiles to play . . .''
        We know that gendercide is bigger than just the two-child
    policy. The root cause of the sex-ratio imbalance in China is
    the patriarchal kinship system.
        Now let us talk about this. The branches of this root
    include patrilocality or virilocal marriage. For those who do
    not know what that is, that is when a women marries and moves
    in with her new husband's family--the roots also include
    continuation of patrilineal lines, ancestry worship,
    Confucianism's devaluation of girls, expectation of sons to
    provide for the elderly, discrimination in society against
    women and girls, particularly in land rights, and a low
    fertility rate--as we have discussed--caused by the two-child
    policy.
        Now the Care for Girls Campaign is the policy in China to
    curb the sex ratio at birth, but does not fully address these
    root causes whatsoever. The sex ratio at birth in 2000, when
    the policy began, was 119 to 100 and has since digressed to 121
    to 100 in 2010. A decade of this policy in China has done
    little to stop the practice of selective abortion.
        Now, according to my research, I want to share some best
    strategies that governments can take. We all know that the
    consequences of the skewed sex ratio are well-documented. It is
    now vital to address the policy implications and how to
    implement successful government initiatives that will get to
    the roots of the sex-ratio imbalance.
        So from my research, particularly in India, I want to
    present four basic strategies or best practices that
    governments ought to undertake to balance the sex ratio.
        Number one is strict enforcement. So part of the problem
    with these policies is not even that there is a law or the
    wording of the law, but rather its lack of implementation
    altogether. One legislator in India asserted that the poor sex
    ratio, ``. . . is all God's desire. There is nothing we can do
    about it.''
        Unfortunately, I would estimate that most government
    officials do not act upon the laws to lower the SRB because
    they do not believe in the laws, or they simply do not believe
    in the value of women. I suggest that higher-up government
    officials hold local officials accountable for not implementing
    these laws. These officials also ought to be required to attend
    intensive training about the consequences of high sex ratio and
    be educated on the value and empowerment of women.
        Now I want to share an example. In Punjab, India, an
    intensive naming, blaming, and shaming campaign occurred in
    2005. It was headed up by one local official. Because of his
    commitments to the campaigns, the sex ratio was improved to
    above 900 girls to 1,000 boys in 77 villages. Strict
    enforcement is essential.
        Number two, multi-pronged approach. There are campaigns
    going on all throughout Asia--both government and nonprofit--to
    combat this problem. But they are sporadic. They are non-
    uniform and they are happening in isolation from one another.
        So I suggest the ``three U's'' of a multi-pronged approach.
    It is really essential. The first one is unity. Areas with a
    unified effort that include NGOs, government funding and force,
    and community involvement show the greatest potential for
    lowering the SRB--which is the sex ratio at birth.
        Number two is an umbrella of methods. As these three
    entities work together, they ought to include an umbrella of
    different methods, such as shaming and rewarding economic
    themes, encouraging better marriage practices, et cetera.
        Number three is uniform. So once these entities begin
    working together, they need to share their best practices and
    come together in a uniformed policy that actually works.
        Now I will share an example. In 2013, in Jaipur, India,
    government officials actually teamed up with civil society
    groups to take action. The campaign involved pregnant women
    volunteers and a police station dedicated solely to reporting
    violations of the law.
        The head of the state intervention unit team--referring to
    the pregnant women and these NGOs--said, ``. . . it is their
    courage that helped our team apprehend medical practitioners.
    They play a pivotal role in our strength.'' These entities must
    work together for things to start happening.
        So the third best practice is effective assessment. In most
    of the government campaigns there is no assessment occurring
    whatsoever. They may keep track of the number of arrests of
    doctors or maybe the number of sonography ultrasound machines
    that are actually sealed within a certain amount of time, but
    there is actually no records keeping track of the sex ratio at
    birth and these intensive campaign areas.
        Now, the Girls Count Act--which you have talked about--is
    an essential part of making sure that every baby girl is
    registered in the China hukou registration system which we have
    talked about, and that Chai Ling talked about. This will
    provide necessary data for effective assessment of the sex
    ratio at birth in these campaign areas.
        Now the fourth practice I want to talk about which I think
    is probably the most important is women involvement and
    empowerment. According to my research--which I have done
    extensively of the China census data at the country level--a
    high sex ratio at birth is strongly correlated in counties
    where women lag behind men in social status, particularly in
    education, meaning--do not get me wrong here--low education for
    women is not necessarily the factor related to the sex ratio at
    birth as many truly believe. It is not. It is actually the gap
    between men and women.
        So I propose that the areas where there is this gap in
    socioeconomic status, there needs to be the target geographic
    areas for policy intervention, not just where women have low
    education. It is how they are treated, vis-a-vis men, that
    makes all of the difference for sex-selective abortion. I also
    know from research that women must be involved in the
    decisionmaking bodies and in the progress of the policy itself,
    and the implementation in order for peace to occur.
        So the ideal threshold--according to research--is at least
    33 percent of women involvement. I find little evidence in
    China that suggests women even come close to the 33-percent
    threshold of the creation and implementation of policies to end
    gendercide. This is a major problem.
        In China, there are many mothers protesting the hukou
    registration system--as Chai Ling brought up--demanding for
    more reform than even what has occurred. Now, when implementing
    the Girls Count Act, I suggest including native women in the
    policy formation and implementation of the Girls Count Act.
        I would like to share an example of why this is so
    important. In Haryana, an all-women panchayat--or a village-
    level administration group--banned sex-selective abortions,
    making sure that anyone who participated in illegal practices
    of gendercide are socially boycotted by the entire community.
    They used government monies for intensive campaigns which
    included education for women and banning extravagant marriages
    to minimize dowry expenses.
        These women--all in power--had remarkable success. The sex
    ratio improved from a dismal 569 per 1000 in 2012 to 890 in
    2014. It is only by recognizing the importance of the
    empowerment of women as an end in itself and as a key to
    improving the quality of life for everyone, both men and women,
    that China will achieve a more lasting and effective means of
    achieving this balanced sex ratio.
        I propose that these four best practices be taken into
    consideration: strict enforcement, multi-pronged approach,
    effective assessment, and women-involvement and empowerment.
    These strategies are key to creating and implementing policy
    that will end gendercide.
        I call upon all governments to take action, not just the
    United States, as Mara stated. It is now time for governments
    across China to take part in lifting that little baby girl
    spoken of in the ``Book of Songs'' playing on the ground with
    broken tiles from off of the dirty floor. Clothe her in
    empowerment and give her her rightful place in Chinese society.
        Thank you. [Applause.]
        [The prepared statement of Ms. Brenning appears in the
    appendix.]
        Chairman Smith. That was excellent and again, very specific
    recommendations which helps our Commission and I believe by
    extension helps the Congress.
        Let me throw out a few opening questions and whoever would
    like to answer, maybe all of you, all of them, whatever.
        On the issue of empowerment--if I could start off with that
    one--and I couldn't agree more. I have been traveling to
    China--I have been in Congress 36 years, and I have been there
    many times on human rights trips. I often meet with women in
    very, very high positions. Often they travel here.
        Downstairs in the Foreign Affairs Committee room, we had a
    bilateral meeting with members of the People's Congress and
    Madam Fu, who heads up the foreign affairs effort for that
    chamber--it was a very friendly conversation at first. Then I
    raised the issue with her that according to the CDC--and this
    is the Beijing Chinese Centers for Disease Control--about--I
    did not say that right away, but I said there is an estimation
    of upward of 600 women per day who commit suicide in China
    every single day.
        It is absolutely the reverse of suicides of male/female
    like nowhere else in the world. I do believe some of it, maybe
    much of it, maybe an overwhelming number of it is attributable
    to these coercive policies. I asked her what her view was on
    that, how does she explain that? Not only did she say I wasn't
    telling the truth, she demanded documentation which my staff
    ran upstairs and got the State Department's Country Reports on
    Human Rights Practices. I flipped to the page and I said, ``It
    is right out of your own CDC. As a woman and as a leader, where
    is the empathy for those women who are broken? ''
        On another trip I traveled and met with Peng Peiyun, the
    woman who ran the family planning program for years--the
    coercive one--who was celebrated at the Cairo Population
    Conference as a great leader, even though the oppression that
    she has unleashed upon women is without precedent--I believe--
    anywhere in the world. I asked her about the women who are
    dying, the clinical depression.
        On another trip I met a woman in the state family planning
    counsel about the New York Times story that detailed a woman
    who was clinically depressed and she said, ``Oh, it's just lies
    put out by the New York Times.''
        Peng Peiyun said that the UNFPA is here, and they find no
    coercion. They give us a clean bill of health. By the way, who
    are you to even raise this issue in Beijing? It is a matter of
    sovereignty, which is what all dictatorships do when you raise
    human rights questions, going back to the Soviet Union and
    every other one I have ever visited.
        So I agree with you that women need to be empowered. But
    how in a Chinese dictatorship--the likes of which we have now--
    when women and even more men are a part of the repressive
    apparatus do you break through that? Even when I went with the
    head of the Three Self Church in China, who happened to be a
    woman at the time--I asked her about this and I was quoting
    Scripture which is full--Old and New Testament--with the
    concern for the disenfranchised. She almost just like, with
    talking points, went through why the one-child-per-couple
    policy was so important and disagreed that there was any
    disproportionality of males and females. This was about 20
    years ago on that one--that there is no gender imbalance.
        Let me also ask, if I could, Mara, your book--who reads it?
    I have read it. Many people who care about Chinese human rights
    have read it.
        But we have large numbers of universities that have
    Confucius Institutes here. It seems that they are very
