[Senate Hearing 113-529]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]




                                                        S. Hrg. 113-529

PROSPECTS FOR PEACE IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO AND GREAT LAKES 
                                 REGION

=======================================================================

                                HEARING

                               BEFORE THE



                     COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS
                          UNITED STATES SENATE

                    ONE HUNDRED THIRTEENTH CONGRESS

                             SECOND SESSION

                               __________

                           FEBRUARY 26, 2014

                               __________

       Printed for the use of the Committee on Foreign Relations



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                COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS         

             ROBERT MENENDEZ, New Jersey, Chairman        
BARBARA BOXER, California            BOB CORKER, Tennessee
BENJAMIN L. CARDIN, Maryland         JAMES E. RISCH, Idaho
JEANNE SHAHEEN, New Hampshire        MARCO RUBIO, Florida
CHRISTOPHER A. COONS, Delaware       RON JOHNSON, Wisconsin
RICHARD J. DURBIN, Illinois          JEFF FLAKE, Arizona
TOM UDALL, New Mexico                JOHN McCAIN, Arizona
CHRISTOPHER MURPHY, Connecticut      JOHN BARRASSO, Wyoming
TIM KAINE, Virginia                  RAND PAUL, Kentucky
EDWARD J. MARKEY, Massachusetts
               Daniel E. O'Brien, Staff Director        
        Lester E. Munson III, Republican Staff Director        

                              (ii)        

  















                            C O N T E N T S

                              ----------                              
                                                                   Page

Affleck, Ben, director, actor, writer, producer; founder, Eastern 
  Congo Initiative, Los Angeles, CA..............................    38
    Prepared statement...........................................    40
Corker, Hon. Bob, U.S. Senator from Tennessee, opening statement.     2
Feingold, Hon. Russell D., U.S. Special Envoy for the Great Lakes 
  Region and the Democratic Republic of Congo, U.S. Department of 
  State, Washington, DC..........................................     3
    Prepared statement...........................................     6
    Responses to questions submitted for the record by Senator 
      Robert Menendez............................................    64
    Responses and attachments to questions submitted for the 
      record by Senator Bob Corker...............................    69
Gilpin, Dr. Raymond, academic dean, Africa Center for Strategic 
  Studies, National Defense University, Washington, DC...........    32
    Prepared statement...........................................    34
    Responses to questions submitted for the record by Senator 
      Robert Menendez............................................    65
    Responses to questions submitted for the record by Senator 
      Bob Corker.................................................    68
Meece, Hon. Roger, former U.S. Ambassador to the Democratic 
  Republic of Congo, former United Nations Special Representative 
  for the Democratic Republic of Congo, Seattle, WA..............    26
    Prepared statement...........................................    28
    Response to question submitted for the record by Senator Bob 
      Corker.....................................................    66
Menendez, Hon. Robert, U.S. Senator from New Jersey, opening 
  statement......................................................     1

              Additional Material Submitted for the Record

Written Statement of Dr. Denis Mukwege, founder and director of 
  the Panzi Hospital in the DRC..................................    58
Written Statement of Mark Dwyer, country director, Democratic 
  Republic of Congo, Mercy Corps.................................    60

                                 (iii)

  

 
PROSPECTS FOR PEACE IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO AND GREAT LAKES 
                                 REGION

                              ----------                              


                      WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 26, 2014

                                       U.S. Senate,
                            Committee on Foreign Relations,
                                                    Washington, DC.
    The committee met, pursuant to notice, at 2:21 p.m., in 
room SD-419, Dirksen Senate Office Building, Hon. Robert 
Menendez (chairman of the committee) presiding.
    Present: Senators Menendez, Boxer, Coons, Markey, Corker, 
Risch, Johnson, Flake, McCain, and Barrasso.

