[Senate Hearing 113-529]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
S. Hrg. 113-529
PROSPECTS FOR PEACE IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO AND GREAT LAKES
REGION
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HEARING
BEFORE THE
COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS
UNITED STATES SENATE
ONE HUNDRED THIRTEENTH CONGRESS
SECOND SESSION
__________
FEBRUARY 26, 2014
__________
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COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS
ROBERT MENENDEZ, New Jersey, Chairman
BARBARA BOXER, California BOB CORKER, Tennessee
BENJAMIN L. CARDIN, Maryland JAMES E. RISCH, Idaho
JEANNE SHAHEEN, New Hampshire MARCO RUBIO, Florida
CHRISTOPHER A. COONS, Delaware RON JOHNSON, Wisconsin
RICHARD J. DURBIN, Illinois JEFF FLAKE, Arizona
TOM UDALL, New Mexico JOHN McCAIN, Arizona
CHRISTOPHER MURPHY, Connecticut JOHN BARRASSO, Wyoming
TIM KAINE, Virginia RAND PAUL, Kentucky
EDWARD J. MARKEY, Massachusetts
Daniel E. O'Brien, Staff Director
Lester E. Munson III, Republican Staff Director
(ii)
C O N T E N T S
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Page
Affleck, Ben, director, actor, writer, producer; founder, Eastern
Congo Initiative, Los Angeles, CA.............................. 38
Prepared statement........................................... 40
Corker, Hon. Bob, U.S. Senator from Tennessee, opening statement. 2
Feingold, Hon. Russell D., U.S. Special Envoy for the Great Lakes
Region and the Democratic Republic of Congo, U.S. Department of
State, Washington, DC.......................................... 3
Prepared statement........................................... 6
Responses to questions submitted for the record by Senator
Robert Menendez............................................ 64
Responses and attachments to questions submitted for the
record by Senator Bob Corker............................... 69
Gilpin, Dr. Raymond, academic dean, Africa Center for Strategic
Studies, National Defense University, Washington, DC........... 32
Prepared statement........................................... 34
Responses to questions submitted for the record by Senator
Robert Menendez............................................ 65
Responses to questions submitted for the record by Senator
Bob Corker................................................. 68
Meece, Hon. Roger, former U.S. Ambassador to the Democratic
Republic of Congo, former United Nations Special Representative
for the Democratic Republic of Congo, Seattle, WA.............. 26
Prepared statement........................................... 28
Response to question submitted for the record by Senator Bob
Corker..................................................... 66
Menendez, Hon. Robert, U.S. Senator from New Jersey, opening
statement...................................................... 1
Additional Material Submitted for the Record
Written Statement of Dr. Denis Mukwege, founder and director of
the Panzi Hospital in the DRC.................................. 58
Written Statement of Mark Dwyer, country director, Democratic
Republic of Congo, Mercy Corps................................. 60
(iii)
PROSPECTS FOR PEACE IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO AND GREAT LAKES
REGION
----------
WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 26, 2014
U.S. Senate,
Committee on Foreign Relations,
Washington, DC.
The committee met, pursuant to notice, at 2:21 p.m., in
room SD-419, Dirksen Senate Office Building, Hon. Robert
Menendez (chairman of the committee) presiding.
Present: Senators Menendez, Boxer, Coons, Markey, Corker,
Risch, Johnson, Flake, McCain, and Barrasso.
OPENING STATEMENT OF HON. ROBERT MENENDEZ,
U.S. SENATOR FROM NEW JERSEY
The Chairman. Good afternoon. This hearing will come to
order.
We want to welcome our panelists, and our distinguished
colleague who is doing an incredible job as special envoy. We
welcome him back not only to the Senate, but to this committee,
where he served with such distinction and had a passion for
Africa that is still evident today. And welcome to all of our
distinguished panelists and guests, and to Mr. Affleck for
clearly drawing so much attention to this important
international issue. [Laughter.]
Now, I say that on a serious note. Mr. Affleck has pursued
his interests in the eastern Congo with thoughtfulness and
seriousness of purpose, over nine trips, and so we appreciate
him in that context.
We are here to shed light on the best way forward to end
the horrific violence in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Over
the last two decades, over 5 million people have been killed,
hundreds of thousands more displaced. There have been brutal
killings, continued recruitment and conscription of child
soldiers, and horrendous acts of sexual violence against women
and girls.
The M23 rebellion was just the latest iteration of a long
conflict that has stalled economic development and destroyed
the social fabric of communities in eastern Congo. I commend
the work of the international group of envoys, including our
own special envoy, as I said, a good friend and former
colleague, Senator Feingold, as well as regional players like
Uganda for their efforts to promote political reconciliation in
the DRC.
But the apparent end of the M23 rebellion has not ended the
violence. The latest U.N. group of experts report documented
evidence of continued recruitment by the M23 and the regional
threat posed by the FDLR, the Democratic Forces for the
Liberation of Rwanda, by Kata Katanga, by various Mai-Mai
militias and by dozens of other groups.
At the end of the day, the international community must
send a clear and forceful message that the era of impunity for
those who commit human rights violations is over. I commend the
Congolese Government for taking the first important step with
the passage of a new amnesty law that seeks to hold those who
have committed acts of genocide fully accountable. There is,
however, much more to do.
Before I turn to our distinguished ranking member, I am
pleased that we are joined today by Dr. Denis Mukwege, founder
of the Panzi Hospital in Bukavu. Dr. Mukwege has been a
tireless advocate for human rights and the rights of women.
Both he and the Panzi Hospital are internationally known for
being there 24/7 for survivors of sexual violence. So, Doctor,
I would ask you to stand and be recognized. We do not do that
often, but this is an extraordinary feat. Thank you very much.
[Applause.]
The Chairman. I want to thank you, Doctor, for being with
us today. I ask unanimous consent that the Doctor's prepared
statement be submitted for the record. Without objection, so
ordered.
[Editor's note.--Dr. Mukwege's prepared statement can be found
in the ``Additional Material Submitted for the Record'' section
at the end of this hearing.]
His statement and our panelists' testimony will help to
answer the questions before us. What is their assessment of the
security situation in the east since the end of the M23
rebellion? Do other armed groups pose a threat to the Congolese
Government and civilian populations? What are the economic and
political dimensions of the conflict? What is the current
status of political reconciliation under the Peace, Security,
and Cooperation Framework in the disarmament, demobilization,
and reintegration process? And what role will other regional
actors play? And how can the United States Government best
continue to support regional and international efforts toward
peace and stability in the African Great Lakes Region?
So again, with our thanks to all of our panelists, let me
turn to the distinguished ranking Republican, Senator Corker.
OPENING STATEMENT OF HON. BOB CORKER,
U.S. SENATOR FROM TENNESSEE
Senator Corker. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I appreciate very
much you having this hearing today.
And I want to thank Senator Feingold for coming back. We
talked in the back room about his passion for this issue and
his interest. I appreciate you being here with much lesser
known witnesses behind you. And I do thank them, by the way,
all of them, for their input later. But it is great for our
Nation that we have people, because of who they are, able to
generate so much interest in an issue.
So, again, I thank you for this hearing.
For about 14 years now, the international community has
sought, without much success, to bring some resolution to the
conflict that has extracted such a terrible toll on the people
of DRC. Since 2000, the United States has devoted about $10
billion to the DRC in humanitarian assistance, development
assistance, and peacekeeping contributions. Additional U.S.
assistance is contributed through multilateral contributions of
the World Bank, IMF, African Development Bank. The peacekeeping
mission is the largest and most expensive in the world at over
$1 billion a year.
Yet, I am concerned that we have not seen the progress to
show for all of these investments. Rebel groups continue to
terrorize civilians, the governments, and the armies of the
region--including that of the DRC--continue to act as criminal
syndicates plundering the country and causing needless human
suffering.
While we have seen glimmers of hope in this past year with
the signing of the 2013 framework agreement--and we thank you
for your efforts in that regard--and the M23's announcement
that it was ending its rebellion, this is a fragile accord, as
we all know, and one that is being implemented very slowly. The
framework agreement is an opportunity that I know the
administration has worked hard to make real and one that we do
not want to slip away.
I am also aware that this is not something over which the
United States has full control by any stretch of the
imagination. Yet, as we look ahead, I want to know that we are
doing all that we can to make sure that the next 13 years in
the DRC are not like the last 13. And I thank all of you for
your efforts in that regard.
So I look forward to exploring these issues with you more
in depth. I want to thank all the distinguished witnesses for
being here today and look forward to your testimony.
The Chairman. Let me, before I turn to Senator Feingold,
recognize someone who has done incredible work for us as the
full committee, the chairman of the Africa Subcommittee,
Senator Coons. I appreciate your very significant, thoughtful
work on the committee, joined by Senator Flake in a bipartisan
spirit, and we look forward to hearing your insights during the
course of this hearing.
With that, let me turn to our first witness. During 18
distinguished years in the Senate, he served on, and led, the
African Affairs Subcommittee, and we look forward to his
perspective as the special envoy for the Great Lakes Region of
Africa and the DRC. Senator Feingold, as you know, your full
statement will be included in the record, and we ask you to
summarize it in 5 minutes or so. But, you know, we certainly
want to hear from you so that we can enter into a dialogue and
get some questions and perspectives from you on the ground. And
with that, we welcome you back to the committee and are looking
forward to hearing your testimony.
STATEMENT OF HON. RUSSELL D. FEINGOLD, U.S. SPECIAL ENVOY FOR
THE GREAT LAKES REGION AND THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO,
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE, WASHINGTON, DC
Senator Feingold. Thank you. It is good to be back, and
thank you, Chairman Menendez, Ranking Member Corker, and
members of the committee. Thank you for the invitation to
testify today on the Democratic Republic of Congo and the Great
Lakes region.
As you know, the security and humanitarian situation in the
DRC has long been one of the most volatile in Africa.
I do want to say, though, looking at the region today, I am
cautiously optimistic about the road ahead. The highest levels
of the U.S. Government are now committed to helping the DRC and
the Great Lakes region realize peace and development. President
Obama's and Secretary Kerry's decision to appoint a full-time
special envoy to the Great Lakes is just one testament to their
commitment to maintaining high-level, sustained attention to
the region.
And I want to say that the support of the State Department
in my efforts has been tremendous. I was on the other side of
this for many years, and it is something to be on the inside
and see the incredibly hard-working and talented people you
have to support you in a complicated task like this.
Since early September of last year, I have made seven trips
to the region to try to bring sustained attention and a
comprehensive approach to resolving the crisis in the Great
Lakes. Today we are seeing progress in addressing the threat
from armed groups and also in furthering a regionally led peace
process. We are also, I think, seeing the region's attitude
toward the United States improve in recognition of our
consistent high-level engagement.
The last time the State Department testified on the DRC in
December 2012, the Congo was actually consumed by the M23
rebellion. Since then, there has been significant international
focus on the Great Lakes, including the signature of the 13
countries to the Peace, Security, and Cooperation Framework
Agreement for the Great Lakes, which you mentioned, and also
the appointment of U.N. Special Envoy Mary Robinson.
I can thankfully report that in response to combined
military and political pressures, the M23 ended its rebellion
on November 5 of last year. This important outcome was a result
of military pressure on the M23, diplomatic pressure in the
region, but also the successful conclusion of the Kampala
Dialogue between the M23 and the DRC Government. After months
of stalemate between the parties, I joined my fellow envoys
from the U.N., the AU, and the EU in traveling to Kampala last
September to try to get this impasse out of the way. We
subsequently made repeated trips to engage directly with the
parties over the contents of what became known as the Nairobi
Declarations, which the M23 and the DRC Government signed on
December 12, 2013, and which set out the conditions for the
demobilization of the M23.
Now, having said that, there are three key steps to
building on this recent progress in the DRC: implementing those
Nairobi Declarations, furthering the framework peace process,
and also undertaking domestic reforms within the DRC. And I
list these not in any particular order of priority. They are
all three equally important and must be pursued simultaneously.
First, on the Nairobi Declarations, the DRC Government
fulfilled one of its primary commitments just a few days ago by
promulgating a law which grants amnesty for the act of
insurrection to those individuals who actually renounce
rebellion. But--and this is critical--the law does not grant
amnesty for war crimes or for crimes against humanity or other
human rights abuses. And this is different from the other peace
agreements in the past. The Nairobi Declarations call for
accountability and leave no room for impunity, which in the
past has just sown the seeds for future rebellions, as Senator
Corker was alluding to in his remarks.
I was encouraged during my recent trip to the DRC to hear
that the government also is very likely to support mixed
chambers. These are hybrid courts that would be staffed and
supported by both the DRC and also international personnel and
which would significantly aid in the fight against impunity.
The next important step in implementing the declarations is
ensuring that the hundreds of ex-M23 combatants who are
currently in the DRC and Uganda and Rwanda actually complete
the disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration process. It
is known as DDR. We are actively engaging the DRC Government
regarding the urgency of implementing an effective DDR plan for
not only the M23 but also for the dozens of other armed groups
that were still active in eastern Congo. The DRC has an
unprecedented opportunity to capitalize on the willingness of
thousands of combatants to demobilize. However, I will say
this. If the government does not act soon, it risks having
these ex-combatants regroup or join other armed groups.
The second point. Beyond the declarations in Nairobi, the
Great Lakes region needs to continue robust implementation of
the broader framework peace process. We commend U.N. Special
Envoy Robinson's stewardship of the process and the substantial
progress that has been made to date. We believe that fulfilling
the framework's overarching objectives will also require key
signatories to undertake a broader political dialogue aimed at
identifying and resolving the regional root causes of this very
complicated conflict.
And actually sort of a surprising but very promising thing
happened just in January of this year, and that is the budding
dialogue led by Angolan President dos Santos who assumed the
chair of the International Conference on the Great Lakes last
month. I had a chance to witness in Rwanda during his first day
as Chair that President dos Santos convened, after having no
particular plan to do so in advance, the Presidents of the DRC,
Rwanda, Uganda, and South Africa to discuss the FDLR, which is
an armed group led by the former Rwanda genocidaires which has
plagued the eastern Congo and Rwanda for more than a decade. My
fellow envoys and I, as well as regional leaders, were
pleasantly pleased and saw in this meeting the potential start
to the needed broader dialogue. We strongly support and
encourage Angola's role in facilitating a regionally owned and
initiated dialogue under the auspices of the framework and
stand ready to support President dos Santos in furthering it.
Finally, the third issue. While ending the M23 rebellion
was a critical step, the DRC still has much, much more it needs
to do to stabilize and secure the country, including
comprehensive security sector and governance reform. For
starters, the DRC needs to immediately ramp up its preparations
for upcoming elections if it is to avoid a repeat of the
seriously flawed 2011 elections. It is critical for the
trajectory and credibility of the country that these next
elections, the local, provincial, and national elections, over
the next few years be credible and meet international election
standards. If we are serious about prioritizing
democratization, we should also consider identifying additional
funds to ensure adequate support for upcoming elections.
On security, the government has to do more to ensure
members of the security forces are professionally trained,
adequately paid, and respectful of human rights. While the
FARDC experienced a commendable victory against the M23, it
continues to be hampered sometimes by ineffective command and
control, limited resources, corruption, and poor military
planning capability. The DRC Government and MONUSCO also need
to follow up the defeat of the M23 by applying equal military
pressure on other armed groups, starting with the FDLR and the
ADF. Indeed, we are hopeful that the FARDC and MONUSCO will
launch robust operations against the FDLR soon.
Despite these challenges, Mr. Chairman, I reiterate my
previous assertion that I am cautiously optimistic about the
road ahead for the DRC and the Great Lakes. The DRC is at a
crossroads but has a real opportunity to realize the peace and
prosperity that has evaded it for far too long.
So thank you again for the opportunity to testify and I
look forward to answering your questions.
[The prepared statement of Senator Feingold follows:]
Prepared Statement of Senator Russell D. Feingold
Chairman Menendez, Ranking Member Corker, and members of the
committee, thank you for the invitation to testify today on the recent
progress in and continuing challenges facing the African Great Lakes
Region and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), and our
comprehensive efforts to support the region in resolving the root
causes of conflict and instability.
As you know, the security and humanitarian situation in the DRC has
long been one of the most volatile in Africa. An estimated 5 million
people have lost their lives since 1998, millions more have been
displaced, and billions of dollars have been spent trying to stabilize
the region. Looking at the region today, however, I am cautiously
optimistic about the road ahead, while recognizing that myriad
challenges still stand in the way of lasting peace and stability.
The highest levels of the U.S. Government are committed to helping
the DRC and the Great Lakes region permanently break the cycle of
violence and realize its democratic and economic potential. President
Obama's and Secretary Kerry's appointment of a full-time special envoy
is a testament to their commitment to maintaining high-level attention
on this region. On my own part, I have made seven trips to the region
in 6 months, meeting repeatedly with heads of state, civil society, and
our donor partners to bring sustained attention and a comprehensive
approach to resolving the crisis in the Great Lakes. Today, we are
seeing progress in addressing the threat from armed groups and in
furthering the regionally led peace process. We are also seeing the
region's attitude toward the United States improve in recognition of
our consistent high-level engagement.
situational update
The last time the State Department testified on the DRC in December
2012, the country was consumed by the M23 rebellion and the capture of
Goma had raised grave doubts about the ability of the U.N. peacekeeping
mission in the DRC, called MONUSCO, to protect civilians against the
threat of armed groups. I can thankfully report that the outlook today
is very different. In response to combined military and political
pressures, the M23 was defeated and formally ended its rebellion last
November.
Three key developments contributed to the military defeat of the
M23. First, the DRC Government put in place more operationally
effective and accountable military officers in the embattled region of
North Kivu, helping to overcome previous reluctance by the DRC
military, or FARDC, to pursue the M23. Second, last March, the U.N.
Security Council approved the establishment within MONUSCO of the first
regionally led, 3,000-troop-strong Intervention Brigade, or IB,
composed of troops from Tanzania, Malawi, and South Africa. We strongly
supported this more explicit Chapter VII mandate in an effort to
increase MONUSCO's capability to protect civilians by more robustly
targeting armed groups. The IB provided critical support to the FARDC
and helped to successfully protect civilians and defend Goma during the
M23's attacks last year. Third, as the U.N. Group of Experts and other
reporting indicates, outside support to the M23 decreased toward the
end of the rebellion. We believe this was in part the result of
sustained, high-level diplomatic and financial pressure on Rwanda to
cease support for the M23.
The political resolution of the M23 rebellion, on the other hand,
came via the Kampala Dialogue, successfully facilitated by Uganda in
its role as chair of the regional organization the International
Conference on the Great Lakes Region, or the ICGLR. While the Kampala
Dialogue started in December 2012, it lagged for months in large part
because of the lack of sufficient military pressure on and continued
external support to the M23. However, the talks gained traction last
fall when the M23 was forced to drop its more unrealistic demands in
the face of increased military pressure from the FARDC and MONUSCO. The
Ugandan Government's continued engagement throughout this period also
is commendable; had they given up when talks lagged, we might have seen
a very different outcome.
I also believe the eventual success of the Kampala Dialogue was a
result of the added participation of a set of five international
envoys--U.N. Special Envoy Mary Robinson, the Special Representative of
the Secretary General Martin Kobler, Special Representative for the
African Union Boubecar Diarra, Senior Coordinator for the European
Union Koen Vervaeke, and me. Prior to last September, the international
community had not participated in the Kampala Dialogue, or even been
allowed in the room during the substantive negotiations. This changed
last September, when during the envoys' first joint trip to the region,
we met with the DRC and the M23 delegations in an effort to overcome
the stalemate in the talks and pressure the parties toward an
internationally acceptable outcome. We subsequently made repeated trips
to Kampala, engaging directly with the parties over the contents of an
eventual peace arrangement. I believe the active participation of the
envoys was a key turning point in the Kampala Dialogue.
The Kampala Dialogue concluded on December 12, 2013, with the M23s
and the DRC Government's signing of their respective Nairobi
Declarations, which among other things, set out the conditions for the
disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration of the M23 into
Congolese society, and called for those responsible for war crimes and
crimes against humanity to be held accountable. Unlike previous
agreements between the DRC Government and rebel groups that failed to
hold up over time or achieve lasting stability, the Nairobi
Declarations do not grant blanket amnesty to the M23 for mass
atrocities and do not provide for the reintegration of the M23 as a
group into the DRC military. The Declarations have yet to be fully
implemented, however, and M23 fighters and leaders remain spread out in
Uganda, Rwanda, and the DRC. Thus, while the official end of the M23
rebellion is promising, the long-term success of the declarations will
be dependent on the parties' prompt and full implementation of their
commitments, as well as the cooperation of neighboring countries in
supporting the implementation of these commitments.
Similarly, the continuation of the positive momentum gained from
the end of the M23 rebellion is dependent on the region's
implementation of the broader Peace, Security, and Cooperation
Framework Agreement, signed a year ago by the DRC, Rwanda, Uganda, and
an unprecedented 10 other countries in the region, and signed by the
U.N., the AU, the ICGLR, and the Southern African Development Community
(SADC) as guarantors. We believe the Framework, which sets out
commitments by the DRC, the region, and the international community,
provides the Great Lakes with the best opportunity to resolve the root
causes of conflict, if participating governments maintain the political
will necessary to implement their commitments.
next steps
Looking forward, there are three key next steps to building on
recent progress in the DRC and to preventing backsliding. I list these
not in order of priority, as all three are equally important and must
be pursued simultaneously. The first is following up on the Kampala
Dialogue with the full implementation of the Nairobi Declarations.
Second is the advancement of the Framework peace process, including
through broader political dialogue between and among key signatory
states. And third, and perhaps the most challenging, is undertaking
domestic reforms within the DRC.
I. Followup to the Kampala Dialogue
On the Nairobi Declarations, the DRC Government has already
fulfilled one of its primary commitments by promulgating the recent
amnesty law, which grants amnesty for the act of insurrection on a
case-by-case basis to those individuals who renounce rebellion. The law
does not grant amnesty for war crimes, crimes against humanity, sexual
violence, the recruitment of child soldiers, or other human rights
abuses. The envoys played a key role during the Kampala Dialogue in
ensuring that unlike previous peace arrangements, the Nairobi
Declarations do not provide for impunity, which has in the past sown
the seeds for future rebellions.
In this same vein, I was encouraged, during my trip to the DRC last
month, to hear a variety of Congolese officials express support for
mixed chambers--hybrid courts to be staffed by both Congolese and
international jurists and support staff. I was told repeatedly that the
necessary legislation is slated for the March session of Parliament,
although it remains to be seen whether Parliament and the President
will, indeed, exhibit the political will necessary to establish the
courts. We believe that the international community could play an
important role in assisting the Congolese to establish a mechanism with
the requisite expertise and independence to investigate and bring to
justice perpetrators of mass atrocities. In the meantime, we continue
to urge the DRC Government to further reform its judicial sector to
fight impunity, including increasing the capacity for fair and speedy
trials, deploying additional trained jurists, and improving its prison
and detention facilities and witness protection program.
The next important step in implementing the Nairobi Declarations is
ensuring that the hundreds of Congolese ex-M23 combatants currently
spread out across the DRC, Uganda, and Rwanda, complete the
disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration process, or DDR. We are
actively engaging the highest levels of the DRC Government and MONUSCO
regarding the urgency of implementing an effective DDR plan. We are
concerned that, while the DRC Government passed a DDR plan in December
2013 and promulgated a budget for it on February 1, details on the
operational plan and implementation are still lacking, particularly
with regard to community reintegration programs, a critical component
to end the cycle of violence. During my recent trip, I visited one of
the identified DDR sites. While the buildings were more or less ready
to house people, the processing procedures and the programs for those
ex-combatants brought to the sites was unclear. The lack of funding and
preparation by the DRC Government and the resulting concerns of the
international community are also stalling MONUSCO's ability to provide
logistical support for DDR. This is complicating and delaying the DDR
process for not just the M23, but for the dozens of other armed groups
in eastern DRC that have surrendered in the wake of the M23's defeat.
Rwanda and Uganda, which combined are hosting and feeding upward of
2,000 ex-M23 combatants, are also unlikely to transfer these combatants
back to the DRC in the absence of an established DDR program.
Particularly worrisome is how unclear the DDR process is to those
ex-combatants who are to go through it. This lack of information and
resulting skepticism is keeping some armed groups, who might otherwise
demobilize, in the bush. Some armed groups are even sending low-level
fighters to surrender in order to learn what is being offered through
the DDR program. The DRC Government has an unprecedented opportunity to
capitalize on the willingness of thousands of current and ex-combatants
to demobilize; however, if the government does not act soon, it risks
having these ex-combatants regroup or join other armed groups. On the
flip side, were the DRC Government to institute an effective DDR
program, it would be one of the best vehicles for drawing out
defections from other armed groups and preventing the recycling of
combatants.
While the DRC works to implement DDR, Rwanda, and Uganda still have
a responsibility for maintaining effective control over the M23 ex-
combatants, which they accepted onto their respective territories. They
have a responsibility under the Peace, Security, and Cooperation
Framework to not support armed groups, and in turn not to allow these
ex-combatants to slip out of their containment camps and back into the
DRC potentially to regroup or join other armed groups still operating
in the DRC. This is especially the case for the M23's most notorious
leaders, many of whom face arrest warrants in the DRC, are subject to a
worldwide travel ban, and under U.S. and U.N. sanctions. It is critical
that Uganda and Rwanda uphold their commitments to turn over the M23
leaders responsible for human rights violations to the DRC so that they
can be held accountable for the international crimes they have
committed.
Moving the hundreds of current and expected ex-combatants through
the first stages of DDR will potentially take at least a year, with the
reintegration phase taking considerably longer, all at considerable
expense. It also will require the full cooperation of the neighboring
countries where the ex-combatants are currently quartered. While the
onus is on the DRC Government to fund and implement DDR, donors should
consider supporting DDR efforts as part of our broader efforts toward
security sector reform and stabilization.
The final phase of DDR--reintegration--is arguably the most
challenging as it requires extended efforts to help ex-combatants
return to civilian life as well as help the communities to which they
return. Within such communities during this period, there are serious
risks of increases in domestic violence and trauma among those who
suffered violence during the conflict. Restoring state authority,
increasing employment opportunities, working to prevent gender-based
violence, and building social cohesion in communities who are
integrating ex-combatants is critical to the success of DDR.
II. Framework Peace Process
Beyond the Nairobi Declarations, the Great Lakes region needs to
continue robust implementation of the broader Framework peace process.
We commend U.N. Special Envoy Robinson's oversight of the process and
are encouraged by the signatories' development of regional and
international benchmarks and the establishment of a Women's Platform to
support the Framework, recognizing that women's continued involvement
in the peace process will be critical to its success. We believe,
however, that fulfilling the Framework's overarching objectives will
also require key signatories to undertake a broader political dialogue
aimed at resolving the regional root causes of conflict.
While many of the challenges in the DRC are strictly domestic,
there are regional root causes to the country's chronic instability.
The DRC has experienced two devastating regional wars within the past
20 years, suffered from the region's use of proxy forces, and is losing
substantial revenue in the illegal exploitation of its natural
resources. The resulting refugee flows and ethnic tensions do not
recognize borders. These complex regional factors necessitate a
transparent and in-depth dialogue between and among the DRC and key
neighbors, conducted under the auspices of the Framework.
With this in mind, I believe one of the most promising signs in the
Great Lakes region is the budding dialogue taking place under the
stewardship of Angolan President Josee Eduardo dos Santos, who assumed
the chair of the ICGLR on January 15 of this year. During his first day
as the ICGLR chair, President dos Santos convened the Presidents of the
DRC, Rwanda, Uganda, and South Africa to discuss the FDLR, an armed
group led by Rwandan genocidaires which has plagued eastern Congo and
Rwanda for more than a decade. My fellow envoys and I, as well as
regional leaders, saw in this meeting the potential start to the needed
broader dialogue. Participating Presidents were particularly
complimentary of dos Santos' role in the process. We strongly support
and encourage Angola's role in facilitating a regionally owned and
initiated dialogue within the context of the Framework and stand ready
to support President dos Santos in furthering it. We hope the ICGLR
mechanism under Angolan leadership will expand to cover issues such as
the return of M23 combatants from Rwanda and Uganda, border security,
ethnic tension, domestic challenges to the voluntary and sustainable
return of refugees and internally displaced persons, and regional
economic cooperation. We welcomed Angola Foreign Minister Chicoti's
recent trip through the Great Lakes region and Angola's pledge of
financial support to the ICGLR Executive Secretariat to strengthen its
technical and organizational capacity, as indicators of Angola's
commitment to its new role as Chair of the organization.
The Framework peace process has the potential to not only resolve
security matters but to also boost regional economic cooperation and
development. We welcomed the World Bank's announcement last year of $1
billion for Great Lakes projects that promote regional economic
development and integration and contribute to peace-building, and
support U.N. Special Envoy Robinson's efforts to boost private sector
investment. We are hopeful that the budding ICGLR dialogue can further
regional development and integration by building trust and helping to
overcome trade barriers. Development supports stability by creating
employment and improving livelihoods, which in turn provide incentives
to discourage continued ethnic conflict and the rise of new armed
groups. We are also encouraged by the array of initiatives underway to
combat the illegal trade of natural resources. The combination of
ending illegal and increasing the legitimate trade in natural resources
will help restore government revenues and assist the DRC to assert
authority over its borders, territory, and natural resources such as
minerals, wildlife, and timber. These steps will help create a climate
more conducive to investment and assist the DRC in working with its
neighbors on longer term regional development and integration.
III. Domestic Challenges in the DRC
While the end of the M23 rebellion was a critical step, many
challenges remain on the DRC domestic front. The government still has a
long way to go to stabilize and secure its country, including improving
governance and expanding state authority across the territory,
increasing democratization, ensuring that upcoming elections are
credible, and accelerating real security sector reform. A series of
attacks around the country on December 30, 2013, including at the
airport in Kinshasa, the increase in attacks by the Allied Democratic
Forces (ADF) in the east, and the recent violence in the Katanga
province, underline the continued volatility inside the Congo.
As a first step, the DRC Government, with MONUSCO's support, needs
to follow up its defeat of the M23 by applying equal military pressure
on other armed groups, starting with the FDLR and the ADF. The M23 was
the largest and most militarily capable armed group, so defeating it
was no small feat and was understandably a priority for the DRC.
However, there is a plethora of other armed groups that continue to
prey upon the population, undermine state authority, complicate the
DRC's relations with its neighbors, and illegally exploit the country's
natural resources. The internal displacements and humanitarian
consequences caused by these armed groups make sustainable development
in the region virtually impossible.
I made clear during my recent trip, and I continue to emphasize,
that it is essential that the FARDC and MONUSCO, conduct military
operations against the FDLR and the ADF. Part of our success in ending
outside support to the M23 last fall came from the U.N.'s and the
international community's commitment to pursue the FDLR next. While it
is understandable that going after an entrenched guerilla group like
the FDLR, which is embedded within the population, is more complex and
presents greater risks to civilians than fighting the more conventional
M23, following through on this is important to building confidence
within the region and maintaining MONUSCO's credibility as an impartial
actor. We are encouraged by the DRC Government's recent month-long
effort to pursue the ADF and initial efforts against the FDLR, and are
hopeful that the FARDC and MONUSCO will launch robust operations
against the FDLR soon.
These military efforts must also be combined with a comprehensive
approach to resolving the threat of armed groups, including the
promotion of defections and the demobilization and societal
reintegration of those combatants who peacefully surrender through an
effective DDR process. We encourage the governments of the DRC and
Rwanda to work with MONUSCO to implement this comprehensive approach to
ending the threat of the FDLR.
In addition to security, the DRC needs to immediately ramp up its
preparations for upcoming elections. While many expect the DRC to hold
local elections early next year, the government has yet to approve an
elections calendar. Local elections, which have never been held in the
country's five decades since independence, will be an extreme
logistical challenge in this vast country with virtually no
infrastructure. I have spoken with the head of the DRC's election
commission on several occasions and am concerned by the commission's
lack of urgency in planning and implementing an effective elections
strategy.
It will be a steep uphill climb--for the DRC, the region, and the
international community alike--to ensure that these next elections are
credible and inclusive. With sufficient attention, coordination, and
resources, and political commitment by the DRC Government, I believe
this goal could be attained. However, the DRC Government and donors
need to start planning now if we are to avoid a repeat of the seriously
flawed 2011 elections, for which neither the DRC nor the international
community were adequately prepared. And if we are serious about
prioritizing democratization, we should consider identifying additional
funds to ensure adequate support for the local, provincial, and
national elections expected between now and 2016. We should also
position MONUSCO with the mandate and capacity to provide logistical
support to the DRC Government. These elections will be a critical test
for the DRC's political system, in part because President Kabila will
have served the maximum two terms permitted by the DRC's Constitution.
In addition to elections and DDR, there are many other challenges
that the DRC must overcome. One is the ever-present need for security
sector reform, or SSR. While the FARDC experienced a commendable
victory over the M23, it did so with extensive and robust logistical
and military support from MONUSCO. Overall, the FARDC continues to be
hampered by ineffective command and control, inadequate leadership,
logistical deficiencies, limited resources, corruption and poor
military planning capability, in turn inhibiting the government's
ability to fulfill its fundamental responsibility to protect its
territory and all its citizens. In many instances, the FARDC is itself
responsible for horrific human rights abuses against the vulnerable
populations it should be protecting.
While we continue to support SSR efforts, the DRC Government needs
to demonstrate better its own commitment to SSR by ensuring that
members of the security forces are professionally trained, adequately
paid and supported, respectful of international human rights norms, and
held accountable when they commit human rights violations. The
Congolese Military Reform budget must also be passed, and the Congolese
leadership must finalize the assignments of recently promoted officers
to key positions that allow for the military reform plan to be
implemented. SSR must also go beyond the military to include police,
judicial, and prison reform, and the increased participation of women
in all security sectors. Furthermore, reform and stabilization efforts
must include strengthening state institutions and establishing state
authority throughout the country, particularly in the territories
previously held by the M23 and other armed groups. We were encouraged
by the government's initial efforts to restore state services to those
areas, and hope to see the expansion of services and improved security
conditions across greater swaths of the DRC.
Despite these challenges, I reiterate my previous assertion that I
am cautiously optimistic about the road ahead for the DRC and the Great
Lakes. As we move forward with the Framework peace process, the
international community must not repeat its past mistake of abandoning
the region at the first sign of progress or for the next, latest crisis
elsewhere in the world. We must ensure sustained high-level attention
on the region and be prepared to follow up our words with assistance,
particularly with regard to elections, DDR, SSR, and restoring state
authority in eastern DRC.
The DRC and the Great Lakes are at a crossroads and the decisions
that the Congo, the region, and the international community take now
will set the trajectory of the next several years in terms of security,
good governance, and development. With the Framework peace process, the
ICGLR dialogue, and the end of the M23 rebellion, the DRC has a real
opportunity to realize the peace and prosperity that has evaded the
Congolese people for too long. We urge the international community, the
Great Lakes region, and the DRC Government to demonstrate the resolve
to see the peace process through to the prosperity that we know lies
ahead for the Congo.
The Chairman. Well, thank you, Senator Feingold.
We will start off. You mentioned the M23, and there are
reports that they are still being recruited in Rwanda after the
official end of the rebellion in November. What are we doing to
ensure that the M23 does not reconstitute itself? And in the
current status of former combatants, how do you evaluate the
Congolese Government's plan for disarmament, demobilization,
and reintegration, and what are regional leaders' commitments
to such a progress?
Senator Feingold. Well, Mr. Chairman, the first thing is to
recognize that if there is any evidence of this M23 rebellion
reconstituting itself in a way that actually makes itself
present in the Democratic Republic of Congo, I support Martin
Kobler, the special representative of the Secretary General's
statement, that it will be met very directly and with force.
That is clear. Simply because this happened and was taken care
of once does not mean it will never be done again.
But we are hoping that that is not necessary. And you
alluded to the reasons or ways in which we can avoid that being
necessary. There are substantial numbers, members of the group,
ex-combatants both in Rwanda and Uganda, and we need to make
sure that those individuals are transferred appropriately to
the Democratic Republic of Congo. And to make that possible,
what you said is the key. That is, there has to be a credible
and effective DDR program within the Democratic Republic of
Congo.
Now, they have started with a plan. I had the opportunity
on an extensive visit during January to visit some of the DDR
facilities. Some aspects of it heartened me. In the Katanga
province, I had a chance to see that a facility was being
prepared with appropriate cots and food and opportunities for
work, in other words, for the first part of the process,
disarmament and the demobilization part.
What I am less sure about is whether the reintegration part
is properly planned. That is a very tricky part. This means
what is the plan for allowing people to return to their
communities. What is the plan for people to be reunited with
their communities? Where is the clarity of a plan to provide
some kind of training or opportunity so people who have only
known basically working in some kind of an armed group have
some other training or ability to do something peaceful? I
believe that the Democratic Republic of Congo, with our help
and the help of other donors, have to significantly and quickly
accelerate this so that the kinds of consequence that you
described does not occur. Once that is done, of course, we can
ask Uganda and Rwanda to, as expeditiously as possible, make
sure those people are transferred rather than allowing other
problems to brew.
The Chairman. Well, in that respect, an adequate DDR,
particularly reintegration of combatants, is essential to
ensure sustained security because otherwise combatants may very
well take up arms again.
So the question is, What external technical assistance is
in the works to improve the quality of the program and to
monitor its implementation? Specifically, what role might the
United States play in assisting with the DDR process? And how
will those activities be integrated with community
reconciliation efforts and skills-building opportunities?
Those, I think, are some important building blocks toward a
more sustainable peace.