    selective of human rights books, magazines, articles and the
    like. They will never read this hearing in a Confucius
    Institute setting.
        In China many of those foreign campuses, including NYU--I
    mean, is your book even allowed to be read, discussed by
    students and is it banned in Beijing? Then, again, there are so
    many Chinese students here that if they were to read your book,
    read Chai Ling's book, which I have been amazed how many people
    that I visit with that are students, especially those who come
    from China on delegations that the State Department puts
    together, have no idea what Tiananmen Square was.
        Of course, Google enabled that big time. I have the Global
    Online Freedom Act which I have been unable to get passed into
    law, but when I did the first hearing on that in 2006, we had
    Google, Microsoft, Cisco, and Yahoo all testifying. I pulled up
    Google, the Chinese version. You put in Tiananmen Square. There
    was not one hit of what happened with the tanks, with tank man
    and all that. It was all about happy faces, taking photographs,
    and just being tourists.
        So they are fed a whole big lie. Does your book get read by
    the students who are here visiting? Do local colleges say,
    here--here is something in universities? Does NYU have copies
    of your books on hand? And then also the empowerment issue----
        Ms. Hvistendahl. It is certainly assigned in the United
    States. I have not heard of it being assigned in China. It has
    been translated into Japanese and Korean, so there was interest
    in other countries in the region.
        I do not know. If you want to go out and promote my book, I
    will not stop you. I can tell you that. [Laughter.]
        Chairman Smith. Thank you.
        Ms. Brenning. To get to the empowerment of women issue.
    That is a tricky one. I would say my answer would be they need
    to start with dismantling the patriarchal kinship system. It is
    not even in their priorities at all. I will give very explicit
    suggestions--how they need to begin doing that.
        Then, second, I think that there needs to be government
    training of these officials, intensive government training.
        Then also, as far as empowerment, the Care for Girls
    Campaign is currently sporadically giving money to girls for
    education kind of randomly. They need to give it--resources and
    money based on their social status, vis-a-vis men, and not just
    sporadically giving out money. They need to do it in a way that
    is research based, and they are not right now.
        I have several suggestions for dismantling the kinship
    system. You know, as far as the Care for Girls Campaign needs
    some reformation. Right now they have a lot of slogans posted
    all over. ``Girls are awesome.'' They need to get rid of those,
    really, and get serious about this problem and as I said, do
    intensive training of government officials starting with the
    very top.
        I believe that they--government officials--need to be the
    example. I would estimate that some of them have participated
    in sex-selective abortion themselves.
        Also, I think that they need to give tax breaks or rewards
    to couples and families not living in patrilocality and
    virilocal marriage. That is not happening right now.
        They need to give equal portions of land to women and
    inheritance rights to women. That is essential. You know this
    is not going to happen overnight, but they need to be serious
    about dismantling it. And obviously, they need to get rid of
    the two-child policy altogether.
        So those are a few of my suggestions as far as where to
    begin. They need to really be serious about the kinship system,
    which they are not.
        Chairman Smith. I was in Baku twice in the last three
    years, Mara, and I mentioned your book to Aliyev who was the
    president, because Azerbaijan has a very serious sex selection
    disparity because of sex-selective abortion. He listened, has
    done nothing. But I want you to know, I do not know if he ever
    heard anybody talk about it--I didn't have a copy to give him,
    but I certainly mentioned it to him and quoted from it.
        I quoted from your book on the Floor a few times. I think
    it is worth repeating, and this would be the context of the
    question--I have found--and you know it better than me, all
    three of you--China is so hypersensitive about outside
    influence, U.S. especially; U.K., European in general;
    Japanese, of course. Yet, as a matter of fact, if you look at
    their draft law on overseas NGO management, they are throwing
    the book at NGOs' capability to do anything, especially if
    there is a link with an overseas organization.
        They do it with faith, the severance of anything dealing
    with the Vatican and other outside Christian organizations,
    which they see as ``invaders.'' This hypersensitivity does not
    seem to carry over into the whole population control mantra
    which they swallowed like the Kool-aid--we all remember that
    terrible scene when all those young people died. They swallowed
    it hook, line, and sinker.
        You made an excellent point in your book when you said,
    ``By August of 1969''--this is your book, Mara--``. . . when
    the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
    and the Population Counsel convened another workshop on
    population control, sex selection had become a pet scheme. Sex
    selection, moreover, had the added advantage of reducing the
    number of potential mothers for reliable sex determination
    technology could be made available to a mass market. There was
    a rough consensus that sex-selection abortion would be an
    effective, uncontroversial, and ethical way of reducing global
    population.''
        Now, that came from this city, from Washington, DC, the
    U.S. Government. As you know, the Indian Government picked up
    on it, big time, as did the Chinese Government, even though
    they have not even a speed bump law to stop sex selection--
    ultrasounds from determining the child's gender.
        Why is it that they do not see this as having come from
    America, since they again are hypersensitive about that? Yet,
    they have embraced it to the absolute detriment of the girl
    child, women, the family, and even their society now because
    the trend line is awful economically and in every other way for
    China.
        Ms. Hvistendahl. The issue of how this notion became
    ethical in the first place--well, part of it was because so
    many atrocious methods were being tried at the time. There were
    6 million forced vasectomies in India. So in comparison, the
    attitude of many population control proponents toward voluntary
    sex-selective abortion was, ``Well, at least we do not have to
    force it on people.''
        But I believe that one of the reasons that idea was even
    acceptable at the time gets back to that notion of empowerment.
    Not that many women were involved in those discussions, and
    certainly not any women from the countries that were actually
    affected by what happened.
        There are women in many positions of power in China, but
    they are not the ones that are really calling the shots. So if
    you look at the Central Committee of the CCP, for example:
    China rates abysmally for national leadership in terms of the
    number of women there. Taiwan, of course, just elected its
    first female president. That is a great thing. That can help
    make a difference.
        Julie's suggestion that pressure be put on local leaders is
    a good one, but that order has to really come from the top.
    China has what is called the yipiao foujue system of
    accountability on certain key issues, which essentially means
    for local officials that it's one strike and you are out. That
    was one of the reasons that the one-child policy became such a
    priority. Local leaders were evaluated based on whether or not
    they performed on birth targets.
        If having a balanced sex ratio could become one of those
    targets as well, that would maybe help. One of the reasons
    there has been some progress on environmental issues is that it
    was recently made a top governmental priority. So that is a
    good suggestion.
        Ms. Chai. I am in awe and also honored to testify along
    with these wonderful--Mara and Julie, thank you. Your presence
    makes us feel that we are not alone, we are together, and thank
    you for your support.
        As I am listening to what it takes to really cause the
    leadership in China to change, the mindset to empower women and
    give women authority, to really care for the balance of gender
    ratio, I can't help but think this is ultimately a spiritual
    issue. The reason--how we can be so blinded to the point that
    we are deliberately and systematically not only killing a baby
    girl, we are killing a mother, we are killing a wife, we are
    killing a family and generation after generation--at the end of
    the day--the root of humanity.
        Yet, we do not think twice about it. We think this is
    normal. This is something we should do. This is something we
    ought to do. So many people are so blindsided. They are gung-ho
    to move forward to execute that. That caused me to think of
    what it really takes to change. It led me to the Bible in
    Chapter 3 in Genesis when humanity fell, when we betrayed God,
    and there were three curses put on humanity.
        The first one is the battle between the serpent and the
    woman--the enmity between the evil serpent and woman. The
    second curse was the curse on woman--she will suffer during
    childbirth. A lot of people thought there was just normal
    childbirth, but I think it is much more related to all
    reproductive love, romance, relationship sufferings. The third
    one is the relationship battle between man and woman. She will
    desire him. He will rule over her.
        That is--unfortunately, the world was set in motion into
    the fallen world, so gendercide becomes one of the
    manifestations of those curses. But we also know the good news
    is Jesus had come 2,000 years ago, and He went on the cross for
    us, redeemed us, and broke that curse. He, Himself--became a
    curse, therefore, we can have equality for women; for men and
    women. That is our hope, that gendercide can and should and
    will come to an end.
        When the Chinese people are starting their minds to be
    renewed by the truth in God and how He views man and woman--He
    created each life fearfully, wonderfully in His image and He
    made them equal. He made man and woman's ultimate purpose to
    find each other to become one, to--full glory of God and how in
    His definition woman is not some subordinate girl that needs to
    be put on the floor, play with tiles. Rather woman is the
    ultimate helper of the man, the future husband.
        He--God--said, commanded, whoever loves his wife, loves
    himself. What that means to say for those men who killed the
    baby girls, the future wives and mothers, they are saying when
    they are killing her, do they really love themselves? Who are
    they really killing? They are killing themselves.
        So these are the truths that need to be shared. I do agree
    all of those budgets--as Julie said--going into the care for
    girls should really be promoting the biblical view and truth
    about the equality and harmony of man and woman. When that
    happens, I do believe that will be an ultimately profound
    change, and that change is happening as our workers are seeing
    on the ground as we continue to pray. God also said, when he
    opens our eyes, what is with us is much more than what is with
    the other side. So it is only one-third of the angels fallen.
    So there are two-thirds still with us. So we are in the
    majority. [Laughter.]
        Do not give up hope.
        Chairman Smith. Never. Let me just ask if I could, then I
    will yield to Mr. Pittenger. I mentioned earlier that I am the
    author of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act. I have worked
    on that issue for over 20 years, worked on Chinese human rights
    issues since I got elected.
        I mention that because I have been raising with the TIP