          OPENING STATEMENT OF HON. ROBERT MENENDEZ, 
                  U.S. SENATOR FROM NEW JERSEY

    The Chairman. Good afternoon. This hearing will come to 
order.
    We want to welcome our panelists, and our distinguished 
colleague who is doing an incredible job as special envoy. We 
welcome him back not only to the Senate, but to this committee, 
where he served with such distinction and had a passion for 
Africa that is still evident today. And welcome to all of our 
distinguished panelists and guests, and to Mr. Affleck for 
clearly drawing so much attention to this important 
international issue. [Laughter.]
    Now, I say that on a serious note. Mr. Affleck has pursued 
his interests in the eastern Congo with thoughtfulness and 
seriousness of purpose, over nine trips, and so we appreciate 
him in that context.
    We are here to shed light on the best way forward to end 
the horrific violence in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Over 
the last two decades, over 5 million people have been killed, 
hundreds of thousands more displaced. There have been brutal 
killings, continued recruitment and conscription of child 
soldiers, and horrendous acts of sexual violence against women 
and girls.
    The M23 rebellion was just the latest iteration of a long 
conflict that has stalled economic development and destroyed 
the social fabric of communities in eastern Congo. I commend 
the work of the international group of envoys, including our 
own special envoy, as I said, a good friend and former 
colleague, Senator Feingold, as well as regional players like 
Uganda for their efforts to promote political reconciliation in 
the DRC.
    But the apparent end of the M23 rebellion has not ended the 
violence. The latest U.N. group of experts report documented 
evidence of continued recruitment by the M23 and the regional 
threat posed by the FDLR, the Democratic Forces for the 
Liberation of Rwanda, by Kata Katanga, by various Mai-Mai 
militias and by dozens of other groups.
    At the end of the day, the international community must 
send a clear and forceful message that the era of impunity for 
those who commit human rights violations is over. I commend the 
Congolese Government for taking the first important step with 
the passage of a new amnesty law that seeks to hold those who 
have committed acts of genocide fully accountable. There is, 
however, much more to do.
    Before I turn to our distinguished ranking member, I am 
pleased that we are joined today by Dr. Denis Mukwege, founder 
of the Panzi Hospital in Bukavu. Dr. Mukwege has been a 
tireless advocate for human rights and the rights of women. 
Both he and the Panzi Hospital are internationally known for 
being there 24/7 for survivors of sexual violence. So, Doctor, 
I would ask you to stand and be recognized. We do not do that 
often, but this is an extraordinary feat. Thank you very much.
    [Applause.]
    The Chairman. I want to thank you, Doctor, for being with 
us today. I ask unanimous consent that the Doctor's prepared 
statement be submitted for the record. Without objection, so 
ordered.

[Editor's note.--Dr. Mukwege's prepared statement can be found 
in the ``Additional Material Submitted for the Record'' section 
at the end of this hearing.]

    His statement and our panelists' testimony will help to 
answer the questions before us. What is their assessment of the 
security situation in the east since the end of the M23 
rebellion? Do other armed groups pose a threat to the Congolese 
Government and civilian populations? What are the economic and 
political dimensions of the conflict? What is the current 
status of political reconciliation under the Peace, Security, 
and Cooperation Framework in the disarmament, demobilization, 
and reintegration process? And what role will other regional 
actors play? And how can the United States Government best 
continue to support regional and international efforts toward 
peace and stability in the African Great Lakes Region?
    So again, with our thanks to all of our panelists, let me 
turn to the distinguished ranking Republican, Senator Corker.