Senator Feingold. They are. And this is where somehow,
working with MONUSCO, working with the DRC, working with the
various potential donor countries--we have got to get both
sides to merge their plans, who will do what. We need more
clarity from the Democratic Republic of Congo and not simply
how much they intend to devote to this but also exactly the
kinds of things you were describing.
On the other hand, I believe the donor community--and I
will be urging our fellow donors in Europe next week to do
this. I think maybe we should be a little more specific about
what we can do best, whether it is the training part, whether
it is the reconciliation part. There are many NGOs and as much
expertise in different countries that are concerned about this
who can come together. But we have to not just wait for the
other one.
And here, I was pleased that Martin Kobler and also the
Foreign Minister of the Democratic Republic of Congo are
convening meetings in the near future to discuss who can do
what best. And in this regard, we, here in the United States,
will be able to contribute aspects of this as well. We already
had efforts made by our AID people after the victory over the
M23 in the Rutshuru area where the military group was gone, but
what happens next? And they had to sort of cobble together help
from different NGOs, but they at least showed a vision of what
can happen if you are ready.
In order for that to work; in order for those places to be
ready for people that have been brought out of the military,
that has to happen as well. You cannot just say to somebody,
well, go back to your home place and the place is not a place
where they could live in any event. So that is part of it as
well.
The Chairman. In this context, what specific efforts are
being made to benefit female combatants and women associated
with armed groups and other vulnerable groups such as children
and disabled ex-combatants?
Senator Feingold. Well, this is, of course, one of the
complicated aspects of these kinds of armed groups where often
the families and the kids are with them in the camps. And this,
of course, presents problems when you are trying to take
actions to not harm civilians, but it also presents problems
when you try to put a DDR process into effect.
When I was, a couple of weeks ago, in Goma, we had a chance
to visit a MONUSCO facility and we got to talk to some of the
young men, the M23, some of the FDLR, but I did not see the
family members. I did not see the others. And that is a problem
not only in terms of how they are being handled, but also how
can the reunification occur? This is one where I think more
clarity needs to come, and this is why I focused, when we talk
about DDR, on the need for more clarity with regard to the
reintegration part.
The Chairman. Finally, in all of these conflicts, in Africa
and elsewhere, human rights violations are always the concern
of the Chair. And the question is, What is being done to find,
prosecute, and bring to justice those who have committed human
rights abuses, both within rebel groups and within the FARDC?
Senator Feingold. Well, Mr. Chairman, this is where the
process that is a little more promising is the key, and that is
that the justice system of the DRC has to move forward in an
effective way to be able to prosecute these individuals. The
first step has occurred. They passed an amnesty law that does
not allow amnesty for those types of individuals. That had not
happened before.
Now, how do you get these individuals to the right place
where they can be prosecuted and where a fair trial can occur?
They have to have credible courts, and this is where the idea
of mixed chambers, which the United States has been trying to
advocate for and tried to enlist other countries where you
have--it is a Congolese court. It is part of the Congolese
system, but it benefits from the addition of international
jurists, often African jurists, who will help increase the
credibility and expertise of the court so it is credible. Often
they are dealing here with international law and international
crimes.
And in addition to that, Mr. Chairman, in order to have
these individuals extradited, whether they are being extradited
from Uganda or Rwanda or from somewhere else in the world, the
Congolese have to be able to demonstrate that they have proper
prison conditions, that there is due process afforded these
individuals, and that the dossiers prepared to ask for such
extradition are proper. So that needs to be done as well. And
we have been messaging the need for all of this.
But if all those steps are taken, the amnesty, the creation
of mixed courts, the proper conditions, then we will certainly
work very hard to ask the countries that know where these
individuals are, extradite them so they can face justice in the
Democratic Republic of Congo.
The Chairman. Well, I look forward to that moment because I
personally believe that in conflicts such as these, for those
who commit human rights abuses and feel they can get away with
it--we send a message globally that impunity, in fact, is a
reality and therefore, those who are inclined that way will not
hesitate. So I know there is work to be done, but I do not want
to lose sight of that at the end of the day.
Senator Corker.
Senator Corker. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
And thank you for your testimony.
Over the last two decades, the DRC has had constant
invasion, rebellion, counter-rebellion. It has outside actors
playing a role. What is it that we have available, together
with our diplomatic efforts, to put some teeth in what we are
doing and to help deal with some of the spoilers that continue
to reinsert themselves in this nation?
Senator Feingold. Senator, this is where I think this
framework agreement is fairly unique in this sad history. A
year ago, it was not just the United Nations or the United
States signing a series of provisions about what ought to be
done in the DRC. It was these countries. Every country that has
been involved in this signed on the dotted line. And in that
document is a pledge to give no support whatsoever to illegal
armed groups in the DRC. In that commitment is the support for
the notion that there should not be impunity, that individuals
who have constantly gotten away in the past cut a deal with the
Democratic Republic of Congo, and said, all right, we will stop
as long as you give us amnesty and let us take our whole units
back into the military. This is not permitted under the Nairobi
Declarations. So there are commitments that have been made. So
the fair question is, Are the commitments being lived up to?
I would say that has been a rather positive development. It
was not easy to confront some of these nations about support
for these groups, but the record shows that we had an impact,
that both the diplomacy and, of course, there is teeth in the
military aspect. You mentioned MONUSCO in your remarks. Yes,
there was legitimate criticism of MONUSCO and MONUC before it
in the past. What is different is this intervention brigade
that was created a year ago. It was the intervention brigade
working with MONUSCO and the Armed Forces of Congo that
conducted a successful--and most people were surprised by
this--a very successful military operation that basically
forced the M23 to surrender. Very few people thought that would
happen.
Now, in order for this to be credible, in order for this to
have the teeth you mentioned, it also has to be that they just
do not go after one armed group that might be associated with
one side, if you will. This is why it is critical that MONUSCO
and the intervention brigade and the Congolese military pursue
the FDLR and ADF, which is an extremist organization whose
agenda is not so much about Congo but about Uganda, wanting to
overthrow the government in Uganda. So in order for this IB
organization to be a major, positive precedent for United
Nations action, this kind of further activity has to happen and
it has to happen soon.
But I would say in answer to your question that has got
some teeth if it continues.
Senator Corker. So we have a lot of national interests with
Uganda and Rwanda, and yet there is no question they have
played a role, a negative role, in the DRC. So I am just
wondering whether the administration is willing to make
difficult policy tradeoffs relative to those two countries and
the DRC, and ask you to talk about what some of those might be.
Senator Feingold. Well, that is precisely what we did in
order to achieve what we have already achieved. We visited
directly with each of the Presidents. We spoke directly about
the fact that we believe that in some instances support was
being given and that that was not tolerable. We also talked
about the fact that this is a situation where all of the
countries in the region have signed this agreement and that
means also that the DRC cannot in any way be supporting any of
the armed groups within its own midst, which is an accusation
that has occurred in the past. So we have not been shy about
this.
In addition, as you are probably aware, during the course
of this period, the United States, following through on
congressional action on child soldier legislation, did identify
Rwanda as a country that was in violation of this, and that was
made clear. And also the Democratic Republic of Congo--it got a
partial waiver because it had made some improvements. These
were not easy conversations, but they were direct and I think
they were helpful in making it clear that the United States
certainly does not overlook that sort of thing in this context
and we cannot if we are going to have peace in the eastern
Congo.
Senator Corker. Since 2000, we have invested about $10
billion in this country through our direct and multilateral
efforts. We are spending about $1 billion a year now. We have
ramped up to that level. And yet, the country still is ranked
at the lowest levels on the Human Development Index. I am just
wondering what you see with our efforts--what you see changing
relative to that low base and to the quality of life in the
country and prospect for improvements. Or, is this just going
to continue to be, 14 years from now the same type of hearing
with the same type of misery inside the country?
Senator Feingold. Senator, I certainly would not have taken
this assignment if I thought there was no way to change it. I
felt that there was a combination of things happening, both
within the region and internationally, that suggested a far
more serious and sustained attitude. I mentioned the framework
agreement, the fact that the nations signed it, the fact that
we had this rather unusual intervention brigade, the fact that
the World Bank said that if we could make some progress here,
they pledged $1 billion to try to help for economic integration
and progress in the region, the appointment of a group of
special envoys who work all the time and every day to try to
encourage and help in this regard. So these were reasons why I
think it could change.
But in order for it to change, there has to be, in effect,
a synergy between regional noninterference and cooperation and
domestic reform. And in order for that amount of money to not
have to be spent in the future, in order for MONUSCO not to
have to be there in the future, this is the moment when the
Democratic Republic of Congo has to show it can have credible
elections. This is the moment when the Democratic Republic of
Congo has to show it can legitimately reform its military,
including logistics and how people are paid in the military, as
well as justice within the military. And we have to show that
this DDR program that we have been talking about actually is
effective so that ex-combatants are not just shuffled around
and go to some other armed group because that is all they know
how to do.
I believe these things can happen. It is not easy, but it
is something that I think there is sufficient attention not
only from the international community but, as I mentioned, from
a country like Angola which one might not have expected to be
involved in this as deeply. They are showing a renewed and
intense commitment to it. So I think it is well worth taking
the chance of trying to resolve this, and frankly, what we are
going to be doing to try to resolve it costs infinitely less
than the kinds of figures you are talking about.
Senator Corker. And just briefly. I am out of time. But all
of us have been frustrated watching peacekeeping missions in
Darfur and other places just be totally feckless. And we have
this intervention brigade now. Is this something that you see
being utilized in other places on the continent?
Senator Feingold. Well, not necessarily just on the
continent. This is a real test. I will tell you--as you all
know, I am not a military man, but I have had the opportunity
to spend a lot of time with Santos Cruz, the commander there,
as well as Martin Kobler. I have traveled through the region. I
have seen where the armed groups are. We have had extensive
briefings on the strategies. My sense is this is a very
effective group; a very effective group of international
participants. Some are the ones just in the intervention
brigade, but they are integrated with the countries that are
involved with the broader MONUSCO group.
So, yes, of course. I hope, first of all, that we do not
have to do things like this, but I am not naive. There will be
other conflicts in the world. If this model works of creating
an intervention brigade that has the ability to protect
civilians by, frankly, taking stronger action with armed
groups, it could be a model, and frankly from my point of view
as an American, a model of where these things can be maybe
handled not just by the United States, not by always asking the
United States to have to do these things. So it is an
experiment, but what I like to say is the first couple chapters
were good. We will see about the third chapter. We are in the
middle of it. But at the outset, it is promising and certainly
should be renewed in March.
Senator Corker. Thank you.
The Chairman. Senator Boxer.
Senator Boxer. I want to thank my chairman and ranking
member for having this important hearing.
Senator Feingold, once a Senator, always a Senator. So I
will call you ``Senator.'' It is so great to see you and in
such great form continuing the work that you were always
pressing forward on when you were right here.
Walking down the memory lane just a little bit, you and I
have long been concerned about the dire situation for women and
girls in the DRC, and tragically hundreds of thousands of women
have been victims of rape and other forms of sexual violence,
earning the country the tragic distinction of being called the
``rape capital of the world.''
And, Dr. Mukwege, I am so honored to be in the same room
with you again, and thank you for your work. I know you risk
your own safety every time you come out. So I am just thrilled
that you are here and that you are continuing your work to help
the survivors.
So when we had started, thanks to Senator Kerry, our first
Subcommittee on Global Women's Issues, you and I got together
and we held the first hearing ever on the use of violence
against women as a tool of war in Sudan and in the DRC. I am
sure you remember it. It just seems like it was yesterday.
And shortly after that hearing, then-Secretary of State
Clinton made a historic visit to the DRC and she unveiled a $17
million plan to combat violence against women in the country.
And those funds were used for a number of critical initiatives,
including care and support for survivors of sexual violence
such as treating traumatic fistula, building community
awareness and education about violence against women, and
enhancing their protection.
So how is the State Department now building on Secretary
Clinton's efforts to address violence against women in the DRC,
and do you think, we, right here in this committee and in the
Senate and in the House, could do more to help in that area?
Senator Feingold. Senator Boxer, first, I have many
memories of this place, and the one you are describing is a
strong one. I remember you coming to me and talking to me about
this unbelievably tragic treatment of women. I had gotten some
sense of it in 2007 when I first visited the eastern Congo. I
happened to have my daughter with me, and I remember we were
asked to come into a private place and just meet with the women
who had been so brutally treated. And I remember they looked a
little uncomfortable to see me but when I said this was my
daughter, they relaxed a little bit and told their stories.
So when you came to me and said you wanted to take the lead
on this, which you did, and hold this critical hearing, it was
a real turning point. And, yes, what Secretary Clinton did by
looking at this issue and sticking with it and initiating a lot
of the programs was a very important step in the right
direction that has led to, for example, support for the Panzi
Hospital, which is the heroic achievement of Dr. Mukwege.
This has been continued under Secretary Kerry who has
strongly encouraged me to continue this. And when I was at the
hospital and getting briefed in Bukavu, I asked whether this
level of violence had significantly been reduced, and sadly the
answer was no, maybe some downturn in some places but this is
still going on. We still have a place where hundreds of
thousands of women have been raped and gotten HIV because of
this. So that is the history.
And what are we going to do now? Well, there are at least
three levels to this: treatment, the kind of thing--and the
first thing the doctor always says is there are others doing
this as well. He has done an enormous amount. There is North
Kivu. There is South Kivu. There are all kinds of places where
this has occurred and we have been able to support programs for
treatment. Treatment is not just the medical side. It is also
the psychological side and all the other familial and societal
consequences of this kind of monstrous use of rape as a
mechanism of war, as an instrument of war. So that continues.
And, frankly, yes, we will want to see even more support in
this regard and guarding against any reduction.
The second, which we often hear about when you visit there,
is also prevention, trying to prevent these attacks from
occurring. The story you often hear is that there may be people
in an IDP camp. There are huge numbers of people in these IDP
camps. And the women are there with their kids. And if they do
not have food or they do not have a way to cook food, what do
they do? Well, they have to go out in a field or somewhere
where outside of the camp to get some wood. That is where they
are usually attacked. And if they had the proper cook stove or
some kind of a thing so that they did not have to do that,
there is an element and programming that, frankly, the World
Bank discussed with me where that can help.
Finally, Senator, I think the most important thing we can
do, although that programming is critical, is fundamentally
creating a justice and accountability element to this. And this
was what was alluded with regard to making sure wrongdoers are
brought to justice. The people of eastern Congo, particularly
the women of eastern Congo, have to believe that the military
is there for them, not to be an opportunity for abusing them.
The same with the police. It means that the rule of law has to
exist in the Democratic Republic of Congo. All of the people of
the eastern Congo are entitled to that. And that means that
those who have committed these heinous crimes have to be held
accountable. People have to see them prosecuted. People have to
see them convicted and punished or, of course, as some have
said here already today, this sort of impunity will continue.
So this is part of the framework effort.
Senator Boxer. Well, I am glad that you are continuing this
work, and I would love to be able to talk to you more about it
to see if there is something else we can do here because this
committee in a bipartisan way really started that whole
movement to address the rapes. And it is not just rapes. It is
just beyond the pale what happens over there. I do not want to
go into it at this point.
But my last question is one that Senator Durbin had asked
me to ask you because he is off at a funeral today,
unfortunately. As a Senator, you were instrumental in crafting
legislation to improve transparency and accountability in the
trade of minerals from the DRC, which was signed into law by
President Obama in 2010. As a result of this law, U.S.
companies must now disclose the origin of minerals purchased
from the DRC. This is critical because the mining and trading
of conflict minerals by armed groups in the DRC has helped
finance ongoing violence.
As the U.S. special envoy to the DRC and an author of the
conflict minerals law, you certainly have a unique perspective
on this issue. In your opinion, what has been the impact of
this law on stemming the flow of conflict minerals into the
United States? We know that last month Intel became the first
major U.S. tech company to declare the microprocessors it
manufactures are now free of conflict minerals. But can you
give us a feeling about the European Union? Are they working on
this? Are we keeping our eye on this?
Senator Feingold. We are. And I want you to know and I hope
you will convey to Senator Durbin that my conclusion after 7
months is that this law has had a dramatic impact. The impact,
of course, is specific under section 1502 of helping to end the
trade in conflict minerals. In particular, it has been
effective on tin, tantalum, and tungsten, which are easier to
track than, let us say, gold. So the specific provisions are
important. They are, of course, binding with regard to
companies that deal with us, but they are also a model. And I
am pleased to report to you that the European Union is
considering a similar law. We were the first. We took the lead.
Now, sometimes when you talk to companies--I was out in
Palo Alto teaching, and some of the people representing those
companies said, you know, this is going to be tricky. This is
going to be difficult. But the feedback I get now is we want to
comply. We want to figure out how to comply. And in fact, I had
a long conference call with a coalition of advocacy groups and
representatives of some of those biggest companies a couple
weeks ago. And they said, well, we understand these are the
rules, but also what kind of incentives can be created to have
us do more. And I think that is a fair question from the
business community. They understand that the regulatory piece
is there and has to continue, but what are the positive
incentives?
In addition, of course, we have to ask the countries in the
region to play the lead role in making sure that they do
everything they can to prevent this.
Now, this organization, the ICGLR, the International
Conference on the Great Lakes Region, is beginning the process
of creating a certification system. We need to encourage that.
We need to help that so that we can have the kind of legitimate
operations and legitimate mining that I actually saw on my
trip. I was in Katanga and got to visit the American company
there. There are two Senators from Arizona on this committee.
This is an Arizona company, Freeport-McMoRan. They have hired
thousands of people, mostly Congolese people. Some of them work
at the mine. They also support the community with their
agriculture. They are respectful of the cultural issues there.
Tremendous health facilities, in a lot of ways environmentally
sound. It is a model of how things could be done.
Now, just down the road, they will show you people that are
illegally mining, artisanal mining, and that has to be made an
unattractive alternative, something that cannot be sold very
easily while this kind of legitimate work is done.
The Chairman. Thank you.
Senator Johnson.
Senator Johnson. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
Senator Feingold, welcome. It is nice to see you.
Senator Feingold. Good to see you.
Senator Johnson. I appreciate your testimony. I certainly
appreciate your hard efforts and your good work in this
troubled region of the country.
Both in your written testimony and in your verbal
testimony, you mentioned the word ``root cause.'' As a
manufacturer, I am always interested in really digging down to
the root cause. Can you just describe to me your evaluation?
What is the root cause in not only DRC but also regionally?
Senator Feingold. Well, this is one of the most important
phrases in this whole discussion. Sometimes it means different
things to different people. But what it means to me is just
coming up with another agreement, signing a piece of paper, and
saying, okay, now everybody is going to behave, that is not
going to do it. We have to get at why it is that in this,
frankly, beautiful place with enormous resources that this
would happen. What are the root causes?
Well, one of them is the presence of dozens of armed groups
who keep regenerating themselves.
Another is the lack of border security, the fact that there
is not a credible border guard from the DRC to make sure that
those intrusions do not happen.
Even deeper is the historical tensions, sometimes tensions
between ethnic groups of different backgrounds in the eastern
Congo. Some of these groups, known as the Rwandaphone groups,
feel that they have been discriminated against and feel
sometimes that their land rights and other opportunities have
been taken away over the years. This is part of the tension,
and taking away these kinds of difficulties within the
community is part of it.
And then, of course, the up side, in terms of root causes,
is the failure to be able to use the resources of that region
for the people of the region. This region has been brutally
exploited by colonial powers and by other countries in a way
that is shameful and has denied the birthright of the Congolese
people. And so we have to get at that as well. And, of course,
the mining issues, illegal mining, and others--we have to do
that as well.
So these are all part of it. It is not just a political
solution. It is a complex relationship between the peoples in
that region. And that is why this broader dialogue that I have
been advocating with Angola in the lead can have people at the
very highest level, even the Presidents of the countries, sit
down and talk about this instead of talking around the edges.
Senator Johnson. Let us drill down a little bit further.
You mentioned the first thing, armed groups. Are those all
ethnic? I mean, have they all been formed because of ethnicity?
Why are these groups formed and why are they armed? What is the
specific conflict between the groups?
Senator Feingold. Different stories. They are not all the
same. This M23 group was an outgrowth of frustration of some of
the individuals from the east who felt that they were being
discriminated against and were not treated according to
previous agreements, and this has happened several times.
On the other hand, the FDLR is a completely different
story. The FDLR is a remnant of those that committed the
enormous atrocities in Rwanda in 1994. Two million people came
as refugees, but included in the group were these so-called
genocidaires, these people that committed these crimes, and
many of them have never been brought to justice. They continue
to operate as an armed group.
Another group, completely different profile, so-called ADF.
The ADF has very little to do traditionally with Congo or with
Rwanda. It has to do with Uganda and their desire to topple the
Ugandan regime. After being pushed by the Ugandan military out,
they are operating, frankly, sometimes in an incredibly brutal
way in that region.
Then you have Mai-Mai groups. This is a group of sort of
disparate organizations who go back a fair ways in Congolese
history who notice that when you have no sort of control, you
can do whatever you want. You can go and destroy communities,
rape women, take everything people have. Sort of that is your
job. You just go in, take what you need, and continue your
group. It is a way of life.
And so to unravel all this, you have to knock off the big
operators, the ones that have the most military capacity. And
then I think most experts believe it is much easier to cause
people in some of these Mai-Mai groups and others to surrender
because they realize they will not have the cover of these
other sort of regional issues. You noticed all the first three
I mentioned had a regional character to them.
Senator Johnson. You had mentioned that outside countries
are supporting some of these groups. Can you describe some of
those situations?
Senator Feingold. Well, of course, we had concerns about
support for the M23. We raised this issue with the Rwandan
Government that we had seen a credible body of reporting that
that was happening, and we made it very clear to them that we
thought that was a violation of the framework and something
that should not happen. And we believe that it was greatly
reduced, and we think that had a lot to do with this.
Support for other organizations sometimes comes from within
the DRC. Sometimes it comes from diaspora groups around the
world who happen to maybe associate with a group like the FDLR.
So the sources of support can be many, but we have seen with
the M23 it is possible, with a combination of military and
diplomatic pressure, to persuade people maybe it is a good idea
for them to abandon these people who are forcing them to live
out in the bush and have this awful life and to come in and
have a different life.
Senator Johnson. You talked about domestic challenges.
Other than the minerals, what else does DRC have going
economically? What are the most promising prospects?
Senator Feingold. Well, they have enormous potential in the
mining area, but also agriculture. When you talk to the
governors of South and North Kivu and Katanga, they like to
talk about agriculture, which you and I can certainly relate
to. So that has great potential. Also something you and I can
relate to, they have some of the greatest forests in the world.
And in our State, that was not always handled well back in the
19th century. This could be handled in a responsible way that
could provide timber but regeneration of forests.
And I do want you to know that despite the fact the DRC is
very low on all those indicators, they have had positive
economic growth in the last few years. Their Prime Minister
Matata is a very capable individual, a very serious man with a
business attitude about taking care of these issues, and they
want to build on that growth rate. I think the last piece I saw
yesterday was 8 percent. Now, it is a low base, but it is
possible that a country with those kinds of resources could
make great strides. And some of those statistics have to do
with greater results in the mining area, in particular, in
copper.
Senator Johnson. Have you witnessed or have you seen any
unintended consequences, any problems with the conflict
minerals provision? I certainly hear from different businesses,
and that it is here. But I mean, what about in terms of the
DRC? Have there been unintended consequences in terms of the
loss of livelihood, those types of things?
Senator Feingold. I think there has been some of that, but
I think, based on my actual observation of what is happening
over there, less than I would have expected based on those
comments.
Senator Johnson. Any modifications you would want to
consider to address those?
Senator Feingold. I think we ought to look at any
modifications where people give specific problems with the
mechanism. I have not heard anything yet that says change this
piece of it and it would work better. But I think we should be
open to that. We all know if you pass legislation, it may not
be perfect. But, in fact, I asked on this conference call with
the leaders of these companies tell me exactly what it is that
would help them comply, you know, remove anything that may seem
unreasonable or that is not working right.
Senator Johnson. Thank you.
Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
The Chairman. Senator Coons.
Senator Coons. Thank you so much, Chairman Menendez, for
convening this hearing.
I want to join my colleagues in warmly welcoming back
Senator Feingold, now in his role as our special envoy to the
Great Lakes. It is in my view a great gift that you and all of
the other witnesses here today and our distinguished visitors
bring to this issue. Your efforts to bring sustained and
meaningful and thoughtful attention to the real challenges of
the eastern DRC and of the whole region and to focus us on this
moment of hope and real opportunity for peace in the eastern
DRC is a great gift.
It was roughly a year ago this week that I traveled to the
capital of the DRC to express support for this regional
framework agreement, which formalized the multilateral support
that you spoke to to tackle the root causes of conflict that
have plagued the DRC now for many, many years. Since that time,
I have been really encouraged by the progress of the
intervention brigade, as you have spoken about, in taking down
M23, as well as the reduction of outside support for the M23
from Rwanda and Uganda which I think were the direct result of
international engagement and effort.
Despite this, as we have heard from you and we will hear
from other testimony today, there are many remaining
challenges: ongoing violence by the FDLR and by the ADF,
impunity for perpetrators of war crimes, and the very real
challenges of electoral reform and court reform within the DRC,
and persistent humanitarian issues, sexual violence, violation
of human rights. So let us turn to those for a few minutes, if
we might.
First, on electoral reform, as the DRC approaches national
elections in 2016, we had a huge missed opportunity I think in
the last elections to not just provide some support but to
insist on credible and accountable elections. What sorts of
technical assistance do you think we can meaningfully provide?
What do you think are the prospects for real elections? I want
to specifically thank Cindy McCain for her passionate advocacy
for bringing electoral and democratic reform to the DRC. But as
our special envoy, Senator Feingold, what might be the impact
of a third-term bid by President Kabila and what can and should
we, as a country, do to ensure some progress toward transparent
and effective elections in this coming year in the DRC?
Senator Feingold. Well, first, Senator Coons, just let me
take the liberty of thanking you for taking such a great role.
I was so heartened that you took over the subcommittee,
immediately talked to me about it, and have taken this role.
You know, it has been a model of cooperation between the
branches that I have experienced with Senator Coons.
Now, this, of course, is a subject I can get excited about,
having been a political guy for 28 years. Elections. So it is
something that I find very easy to motivate myself on and I
find it very important to understand the guts of the difference
between what happened in 2006 and 2011. People say, well, it
has always been the same. Things never work out in the DRC.
That was not true in 2006. It was not perfect. But I remember
being very surprised at how well it went, and they had an
opportunity to show that they could create an electoral system
that would have credibility over time.
That is the opposite of what happened. In 2011, it was a
failure and it caused great loss to the credibility of
President Kabila who had made significant progress after 2006
in his credibility as a president. He had not been elected. He
came in, as we know, after the assassination of his father. And
this was the first real election in the Democratic Republic of
Congo since Lumumba in 1960.
So what can be done? Well, we need to dig into the
specifics here. What happened in 2011 was things like the
ballots were not properly transported and preserved. When it
was time to convey the election results--we have had some
issues here in our country on this, but they do not have the
technology and the ability to convey those results quickly for
credibility. We can help with that. We can provide at
relatively low cost the kind of computer assistance where those
results could be conveyed.
Now, that is the kind of technical assistance that I think
we should be looking at, but that is not enough. There has to
be public information, public conveying of the fact that all
Congolese are welcome and invited to be part of this process.
And that means public messaging through the various media
techniques they have. I think that is something the United
States might be good at helping with. So I am not suggesting it
by any sense that we go this alone, but the truth is we are
only putting $3.7 million so far into elections there, which
frankly is a paltry sum compared to what needs to be done in
that country. They need to step up to the plate, but the other
donor countries have to as well. But I think this is something
we should be heavily engaged in.
Now, as to the question of Presidential succession, I was
asked this question in Kinshasa, which is a tougher place to be
asked than here. [Laughter.]
And I said what I believe to be our policy and certainly my
view, and that is, our experience is it is better to follow
your constitution than change it for somebody who is already in
office. I even said that Bill Clinton might still be President
if we did not have that sort of rule here.
And what is different about their constitution is that
somebody who has done the two terms is not prohibited for life
from coming back and running again. We are somewhat unusual in
that regard. So I simply indicated--and I believe this is the
view of most of the Congolese people--that it would be best for
them, for their future--it is their country. It is their
decision. But it would be best for their future that the
constitution be respected in this regard.
Senator Coons. Well, thank you. And I look forward to
hearing more from you and working with you because we have a
number of critical elections coming up in Nigeria and many
other places on the continent, and there are other countries
where there are efforts underway or may be efforts underway to
amend constitutions to allow for extensions of terms. This is a
place I think in a bipartisan way we really can be leaders in
supporting positive efforts on the continent.
The intervention brigade, as you have mentioned, has been
particularly effective, and it is my hope that they will
continue to pursue the FDLR, which I think would have real
regional positive impacts, and the ADF and the Mai-Mai and
others.
What sort of a model do you think we can draw from this?
You mentioned that in conflicts in other regions we are
grateful the United States is not being called on to intervene,
but frankly, without the French, things in Mali and the Central
African Republic might have turned out differently. I am very
encouraged by your positive suggestion--your characterization
of the intervention brigade as being militarily effective,
respectful of human rights, appropriately governed and managed.
We have got a challenge, though, with the United States not
meeting the financial commitments for peacekeeping operations.
If you would just speak briefly to whether you think the IB is
a positive role model for the continent and whether you think
the United States needs to continue to provide sufficient
support for peacekeeping.
Senator Feingold. Well, I think we need to continue to
support an extension which will be decided in March. I think it
is a good opportunity to do something very different that is
effective. I simply will not say that it is fine, it is great
until the job is done. The first step was incredibly
impressive, but it has to be balanced. The FDLR, the ADF, and
others have to proceed.
And we have to also remember this is not a military force
that operates on its own. Not only is it part and parcel of
MONUSCO, it is supposed to support the Democratic Republic of
Congo's military. It is not supposed to be off doing these
things on their own.
But what is different and what can be replicated in other
similar situations is where you have a conflict and there is
not a sophisticated or effective military, that it may be
necessary to have an intervention brigade like this that is
skilled at taking tough action but protecting civilians at the
same time. That is the difficult balance.
And I am enormously impressed, as we fly over in the
helicopter the region, being shown exactly where they think
these groups might be embedded with civilians, where they might
not be, and how careful they are trying to be in getting that
right.
Having said that, action against the FDLR and the ADF has
to happen I think relatively soon to make sure that the
diplomatic commitments that we made are fulfilled. When we met
with President Kagame, we did suggest to him that any support
for armed groups--and we said this to all the leaders in the
region--is unacceptable. On the other hand, he said to us,
well, what about which armed groups are you going to go after.
Are you going to go after the FDLR? And we all indicated, yes,
but the M23 was the first priority but that the FDLR had to
follow. And so that commitment is a legitimate commitment, a
legitimate request by Rwanda and the world community, and I
believe that they are working to make that happen.
Senator Coons. Well, thank you so much for your testimony,
for your service. I look forward to staying in close contact
with you and appreciate your real leadership in holding the
best of America's values in terms of advocating for human
rights and for civil liberties, for progress toward democracy,
but also engaging this whole region in a way that brings some
hope of peace after so many years of war. Thank you.
Senator Feingold. Thank you so much, Senator.
The Chairman. Your insights and performance here today
remind us of why, one, we miss you and, two, why we know that
we are in good hands in terms of our interests on behalf of the
people of the DRC and the Great Lakes region. So you have our
gratitude.
I agree with you on Presidential succession. I know that
there are some in our own country--it might be that Hillary
Clinton would not agree with Presidential succession beyond the
Constitution. So there are many examples of that.
But really, thank you very much for your service, and we
look forward to continuing to engage with you as we move
forward.
Senator Feingold. Thank you so much.
The Chairman. With that, the Senator is excused.
Let me bring up our second panel this afternoon. We have a
very distinguished panel. Ambassador Roger Meece served as the
U.S. Ambassador--and I will ask you to come up as I introduce
you--to the Democratic Republic of Congo from 2004 to 2007 and
most recently, he has served as the U.N. Special Representative
of the Secretary General for the DRC and head of the U.N.
stabilization mission in the DRC. Ambassador Meece was a Career
Foreign Service officer who served as Ambassador to Malawi and
as interim Ambassador to Nigeria, and he has graciously taken
time out of his retirement to give us his insights here today,
and we appreciate it.
Dr. Raymond Gilpin is the academic dean at the Africa
Center for Strategic Studies at the National Defense
University. Prior to joining the Africa Center, he served as
the director of the U.S. Institute for Peace's Center for
Sustainable Economies, director of International Programs at
Intellibridge Corporation, senior economist at the African
Development Bank Group, research director at the Central Bank
of Sierra Leone, and an economist at the World Bank. And his
research focuses on the economics of conflict. We welcome you.
And last, but certainly not least, we are pleased to
welcome Ben Affleck, who many of us in Washington remember as
Tony Mendez in Argo. But today, Mr. Affleck--close--Mendez,
Menendez, but in any event. Today Mr. Affleck is here in his
real-life role for which he will, I believe, be long remembered
as a serious, thoughtful activist committed to helping end
violence in Africa. The Eastern Congo Initiative he founded
provides funding and advocates for organizations that are
finding local solutions for vulnerable populations,
particularly women and children, and through the Eastern Congo
Initiative, he is helping Congolese civilians overcome barriers
to good governance and move toward sustained development.
So we thank you all for coming today.
Before I turn to Ambassador Meece first, I also want to
mention Cindy McCain who is with us here today. She has been
very active on the issue of DRC and has traveled to the country
various times and has encouraged a comprehensive response to
the conflict that includes investments and economic assistance.
So thank you very much. We occasionally hear from your spouse
here on the committee. [Laughter.]
With that, your full statements will be included in the
record, without objection. I would ask you to summarize around
5 minutes or so, so that we can enter into a dialogue, as we
just did with Senator Feingold. And, Ambassador, you are first.
STATEMENT OF HON. ROGER MEECE, FORMER U.S. AMBASSADOR TO THE
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO, FORMER UNITED NATIONS SPECIAL
REPRESENTATIVE FOR THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO, SEATTLE,
WA
Ambassador Meece. Mr. Chairman, Ranking Member Corker,
members of the committee, thank you very much for this
opportunity and for holding this hearing.
I find myself echoing and endorsing many of the comments
already made by Special Envoy Feingold. Having had the
opportunity to work in and around the region for many years, I
am well aware that there has been significant progress achieved
over time, but this progress has obviously been incomplete.
Recent developments offer considerable promise to move further,
and this includes the deployment of the intervention brigade
and operations that has already been referenced in MONUSCO, the
appointment and work of Special Envoy Mary Robinson, Special
Envoy Feingold, and other special envoys and representatives
working together and I think already showing great results,
building on the potential and provisions of the framework
accord that was signed last year. All of this offers a basis
for optimism, and I am in that camp. But clearly, there remain
enormous challenges.
Clearly, establishing basic conditions of security
particularly in eastern Congo is an essential prerequisite for
progress in a broad array of things, particularly in the
eastern zone where conflict has been going on for so long.
There are still four foreign armed groups operating in the
Congo: two from Uganda; one, Rwanda; and a smaller group from
Burundi. All of them, to varying degrees, retain considerable
potential and threats to stability, as well as the local
population. The FDLR, which has been discussed, has had its
capacity reduced over the years but clearly remains a force and
a problem and a threat that needs to be dealt with.
There are, as well, an array of domestic militias and armed
groups, none of these having the same kinds of capabilities,
subject to shifting alliances and coalitions, but all are
problematic. Most tend to more resemble groups of armed gangs
rather than militaries as such, but must be dealt with as well.
Beyond basic security, in my view there are four areas that
need to be the key areas of focus.
One is what I would call a full normalization of regional
relations, as has already been discussed, and by that, of
course, I mean going beyond simply formal diplomatic relations
or the signature of peace accords. As has been referenced,
there is a long history of peace accords which have failed
demonstrating that this is not enough. I mean a full engagement
of the governments, particularly Congo, Uganda, and Rwanda, in
a positive and constructive manner in political, economic, and
other areas.
The Congolese reform agenda, which Special Envoy Feingold
discussed at length, clearly needs to move forward.
And conflict resolution of generally localized conflicts I
believe merits much more attention. These include land issues,
return of displaced populations, ethnic tensions, access to
economic resources, and political issues, and other factors
depending upon the situation. It is an area that has not
received enough attention that I believe is also essential, and
I think we are seeing in the deteriorating or growing problem
in Katanga province some of the reflections of these kinds of
problems.
Economic and social development in a third area needs to
advance to provide economic opportunities for young people in
particular to provide for an increasing standard of living for
the population. This is easier said than done but remains
tightly tied and directly related to the overall security
environment and possibility or potential for future problems
down the road.
And finally, also an area that has been discussed,
democratic governance. Not only is democracy in the Congo
problematic, particularly following the 2011 elections, but
those in neighboring countries as well, notably Uganda and
Rwanda, which are far from perfect and all bear the seeds of
future instability and security problems.
There is a vital role for the international community up to
now in all of this, and there continues to be particularly, in
my view, of the U.S. conveying support or, as needed, criticism
publicly and privately of actions by governments and groups
consistent with the principles established by the framework
accord. Reference to the treatment of the M23 combatants,
including those for whom there is substantial evidence of
responsibility for war crimes, is an important issue and an
indicator. And reports from the U.N. panel of experts, the U.N.
mission, government sources, NGOs, and others can help inform
as well.
Progress on the reform agenda in Congo is also critical.
The amnesty law is promising. The DDR program has been already
talked about but is critical as a part of many other reforms.
Maximum coordination among the donors and the partners is
critical. The special envoys have already demonstrated
effective close collaboration, and that needs to include not
only governments but regional organizations such as SADC and
the African Union, multilateral institutions including the
international financial institutions and the United Nations.