    Office--the Trafficking in Persons Office, about 55-person
    large--for years they need to look at sex-selection abortion as
    a driver for sex trafficking. When Mark Lagon was the
    Ambassador at Large, he did a thorough look at that, along with
    his staff and came down with very strong language in the TIP
    report. Ultimately, China was classified as a Tier-3 country,
    an egregious violator.
        It was an automatic downgrade because they had been on the
    watch list for four years, but they should have been
    downgraded. They got waivers from the Obama Administration,
    which they should not have gotten, and then as soon as the year
    was over, they were upgraded.
        Now Reuters did a--they should get the Pulitzer for it or
    any great prize for investigative journalism that is out
    there--did a series of investigations about the TIP office
    making recommendations for grades. Remember, if you get a Tier-
    3 in trafficking--there are four grades, three plus watch
    list--you can be sanctioned, and the sanctions are significant.
        Well, they looked at what the TIP experts were recommending
    at State, versus what the bureaucrats, the assistant
    secretaries, right up to the Secretary of State, himself, did
    in terms of those designations. They found 14 instances--there
    were 17 disputes--14 instances where the experts on trafficking
    said, this is a Tier-3 country. Oman, India, Malaysia,
    Uzbekistan, Cuba all should have been--and others--Tier-3
    countries, and China, but were artificially upgraded--and
    Cuba--because of some other issue.
        As the author of the bill that created all of this, I held
    hearings on it and tried to hold the Administration to account.
    I am going to do three more before their next report comes out.
    We are planning it right now, including one specifically on
    China. But Reuters got people to talk anonymously within the
    TIP Office to say, this is not what it should be.
        Your thoughts on this horrible, wrongful classification of
    China, not as a Tier-3 country--I believe and would really
    appreciate your views on this--that the trafficking will only
    get worse. The bride sellers, the pimps bringing women in from
    adjacent countries, but even further beyond that, and of course
    women inside the country itself who they will sell as
    commodities is only getting worse. And it is not even part of
    the dialogue except as an ancillary issue because they are not
    a Tier-3 country.
        Now the TIP personnel, wonderful foreign service officers,
    people who really pour themselves into this work, their
    recommendations were rejected for some political chicanery on
    the part of the higher-ups. It cannot happen again this year.
        This new book, the TIP report will come out sometime in
    June. They were late last year. It came out in July, late July.
    Hopefully, they do not repeat this. Reuters nailed it.
        So your thoughts on that because it can--when you side with
    the government so you will have a little more trade, a little
    more nice cooperation on this, that, or the other thing, you
    sell out the victims. Now who? I am talking about the
    Administration. I found that appalling. That is the
    consequence. It is a predictable consequence. Your thoughts?
        Ms. Brenning. Yes, I have done lots of research. Actually,
    there is a connection between sex-selective abortion and sex
    trafficking. It is a significant linkage.
        In particular, I think something that you might want to
    focus on is the borders. So Vietnam, in particular, and all of
    those other countries, there is significant bride trafficking
    occurring at the borders of Southeast Asian countries and
    China.
        Maybe instead of focusing specifically on domestic
    trafficking, you can look at the borders as there is so much
    evidence of over-the-border sex trafficking and bride
    trafficking that is occurring, as well as obviously domestic
    trafficking. But, yes.
        You said there is a Tier-4. I am wondering if China should
    be in that Tier.
        Chairman Smith. A Tier-3----
        Ms. Brenning. Absolutely be in Tier-3 according to my
    research. I have done extensive research on this connection.
    There is a connection between the demand for women and the lack
    of women in China. There is a lot happening.
        There was a recent case where China actually did catch a
    few traffickers and they were executed, but I am glad they got
    two of them. There are many more.
        I think looking at the borders could be one policy angle
    that could maybe put a little more pressure on those countries,
    showing the evidence that it is occurring.
        Chairman Smith. I would just add to your answer, Thailand
    remained on Tier-3--which is where it belongs--and they had 135
    convictions. China, at one point, 2 billion people, whatever
    the number is, had 35 convictions. Talk about a lack of
    prosecutorial discretion that goes after these people. It
    doesn't exist.
        Ms. Hvistendahl. Yes, the International Labor Organization
    in Hanoi is doing work on trafficking out of Vietnam. It could
    have changed in the past few years, but when I went there they
    were looking at China as a destination country. China is the
    main driver for trafficking from countries around the region.
        There is trafficking of women into other countries with
    skewed sex ratios as well. And in countries like Taiwan and
    South Korea, which now have generations in which men seriously
    outnumber woman, there is a massive trade in men going to
    Vietnam to buy brides. The women are often sold by their
    parents. The women might say that they go willingly, but they
    are under significant pressure to go.
        When I looked into this, there was one woman in the
    Taiwanese Embassy in Ho Chi Minh City who had made stopping
    this trade her passion. Aside from her and a Catholic ministry
    in Taiwan that was doing very good work on this issue, though,
    there was very little political will toward addressing the
    problem.
        Then with China, the other issue to consider is the
    trafficking of children under the one-child policy. That is a
    major problem.
        Ms. Chai. Yes, I agree with Mara and Julie that in the
    early part of 2010 to 2011 we did a lot of work on ending sex
    trafficking, reuniting trafficked children with their families.
    We helped reunite children as young as two-and-a-half years old
    to older child brides, now 30, to be able to reunite with her
    family.
        In one city alone, in Putian in Fujian province, they have
    a population of 3 million people. Six hundred thousand people
    are as a result of child bride trafficking. It is a city where
    they tend to abort baby girls, but for some reason then they
    use some money to buy other peoples' baby girls and make them
    to be child brides, make sure their sons who have grown up have
    wives to marry.
        So yes, and the 60 percent worldwide trafficking is a
    result of China's gender imbalance. That is a UN statistic. So
    I am shocked that China is not--I do not know whether Tier-1
    sex trafficking state----
        Chairman Smith. Three is the worst.
        Ms. Chai. Yes. I am shocked China is not listed on that. If
    a country that alone contributes 60 percent worldwide sex
    trafficking is not on that list, then what does it say about
    the rest of the list and the legitimacy of that list.
    Therefore, that really remains to be known, then be adjusted,
    and a certain action needs to be taken.
        I do agree, continue to talk and advocate--for every trade
    talk, make sure to talk about the sex trafficking issue, about
    gendercide issues, and they will listen. I believe they will
    listen.
        Chairman Smith. Mr. Pittenger?
        Representative Pittenger. I will be very quick. Considering
    the relaxation of the one-child policy, have you seen a drop or
    increase in terms of the number of women seeking to abort
    females?
        Ms. Chai. We have not seen that yet. Again, this change
    ending the one-child policy is such a new concept. I think
    people are still trying to figure it out right now.
        Representative Pittenger. How often did you try to assist
    women who were not married in their own challenges that they
    face if they are pregnant?
        Ms. Chai. The statistics show 30 to 50 percent of abortions
    taking place in China are for teenage girls and women who are
    under 25 who are not married. So that is a serious issue.
    Currently, we are helping several women who are pregnant but
    unmarried.
        One is a result of rape. So our workers are working with
    her, supporting her to go through to keep the girl.
        Another one is a girl--again, she was unmarried. She was
    ashamed to even tell her mother and her congregation. So our
    worker came along to help her.
        So we do believe the baby-shower program--when the church,
    when a believer truly acts where God wants us to act, he can
    save lives and help them. That is something we would like to
    see the Chinese Government give us permission, the believer
    workers to go into abortion clinics. For every single abortion
    clinic, we would like to have our workers visit those women and
    to show them the truth and to also help them along the way if
    they choose to keep that baby girl.
        It is not a journey one person can take alone, but with the
    community, we can help.
        Representative Pittenger. Billy Graham has nothing on you.
    You give a great presentation. I think I----
        Ms. Chai. Well, thank you.
        Representative Pittenger. I wish I could stay longer. I
    would say that South Korea has adopted a series of policies--
    women's rights. If that was adopted in China, would that have
    an impact? Would you recommend something similar to that?
        Ms. Brenning. Some of the elements, I would. As I said, one
    of their biggest policies was dismantling this kinship system,
    this patriarchal kinship system of patrilineal lineage. China
    is the same in giving elderly support, but there are some
    issues with China with that. It is challenging providing that
    amount of money to that many elderly would, I think, would be
    impossible.
        That is why I think there needs to be a cultural-social
    change occurring, not just money handouts, but giving land
    rights to women. I do think some of it can cross over to China,
    but as I said, the scope is quite different. China is much
    bigger, many more people.
        I could keep going, if----
        Representative Pittenger. They have called votes, so I--
    Thank you very much. I really appreciate your commitment and
    your leadership. We listened and everything we can do, we will
    support you and support this great need.
        Thank you. God bless you.
        Ms. Chai. Thank you.
        Chairman Smith. Thank you, Mr. Pittenger. We do have to run
    for votes. They shut it down right at zero. So no more grace
    period any more.
        I thank you so much. You really have given the Commission a
    tremendous amount of input, guidance, and inspiration. I thank
    you so much for it.
        Ms. Brenning. Thank you so much.
        Ms. Hvistendahl. Thank you.
        Ms. Chai. With your permission, could I just end it with a
    quick prayer?
        Chairman Smith. Sure.
        Ms. Chai. Okay. Dear Heavenly Father, Lord Jesus,--whoever
    believes and want to join, you are welcome to do that.
        Dear Father, Lord Jesus, Holy Spirit, we thank you for this
    wonderful opportunity, and thank you for the unity of a heart
    and passion. I give you thanks for Mara, for Julie, for
    Congressman Christopher Smith, with other Ranking Congressmen
    who are here, and for many people who are listening for the
    staff, for President Obama's Administration, also for the
    leaders in China, Oh, Lord.
        We just pray you open their hearts and minds. I pray for
    unity. We pray for swift action to end this massive evil,
    gendercide in China and around the world.
        In Jesus' name we pray and believe and trust. Amen.
        Chairman Smith. Thank you. Hearing is adjourned.
        [Whereupon the hearing was concluded at 4:15 p.m.]