             OPENING STATEMENT OF HON. BOB CORKER, 
                  U.S. SENATOR FROM TENNESSEE

    Senator Corker. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I appreciate very 
much you having this hearing today.
    And I want to thank Senator Feingold for coming back. We 
talked in the back room about his passion for this issue and 
his interest. I appreciate you being here with much lesser 
known witnesses behind you. And I do thank them, by the way, 
all of them, for their input later. But it is great for our 
Nation that we have people, because of who they are, able to 
generate so much interest in an issue.
    So, again, I thank you for this hearing.
    For about 14 years now, the international community has 
sought, without much success, to bring some resolution to the 
conflict that has extracted such a terrible toll on the people 
of DRC. Since 2000, the United States has devoted about $10 
billion to the DRC in humanitarian assistance, development 
assistance, and peacekeeping contributions. Additional U.S. 
assistance is contributed through multilateral contributions of 
the World Bank, IMF, African Development Bank. The peacekeeping 
mission is the largest and most expensive in the world at over 
$1 billion a year.
    Yet, I am concerned that we have not seen the progress to 
show for all of these investments. Rebel groups continue to 
terrorize civilians, the governments, and the armies of the 
region--including that of the DRC--continue to act as criminal 
syndicates plundering the country and causing needless human 
suffering.
    While we have seen glimmers of hope in this past year with 
the signing of the 2013 framework agreement--and we thank you 
for your efforts in that regard--and the M23's announcement 
that it was ending its rebellion, this is a fragile accord, as 
we all know, and one that is being implemented very slowly. The 
framework agreement is an opportunity that I know the 
administration has worked hard to make real and one that we do 
not want to slip away.
    I am also aware that this is not something over which the 
United States has full control by any stretch of the 
imagination. Yet, as we look ahead, I want to know that we are 
doing all that we can to make sure that the next 13 years in 
the DRC are not like the last 13. And I thank all of you for 
your efforts in that regard.
    So I look forward to exploring these issues with you more 
in depth. I want to thank all the distinguished witnesses for 
being here today and look forward to your testimony.
    The Chairman. Let me, before I turn to Senator Feingold, 
recognize someone who has done incredible work for us as the 
full committee, the chairman of the Africa Subcommittee, 
Senator Coons. I appreciate your very significant, thoughtful 
work on the committee, joined by Senator Flake in a bipartisan 
spirit, and we look forward to hearing your insights during the 
course of this hearing.
    With that, let me turn to our first witness. During 18 
distinguished years in the Senate, he served on, and led, the 
African Affairs Subcommittee, and we look forward to his 
perspective as the special envoy for the Great Lakes Region of 
Africa and the DRC. Senator Feingold, as you know, your full 
statement will be included in the record, and we ask you to 
summarize it in 5 minutes or so. But, you know, we certainly 
want to hear from you so that we can enter into a dialogue and 
get some questions and perspectives from you on the ground. And 
with that, we welcome you back to the committee and are looking 
forward to hearing your testimony.

 STATEMENT OF HON. RUSSELL D. FEINGOLD, U.S. SPECIAL ENVOY FOR 
 THE GREAT LAKES REGION AND THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO, 
            U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE, WASHINGTON, DC