And finally for the U.N., I would mention continued strong
support from the United States for the mission in Congo and
others. Financial but political and diplomatic is also
essential for its success.
I share the feeling that we have in the current
circumstances the best opportunity that has existed for many
years, if not ever, to achieve durable peace and stability in
the region, and I think it is important to take advantage of
it.
I thank you again for this opportunity.
[The prepared statement of Ambassador Meece follows:]
Prepared Statement of Hon. Roger Meece
Mr. Chairman, Ranking Member Corker, and members of the committee,
I am honored to testify today regarding one of Africa's longest running
areas of conflict and large-scale humanitarian crises, and I thank you
for this opportunity. Too often this area is in my view erroneously
viewed as condemned to permanent instability, not susceptible to
resolution. I am therefore particularly appreciative of this
committee's focus on prospects for peace in the region.
Having had the opportunity to work in the region over the span of
many years, I can affirm that significant progress has been achieved in
the Democratic Republic of Congo and Great Lakes region in many key
aspects, putting in place essential elements to provide for long-term
stability and development. I am also well aware, however, of continuing
major problems, and resultant enormous human suffering marked by
widespread ongoing violence, large population displacements, and
appalling levels of sexual-based violence. Members of this committee
are well aware that this is in the context of ongoing conflict,
especially in eastern Congo, dating from the 1990s. The conflict has
been catalyzed by weak government authority and institutions in the
Congo and external involvement in the Congo, at one point involving at
least eight national armies operating in Congolese territory. The
legacy of this terrible history has left four foreign armed groups from
Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi still operating in the DRC, and a large
number of domestic Congolese armed groups or militias of varying
capabilities. The latter are marked by shifting alliances and ties, and
overall have a character more of criminal gangs than ideologically
based groups. All the armed groups, foreign and domestic, prey on the
civilian populations in areas where they operate.
Against this backdrop, there are positive elements on which to
build a stable and successful future, albeit all requiring further
development. First, despite years of conflict, foreign occupation,
division of the Congo into zones controlled by competing armies, and
ongoing conflict, there is a sense of Congolese national self-identity
that crosses political, ethnic, and political boundaries--an essential
prerequisite for future stability. This national self-identity,
however, is tempered with national cohesion threatened by underlying
tensions driven by regional, ethnic, political, and other divisions fed
by a competition for resources in a country desperately in need of
economic opportunity for its population. In another important area, in
recent years the Democratic Republic of Congo has achieved impressive
improvements in its macroeconomic performance marked by good GDP growth
rates, stable exchange rates, low inflation, and improving foreign
exchange reserves. This has been particularly true during the tenure of
Prime Minister Matata with his focus on economic reforms. These
achievements, however, have not yet resulted in general broad benefits
for average Congolese, with investment and commercial activity hampered
by a continuing lack of transparency in key areas of economic activity,
corruption, and an overall very difficult environment for business
operations. On a regional level, critically important relations,
especially between Kinshasa, Kigali, and Kampala, have progressed from
open warfare to the reestablishment of formal diplomatic relations and
ongoing contacts at multiple levels, albeit all continuing to be marked
by deep mutual mistrust and accusations of cross-border misconduct.
Finally, a promising start to democratic government has been made in
the Congo, with the 2006 elections the first legitimate democratic
exercise in the country since independence. Free and fully
participatory government, however, clearly remains an incomplete and
threatened process in the Congo, as well as in several of its
neighbors. Within these threats lie the seeds of potential future
further domestic and regional instability.
In all these and other problem areas, the size of the Congo, the
large population involved, and the relative lack of infrastructure
contribute to the difficulty of putting solutions in place. Projects,
initiatives, and development programs must often confront dimensions of
scale that render implementation difficult, or in some cases producing
incomplete results.
These circumstances suggest to me the outlines for a path forward
to peace, stability, and improved prospects for development, and
appropriate roles for the international community to facilitate
solutions. I strongly believe such solutions for the region are not
only achievable, and are of key importance for not just Central Africa,
but a significant portion of the continent. Full international
community engagement and support is essential for these solutions to be
achieved.
First, the key priority must be to establish basic security and
order, particularly in eastern Congo. Very promising progress has been
made recently in this regard, with the Congolese M23 armed movement in
the Kivus defeated by the Congolese Army (FARDC) bolstered by a
strengthened U.N. peacekeeping force (MONUSCO), including the
operations of the newly established Force Intervention Brigade. While
this brigade is quite properly fully integrated into the mission
structure and command, I believe its mandate providing for a
strengthened peace enforcement role and specialized capabilities have
provided a critical new element, and opened the door for progress after
too many years of ongoing conflict. With the end of the M23's military
operations, primary attention has turned to other major foreign groups.
These include the Rwandan FDLR and Ugandan ADF, both representing major
ongoing threats to civilians and regional stability, albeit with the
FDLR's capability significantly reduced from what it was several years
ago. As well, domestic militias cannot be neglected, and are
responsible for many massacres, extensive violence, and large-scale
human suffering. Broadly speaking, however, their force and military
capabilities in no way compares to those of the foreign armed groups.
It is important to emphasize that the FARDC and MONUSCO recent
successes do not mean that a military solution to the issues of eastern
Congo and Great Lakes region represents the answer to the problems of
the region. Rather the increased capability and authority to operate
preemptively against those committed to armed action provides an
essential tool to help establish the conditions that permit
comprehensive strategies and programs to be put in place. Beneficial
effects of these military operations include the prospect of
significantly increased flows of foreign and Congolese combatants
seeking voluntary disarmament and reintegration into their home
communities, increased prospects for needed political agreements to be
achieved within the Congo and between Congo and its neighbors, and
realization of the conditions necessary to establish and extend needed
state authority throughout the Congo, clearly a prerequisite for long-
term stability and development.
These military operations are and must be a part of a comprehensive
strategy for the region which includes a number of elements. In my
view, I would identify four areas of particular importance.
1. Political and economic normalization of regional relations,
especially between the DRC, Rwanda, and Uganda
While formal reestablishment of diplomatic relations, and
especially last year's achievement of a regional Framework Accord, have
been very important steps, a sad history of failed accords and peace
agreements is testimony to the fact that these agreements by themselves
are not enough. The aspirations represented by the goals of the
Framework Accord must be realized through commitments and actions by
the respective parties, and such commitments have not necessarily been
evident. Strong positions taken by the United States and other
countries have been essential to a major change in cross-border actions
by neighboring states contributing to instability. It is not clear,
however, that such cross-border support has ended fully, and it is
important for international attention to continue. Treatment of M23
leaders who have fled to Uganda and Rwanda, including some for whom
substantial evidence exists of responsibility for war crimes, will be
an important indicator of policies consistent with Framework Accord
principles. Reports from the U.N. Panel of Experts, the U.N. missions
and agencies in the region, nongovernment organizations, and other
sources will also be very useful to a full understanding of conditions
throughout the region.
2. Congolese institutional reforms and conflict resolution
It is of obvious importance to accelerate Congolese reform programs
of key institutions, including the police, judiciary, and perhaps most
importantly the military, which for long was essentially stalled. These
reform objectives certainly include improved performance, for example
through appropriate training programs, but must also address
organizational structural changes to facilitate full deployments of
necessary civilian and uniformed personnel, necessary physical
infrastructure development, needed and appropriate oversight
mechanisms, and well qualified and trained personnel at all management
levels. There is also a pressing need for effective disarmament,
demobilization, and civilian reintegration programs (DDR), avoiding
past mistakes that failed to provide for successful long-term civilian
integration of militia and other armed combatants, lacked
accountability standards for egregious abuses of human rights or other
serious crimes, and too often provided the wrong incentives, including
essential wholesale integration of people into the FARDC. The latter
not only propagated the cycle of militia activity and a general sense
of impunity, but also degraded overall FARDC standards of performance
and behavior. In this regard, the recently enacted amnesty law in the
Congo provides an encouraging step, incorporating lessons learned.
There is much more to be done, however, to develop comprehensive and
effective DDR and military reform programs.
It is also important that that there be increased attention to
conflict resolution essentially addressing localized issues. In various
areas, these include difficult land issues, return of displaced
populations, ethnic and community tensions, and other social and
political issues. Strong involvement by local leaders, including
clergy, traditional leaders, and others of influence in the respective
areas is key to this effort, as underlying cultural and social aspects
are complex. Progress is, however, essential to achieve durable
security, not only in eastern Congo, but in other regions, for example
in Katanga province where growing violence is creating very significant
new security and humanitarian concerns.
3. Economic and social development
In addition to the obvious need for development for a large
population long struggling to achieve an acceptable standard of living,
there is a direct linkage between economic conditions and security. The
attractiveness of local militias to young people would be greatly
reduced by increased prospects of a productive livelihood through
legitimate means. As well, existing large-scale illicit mining and
trade of Congo's minerals involving both Congolese and foreign
interests, provide an important source of support for many armed
groups, and does little to promote the general well-being of the local
population. Congolese economic potential, in eastern Congo and across
the country, is well recognized. Realization of this potential requires
simplification of the maze of regulations, taxes, and other burdens
imposed by a large number of poorly coordinated and financed government
agencies, greatly increased transparency regarding mining concessions
and contracts and general commercial activities, and major improvements
in judicial operations to provide for increased business confidence.
None of this is easy to achieve, and it will require difficult
decisions, including likely unpopular civil service reforms. Essential
improvements, however, will not only increase prospects for legitimate
investment and commercial activities, including employment levels, but
as well an expanded tax base for essential government operations now
hobbled by completely inadequate government budgets at both the
national and provincial level.
4. Democratic governance
Free and unhindered popular participation in an open political
system clearly can contribute to long-term stability in the region.
While the 2006 Congolese elections represented a very promising major
step forward, subsequent developments, including the flawed 2011
elections, underscore that a stable and successful democratic future
for the country is far from assured. Very important provincial
elections which should have been held as a part of the 2011 election
cycle have not yet been held, resulting in the coexistence of 2006
produced legislative bodies at the provincial level and national
Senate, with a 2011 elected National Assembly and executive president.
Local elections provided for in the 2006 constitution have not been
held to-date at all. Very difficult and contentious issues associated
with prospective decentralization measures also contained in the new
constitution pose further risks at both the provincial and national
levels. It is my understanding that planning is underway to hold the
delayed provincial and local elections, although I would note that time
is growing short before the next scheduled general national elections
expected in 2016. All of these will require substantial domestic
efforts, and I hope that the reformed Independent National Election
Commission will be equal to the task. I have little doubt, however,
considerable continuing external support will be required as well. A
fractious national political structure, with hundreds of parties and
political figures largely based on narrow regional, community, and
ethnic interests obviously adds to this challenge.
I must also note that problems of open, free, and fair democratic
government are not limited to the Congo. Political systems in most of
Congo's neighbors, notably to include neighbors Rwanda and Uganda, are
far from free and well-functioning democratic models. Recent major
security problems in the Central African Republic (C.A.R.) and South
Sudan underscore the threats to domestic and regional stability that
can arise from elsewhere in the region. All contain the seeds of
potential cross-border violence and wider conflict, and all should be a
focus of international concern.
The agenda outlined obviously is not a simple one, nor is it
susceptible to quick or short-term solutions. It is, however,
achievable. When the situation of present-day Congo and Great Lakes
region is contrasted with that of 5, 10, or 15 years ago, the progress
already made is dramatic, and provides a good foundation to move
forward. Clearly, the leaders, governments, and people of the region
bear the primary responsibility to build their own future and achieve
the security, economic, and social success needed and deserved by all
the people of the region. I firmly believe continued international
community engagement and support, however, is important and necessary.
The United States has played a key role for many years through
bilateral programs, in coordination with other partners, and through
multilateral institutions including the U.N. and international finance
institutions. I strongly urge that such engagement continue. United
States bilateral diplomatic and assistance programs well targeted
toward priority objectives are key, including support for positive
developments, and as needed frank criticism of negative or unhelpful
policies and actions. Obviously, close coordination with other partners
including traditional donors such as various European governments, the
European Union and Japan is essential to maximize effectiveness. Close
cooperation with African institutions and governments including the
African Union, Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) and its
member states, and other governments in the region is also of critical
importance. The fact that those contributing troops to the MONUSCO
Force Intervention Brigade consist exclusively of SADC member states is
no accident, and reflects the interest attached to the region by these
governments, and the important role those countries play. Close
consultation and collaboration with other key partners, including
fellow Security Council permanent member China and Russia, have also
been important and helped the international community to speak and act
in a unified manner on issues of the region. Strong U.S. support to the
U.N. peacekeeping mission in the Congo, as well as other missions in
the region, for example through the Security Council and American
financial support, has been of critical importance to avoid on many
occasions general collapse and for key initiatives such as the F.I.B.
and deployment of reconnaissance UAVs, and the overall effectiveness of
the U.N. mission's work.
The appointment of Special Envoy Feingold has in my view been a key
action to bolster effectiveness of international community action. The
close collaboration achieved with U.N. Special Envoy Mary Robinson, and
other special envoys of the African Union, European Union, and various
governments, and the U.N. Special Representative in the Congo, has I
think already demonstrated the utility and effectiveness of this work.
I believe this is particularly important as the Framework Accord and
other agreements largely set out desired goals and objectives, but the
Framework Accord lacks effective oversight or enforcement mechanisms,
and it is certainly not at all clear that all signatories had a real
commitment to realize its provisions. The burden of ensuring success of
this initiative, therefore, has largely fallen on the team of special
envoys. Their strong engagement is likely to continue to be needed I
believe for some time given the scale and complexity of the issues
involved.
I must also note, however, that we should not overestimate our
powers to control events or achieve desired results. Many of the issues
in the Congo and region involve complex social, cultural, ethnic, and
other issues with long and deep roots, often difficult to understand
fully. Solutions, including viable structures, institutions, and
relationships must in any case be built on indigenous foundations.
Sensitivity not simply to sovereignty concerns, but to the views and
expertise of regional, national, and local leaders, and related
cultural, social and other factors is essential, and will often dictate
the shape and nature of actions, development, and solutions. We neglect
such considerations only with considerable peril to the very objectives
we seek to realize.
I have no illusions of the difficulty and scope of the continuing
remaining challenges. I am convinced, however, that building on the
work already done solutions are achievable. Further, I am convinced
that current prospects are better than they have ever been to achieve
real and durable peace and security in eastern Congo and Great Lakes
region. I am also convinced this result will require substantial
engagement and support from the international community, and
specifically from the United States, likely for some time. I believe,
however, the importance of putting an end to the long-running
humanitarian disaster and violence of the region provides a strong
rationale for this engagement. It is important that we are not locked
into a quasi-permanent cycle requiring international community ongoing
engagement without end in Great Lakes conflict resolution and related
large-scale humanitarian relief and other actions, with attendant risks
to even broader conflict in Africa. Peace can be achieved, and I
believe current policies and actions provide a good basis to be
optimistic of progress.
The Chairman. Thank you.
Dr. Gilpin.
STATEMENT OF DR. RAYMOND GILPIN, ACADEMIC DEAN, AFRICA CENTER
FOR STRATEGIC STUDIES, NATIONAL DEFENSE UNIVERSITY, WASHINGTON,
DC
Dr. Gilpin. Thank you very much. I would like to start by
thanking Chairman Menendez, Ranking Member Corker, and the
members of this committee for inviting me to speak here today.
I would also like to state that my testimony does not
represent the position of the Africa Center, the National
Defense University, or the Department of Defense. The views I
will express here are solely mine, and I will focus almost
exclusively on the economic dimensions of conflict and economic
levers that could be used to address the persistent violence in
the DRC.
Many had hoped that the reversal suffered by the M23 rebel
group late last year, the reduction in the scale of conflict
minerals being traded, and the pervasive war fatigue within and
outside the DRC would contribute to an easing of tensions and
help lay the foundation for sustained peace in this troubled
region.
However, shortly after the December communique was signed,
we have had reports of regrouping and recruitment by rebel
groups, instability persists, and the lives and livelihoods of
millions of Congolese remain both stark and dire.
Progress in the DRC has been plagued by what can only be
described as a complex emergency, one characterized by
collectively reinforcing factors, which have already been
discussed. As we have already mentioned, over the past decade,
the DRC has received significant humanitarian and development
assistance. There is no denying that more could have been done
to help accomplish some of the goals that the assistance was
intended to achieve.
It must be noted, however, that this is not just a matter
of corruption, weak capacity, or waste. It is a function of
poorly coordinated efforts within and outside the DRC. The vast
majority of development-focused initiatives emphasized either a
specific security or societal threat such as defeating a
certain rebel group, diminishing trade in certain minerals, and
reducing specific types of violence. There is an urgent need
for the DRC to shift away from a threat-centric to a more
population-centric approach to stability and sustainability.
I would submit that economic development is a viable point
of entry when we are seeking a solution. There are a number of
reasons for this.
First, economic development is focused on the welfare of
the individual, and it helps dismantle a very complex political
economy and also stabilizes communities by creating opportunity
and institutions that are more resilient; thereby creating a
more viable constituency for peace. In my view, it is about
time that the 76 million inhabitants of the DRC believe that
the peace process is about them and not just about threat
reduction or a string of development projects.
In 2009, I led a research team to both Bukavu and
Lumumbashi and we interviewed over 1,000 small- and medium-
scale businesses. And what we found was a resilient, adaptable
business sector who had learned how to survive through the
worst of the conflict. They were not looking for handouts. They
had already internalized the costs of conflicts in their
business models and were broadly optimistic about the future. I
believe that this is still the case. Received wisdom usually
suggests that peace-building and stability are essentially
military, political, or diplomatic endeavors with economic
development initiatives relegated to the second phase. This is
not necessarily true. There is an urgent need to integrate them
very early on in the process, and that time is now.
The DRC also needs to ensure that its vast mineral wealth
benefits the vast majority of its people. At the heart of this
conundrum is the efficiency, efficacy, and honesty with which
the country's natural resources are managed. The United States
has taken the lead in garnering international support for
responsible mining in the DRC via the Dodd-Frank Act.
However, the introduction of verification mechanisms has
had a mixed socioeconomic impact. We recognize that there has
been a reduction in the trade in conflict minerals. Conflict-
free mines are emerging all over the DRC, and a number of local
and international companies have included livelihood projects
in their portfolios.
On the other hand, many analysts question the assumption
that denying armed groups access to funds from the mineral
trade will be an effective deterrent. They point to the fact
that the M23 raised the seed capital for its infamous 2012
offensive by robbing banks and taxing people as they traded.
Looking ahead, I think there are three ``D's'' that should
be borne in mind: duration--having a long-term view;
diversification--not focusing on a single issue; and dialogue--
ensuring that engagement does not start and stop around the
peace deals.
Chairman Menendez, Ranking Member, and members of this
committee, there are three things I believe the United States
can do to enhance prospects for sustainable peace, shared
prosperity, and effective democratic governance in the DRC.
First relates to the trade in conflict minerals. I think
that the next step should be the United States working more
closely with development organizations such as USAID, the World
Bank, the African Development Bank to put structures in place
that would facilitate the use of DRC's mineral wealth for the
benefit of all its people.
Secondly, we could help sustain interest and engagement in
the great opportunities that the DRC presents for national and
subregional stability. I think episodic interventions tend to
be wasteful and could be counterproductive.
The third thing relates to funding. It is true that the DRC
is home to vast natural resources. However, for those natural
resources to become true national resources, the country
requires significant upfront investment and particularly in the
social sectors and infrastructure. I think the creative use of
partnerships--the public-private partnership alliance is an
example of this--could achieve a lot in this regard.
It is also important to advocate a more balanced approach
of financial assistance with economic and governance portfolios
receiving as much attention as security.
Thank you very much for your kind attention and thank you
for inviting me to testify.
[The prepared statement of Dr. Gilpin follows:]
Prepared Statement of Dr. Raymond Gilpin
I wish to start by thanking Chairman Robert Menendez, Ranking
Member Bob Corker and members of the Senate Committee on Foreign
Relations for inviting me to speak at this important hearing. I am
Raymond Gilpin, currently the Academic Dean at the Africa Center for
Strategic Studies, which is part of the Defense Department's regional
center enterprise. Kindly note, however, that my testimony does not in
any way reflect or represent the position of the Department of Defense,
the Africa Center or the National Defense University (with which the
Africa Center is affiliated). My testimony represents my personal
views, based on almost three decades of experience working on African
issues, as well as: my experience working on economic development in
the Democratic Republic of Congo; field research on business and peace
in Kinshasa, Lubumbashi, and Bukavu; coordinating the DRC diaspora
dialogues at the United States Institute of Peace (2008-2012); and
managing the web-based International Network on Economics and Conflict
(2009-2013). My testimony will focus on economic development strategies
to enhance peace-building in the DRC.
The 12 December 2013 communique on prospects for peace in the
Democratic Republic of Congo was significant for four important
reasons: first, it purportedly heralded the end of the M23 crisis;
second, it highlighted the subregional nature of the conflict by
focusing on issues beyond the Congolese border; third, it reflected the
growing level of international concern, having been initiated at the
behest of the United Nations and the International Conference of the
Great Lakes Region (ICGLR); and, fourth, it emphasized the multifaceted
nature of the DRC conflict and included language that covered
demobilization, resettlement, economic development and social
justice.\1\ Many had hoped that the reversals suffered by the M23 rebel
group, reductions in the scale of war minerals being traded and
pervasive war fatigue would contribute to an easing of tensions that
would help lay the foundation for sustained peace in this troubled
region. Shortly after this communique was signed, it was clear that it
was destined to go the way of its predecessors. There were reports of
regrouping and recruitment by rebel groups, instability persisted and
the lives/living standards of millions of Congolese remain both stark
and dire. A couple of weeks ago, Congolese President Joseph Kabila
announced an amnesty for M23 members covering the period up to 20
December 2013,\2\ recapitulating on what had been a nonnegotiable 2
months ago. The possibility of the peace deal unravelling is one of
many indicators that the situation in the DRC requires significantly
more attention and support.
Progress in the DRC has been plagued by what can be described as a
persistently complex emergency. One characterized by collectively
reinforcing factors like: a perverse political economy; extremely weak
governance at all levels; transnational political, financial and
intergroup dynamics; and a persistent war economy. It is crucial to
understand that addressing these factors in isolation is unlikely to
have the desired impact, because they are collectively reinforcing. For
example, attempting to address the nefarious impacts of the trade in
conflict minerals without concomitant efforts to improve governance is
unlikely to succeed. Likewise, signing a peace deal with a rebel group
without bolstering the capacity to deliver transitional justice could
be futile. Over the past decade, the DRC has received over $5 billion
in humanitarian assistance and almost $20 billion in official
development assistance.\3\ Over the same period, almost $10 billion has
been spent to support the mission of some 20,000 personnel and troops
who constitute the U.N. peacekeeping mission in the DRC, known by its
French acronym--MONUSCO.\4\ USAID's economic development projects in
the DRC amounted to $983 million between 2004 and 2014, while the World
Bank spent $3.7 billion in the DRC over the same period.\5\
While some would point to the uncertainties created by tardy
disbursements and the requirement--pledge gap (the DRC received
consistently less in pledges that was required), and others might
quibble with the adequacy of the assistance received (relative to the
population and size of the country), there is no denying that much more
could have been accomplished with the support received to date.\6\ This
is not just a matter of corruption, weak capacity, or waste. It is also
a function of poorly coordinated efforts by national officials (at all
levels) and the DRC's bilateral, multilateral and nongovernmental
partners.
Like all fragile states affected by conflict, the DRC crisis would
only be resolved if a consistent and coordinated strategy is designed
and successfully implemented to ensure a shift from a threat-centric to
a population-centric approach to stability and sustainability. The vast
majority of existing initiatives emphasize specific security or
societal threats, such as: defeating certain rebel groups, diminishing
trade in specific minerals, reducing particular types of violence and
addressing myriad factors that keep millions of Congolese in grinding,
intergenerational poverty. However, as explained earlier, this approach
fails to account for the collectively reinforcing nature of instability
in the DRC. While there might be individual successes in some areas,
they are neither lasting, nor do they further human security for the
vast majority of Congolese. What is required is a carefully nuanced
strategy with coordinated interventions that reinforce humanitarian
efforts, promote equitable economic recovery and establish the
conditions for rules-based governance across the country.
Economic development is a viable entry point for such a strategy.
This is because it is focused on the welfare of the individual citizen,
it helps dismantle the political economy, and it stabilizes communities
by creating opportunities and institutions that establish a more
resilient constituency for peace. It is about time that the 76 million
inhabitants of the DRC feel that the peace process is about them, and
not just about threat reduction or a string of development projects.
Adopting a more population-centric approach requires engaging
communities more meaningfully and ensuring that processes are
accountable to the people. Here, the role of community leaders,
nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and elected leaders must be
emphasized. A population-centric approach also entails making the DRC's
vast wealth (mineral resources, agriculture, and forestry) less regime
focused and more attuned to the needs of each citizen. This might seem
counterintuitive to many who are only accustomed to thinking about the
DRC as a problem that needs to be fixed. With the right approach, the
DRC could be an opportunity for substantial gains not only in that
country, but across the subregion.
In 2008/09 I led a research team to Bukavu in the North East and
Lubumbashi in the South.\7\ We interviewed over 500 small- and medium-
sized businesses in both locations and found a very resilient and
adaptable cohort of business professionals who had learned how to
survive throughout the worst of the conflict. They were not looking for
handouts. Their main challenges related to weak government
institutions, stifling government policy/regulations, poor or
nonexistent infrastructure, and corruption. Businesses in the northeast
were much less concerned about the violent conflict that was being
waged all around them, especially since most had already internalized
those costs in their business models. Respondents were broadly
optimistic about the future and their economic prospects, and believed
that they should play a greater role in helping to shape their
communities. Received wisdom usually suggests that peace-building and
stability are essentially military, political and diplomatic endeavors,
with economic development initiatives generally viewed as a second
phase.\8\ There is ample evidence that the business community could
play a more active role in promoting peace and could be solid anchors
for stability, not least because they will have a direct stake in the
process.
Equitable and broad-based economic progress in the DRC could also
help dismantle the DRC's perverse political economy. In recent decades,
nonformal economic actors, relationships, and institutions have emerged
that are more focused on group agendas, rather than community or
national development. You will notice that I used the term ``non-
formal'' rather than the more commonly used ``informal.'' This is
because the DRC economy operates in a very broad grey space where
formal and nonformal are often practically indistinguishable.
Strategies based on providing contracts and opportunities to those at
the helm of the DRC's perverse political economy crowd out, and further
alienate, what could be a budding middle-class.\9\ Anthropological
research examines how some ethnic groups in the DRC have thrived in the
midst of instability and violent conflict by negotiating a practical
solution, based largely on the economic muscle of a mining-based middle
class.\10\ Institutional relationships and incentive structures within
the existing political economy are difficult to address if there are no
alternatives. Existing programs and projects in the DRC could be
reoriented to ensure that small- and medium-scaled enterprises receive
the support, structure and security they deserve. It must, however, be
noted that this is a longer term proposition.\11\ Hence, the emphasis
should shift from quick gains to sustained progress.
Projects and programs that adhere to a population-centric
philosophy are necessary, but by no means sufficient. The DRC also
needs its vast wealth to benefit its people. At the heart of this
conundrum is the efficacy and honesty with which the country's natural
resources are managed. The DRC faired very poorly in the recent
Resource Governance Index, particularly as it relates to government
regulations, nontransparent institutional frameworks, unaccountable
officials and corruption.\12\ Improved management of the DRC's natural
resources is attainable. Success in this area will help diminish the
scope and impact of a persistent war economy, and also create
opportunities for existing private sector operators and emerging
entrepreneurs. It will also create a multiplier effect as activity
increases along the value-chains of natural resource production. For
example, it would generate private sector jobs and opportunities that
lie outside the natural resource industries (like mining and
agriculture). Support services, infrastructure, transportation, and
marketing activity related to production and export could become
instrumental at various stages of the value chain. Although field
research in 2009 noted this phenomenon in the DRC's mining industry,
the same is true in other sectors of the economy. Innovation (both
process and product) is showing signs of life in the DRC. Young
entrepreneurs are finding creative solutions to old challenges and are
looking to be connected to markets and capital in their country.
Entrepreneurship is an often neglected, but crucial, component of
economic reform.
In order for economic actors to play a more active role in the
stability of the DRC, significant investment must be directed to
improving political and economic governance, addressing impunity,
reducing the infrastructure deficit and augmenting human capacity--
particularly in vulnerable areas. The vastness of the DRC and its large
population compounds the task at hand. In many cases, the required
investment will have to start from scratch. Existing programs to
improve social outcomes in health and education should be realigned.
More realism should be introduced
in the area of infrastructure investment, with consortia and
partnerships being emphasized. International investors should be more
active partners via public-private partnerships.\13\ National and
international legislative frameworks should be strengthened.
The United States took the lead in garnering international support
for responsible mining in the DRC via specific legislation (i.e.,
sections 1502 and 1504 of the ``Wall Street Reform and Consumer
Protection Act'' of December 2010, introduced in the House of
Representatives by Financial Services Committee Chairman Barney Frank,
and in the Senate Banking Committee by Chairman Chris Dodd (also known
as the Dodd-Frank Act). Since then, the Securities and Exchange
Commission has issued rules for the implementation and in January 2014,
Intel, the global computer chip manufacturer, became the first major
company to declare its supply-chain ``conflict free.'' \14\ While these
are laudable developments, much more work needs to be done. The
introduction of verification mechanisms has had a mixed socioeconomic
impact. It is much more difficult to trade in conflict minerals, but in
some cases it has led to the development of smuggling routes, with an
attendant rise in corruption. Some researchers have pointed to the
negative impact on artisanal miners who either have to accept lower
prices or abandon their mines altogether. Others question the
assumption that denying the armed groups access to funds from the
mineral trade would be an effective deterrent. They point out that the
M23 raised the funds it needed for its infamous 2012 offensive by
allegedly robbing banks and extortion (taxation) at numerous check
points.\15\ Thus, while the Dodd-Frank Act has clearly made a
difference in the purchase and sale of minerals from the DRC's conflict
zones, much more needs to be done to understand/address the root causes
and channels of conflict in the DRC. More also needs to be done to
mitigate potentially negative impacts across the value chain.
Looking ahead, three important ``Ds'' should be borne in mind. The
first is duration. Engagement strategies in the DRC must be
conceptualized from a long-term perspective. Rather than focusing on
putting out the existing fires, strategic responses should have a long-
term end-state in sight. This calls for sustained engagements, and not
sporadic encounters. Linkages among the various interventions
(economic, social, security, and diplomatic) must be clear, with in-
built flexibility to ensure the inevitable course correction. The
second is diversification. Our approach to the DRC's complex emergency
should not be predicated on a single issue, be it conflict minerals,
sexual violence, ethnic cleavages, governance challenges or
humanitarian interventions. The international community must go beyond
peacekeeping and humanitarianism in the DRC. More robust economic
engagements and investments in the rule of law are more likely to yield
the desired longer term outcomes, sustainably. The third is dialogue.
Engagement must not start and stop around peace deals. Measures should
be taken to more effectively institutionalize consultation and
communication at all levels. Institutions charged with these
responsibilities should be strengthened. This is an effective way to
promote accountability, foster responsible governance, and establish a
productive (and symbiotic) relationship between national/local
governments and the people.
Chairman Menendez, Ranking Member Corker, and members of this
committee, there are a number of things the United States can do to
enhance the prospects for sustainable peace, shared prosperity, and
effective democratic governance that is inclusive, accountable and just
in the DRC. The first is an extension of sections 1502 and 1504 of the
Dodd-Frank Act. With your help, the United States has led the way in
diminishing the odious trade in minerals from the DRC's conflict zones
around the world. The next step should be working with development
institutions (like USAID, the World Bank, and the African Development
Bank) to put structures in place that would facilitate the use of the
DRC's mineral wealth for the benefit of all its people, and not just a
select few. It may be recalled that the significant increase in social
investments across the African Continent (which has recently begun to
bear fruit) was initiated as part of an external debt relief initiative
that was supported by the United States. Second, the United States
could help sustain interest and engagement in the great opportunities
the DRC presents for economic progress and subregional stability.
Episodic interventions tend to be wasteful and could be
counterproductive. To this end, some consideration could be given to
the clear articulation of interconnected long-range plans for stability
and progress, as well as the institutionalization of regular updates.
Given its size, location, and potential, the DRC is of immense
strategic value in the Great Lakes region and beyond. It must not only
be viewed as a problem that needs to be fixed. The third thing the
United States can do relates to funding. It is true that the DRC is
home to vast natural resources. However, for those natural resources to
become true national resources, the country requires substantial
upfront investments, particularly in the social sector and
infrastructure. The creative use of partnerships (bilateral,
multilateral, and commercial) could enable the United States to
leverage its support in the DRC, while working with partners to put the
country on the path toward self-sustained democratic progress. It is
also important to advocate a more balanced approach to financial
assistance, with the economic and governance portfolios receiving as
much as security. Furthermore, aligning United States support more
closely with a longer term plan that is country-owned (as opposed to
``pet projects'') could also ensure that we realize a bigger bang for
our buck.
----------------
End Notes
\1\ December 2013 communique http://www.scribd.com/doc/191157617/
Joint-ICGLR-SADC-Final-Communique-on-Kampala-Dialogue (accessed 22
February 2014).
\2\ See http://www.independent.co.ug/news/regional-news/8729-drc-
president-declares-amnesty-for-former-m23-rebels (accessed 21 February
2014).
\3\ Humanitarian Assistance: http://
www.globalhumanitarianassistance.org/countryprofile/democratic-
republic-of-congo (accessed (21 February 2014).
\4\ MONUC http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/past/monuc/
facts.shtml (accessed 21 February 2014).
\5\ USAID work in the DRC http://www.usaid.gov/crisis/democratic-
republic-of-the-congo (accessed 21 February 2014).
\6\ Date showing need vs. pledges for humanitarian assistance to
the DRC http://www.unocha.org/drc/about-us/ocha-funding (accessed 21
February 2014).
\7\ Report on ``Conflict-Business Dynamics in the Democratic
Republic of the Congo," http://www.voltairenet.org/IMG/pdf/Conflict-
Business_Dynamics_in_RDC.pdf (accesse 21 February 2014).
\8\ I make the case for the role of economic development as a
catalyst for peace in ``How Business can Foster Peace," http://
www.usip.org/publications/how-business-can-foster-peace and ``Using
Entrepreneurship to Promote Fragility in Fragile Regions," http://
www.usip.org/publications/using-entrepreneurship-promote-stability-in-
fragile-regions (both accessed 23 February 2014).
\9\ Nancy Birdsall discusses the socioeconomic importance of
Africa's middle class in fragile regions in http://www.cgdev.org/
publication/do-no-harm-aid-weak-institutions-and-missing-middle-africa-
working-paper-113 (accessed 21 February 2014).
\10\ See ``In and Out of the State: Working the Boundaries of Power
in the Democratic Republic of the Congo'' by Patience Kabamba, http://
openanthcoop.net/press/http://openanthcoop.net/press/wp-content/
uploads/2012/10/Kabamba-OACP-Working-Paper-151.pdf (accessed 21
February 2014).
\11\ Background papers for the 2011 World Development Report on the
theme: ``Conflict, Security and Development'' provide empirical
evidence that economic reconstruction initiatives in conflict affected
economies (like DRC) need at least a decade to take effect. http://
web.world
bank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTDEC/EXTRESEARCH/EXTWDRS/
0,,contentMDK:23252415
pagePK:478093 piPK:477627 theSitePK:477624,00.html (accessed 21
February 2014).
\12\ Resource Governance Index http://www.revenuewatch.org/
countries/africa/drc/overview (accessed 21 February 2014)
\13\ USAID launched an alliance with mining companies and
manufacturers in October 2011 to combat conflict mining. See http://
blog.usaid.gov/2011/11/joining-together-to-combat-conflict-minerals/
(accessed 22 February 2014).
\14\ Intel's White paper on conflict mining http://www.intel.com/
content/dam/doc/policy/policy-conflict-minerals.pdf (accessed 21
February 2014).
\15\ Reports include http://christophvogel.net/2012/12/15/kampala-
sets-up-kabila-wakes-up-m23-makes-up-masisi-flares-up/and http://
mg.co.za/article/2012-11-30-00-m23-puts-pressure-on-kabila (both
accessed 21 February 2014).
The Chairman. Thank you.
Mr. Affleck.
STATEMENT OF BEN AFFLECK, DIRECTOR, ACTOR, WRITER, PRODUCER;
FOUNDER, EASTERN CONGO INITIATIVE, LOS ANGELES, CA
Mr. Affleck. Chairman Menendez, Ranking Member Corker,
distinguished members of the Senate Foreign Relations
Committee, thank you for inviting me here today. My name is Ben
Affleck. I am an actor and a director and the founder of the
Eastern Congo Initiative, a grantmaking and advocacy
organization investing in and working with the people of
eastern Congo. I am, to state the obvious, not a Congo expert.
I am an American working to do my part for a country and a
people I believe in and care deeply about.
I want to take a moment to acknowledge one of the people
who inspired me to create ECI. He just left because he had to
make his plane. But the legendary Dr. Denis Mukwege. He is a
two-time Nobel Peace Prize nominee and one of the bravest
people I have ever known. His Panzi Hospital has provided
critical care to more than 30,000 women who have been raped and
brutalized, and even in the face of persistent death threats,
he remains a tireless advocate for women's rights. So I want to
thank him even in his absence.
I would also like to acknowledge my friend and fellow ECI
board member, Cindy McCain, for being an extraordinary person
and a valuable partner and champion for the Congolese people.
Thank you, Cindy.