                                A P P E N D I X

    =======================================================================

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                     Prepared Statement of Mara Hvistendahl

                                february 3, 2016
        Thank you, Chairmen Rubio and Smith, for providing me with the
    opportunity to share my thoughts on China's imbalanced population.
        We are all here because we care about the world's women. I appear
    before you as a journalist who lived in China for nearly a decade and
    spent three years investigating sex selection and its effects. As I
    detailed in my book Unnatural Selection, sex selection-- mainly through
    ultrasound examinations followed by abortion--has led to the
    disappearance of over 100 million females from the global population.
    This problem has spread beyond China and India, to countries as varied
    as Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, South Korea, Taiwan, and
    Vietnam, and even to some groups in the United States and Canada.
        After continuing unabated for over three decades, sex-ratio
    distortion is now a massive international issue. In terms of lives
    affected, it surpasses the HIV epidemic. And yet, despite the scope of
    this problem, there has been little international response. That is in
    part because responsibility is often assumed to lie solely with
    countries like China and India. As I will explain, that assumption is
    wrong.
        The 2010 census, the last year it was taken, found a sex ratio at
    birth of 118 boys per 100 girls in China. The skewed sex ratio is
    painfully obvious if you visit an elementary school in a second- or
    third-tier city in China. Look at any classroom and you will see many
    more boys than girls.
        China's population control policies have undoubtedly contributed to
    this gap. But even as the government's population targets have become
    more lenient and less relevant, sex selection has increased. China's
    sex ratio at birth, in fact, has steadily risen since 1990. It will no
    doubt persist under a two-child policy.
        When I began researching this issue in 2008, I traveled to a county
    called Suining in northern Jiangsu province, once an agricultural area
    that is now industrializing. At the time I visited, Suining's sex ratio
    at birth was estimated at 153 boys per 100 girls. And yet, that hardly
    made it the county in China with the most extreme sex ratio.
    Photographer Ariana Lindquist and I simply went there because she knew
    people from the area, and we figured that those contacts would help us
    delve deeper into the issue.
        We spent a lot of time with a woman whom I call Liao Li. She was a
    strong, independent woman--a mother of two girls and one boy who in
    many ways called the shots in her family. She managed the finances,
    made a lot of the major decisions, and kept the family cell phone when
    her husband was off working construction jobs. While she and her
    husband sometimes struggled to make ends meet, they weren't the poorest
    family in their town. For all of these reasons, she struck me as a
    great guide to the area.
        Over the several days I spent with Liao Li, she was quite critical
    about the epidemic of sex selection that had hit Suining. A few times
    she said things like, ``Girls are very good. They take care of you when
    you're older.'' Sex selection, she told me, is ``stupid thinking, when
    you are, after all, yourself a woman.'' But then shortly before we
    returned to Shanghai, she invited Ariana and me over for dinner. We
    drank some warm beer, and I talked a little about my research. As the
    dinner progressed, Liao Li stood up and said, ``I aborted two girls.''
        That threw me for a loop. As my reporting took me to countries as
    varied as India, Albania, South Korea, and Vietnam, however, I learned
    that Liao Li's situation is in fact fairly typical. The perpetrators of
    sex selection are not, as is commonly portrayed, primarily poor people
    in villages. Throughout South and East Asia, the Caucasus region, and
    the Balkans, sex selection starts in urban areas, among wealthy or
    middle-class and well-educated couples, and trickles down from there.
        Unfortunately, in 2016 sexism is far from dead, and a preference
    for boys still persists in most parts of the world. Second, economic
    development means that just as people move to cities and start having
    fewer children, a new technology--ultrasound--becomes available. The
    third factor is that many of the countries where sex selection is
    practiced have a history of coercive population policies and of
    abortion being forced on women as birth control. When all of these
    factors--son preference, access to new technology, and pressure on
    birth rates--are combined, people take measures to ensure that they
    have a son.
        Sex selection is therefore a very modern problem. But it's also a
    problem for which Western nations, including the United States, bear
    responsibility.
        If you were shaping policy in Washington, D.C. forty years ago,
    there is a good chance that you would have been asked to consider the
    issue of population growth, which was front and center at the time.
    Best-selling books like the Population Bomb warned of a population
    explosion. Population growth was a problem at the time, for a number of
    reasons. But Western intellectuals became obsessed with solving the
    problem by intervening in the developing world, where birth rates were
    highest. And that is where we went wrong.
        Sociologists, anthropologists, and biologists were enlisted in the
    quest to lower birth rates. The legendary Margaret Mead reportedly
    contributed her expertise, and studies were done exploring why families
    were so large. It soon became clear that women in many parts of the
    world continued having children until they had a son. The idea emerged
    to guarantee them a son on the first try and avoid all those extra
    births--never mind that the extra births were girls.
        The notion of sex selection had been around since the time of
    Aristotle. But by the 1960s, with recent breakthroughs in genetics and
    in our understanding of reproduction, it was finally becoming a
    reality. As a science journalist, I am embarrassed to note that the
    world's top science magazines featured gushing articles on possible sex
    selection methods. Everyone took for granted that these new methods
    would be used to select for boys.
        What's particularly shocking today is that America's advocates of
    sex selection actually considered the horrid effects of a world with
    many more men than women. They knew that women's rights would suffer,
    that women would be coveted as wives and mothers and traded as chattel.
    In 1973, British microbiologist John Postgate wrote a cover story for
    the New Scientist on the prospect of widespread sex selection in which
    he wrote, ``It is probable that a form of purdah would become
    necessary. Women's right to work, even to travel freely, would probably
    be forgotten transiently.'' And yet, Postgate and others continued to
    promote sex selection as a population control method.
        Another vocal proponent of sex selection at the time was the
    medical director of the Population Council, Sheldon Segal. In the mid-
    1960s, Segal was posted to Delhi, where he started the department of
    reproductive medicine at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences.
    While there, he trained doctors to perform an early method of sex
    determination. A few years later, in 1975, AIIMS became the site of
    shocking medical experiments. Doctors offered poor pregnant women in
    Delhi sex determination and then tracked whether they aborted--and
    wrote up the results in a medical journal. Of course women tended to
    abort if they were carrying girls. That was how sex selection was
    introduced to India.
        That same year, the Chinese Medical Journal--now one of China's top
    journals--published a paper by a group of doctors in Liaoning province
    on a very similar experiment at Tietung Hospital Department of
    Obstetrics and Gynecology. Sex selection's usefulness as a population
    control method is one reason why the Chinese government now has little
    incentive to eradicate it.
        Today, many of John Postgate's predictions have come true. China
    has seen a pernicious rise in bride-buying and trafficking of women,
    both for marriage and for sex. So-called ``marriage agencies'' have
    cropped up across China to help men buy wives. Women are typically
    trafficked from poorer western provinces to eastern China; while
    reporting my book I met several women who had been brought to Jiangsu
    province from rural Yunnan. Increasingly women are also brought in from
    neighboring countries like Vietnam and North Korea. The U.S. State
    Department rightly lists China's gender imbalance as a major cause of
    trafficking in the region.
        What's more, we have historical amnesia. Western institutions
    played a critical role in bring sex selection to Asia. And yet, I can't
    tell you how many reports I've read that blame sex selection squarely
    on traditional values.
        Meanwhile, the nature of sex selection is changing as technology
    marches forward. Already it is no longer just about abortion and
    ultrasound. Instead it involves so-called fetal DNA tests, or blood
    tests a woman can take as early as seven weeks of pregnancy to
    determine fetal sex. In the United States these are already widely
    available, and when I had my first child in China in 2013, they were
    becoming available in Shanghai as well. Sex selection is also practiced
    during in-vitro fertilization, using a technique called preimplantation
    genetic diagnosis. We need to ensure that such technologies are
    properly used. America is the Wild West for assisted reproductive
    technology, which is heavily regulated in Western Europe and Australia.
    Because of a lack of regulatory oversight here, couples from China and
    India now fly to California to choose the sex of their babies using
    IVF.
        As a major international issue, affecting South Asia and Eastern
    Europe as well as China, sex selection demands an international
    response. Moreover, as the entity responsible for the population
    control policies that contribute to the preponderance of boys being
    born, the Chinese government cannot be expected to solve its sex-ratio
    problem without international pressure. As a nation concerned with
    humanitarian causes, and as the birthplace of the technologies that are
    now so brutally affecting populations in Asia, the United States should
    play a leading role in combating sex selection.
        Congress should urge the United Nations to devote more attention to
    publicizing the pernicious after-effects of sex selection worldwide,
    and to pursuing meaningful action to prevent it. Legislators should
    outlaw the use of IVF for social sex selection, or sex selection not
    connected to sex-linked diseases. Congress should further regulate the
    use of fetal DNA tests and limit their use to genetic disease, while
    also ensuring that they are administered in clinics with oversight from
    a genetic counselor.
        I want to add that the solution to sex-ratio imbalance is not to
    further infringe on the rights of women by limiting access to family
    planning. If we were to ban abortion outright, women would suffer, and
    sex selection would not stop. (China and India already outlaw sex-
    selective abortions, to little effect.) Limiting access to abortion
    also does nothing to prevent couples from turning to IVF to get a son.
    The solution is instead to eradicate the population control policies--
    including China's current two-child policy--that encourage people to
    abort girls; to introduce incentive schemes tailored to the urban
    residents who actually practice sex selection; and to better regulate
    new reproductive technologies, both in the United States and beyond.
    [GRAPHICS NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

    Prepared Statement of Hon. Christopher H. Smith, a U.S. Representative
     From New Jersey; Chairman, Congressional-Executive Commission on China