    Senator Feingold. Thank you. It is good to be back, and 
thank you, Chairman Menendez, Ranking Member Corker, and 
members of the committee. Thank you for the invitation to 
testify today on the Democratic Republic of Congo and the Great 
Lakes region.
    As you know, the security and humanitarian situation in the 
DRC has long been one of the most volatile in Africa.
    I do want to say, though, looking at the region today, I am 
cautiously optimistic about the road ahead. The highest levels 
of the U.S. Government are now committed to helping the DRC and 
the Great Lakes region realize peace and development. President 
Obama's and Secretary Kerry's decision to appoint a full-time 
special envoy to the Great Lakes is just one testament to their 
commitment to maintaining high-level, sustained attention to 
the region.
    And I want to say that the support of the State Department 
in my efforts has been tremendous. I was on the other side of 
this for many years, and it is something to be on the inside 
and see the incredibly hard-working and talented people you 
have to support you in a complicated task like this.
    Since early September of last year, I have made seven trips 
to the region to try to bring sustained attention and a 
comprehensive approach to resolving the crisis in the Great 
Lakes. Today we are seeing progress in addressing the threat 
from armed groups and also in furthering a regionally led peace 
process. We are also, I think, seeing the region's attitude 
toward the United States improve in recognition of our 
consistent high-level engagement.
    The last time the State Department testified on the DRC in 
December 2012, the Congo was actually consumed by the M23 
rebellion. Since then, there has been significant international 
focus on the Great Lakes, including the signature of the 13 
countries to the Peace, Security, and Cooperation Framework 
Agreement for the Great Lakes, which you mentioned, and also 
the appointment of U.N. Special Envoy Mary Robinson.
    I can thankfully report that in response to combined 
military and political pressures, the M23 ended its rebellion 
on November 5 of last year. This important outcome was a result 
of military pressure on the M23, diplomatic pressure in the 
region, but also the successful conclusion of the Kampala 
Dialogue between the M23 and the DRC Government. After months 
of stalemate between the parties, I joined my fellow envoys 
from the U.N., the AU, and the EU in traveling to Kampala last 
September to try to get this impasse out of the way. We 
subsequently made repeated trips to engage directly with the 
parties over the contents of what became known as the Nairobi 
Declarations, which the M23 and the DRC Government signed on 
December 12, 2013, and which set out the conditions for the 
demobilization of the M23.
    Now, having said that, there are three key steps to 
building on this recent progress in the DRC: implementing those 
Nairobi Declarations, furthering the framework peace process, 
and also undertaking domestic reforms within the DRC. And I 
list these not in any particular order of priority. They are 
all three equally important and must be pursued simultaneously.
    First, on the Nairobi Declarations, the DRC Government 
fulfilled one of its primary commitments just a few days ago by 
promulgating a law which grants amnesty for the act of 
insurrection to those individuals who actually renounce 
rebellion. But--and this is critical--the law does not grant 
amnesty for war crimes or for crimes against humanity or other 
human rights abuses. And this is different from the other peace 
agreements in the past. The Nairobi Declarations call for 
accountability and leave no room for impunity, which in the 
past has just sown the seeds for future rebellions, as Senator 
Corker was alluding to in his remarks.
    I was encouraged during my recent trip to the DRC to hear 
that the government also is very likely to support mixed 
chambers. These are hybrid courts that would be staffed and 
supported by both the DRC and also international personnel and 
which would significantly aid in the fight against impunity.
    The next important step in implementing the declarations is 
ensuring that the hundreds of ex-M23 combatants who are 
currently in the DRC and Uganda and Rwanda actually complete 
the disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration process. It 
is known as DDR. We are actively engaging the DRC Government 
regarding the urgency of implementing an effective DDR plan for 
not only the M23 but also for the dozens of other armed groups 
that were still active in eastern Congo. The DRC has an 
unprecedented opportunity to capitalize on the willingness of 
thousands of combatants to demobilize. However, I will say 
this. If the government does not act soon, it risks having 
these ex-combatants regroup or join other armed groups.
    The second point. Beyond the declarations in Nairobi, the 
Great Lakes region needs to continue robust implementation of 
the broader framework peace process. We commend U.N. Special 
Envoy Robinson's stewardship of the process and the substantial 
progress that has been made to date. We believe that fulfilling 
the framework's overarching objectives will also require key 
signatories to undertake a broader political dialogue aimed at 
identifying and resolving the regional root causes of this very 
complicated conflict.
    And actually sort of a surprising but very promising thing 
happened just in January of this year, and that is the budding 
dialogue led by Angolan President dos Santos who assumed the 
chair of the International Conference on the Great Lakes last 
month. I had a chance to witness in Rwanda during his first day 
as Chair that President dos Santos convened, after having no 
particular plan to do so in advance, the Presidents of the DRC, 
Rwanda, Uganda, and South Africa to discuss the FDLR, which is 
an armed group led by the former Rwanda genocidaires which has 
plagued the eastern Congo and Rwanda for more than a decade. My 
fellow envoys and I, as well as regional leaders, were 
pleasantly pleased and saw in this meeting the potential start 
to the needed broader dialogue. We strongly support and 
encourage Angola's role in facilitating a regionally owned and 
initiated dialogue under the auspices of the framework and 
stand ready to support President dos Santos in furthering it.
    Finally, the third issue. While ending the M23 rebellion 
was a critical step, the DRC still has much, much more it needs 
to do to stabilize and secure the country, including 
comprehensive security sector and governance reform. For 
starters, the DRC needs to immediately ramp up its preparations 
for upcoming elections if it is to avoid a repeat of the 
seriously flawed 2011 elections. It is critical for the 
trajectory and credibility of the country that these next 
elections, the local, provincial, and national elections, over 
the next few years be credible and meet international election 
standards. If we are serious about prioritizing 
democratization, we should also consider identifying additional 
funds to ensure adequate support for upcoming elections.
    On security, the government has to do more to ensure 
members of the security forces are professionally trained, 
adequately paid, and respectful of human rights. While the 
FARDC experienced a commendable victory against the M23, it 
continues to be hampered sometimes by ineffective command and 
control, limited resources, corruption, and poor military 
planning capability. The DRC Government and MONUSCO also need 
to follow up the defeat of the M23 by applying equal military 
pressure on other armed groups, starting with the FDLR and the 
ADF. Indeed, we are hopeful that the FARDC and MONUSCO will 
launch robust operations against the FDLR soon.
    Despite these challenges, Mr. Chairman, I reiterate my 
previous assertion that I am cautiously optimistic about the 
road ahead for the DRC and the Great Lakes. The DRC is at a 
crossroads but has a real opportunity to realize the peace and 
prosperity that has evaded it for far too long.
    So thank you again for the opportunity to testify and I 
look forward to answering your questions.
    [The prepared statement of Senator Feingold follows:]