Fourteen months ago, I was invited to testify before the
House Armed Services Committee on this very topic. At the time
of my previous testimony, an armed militia known as M23 had
just taken over Goma, which is the capital of the North Kivu
province. They subjected women to deplorable forms of sexual
violence, including rape, and forcibly recruited children to
fight or be killed.
As a result of the prolonged conflict, this year the U.N.
reported an estimated 2.9 million Congolese had been displaced
internally and another 428,000 have sought refuge in
neighboring countries.
Today, I am thankful that I can tell a more hopeful story,
one of small but powerful victories.
In November, through the combined efforts of the Congolese
Army and a special African-led U.N. peacekeeping force known as
the Intervention Brigade, which the Senator and others
discussed earlier, M23 surrendered and signed a peace
agreement. This force is comprised of troops from Tanzania,
Malawi, and South Africa. Their success, combined with high-
level and focused diplomacy, reinforces our belief that when
the international community acts and the Congolese Government
rises to its moment, these challenges are, in fact, solvable.
If it were not for bold leadership by you, the U.S.
Congress, together with the Obama administration, Congo would
not be at this important turning point. So on behalf of our
team in Goma and all our Congolese partners, thank you for your
commitment and for your bipartisan leadership.
Without overstating what has taken place since December
2012, I can say unequivocally that the situation in eastern
Congo has improved. Last year, both the U.N. and the Obama
administration appointed high-level special envoys to the
region. In July, Secretary Kerry presided over a high-level
U.N. Security Council meeting focused on security challenges in
the Great Lakes region. And on November 7, M23 was forced to
surrender.
I am also here today with an urgent message. Our work in
DRC is not done. We cannot risk diminished U.S. leadership at a
time when lasting stability and peace are within reach.
In the last year, many of your colleagues visited Congo. In
August, Senator Lindsey Graham led a Senate delegation to
eastern Congo, joined by Senators Chambliss, Blunt, Thune,
Johanns, and Barrasso, alongside Cindy McCain. Senator Coons
also traveled to Congo and has been a champion for increased
United States engagement. In December, Congressman Adam Smith
traveled with ECI to meet with U.N. leadership and some of
ECI's remarkable Congolese grantees.
The accomplishments over the last year were hard fought.
They are fragile and they are reversible. Sadly, we have seen
this before. Over the past decade, the international community
has focused more on signing peace deals than on implementing
the mandates found within those deals. Failed cycles of
disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration, which again has
been discussed here already at some length, of combatants have
resulted in enormous suffering for the people of eastern Congo
and severely slowed existing efforts toward military reform.
I would like to share with you five specific actions that
the U.S. Congress can take to help to ensure that we remain on
a path to peace while saving U.S. tax dollars over the long
term.
First, urge Secretary Kerry to ensure Special Envoy
Feingold has the support needed to successfully achieve his
mission. And we commend President Obama and Secretary Kerry for
selecting your former colleague, someone who brings extensive
experience and credibility to the position.
Second, call on U.S. Ambassador to the U.N. Samantha Power
to support extending the Intervention Brigade past its March 31
expiration. We also recommend that this committee hold an
oversight hearing to consider a sunset to MONUSCO that compels
DRC to follow through and fully reform its security sector.
After nearly 15 years and billions of dollars in appropriated
funds, an endless MONUSCO mandate disincentivizes reform.
Third, we request that Congress call on President Obama to
directly engage with President Kabila to encourage him to make
good on his critical commitment of long overdue security sector
reforms by establishing a clearly defined roadmap.
Fourth, the United States must play a pivotal role and
robustly participate in multilateral efforts to ensure that the
Congolese Government holds free, fair, and timely local and
national elections that respect the Congolese Constitution,
including strict observance of term limits.
And finally, call upon USAID to scale up its economic
development initiatives in eastern Congo. DRC's agriculture
sector has massive potential, and ECI has trained cocoa farmers
to increase the quality and quantity of their production so it
can be sold for a fair price on the global market. USAID should
be encouraged to invest in more programs like these. Targeted
investment in promising Congolese-driven solutions can and will
drive economic growth and will create jobs.
Let me share with you a final example of the extraordinary
opportunity that exists in Congo. One of ECI's partners in our
work with Congolese cocoa farmers is Theo Chocolate, the
fastest-growing organic, fair-trade chocolate company in the
United States. Today, Theo sources more than 50 percent of its
cocoa from DRC. This year alone, more than 640 tons of cocoa
will be purchased from the smallholder farmers ECI supports,
which would be enough to make 9 million chocolate bars. This is
neither charity nor aid. It is good business for the Congolese
and is paying off for this American company.
Our partner, Theo's Joe Whinney, joins us here today. And
Joe saw the potential of this country and its people, and it is
now yielding extraordinary results for his business. Just
imagine what can be achieved for both the Congolese people and
the American businesses with increased peace, stability, and
additional investments in this sector.
There is a Congolese proverb that says no matter how many
times you strike a boulder with a knife, it will never turn to
dust.
The Congolese people have been struck time and time again
by conflict, poverty, and disease, and by an international
community who looked upon Congo and called it hopeless. I hope
you can see that it is not, and I hope you will commit again to
the focused leadership that you have shown these past 14
months.
Thank you very much. I look forward to your questions.
[The prepared statement of Mr. Affleck follows:]
Prepared Statement of Ben Affleck
Chairman Menendez, Ranking Member Corker, distinguished members of
the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, thank you for inviting me here
today. My name is Ben Affleck. I am an actor and director and the
founder of Eastern Congo Initiative, a grant-making and advocacy
organization investing in and working with the people of eastern Congo.
I am, to state the obvious, not a Congo expert. I am an American
working to do my part for a country and a people I believe in and care
deeply about.
I want to take a moment to acknowledge one of the people who
inspired me to create ECI, the legendary Dr. Denis Mukwege. He is a
two-time Nobel Peace Prize nominee, and one of the bravest people I
have ever known. His Panzi hospital has provided critical care to more
than 30,000 women who have been raped and brutalized, and even in the
face of persistent death threats, he remains a tireless advocate for
women's rights. Although he is not testifying today, he has asked me to
submit a statement for the record, on his behalf.
I would also like to acknowledge my friend and fellow ECI Board
Member, Cindy McCain, for being an invaluable partner and champion for
the Congolese people.
Fourteen months ago I was invited to testify before the House Armed
Services Committee on this very topic.
At the time of my previous testimony, an armed militia known as the
M23 had just taken over Goma, the capital of the North Kivu province.
They subjected women to deplorable forms of sexual violence including
rape, and forcibly recruited more than 120 children to fight or be
killed. As a result of prolonged conflict, this year the U.N. reported
that an estimated 2.9 million Congolese had been displaced internally
and another 428,000 have sought refuge in neighboring countries.
Today, I'm thankful that I can tell a more hopeful story--one of
small but powerful victories and cautious optimism. In November,
through the combined efforts of the Congolese army and a special
African-led U.N. peacekeeping force known as the Intervention Brigade,
M23 surrendered and signed a peace agreement. This force is comprised
of troops from Tanzania, Malawi, and South Africa. Their success
combined with high-level and focused diplomacy reinforces our belief
that when the international community acts, and the Congolese
Government rises to the moment, these challenges are in fact solvable.
If it were not for bold leadership by you, the U.S. Congress,
together with the Obama administration, Congo would not be at this
important turning point.
So, on behalf of our team in Goma and all of our Congolese
partners, thank you for your commitment and your bipartisan leadership.
Without overstating what has taken place since December 2012, I can
say, unequivocally, that the situation in eastern Congo has improved:
1. Last year, both the U.N. and the Obama administration
appointed high-profile special envoys to the region.
2. In July, Secretary Kerry presided over a high-level U.N.
Security Council meeting focused on security challenges in the
Great Lakes region.
3. And on November 7, M23 was forced to surrender.
I am also here today with an urgent message: Our work in DRC is not
finished. We cannot risk diminished U.S. leadership at a time when
lasting peace and stability are within reach.
In the last year, many of your colleagues visited Congo. In August,
Senator Lindsey Graham led a Senate delegation to eastern Congo joined
by Senators Chambliss, Blunt, Thune, Johanns, and Barrasso alongside
Cindy McCain. Senator Coons also traveled to Congo and has been a
champion for increased U.S. engagement. And in December, Congressman
Adam Smith traveled with ECI to meet with U.N. leadership and some of
ECI's remarkable Congolese grantees.
The accomplishments over the last year were hard fought, but they
are fragile and they are reversible.
Sadly, we've seen this before. Over the past decade, the
international community has focused more on signing peace deals than on
implementing the mandates found within those deals. Failed cycles of
disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration of combatants have
resulted in enormous suffering for the people of eastern Congo and
severely slowed existing efforts toward military reform.
I would like to share with you five specific actions the U.S.
Congress can take to help ensure we remain on a path to peace while
saving U.S. tax dollars over the long term:
First, urge Secretary Kerry to ensure Special Envoy Feingold
has the personnel and support needed to successfully achieve
his mission. And we commend President Obama and Secretary Kerry
for selecting your former colleague, someone who brings
extensive experience and credibility to the position.
Second, call on U.S. Ambassador to the U.N., Samantha Power,
to support
extending the Intervention Brigade past its March 31
expiration. We also recommend that this committee hold an
oversight hearing to consider a sunset to MONUSCO that compels
DRC to follow through and fully reform its security sector.
After nearly 15 years and billions of dollars in appropriated
funds, an endless MONUSCO mandate disincentivizes reform.
Third, we request that Congress call on President Obama to
directly engage with President Kabila to encourage him to make
good on his critical commitment of long-overdue security sector
reforms by establishing a clearly defined roadmap.
Fourth, the United States must play a pivotal role and
robustly participate in multilateral efforts to ensure that the
Congolese Government holds free, fair, and timely local and
national elections that respect the Congolese Constitution,
including strict observance of term limits.
And finally, call upon USAID to scale up its economic
development initiatives in eastern Congo. DRC's agriculture
sector has massive potential, and ECI has trained cocoa farmers
to increase the quality and quantity of their production so it
can be sold for a fair price on the global market. USAID should
be encouraged to invest in more programs like these. Targeted
investment in promising Congolese-driven solutions can and will
drive economic growth and create jobs.
Let me share with you a final example of the extraordinary
opportunity that exists in Congo. One of ECI's partners in our work
with Congolese cocoa farmers is Theo Chocolate, the fastest growing
organic, fair-trade chocolate company in the United States. Today, Theo
sources more than 50 percent of its cocoa from DRC. This year alone,
more than 640 tons of cocoa will be purchased from the smallholder
farmers ECI supports--enough to make 9 million chocolate bars. This is
neither charity nor aid, it's good business for the Congolese and its
paying off for this American company. Our partner, Theo's CEO, Joe
Whinney, joins us here today. Joe saw the potential of this country and
its people, and it's now yielding extraordinary results for his
business. Just imagine what can be achieved for both the Congolese
people and American businesses with increased peace, stability, and
additional investments in this sector.
There's a Congolese proverb that says no matter how many times you
strike a boulder with a knife, it will never turn to dust.
The Congolese people have been struck time and again by conflict,
poverty, and disease, and by an international community who looked upon
Congo and called it hopeless. I hope you can see that it is not, and I
hope you will commit again to the focused leadership that you've shown
these past 14 months.
Thank you and I look forward to your questions.
The Chairman. Thank you all for your testimony.
Let me start with you, Ambassador Meece. You and other
witnesses have stressed the need for the security sector reform
in your testimonies. What steps has the Congolese Government
made regarding that reform, and what assistance, technical or
otherwise, should the United States provide in helping the
Congolese Government to meet its responsibilities in this
regard?
Ambassador Meece. Mr. Chairman, I think that is, indeed, a
key area of reform. I would note that I disaggregate that
normally into three different areas, each of which is
substantial in terms of the security sector, starting with the
police where, in fact, there has been notable action already,
and the scope of the programs in terms of training, in terms of
professionalization, various other things has shown results but
is limited largely by resource constraints. As the Special
Representative of the Secretary General, I was engaged often in
trying to obtain greater donor support in the area with limited
results. The Japanese Government has been the largest single
contributor and reliable source in that. But that is one set of
things for the police. Clearly, the police are vital to long-
term security.
The judicial sector, justice systems, clearly vital not
only in terms of overall security, but things like putting it
into impunity, sexual violence, a rule of law generally that is
essential for long-term success of the Congo and stability and
security, economic development as well. But the institutions
are very weak, and it needs a great deal more work.
The United States has been active in various ways, but it
is an area that I think could use more attention on a bilateral
basis, through multilaterals, whatever seems to be the most
appropriate or effective in partnership with other donors.
And finally, we get to the military, which is in many ways
the most problematic and has lagged the most in terms of any
significant progress going forward. The military reform
programs have been a problem. It is something that we worked
hard to try to advance with very limited results--I think
probably because of fear of the Congolese Government of having
too much external involvement or potential control over what is
obviously a key strategic sector--but it is, nonetheless, vital
both in terms of improving overall performance as well as rules
of conduct and putting an end to improper behavior. This
includes a number of things, including the command structure,
including training, including construction of barracks. They do
not exist. As referenced earlier, families have to move at this
point with army units who are traveling. It includes military
justice, continued development of military justice and other
factors.
There has been some progress, agreement, and a strong
commitment to put an end to any involvement with children,
minors being involved in the military. There have been some
other structural things but much more to be done.
And finally, as has already been referenced, demobilization
and integration programs which are essential.
I would just build on Senator Feingold's earlier statement
in saying that in my own view one of the missing components of
the failure of past DDR programs has been a sufficient emphasis
on community involvement for a reintegrated or demobilized
combatant, as opposed to exclusively on the combatant. And this
community approach to reintegration, I believe, is an essential
element that offers promise for greater success than has been
achieved in the past as well. All of those are essential.
The Chairman. Let me ask you--in your testimony, you talk
about economic reforms as well as some institutional reforms.
And Mr. Affleck suggested that President Obama directly engage
with President Kabila on these issues. How do you assess his
ability and willingness to make those tough reforms?
Ambassador Meece. As was mentioned earlier, there has been
substantial progress in terms of macroeconomic governance. If
you look at the macroeconomic indices, inflation, GDP growth,
other factors, it has been pretty good in recent years, and
Prime Minister Matata is, I think, key to helping continue
those efforts.
What I think is still a significant problem is in two major
areas.
One is a lack of transparency particularly in the
extractive industries in terms of contracts, concessions,
overall commercial dealings that needs much broader openness in
terms of what is going on.
Second is a simplification of the maze of complex and
uncoordinated regulations, rules, taxes imposed by a weak
government infrastructure. That too requires considerable
effort. There are many vested interests that would resist in
both areas. It will probably involve serious civil service
reform, which is also difficult and politically unpopular. But
these are all things to get to a business and investment
climate that, one, provides benefit for the people of Congo,
provides the revenues to the government that it should have out
of commercial operations and promote investment in the kinds of
economic activity that is needed and opportunity for the
average Congolese.
The Chairman. Mr. Affleck, one final question before I turn
to Senator Boxer--I understand Senator Barrasso has yielded to
her.
Your organization, the Eastern Congo Initiative, supports
local solutions for development challenges. You talked about
the one experience. It seems very successful.
Sometimes in the midst of such conflict, one wonders
whether local solutions can actually be driven. You seem to
feel, evidently through the work of your foundation, that, in
fact, they can. Can you give the committee a sense of what you
have found in terms of the Congolese people's willingness to
engage in a way that creates that locally driven solution?
Mr. Affleck. Sure. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
You know, when I first looked for something to do around
this issue, I did a lot of traveling and a lot of meeting of
folks. And one of the things that struck me in the most
profound way was that in the midst of--and this was in the heat
of war and violence and a lot of misery and death--the need,
the ability, the capacity that the Congolese had to repair
their own country, the drive they had to make things work for
themselves. And I anticipated finding people who were just
blown apart and were sort of--I suppose I subscribed to that
stereotype of Africans who are sort of lying around waiting for
someone to show up and help them when, in fact, these are folks
who were really trying their very best to help themselves.
And what I saw, when I looked at the range of organizations
working there from the largest foreign NGOs from North America
and Europe and on down the scale, was that the Congolese-based
community organizations were the ones who best understood the
culture, the values, the mores of the place. And as a
consequence, they really had a better ability to work in these
cities and in the countryside for various reasons, but it made
logical sense to me once I saw those figures. You know, the
guys that I grew up with would know how best to work in the
part of Boston I grew up with as opposed to somebody sort of
parachuting in from, say, New Jersey. [Laughter.]
The Chairman. When we parachute in, we make a real
difference. [Laughter.]
Mr. Affleck. So I was impressed by that, and I thought this
is what I want to do and enable these organizations, support
them, help build their capacity, and so on. And people said you
will not find enough of them, and that just has not been true.
We found so many astounding folks and great organizations. We
can furnish the committee a list of those. It is almost long to
go into from bringing child soldiers out of the bush, to
maternal health, to radio and politics and justice. We have a
legal clinic at Dr. Mukwege's hospital. And in all of those
various ways, all the various areas, it is Congolese folks who
are making the real difference, and it is those people who
continue to inspire me to do this work.
The Chairman. That is great. Thank you.
Senator Barrasso yielded to Senator Boxer, and we
appreciate that.
Senator Boxer. I thank that spirit of cooperation. I have
to go to a meeting of the WRDA conference, and you know how we
are trying to get that done.
Can I just say thank you to everybody here for all you are
doing, including the private citizens.
Mr. Affleck, through your organization you have strongly
advocated for strengthening and supporting civil society
organizations in the DRC. And as you pointed out, ``the people
of eastern Congo remain committed to helping their neighbors
and rebuilding their communities.''
So as I look at the amount of money we have been spending
there, it is a lot of money. It is a lot of dollars, and it is
probably going to be cut in half this year, just given all the
problems. So we have to be very wise about how we spend those
dollars.
So I would ask you are we doing enough to assist Congolese
civil society organizations? Because I have found in so many
parts of the world that we often overlook those organizations
and we just go to the big players, but we do not go to the
people on the ground. So is there room for improvement there
that you could work with Senator Feingold on?
Mr. Affleck. First of all, the amount of money that--people
have been talking about a billion dollars. It is slightly
misleading. At least half of that, $500 million, goes to
MONUSCO, which is neither really humanitarian nor developmental
aid. It is a peacekeeping bureaucracy and organization and so
on, which we call for a sunset on. So in fact we are calling
for reduced aid, technically speaking, to the region.
We believe that a little bit goes a very long way. And this
is a discussion that I was having with Senator Graham and
others earlier that targeted investment and the way that we
have done our chocolate bar, you know, places where you are
spending a little bit of money to help people grow a lot and
where they can then function in the marketplace on their own is
really smart.
And one other ask we have is that USAID who does a lot of
humanitarian aid particularly in the West and some in the East
refocus on development because we believe that economic
development is the key for sustainable growth in DRC.
If you take away military aid and you take away what was
MONUC and is now MONUSCO, it is actually not a gigantic amount
of money at all going to a country of 70 million people where 5
million died in the last 15 years. We are talking about $250
million. I mean, I am not the expert. Do not quote me on those
numbers. There are people much more expert than I. But very
broadly speaking, I am not wrong. And when you think of it that
way, I think we are not properly serving the people of Congo.
Senator Boxer. Well, I appreciate it. And you did hit the
nail on the head in terms of what the administration requested,
which was half, I think, of the $400 million provided last
year. But the point is we can do better. I believe that, not
just here, but in so many other places. So I look forward to
working with your organization, with Senator Feingold, with all
my colleagues here.
And let me again say to everyone thank you for your concern
and interest, it is so critical. I think when people have no
sense of a future, they act out in many ways, and one of the
ways in the DRC is definitely going after the women and it is
just a horror story. And getting back to Senator Johnson's
question to Senator Feingold about the root causes. What are
the root causes of people treating women this way? We could
spend a long time on it. But the fact is it has to stop.
So let us work better, Mr. Chairman and all my colleagues,
with some of these organizations on the ground where, as you
point out, they can do a lot with a little. And I think we can
keep the progress going. I really do believe it. And it is
really because of all of you.
And thank you very much, Mr. Chairman. Thanks to Senator
Barrasso.
The Chairman. Senator Flake? Senator McCain?
Senator McCain. I always like to defer to my colleague who
is 50 years junior. [Laughter.]
I thank all three of the witnesses here today, and I thank
them for their expertise. And I especially again want to thank
my friend, my dear, dear friend, Russ Feingold, for his
continued efforts to serve not only this country but a lot of
people in this world who I am sure will benefit from his
dedicated work.
Let me just ask all three witnesses, maybe beginning with
you, Ambassador. Compare the situation in the Republic of Congo
and the Great Lakes region 10 years ago with now, and what it
will look like, if nothing changes, 10 years from now, and how
we can change it from 10 years from now. Maybe I could begin
with you, Ambassador.
Ambassador Meece. Senator, thank you for the question.
I was in the Congo 10 years ago and have direct memory of
it. Without thinking of the specifics of 10, as opposed to 11
or 12 years, I would note that at one point we had, during the
height of war, eight different national armies operating in
Congolese territory, all with varying interests, a horribly
complex and difficult domestic situation. Frankly, it was a
mess. And it was difficult to identify a way out of it.
To compare that to where we are today, without minimizing
in any way, shape, or form the magnitude of the problems or the
suffering of the people in the Congo, there has been an
enormous progression, putting an end to the formal war, getting
the foreign armies formally out of the Congo, setting up the
transition which led to the successful 2006 elections and the
conduct of those elections.
This has not been a straight line. Things have moved back.
There has been backsliding. There have been problems, and
clearly as the hearing has indicated, there are enormous
problems that remain.
But as I stated earlier, I believe that the conditions that
we have now are the best that have existed for a very long
time, if ever, to get beyond what has been the cycle of
continued violence in eastern Congo that we have seen for the
past many years and start to put in place those things needed
for a durable security, durable order and stability not only
for eastern Congo but for the region, and obviously within
that, provide for the betterment of the people which is the
real focus of this activity, whether that is regarding sexual
violence, killings, conflict, and the whole range of things.
So, yes, there has been, in my view, solid progress. I
think there are grounds for more progress, and it is important
to do that to put an end to the violence.
Senator McCain. Thank you.
Dr. Gilpin.
Dr. Gilpin. Thank you very much, Senator.
I would echo the Ambassador's point that 10 years ago the
DRC was in a very dire place. We had, from an economic
perspective, a mass hemorrhaging of the DRC's resources. We had
a very complex political economy, one in which both
institutions and incentive structures were geared toward
numerous fiefdoms that preyed on communities, that destroyed
livelihoods, and practically obliterated the future for
millions in the DRC. We were also in a place in which human
security was particularly tenuous. Most Congolese in the
communities had very little hope for a bright and prosperous
future.
Where we are today is at a very critical juncture, one in
which the reduction in the amount of conflict minerals being
traded has done three important things. First, it has shone the
spotlight on that political economy, and so the people who were
benefiting and reinforcing the negativity--not just in the
communities but also in the economy--are less likely to do so
because of the constraints placed upon them by the act and the
enforcement regime that has now become international, having
been led by the United States.
The second thing that it has done is to bring the business
sector fair and square into the stability business. We now have
companies like Intel saying they have a conflict-free supply
chain. We have Apple announcing that its tungsten is conflict-
free. But they are not stopping there. They are also including
livelihood programs in their portfolios. Senator, that is
important because one of the things that we saw in the initial
months of the act was a lot of concern that livelihoods might
be lost, investments in the social indicators would diminish,
and the artisanal miners and the millions more who provide
services to the mining industry will be out of jobs. That is no
longer the case because companies are now partnering, and that
is very important.
The third thing that it has done, it has led to a lot more
leveraging. Because the Congo is vast, a lot of people, and the
need is great, no one partner can do it all. But we are seeing
a lot more leveraging. USAID might build the roads and an NGO
help create income-generating opportunities. This is not only
expanding employment and income opportunities, it is also
giving millions hope for a brighter future.
Senator, what should we do so 10 years from now we would
not be here talking about intervention brigades and foreign
assistance and humanitarian assistance? I think there are three
things.
First, we need to focus on ensuring that opportunity
counts, not violence. To ensure that we are able to do that, we
have to make sure that the legislative framework is in place.
The most important constraint we found when we interviewed over
1,000 small businesses in the DRC, was not the war or corrupt
officials. It was the regulatory system. There are hundreds of
regulations and taxes that are imposed upon businesses in the
DRC. This needs to change.
The second thing that has to happen is that we have to be
able to connect the local economy more directly into the supply
and value chain of economic activities like forestry and
mining, because there are a lot of enterprising Congolese who
could step up to the plate and provide the services and
products that support industry in the DRC. The need for
humanitarian assistance and foreign aid will be greatly
diminished if we could address that critical aspect.
And the third thing that needs to be done now, as has been
echoed by all the panelists, is the governance equation. The
upcoming elections are critical not just at the national level,
but at the local level as well. We need to ensure that the
elections reflect the will of the Congolese people and provide
both the freedom and opportunity that they so richly deserve.
Senator McCain. Thank you.
Mr. Affleck. Well, the doctor and the Ambassador have
answered the question quite expertly and quite well.
I can only add my personal experience. The first time I
went to the Congo was in 2006 or 2007 or something like that.
But I can tell you then from just a first-person perspective
there was more fighting. There was more dying. There was more
chaos. There were fewer people that even believed it was
possible to get involved in DRC. I mean, even the NGO's did not
really want to show up. I remember saying what about Gates.
They said Gates will not come here. I said Gates will not come
here? He has all the money. It was like there was no----
Senator McCain. You got some of it. [Laughter.]
Mr. Affleck. Thank you, Senator. I am glad you asked me
that question, Senator.
Anyway, the people were understandably quite cautious about
getting involved, and that has changed incrementally. People
are now getting more and more involved.
I think the story of the elections I believe mirrors the
point that we are at now. In 2006, they were coming out of the
war. It was a rather desperate situation. Everyone in the
international community understood how important the elections
were. And the American Government worked hand in glove with the
international community to embed themselves largely in the
elections in 2006, and while there were problems, they were
largely viewed as legitimate, and we had a legitimately elected
Congolese President. And then there was the attitude that,
okay, that is done. We know how to do that. The Congolese know
how to do it.
And there was a little laissez-faire with the more recent
elections, and what happened was they were not legitimate. And
as the doctor said, they still have not had provincial or
municipal elections following the largely illegitimate national
Presidential election. And that lesson, I believe, applies to
the moment that we are at now, which is people view the fire as
having gone down a little bit. As these men have said, it was
much worse then and it has gotten better now. And that is that
critical juncture where we can sort of say, oh, it will be
okay. You know, like those second elections, it will be fine.
We are going to sort of walk away from this. It is starting to
go on its own. And I think that would be a big mistake.
Rather, the opposite is true. This is the critical moment
when things are starting to congeal and you are starting to see
more functionality. You are starting to see investment from the
outside. You are starting to see the intervention brigade and
some of these tactics finally getting traction after years and
years of failed efforts in that regard. This is the time to
focus on DRC so that the fire does not reignite.
ECI. We did a report on security reform, which we will
submit for the record and make it available to the committee.
We do believe that that is at the center of what needs to
happen, a sort of coupling of security sector reform with
electoral reform, which in concert will create an environment
of opportunity for the Congolese people who I can assure you
are more than ready to take advantage of it.
Senator McCain. Well, I thank you, Mr. Chairman.
Could I just say from time to time we have people who have
some celebrity status that come and testify here? You are
eminently qualified to give us the benefit of your experience
and knowledge. And I think that your credibility is really
remarkable because of the depth of your commitment. I thank
you.
Mr. Affleck. Thank you, Senator.
The Chairman. Senator Barrasso.
Senator Barrasso. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
Dr. Gilpin, you mentioned a couple of things. One is that
opportunity counts, not violence. The importance of governance.
And when I was in Goma, what struck me was just the
incredible mineral wealth as a source of both--on the balance,
of financing the conflict versus the source for a possible tool
for development. I am wondering if there is a way to get that
done so that everyone can see the huge advantages of using this
mineral wealth for the development and the advancement as
opposed to a fight for power.
Dr. Gilpin. Thank you very much, Senator.
The mineral wealth of the DRC is only part of the equation.
The DRC also has vast agricultural wealth and forest reserve.
The challenge is that we have focused, almost exclusively, on
the negative side of the trade in the DRC's minerals. We also
need to talk a lot about financial sector reform because there
are significant financial leakages in the DRC.
The tax effort is improving. A host of macroeconomic
indicators are improving. But the tax effort, i.e., the amount
of taxation that the government takes in relative to the amount
that it could take in, is still very low. That has two key
drivers: one, very weak institutions which become weaker the
further you go away from the capital. And we know how far away
the mines are from Kinshasa. But the second is the issue of
corruption.
And as we focus on the conflict minerals issues, we should
also focus a lot on the transparency issue. We have a lot of
new investors that are demonstrating interest in the DRC's
wealth, and I think one of the things that we can do is hold
their feet to the fire as regards their participation in the
Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative which requires
the industry to be transparent and lets us know exactly what
the contracts stipulate and what accrues to the government.
Then it becomes much easier to hold the government to task. But
now there is so much opaqueness in the whole contracting
environment.
And one other thing. Senator McCain asked about over-the-
horizon issues, 10 years hence, 10 years from now in the DRC.
Another economic part of the equation will be the new
discoveries of oil and natural gas, which is becoming a big
issue. And so if we do not have an Extractive Industries
Transparency Initiative working, if we do not have civil
society participating in initiatives like Publish What You Pay,
then we are going to witness hemorrhaging of significant
resources, as we have seen in the past. But we are at a
critical juncture where things like the conflict minerals
certification process is introducing the concept of
accountability in this particular sector, and we hope that it
extends beyond mining to include agriculture, forestry, and
even tourism.
Senator Barrasso. Thank you.
Mr. Affleck, following up on our earlier discussion today,
Gates may have not been willing to go in but Cindy McCain was.
[Laughter.]
Mr. Affleck. Cindy McCain was there in 1994. She was in
Goma when the cholera epidemic was happening and the genocide.
Cindy McCain is so much braver than I am. It is humbling at the
very least.
Senator Barrasso. Then I am just kind of thinking about
following up on the visit to Goma, which is a long distance, as
Dr. Gilpin said, from the capital, over 1,000 miles. That is
where resources are, where the trauma is, the hospital, the
atrocities that we are seeing there and the abuses and the
effort, the commitment. It did seem that the most compelling
part of our visit was visiting with the victims of all this
that Cindy is so involved with. It did seem that there was,
though, a ray of hope in talking with them for the future that
may not have been there in the past. I do not know if you want
to talk about that a little.
Mr. Affleck. Sure. Really for me, there are two sides to
that. One is having that experience that you did and Ms. McCain
had being involved well before we were, which is that you talk
to a woman, you talk to a middle-aged woman who suffered
horrendous abuse or attack, maybe lost children. You talk to a
9-year-old girl and hear what she has had to go through. It
hits home particularly if you have a daughter or you have a
wife or you have a mom or a woman in your life that you care
about, and all of a sudden, you go this person's life is worth
no less than any of the women in my family or the children in
my family. And if this were my child who suffered this
excruciating experience, even just being separated from their
parents, so many orphans that you see, it would completely
destroy my whole world. And once I started to really empathize
with folks because I had met them and heard their stories
firsthand, it kind awoke me to what I felt was a moral
obligation.
And I think by extension, it really reflects the values of
this country, that we care about others and that we care about
the freedom of others and we care about the well-being of other
folks. This is not diplomacy and freedom at the end of a gun.
It is diplomacy and freedom at the end of a diplomat who is
engaging with folks in Congo to try to use our considerable
leverage as the United States of America to push them toward
practices that are more democratic where they can reinforce the
security sector and so on.
But to get back your original point, connecting with people
one on one and hearing these stories from women and children is
at once devastating, but also hopeful, hopeful because there is
less of this happening now than there was, hopeful because you
see people's will and drive to survive and that people are not
waiting for others to do it for them. They are pulling
themselves up and doing as best they can. They cannot perform
surgery on themselves, for example, which is why the doctor has
been a miracle worker there. But people have the desire to
live, to do better, to survive. Not just the empathy for what
they have gone through, but their desire to reclaim themselves
and their personal human dignity is what drove me to want to
commit to working there more and more.
And I see that others have gotten involved. When we talk
about comparing 10 years ago--now for me it is 8 or whatever--
there were not nearly as many people who understood and
identified with what was happening with women there in the
United States and elsewhere. Their stories have gotten out, and
they have started to galvanize folks, and those folks have
started to act, and those actions are being felt. I think
sometimes we have a tendency to want to look at things in a
binary way: broken or fixed. This situation defies that kind of
categorization. Rather, it is success in increments, and that
is happening and it is enormously encouraging.
Senator Barrasso. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
The Chairman. Senator Risch.
Senator Risch. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
Ambassador Meece, I have gone over your printed testimony,
which is substantially lengthier than what you gave here. And I
got to tell you I cannot tell you how impressed I am with your
considered analysis based upon the time you spent in-country
and your connection with the history. I have a specific
question for you and I will get back to that in a minute.
Dr. Gilpin, likewise I have been through your testimony,
and the thing I am so impressed with on that, is your focused
specific recommendations for how we need to move forward. I am
going to keep this close by because I think you have got some
things in there that really need and deserve study and
attention.
Mr. Affleck, I want to take up what John said a few minutes
ago, and that is I have been here when you have been to this
committee before, and you cannot ignore your celebrity status.
And we see a lot of celebrities both in this committee and
others. And you are certainly to be commended. So often we get
from celebrities that it is as much about them as it is about
the issue, and you have not shown one iota of that here.
Senator McCain. I can assure you it is also partially about
him. [Laughter.]
Mr. Affleck. That is funny. I have always considered
Senator McCain the real celebrity. [Laughter.]
That is one thing he and I have in common.
The Chairman. So do we on the committee. [Laughter.]
Senator Risch. John, I am working here. [Laughter.]
In any event, you are to be commended for that, and
certainly Cindy is the same on that. You guys are really to be
commended. This is very personal with you and we can see that
you are focused on what is going on here.
The most profound thing that you said, I think, that
impressed me was your laser focus really on this is not fixed,
it is not broken, it is fragile. And I think that that is
something we need to all focus on here that moving forward, we
do not slip back. We are always so glad to hear things are
improving because there is a lot of testimony that comes from
that table around the world where things are not moving
forward. Indeed, they are going the wrong direction. So I think
in that regard, that is deeply profound as far as how fragile
this is.
And, Mr. Meece, that is where I want come back to you.
Because of the history you have, because of the time in-country
and because of your relationship with the Congo, what can you
advise us? What would you say about how specifically we address
the fragility of it and focus on it, as Mr. Affleck has
suggested that we do, that we do not backslide here, that we go
forward and that this thing does not come apart for us?
Ambassador Meece. I wish I had a clear and simple answer to
that question because I think it is one of the key questions in
terms of how to keep a fragile--and certainly I strongly concur
everything is reversible--to move forward, as is so badly
needed
by the people in the region and indeed for a significant part
of the continent.
Senator Risch. But surely you have some thoughts, I would
hope.
Ambassador Meece. Yes. And I have tried to suggest those in
the written testimony that I submitted as well in terms of the
key areas.
I think all of it requires a recognition that many of these
issues are not short-term, quick fixes. Putting in place state
authority, institutions that function, reform of the military
and other kinds of reforms, democratic governance, these are
things that will take a considerable amount of time and I think
need to be approached with the thought that we are not simply
achieving success, declaring victory, and withdrawing in 6
months or whatever the time frame may be, but that this will
require a continued engagement over a period of time and
building on whatever has already been done.
I think we need to approach our policy in the region
relative to all of the countries with a frank and honest
appraisal and not be shy from offering criticism, again whether
that is public or private, depending on the circumstances, and
pressure as needed, as well as support and endorsement for
positive actions. We need to focus priorities within the
resources that are available on what can be done.
And I get back to the point I was seeking to make about
coordination with other partners. The country is simply too
large. The scope of things is too big. You add a multiplication
factor to virtually any problem there. We need to be working
with the European Union, with other donors, with South Africa,
with SADC, with the people in the region in terms of who can do
what. What can you bring to the table and making sure
everything is utilized as effectively as possible. And somewhat
surprisingly perhaps, I think there is a broad area of
agreement among the major partners and donors, at least in
terms of key areas, although the specifics of it may vary.
And finally and certainly represented by Mr. Affleck, the
role of the NGOs and various organizations which have been
engaged in the area for so long and indigenous NGOs as well,
civil society in Congo. We need to make sure that that is
engaged. I spoke of localized conflict resolution, something
that I do not think we or much of anybody else has given
sufficient attention to, but that involves engaging traditional
leaders, whether those be religious leaders, traditional
leaders, others of influence in the communities, NGOs, civil
society working as well with the NGOs to try to bring this
together in a comprehensive way that keeps it moving forward
and with the recognition that there are things that will take a
considerable length of time to put in place.
Senator Risch. Thank you, Ambassador, and thank all of you
for your efforts.
Ambassador Meece. Thank you, Senator.
The Chairman. Senator Coons.
Senator Coons. Thank you, Chairman Menendez.
And I would like to thank our second panel today for your
testimony and for your service and leadership in this region.
Ambassador Meece, if I might just first to you. Due to the
cap on peacekeeping contributions that is a part of U.S.
appropriations, we have not paid our full assessed rate into
peacekeeping operations for several years now. What do you
think is the impact of our failing to fully fund missions for
which we voted in the Security Council, and what is its
specific impact for MONUSCO?