                                february 3, 2016
        There are tens of millions of missing girls in China today--a
    predictable consequence of Beijing's cruel and barbaric child
    limitation policies and a cultural preference for boys.
        In her book, Unnatural Selection: Choosing Boys Over Girls, and the
    Consequences of a World Full of Men, Mara Hvistendahl, one of our
    witnesses today, writes that ``there are over 160 million females
    `missing' from Asia's population. That is more than the entire female
    population of the United States. And gender imbalance--which is mainly
    the result of sex selective abortion--is no longer strictly an Asian
    problem.''
        In Azerbaijan and Armenia, in Eastern Europe, and even among some
    groups in the United States, couples are making sure at least one of
    their children is a son. So many parents now select for boys that they
    have skewed the sex ratio at birth of the entire world.
        The global crisis of missing girls constitutes a gross human rights
    abuse--which is aptly described as gendercide--the extermination of the
    girl child in society simply because she happens to be a girl.
        For most of us, the statement ``it's a girl'' is cause for enormous
    joy, happiness and celebration. But in many countries, and even in some
    parts of the U.S.--it can be a death sentence. In China and India
    alone, an estimated three girls are aborted every minute because she is
    a girl.
        Gendercide is not only a predictable tragedy of lost potential, but
    also a demographic time bomb, particularly in China, with social,
    political, and potentially even security implications.
        China faces some of the world's most severe gender imbalances--
    according to official estimates, there are currently 34 million more
    males than females in China.
        Demographic experts, such as Valerie Hudson and Nicholas Eberstadt,
    who have testified before this commission previously, have warned that
    China's large number of ``surplus males'' could lead to societal
    instability, higher crime rates and sexual violence, and has already
    increased trafficking of women and girls.
        Trafficking, in particular, is a predictable consequence. As the
    author of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000--America's
    landmark law to combat sex and labor trafficking--I am deeply concerned
    that China has become the human sex trafficking magnet of the world.
        We have seen a marked increase of women trafficked from neighboring
    Southeast Asian countries such as Vietnam, Myanmar, and Cambodia being
    trafficked into China as brides and for sexual exploitation. North
    Korean women who escape into China also remain at risk for human
    trafficking for forced marriages and forced labor.
        China's gender imbalances are significantly exacerbated by
    government policy--particularly its draconian population control
    policies. Chinese law bans the use of ultrasound scanning technologies
    to determine the gender of unborn babies, but because couples are
    limited to one or two children, millions have circumvented the law to
    abort female unborn babies to ensure their ``government approved
    child'' will be a son.
        China's recently announced ``Two-Child Policy'' will not address
    China's demographic imbalances. Data has shown that sex ratios are
    often more skewed after the birth of the first child. In many parts of
    China, the largest sex ratio imbalances are found in townships or
    villages, where many residents were already allowed to have a second
    child.
        We are holding this hearing today not only to better understand the
    magnitude of the problem, but to find better ways to help rescue the
    next generation of potentially missing girls from violence and death.

        (1) Are there models from other places with past or present gender
    imbalances--such as South Korea and India--that can be used in China
    and elsewhere? As Valerie Hudson has testified before this commission
    previously, South Korea addressed skewed sex ratios in part by
    elevating the status and value of women and daughters, specifically in
    terms of encouraging female access to education, as well as equal
    inheritance, marriage, and property rights.
        (2) Given that the Obama Administration, the UN, and especially the
    UN Population Fund (UNFPA) have failed to adequately address the
    scandal of gendercide, what needs to be done to end these massive
    crimes against women?
        (3) What can the Congress do to help U.S.-based companies, such as
    General Electric, prevent ultrasound equipment which should be used to
    promote the wellness of unborn children from being employed on a gender
    crime search and destroy mission.
        (4) What role can the President, including the State Department and
    Congress play to encourage durable reforms of Chinese policies?
        (5) What U.S. laws need to be reformed or enforced? In 2000, I
    authored a visa ban law for those complicit in coercive abortion. Not
    only has the Administration failed to enforce the ban, but has not
    responded to our December 9th letter asking why.
        (6) Congress passed and the President signed into law the Girls
    Count Act this past year--championed by Senator Rubio and Congressman
    Steve Chabot. This law makes protecting children, especially the girl
    child, a priority of U.S. foreign policy. How should this law be
    implemented and directed?
        By shining a light on what is happening in China with its missing
    girls, we hope to move toward a world where every woman is valued and
    deeply respected because of her intrinsic dignity, and where every
    child is welcomed regardless of his or her sex.
                                     ______

     Prepared Statement of Hon. Marco Rubio, a U.S. Senator From Florida;
            Cochairman, Congressional-Executive Commission on China

                                february 3, 2016
        For over three decades, China's barbaric One-Child Policy has
    condemned millions of unwanted or ``surplus'' Chinese girls to
    abortion, infanticide, abandonment and human trafficking. This shameful
    policy, coupled with the cultural preference for boys and access to
    cheap ultrasound technology, has resulted in what some demographers and
    human rights advocates have rightly termed gendercide--the wholesale
    extermination of millions of unborn baby girls.
        China is now faced with one of the world's most severe gender
    imbalances with roughly 34 million more males than females. Estimates
    suggest that there will be a surplus of 40-50 million bachelors in
    China through the mid-to late 21st century. The implications of this
    imbalance are not fully known or understood, but they are without
    question significant and troubling.
        Some analysts have argued that China's skewed gender ratio, in
    addition to representing a grievous human rights abuse, poses a serious
    security risk as well. Between 2030 and 2045 at least 20 percent of men
    in China will likely be unable to marry. These ``bare branches'' as
    they are known will almost certainly impact China's stability and
    development. There is already statistical evidence indicating that the
    areas of China with the highest sex ration imbalance also have higher
    incidences of crime to include human trafficking.
        In fact, according to reports from regional governments and civil
    society organizations, trafficking from Southeast Asia into China for
    forced marriage already appears to be increasing. Additionally, already
    vulnerable North Korean refugees who escape into China are at grave
    risk for human trafficking for forced marriages.
        It is worth noting that serious questions persist about the extent
    to which the recently announced Two-Child Policy will address this
    crisis, even in the long term, as data has shown that sex ratios are in
    fact more skewed after the birth of the first child.
        Nearly two months ago I joined with CECC Chairman, Representative
    Chris Smith in urging Secretary of State John Kerry to provide an
    update on the administration's implementation of the ``Girls Count
    Act,'' which was signed into law on June 12, 2015. As this law's chief
    sponsor in the Senate, I was motivated by the fact that every year
    approximately 51 million children under the age of five are not
    registered at birth, most of whom are girls, leaving them susceptible
    to marginalization and exploitation.
        This law directs current U.S. foreign assistance programming to
    support the rights of women and girls in developing countries by
    working to establish birth registries in their countries. The
    legislation also prioritizes a variety of rule of law programs intended
    to raise the legal and financial status of girls in order to help
    address the cultural and financial rationale for sex-selective
    abortions. Both components have particular relevance to China.
        To date, the Administration has failed to respond to our letter.
    Given the enormity of this problem and the bipartisan nature of the
    solution proposed, the seeming lack of priority nearly eight months
    after the president signed the legislation into law is troubling.
        It is worth noting that South Korea, which in the 1990s had a sex
    ratio almost as skewed as China's, has effectively normalized the ratio
    in recent years primarily through elevating the status and value of
    women and daughters--precisely the aim of the Girls Count legislation.
        As a father of four, to include two daughters, I believe it is
    vital that the U.S. continues advocating for the complete elimination
    of government-forced population planning as well as the fundamental
    rights of all Chinese citizens to live up to their God-given potential.

                           Submissions for the Record

                                  ----------

                 [Reprinted from Foreign Policy, June 27, 2011]

                         Where Have All the Girls Gone?

        It's true: Western money and advice really did help fuel the
    explosion of sex selection in Asia.