           Prepared Statement of Senator Russell D. Feingold

    Chairman Menendez, Ranking Member Corker, and members of the 
committee, thank you for the invitation to testify today on the recent 
progress in and continuing challenges facing the African Great Lakes 
Region and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), and our 
comprehensive efforts to support the region in resolving the root 
causes of conflict and instability.
    As you know, the security and humanitarian situation in the DRC has 
long been one of the most volatile in Africa. An estimated 5 million 
people have lost their lives since 1998, millions more have been 
displaced, and billions of dollars have been spent trying to stabilize 
the region. Looking at the region today, however, I am cautiously 
optimistic about the road ahead, while recognizing that myriad 
challenges still stand in the way of lasting peace and stability.
    The highest levels of the U.S. Government are committed to helping 
the DRC and the Great Lakes region permanently break the cycle of 
violence and realize its democratic and economic potential. President 
Obama's and Secretary Kerry's appointment of a full-time special envoy 
is a testament to their commitment to maintaining high-level attention 
on this region. On my own part, I have made seven trips to the region 
in 6 months, meeting repeatedly with heads of state, civil society, and 
our donor partners to bring sustained attention and a comprehensive 
approach to resolving the crisis in the Great Lakes. Today, we are 
seeing progress in addressing the threat from armed groups and in 
furthering the regionally led peace process. We are also seeing the 
region's attitude toward the United States improve in recognition of 
our consistent high-level engagement.
                           situational update
    The last time the State Department testified on the DRC in December 
2012, the country was consumed by the M23 rebellion and the capture of 
Goma had raised grave doubts about the ability of the U.N. peacekeeping 
mission in the DRC, called MONUSCO, to protect civilians against the 
threat of armed groups. I can thankfully report that the outlook today 
is very different. In response to combined military and political 
pressures, the M23 was defeated and formally ended its rebellion last 
November.
    Three key developments contributed to the military defeat of the 
M23. First, the DRC Government put in place more operationally 
effective and accountable military officers in the embattled region of 
North Kivu, helping to overcome previous reluctance by the DRC 
military, or FARDC, to pursue the M23. Second, last March, the U.N. 
Security Council approved the establishment within MONUSCO of the first 
regionally led, 3,000-troop-strong Intervention Brigade, or IB, 
composed of troops from Tanzania, Malawi, and South Africa. We strongly 
supported this more explicit Chapter VII mandate in an effort to 
increase MONUSCO's capability to protect civilians by more robustly 
targeting armed groups. The IB provided critical support to the FARDC 
and helped to successfully protect civilians and defend Goma during the 
M23's attacks last year. Third, as the U.N. Group of Experts and other 
reporting indicates, outside support to the M23 decreased toward the 
end of the rebellion. We believe this was in part the result of 
sustained, high-level diplomatic and financial pressure on Rwanda to 
cease support for the M23.
    The political resolution of the M23 rebellion, on the other hand, 
came via the Kampala Dialogue, successfully facilitated by Uganda in 
its role as chair of the regional organization the International 
Conference on the Great Lakes Region, or the ICGLR. While the Kampala 
Dialogue started in December 2012, it lagged for months in large part 
because of the lack of sufficient military pressure on and continued 
external support to the M23. However, the talks gained traction last 
fall when the M23 was forced to drop its more unrealistic demands in 
the face of increased military pressure from the FARDC and MONUSCO. The 
Ugandan Government's continued engagement throughout this period also 
is commendable; had they given up when talks lagged, we might have seen 
a very different outcome.
    I also believe the eventual success of the Kampala Dialogue was a 
result of the added participation of a set of five international 
envoys--U.N. Special Envoy Mary Robinson, the Special Representative of 
the Secretary General Martin Kobler, Special Representative for the 
African Union Boubecar Diarra, Senior Coordinator for the European 
Union Koen Vervaeke, and me. Prior to last September, the international 
community had not participated in the Kampala Dialogue, or even been 
allowed in the room during the substantive negotiations. This changed 
last September, when during the envoys' first joint trip to the region, 
we met with the DRC and the M23 delegations in an effort to overcome 
the stalemate in the talks and pressure the parties toward an 
internationally acceptable outcome. We subsequently made repeated trips 
to Kampala, engaging directly with the parties over the contents of an 
eventual peace arrangement. I believe the active participation of the 
envoys was a key turning point in the Kampala Dialogue.
    The Kampala Dialogue concluded on December 12, 2013, with the M23s 