Ambassador Meece. Senator, I cannot speak to the specifics
of what may be underway or being looked at within the U.N.
peacekeeping operations or the mission right now in terms of
dealing with the budget resources that they have. But I can
tell you that the budget of MONUSCO, while substantial--much of
it is tied in to the nature of the mission, the size of the
country, and what is needed. For example, a very large
percentage of that budget ends up going toward the air
operations of helicopters and civilian aircraft that are
essential. There is no other way to get around, and indeed
there are a lot of areas that can only be accessed by
helicopter. But that consumes a lot of money.
If you have to scale back on that, as we have seen at
different times, there are clearly negative effects. For
example, MONUSCO, the peacekeeping operation, maintains at any
given time or has in the past on the order of about 90 forward
bases as a part of a strategy to extend its reach, provide
maximum protections for civilians in those zones, deal with
conflicts and so forth. If you have budget constraints, whether
that is in air support, reduction in troops, or ability to
support those bases, you are going to have to close bases. And
we have seen example after example of where that has produced
immediate and rather dramatic negative effects in those regions
where those bases have been closed.
If you have to scale back on other programs beyond the core
security mission of working in terms of sexual-based violence,
whether that is aid to victims, prevention, education programs,
impunity, justice, the range of things, that will have a
serious impact. And I would make a similar statement about the
involvement with children as well, which continues to be a
serious problem with the armed groups.
If you are having to scale back what you are looking at in
terms of conflict prevention and conflict resolution, this too
will have an immediate impact and, indeed, carry potential
long-term consequences as well in terms of the positive agenda
of which we have been speaking.
So these are serious problems. Clearly, the budget is large
for a peacekeeping operation and it is incumbent upon all
involved to be making maximum effective use and efficiencies,
but at the same time significant cutbacks, particularly
relatively abrupt ones, will have a significant and immediate
dramatic effect as they work through the system.
Senator Coons. Well, thank you. I intend to work in the
Appropriations Committee to support peacekeeping but also to
provide support for Special Envoy Feingold, as well as for
elections.
And, Mr. Affleck, I appreciate the very detailed list of
actions that you suggested for the committee and things that we
might be doing as the United States as one of the key regional
players, in particular, that we continue to support Senator
Feingold in his role as the special envoy.
You also mentioned--I thought this was intriguing--that the
open-ended mandate for MONUSCO in some ways is undermining a
core goal which we have for the DRC which is for them to have
stronger security system reform, for them to have their own
independent capacity, and that the longer MONUSCO goes on
without any clear end, the longer it allows the Kabila
government to fail to really stand up an effective military of
their own that is accountable and that protects civilians and
human rights. While I have been very encouraged by what we have
heard today about the intervention brigade and what a
difference it has made and what missions it might take on, I am
also intrigued by your suggestion.
So how do you think we can most constructively support
security sector reform, protection of civilians, while also not
giving an open-ended blank check for MONUSCO going forward?
Mr. Affleck. Well, first I want to say I admire so much the
work that the Ambassador has done and is known to have been so
excellent in his tenure. So it has been really a great
education for me to listen to him testify on this and other
matters.
From my perspective, it has really been sort of on the
ground talking to folks, getting a sense of what people's, in
the country, perception of MONUSCO was and knowing that the
U.S. taxpayer is paying in the neighborhood of $400 million a
year for this continuing mandate, and that there are budgetary
pressures, and you know, we want to spend our money the right
way. And I see a lot of developmental avenues and ways that I
believe we could spend our money, and I think we need to have a
hard look at that.
It allows Kabila right now to sort of have his cake and eat
it too. He could say I do not MONUSCO. I did not want MONUC. I
do not want this. Other armies in our country is never a
solution. But also it sort of keeps him afloat in many ways.
You know, you are at the mercy of the host country. There you
are but you have got to work--which is why they sort of are
embedded with the FARDC or are put in a morally tenuous
position because now the FARDC commits abuses. What are you
supposed to do? The population grew to resent ways in which
MONUSCO--you know, when you say we are going to protect you
from civilians, you may be doing it 9 out of 10 times, but the
time it does not happen, people become quite resentful, in
particular, if they are not your countrymen.
I am not an expert on the U.N. and on MONUSCO, but I do
know that without a clear set of goals, it feels like just a
free-floating and very expensive proposition. It would be
foolhardy, obviously, to just sort of wrench them out because
they perform so many really vital services, as the Ambassador
said, but I think it would also be smart to ask what are our
long-term goals. How are we going to be able to accomplish
them? What are our metrics? What does success mean? We need to
be able to define those things to know where we are and at what
point we want to withdraw ourselves in that particular way.
Nobody believes that the goal of missions like MONUSCO is to
stay in the country forever. That is not the idea. The idea is
to go in, make change, protect people, and withdraw at the
correct time. So we ought to figure out what that time is in
concert with the thoughts of all the many experts who are
involved in that.
Senator Coons. Well, thank you, Mr. Affleck, and thank you
to this panel and in particular to Senator Feingold for your
service and leadership.
I want to thank Chairman Menendez for holding this hearing
today and in particular the Eastern Congo Initiative for your
brave work on the ground and for what you do to help sustain
focus and visibility on this important, fragile, and reversible
opportunity here we have to secure real lasting peace for the
people of DRC after so many years of suffering and conflict.
Thank you for your work, and thank you to all of our witnesses
today.
The Chairman. Senator Flake.
Senator Flake. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Thanks for holding
the hearing.
Senator Coons and I are on the Africa Subcommittee. This is
a great example of a bipartisan issue that we get behind. And I
think the successes that we have seen owe some to that, that
this is something that we all agree on. And I just want to pay
tribute to the work that you all have done and those sitting
behind you as well over this long haul.
Just one question. I am sorry I was not here to hear the
testimony in person. But, Mr. Affleck, you mentioned the
Congolese cocoa farmers, and that is a great example of what
can happen if there is stability and just a little help. Is
that something that can be replicated in other areas?
Mr. Affleck. I believe it can. We are trying to replicate
it with coffee now. People know that they grow coffee in
Rwanda, which is just across the border where you have the same
climate and the same environment that is conducive to growing
coffee there. But for various reasons, they have not had the
security structure or the infrastructure or the access to the
technology that is required to grow good coffee. And so we are
working to cultivate that, and once again, we are going to try
to bring that to market.
It is just another case of kind of looking at this country
and finding that there are so many opportunities particularly
in investment. People would rather be invested in than accept
aid. They would rather have a job than sleep in a camp. They
would rather live in a way that they are proud of. They are
proud of themselves, they are proud of their country, and they
want an opportunity to show it, just like we are in our
country. And to me, that has been the most satisfying thing is
to enable that, to find people who are gifted at something,
help them see the ways they can exploit that gift and
capitalize on it and see a community grow and an economy grow
as a result.
So I guess the answer is, yes, we see that there are other
ways to do it. Yes, we are trying to do it, and yes, we believe
that others should get themselves involved as well.
Senator Flake. Well, thank you. I know that all of you have
sat here for a while, and I just want to thank you again for
what you do and, Mr. Affleck, for your sustained involvement
here.
Mr. Affleck. Thank you, Senator.
Senator Flake. You can tell that it is something that you
care deeply about. So thank you all.
The Chairman. Senator Markey.
Senator Markey. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, very much. Thank
you for having this hearing.
Thank you, Senator Feingold, for all of your excellent
work.
And we welcome a hometown hero.
Mr. Affleck. I am the Patriots fan. [Laughter.]
Senator Markey. And we are getting some wicked smart
answers today, too, from that panel. [Laughter.]
We admire your acting, but we admire your activism even
more, Ben. So we thank you for everything that you are doing.
You mentioned the success of public-private partnerships in
the Congo. Can you give us an example or two that are concrete
that you look to as good examples of how such partnerships can
work?
Mr. Affleck. I am going to brag on ourselves a little bit
more because the CEO is right behind me, Joe Whinney who has
got Theo Chocolate, and if I did not highlight it enough
before--I am sorry most of the photographers left because it is
for sale. It is at Whole Foods. [Laughter.]
Mr. Affleck. This is a result of a public-private
partnership that has worked really well where we have gone in
and built the capacity of thousands of farmers in Congo who
were not able to get their cocoa quite up to snuff because of a
lack of resources and a lack of training, although they did not
lack industriousness and grit. In doing that, we hooked them up
with this incredible partner, and sort of through the magic of
capitalism, they are selling their goods. Theo is buying it on
the market. At first, they bought 40 tons. Now they are going
to buy 640 tons of Congolese chocolate this year. And this is
precisely the kind of thing that we think that is happening
elsewhere, and this is the most specific one that I can speak
to.
You know, I was speaking with Senator Graham earlier today
talking about how specific smart investments, small-scale,
actually in some ways better investments than big, massive ones
because they can be monitored, they can be followed through on,
and they can be given to folk dedicated, enthusiastic
individuals or small businesses.
It is not easy. They are not as set up to take investment
as somebody in Boston is, but it is possible and it is doable.
And it is a model that I really believe in, which is not the
traditional aid model but investment. I think it is the kind of
thing that could really enjoy and has enjoyed bipartisan
support here and I know that it could be successful.
Senator Markey. Can you say a bit more about the root
causes of the conflict, and can you talk about how empowering
civil society in Congo can help to empower ordinary citizens?
Mr. Affleck. Yes. Again, these gentlemen could speak much
more eloquently and well to the sociopolitical causes of where
Congo is now. I can tell you just broadly it starts with
somebody--you know, it was only country that was owned by an
individual. It was owned by King Leopold and then he was forced
to divest the country, interestingly enough, through a campaign
of activism that was spearheaded by Mark Twain. So there is a
history of Americans being active around this country. And he
divested. It became the Congo Free State, and then the United
States helped turn the country over to Mobutu after
independence where you have this kleptocrat who kind of
basically purloined the whole country in the course of his
reign. And so you had sort of a very, very rough history, and
then the Rwandan genocide kind of spilled over the border. And
particularly in the east, I believe it sort of ruptured the
fabric. You know, you had this mentality of genocide that came
in with millions of people and with the EXFAR and with the
Interahamwe who mass raped and murdered. This was not a part of
Zairian culture or history. This happened after the Rwandan
genocide and after so many wars were fought there.
So you have a fabric of society that has come undone that
has dissolved. And part of it is injury and part of it is just
presence of military of it is an absence of a presence of
military. And part of it is a presence of FARDC military who in
turn--you know, Mobutu's attitude was sort of I am not going to
pay you, so you are going to go out and feed on the population.
And that mentality, I think, was still present.
And what has happened since then is slow and incremental
movements toward peace, spearheaded by the folks like the ones
I am honored to sit at the table with today. And at the root of
that, the only real change that has happened is when, as you
say, people in civil society themselves have sort of taken
responsibility for their four-by-four block area and committed
to improving that. Now, they need the political space and they
need the security space to do that, but when the brick and
mortar work is getting done and rebuilding society, as you
point out, that is who is doing it.
Senator Markey. And USAID. You talked about some programs
that you would like to see enhanced. Can you just give us a
couple of examples of----
Mr. Affleck. Well, I think broadly speaking right now they
are not as present in the east. They are spending money in the
east, but it is mostly humanitarian. And in my view--and I am
sure there are many who would take exception. We took Raj Shah
to Congo--was it a year ago December? And we are continuing to
make the point that we believe that USAID should continue to
invest in the east and should invest in development aid, not
just or primarily humanitarian aid.
Senator Markey. Good. Thank you.
Mr. Chairman, I appreciate it. Thank you. An excellent
panel.
The Chairman. We agree.
You know, the world is a challenging place. Multilateral,
bilateral, and regional conflicts could keep this committee in
permanent session. But when the committee meets in full, it can
be an extraordinary force to help change and mold the course of
events. I have a feeling that today's 2\1/2\-hour hearing has
riveted the attention on both sides of the aisle in a way that
can only inure to the benefit of the special envoy, as well as
to your collective vision. And I think we have seen the best of
what this committee has exhibited over the last year--a spirit
of bipartisanship as it relates to foreign policy, which is
when we exert our best abilities abroad.
So with the thanks of all of the members of the committee
to this panel, I will ask unanimous consent that the record be
left open until the close of business Friday for any additional
statements or submissions, as well as for any questions for the
record. Without objection, so ordered.
And this hearing is now adjourned.
[Whereupon, at 4:41 p.m., the hearing was adjourned.]
----------
Additional Material Submitted for the Record
Prepared Statement of Dr. Denis Mukwege, Founder and Director
of the Panzi Hospital in the DRC
We are delighted to have the opportunity to share to the U.S.
Senate our thoughts and hopes for the future of Congo.
Many of you have struggled alongside us so that the cries of the
women who are victims of sexual violence in eastern part of the
Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) are heard. The restoration of peace
and security is what so many sexual violence survivors in the Congo
highlight as their greatest need. As health professionals, we advocate
for peace and justice because we cannot only treat the consequences of
the violence, we must also tackle its root causes and prevent it.
what has transpired in 2013
In 2013 we have seen renewed political and diplomatic commitment
from the international community toward ending the violence in Eastern
Congo and neutralizing rebel armed groups, and we are hopeful for more
sustained action. Encouraging actions included the Peace, Security and
Cooperation Framework Agreement for the Democratic Republic of Congo
and the region, which was was signed on Feb. 24, 2013, by 11 States and
four intergovernmental organizations. I see this ``framework for hope''
as the first peace initiative truly aimed at addressing the causes of
violence and recurring conflict in DRC.
We have also been encouraged by the adoption of Resolution 2098 of
the United Nations Security Council that includes a robust mandate and
deployment of an Intervention Brigade; the appointment of Mary Robinson
as Special Envoy of the U.N. Secretary General; new strong leadership
of the peacekeeping operations MONUSCO under the deeply committed
Special Representative of the Secretary General Martin Kobler and Force
Commander Santos Cruz.
In a crucial step, a package for peace and development was designed
with the commitment of the World Bank. We are also enormously
encouraged by the strong support of U.S. diplomacy. We recognize the
firm determination and genuine political will of the Obama
administration to put an end to the cycle of violence in eastern Congo.
President Obama notably stated in 2013 that the Addis Ababa Agreement
``cannot remain a mere sheet of paper,'' and Secretary of State Kerry
has affirmed that ``the only one way to honor women of Congo is to give
them peace.'' President Obama's appointment of former U.S. Senator
Russell Feingold as Special Envoy to help coordinate efforts to resolve
the instability and insecurity in Eastern Congo has sent a strong
signal of the seriousness and level of the U.S. Government's commitment
to stability in our region.
Many communities in eastern DRC are keenly aware of the proactive
U.S. regional diplomacy, notably through your cooperation with
International Criminal Court for the surrender last year of Bosco
Ntaganda, wanted by the Court for war crimes and crimes against
humanity and through the use of the 2008 Child Soldier Prevention Act
to suspend U.S. military aid to Rwanda, an action that helped lead to
the collapse of the M23 rebel movement.
The political will demonstrated by the U.S. that drives these
developments encourages Congolese civil society and provides a unique
momentum to address the root causes of violence that plagues my country
and allows us to envisage sustainable peace and development.
There are significant challenges to this endeavor in a region that
has now known violence and failed development for decades.
I believe that for the current peace process to advance
successfully, we must prioritize several critical initiatives.
First, we must strengthen efforts to end impunity. I firmly believe
that there will be no lasting peace without justice. The current
Congolese judiciary is not able or willing to hold perpetrators of mass
atrocities accountable. Therefore, we are urging the Congolese
authorities and the neighboring countries to develop judicial
cooperation, to continue their cooperation with the ICC and to
implement the recommendations of the Mapping report of the Office of
the High Commissioner for Human Rights, including by establishing
``Mixed Chambers,'' to prosecute and hold to account those responsible
of the most serious crimes committed in DRC since 1993. Civil society
actors have been encouraged by the political announcement made by
President Kabila in this regard and are awaiting concrete steps to be
taken for the establishment of such a hybrid domestic/international
court. Other rule of law tools are necessary to support transitional
justice initiatives. These include reparation programs, truth and
reconciliation mechanisms, and institutional reforms, notably a
thorough vetting of security forces.
Second, we must continue to support regional dialogue. The
surrender of the M23 marks the first step on the long road to
sustainable peace. We believe the length of the Kampala talks have
slowed momentum for the implementation of the Addis Ababa Framework
Agreement. In future rounds of negotiations, regional leaders must be
involved.
Third, the neutralization of other armed groups that remain active
in the area is crucial to deliver a sense of security and recovery in
the region. Most militias are driven by economic interests, not
ideology. Mai Mai groups have begun to surrender after the fall of the
M23, but there are no resources to support their reintegration into
society and no visible incentives to other militias to surrender. A
program of support, including the provision of basic needs, must be put
in place. ADL-Nalu and FDLR are the current priorities for action and
will require support of Ugandan and Rwandan leaders.
For those in the FDLR accused of perpetrating many of the most
serious crimes--war crimes, crimes against humanity, genocide, they
should face international or domestic justice and the military solution
shall be used when the following possibilities have been exhausted:
For those wishing to return to Rwanda: disarmament,
demobilization, reinsertion, and repatriation in Rwanda must be
facilitated;
For those not willing or able to return to Rwanda, former
insurgents must be given the choice of:
Relocation to different provinces in the Congo on an
individual base;
Relocation in third countries by facilitating asylum
procedures with the support of the High Commissioner for
Refugees.
Most importantly, we need to prevent feelings of revenge and the
stigmatization of any ethnic groups for crime that their parents are
accused of. The danger of transferring guilt from generation to
generation is real and should not be encouraged by leaders of the
region.
Reshaping the design of DDR programs should include mental health
and social support for former combatants as they reintegrate into
society.
Fourth, security sector reform is vital and is at the heart of
making the protection of civilians a reality. To date, the integration
of militia and criminals in the security services has had disastrous
consequences. For those entering public service, members of the
security forces should go through a vetting process. Those trained to
loot and rape cannot be assumed to be committed to protecting the
population and the country. Such individuals could be deployed to
``reconstruction brigades'' deployed to rebuild the country--to develop
our infrastructure, build and rehabilitate administrative buildings,
install of water and electricity supply, and develop agriculture. By
first becoming self-sufficient and then contributing to the
productivity and the reconstruction of the nation, these former militia
members and child soldiers would undergo ``occupational therapy,'' that
will strengthen their potential and orient them towards carrying out
work in the general interest of society.
Finally, we must support the role of civil society in the
implementation of Addis Ababa Framework agreement. The recently adopted
Plan of Action for the implementation of regional benchmarks under the
commitments of the Framework Agreement stresses the need to
``strengthen the involvement of civil society organizations and women's
groups in regional efforts aimed at addressing sources of
instability,'' notably through an inclusive monitoring of the
commitments made by the 11 signatory States in Addis Ababa last year.
Civil society, and most specifically women's rights organizations,
should actively be engaged in the peace process and in the oversight
mechanisms established to monitor the implementation of the Framework
Agreement. Therefore, I humbly suggest that Radio Okapi and the MONUSCO
Public Information Office play a leading role in disseminating
extensively information about the Peace, Security and Cooperation
Framework Agreement in order to facilitate ownership at the grassroots
level.
Congolese women are expecting more than a reaffirmation of
commitments or a reiteration of deep concerns. Their voices need to be
heard and they must participate if we want to benefit from the dividend
of peace and development in the eastern Congo once and for all.
Today in the DRC, we are at a critical time. The ingredients for
our future are in place. Now we must translate words into action and
seize the current momentum to bring about a lasting peace, sustainable
development, and justice, health and dignity for all.
______
Prepared Statement of Mark Dwyer, Country Director,
Democratic Republic of Congo, Mercy Corps
Chairman Menendez, Ranking Member Corker, and members of the
committee, thank you for the invitation to submit written testimony
regarding the challenges and prospects for peace in the Democratic
Republic of the Congo and the Great Lakes region.
The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is now entering the 20th
year of one of the gravest humanitarian emergencies the world has ever
known. Armed conflicts, weak governance, epidemics, widespread violence
against civilians and massive displacement have devastated the eastern
part of the country. The number of people who have perished as a result
has been estimated at 5.4 million, and the number who are currently
displaced at 2.6 million.
Mercy Corps has worked in DRC since 2007. We have main offices in
Kinshasa, Goma, and Dungu with more than 200 staff working in three
different provinces. As an agency, Mercy Corps has worked at the nexus
of crisis, conflict, and development for over 30 years in over 40 of
the most challenging countries in the world. Often in collaboration
with the U.S. Government, our work helps communities recover stronger
from natural disasters and conflict by empowering them with the tools
and resources that they need to build resilience against future shocks.
I have been the Country Director of or programs in the DRC for 3
years. Both my personal experience as Country Director and Mercy Corps'
unique purview into the opportunities and challenges for accomplishing
systemic change in complex contexts informs the testimony below.
I will begin by speaking briefly on the current state of the crisis
in the DRC, a reflection on how we got here, and then conclude by
proposing four practical ideas for catalyzing a new way forward:
investing in long-term solutions, promoting a culture of
entrepreneurship and accountability, supporting community-based
infrastructure programs, and unlocking barriers to regional trade.
the context from our viewpoint
The DRC is a complicated country in which to operate. One must be
constantly alert to endemic corruption, the many administrative road
blocks, and dubious, mostly illegal, fees, taxes and penalties. Most
days involve negotiating with government officials at some level to
ensure our initiatives can move forward. Program implementation is made
more challenging due to a lack of infrastructure and service provision,
a volatile and dangerous security environment, weak law enforcement and
judiciary (and in many areas in which we operate the complete absence
of state), and low human capacity.
In fact, it takes a substantial amount of energy and personal
commitment to manage, develop, and sustain a mission in the DRC. So
much so that most counterparts from other agencies rarely make it
beyond 18-months of service, barely enough time to grasp the context,
which in itself, is a testimony of the problem we face in a country
that desperately requires vision and long-term leadership, rather than
short-term fixes.
Short-term emergency programs have been renewed time after time to
address the immediate needs of the population, while few funding
mechanisms (available to Non-Governmental Organizations) exist to
address the root causes of the humanitarian crisis. I do not wish to
understate the need for humanitarian assistance in the DRC; indeed,
Mercy Corps has its own humanitarian division. If not managed
carefully, however, the provision of long-term emergency assistance is
not only expensive, but it can lead to community dependence and be
counterproductive to longer term development goals.
Since the invasion of Goma by the armed group M23 in November 2012,
the U.N. peacekeeping mission, MONUSCO, has been given a stronger
mandate, along with an Intervention Brigade (IB) 3,000 troop-strong, to
rid the eastern DRC of rebel groups. The M23, perhaps the strongest
group in the Kivu regions, was recently defeated, with the help of much
foreign diplomatic pressure in Kigali and Kampala, and the FDLR (an
armed group led by Rwandan genocidaires) is next on the IB's list.
There is broad consensus that armed groups cannot be part of the
landscape if the DRC is to progress and regional stability prevail, and
we welcome efforts made through the Kampala Dialogue of 2013 and
Nairobi Declarations toward this end.
remember the root causes
The predation, corruption, and conflict that led to the collapse of
the Zairian state destroyed public infrastructure, undermined citizens'
access to basic services, and encouraged misrule at every level.
Insecurity, social divisions, fragile democracy, and the inability of
the government to deliver basic public services have compromised the
legitimacy of public institutions.
Many of the armed groups operating throughout the DRC have their
roots in wartime social divisions and exit as a result of the shadow
economy. The absence of the state enables these groups to control
territories, tax its peoples, and exploit natural resources through
illegal trade. Some groups have and still receive murky state support,
domestically and regionally, and part of the crisis in the east of the
country results from longstanding ethnic tension--following the Rwandan
genocide more than 20 years ago--due to genocidaires finding refuge in
the Congo.
Rebuilding a Congolese state that can respond to the needs of its
people and encourage long-term growth will require strategic
commitments by actors in every sector to undertake institutional reform
as well as building capacity within the national government (including
State owned companies), local governments, civil society, and the
private sector. However, ultimate stability can only be achieved
through a commitment to regional peace and development. The Regional
Peace Process and ICGLR dialogue seem to be heading in the right
direction.
As the 20th anniversary of the Rwandan Genocide approaches, it is
important that the international community reflect on the connection
between the two crises, as many of today's crises in the region such as
the Central African Republic and South Sudan pose similar regionally
destabilizing threats.
a new way forward
Billions of dollars have been spent to try to address the
humanitarian crisis in DRC over the past 20 years, and yet, it
persists. This begs the question: is the humanitarian response to
massive and protracted displacements in the DRC adapting to the needs
of the populations and accountable to the communities it seeks to
serve?
Mercy Corps has joined in coalition with World Vision, Search for
Common Ground, and the Congolese Government to identify a way forward.
We believe a paradigm shift away from a risk mitigating ``Do No Harm''
approach to engagement toward a proactive ``Do More Good'' approach is
necessary. Do More Good seeks to identify how to best connect emergency
assistance to longer term recovery and development interventions; to
promote self-sustaining, resilient, locally owned and community/market-
driven outcomes that will catalyze sustainable change for the Congolese
people. Our experience lends us to believe that this type of integrated
programming is the best approach for preventing mass violence and
rebuilding sustainable, inclusive, and effective governance structures.
Mercy Corps would like to put forward the following recommendations
gleamed from our work on ``Do More Good'' and our years of experience
in the DRC and other protracted crises:
1. Be dissatisfied with easy fixes; invest in long term solutions
Effectively addressing the interconnected development and security
challenges in a chronically insecure context such as DRC requires long-
term investments. The systemic changes that the DRC needs will not be
reached through short-term projects measured by quantitative outputs,
but rather, through dynamic, impact-driven initiatives that integrate
the needs and desires of local communities from the onset and adjust
flexibly to changing demands on the ground. Assistance frameworks must
better integrate emergency assistance with long-term development
interventions, and focus on strategic interventions at all levels of
society with the aim of transforming both behaviors and systems.
For much of the last 20 years, humanitarian organizations have been
tasked to facilitate the transportation of water from a lake in order
to reach communities in areas not served by the aging infrastructure
and to internally displaced people (IDP) on the outskirts of town. A
similar short-term approach is still applied to many IDP camps in North
Kivu. This approach makes sense to solve temporary needs but is
wasteful if used over a long-term horizon as it does not solve systemic
problems of resource scarcity, aid dependency, and a chronic of lack of
water utility provision.
Importantly for Congress to recognize: from our experience, long-
term, cross-sectoral gains are most achievable when funding mechanisms
allow for long-term planning.
2. Support and scale-up community based infrastructure programs
One primary example of the above-described challenge is with
infrastructure. The influx of people fleeing the conflict to cities in
eastern Congo has overwhelmed a taxed urban infrastructure. In Goma,
the largest city in North Kivu province,
up to a million people depend on an aging water system that was
originally constructed to serve a population of fewer than 100,000
people--and which was largely destroyed by volcanic lava flows in 2002.
Mercy Corps has excavated 1 million cubic feet of lava rock to
install 25 kilometers of pipelines and constructed a 700,000-liter
water storage tank, as part of a USAID Food for Peace funded program in
Goma that is addressing water sanitation, hygiene and food security.
These improvements will provide clean drinking water for 200,000
people, many of whom live directly on top of the hardened lava flows
from the 2002 eruption. We are also constructing latrines and rainwater
capture systems and promoting good hygiene practice. The program has
been extended--as a result of multidonor funding--with the aim of
covering the whole of Goma as well as in two other cities.
However, the key to the success of the program lies in the
sustainable management of the systems that are being put in place.
Mercy Corps is working in collaboration with the state water board
(Regideso), the World Bank, the KfW, and local communities to ensure
that we reform the Regideso at Provincial level to ensure that the
system can be managed professionally and sustainably. This involves
studying which business models and regulatory frameworks would work
best to ensure effective and transparent management of the system, and
then piloting interventions accordingly.
We believe greater investment should be targeted toward community-
based governance programs. The absence of water and energy make it
almost impossible to develop modern agriculture and processing.
Strengthening and diversifying livelihoods also requires water and
energy, let alone to improve the daily lives of the people. Given the
rapid rate of urbanization, low levels of utility provision, yet high
potential for hydroelectric and agricultural production, prioritizing
urban/peri-urban water/sanitation and energy infrastructure is key, and
will prove catalytic.
3. Promote a culture of entrepreneurship and accountability
We believe that promoting a culture of entrepreneurship and
development of pro-poor market systems is vital to prevent cycles of
dependence, corruption, and conflict. For the past 2 years, Mercy Corps
has been running a USAID Food for Peace Program that builds a culture
of entrepreneurship by engaging communities in agriculture value-chain
and market development activities, alongside behavioral change
campaigns aimed at improving nutrition and promotion of good governance
at all levels. Outcomes are achieved by building the capacity of groups
and individuals to develop sustainable agri-businesses and related
enterprises, developing community-based common interest groups and
capitalizing on opportunities.
In a region divided for decades by conflict, we believe it is still
possible to show the potential of ``shared value and opportunities''
created by developing solutions that are economically and socially
beneficial to all key members of society--civilians, private sector,
and government--while engaging the private sector in entrepreneurship
and development. Increasingly in our initiatives, Mercy Corps plays a
facilitative role to ensure win-win scenarios for the communities and
the private sector.
Entrepreneurship and market development are therefore not only
sustainable and cost-effective, but are more attuned to community
development compared to relief assistance or conventional economic
development programs. Private sector investment can be increased
through this approach. However, to effectively engage the private
sector, we are actively developing common understanding of shared
value, shared opportunities and the need for shared partnerships with
private sector actors.
4. Prioritize domestic reforms that unlock barriers to regional trade
Promoting cross-border trade and economic development between DRC,
Rwanda, and Uganda is critical. We welcome efforts by U.N. Special
Envoy Mary Robinson and the U.S. administration to invest efforts in
boosting private sector investment. To achieve this in practice,
however, we believe more support is needed to enable the environment
and help offset risks. Innovative, accountable financing mechanisms and
models will be necessary to realize this ambition.
INGOs are frequently subjected to harassment by government
officials and those in positions of power. INGOs have been particularly
outraged and have advocated for change on many occasions, including
during the U.S. Special Envoy Russell Feingold's recent visit to the
DRC. We believe that more emphasis should be placed on ensuring that
bilateral and multilateral agreements that have been signed with the
Congolese Government are fully enforced. This would not only ensure
that tax payers' money is spent according to agreements in place, but
also to promote good governance. Although some efforts have been made
by the international community in this area, much needs to be done so
as to increase the credibility of implementing partners and reduce
considerable resource wastage.
The private sector suffers similar challenges, including trade
barriers, unrealistic taxation, unreliable administration, poor
governance, and a corrupt judiciary, are all areas that deter
investment and paralyze exports. A potential investor recently told me
that the DRC was one of only two countries in which venture capital
would not be considered. If we are to make progress in this area,
improve the enabling environment, and inverse the trends, tremendous
domestic reform efforts are needed along with real regional commitment
to resolving resource, ethnic tensions, and cross-border trade and
administrative barriers.
Prioritizing local ownership of natural resources, improved
governance around resources, accountable and inclusive revenue flows
from them and accountable
cross-border trade is critical. In pursuit of such efforts, it seems
wise that the international community seriously consider how and under
which conditions aid is granted in the future.
conclusion
I am tremendously optimistic about the prospects for the DRC and
its people. The country has abundant resources and there are numerous
opportunities to meet peoples' basic needs, create employment, and
improve lives. The Congolese people are earnest, sharp, and good
willed.
Ultimately, the most important way to achieve systemic and
sustainable change in the DRC and the Great Lakes region will be by
giving communities a greater voice, considering them as agents of
change, and as the primary humanitarian and development actors.
Effective engagement and assistance requires an approach that is
Congolese-led and inclusive, and which clearly identifies needs and
opportunities, while building on existing capacities, and innovating
and learning from best practices.
In our programs, we are engaging communities to develop Community
Development Plans at the local level, and facilitating linkages with
government structures through which they can voice their concerns and
contribute to discussions on issues affecting them. As a result,
communities are better able to engage with the government, market
sector players, INGOs, local NGOs and other civil society actors. This,
in our experience, is the most sustainable way to prevent conflict,
advance prosperity, and promote resilient, accountable, and just
societies.
Thank you again for the opportunity to submit testimony and for
your continued support to the people of the DRC.
______
Responses of Hon. Russell Feingold to Questions
Submitted by Senator Robert Menendez
security sector reform
Security sector reform (SSR) is a recurring theme in all of the
witness testimonies today. Human rights advocates have long encouraged
the Congolese Government to establish a vetting mechanism to weed out
of the security forces perpetrators of war crimes.
Question. Has the Congolese Government agreed to establish a
vetting mechanism? If so, what, if anything, has been done to bring
about its development?
Answer. We have assisted the Democratic Republic of the Congo's
(DRC) military justice sector to establish a database that tracks past,
ongoing and future human rights abuse cases. We are currently
conducting training on the use and maintenance of the system, which
provides a means for the Congolese to vet soldiers that were accused
and/or convicted of a crime. The Congolese are also in the process of
developing a new recruitment strategy to better vet new soldiers
entering the military and to remove older or disabled soldiers from the
military. We will continue to strongly advocate for the full
establishment and operation of this individual vetting mechanism as a
key part of DRC security sector reform efforts.
In addition, the DRC Government regularly vets individual members
of armed groups during the disarmament, demobilization, and
reintegration process (DDR), including removing child soldiers and
turning them over to UNICEF. Regarding the ex-M23 combatants, the DRC
Government has published a new DDR plan, but many details are still
unclear, including specifics on how vetting will be conducted. We look
forward to working with the DRC Government and the U.N. peacekeeping
mission in the DRC (MONUSCO) to ensure that the vetting process is
thorough and identifies those who may be subject to prosecution for war
crimes or other human rights abuses pursuant to the Nairobi
Declarations, which the DRC Government and the M23 signed in December
2013. The Declarations do not provide for group reintegration into the
DRC military; instead, any individual who wishes to reenter the DRC
military, must be vetted and meet the same requirements as a new
recruit.
Question. Under what conditions would the administration consider
training additional units of the FARDC?
Answer. We are reviewing the training we provided to the 391st
battalion, as well as the performance following the training, in an
effort to further improve our human rights training. Members of the
391st battalion are alleged to have committed rape during the M23's
takeover of Goma in November 2012. We are awaiting the verdicts of the
ongoing trials being conducted by the DRC Government to determine their
involvement in this event. The administration would only consider
training additional battalion units when we are more confident that the
Congolese Government would provide the necessary support to sustain and
discipline the unit during and following the training, keep the trained
unit together for at least 2 years post-training, and better utilize
the trained unit in the field.
While we are not currently training a battalion, we are providing
the DRC military with specialized training on civilian-military
relations, human rights, ethics, and basic intelligence collection. The
military suffers from an overall lack of professionalism, which goes
beyond the soldiers' performance in armed conflict. Any member of the
military who receives training must first be vetted according to Leahy
standards, which prohibit training and assistance to any recipient for
which there is credible information that they have committed a gross
violation of human rights.
Question. How is the U.S. Government coordinating with other donor
governments to develop a unified proposal for reforms and demonstrate
the international community's commitment to hold the Congolese
Government accountable for the implementation of reforms?
Answer. There are multiple mechanisms for donor coordination and
monitoring of the Congolese Government's implementation of reforms. We
are a member of, and participate in, the Great Lakes Contact Group, a
group of like-minded donors, including the United States, Belgium, the
European Union, France, Germany, Netherlands, South Africa, Sweden, the
United Nations, and the United Kingdom, that meet regularly to
coordinate policy and programming. The Contact Group also strives to
agree on the conditions the DRC Government should meet prior to
receiving donor funding for specific areas. The envoys from the United
States, United Nations, African Union, and European Union also
correspond regularly in-between meetings of the Contact Group to ensure
constant coordination on messaging and policy. Additionally, MONUSCO
established a high level working group in Kinshasa this month,
comprised of donors and designed to coordinate donor support toward
elections, security sector reform, stabilization and DDR. MONUSCO is
also working to include the DRC Government in these working groups to
better support coordination between the government and donors. Lastly,
our Embassy in Kinshasa coordinates regularly with other embassies to
ensure message consistency and program harmony.
The peace process underway to implement the Peace, Security, and
Cooperation Framework Agreement also includes the establishment of
benchmarks for the DRC's Framework commitments, including governance
and security sector reform. While we are still waiting to see the DRC's
draft benchmarks, once they are approved by the Framework's Regional
Oversight Mechanism, these benchmarks will be used to hold the DRC
accountable for fully implementing its commitments.
______
Responses of Raymond Gilpin to Questions
Submitted by Senator Robert Menendez
economic opportunities for ex-combatants
Question. Since the end of the M23 rebellion, the Congolese
Government has launched a plan for disarmament, demobilization, and
reintegration (DDR). Analysts and development organizations have
expressed concerns about the design of the program and the lack of
clarity in how it will be implemented. Past iterations of DDR have
failed in the DRC and often, former combatants were brought into the
FARDC rather than being prepared for life as civilians.
Answer. Thank you very much for these questions relating to the
design and implementation of the DDR program unveiled by the Congolese
Government in December 2013. This third iteration in recent years
appears to have similar design flaws and implementation challenges as
the previous two. One fundamental (and inadequately analyzed) aspect of
these programs is the implicit assumption that we are dealing with a
relatively homogenous group of ex-combatants. This is not accurate.
There are three broad categories with varied interests, namely: the
warlords, the mid-ranking commanders and the foot soldiers. Most DDRs
are designed to impact the foot soldiers, and not the other two
categories of combatants, who are more critical for both success and
sustainability. This is partly why the incentives and opportunities
offered in the past have not been very effective. The new DDR program
promises to provide military and nonmilitary options for ex-combatants.
However, the nonmilitary options (i.e., skills training) have not been
closely linked to the real economy and the military options (i.e.,
joining the FARDC) may require more resources than have been allocated.
Then there are the perennial questions surrounding oversight,
transparency, and accountability. I provide these observations in order
to preface my responses to the specific questions below.