                             (By Mara Hvistendahl)

        How did more than 160 million women go missing from Asia? The
    simple answer is sex selection--typically, an ultrasound scan followed
    by an abortion if the fetus turns out to be female--but beyond that,
    the reasons for a gap half the size of the U.S. population are not
    widely understood. And when I started researching a book on the topic,
    I didn't understand them myself.
        I thought I would focus on how gender discrimination has persisted
    as countries develop. The reasons couples gave for wanting boys varies:
    Sons stayed in the family and took care of their parents in old age, or
    they performed ancestor and funeral rites important in some cultures.
    Or it was that daughters were a burden, made expensive by skyrocketing
    dowries.
        But that didn't account for why sex selection was spreading across
    cultural and religious lines. Once found only in East and South Asia,
    imbalanced sex ratios at birth have recently reached countries as
    varied as Vietnam, Albania, and Azerbaijan. The problem has fanned out
    across these countries, moreover, at a time when women are driving many
    developing economies. In India, where women have achieved political
    firsts still not reached in the United States, sex selection has become
    so intense that by 2020 an estimated 15 to 20 percent of men in
    northwest India will lack female counterparts. I could only explain
    that epidemic as the cruel sum of technological advances and lingering
    sexism. I did not think the story of sex selection's spread would lead,
    in part, to the United States.
        Then I looked into it, and discovered that what I thought were
    right-wing conspiracy theories about the nexus of Western feminism and
    population control actually had some, if very distant and entirely
    historical, basis in truth. As it turns out, Western advisors and
    researchers, and Western money, were among the forces that contributed
    to a serious reduction in the number of women and girls in the
    developing world. And today feminist and reproductive-rights groups are
    still reeling from that legacy.
        The story begins in the mid-20th century, when several factors
    converged to make Western demographers worried about global population
    growth. Thanks to advances in public health, people were living longer
    than ever before. Projections released by the U.N. Population Division
    in 1951 suggested what the sum of all those extra years of life could
    be: Rapid population growth was on the horizon, particularly in the
    developing world. As pundits forecast a global ``population
    explosion,'' anxiety mounted in policy circles, and the population
    control movement that coalesced brought together everyone from
    environmentalists to McCarthyites. viewed through a 1960s Beltway lens,
    mounting numbers of people meant higher rates of poverty, which in turn
    made countries more vulnerable to communism.
        The U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), the World
    Bank, and the Rockefeller Foundation were among the organizations that
    poured money into stanching the birth rate abroad, while the
    International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF) and the Population
    Council helped coordinate efforts on the ground. As these organizations
    backed research into barriers to couples accepting contraception, one
    of the obstacles quickly identified was that in most parts of the
    world, but particularly in fast-growing Asia, people continued to have
    children until they got a boy. As demographer S.N. Agarwala explained
    in a paper on India he presented at a 1963 IPPF conference in
    Singapore: ``[S]ome religious rites, especially those connected with
    the death of the parents, can be performed only by the male child. . .
    . [T]hose who have only daughters try their best to have at least one
    male child.'' Even in the United States, surveys suggested a preference
    for sons.
        That raised the question: What if couples could be guaranteed a son
    from the start? Elsewhere, scientists were working to perfect fetal sex
    determination tests for women carrying sex-linked disorders like
    hemophilia, which only manifests itself in males. (The first sex-
    selective abortions, performed in 1955 by Danish doctors in Copenhagen,
    were actually done on women carrying male fetuses.) But the technology
    was still incipient and required a late-term abortion. Proponents of
    population control began talking about nudging sex selection along. In
    1967, for example, when Planned Parenthood Federation of America
    President Alan Guttmacher received a proposal from an Indian scientist
    interested in finding a way to ``control SEX in human reproduction,''
    he scrawled a note across the top in hasty red pencil, asking the
    organization's medical director to consider whether the research was in
    fact ``worth encouraging.''
        Planned Parenthood didn't fund the research in the end, but on the
    technicality that the U.S. government had recently cut funding for
    fellowships to foreigners. Six months later Steven Polgar, the
    organization's head of research, went public with the notion that sex
    selection was an effective population control method. Taking the podium
    before an audience of scholars and policymakers at a conference
    sponsored by the National Institute of Child Health and Human
    Development (NICHD), Polgar ``urged,'' according to the meeting's
    minutes, ``that sociologists stimulate biologists to find a method of
    sex determination, since some parents have additional children in order
    to get one of specified sex.''
        At first the language was gender-neutral. But before long the
    descriptions grew more blunt, and some proponents talked frankly about
    selecting for sons. In the years that followed, Population Council
    President Bernard Berelson endorsed sex selection in the pages of
    Science, while Paul Ehrlich advocated giving couples the sons they
    desired in his blockbuster The Population Bomb. ``[I]f a simple method
    could be found to guarantee that first-born children were males,'' he
    wrote, ``then population control problems in many areas would be
    somewhat eased.'' In many countries, he wrote, ``couples with only
    female children `keep trying' in hope of a son.'' A wide range of
    population control strategies were on the table at the time, but by the
    end of the decade, when the NICHD held another workshop on reducing
    birth rates, sex selection had emerged as an approach that participants
    deemed ``particularly desirable.''
        Other spokesmen--for they were mostly men--included Arno G.
    Motulsky, a geneticist at the University of Washington-Seattle, William
    D. McElroy, then head of the biology department at Johns Hopkins
    University, and British microbiologist John Postgate. Postgate was
    particularly resolute. He extolled sex selection in an article for the
    New Scientist, explaining that population growth was so great a threat
    that the drawbacks of a skewed sex ratio would have to be tolerated,
    grim as they were. ``A form of purdah'' might be necessary, he
    predicted, while ``Women's right to work, even to travel alone freely,
    would probably be forgotten transiently.'' A handful of women got on
    board as well. In 1978, former ambassador and former U.S. Congresswoman
    Clare Boothe Luce wrote an article for the Washington Star in which she
    clamored for the development of a ``manchild pill''--a drug a woman
    could take before sex to ensure any children that resulted would be
    male.
        Before long, sex selection emerged as a favored solution. In the
    context of '60s and '70s population politics, it had the appeal of
    being a voluntary strategy that played to individual behavior. In his
    paper for Science, Berelson ranked sex selection's ethical value as
    ``high.'' Postgate pointed out, ``Countless millions of people would
    leap at the opportunity to breed male.'' And other strategies being
    tried in Asia at the time entailed coercion, not choice.
        In South Korea, Western money enabled the creation of a fleet of
    mobile clinics--reconditioned U.S. Army ambulances donated by USAID and
    staffed by poorly trained workers and volunteers. Fieldworkers employed
    by the health ministry's Bureau of Public Health were paid based on how
    many people they brought in for sterilizations and intrauterine device
    insertions, and some allege Korea's mobile clinics later became the
    site of abortions as well. By the 1970s, recalls gynecologist Cho
    Young-youl, who was a medical student at the time, ``there were agents
    going around the countryside to small towns and bringing women into the