and the DRC Government's signing of their respective Nairobi 
Declarations, which among other things, set out the conditions for the 
disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration of the M23 into 
Congolese society, and called for those responsible for war crimes and 
crimes against humanity to be held accountable. Unlike previous 
agreements between the DRC Government and rebel groups that failed to 
hold up over time or achieve lasting stability, the Nairobi 
Declarations do not grant blanket amnesty to the M23 for mass 
atrocities and do not provide for the reintegration of the M23 as a 
group into the DRC military. The Declarations have yet to be fully 
implemented, however, and M23 fighters and leaders remain spread out in 
Uganda, Rwanda, and the DRC. Thus, while the official end of the M23 
rebellion is promising, the long-term success of the declarations will 
be dependent on the parties' prompt and full implementation of their 
commitments, as well as the cooperation of neighboring countries in 
supporting the implementation of these commitments.
    Similarly, the continuation of the positive momentum gained from 
the end of the M23 rebellion is dependent on the region's 
implementation of the broader Peace, Security, and Cooperation 
Framework Agreement, signed a year ago by the DRC, Rwanda, Uganda, and 
an unprecedented 10 other countries in the region, and signed by the 
U.N., the AU, the ICGLR, and the Southern African Development Community 
(SADC) as guarantors. We believe the Framework, which sets out 
commitments by the DRC, the region, and the international community, 
provides the Great Lakes with the best opportunity to resolve the root 
causes of conflict, if participating governments maintain the political 
will necessary to implement their commitments.
                               next steps
    Looking forward, there are three key next steps to building on 
recent progress in the DRC and to preventing backsliding. I list these 
not in order of priority, as all three are equally important and must 
be pursued simultaneously. The first is following up on the Kampala 
Dialogue with the full implementation of the Nairobi Declarations. 
Second is the advancement of the Framework peace process, including 
through broader political dialogue between and among key signatory 
states. And third, and perhaps the most challenging, is undertaking 
domestic reforms within the DRC.
I. Followup to the Kampala Dialogue
    On the Nairobi Declarations, the DRC Government has already 
fulfilled one of its primary commitments by promulgating the recent 
amnesty law, which grants amnesty for the act of insurrection on a 
case-by-case basis to those individuals who renounce rebellion. The law 
does not grant amnesty for war crimes, crimes against humanity, sexual 
violence, the recruitment of child soldiers, or other human rights 
abuses. The envoys played a key role during the Kampala Dialogue in 
ensuring that unlike previous peace arrangements, the Nairobi 
Declarations do not provide for impunity, which has in the past sown 
the seeds for future rebellions.
    In this same vein, I was encouraged, during my trip to the DRC last 
month, to hear a variety of Congolese officials express support for 
mixed chambers--hybrid courts to be staffed by both Congolese and 
international jurists and support staff. I was told repeatedly that the 
necessary legislation is slated for the March session of Parliament, 
although it remains to be seen whether Parliament and the President 
will, indeed, exhibit the political will necessary to establish the 
courts. We believe that the international community could play an 
important role in assisting the Congolese to establish a mechanism with 
the requisite expertise and independence to investigate and bring to 
justice perpetrators of mass atrocities. In the meantime, we continue 
to urge the DRC Government to further reform its judicial sector to 
fight impunity, including increasing the capacity for fair and speedy 
trials, deploying additional trained jurists, and improving its prison 
and detention facilities and witness protection program.
    The next important step in implementing the Nairobi Declarations is 
ensuring that the hundreds of Congolese ex-M23 combatants currently 
spread out across the DRC, Uganda, and Rwanda, complete the 
disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration process, or DDR. We are 
actively engaging the highest levels of the DRC Government and MONUSCO 
regarding the urgency of implementing an effective DDR plan. We are 
concerned that, while the DRC Government passed a DDR plan in December 
2013 and promulgated a budget for it on February 1, details on the 
operational plan and implementation are still lacking, particularly 
with regard to community reintegration programs, a critical component 
to end the cycle of violence. During my recent trip, I visited one of 
the identified DDR sites. While the buildings were more or less ready 
to house people, the processing procedures and the programs for those 
ex-combatants brought to the sites was unclear. The lack of funding and 
preparation by the DRC Government and the resulting concerns of the 
international community are also stalling MONUSCO's ability to provide 
logistical support for DDR. This is complicating and delaying the DDR 