Question. In your testimony, you state that the business community
could play a more active role in promoting peace. To this end, how can
the international community incentivize the private sector to
incorporate ex-combatants into their operations?
Answer. The public sector is poorly equipped to address the needs
of ex-combatants in the DRC. They lack the capacity, reach, and
resources to effectively reintegrate these former fighters into
communities. On the other hand, the private sector in the DRC has
extensive reach (via an extensive supply chain) and could provide both
direct and indirect opportunities to ex-combatants. The foot soldiers
(who are generally unskilled) could become more relevant in the labor-
intensive mining and agricultural sectors. Opportunities could also
exist with infrastructure projects (given the DRC's deep infrastructure
deficit). Mid-level commanders could be engaged as contracted service
providers (e.g., transportation, hospitality, and supplies). The
difference between the mid-level commanders would be the scale/scope of
contracting. With some justification, DDR programs in the Congo aim to
resettle all ex-combatants outside their areas of operation. This means
requiring them to reestablish social, economic, and financial networks
needed to guarantee success, post-reintegration. The private sector
could partner with government agencies in order to facilitate a smooth
transition.
The international community can do three things to incentivize the
business sector to more fully integrate ex-combatants in their
operations:
a. Steadfastly support international commitments/regulations--like
the provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act and the Extractive Industries
Transparency Initiative. Universal adherence to these programs helps
reduce business costs, diminish risk, and create a level playing field.
Such developments create an environment that allows the private sector
to become more engaged with the local economy . . . and ex-combatants.
b. Identify and establish enduring public-private partnerships.
Businesses are more likely to integrate ex-combatants if the
environments in which they live and work are more permissible. A number
of bilateral, multilateral, and private organizations finance
development projects in the DRC. A level of coordination and focus on
reintegration/resettlement regions will provide the clean water, roads,
clinics and training facilities that are needed. The current fragmented
approach to the economic transformation of affected areas is unhelpful.
Encouraging development projects to be colocated with DDR programs will
bode well for both success and sustainability.
c. Consider rewarding ``local content'' contracts. Some
consideration could be given to affording tax breaks to companies that
purchase above a predetermined threshold of ``local content'' labor,
goods, and services. Even notional inducements could make a big
difference in what are highly competitive markets. Such an initiative
would have the dual benefits of bolstering U.S. companies abroad and
providing additional insights into the efficacy (and pace) of
reintegration efforts.
Question. What economic opportunities exist for ex-combatants and
how should international aid and programs target this population
specifically?
Answer. There are relatively few economic opportunities in the DRC.
Unemployment is high and the labor force is largely unskilled. The war
economy introduces an added complication by raising the expectations of
ex-combatants who earned much more from extortion and pillage than they
could make via a regular job. Hence the dual challenge of creating jobs
for this restive segment of the population and making such
opportunities attractive enough to prevent recidivism.
International aid programs could target ex-combatants directly and
indirectly. Directly by (a) providing training opportunities, (b)
ensuring key social investments, (c) revising regulations to minimize
barriers to entry for would-be private sector operators and
entrepreneurs, and (d) facilitating market access both within and
outside the DRC. Case studies abound of success with similar efforts.
Indirectly, international aid programs could (a) prioritize governance
and rule of law programs to curtail impunity, (b) invest in a
proprivate sector judicial sector and (c) introduce/reinforce programs
that enhance transparency and accountability in the economic and
financial sectors.
______
Response of Ambassador Roger Meece to Question
Submitted by Senator Bob Corker
Question. In a response you provided committee members, in
reference to the desired sunset of MONUSCO suggested by a fellow
panelist from ECI, you indicated a deterioration in security in those
areas that MONUSCO left.
Would you kindly expand on your reservations regarding the
MONUSCO sunset and provide any guidance on such a contraction
in its size and mandate?
Answer. During my 3-year tenure as head of the U.N. Mission in the
Democratic Republic of the Congo, at any given time, we maintained on
the order of roughly 90 forward bases (Temporary Operating Bases, or
TOBs, and Company Operating Bases, or COBs) to increase the reach of
our presence across the very large expanses of territory where armed
groups operated. A significant number of these could be accessed and
supported only by helicopter, as there were simply not viable roads.
The same constraints, of course, apply to humanitarian agencies trying
to access displaced civilians, often in large numbers, and other
victims of violence, and they often depend on MONSUCO logistics help.
The bases were more often than not very basic, but nonetheless
relatively expensive to maintain by U.N. peacekeeping standards,
especially related to helicopter or other required logistics support.
It was often difficult to close TOBs, as these became perceived
lifelines for villages and communities in those areas.
We were obliged on a number of occasions to close or relocate
MONSUCO forward bases because of helicopter, troop or other resource
constraints, redeploy peacekeeping troops from one area to another to
counter new priority threats, or reduce other functions in some areas
due to security risks or other factors. A scaling back of MONUSCO's
presence in any area invariably provoked local unhappiness or
opposition, fearing the consequences of the withdrawal. In areas of
militia activity, including most of the Kivu provinces, Ituri District
and parts of Bas Uele and Haut Uele Districts in Orientale province, in
nearly all cases there would be an increase in militia activity in
those areas following the pullback, with consequent increases in
civilian displacements due to conflict and violence, apparent increases
in violent crime including rape and other sexual-based crime, and a
general deterioration in security conditions. In addition, in virtually
all areas of MONUSCO security presence, we confronted requests for
security escorts beyond our capability to fulfill from local
authorities (for example, market day patrols and escorts) and from U.N.
agencies, other aid agencies, and a variety of NGOs to enable
humanitarian access and assistance to civilian victims of violence.
While some NGOs preferred to avoid any association with the U.N., much
less national security forces, we not infrequently also were obliged to
utilize our presence to help following attacks on unescorted civilians
as well. Such escorts or assistance with attacks obviously became more
problematic without a local presence.
A good example of this phenomenon was last year in the final months
of my tenure, as after a good deal of study we were obliged to close
some bases near Pinga, North Kivu, to enable formation and deployment
of the newly authorized Intervention Brigade, and adjust deployments
and logistic support given M23 operations in the province. Very soon
after the closures, the Mai Mai ``Sheka'' and APCLS (``Janvier'')
groups moved into the area, with consequent clashes between them and
reported direct attacks on civilians. Pinga itself was overrun and
overrun by militias at least once. We feared a potential eventual
increase in FDLR and other groups' activities in the territory as well.
We sought to minimize the pullback, and we moved as quickly as possible
to conduct patrols, helicopter operations, or conduct other mitigating
activities as possible in the area; however, these operations did not
and could not have the same deterrent and counterforce capability of
the deployed presence. While the specifics of any given area vary, the
general pattern was familiar.
Virtually all MONUSCO military troops are deployed to areas of
eastern DRC where armed groups operate. There is a constant internal
review process to determine threat levels, and the resultant closure of
bases and redeployment of troops whenever possible as security
conditions improve in any given area, or national forces seem capable
of providing at least minimal security themselves. These actions can
sometimes have longer term negative effects, for example in Katanga
province, where MONSUCO has had little capacity to address growing
conflict and violence after a drawdown of the MONUSCO presence over
time, but they nonetheless reflect the ongoing effort to deploy troops
and resources to the highest threat zones. In addition to the purely
internal MONUSCO assessments, in 2010 a Joint Assessment Process was
established by MONUSCO and the government to provide a mechanism to
arrive at a common understanding and assessment of security conditions,
and promote dialogue at multiple levels between government authorities
and the U.N. mission to improve overall communication and planning.
This Joint Assessment Process has proven to be very useful.
Regarding the proposal for a mission ``sunset'' date, it is my
understanding that at least in part such a proposal has been advanced
with the idea of increasing pressure on the Kinshasa government to move
ahead with reforms and other measures. I would note that when I took up
duties with the U.N. in July 2010, at the time DRC President Kabila was
demanding the U.N. Peacekeeping Mission, MONUC at the time, be
withdrawn entirely by mid-2011. This I believe was based on a
perception that the mission was no longer providing a sufficiently
robust security presence, and I think likely also reflected an
underlying perception of an irritating international presence in the
country infringing on national sovereignty. In my judgment, given the
ongoing active conflict and the consequent ongoing major negative
humanitarian effects, and the limited capacity of state institutions in
eastern Congo at the time, such a withdrawal would have had disastrous
effects. The key point, however, is that there is already substantial
political and social pressure within government structures and a mind-
set favoring a reduction and end to the U.N. peacekeeping mission. A
specific sunset date set in advance by the Security Council could in
fact reduce pressures in the DRC to effect reform programs, and impair
a free and full conduct of elections, and thus be counterproductive. As
well, such a set withdrawal date could potentially limit international
community options in what has often in the past been a volatile and
unpredictable region. Finally, such a signal could be very unhelpful in
regard to neighboring countries where elements may seek to continue
destabilizing activities in eastern Congo.
Since 2010, Security Council authorizing resolutions for MONUSCO
have included specific criteria to determine a reduction or any
``reconfiguration'' of MONSUCO's presence, specifically based on a
reduction of the threat to civilians posed by armed groups, and
stabilization through establishment of state security institutions in
conflict areas and improvement in democratic space and human rights
(Note: These are contained in operative paragraph 11 of the current
resolution, S/RES/2098). These criteria were established in 2010
essentially to define standards, responding to the government's
unilateral demand at the time for the mission to be closed. I believe
this approach, gauging the need and size of the MONUSCO force through
an assessment of the situation on the ground in conflict areas, is a
correct one. MONUSCO's mandate has since 2010 been reviewed annually by
the Security Council, permitting a periodic review of the overall
situation and MONUSCO's size and presence. While it is important to
work toward establishing the needed security conditions and reducing
the peacekeeping presence as quickly as possible, it is also important
not to reduce prematurely a key stabilizing force in conflict areas,
and risk a reescalation of the violence and conflict which has for too
long plagued the region. The recent progress realized against key armed
groups offers renewed promise that progress toward durable security and
stabilization is at last being realized.
There has always been a tendency to add to the peacekeeping
mission's mandate, and I would very much support an effort to review
the scope of the mandate, removing or at least scaling back
responsibilities and tasking outside of core security functions. Some
of these additional responsibilities, including dealing with the
terrible effects of sexual-based violence, use of children, and other
major problems, are of clear importance. In my view, however, there
should always be an effort to focus peacekeeping missions on only the
priority tasks that they are in a unique position to carry out.
______
Responses of Dr. Raymond Gilpin to Questions
Submitted by Senator Bob Corker
Question. While the DRC's mineral wealth is a source of conflict,
it also poses an opportunity for future regional economic integration.
What steps toward greater economic integration in the Great
Lakes are most feasible now and in the future?
Answer. Nonformal business in the Great Lakes region is already
integrated. The markets are fraught with graft, the channels lack
transparency and economic actors are linked to various parts of the war
economy. This severely limits their welfare and nation-building
potential. Building on the positive impacts of the recent mineral
certification process, improving the regulatory/legislative structures
and providing strategic investments in both labor force capacity and
infrastructure could help establish the conditions necessary for more
meaningful and equitable economic integration.
At the macrolevel, significant opportunities exist in both
production and trade. Unfortunately, most existing integration
(particularly those involving DRC, Rwanda, and Uganda). A combination
of robust diplomacy and trade incentives could help delink such
economic activity from the conflict economy. The extensive supply chain
for most economic activity bodes well for meaningful and more broad-
based economic integration if the following steps are taken:
a. Liberalize and harmonize trade policies. Empirical evidence
(e.g., documented in the annual ``Doing Business Report'') suggests
that, this is the most significant barrier to progress.
b. Invest in infrastructure--particularly transportation and
marketing.
c. Facilitate access to information on pricing and transactions.
d. Create structures that promote transparent processes,
predictable frameworks and accountable officials (public and private
sector).
Question. Are there any measures the U.S. Government and other
donors can take to facilitate this and what is the private sector role?
Answer. The United States has led the world in helping to reform
the mining industry in the Great Lakes so that it benefits all
Congolese, and not just a select few. There are three important things
the United States could do to help further greater economic integration
and shared economic prosperity in the DRC and Great Lakes region:
a. The United States should consider rebalancing foreign
assistance. Most current economic development support is earmarked for
important social projects--particularly health and gender-related.
While these projects are necessary, devoting a disproportional majority
of available assistance to them means much less support for income
generation and economic governance initiatives. The U.S. could also
consider leveraging its social investments with support from other
donors; thereby increasing the likelihood of a coordinated and
reasonably comprehensive level of assistance.
b. The United States could consider expanding market access
initiatives for products from the Great Lakes region. Effective and
sustainable stability will only be accomplished if the people are able
to earn/trade their way out of poverty. Credible measures have been put
in place to curtail/eliminate the trade in conflict minerals.
Comparable steps should be taken to expand market access for
nonconflict minerals--particularly in the nonmining sector. One
approach would be to create special provisions in an existing program.
like the Africa Growth and Opportunities Act (AGOA), that would provide
incentives for exports from this region. Having a regional initiative
could help galvanize myriad nonformal economic entities (and linkages)
and encourage them to operate profitably in formal channels.
c. The United States should keep the crisis in the Great Lakes on
the international agenda. Recent efforts to address impunity and
corruption in the Great Lakes region could be reversed if global
attention is diminished or diverted. Every effort must be expended to
consolidate recent gains by fully supporting the work of the office of
the U.S. Special Envoy to the Great Lakes region and coordinating
international support over the medium to longer term.
When considering the role of the private sector, it is important to
recognize the different categories of business entities operating in
the Great Lakes region. Large international corporations (primarily in
mining and forestry) are vested in the region by virtue of their
significant upfront investments. Both corruption and instability affect
their costs and (given a level playing field) they would be amenable to
initiatives that more fully integrate the regional economy into their
value chains. Local content requirements could encourage them to source
more of their goods and services from the region. This could be
accomplised within the context of existing transperency initiatives,
like EITI. Regional/local small- and medium-scale enterprises could
become more successful and integrated if steps are taken to enhance
their skills, ensure standards and better identify value chain
opportunities. Helping to ease nontarrif barriers (e.g., punitive
bureaucracy, security of tenure and access to affordable credit) and
measures to harmonize trade regulations/standards regionally could also
help. Most private sector actors in the DRC are in the vast
subsistence-oriented, nonformal sector. Targeted social investments
through development organizations (like the World Bank and USAID) would
make them better prepared to benefit from regional opportunities.
______
Responses of Hon. Russell Feingold to Questions
Submitted by Senator Bob Corker
Question. What is the total amount of U.S. Government bilateral
spending in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) from all USG
accounts in 2000-2013? Please provide a table, including the years,
accounts, and total amount of money spent each year by agency and
purpose. Please do not wait for all agencies to report but as the
consolidated State Department/USAID 150 Account and State Foreign
Operations accounts are available please send that when complete.
Answer. The total amount of U.S. Government bilateral funding to
the DRC from FY 2000 to FY 2013 is $1,386,941,000. The attached table
includes a break down by year and account.
Question. How much humanitarian assistance has the United States
provided the DRC since 2000? Please provide a table, including years,
accounts, and total amount of money spent each year.
Answer. The United States has provided $1,366,818,000 in
humanitarian assistance to the DRC since FY 2000. The attached table
includes a break down by year and account.
Question. How much debt relief has the United States provided the
DRC since 2000? Please provide a table, including years, accounts, and
total amount of money spent each year.
Answer. The DRC received 100 percent debt reduction under the Paris
Club Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) program. The attached table
includes the amount of debt relief provided by the United States from
FY 2000 to the present. In the table, the ``face value treated''
represents the amount of debt forgiven. The ``subsidy cost obligation''
represents the cost of debt relief as obligated. Since FY 2000, the
United States has provided approximately $2.042 billion in debt relief
to the DRC at a budget cost of $170,096,973.
Question. What accounts and funding sources are included in the
U.S. Government's reporting to the OECD's Official Development
Assistance (ODA)?
Answer. Please see the attached table for a breakdown of the
agencies and accounts that are included in the U.S. Government's
reporting to the OECD's ODA.
[Editor's note.--The tables attachment can be found at the end of
the hearing.]
Question. How many lives have been lost to the conflict in the DRC
in the past 14 years?
Answer. The ongoing conflict in the DRC has been labeled the
deadliest conflict since World War II; however, we are not certain of
the total number of people killed. The International Rescue Committee
(IRC) conducted a series of mortality studies between the years 1998
and 2007, estimating that 5.8 million people had died as result of
conflict. Medecins Sans Frontieres/Doctors without Borders conducted a
limited mortality study in selective parts of North Kivu province in
2009, and found that of overall mortality rates, 36 and 40 percent were
related to conflict in Masisi and Kitchanga. Doubtless tens of
thousands more have been killed since then, but the specific number is
unknown and perhaps unknowable. Some of the most notable incidents
include: 150 people massacred by CNDP rebels in the town of Kiwanja in
2008; 1,700 civilians killed, along with 1,100 Democratic Forces for
the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR), in 2009 as a result of fighting
between the FDLR and the DRC army (FARDC) (mostly ex-CNDP units), and;
900 combatants estimated to have been killed during the height of the
fighting between the M23, the FARDC, and the U.N. peacekeeping mission
in the DRC (MONUSCO) between May and November 2013. These are mere
samplings and do not represent the breadth of violence that is sadly
endemic in the DRC. Much of the killing in the DRC is unseen, including
irregular fighting by Mai Mai groups, deaths that occur when civilians
are forced into inhospitable terrain, and fighting that takes place in
parts of the country with little international or media presence.
Question. How many cases of sexual abuse and exploitation (SEA) by
U.N. peacekeepers have been reported in the DRC since official U.N.
reporting began in 2006 broken out by year?
Answer. There have been 274 cases of sexual abuse and exploitation
by U.N. peacekeepers reported in the DRC since 2006. Broken out by
year:
2007--59; 2008--40; 2009--59; 2010--36; 2011--31; 2012--25; 2013--
23; 2014--1 (to date).
Question. Of the cases of SEA cases by U.N. peacekeepers that have
been reported, how many peacekeepers have been prosecuted for their
alleged crimes by their home countries' justice system?
Answer. We do not know. The U.N. conducts an initial investigation
when it receives a report of misconduct by a peacekeeper, whether it is
minor (such as patronizing an off-limits bar) or serious (rape, child
molestation). In the case of a minor infraction, the soldier is usually
punished by his national contingent commander and remains in place. For
serious or multiple infractions, the U.N. sends individuals home, and
relies on the governments of troop/police contributing countries to
take the appropriate action. The U.N. requests that troop/police
contributing countries report back on action taken, which they
frequently do, but not always. The U.N. does not have the authority to
force or require that TCC/PCC government take action or report back in
response to reports of sexual abuse or exploitation.
Question. Where is U.S. development programming currently being
conducted and what is the cost of each sector of programming? Please
provide a map of the DRC and indicate what U.S. assistance programs are
currently being conducted and where.
Answer. The attached map shows current U.S. development assistance
programs in the DRC. The funding estimates reflected on the map are
based on amounts obligated as stated in USAID's Operational Plans.
These obligations were then divided between the number of provinces in
which the mechanism operated. Actual development assistance programmed
into these provinces varies. The Food for Peace funding is divided
equally among all 11 provinces. These funds support the World Food
Programme's (WFP) Protracted Relief and Recovery Operation, which has
operations in all provinces but adapts to varying needs. Embassy
Kinshasa is working with WFP to obtain more accurate data.
[Editor's note.--The map attachment can be found at the end of the
hearing.]
Question. The U.N. Group of Experts' final report and the State
Department's Country Reports on Terrorism 2012, refer to the Allied
Democratic Forces (ADF) having ties to terrorist networks.
a. How many members does the ADF have?
Answer. We do not know for certain. The U.N. Group of Experts
estimates ADF has between 800 and 1,200 soldiers. Other estimates
suggest the number could be higher. We would be happy to provide a
classified briefing in order to go into more detail on the ADF.
b. What nationalities and ethnicities does ADF's membership
comprise of?
Answer. ADF consists primarily of Ugandans and Congolese. It was
formed as a marriage of convenience between Baganda ultramonarchists,
Baganda Muslims, and Bakonjo (Nande living in Uganda) monarchists. The
monarchist element has melted away as its demands were met, leaving an
Islamic core. However, the commitment to Islam by the rank-and-file ADF
is unclear, and the group has in the past partnered with Christian
militias in the DRC.
MONUSCO estimates ADF is 40 percent Congolese today, with the rest
being mostly Ugandan. There are also reports of some Tanzanian members.
According to the Enough Project, the total membership is primarily of
the Nande ethnic group. The leader, Jamil Makulu, is a Muganda. The
Baganda also remain well-represented in ADF.
c. What terrorist organizations is the ADF engaged with?
Answer. The Ugandan Government has long alleged ADF connections
with al-Shabaab and al-Qaeda. While there is circumstantial evidence
suggesting that the claims are plausible, these connections have not
been proven.
d. What are the nationalities of these terrorist entities
that ADF is allegedly engaged with?
Answer. There are reports of Somalis and Arabic speakers providing
training to the ADF in the DRC, but these cannot be confirmed. A
Reuters report on a MONUSCO task force says the trainers are Sudanese
and Somali. ADF was once supported by the Sudanese Government, but
there is no evidence that such support is ongoing today.
e. What offensive tactics like those used by terrorist
organizations is ADF using?
Answer. According to the U.N. Group of Experts, ``a former ADF
soldier and Ugandan intelligence estimate that ADF's arsenal consists
of mortars, machine guns, and rocket-propelled grenades (RPG). Former
ADF soldiers told the Group that when foreign trainers visited ADF in
the past, they instructed them on the assembly of improvised explosive
devices.'' In the 1990s, ADF was responsible for a series of bombings
in Kampala.
f. How should the U.S Government hold President Kabila
accountable for holding fair and free elections in 2016?
Answer. We are using a variety of diplomatic tools to promote free
and fair elections. We continue to message privately and publicly that,
in the aftermath of the seriously flawed 2011 elections, it is critical
that the DRC's next elections meet international election standards for
being credible, free, fair, and transparent. We have similarly made
clear that we will work with President Kabila until the end of his
current and constitutionally mandated final-term of office, which is
slated to end in December 2016. Special Envoy Feingold has said
publicly that constitutions should not be amended to benefit those
currently in office.
The U.S. Government is also seeking to partner with and to
supplement the work of other donors in assisting the National
Independent Electoral Commission (CENI) to produce credible, free, and
fair elections in the DRC, in particular working on election
observation and voter education. In the end, the DRC is a sovereign
country, and the quality of Congolese democracy is ultimately up to the
political will and actions of the Congolese Government and people.
ATTACHMENTS
Table 1.--U.S. Humanitarian Assistance to the Democratic PRepublic of the Congo
(In thousands of U.S. dollars)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Emergency
Food for Peace Migration and Refugee and Disaster
Fiscal Year Total Title II Refugee Migration Assistance
Assistance Assistance
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FY 2000 23,814 3,332 7,340 -- 13,142
FY 2001 51,817 14,244 5,550 10,000 22,023
FY 2002 43,827 11,555 5,468 -- 26,804
FY 2003 79,710 43,530 4,291 -- 31,889
FY 2004 56,928 30,813 3,720 -- 22,395
FY 2005 68,907 29,205 8,570 4,700 26,432
FY 2006 85,300 39,898 4,270 16,000 25,132
FY 2007 88,128 37,138 21,397 600 28,993
FY 2008 133,086 80,801 31,790 2,200 18,295
FY 2009 204,464 125,997 41,489 4,000 32,978
FY 2010 170,919 101,273 45,245 500 23,901
FY 2011 124,882 67,250 24,121 -- 33,511
FY 2012 146,966 68,346 43,912 14 34,694
FY 2013 88,070 28,000 60,070 -- --
653(a)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 2.--CY 2012 ODA Totals by Implementing Agency Pand Appropriation
Bilateral and Multilateral Committments (in $U.S., Millions)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Treasury
Agency Symbol Appropriation Amount
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
African Development Foundation................ 11x0700 African Development Foundation......... 29
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Agriculture..................... 11x0091 Debt Restructuring..................... 2
Department of Agriculture..................... 12x1106 National Forest System, Forest Service. 1
Department of Agriculture..................... 12x1400 Salaries and Expenses, Agricultural
Research Service.
Department of Agriculture..................... 12x1500 Research and Education Activities,
Cooperative State Research, Education,
and Extension Service.
Department of Agriculture..................... 12x1600 Salaries and Expenses, Animal Plant 1
Health Inspection Service.
Department of Agriculture..................... 12x2277 Public Law 480 Program Account, Title I 145
Department of Agriculture..................... 12x2900 Salaries and Expenses, Foreign 10
Agricultural Service.
Department of Agriculture..................... 12x2903 McGovern-Dole International Food for 163
Education and Child Nutrition Program
Grants.
Department of Agriculture..................... 70x0800 Research, Development, Acquisition, and 0
Operations, Science and Technology,
Homeland Security.
Department of Agriculture..................... 72x1037 Economic Support Fund.................. 1
Department of Agriculture..................... 80x0120 Science, National Aeronautics and Space 0
Administration.
Department of Agriculture..................... 97x0134 Former Soviet Union Threat Reduction, 0
Defense.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Commerce........................ 13x0500 Scientific & Technical Research & 0
Services, NIST.
Department of Commerce........................ 13x1006 Patent and Trademark Office, Salaries 2
and Expenses.
Department of Commerce........................ 13x1250 International Trade Administration, 6
Operations & Administration.
Department of Commerce........................ 13x1450 National Oceanic & Atmospheric 0
Administration, Operations, Research &
Facilities.
Department of Commerce........................ 72x1021 Development Assistance................. 3
Department of Commerce........................ 72x1093 Assistance for the Independent States
of the Former Soviet Union.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Defense......................... 19x1030 Global HIV/AIDs Initiative............. 1
Department of Defense......................... 19x1031 Global Health and Child Survival....... 154
Department of Defense......................... 21x2020 Operations and Maintenance, Army....... 103
Department of Defense......................... 72x0306 Assistance for Europe, Eurasia and 2
Central Asia (AEECA).
Department of Defense......................... 72x1037 Economic Support Fund.................. 1
Department of Defense......................... 72x1095 Child Survival and Health Programs
Fund, United States.
Department of Defense......................... 97x0100 Operation and Maintenance, Defense-Wide 233
Department of Defense......................... 97x0130 Defense Health Program................. 10
Department of Defense......................... 97x0819 Overseas Humanitarian, Disaster, and 106
Civic Aid Defense.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Energy.......................... 11x1075 Nonproliferation, Anti-Terrorism, 6
Demining and Related Programs.
Department of Energy.......................... 89x0309 Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation, 71
Department of Energy.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Health and Human Services....... 19x1030 Global HIV/AIDs Initiative............. 11
Department of Health and Human Services....... 19x1031 Global Health and Child Survival....... 1,385
Department of Health and Human Services....... 72x1095 Child Survival and Health Programs
Fund, United States.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x0140 Public Health and Social Services 45
Emergency Fund.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x0885 National Institute of Allergy and 392
Infectious Diseases, National
Institutes of Health.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x0892 National Institute of Mental Health, 0
National Institutes of Health.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x0943 Disease Control, Research, and 156
Training, Centers for Disease Control.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x0949 Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious 0
Diseases, Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x0950 HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, Sexually 0
Transmitted Diseases and Tuberculosis
Prevention, Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x0951 Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, 9
Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x0952 Injury Prevention and Control, Centers 0
and Disease Control and Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x0955 Global Health, Centers for Disease 157
Control and Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x0956 Public Health Preparedness and 0
Response, Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x0959 Public Health Scientific Services, 0
Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x1503 Refugee and Entrant Assistance, 587
Administration for Children and
Families.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x8250 Gifts and Donations, Centers for 0
Disease Control.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Homeland........................ 11x1022 International Narcotics Control and Law 0
Security.................................... Enforcement.
Department of Homeland........................ 11x1075 Nonproliferation, Anti-Terrorism, 4
Security.................................... Demining and Related Programs.
Department of Homeland........................ 19x1154 Andean Counterdrug Initiative, 0
Security.................................... Department of State.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Justice......................... 11x1022 International Narcotics Control and Law 0
Enforcement.
Department of Justice......................... 15x0128 Department of Justice, General Legal 0
Activities.
Department of Justice......................... 15x0200 Salaries and Expenses, Federal Bureau 0
of Investigation.
Department of Justice......................... 15x1100 Salaries and Expenses, Drug Enforcement 1
Administration.
Department of Justice......................... 15x5042 Assets Forfeiture Fund, Justice........ 0
Department of Justice......................... 72x1037 Economic Support Fund.................. 0
Department of Justice......................... 95x2750 Millennium Challenge Corporation....... 0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Labor........................... 16x0165 Department of Labor, Departmental 68
Management.
Department of Labor........................... 19x1030 Global HIV/AIDs Initiative............. 1
Department of Labor........................... 19x1031 Global Health and Child Survival....... 0
Department of Labor........................... 19x1121 Democracy Fund, Department of State.... 5
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of State........................... 11x0040 United States Emergency Refugee and 36
Migration Assistance Fund.
Department of State........................... 11x1022 International Narcotics Control and Law 309
Enforcement.
Department of State........................... 11x1075 Nonproliferation, Anti-Terrorism, 308
Demining and Related Programs.
Department of State........................... 12x3505 Food Stamp Program, Food and Nutrition 60
Service.
Department of State........................... 19x0113 Diplomatic and Consular Programs, 5
Department of State.
Department of State........................... 19x0209 Educational and Cultural Exchange 1
Programs, Department of State.
Department of State........................... 19x0210 National Endowment for Democracy, 117
Department of State.
Department of State........................... 19x1005 International Organizations and 338
Programs, State.
Department of State........................... 19x1030 Global HIV/AIDs Initiative............. 13
Department of State........................... 19x1031 Global Health and Child Survival....... 85
Department of State........................... 19x1121 Democracy Fund, Department of State.... 76
Department of State........................... 19x1124 Contributions to Peacekeeping 129
Activities, Department of State.
Department of State........................... 19x1126 Contributions to International 543
Organizations, Department of State.
Department of State........................... 19x1143 Migration and Refugee Assistance, 1,753
Department of State.
Department of State........................... 72x0306 Assistance for Europe, Eurasia and 1,597
Central Asia (AEECA).
Department of State........................... 72x1037 Economic Support Fund.................. 102
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Transportation.................. 11x1001 Trade and Development Agency........... 0
Department of Transportation.................. 69x1301 Federal Aviation Administration, 0
Operations.
Department of Transportation.................. 72x1021 Development Assistance................. 7
Department of Transportation.................. 72x1037 Economic Support Fund.................. 0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of the Interior.................... 14x0412 Assistance to Territories, Insular 3
Affairs.
Department of the Interior.................... 14x0415 Compact of Free Association, Department 198
of Interior.
Department of the Interior.................... 14x1611 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 7
Resource Management.
Department of the Interior.................... 14x1652 Multinational Species Conservation 11
Fund, United States Fish and Wildlife
Service.
Department of the Interior.................... 14x1696 Neotropical Migratory Bird 3
Conservation, U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service.
Department of the Interior.................... 14x5029 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Federal 1
Aid to Wildlife Restoration.
Department of the Interior.................... 14x5241 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, North 1
American Wetlands Conservation Fund.
Department of the Interior.................... 14x8216 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 0
Contributed Funds.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x0071 Contribution to the Strategic Climate 75
Fund.
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x0072 Contribution to the Inter-American 86
Development Bank.
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x0073 Contribution to the International 1,492
Development Association.
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x0076 Contribution to the Asian Development 207
Bank.
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x0077 Global Environment Facility............ 237
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x0079 Contribution to the African Development 231
Fund.
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x0080 Contribution to the Clean Technology 230
Fund.
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x0082 Contribution to the African Development 32
Bank.
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x0089 Contribution to the Enterprise for the 25
Americas Multilateral Investment Fund.
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x1039 Contribution to the International Fund 30
for Agricultural Development.
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x1045 International Affairs Technical 25
Assistance.
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x1075 Nonproliferation, Anti-Terrorism,
Demining and Related Programs.
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x1096 Iraq Relief and Reconstruction Fund,
Executive Office of the President.
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x1475 Global Agriculture and Food Security 160
Program (Fund).
Department of the Treasury.................... 72x0306 Assistance for Europe, Eurasia and 3
Central Asia (AEECA).
Department of the Treasury.................... 72x1010 Assistance for Eastern Europe and the 0
Baltic States.
Department of the Treasury.................... 72x1093 Assistance for the Independent States 0
of the Former Soviet Union.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Environmental Protection Agency............... 68x0107 Environmental Protection Agency, 0
Science and Technology.
Environmental Protection Agency............... 68x0108 Environmental Programs and Management, 20
Environmental Protection Agency.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Export-Import Bank of the United States....... 83x0100 Export-Import Bank Loans Program 14
Account.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Federal Trade Commission...................... 13x0120 Department of Commerce, Departmental
Management.
Federal Trade Commission...................... 13x1250 International Trade Administration,
Operations & Administration.
Federal Trade Commission...................... 29x0100 Federal Trade Commission, Salaries and 0
Expenses.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Inter-American Foundation..................... 11x3100 Inter-American Foundation.............. 25
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Millennium Challenge.......................... 95x2750 Millennium Challenge Corporation....... 230
Corporation.................................
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Peace Corps................................... 11x0100 Peace Corps............................ 366
Peace Corps................................... 11x0110 Salaries and Expenses, the White House. 0
Peace Corps................................... 19x1030 Global HIV/AIDs Initiative............. 0
Peace Corps................................... 19x1031 Global Health and Child Survival....... 22
Peace Corps................................... 72x0306 Assistance for Europe, Eurasia and 1
Central Asia (AEECA).
Peace Corps................................... 72x1021 Development Assistance................. 5
Peace Corps................................... 72x1037 Economic Support Fund.................. 1
Peace Corps................................... 75x0955 Global Health, Centers for Disease 0
Control and Prevention.
Peace Corps................................... 95x2750 Millennium Challenge Corporation....... 0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Trade and Development Agency.................. 11x1001 Trade and Development Agency........... 37
Trade and Development Agency.................. 72x1037 Economic Support Fund.................. 6
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 11x0091 Debt Restructuring..................... 4
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 11x1096 Iraq Relief and Reconstruction Fund,
Executive Office of the President.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 12x2278 Public Law 480 Title II Grants......... 1,646
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 12x4336 Commodity Credit Corporation Fund...... 0
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 19x1030 Global HIV/AIDs Initiative............. -2
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 19x1031 Global Health and Child Survival....... 4,854
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 19x1121 Democracy Fund, Department of State.... 47
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 19x1154 Andean Counterdrug Initiative, 0
Department of State.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x0300 Capital Investment Fund, United States. 121
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x0302 Capital Investment Fund of the USAID - 0
Recovery Act.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x0305 Civilian Stabilization Initiative...... 2
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x0306 Assistance for Europe, Eurasia and 406
Central Asia (AEECA).
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1000 Operating Expenses of USAID............ 1,265
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1007 Operating Expenses of the USAID, Office 54
of Inspector General.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1010 Assistance for Eastern Europe and the 2
Baltic States.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1012 Sahel Development Program.............. 0
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1014 Sub-Saharan Africa, Development 0
Assistance.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1015 Complex Crises Fund.................... 30
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1021 Development Assistance................. 2,469
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1027 Transition Initiatives, International 57
Assistance Program.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1029 Tsunami Recovery and Reconstruction 0
Fund.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1033 HIV/AIDS Working Capital Fund, 402
International Development.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1035 International Disaster and Famine 1,072
Assistance.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1036 Payment to the Foreign Service 45
Retirement and Disability Fund.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1037 Economic Support Fund.................. 5,092
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1093 Assistance for the Independent States -1
of the Former Soviet Union.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1095 Child Survival and Health Programs 4
Fund, United States.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1096 Central America and the Caribbean -1
Emergency Disaster Recovery Fund.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1264 Development Credit Authority, United 40
States.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x4103 Development Loan Fund, Executive....... 0
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x4344 Housing and Other Credit Guaranty 18
Programs, Guaranty Loan Financing
Account.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x4513 Working Capital Fund, International 22
Assistance Program.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x8342 Foreign National Employees Separation 2
Liability Fund.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x8824 Gifts and Contributions, Inter-American 83
Foundation.
================================================================================================================
Total Gross Commitments....................... ..................................... 30,871
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0's represent values less than $500,000
Source: U.S. Annual Submission to the OECD/DAC via USAID's Foreign Assistance Database (FADB)
Prepared by USAID Economic Analysis and Data Services on November 26, 2013
Table 3.--CY 2012 ODA Totals by Implementing Agency and Appropriation
Bilateral Committments (in $U.S., Millions)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Treasury
Agency Symbol Appropriation Amount
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
African Development........................... 11x0700 African Development Foundation......... 29
Foundation..................................
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Agriculture..................... 11x0091 Debt Restructuring..................... 2
Department of Agriculture..................... 12x1106 National Forest System, Forest Service. 1
Department of Agriculture..................... 12x1600 Salaries and Expenses, Animal Plant 1
Health Inspection Service.
Department of Agriculture..................... 12x2277 Public Law 480 Program Account, Title I 145
Department of Agriculture..................... 12x2900 Salaries and Expenses, Foreign 10
Agricultural Service.
Department of Agriculture..................... 12x2903 McGovern-Dole International Food for 163
Education and Child Nutrition Program
Grants.
Department of Agriculture..................... 70x0800 Research, Development, Acquisition, and 0
Operations, Science and Technology,
Homeland Security.
Department of Agriculture..................... 72x1037 Economic Support Fund.................. 1
Department of Agriculture..................... 80x0120 Science, National Aeronautics and Space 0
Administration.