    [mobile] clinics. That counted toward their pay. They brought the women
    regardless of whether they were pregnant.'' Non-pregnant women were
    sterilized. A pregnant woman met a worse fate, Cho says: ``The agent
    would have her abort and then undergo tubal ligation.'' As Korea's
    abortion rate skyrocketed, Sung-bong Hong and Christopher Tietze
    detailed its rise in the Population Council journal Studies in Family
    Planning. By 1977, they determined, doctors in Seoul were performing
    2.75 abortions for every birth--the highest documented abortion rate in
    human history. Were it not for this history, Korean sociologist Heeran
    Chun recently told me, ``I don't think sex-selective abortion would
    have become so popular.''
        In India, meanwhile, advisors from the World Bank and other
    organizations pressured the government into adopting a paradigm, as
    public-health activist Sabu George put it to me, ``where the entire
    problem was population.'' The Rockefeller Foundation granted $1.5
    million to the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), the
    country's top medical school, and the Ford Foundation chipped in
    $63,563 for ``research into reproductive biology.'' And sometime in the
    mid-1960s, Population Council medical director Sheldon Segal showed the
    institute's doctors how to test human cells for the sex chromatins that
    indicated a person was female--a method that was the precursor to fetal
    sex determination.
        Soon after, the technology matured, and second-trimester fetal sex
    determination became possible using amniocentesis. In 1975, AIIMS
    doctors inaugurated sex-selective abortion trials at a government
    hospital, offering amniocentesis to poor women free of charge and then
    helping them, should they so choose, to abort on the basis of sex. An
    estimated 1,000 women carrying female fetuses underwent abortions. The
    doctors touted the study as a population control experiment, and sex-
    selective abortion spread throughout India. In his autobiography, Segal
    professed to being shocked to learn that doctors at AIIMS were using a
    variation on his instructions to perform sex-selective abortions. But
    he neglected to mention that shortly after his stay in India he stood
    before an audience at the National Institute of Child Health and Human
    Development and described sex selection as a method of population
    control. (The minutes from the meeting describe ``sex determination at
    conception''--now finally available today through advances in assisted
    reproductive technology--but in-utero sex determination was the form of
    sex selection furthest along at that point.)
        Sex selection hit China the same year the AIIMS experiments began.
    The country accepted Western aid belatedly, in 1979. But after years of
    being kept out of the Middle Kingdom, the U.N. Population Fund (UNFPA)
    and IPPF jumped at the opportunity to play a role in the world's most
    populous country, with UNFPA chipping in $50 million for computers,
    training, and publicity on the eve of the one-child policy's unveiling.
    Publicly, officers at both UNFPA and IPPF claimed China's new policy
    relied on the Chinese people's exceptional knack for communalism. But,
    according to Columbia University historian Matthew Connelly's account
    of the population control movement, Fatal Misconception, in January
    1980 IPPF information officer Penny Kane privately fretted about local
    officials' evident interest in meeting the new birth quotas through
    forced abortions. Accounts of those eventually leaked out, as did
    reports of sex-selective abortions. In 1982, Associated Press
    correspondent Victoria Graham warned that those augured a spreading
    trend. ``These are not isolated cases,'' she wrote, adding:
    ``Demographers are warning that if the balance between the sexes is
    altered by abortion and infanticide, it could have dire consequences.''
        Today, some of those dire consequences have become alarmingly
    apparent. Part of that is the extent to which organizations like UNFPA
    have found themselves unable to perform legitimate services in the
    developing world because of their historic connection to population
    control. For it was news of sex-selective and forced abortions that
    helped fuel a budding anti-abortion movement in the United States.
    Protesters showed up at the 1984 World Population Conference in Mexico
    City, wielding evidence of abuses in China. The next year, President
    Ronald Reagan unveiled what would become known as the ``global gag
    rule,'' cutting off $46 million in funds to UNFPA--money that might
    have gone toward maternal and child health as well as population
    control. The struggle to fund reproductive health continued over the
    next two decades, with subsequent U.S. presidents withdrawing or
    reinstating the gag rule along partisan lines.
        Nowadays, of course, UNFPA and Planned Parenthood are led by a new
    wave of feminist bureaucrats who are keen on ensuring reproductive
    rights, and they no longer finance global population control. Thanks to
    a thriving anti-abortion movement, Planned Parenthood can barely make
    contraceptives and safe abortion available to the American women who
    actually want them. But contentious American politics has these and
    other groups on the left stuck in what Joseph Chamie, former head of
    the U.N. Population Division, calls ``the abortion bind.'' The United
    Nations issued an interagency statement condemning sex selection and
    outlining recommendations for action last week, and UNFPA was among the
    agencies that helped draft it. The organization has also funded
    research on sex selection and sex ratio imbalance at the local level.
    But its legacy in the developing world continues to haunt its leaders,
    to the detriment of women worldwide. Lingering anxiety over taking on
    issues involving abortion, activists and demographers have told me, now
    has UNFPA reluctant to address sex selection head-on at the
    international level--a reluctance that has left the organization's
    enemies to twist the issue to fit their own agenda. (Anti-abortion
    groups and pundits have proven all too eager to take on the issue,
    though they seem far more interested in driving home restrictions on
    abortion than they do in increasing the number of women in the world
    and protecting the rights of women at risk.)
        Meanwhile, as American politicians argue over whether to cut
    Planned Parenthood's U.S. funding and the Christian right drives
    through bans on sex-selective abortion at the state level, the effects
    of three decades of sex selection elsewhere in the world are becoming
    alarmingly apparent. In China, India, Korea, and Taiwan, the first
    generation shaped by sex selection has grown up, and men are scrambling
    to find women, yielding the ugly sideblows of increased sex trafficking
    and bride buying. In a Chinese boomtown, I watched soap operas with a
    slight, defeated woman from the poor mountains of the west who had been
    brought east by a trafficker and sold into marriage. (Her favorite
    show: Women Don't Cry.) In the Mekong Delta, I visited an island
    commune where local women are hawked by their parents for a few
    thousand dollars to ``surplus'' Taiwanese men. While the purdah
    forecasted by John Postgate has not yet come to pass, feminists in Asia
    worry that as women become scarce, they will be pressured into taking
    on domestic roles and becoming housewives and mothers rather than
    scientists and entrepreneurs.
        But what happens to women is only part of the story.
    Demographically speaking, women matter less and less. By 2013, an
    estimated one in 10 men in China will lack a female counterpart. By the
    late 2020s, that figure could jump to one in five. There are many
    possible scenarios for how these men will cope without women--and not
    all, of course, want women--but several of them involve rising rates of
    unrest. Already Columbia University economist Lena Edlund and
    colleagues at Chinese University of Hong Kong have found a link between
    a large share of males in the young adult population and an increase in
    crime in China. Doomsday analysts need look no further than America's
    history: Murder rates soared in the male-dominated Wild West.
        Four decades ago, Western advocacy of sex selection yielded tragic
    results. But if we continue to ignore that legacy and remain paralyzed
    by heated U.S. abortion politics, we're compounding that mistake.
    Indian public health activist George, indeed, says waiting to act is no
    longer an option: If the world does ``not see ten years ahead to where
    we're headed, we're lost.''