Department of Agriculture..................... 97x0134 Former Soviet Union Threat Reduction, 0
Defense.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Commerce........................ 13x0500 Scientific & Technical Research & 0
Services, NIST.
Department of Commerce........................ 13x1006 Patent and Trademark Office, Salaries 2
and Expenses.
Department of Commerce........................ 13x1250 International Trade Administration, 6
Operations & Administration.
Department of Commerce........................ 13x1450 National Oceanic & Atmospheric 0
Administration, Operations, Research &
Facilities.
Department of Commerce........................ 72x1021 Development Assistance................. 3
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Defense......................... 19x1030 Global HIV/AIDs Initiative............. 1
Department of Defense......................... 19x1031 Global Health and Child Survival....... 154
Department of Defense......................... 21x2020 Operations and Maintenance, Army....... 103
Department of Defense......................... 72x0306 Assistance for Europe, Eurasia and 2
Central Asia (AEECA).
Department of Defense......................... 72x1037 Economic Support Fund.................. 1
Department of Defense......................... 97x0100 Operation and Maintenance, Defense-Wide 233
Department of Defense......................... 97x0130 Defense Health Program................. 10
Department of Defense......................... 97x0819 Overseas Humanitarian, Disaster, and 106
Civic Aid Defense.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Energy.......................... 11x1075 Nonproliferation, Anti-Terrorism, 6
Demining and Related Programs.
Department of Energy.......................... 89x0309 Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation, 71
Department of Energy.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Health and Human Services....... 19x1030 Global HIV/AIDs Initiative............. 11
Department of Health and Human Services....... 19x1031 Global Health and Child Survival....... 1,385
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x0140 Public Health and Social Services 45
Emergency Fund.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x0885 National Institute of Allergy and 392
Infectious Diseases, National
Institutes of Health.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x0892 National Institute of Mental Health, 0
National Institutes of Health.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x0943 Disease Control, Research, and 156
Training, Centers for Disease Control.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x0949 Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious 0
Diseases, Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x0950 HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, Sexually 0
Transmitted Diseases and Tuberculosis
Prevention, Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x0951 Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, 9
Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x0952 Injury Prevention and Control, Centers 0
and Disease Control and Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x0955 Global Health, Centers for Disease 157
Control and Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x0956 Public Health Preparedness and 0
Response, Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x0959 Public Health Scientific Services, 0
Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x1503 Refugee and Entrant Assistance, 587
Administration for Children and
Families.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x8250 Gifts and Donations, Centers for 0
Disease Control.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Homeland........................ 11x1022 International Narcotics Control and Law 0
Security.................................... Enforcement.
Department of Homeland........................ 11x1075 Nonproliferation, Anti-Terrorism, 4
Security.................................... Demining and Related Programs.
Department of Homeland........................ 19x1154 Andean Counterdrug Initiative, 0
Security.................................... Department of State.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Justice......................... 11x1022 International Narcotics Control and Law 0
Enforcement.
Department of Justice......................... 15x0128 Department of Justice, General Legal 0
Activities.
Department of Justice......................... 15x0200 Salaries and Expenses, Federal Bureau 0
of Investigation.
Department of Justice......................... 15x1100 Salaries and Expenses, Drug Enforcement 1
Administration.
Department of Justice......................... 15x5042 Assets Forfeiture Fund, Justice........ 0
Department of Justice......................... 72x1037 Economic Support Fund.................. 0
Department of Justice......................... 95x2750 Millennium Challenge Corporation....... 0
Department of Labor........................... 16x0165 Department of Labor, Departmental 68
Management.
Department of Labor........................... 19x1030 Global HIV/AIDs Initiative............. 1
Department of Labor........................... 19x1031 Global Health and Child Survival....... 0
Department of Labor........................... 19x1121 Democracy Fund, Department of State.... 5
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of State........................... 11x0040 United States Emergency Refugee and 36
Migration Assistance Fund.
Department of State........................... 11x1022 International Narcotics Control and Law 309
Enforcement.
Department of State........................... 11x1075 Nonproliferation, Anti-Terrorism, 230
Demining and Related Programs.
Department of State........................... 12x3505 Food Stamp Program, Food and Nutrition 60
Service.
Department of State........................... 19x0113 Diplomatic and Consular Programs, 5
Department of State.
Department of State........................... 19x0209 Educational and Cultural Exchange 1
Programs, Department of State.
Department of State........................... 19x0210 National Endowment for Democracy, 117
Department of State.
Department of State........................... 19x1005 International Organizations and 4
Programs, State.
Department of State........................... 19x1030 Global HIV/AIDs Initiative............. 13
Department of State........................... 19x1031 Global Health and Child Survival....... 85
Department of State........................... 19x1121 Democracy Fund, Department of State.... 76
Department of State........................... 19x1126 Contributions to International 28
Organizations, Department of State.
Department of State........................... 19x1143 Migration and Refugee Assistance, 1,743
Department of State.
Department of State........................... 72x0306 Assistance for Europe, Eurasia and 1,597
Central Asia (AEECA).
Department of State........................... 72x1037 Economic Support Fund.................. 102
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Transportation.................. 11x1001 Trade and Development Agency........... 0
Department of Transportation.................. 69x1301 Federal Aviation Administration, 0
Operations.
Department of Transportation.................. 72x1021 Development Assistance................. 7
Department of Transportation.................. 72x1037 Economic Support Fund.................. 0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of the Interior.................... 14x0412 Assistance to Territories, Insular 3
Affairs.
Department of the Interior.................... 14x0415 Compact of Free Association, Department 198
of Interior.
Department of the Interior.................... 14x1611 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 7
Resource Management.
Department of the Interior.................... 14x1652 Multinational Species Conservation 11
Fund, United States Fish and Wildlife
Service.
Department of the Interior.................... 14x1696 Neotropical Migratory Bird 3
Conservation, U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service.
Department of the Interior.................... 14x5029 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Federal 1
Aid to Wildlife Restoration.
Department of the Interior.................... 14x5241 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, North 1
American Wetlands Conservation Fund.
Department of the Interior.................... 14x8216 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 0
Contributed Funds.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x1045 International Affairs Technical 25
Assistance.
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x1475 Global Agriculture and Food Security 160
Program (Fund).
Department of the Treasury.................... 72x0306 Assistance for Europe, Eurasia and 3
Central Asia (AEECA).
Department of the Treasury.................... 72x1010 Assistance for Eastern Europe and the 0
Baltic States.
Department of the Treasury.................... 72x1093 Assistance for the Independent States 0
of the Former Soviet Union.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Environmental Protection Agency............... 68x0107 Environmental Protection Agency, 0
Science and Technology.
Environmental Protection Agency............... 68x0108 Environmental Programs and Management, 10
Environmental Protection Agency.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Export-Import Bank of the United States....... 83x0100 Export-Import Bank Loans Program 14
Account.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Federal Trade Commission...................... 29x0100 Federal Trade Commission, Salaries and 0
Expenses.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Inter-American Foundation..................... 11x3100 Inter-American Foundation.............. 25
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Millennium Challenge.......................... 95x2750 Millennium Challenge Corporation....... 230
Corporation.................................
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Peace Corps................................... 11x0100 Peace Corps............................ 366
Peace Corps................................... 11x0110 Salaries and Expenses, the White House. 0
Peace Corps................................... 19x1030 Global HIV/AIDs Initiative............. 0
Peace Corps................................... 19x1031 Global Health and Child Survival....... 22
Peace Corps................................... 72x0306 Assistance for Europe, Eurasia and 1
Central Asia (AEECA).
Peace Corps................................... 72x1021 Development Assistance................. 5
Peace Corps................................... 72x1037 Economic Support Fund.................. 1
Peace Corps................................... 75x0955 Global Health, Centers for Disease 0
Control and Prevention.
Peace Corps................................... 95x2750 Millennium Challenge Corporation....... 0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Trade and Development Agency.................. 11x1001 Trade and Development Agency........... 37
Trade and Development Agency.................. 72x1037 Economic Support Fund.................. 6
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 11x0091 Debt Restructuring..................... 4
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 12x2278 Public Law 480 Title II Grants......... 1,646
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 12x4336 Commodity Credit Corporation Fund...... 0
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 19x1030 Global HIV/AIDs Initiative............. -2
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 19x1031 Global Health and Child Survival....... 3,469
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 19x1121 Democracy Fund, Department of State.... 47
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 19x1154 Andean Counterdrug Initiative, 0
Department of State.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x0300 Capital Investment Fund, United States. 121
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x0302 Capital Investment Fund of the USAID - 0
Recovery Act.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x0305 Civilian Stabilization Initiative...... 2
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x0306 Assistance for Europe, Eurasia and 406
Central Asia (AEECA).
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1000 Operating Expenses of USAID............ 1,265
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1007 Operating Expenses of the USAID, Office 54
of Inspector General.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1010 Assistance for Eastern Europe and the 2
Baltic States.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1012 Sahel Development Program.............. 0
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1014 Sub-Saharan Africa, Development 0
Assistance.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1015 Complex Crises Fund.................... 30
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1021 Development Assistance................. 2,469
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1027 Transition Initiatives, International 57
Assistance Program.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1029 Tsunami Recovery and Reconstruction 0
Fund.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1033 HIV/AIDS Working Capital Fund, 402
International Development.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1035 International Disaster and Famine 1,072
Assistance.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1036 Payment to the Foreign Service 45
Retirement and Disability Fund.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1037 Economic Support Fund.................. 5,092
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1093 Assistance for the Independent States -1
of the Former Soviet Union.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1095 Child Survival and Health Programs 4
Fund, United States.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1096 Central America and the Caribbean -1
Emergency Disaster Recovery Fund.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1264 Development Credit Authority, United 40
States.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x4103 Development Loan Fund, Executive....... 0
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x4344 Housing and Other Credit Guaranty 18
Programs, Guaranty Loan Financing
Account.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x4513 Working Capital Fund, International 22
Assistance Program.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x8342 Foreign National Employees Separation 2
Liability Fund.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x8824 Gifts and Contributions, Inter-American 83
Foundation.
================================================================================================================
Total Bilateral Gross ..................................... 25,766
Commitments
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0's represent values less than $500,000
Source: U.S. Annual Submission to the OECD/DAC via USAID's Foreign Assistance Database (FADB)
Prepared by USAID Economic Analysis and Data Services on November 26, 2013
Table 4.--CY 2012 ODA Totals by Implementing Agency and Appropriation
Multilateral Committments (in $U.S., Millions)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Treasury
Agency Symbol Appropriation Amount
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of State........................... 11x1075 Nonproliferation, Anti-Terrorism, 78
Demining and Related Programs.
Department of State........................... 19x1005 International Organizations and 335
Programs, State.
Department of State........................... 19x1124 Contributions to Peacekeeping 129
Activities, Department of State.
Department of State........................... 19x1126 Contributions to International 515
Organizations, Department of State.
Department of State........................... 19x1143 Migration and Refugee Assistance, 10
Department of State.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x0071 Contribution to the Strategic Climate 75
Fund.
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x0072 Contribution to the Inter-American 86
Development Bank.
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x0073 Contribution to the International 1,492
Development Association.
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x0076 Contribution to the Asian Development 207
Bank.
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x0077 Global Environment Facility............ 237
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x0079 Contribution to the African Development 231
Fund.
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x0080 Contribution to the Clean Technology 230
Fund.
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x0082 Contribution to the African Development 32
Bank.
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x0089 Contribution to the Enterprise for the 25
Americas Multilateral Investment Fund.
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x1039 Contribution to the International Fund 30
for Agricultural Development.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Environmental Protection Agency............... 68x0108 Environmental Programs and Management, 9
Environmental Protection Agency.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
U.S. Agency for International................. 19x1031 Global Health and Child Survival....... 1,385
Development.................................
================================================================================================================
Total Multilateral Gross ..................................... 5,105
Commitments
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0's represent values less than $500,000
Source: U.S. Annual Submission to the OECD/DAC via USAID's Foreign Assistance Database (FADB)
Prepared by USAID Economic Analysis and Data Services on November 26, 2013
Table 5.--CY 2012 ODA Totals by Implementing Agency and Appropriation
Bilateral and Multilateral Gross Disbursements (in $U.S., Millions)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Treasury
Agency Symbol Appropriation Amount
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
African Development........................... 11x0700 African Development Foundation......... 31
Foundation..................................
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Agriculture..................... 11x0091 Debt Restructuring..................... 5
Department of Agriculture..................... 12x1106 National Forest System, Forest Service. 1
Department of Agriculture..................... 12x1400 Salaries and Expenses, Agricultural 0
Research Service.
Department of Agriculture..................... 12x1500 Research and Education Activities, 1
Cooperative State Research, Education,
and Extension Service.
Department of Agriculture..................... 12x1600 Salaries and Expenses, Animal Plant 1
Health Inspection Service.
Department of Agriculture..................... 12x2277 Public Law 480 Program Account, Title I 152
Department of Agriculture..................... 12x2900 Salaries and Expenses, Foreign 17
Agricultural Service.
Department of Agriculture..................... 12x2903 McGovern-Dole International Food for 163
Education and Child Nutrition Program
Grants.
Department of Agriculture..................... 70x0800 Research, Development, Acquisition, and 0
Operations, Science and Technology,
Homeland Security.
Department of Agriculture..................... 72x1037 Economic Support Fund.................. 1
Department of Agriculture..................... 80x0120 Science, National Aeronautics and Space 0
Administration.
Department of Agriculture..................... 97x0134 Former Soviet Union Threat Reduction, 0
Defense.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Commerce........................ 13x0500 Scientific & Technical Research & 0
Services, NIST.
Department of Commerce........................ 13x1006 Patent and Trademark Office, Salaries 2
and Expenses.
Department of Commerce........................ 13x1250 International Trade Administration, 2
Operations & Administration.
Department of Commerce........................ 13x1450 National Oceanic & Atmospheric 1
Administration, Operations, Research &
Facilities.
Department of Commerce........................ 72x1021 Development Assistance................. 4
Department of Commerce........................ 72x1093 Assistance for the Independent States 0
of the Former Soviet Union.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Defense......................... 19x1030 Global HIV/AIDs Initiative............. 4
Department of Defense......................... 19x1031 Global Health and Child Survival....... 72
Department of Defense......................... 21x2020 Operations and Maintenance, Army....... 103
Department of Defense......................... 72x0306 Assistance for Europe, Eurasia and 3
Central Asia (AEECA).
Department of Defense......................... 72x1037 Economic Support Fund.................. 1
Department of Defense......................... 72x1095 Child Survival and Health Programs 0
Fund, United States.
Department of Defense......................... 97x0100 Operation and Maintenance, Defense-Wide 178
Department of Defense......................... 97x0130 Defense Health Program................. 9
Department of Defense......................... 97x0819 Overseas Humanitarian, Disaster, and 121
Civic Aid Defense.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Energy.......................... 11x1075 Nonproliferation, Anti-Terrorism, 3
Demining and Related Programs.
Department of Energy.......................... 89x0309 Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation, 129
Department of Energy.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Health and Human Services....... 19x1030 Global HIV/AIDs Initiative............. 18
Department of Health and Human Services....... 19x1031 Global Health and Child Survival....... 1,640
Department of Health and Human Services....... 72x1095 Child Survival and Health Programs 13
Fund, United States.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x0140 Public Health and Social Services 16
Emergency Fund.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x0885 National Institute of Allergy and 392
Infectious Diseases, National
Institutes of Health.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x0892 National Institute of Mental Health, 0
National Institutes of Health.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x0943 Disease Control, Research, and 140
Training, Centers for Disease Control.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x0949 Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious 0
Diseases, Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x0950 HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, Sexually 0
Transmitted Diseases and Tuberculosis
Prevention, Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x0951 Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, 3
Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x0952 Injury Prevention and Control, Centers .........
and Disease Control and Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x0955 Global Health, Centers for Disease 75
Control and Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x0956 Public Health Preparedness and 0
Response, Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x0959 Public Health Scientific Services, 0
Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x1503 Refugee and Entrant Assistance, 631
Administration for Children and
Families.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x8250 Gifts and Donations, Centers for 0
Disease Control.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Homeland........................ 11x1022 International Narcotics Control and Law 0
Security.................................... Enforcement.
Department of Homeland........................ 11x1075 Nonproliferation, Anti-Terrorism, 3
Security.................................... Demining and Related Programs.
Department of Homeland........................ 19x1154 Andean Counterdrug Initiative, 0
Security.................................... Department of State.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Justice......................... 11x1022 International Narcotics Control and Law 2
Enforcement.
Department of Justice......................... 15x0128 Department of Justice, General Legal 0
Activities.
Department of Justice......................... 15x0200 Salaries and Expenses, Federal Bureau 0
of Investigation.
Department of Justice......................... 15x1100 Salaries and Expenses, Drug Enforcement 1
Administration.
Department of Justice......................... 15x5042 Assets Forfeiture Fund, Justice........ 0
Department of Justice......................... 72x1037 Economic Support Fund.................. 0
Department of Justice......................... 95x2750 Millennium Challenge Corporation....... 1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Labor........................... 16x0165 Department of Labor, Departmental 68
Management.
Department of Labor........................... 19x1030 Global HIV/AIDs Initiative............. 1
Department of Labor........................... 19x1031 Global Health and Child Survival....... 0
Department of Labor........................... 19x1121 Democracy Fund, Department of State.... 5
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of State........................... 11x0040 United States Emergency Refugee and 28
Migration Assistance Fund.
Department of State........................... 11x1022 International Narcotics Control and Law 322
Enforcement.
Department of State........................... 11x1075 Nonproliferation, Anti-Terrorism, 269
Demining and Related Programs.
Department of State........................... 12x3505 Food Stamp Program, Food and Nutrition 60
Service.
Department of State........................... 19x0113 Diplomatic and Consular Programs, 5
Department of State.
Department of State........................... 19x0209 Educational and Cultural Exchange 1
Programs, Department of State.
Department of State........................... 19x0210 National Endowment for Democracy, 117
Department of State.
Department of State........................... 19x1005 International Organizations and 338
Programs, State.
Department of State........................... 19x1030 Global HIV/AIDs Initiative............. 14
Department of State........................... 19x1031 Global Health and Child Survival....... 63
Department of State........................... 19x1121 Democracy Fund, Department of State.... 29
Department of State........................... 19x1124 Contributions to Peacekeeping 129
Activities, Department of State.
Department of State........................... 19x1126 Contributions to International 543
Organizations, Department of State.
Department of State........................... 19x1143 Migration and Refugee Assistance, 1,795
Department of State.
Department of State........................... 72x0306 Assistance for Europe, Eurasia and 1,490
Central Asia (AEECA).
Department of State........................... 72x1037 Economic Support Fund.................. 64
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Transportation.................. 11x1001 Trade and Development Agency........... 0
Department of Transportation.................. 69x1301 Federal Aviation Administration, 0
Operations.
Department of Transportation.................. 72x1021 Development Assistance................. 7
Department of Transportation.................. 72x1037 Economic Support Fund.................. .........
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of the Interior.................... 14x0412 Assistance to Territories, Insular 2
Affairs.
Department of the Interior.................... 14x0415 Compact of Free Association, Department 206
of Interior.
Department of the Interior.................... 14x1611 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 5
Resource Management.
Department of the Interior.................... 14x1652 Multinational Species Conservation 7
Fund, United States Fish and Wildlife
Service.
Department of the Interior.................... 14x1696 Neotropical Migratory Bird 0
Conservation, U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service.
Department of the Interior.................... 14x5029 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Federal 0
Aid to Wildlife Restoration.
Department of the Interior.................... 14x5241 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, North 0
American Wetlands Conservation Fund.
Department of the Interior.................... 14x8216 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 0
Contributed Funds.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x0071 Contribution to the Strategic Climate 75
Fund.
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x0072 Contribution to the Inter-American 86
Development Bank.
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x0073 Contribution to the International 1,492
Development Association.
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x0076 Contribution to the Asian Development 290
Bank.
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x0077 Global Environment Facility............ 237
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x0079 Contribution to the African Development 246
Fund.
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x0080 Contribution to the Clean Technology 230
Fund.
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x0082 Contribution to the African Development 32
Bank.
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x0089 Contribution to the Enterprise for the 50
Americas Multilateral Investment Fund.
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x1039 Contribution to the International Fund 26
for Agricultural Development.
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x1045 International Affairs Technical 20
Assistance.
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x1075 Nonproliferation, Anti-Terrorism, 0
Demining and Related Programs.
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x1096 Iraq Relief and Reconstruction Fund, 0
Executive Office of the President.
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x1475 Global Agriculture and Food Security 160
Program (Fund).
Department of the Treasury.................... 72x0306 Assistance for Europe, Eurasia and 4
Central Asia (AEECA).
Department of the Treasury.................... 72x1010 Assistance for Eastern Europe and the 0
Baltic States.
Department of the Treasury.................... 72x1093 Assistance for the Independent States 0
of the Former Soviet Union.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Environmental Protection Agency............... 68x0107 Environmental Protection Agency, 0
Science and Technology.
Environmental Protection Agency............... 68x0108 Environmental Programs and Management, 13
Environmental Protection Agency.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Export-Import Bank of the United States....... 83x0100 Export-Import Bank Loans Program 14
Account.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Federal Trade Commission...................... 13x0120 Department of Commerce, Departmental 0
Management.
Federal Trade Commission...................... 13x1250 International Trade Administration, 0
Operations & Administration.
Federal Trade Commission...................... 29x0100 Federal Trade Commission, Salaries and 0
Expenses.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Inter-American Foundation..................... 11x3100 Inter-American Foundation.............. 24
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Millennium Challenge.......................... 95x2750 Millennium Challenge Corporation....... 1,355
Corporation.................................
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Peace Corps................................... 11x0100 Peace Corps............................ 372
Peace Corps................................... 11x0110 Salaries and Expenses, the White House. 0
Peace Corps................................... 19x1030 Global HIV/AIDs Initiative............. 0
Peace Corps................................... 19x1031 Global Health and Child Survival....... 24
Peace Corps................................... 72x0306 Assistance for Europe, Eurasia and 2
Central Asia (AEECA).
Peace Corps................................... 72x1021 Development Assistance................. 7
Peace Corps................................... 72x1037 Economic Support Fund.................. 1
Peace Corps................................... 75x0955 Global Health, Centers for Disease 0
Control and Prevention.
Peace Corps................................... 95x2750 Millennium Challenge Corporation....... 0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Trade and Development Agency.................. 11x1001 Trade and Development Agency........... 35
Trade and Development Agency.................. 72x1037 Economic Support Fund.................. 4
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 11x0091 Debt Restructuring..................... 16
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 11x1096 Iraq Relief and Reconstruction Fund, 0
Executive Office of the President.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 12x2278 Public Law 480 Title II Grants......... 1,639
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 12x4336 Commodity Credit Corporation Fund...... 0
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 19x1030 Global HIV/AIDs Initiative............. 13
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 19x1031 Global Health and Child Survival....... 5,018
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 19x1121 Democracy Fund, Department of State.... 40
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 19x1154 Andean Counterdrug Initiative, 3
Department of State.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x0300 Capital Investment Fund, United States. 134
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x0302 Capital Investment Fund of the USAID - 0
Recovery Act.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x0305 Civilian Stabilization Initiative...... 5
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x0306 Assistance for Europe, Eurasia and 475
Central Asia (AEECA).
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1000 Operating Expenses of USAID............ 1,315
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1007 Operating Expenses of the USAID, Office 53
of Inspector General.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1010 Assistance for Eastern Europe and the 11
Baltic States.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1012 Sahel Development Program.............. .........
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1014 Sub-Saharan Africa, Development 0
Assistance.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1015 Complex Crises Fund.................... 22
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1021 Development Assistance................. 1,932
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1027 Transition Initiatives, International 41
Assistance Program.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1029 Tsunami Recovery and Reconstruction .........
Fund.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1033 HIV/AIDS Working Capital Fund, 454
International Development.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1035 International Disaster and Famine 992
Assistance.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1036 Payment to the Foreign Service 45
Retirement and Disability Fund.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1037 Economic Support Fund.................. 4,538
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1093 Assistance for the Independent States 29
of the Former Soviet Union.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1095 Child Survival and Health Programs 40
Fund, United States.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1096 Central America and the Caribbean .........
Emergency Disaster Recovery Fund.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1264 Development Credit Authority, United 24
States.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x4103 Development Loan Fund, Executive....... 0
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x4344 Housing and Other Credit Guaranty 18
Programs, Guaranty Loan Financing
Account.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x4513 Working Capital Fund, International 20
Assistance Program.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x8342 Foreign National Employees Separation 6
Liability Fund.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x8824 Gifts and Contributions, Inter-American 76
Foundation.
================================================================================================================
Total Gross ..................................... 31,263
Disbursements
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0's represent values less than $500,000
Source: U.S. Annual Submission to the OECD/DAC via USAID's Foreign Assistance Database (FADB)
Prepared by USAID Economic Analysis and Data Services on November 26, 2013
Table 6.--CY 2012 ODA Totals by Implementing Agency Pand Appropriation
Bilateral Gross Disbursements (in $U.S., Millions)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Treasury
Agency Symbol Appropriation Amount
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
African Development........................... 11x0700 African Development Foundation......... 31
Foundation..................................
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Agriculture..................... 11x0091 Debt Restructuring..................... 5
Department of Agriculture..................... 12x1106 National Forest System, Forest Service. 1
Department of Agriculture..................... 12x1400 Salaries and Expenses, Agricultural 0
Research Service.
Department of Agriculture..................... 12x1500 Research and Education Activities, 1
Cooperative State Research, Education,
and Extension Service.
Department of Agriculture..................... 12x1600 Salaries and Expenses, Animal Plant 1
Health Inspection Service.
Department of Agriculture..................... 12x2277 Public Law 480 Program Account, Title I 152
Department of Agriculture..................... 12x2900 Salaries and Expenses, Foreign 17
Agricultural Service.
Department of Agriculture..................... 12x2903 McGovern-Dole International Food for 163
Education and Child Nutrition Program
Grants.
Department of Agriculture..................... 70x0800 Research, Development, Acquisition, and 0
Operations, Science and Technology,
Homeland Security.
Department of Agriculture..................... 72x1037 Economic Support Fund.................. 1
Department of Agriculture..................... 80x0120 Science, National Aeronautics and Space 0
Administration.
Department of Agriculture..................... 97x0134 Former Soviet Union Threat Reduction, 0
Defense.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Commerce........................ 13x0500 Scientific & Technical Research & 0
Services, NIST.
Department of Commerce........................ 13x1006 Patent and Trademark Office, Salaries 2
and Expenses.
Department of Commerce........................ 13x1250 International Trade Administration, 2
Operations & Administration.
Department of Commerce........................ 13x1450 National Oceanic & Atmospheric 1
Administration, Operations, Research &
Facilities.
Department of Commerce........................ 72x1021 Development Assistance................. 4
Department of Commerce........................ 72x1093 Assistance for the Independent States 0
of the Former Soviet Union.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Defense......................... 19x1030 Global HIV/AIDs Initiative............. 4
Department of Defense......................... 19x1031 Global Health and Child Survival....... 72
Department of Defense......................... 21x2020 Operations and Maintenance, Army....... 103
Department of Defense......................... 72x0306 Assistance for Europe, Eurasia and 3
Central Asia (AEECA).
Department of Defense......................... 72x1037 Economic Support Fund.................. 1
Department of Defense......................... 72x1095 Child Survival and Health Programs 0
Fund, United States.
Department of Defense......................... 97x0100 Operation and Maintenance, Defense-Wide 178
Department of Defense......................... 97x0130 Defense Health Program................. 9
Department of Defense......................... 97x0819 Overseas Humanitarian, Disaster, and 121
Civic Aid Defense.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Energy.......................... 11x1075 Nonproliferation, Anti-Terrorism, 3
Demining and Related Programs.
Department of Energy.......................... 89x0309 Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation, 129
Department of Energy.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Health and Human Services....... 19x1030 Global HIV/AIDs Initiative............. 18
Department of Health and Human Services....... 19x1031 Global Health and Child Survival....... 1,640
Department of Health and Human Services....... 72x1095 Child Survival and Health Programs 13
Fund, United States.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x0140 Public Health and Social Services 16
Emergency Fund.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x0885 National Institute of Allergy and 392
Infectious Diseases, National
Institutes of Health.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x0892 National Institute of Mental Health, 0
National Institutes of Health.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x0943 Disease Control, Research, and 140
Training, Centers for Disease Control.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x0949 Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious 0
Diseases, Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x0950 HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, Sexually 0
Transmitted Diseases and Tuberculosis
Prevention, Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x0951 Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, 3
Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x0955 Global Health, Centers for Disease 75
Control and Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x0956 Public Health Preparedness and 0
Response, Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x0959 Public Health Scientific Services, 0
Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x1503 Refugee and Entrant Assistance, 631
Administration for Children and
Families.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x8250 Gifts and Donations, Centers for 0
Disease Control.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Homeland........................ 11x1022 International Narcotics Control and Law 0
Security.................................... Enforcement.
Department of Homeland........................ 11x1075 Nonproliferation, Anti-Terrorism, 3
Security.................................... Demining and Related Programs.
Department of Homeland........................ 19x1154 Andean Counterdrug Initiative, 0
Security.................................... Department of State.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Justice......................... 11x1022 International Narcotics Control and Law 2
Enforcement.
Department of Justice......................... 15x0128 Department of Justice, General Legal 0
Activities.
Department of Justice......................... 15x0200 Salaries and Expenses, Federal Bureau 0
of Investigation.
Department of Justice......................... 15x1100 Salaries and Expenses, Drug Enforcement 1
Administration.
Department of Justice......................... 15x5042 Assets Forfeiture Fund, Justice........ 0
Department of Justice......................... 72x1037 Economic Support Fund.................. 0
Department of Justice......................... 95x2750 Millennium Challenge Corporation....... 1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Labor........................... 16x0165 Department of Labor, Departmental 68
Management.
Department of Labor........................... 19x1030 Global HIV/AIDs Initiative............. 1
Department of Labor........................... 19x1031 Global Health and Child Survival....... 0
Department of Labor........................... 19x1121 Democracy Fund, Department of State.... 5
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of State........................... 11x0040 United States Emergency Refugee and 28
Migration Assistance Fund.
Department of State........................... 11x1022 International Narcotics Control and Law 322
Enforcement.
Department of State........................... 11x1075 Nonproliferation, Anti-Terrorism, 191
Demining and Related Programs.
Department of State........................... 12x3505 Food Stamp Program, Food and Nutrition 60
Service.
Department of State........................... 19x0113 Diplomatic and Consular Programs, 5
Department of State.
Department of State........................... 19x0209 Educational and Cultural Exchange 1
Programs, Department of State.
Department of State........................... 19x0210 National Endowment for Democracy, 117
Department of State.
Department of State........................... 19x1005 International Organizations and 4
Programs, State.
Department of State........................... 19x1030 Global HIV/AIDs Initiative............. 14
Department of State........................... 19x1031 Global Health and Child Survival....... 63
Department of State........................... 19x1121 Democracy Fund, Department of State.... 29
Department of State........................... 19x1126 Contributions to International 28
Organizations, Department of State.
Department of State........................... 19x1143 Migration and Refugee Assistance, 1,784
Department of State.
Department of State........................... 72x0306 Assistance for Europe, Eurasia and 1,490
Central Asia (AEECA).
Department of State........................... 72x1037 Economic Support Fund.................. 64
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Transportation.................. 11x1001 Trade and Development Agency........... 0
Department of Transportation.................. 69x1301 Federal Aviation Administration, 0
Operations.
Department of Transportation.................. 72x1021 Development Assistance................. 7
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of the Interior.................... 14x0412 Assistance to Territories, Insular 2
Affairs.
Department of the Interior.................... 14x0415 Compact of Free Association, Department 206
of Interior.
Department of the Interior.................... 14x1611 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 5
Resource Management.
Department of the Interior.................... 14x1652 Multinational Species Conservation 7
Fund, United States Fish and Wildlife
Service.
Department of the Interior.................... 14x1696 Neotropical Migratory Bird 0
Conservation, U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service.
Department of the Interior.................... 14x5029 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Federal 0
Aid to Wildlife Restoration.
Department of the Interior.................... 14x5241 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, North 0
American Wetlands Conservation Fund.
Department of the Interior.................... 14x8216 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 0
Contributed Funds.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x1045 International Affairs Technical 20
Assistance.
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x1075 Nonproliferation, Anti-Terrorism, 0
Demining and Related Programs.
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x1096 Iraq Relief and Reconstruction Fund, 0
Executive Office of the President.
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x1475 Global Agriculture and Food Security 160
Program (Fund).
Department of the Treasury.................... 72x0306 Assistance for Europe, Eurasia and 4
Central Asia (AEECA).
Department of the Treasury.................... 72x1010 Assistance for Eastern Europe and the 0
Baltic States.
Department of the Treasury.................... 72x1093 Assistance for the Independent States 0
of the Former Soviet Union.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Environmental Protection Agency............... 68x0107 Environmental Protection Agency, 0
Science and Technology.
Environmental Protection Agency............... 68x0108 Environmental Programs and Management, 8
Environmental Protection Agency.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Export-Import Bank of the United States....... 83x0100 Export-Import Bank Loans Program 14
Account.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Federal Trade Commission...................... 13x0120 Department of Commerce, Departmental 0
Management.
Federal Trade Commission...................... 13x1250 International Trade Administration, 0
Operations & Administration.
Federal Trade Commission...................... 29x0100 Federal Trade Commission, Salaries and 0
Expenses.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Inter-American Foundation..................... 11x3100 Inter-American Foundation.............. 24
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Millennium Challenge.......................... 95x2750 Millennium Challenge Corporation....... 1,355
Corporation.................................
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Peace Corps................................... 11x0100 Peace Corps............................ 372
Peace Corps................................... 11x0110 Salaries and Expenses, the White House. 0
Peace Corps................................... 19x1030 Global HIV/AIDs Initiative............. 0
Peace Corps................................... 19x1031 Global Health and Child Survival....... 24
Peace Corps................................... 72x0306 Assistance for Europe, Eurasia and 2
Central Asia (AEECA).
Peace Corps................................... 72x1021 Development Assistance................. 7
Peace Corps................................... 72x1037 Economic Support Fund.................. 1
Peace Corps................................... 75x0955 Global Health, Centers for Disease 0
Control and Prevention.
Peace Corps................................... 95x2750 Millennium Challenge Corporation....... 0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Trade and Development Agency.................. 11x1001 Trade and Development Agency........... 35
Trade and Development Agency.................. 72x1037 Economic Support Fund.................. 4
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 11x0091 Debt Restructuring..................... 16
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 11x1096 Iraq Relief and Reconstruction Fund, 0
Executive Office of the President.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 12x2278 Public Law 480 Title II Grants......... 1,639
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 12x4336 Commodity Credit Corporation Fund...... 0
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 19x1030 Global HIV/AIDs Initiative............. 13
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 19x1031 Global Health and Child Survival....... 3,632
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 19x1121 Democracy Fund, Department of State.... 40
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 19x1154 Andean Counterdrug Initiative, 3
Department of State.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x0300 Capital Investment Fund, United States. 134
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x0302 Capital Investment Fund of the USAID - 0
Recovery Act.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x0305 Civilian Stabilization Initiative...... 5
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x0306 Assistance for Europe, Eurasia and 475
Central Asia (AEECA).
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1000 Operating Expenses of USAID............ 1,315
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1007 Operating Expenses of the USAID, Office 53
of Inspector General.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1010 Assistance for Eastern Europe and the 11
Baltic States.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1014 Sub-Saharan Africa, Development 0
Assistance.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1015 Complex Crises Fund.................... 22
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1021 Development Assistance................. 1,932
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1027 Transition Initiatives, International 41
Assistance Program.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1033 HIV/AIDS Working Capital Fund, 454
International Development.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1035 International Disaster and Famine 992
Assistance.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1036 Payment to the Foreign Service 45
Retirement and Disability Fund.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1037 Economic Support Fund.................. 4,538
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1093 Assistance for the Independent States 29
of the Former Soviet Union.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1095 Child Survival and Health Programs 40
Fund, United States.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1264 Development Credit Authority, United 24
States.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x4103 Development Loan Fund, Executive....... 0
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x4344 Housing and Other Credit Guaranty 18
Programs, Guaranty Loan Financing
Account.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x4513 Working Capital Fund, International 20
Assistance Program.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x8342 Foreign National Employees Separation 6
Liability Fund.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x8824 Gifts and Contributions, Inter-American 76
Foundation.
================================================================================================================
Total Gross ..................................... 26,042
Disbursements
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0's represent values less than $500,000
Source: U.S. Annual Submission to the OECD/DAC via USAID's Foreign Assistance Database (FADB)
Prepared by USAID Economic Analysis and Data Services on November 26, 2013
Table 7.--CY 2012 ODA Totals by Implementing Agency Pand Appropriation
Multilateral Gross Disbursements (in $U.S., Millions)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Treasury
Agency Symbol Appropriation Amount
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of State........................... 11x1075 Nonproliferation, Anti-Terrorism, 78
Demining and Related Programs.
Department of State........................... 19x1005 International Organizations and 335
Programs, State.
Department of State........................... 19x1124 Contributions to Peacekeeping 129
Activities, Department of State.
Department of State........................... 19x1126 Contributions to International 515
Organizations, Department of State.
Department of State........................... 19x1143 Migration and Refugee Assistance, 11
Department of State.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x0071 Contribution to the Strategic Climate 75
Fund.
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x0072 Contribution to the Inter-American 86
Development Bank.
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x0073 Contribution to the International 1,492
Development Association.
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x0076 Contribution to the Asian Development 290
Bank.
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x0077 Global Environment Facility............ 237
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x0079 Contribution to the African Development 246
Fund.
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x0080 Contribution to the Clean Technology 230
Fund.