        Update: Since this article was posted, UNFPA has added a prominent
    page on sex selection to its website.
                                     ______

                     ``Gendercide: China's Missing Girls''

                          wednesday, february 3, 2016

                                   Witnesses

        Chai Ling, Founder of All Girls Allowed

        Chai Ling is Founder of All Girls Allowed (``In Jesus' Name, Simply
    Love Her''), a nonprofit organization which seeks to expose the
    injustices of China's one-child policy and rescue girls and mothers
    from gendercide. A leader in the 1989 Tiananmen Square student movement
    and two-time Nobel Peace Prize nominee, Ms. Chai escaped from China and
    received her MPA from Princeton and MBA from Harvard. She is the
    founder of Jenzabar, a company that provides higher education software
    management solutions, and co-founder of the Jenzabar Foundation, which
    supports the humanitarian efforts of student leaders. Ms. Chai is also
    author of A Heart for Freedom, a memoir detailing her journey from a
    fishing village in rural China to Tiananmen Square and then America.

        Mara Hvistendahl, Journalist and Author of ``And the City Swallowed
    Them'' and ``Unnatural Selection: Choosing Boys over Girls''

        Mara Hvistendahl is a contributing correspondent at Science and a
    founding member of the writers' cooperative Deca. She also writes for
    The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, The Atlantic, Popular
    Science, and other publications. Her 2011 book Unnatural Selection, on
    prenatal sex selection and the whopping gender imbalance it has
    produced in Asia, was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize and the Los
    Angeles Times Book Prize. For eight years, she covered science,
    politics, and other issues from China. She now lives in Minneapolis.
        Julie Ford Brenning, Director of Research & China Outreach, Give
    Her Life

        Julie Ford Brenning is the Director of Research for Give Her Life,
    a non-profit organization seeking to end gendercide via social
    enterprise in Asia. At Give Her Life, she has created the largest
    database in the world solely devoted to the sex ratio at birth in Asia.
    Julie graduated from Brigham Young University with a degree in
    Political Science and received her Master's degree in Asian Studies
    from the University of Utah where she studied the sex ratio at birth in
    China. She has lived in Beijing, China and Taipei, Taiwan. She resides
    with her husband, son and daughter in Logan, Utah.

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