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x0082 Contribution to the African Development 32
Bank.
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x0089 Contribution to the Enterprise for the 50
Americas Multilateral Investment Fund.
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x1039 Contribution to the International Fund 26
for Agricultural Development.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Environmental Protection Agency............... 68x0108 Environmental Programs and Management, 4
Environmental Protection Agency.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 19x1031 Global Health and Child Survival....... 1,385
================================================================================================================
Total Multilateral Gross ..................................... 5,221
Disbursements
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0's represent values less than $500,000
Source: U.S. Annual Submission to the OECD/DAC via USAID's Foreign Assistance Database (FADB)
Prepared by USAID Economic Analysis and Data Services on November 26, 2013
Table 8.--CY 2012 ODA Totals by Implementing Agency Pand Appropriation
Bilateral Gross Disbursements (in $U.S., Millions)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Treasury
Agency Symbol Appropriation Amount
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
African Development........................... 11x0700 African Development Foundation......... 31
Foundation..................................
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Agriculture..................... 11x0091 Debt Restructuring..................... 5
Department of Agriculture..................... 12x1106 National Forest System, Forest Service. 1
Department of Agriculture..................... 12x1400 Salaries and Expenses, Agricultural 0
Research Service.
Department of Agriculture..................... 12x1500 Research and Education Activities, 1
Cooperative State Research, Education,
and Extension Service.
Department of Agriculture..................... 12x1600 Salaries and Expenses, Animal Plant 1
Health Inspection Service.
Department of Agriculture..................... 12x2277 Public Law 480 Program Account, Title I -178
Department of Agriculture..................... 12x2900 Salaries and Expenses, Foreign 17
Agricultural Service.
Department of Agriculture..................... 12x2903 McGovern-Dole International Food for 163
Education and Child Nutrition Program
Grants.
Department of Agriculture..................... 70x0800 Research, Development, Acquisition, and 0
Operations, Science and Technology,
Homeland Security.
Department of Agriculture..................... 72x1037 Economic Support Fund.................. 1
Department of Agriculture..................... 80x0120 Science, National Aeronautics and Space 0
Administration.
Department of Agriculture..................... 97x0134 Former Soviet Union Threat Reduction, 0
Defense.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Commerce........................ 13x0500 Scientific & Technical Research & 0
Services, NIST.
Department of Commerce........................ 13x1006 Patent and Trademark Office, Salaries 2
and Expenses.
Department of Commerce........................ 13x1250 International Trade Administration, 2
Operations & Administration.
Department of Commerce........................ 13x1450 National Oceanic & Atmospheric 1
Administration, Operations, Research &
Facilities.
Department of Commerce........................ 72x1021 Development Assistance................. 4
Department of Commerce........................ 72x1093 Assistance for the Independent States 0
of the Former Soviet Union.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Defense......................... 19x1030 Global HIV/AIDs Initiative............. 4
Department of Defense......................... 19x1031 Global Health and Child Survival....... 72
Department of Defense......................... 21x2020 Operations and Maintenance, Army....... 103
Department of Defense......................... 72x0306 Assistance for Europe, Eurasia and 3
Central Asia (AEECA).
Department of Defense......................... 72x1037 Economic Support Fund.................. 1
Department of Defense......................... 72x1095 Child Survival and Health Programs 0
Fund, United States.
Department of Defense......................... 97x0100 Operation and Maintenance, Defense-Wide 178
Department of Defense......................... 97x0130 Defense Health Program................. 9
Department of Defense......................... 97x0819 Overseas Humanitarian, Disaster, and 121
Civic Aid Defense.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Energy.......................... 11x1075 Nonproliferation, Anti-Terrorism, 3
Demining and Related Programs.
Department of Energy.......................... 89x0309 Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation, 129
Department of Energy.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Health and Human Services....... 19x1030 Global HIV/AIDs Initiative............. 18
Department of Health and Human Services....... 19x1031 Global Health and Child Survival....... 1,640
Department of Health and Human Services....... 72x1095 Child Survival and Health Programs 13
Fund, United States.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x0140 Public Health and Social Services 16
Emergency Fund.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x0885 National Institute of Allergy and 392
Infectious Diseases, National
Institutes of Health.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x0892 National Institute of Mental Health, 0
National Institutes of Health.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x0943 Disease Control, Research, and 140
Training, Centers for Disease Control.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x0949 Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious 0
Diseases, Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x0950 HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, Sexually 0
Transmitted Diseases and Tuberculosis
Prevention, Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x0951 Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, 3
Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x0952 Injury Prevention and Control, Centers .........
and Disease Control and Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x0955 Global Health, Centers for Disease 75
Control and Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x0956 Public Health Preparedness and 0
Response, Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x0959 Public Health Scientific Services, 0
Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x1503 Refugee and Entrant Assistance, 631
Administration for Children and
Families.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x8250 Gifts and Donations, Centers for 0
Disease Control.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Homeland........................ 11x1022 International Narcotics Control and Law 0
Security.................................... Enforcement.
Department of Homeland........................ 11x1075 Nonproliferation, Anti-Terrorism, 3
Security.................................... Demining and Related Programs.
Department of Homeland........................ 19x1154 Andean Counterdrug Initiative, 0
Security.................................... Department of State.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Justice......................... 11x1022 International Narcotics Control and Law 2
Enforcement.
Department of Justice......................... 15x0128 Department of Justice, General Legal 0
Activities.
Department of Justice......................... 15x0200 Salaries and Expenses, Federal Bureau 0
of Investigation.
Department of Justice......................... 15x1100 Salaries and Expenses, Drug Enforcement 1
Administration.
Department of Justice......................... 15x5042 Assets Forfeiture Fund, Justice........ 0
Department of Justice......................... 72x1037 Economic Support Fund.................. 0
Department of Justice......................... 95x2750 Millennium Challenge Corporation....... 1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Labor........................... 16x0165 Department of Labor, Departmental 68
Management.
Department of Labor........................... 19x1030 Global HIV/AIDs Initiative............. 1
Department of Labor........................... 19x1031 Global Health and Child Survival....... 0
Department of Labor........................... 19x1121 Democracy Fund, Department of State.... 5
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of State........................... 11x0040 United States Emergency Refugee and 28
Migration Assistance Fund.
Department of State........................... 11x1022 International Narcotics Control and Law 322
Enforcement.
Department of State........................... 11x1075 Nonproliferation, Anti-Terrorism, 269
Demining and Related Programs.
Department of State........................... 12x3505 Food Stamp Program, Food and Nutrition 60
Service.
Department of State........................... 19x0113 Diplomatic and Consular Programs, 5
Department of State.
Department of State........................... 19x0209 Educational and Cultural Exchange 1
Programs, Department of State.
Department of State........................... 19x0210 National Endowment for Democracy, 117
Department of State.
Department of State........................... 19x1005 International Organizations and 338
Programs, State.
Department of State........................... 19x1030 Global HIV/AIDs Initiative............. 14
Department of State........................... 19x1031 Global Health and Child Survival....... 63
Department of State........................... 19x1121 Democracy Fund, Department of State.... 29
Department of State........................... 19x1124 Contributions to Peacekeeping 129
Activities, Department of State.
Department of State........................... 19x1126 Contributions to International 543
Organizations, Department of State.
Department of State........................... 19x1143 Migration and Refugee Assistance, 1,795
Department of State.
Department of State........................... 72x0306 Assistance for Europe, Eurasia and 1,490
Central Asia (AEECA).
Department of State........................... 72x1037 Economic Support Fund.................. 64
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Transportation.................. 11x1001 Trade and Development Agency........... 0
Department of Transportation.................. 69x1301 Federal Aviation Administration, 0
Operations.
Department of Transportation.................. 72x1021 Development Assistance................. 7
Department of Transportation.................. 72x1037 Economic Support Fund.................. .........
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of the Interior.................... 14x0412 Assistance to Territories, Insular 2
Affairs.
Department of the Interior.................... 14x0415 Compact of Free Association, Department 206
of Interior.
Department of the Interior.................... 14x1611 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 5
Resource Management.
Department of the Interior.................... 14x1652 Multinational Species Conservation 7
Fund, United States Fish and Wildlife
Service.
Department of the Interior.................... 14x1696 Neotropical Migratory Bird 0
Conservation, U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service.
Department of the Interior.................... 14x5029 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Federal 0
Aid to Wildlife Restoration.
Department of the Interior.................... 14x5241 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, North 0
American Wetlands Conservation Fund.
Department of the Interior.................... 14x8216 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 0
Contributed Funds.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x0071 Contribution to the Strategic Climate 75
Fund.
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x0072 Contribution to the Inter-American 86
Development Bank.
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x0073 Contribution to the International 1,492
Development Association.
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x0076 Contribution to the Asian Development 290
Bank.
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x0077 Global Environment Facility............ 237
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x0079 Contribution to the African Development 246
Fund.
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x0080 Contribution to the Clean Technology 230
Fund.
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x0082 Contribution to the African Development 32
Bank.
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x0089 Contribution to the Enterprise for the 50
Americas Multilateral Investment Fund.
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x1039 Contribution to the International Fund 26
for Agricultural Development.
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x1045 International Affairs Technical 20
Assistance.
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x1075 Nonproliferation, Anti-Terrorism, 0
Demining and Related Programs.
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x1096 Iraq Relief and Reconstruction Fund, 0
Executive Office of the President.
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x1475 Global Agriculture and Food Security 160
Program (Fund).
Department of the Treasury.................... 72x0306 Assistance for Europe, Eurasia and 4
Central Asia (AEECA).
Department of the Treasury.................... 72x1010 Assistance for Eastern Europe and the 0
Baltic States.
Department of the Treasury.................... 72x1093 Assistance for the Independent States 0
of the Former Soviet Union.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Environmental Protection Agency............... 68x0107 Environmental Protection Agency, 0
Science and Technology.
Environmental Protection Agency............... 68x0108 Environmental Programs and Management, 13
Environmental Protection Agency.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Export-Import Bank of the United States....... 83x0100 Export-Import Bank Loans Program 14
Account.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Federal Trade Commission...................... 13x0120 Department of Commerce, Departmental 0
Management.
Federal Trade Commission...................... 13x1250 International Trade Administration, 0
Operations & Administration.
Federal Trade Commission...................... 29x0100 Federal Trade Commission, Salaries and 0
Expenses.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Inter-American Foundation..................... 11x3100 Inter-American Foundation.............. 24
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Millennium Challenge.......................... 95x2750 Millennium Challenge Corporation....... 1,355
Corporation.................................
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Peace Corps................................... 11x0100 Peace Corps............................ 372
Peace Corps................................... 11x0110 Salaries and Expenses, the White House. 0
Peace Corps................................... 19x1030 Global HIV/AIDs Initiative............. 0
Peace Corps................................... 19x1031 Global Health and Child Survival....... 24
Peace Corps................................... 72x0306 Assistance for Europe, Eurasia and 2
Central Asia (AEECA).
Peace Corps................................... 72x1021 Development Assistance................. 7
Peace Corps................................... 72x1037 Economic Support Fund.................. 1
Peace Corps................................... 75x0955 Global Health, Centers for Disease 0
Control and Prevention.
Peace Corps................................... 95x2750 Millennium Challenge Corporation....... 0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Trade and Development Agency.................. 11x1001 Trade and Development Agency........... 35
Trade and Development Agency.................. 72x1037 Economic Support Fund.................. 4
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 11x0091 Debt Restructuring..................... 9
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 11x1096 Iraq Relief and Reconstruction Fund, 0
Executive Office of the President.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 12x2278 Public Law 480 Title II Grants......... 1,639
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 12x4336 Commodity Credit Corporation Fund...... 0
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 19x1030 Global HIV/AIDs Initiative............. 13
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 19x1031 Global Health and Child Survival....... 5,018
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 19x1121 Democracy Fund, Department of State.... 40
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 19x1154 Andean Counterdrug Initiative, 3
Department of State.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x0300 Capital Investment Fund, United States. 134
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x0302 Capital Investment Fund of the USAID - 0
Recovery Act.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x0305 Civilian Stabilization Initiative...... 5
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x0306 Assistance for Europe, Eurasia and 475
Central Asia (AEECA).
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1000 Operating Expenses of USAID............ 1,315
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1007 Operating Expenses of the USAID, Office 53
of Inspector General.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1010 Assistance for Eastern Europe and the 11
Baltic States.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1012 Sahel Development Program.............. .........
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1014 Sub-Saharan Africa, Development 0
Assistance.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1015 Complex Crises Fund.................... 22
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1021 Development Assistance................. 1,932
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1027 Transition Initiatives, International 41
Assistance Program.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1029 Tsunami Recovery and Reconstruction .........
Fund.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1033 HIV/AIDS Working Capital Fund, 454
International Development.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1035 International Disaster and Famine 992
Assistance.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1036 Payment to the Foreign Service 45
Retirement and Disability Fund.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1037 Economic Support Fund.................. 4,538
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1093 Assistance for the Independent States 29
of the Former Soviet Union.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1095 Child Survival and Health Programs 40
Fund, United States.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1096 Central America and the Caribbean .........
Emergency Disaster Recovery Fund.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1264 Development Credit Authority, United 24
States.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x4103 Development Loan Fund, Executive....... -238
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x4344 Housing and Other Credit Guaranty 18
Programs, Guaranty Loan Financing
Account.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x4513 Working Capital Fund, International 20
Assistance Program.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x8342 Foreign National Employees Separation 6
Liability Fund.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x8824 Gifts and Contributions, Inter-American 76
Foundation.
================================================================================================================
Total Net Disbursements ............ ....................................... 30,687
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0's represent values less than $500,000
Source: U.S. Annual Submission to the OECD/DAC via USAID's Foreign Assistance Database (FADB)
Prepared by USAID Economic Analysis and Data Services on November 26, 2013
Table 9.--CY 2012 ODA Totals by Implementing Agency and Appropriation
Bilateral Net Disbursements (in $U.S., Millions)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Treasury
Agency Symbol Appropriation Amount
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
African Development........................... 11x0700 African Development Foundation......... 31
Foundation..................................
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Agriculture..................... 11x0091 Debt Restructuring..................... 5
Department of Agriculture..................... 12x1106 National Forest System, Forest Service. 1
Department of Agriculture..................... 12x1400 Salaries and Expenses, Agricultural 0
Research Service.
Department of Agriculture..................... 12x1500 Research and Education Activities, 1
Cooperative State Research, Education,
and Extension Service.
Department of Agriculture..................... 12x1600 Salaries and Expenses, Animal Plant 1
Health Inspection Service.
Department of Agriculture..................... 12x2277 Public Law 480 Program Account, Title I -178
Department of Agriculture..................... 12x2900 Salaries and Expenses, Foreign 17
Agricultural Service.
Department of Agriculture..................... 12x2903 McGovern-Dole International Food for 163
Education and Child Nutrition Program
Grants.
Department of Agriculture..................... 70x0800 Research, Development, Acquisition, and 0
Operations, Science and Technology,
Homeland Security.
Department of Agriculture..................... 72x1037 Economic Support Fund.................. 1
Department of Agriculture..................... 80x0120 Science, National Aeronautics and Space 0
Administration.
Department of Agriculture..................... 97x0134 Former Soviet Union Threat Reduction, 0
Defense.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Commerce........................ 13x0500 Scientific & Technical Research & 0
Services, NIST.
Department of Commerce........................ 13x1006 Patent and Trademark Office, Salaries 2
and Expenses.
Department of Commerce........................ 13x1250 International Trade Administration, 2
Operations & Administration.
Department of Commerce........................ 13x1450 National Oceanic & Atmospheric 1
Administration, Operations, Research &
Facilities.
Department of Commerce........................ 72x1021 Development Assistance................. 4
Department of Commerce........................ 72x1093 Assistance for the Independent States 0
of the Former Soviet Union.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Defense......................... 19x1030 Global HIV/AIDs Initiative............. 4
Department of Defense......................... 19x1031 Global Health and Child Survival....... 72
Department of Defense......................... 21x2020 Operations and Maintenance, Army....... 103
Department of Defense......................... 72x0306 Assistance for Europe, Eurasia and 3
Central Asia (AEECA).
Department of Defense......................... 72x1037 Economic Support Fund.................. 1
Department of Defense......................... 72x1095 Child Survival and Health Programs 0
Fund, United States.
Department of Defense......................... 97x0100 Operation and Maintenance, Defense-Wide 178
Department of Defense......................... 97x0130 Defense Health Program................. 9
Department of Defense......................... 97x0819 Overseas Humanitarian, Disaster, and 121
Civic Aid Defense.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Energy.......................... 11x1075 Nonproliferation, Anti-Terrorism, 3
Demining and Related Programs.
Department of Energy.......................... 89x0309 Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation, 129
Department of Energy.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Health and Human Services....... 19x1030 Global HIV/AIDs Initiative............. 18
Department of Health and Human Services....... 19x1031 Global Health and Child Survival....... 1,640
Department of Health and Human Services....... 72x1095 Child Survival and Health Programs 13
Fund, United States.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x0140 Public Health and Social Services 16
Emergency Fund.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x0885 National Institute of Allergy and 392
Infectious Diseases, National
Institutes of Health.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x0892 National Institute of Mental Health, 0
National Institutes of Health.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x0943 Disease Control, Research, and 140
Training, Centers for Disease Control.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x0949 Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious 0
Diseases, Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x0950 HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, Sexually 0
Transmitted Diseases and Tuberculosis
Prevention, Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x0951 Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, 3
Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x0955 Global Health, Centers for Disease 75
Control and Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x0956 Public Health Preparedness and 0
Response, Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x0959 Public Health Scientific Services, 0
Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x1503 Refugee and Entrant Assistance, 631
Administration for Children and
Families.
Department of Health and Human Services....... 75x8250 Gifts and Donations, Centers for 0
Disease Control.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Homeland........................ 11x1022 International Narcotics Control and Law 0
Security.................................... Enforcement.
Department of Homeland........................ 11x1075 Nonproliferation, Anti-Terrorism, 3
Security.................................... Demining and Related Programs.
Department of Homeland........................ 19x1154 Andean Counterdrug Initiative, 0
Security.................................... Department of State.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Justice......................... 11x1022 International Narcotics Control and Law 2
Enforcement.
Department of Justice......................... 15x0128 Department of Justice, General Legal 0
Activities.
Department of Justice......................... 15x0200 Salaries and Expenses, Federal Bureau 0
of Investigation.
Department of Justice......................... 15x1100 Salaries and Expenses, Drug Enforcement 1
Administration.
Department of Justice......................... 15x5042 Assets Forfeiture Fund, Justice........ 0
Department of Justice......................... 72x1037 Economic Support Fund.................. 0
Department of Justice......................... 95x2750 Millennium Challenge Corporation....... 1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Labor........................... 16x0165 Department of Labor, Departmental 68
Management.
Department of Labor........................... 19x1030 Global HIV/AIDs Initiative............. 1
Department of Labor........................... 19x1031 Global Health and Child Survival....... 0
Department of Labor........................... 19x1121 Democracy Fund, Department of State.... 5
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of State........................... 11x0040 United States Emergency Refugee and 28
Migration Assistance Fund.
Department of State........................... 11x1022 International Narcotics Control and Law 322
Enforcement.
Department of State........................... 11x1075 Nonproliferation, Anti-Terrorism, 191
Demining and Related Programs.
Department of State........................... 12x3505 Food Stamp Program, Food and Nutrition 60
Service.
Department of State........................... 19x0113 Diplomatic and Consular Programs, 5
Department of State.
Department of State........................... 19x0209 Educational and Cultural Exchange 1
Programs, Department of State.
Department of State........................... 19x0210 National Endowment for Democracy, 117
Department of State.
Department of State........................... 19x1005 International Organizations and 4
Programs, State.
Department of State........................... 19x1030 Global HIV/AIDs Initiative............. 14
Department of State........................... 19x1031 Global Health and Child Survival....... 63
Department of State........................... 19x1121 Democracy Fund, Department of State.... 29
Department of State........................... 19x1126 Contributions to International 28
Organizations, Department of State.
Department of State........................... 19x1143 Migration and Refugee Assistance, 1,784
Department of State.
Department of State........................... 72x0306 Assistance for Europe, Eurasia and 1,490
Central Asia (AEECA).
Department of State........................... 72x1037 Economic Support Fund.................. 64
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Transportation.................. 11x1001 Trade and Development Agency........... 0
Department of Transportation.................. 69x1301 Federal Aviation Administration, 0
Operations.
Department of Transportation.................. 72x1021 Development Assistance................. 7
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of the Interior.................... 14x0412 Assistance to Territories, Insular 2
Affairs.
Department of the Interior.................... 14x0415 Compact of Free Association, Department 206
of Interior.
Department of the Interior.................... 14x1611 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 5
Resource Management.
Department of the Interior.................... 14x1652 Multinational Species Conservation 7
Fund, United States Fish and Wildlife
Service.
Department of the Interior.................... 14x1696 Neotropical Migratory Bird 0
Conservation, U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service.
Department of the Interior.................... 14x5029 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Federal 0
Aid to Wildlife Restoration.
Department of the Interior.................... 14x5241 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, North 0
American Wetlands Conservation Fund.
Department of the Interior.................... 14x8216 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 0
Contributed Funds.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x1045 International Affairs Technical 20
Assistance.
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x1075 Nonproliferation, Anti-Terrorism, 0
Demining and Related Programs.
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x1096 Iraq Relief and Reconstruction Fund, 0
Executive Office of the President.
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x1475 Global Agriculture and Food Security 160
Program (Fund).
Department of the Treasury.................... 72x0306 Assistance for Europe, Eurasia and 4
Central Asia (AEECA).
Department of the Treasury.................... 72x1010 Assistance for Eastern Europe and the 0
Baltic States.
Department of the Treasury.................... 72x1093 Assistance for the Independent States 0
of the Former Soviet Union.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Environmental Protection Agency............... 68x0107 Environmental Protection Agency, 0
Science and Technology.
Environmental Protection Agency............... 68x0108 Environmental Programs and Management, 8
Environmental Protection Agency.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Export-Import Bank of the United States....... 83x0100 Export-Import Bank Loans Program 14
Account.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Federal Trade Commission...................... 13x0120 Department of Commerce, Departmental 0
Management.
Federal Trade Commission...................... 13x1250 International Trade Administration, 0
Operations & Administration.
Federal Trade Commission...................... 29x0100 Federal Trade Commission, Salaries and 0
Expenses.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Inter-American Foundation..................... 11x3100 Inter-American Foundation.............. 24
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Millennium Challenge.......................... 95x2750 Millennium Challenge Corporation....... 1,355
Corporation.................................
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Peace Corps................................... 11x0100 Peace Corps............................ 372
Peace Corps................................... 11x0110 Salaries and Expenses, the White House. 0
Peace Corps................................... 19x1030 Global HIV/AIDs Initiative............. 0
Peace Corps................................... 19x1031 Global Health and Child Survival....... 24
Peace Corps................................... 72x0306 Assistance for Europe, Eurasia and 2
Central Asia (AEECA).
Peace Corps................................... 72x1021 Development Assistance................. 7
Peace Corps................................... 72x1037 Economic Support Fund.................. 1
Peace Corps................................... 75x0955 Global Health, Centers for Disease 0
Control and Prevention.
Peace Corps................................... 95x2750 Millennium Challenge Corporation....... 0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Trade and Development Agency.................. 11x1001 Trade and Development Agency........... 35
Trade and Development Agency.................. 72x1037 Economic Support Fund.................. 4
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 11x0091 Debt Restructuring..................... 9
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 11x1096 Iraq Relief and Reconstruction Fund, 0
Executive Office of the President.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 12x2278 Public Law 480 Title II Grants......... 1,639
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 12x4336 Commodity Credit Corporation Fund...... 0
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 19x1030 Global HIV/AIDs Initiative............. 13
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 19x1031 Global Health and Child Survival....... 3,632
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 19x1121 Democracy Fund, Department of State.... 40
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 19x1154 Andean Counterdrug Initiative, 3
Department of State.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x0300 Capital Investment Fund, United States. 134
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x0302 Capital Investment Fund of the USAID - 0
Recovery Act.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x0305 Civilian Stabilization Initiative...... 5
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x0306 Assistance for Europe, Eurasia and 475
Central Asia (AEECA).
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1000 Operating Expenses of USAID............ 1,315
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1007 Operating Expenses of the USAID, Office 53
of Inspector General.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1010 Assistance for Eastern Europe and the 11
Baltic States.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1014 Sub-Saharan Africa, Development 0
Assistance.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1015 Complex Crises Fund.................... 22
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1021 Development Assistance................. 1,932
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1027 Transition Initiatives, International 41
Assistance Program.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1033 HIV/AIDS Working Capital Fund, 454
International Development.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1035 International Disaster and Famine 992
Assistance.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1036 Payment to the Foreign Service 45
Retirement and Disability Fund.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1037 Economic Support Fund.................. 4,538
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1093 Assistance for the Independent States 29
of the Former Soviet Union.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1095 Child Survival and Health Programs 40
Fund, United States.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x1264 Development Credit Authority, United 24
States.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x4103 Development Loan Fund, Executive....... -233
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x4344 Housing and Other Credit Guaranty 18
Programs, Guaranty Loan Financing
Account.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x4513 Working Capital Fund, International 20
Assistance Program.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x8342 Foreign National Employees Separation 6
Liability Fund.
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x8824 Gifts and Contributions, Inter-American 76
Foundation.
================================================================================================================
Total Bilateral Net ............ ....................................... 25,471
Disbursements
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0's represent values less than $500,000
Source: U.S. Annual Submission to the OECD/DAC via USAID's Foreign Assistance Database (FADB)
Prepared by USAID Economic Analysis and Data Services on November 26, 2013
Table 10.--CY 2012 ODA Totals by Implementing Agency and Appropriation
Multilateral Net Disbursements (in $U.S., Millions)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Treasury
Agency Symbol Appropriation Amount
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of State........................... 11x1075 Nonproliferation, Anti-Terrorism, 78
Demining and Related Programs.
Department of State........................... 19x1005 International Organizations and 335
Programs, State.
Department of State........................... 19x1124 Contributions to Peacekeeping 129
Activities, Department of State.
Department of State........................... 19x1126 Contributions to International 515
Organizations, Department of State.
Department of State........................... 19x1143 Migration and Refugee Assistance, 11
Department of State.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x0071 Contribution to the Strategic Climate 75
Fund.
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x0072 Contribution to the Inter-American 86
Development Bank.
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x0073 Contribution to the International 1,492
Development Association.
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x0076 Contribution to the Asian Development 290
Bank.
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x0077 Global Environment Facility............ 237
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x0079 Contribution to the African Development 246
Fund.
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x0080 Contribution to the Clean Technology 230
Fund.
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x0082 Contribution to the African Development 32
Bank.
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x0089 Contribution to the Enterprise for the 50
Americas Multilateral Investment Fund.
Department of the Treasury.................... 11x1039 Contribution to the International Fund 26
for Agricultural Development.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Environmental Protection Agency............... 68x0108 Environmental Programs and Management, 4
Environmental Protection Agency.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 19x1031 Global Health and Child Survival....... 1,385
U.S. Agency for International Development..... 72x4103 Development Loan Fund, Executive....... -5
================================================================================================================
Total Multilateral Net ..................................... 5,216
Disbursements
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0's represent values less than $500,000
Source: U.S. Annual Submission to the OECD/DAC via USAID's Foreign Assistance Database (FADB)
Prepared by USAID Economic Analysis and Data Services on November 26, 2013
Table 11.--Agency List
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Agency Acronym Agency Name
------------------------------------------------------------------------
ADF..................................... African Development
Foundation
AGR..................................... Department of Agriculture
AID..................................... U.S. Agency for
International Development
COMMERCE................................ Department of Commerce
DHS..................................... Department of Homeland
Security
DOD..................................... Department of Defense
DOE..................................... Department of Energy
DOT..................................... Department of Transportation
DTRE.................................... Department of the Treasury
EPA..................................... Environmental Protection
Agency
EXIM.................................... Export-Import Bank of the
United States
FTC..................................... Federal Trade Commission
HHS..................................... Department of Health and
Human Services
IADF.................................... Inter-American Foundation
INTERIOR................................ Department of the Interior
JUSTICE................................. Department of Justice
LABOR................................... Department of Labor
MCC..................................... Millennium Challenge
Corporation
PEACE................................... Peace Corps
STATE................................... Department of State
TDA..................................... Trade and Development Agency
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 12.--Appropriation List
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Treasury Symbol Appropriation Name
------------------------------------------------------------------------
11x0040................................ United States Emergency
Refugee and Migration
Assistance Fund
11x0071................................ Contribution to the Strategic
Climate Fund
11x0072................................ Contribution to the Inter-
American Development Bank
11x0073................................ Contribution to the
International Development
Association
11x0076................................ Contribution to the Asian
Development Bank
11x0077................................ Global Environment Facility
11x0079................................ Contribution to the African
Development Fund
11x0080................................ Contribution to the Clean
Technology Fund
11x0082................................ Contribution to the African
Development Bank
11x0089................................ Contribution to the
Enterprise for the Americas
Multilateral Investment Fund
11x0091................................ Debt Restructuring
11x0100................................ Peace Corps
11x0110................................ Salaries and Expenses, the
White House
11x0700................................ African Development
Foundation
11x1001................................ Trade and Development Agency
11x1022................................ International Narcotics
Control and Law Enforcement
11x1039................................ Contribution to the
International Fund for
Agricultural Development
11x1045................................ International Affairs
Technical Assistance
11x1075................................ Nonproliferation, Anti-
Terrorism, Demining and
Related Programs
11x1096................................ Iraq Relief and
Reconstruction Fund,
Executive Office of the
President
11x1475................................ Global Agriculture and Food
Security Program (Fund)
11x3100................................ Inter-American Foundation
12x1106................................ National Forest System,
Forest Service
12x1400................................ Salaries and Expenses,
Agricultural Research
Service
12x1500................................ Research and Education
Activities, Cooperative
State Research, Education,
and Extension Service
12x1600................................ Salaries and Expenses, Animal
Plant Health Inspection
Service
12x2277................................ Public Law 480 Program
Account, Title I
12x2278................................ Public Law 480 Title II
Grants
12x2900................................ Salaries and Expenses,
Foreign Agricultural Service
12x2903................................ McGovern-Dole International
Food for Education and Child
Nutrition Program Grants
12x3505................................ Food Stamp Program, Food and
Nutrition Service
12x4336................................ Commodity Credit Corporation
Fund
13x0120................................ Department of Commerce,
Departmental Management
13x0500................................ Scientific & Technical
Research & Services, NIST
13x1006................................ Patent and Trademark Office,
Salaries and Expenses
13x1250................................ International Trade
Administration, Operations &
Administration
13x1450................................ National Oceanic &
Atmospheric Administration,
Operations, Research &
Facilities
14x0412................................ Assistance to Territories,
Insular Affairs
14x0415................................ Compact of Free Association,
Department of Interior
14x1611................................ U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, Resource Management
14x1652................................ Multinational Species
Conservation Fund, United
States Fish and Wildlife
Service
14x1696................................ Neotropical Migratory Bird
Conservation, U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service
14x5029................................ U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, Federal Aid to
Wildlife Restoration
14x5241................................ U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, North American
Wetlands Conservation Fund
14x8216................................ U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, Contributed Funds
15x0128................................ Department of Justice,
General Legal Activities
15x0200................................ Salaries and Expenses,
Federal Bureau of
Investigation
15x1100................................ Salaries and Expenses, Drug
Enforcement Administration
15x5042................................ Assets Forfeiture Fund,
Justice
16x0165................................ Department of Labor,
Departmental Management
19x0113................................ Diplomatic and Consular
Programs, Department of
State
19x0209................................ Educational and Cultural
Exchange Programs,
Department of State
19x0210................................ National Endowment for
Democracy, Department of
State
19x1005................................ International Organizations
and Programs, State
19x1030................................ Global HIV/AIDs Initiative
19x1031................................ Global Health and Child
Survival
19x1121................................ Democracy Fund, Department of
State
19x1124................................ Contributions to Peacekeeping
Activities, Department of
State
19x1126................................ Contributions to
International Organizations,
Department of State
19x1143................................ Migration and Refugee
Assistance, Department of
State
19x1154................................ Andean Counterdrug
Initiative, Department of
State
21x2020................................ Operations and Maintenance,
Army
29x0100................................ Federal Trade Commission,
Salaries and Expenses
68x0107................................ Environmental Protection
Agency, Science and
Technology
68x0108................................ Environmental Programs and
Management, Environmental
Protection Agency
69x1301................................ Federal Aviation
Administration, Operations
70x0800................................ Research, Development,
Acquisition, and Operations,
Science and Technology,
Homeland Security
72x0300................................ Capital Investment Fund,
United States
72x0302................................ Capital Investment Fund of
the USAID - Recovery Act
72x0305................................ Civilian Stabilization
Initiative
72x0306................................ Assistance for Europe,
Eurasia and Central Asia
(AEECA)
72x1000................................ Operating Expenses of USAID
72x1007................................ Operating Expenses of the
USAID, Office of Inspector
General
72x1010................................ Assistance for Eastern Europe
and the Baltic States
72x1012................................ Sahel Development Program
72x1014................................ Sub-Saharan Africa,
Development Assistance
72x1015................................ Complex Crises Fund
72x1021................................ Development Assistance
72x1027................................ Transition Initiatives,
International Assistance
Program
72x1029................................ Tsunami Recovery and
Reconstruction Fund
72x1033................................ HIV/AIDS Working Capital
Fund, International
Development
72x1035................................ International Disaster and
Famine Assistance
72x1036................................ Payment to the Foreign
Service Retirement and
Disability Fund
72x1037................................ Economic Support Fund
72x1093................................ Assistance for the
Independent States of the
Former Soviet Union
72x1095................................ Child Survival and Health
Programs Fund, United States
72x1096................................ Central America and the
Caribbean Emergency Disaster
Recovery Fund
72x1264................................ Development Credit Authority,
United States
72x4103................................ Development Loan Fund,
Executive
72x4344................................ Housing and Other Credit
Guaranty Programs, Guaranty
Loan Financing Account
72x4513................................ Working Capital Fund,
International Assistance
Program
72x8342................................ Foreign National Employees
Separation Liability Fund
72x8824................................ Gifts and Contributions,
Inter-American Foundation
75x0140................................ Public Health and Social
Services Emergency Fund
75x0885................................ National Institute of Allergy
and Infectious Diseases,
National Institutes of
Health
75x0892................................ National Institute of Mental
Health, National Institutes
of Health
75x0943................................ Disease Control, Research,
and Training, Centers for
Disease Control
75x0949................................ Emerging and Zoonotic
Infectious Diseases, Centers
for Disease Control and
Prevention
75x0950................................ HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis,
Sexually Transmitted
Diseases and Tuberculosis
Prevention, Centers for
Disease Control and
Prevention
75x0951................................ Immunization and Respiratory
Diseases, Centers for
Disease Control and
Prevention
75x0952................................ Injury Prevention and
Control, Centers and Disease
Control and Prevention
75x0955................................ Global Health, Centers for
Disease Control and
Prevention
75x0956................................ Public Health Preparedness
and Response, Centers for
Disease Control and
Prevention
75x0959................................ Public Health Scientific
Services, Centers for
Disease Control and
Prevention
75x1503................................ Refugee and Entrant
Assistance, Administration
for Children and Families
75x8250................................ Gifts and Donations, Centers
for Disease Control
80x0120................................ Science, National Aeronautics
and Space Administration
83x0100................................ Export-Import Bank Loans
Program Account
89x0309................................ Defense Nuclear
Nonproliferation, Department
of Energy
95x2750................................ Millennium Challenge
Corporation
97x0100................................ Operation and Maintenance,
Defense-Wide
97x0130................................ Defense Health Program
97x0134................................ Former Soviet Union Threat
Reduction, Defense
97x0819................................ Overseas Humanitarian,
Disaster, and Civic Aid
Defense
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 13.--Democractic Republic of the Congo: PUSG Debt Relief (Paris Club)
(U.S. dollars)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FY 2005 FY 2006 FY 2007 FY 2010 Total
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total All Agencies
Face Value Treated \1\........................................... 289,280,244 4,479,161 113,585,345 1,635,654,731 2,042,999,481
Subsidy Cost Obligation \1\...................................... 60,930,045 947,107 21,120,031 87,099,790 170,096,973
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
USAID
Face Value Treated............................................... 35,370,662 4,479,161 8,706,851 262,532,950 311,089,624
Subsidy Cost Obligation.......................................... 7,561,087 947,107 1,618,950 12,180,370 22,307,514
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
USDA
Face Value Treated............................................... 112,405,883 35,502,655 439,998,354 587,906,892
Subsidy Cost Obligation.......................................... 23,751,492 6,601,355 20,675,351 51,028,198
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EXIM Bank
Face Value Treated............................................... 105,528,498 50,284,016 723,581,585 879,394,099
Subsidy Cost Obligation.......................................... 22,129,029 9,349,797 42,504,343 73,983,169
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DOD
Face Value Treated............................................... 35,975,201 19,091,823 209,541,842 264,608,866
Subsidy Cost Obligation.......................................... 7,488,437 3,549,929 11,739,726 22,778,092
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Notes:
\1\ ``Face Value Treated" represents amount of debt treated (forgiven); ``Subsidy Cost Obligation'' is the cost of debt relief as obligated.
\2\ There was an USAID action processed in FY 2003, but it was a rescheduling without subsidy cost.
\3\ FY 2006: this was a USAID-only adjustment.
\4\ All subsidy costs in this table were obligated in Treasury's Debt Restructuring program account (11 0091).
USAID ACTIVITIES PER SECTOR AND PER PROVINCE
Combined Fiscal Years 2011, 2012, and 2013
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO, MARCH 2014
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]
[all]