process for not just the M23, but for the dozens of other armed groups 
in eastern DRC that have surrendered in the wake of the M23's defeat. 
Rwanda and Uganda, which combined are hosting and feeding upward of 
2,000 ex-M23 combatants, are also unlikely to transfer these combatants 
back to the DRC in the absence of an established DDR program.
    Particularly worrisome is how unclear the DDR process is to those 
ex-combatants who are to go through it. This lack of information and 
resulting skepticism is keeping some armed groups, who might otherwise 
demobilize, in the bush. Some armed groups are even sending low-level 
fighters to surrender in order to learn what is being offered through 
the DDR program. The DRC Government has an unprecedented opportunity to 
capitalize on the willingness of thousands of current and ex-combatants 
to demobilize; however, if the government does not act soon, it risks 
having these ex-combatants regroup or join other armed groups. On the 
flip side, were the DRC Government to institute an effective DDR 
program, it would be one of the best vehicles for drawing out 
defections from other armed groups and preventing the recycling of 
combatants.
    While the DRC works to implement DDR, Rwanda, and Uganda still have 
a responsibility for maintaining effective control over the M23 ex-
combatants, which they accepted onto their respective territories. They 
have a responsibility under the Peace, Security, and Cooperation 
Framework to not support armed groups, and in turn not to allow these 
ex-combatants to slip out of their containment camps and back into the 
DRC potentially to regroup or join other armed groups still operating 
in the DRC. This is especially the case for the M23's most notorious 
leaders, many of whom face arrest warrants in the DRC, are subject to a 
worldwide travel ban, and under U.S. and U.N. sanctions. It is critical 
that Uganda and Rwanda uphold their commitments to turn over the M23 
leaders responsible for human rights violations to the DRC so that they 
can be held accountable for the international crimes they have 
committed.
    Moving the hundreds of current and expected ex-combatants through 
the first stages of DDR will potentially take at least a year, with the 
reintegration phase taking considerably longer, all at considerable 
expense. It also will require the full cooperation of the neighboring 
countries where the ex-combatants are currently quartered. While the 
onus is on the DRC Government to fund and implement DDR, donors should 
consider supporting DDR efforts as part of our broader efforts toward 
security sector reform and stabilization.
    The final phase of DDR--reintegration--is arguably the most 
challenging as it requires extended efforts to help ex-combatants 
return to civilian life as well as help the communities to which they 
return. Within such communities during this period, there are serious 
risks of increases in domestic violence and trauma among those who 
suffered violence during the conflict. Restoring state authority, 
increasing employment opportunities, working to prevent gender-based 
violence, and building social cohesion in communities who are 
integrating ex-combatants is critical to the success of DDR.
II. Framework Peace Process
    Beyond the Nairobi Declarations, the Great Lakes region needs to 
continue robust implementation of the broader Framework peace process. 
We commend U.N. Special Envoy Robinson's oversight of the process and 
are encouraged by the signatories' development of regional and 
international benchmarks and the establishment of a Women's Platform to 
support the Framework, recognizing that women's continued involvement 
in the peace process will be critical to its success. We believe, 
however, that fulfilling the Framework's overarching objectives will 
also require key signatories to undertake a broader political dialogue 
aimed at resolving the regional root causes of conflict.
    While many of the challenges in the DRC are strictly domestic, 
there are regional root causes to the country's chronic instability. 
The DRC has experienced two devastating regional wars within the past 
20 years, suffered from the region's use of proxy forces, and is losing 
substantial revenue in the illegal exploitation of its natural 
resources. The resulting refugee flows and ethnic tensions do not 
recognize borders. These complex regional factors necessitate a 
transparent and in-depth dialogue between and among the DRC and key 
neighbors, conducted under the auspices of the Framework.
    With this in mind, I believe one of the most promising signs in the 
Great Lakes region is the budding dialogue taking place under the 
stewardship of Angolan President Josee Eduardo dos Santos, who assumed 
the chair of the ICGLR on January 15 of this year. During his first day 
as the ICGLR chair, President dos Santos convened the Presidents of the 
DRC, Rwanda, Uganda, and South Africa to discuss the FDLR, an armed 
group led by Rwandan genocidaires which has plagued eastern Congo and 
Rwanda for more than a decade. My fellow envoys and I, as well as 
regional leaders, saw in this meeting the potential start to the needed 
broader dialogue. Participating Presidents were particularly 
complimentary of dos Santos' role in the process. We strongly support 
and encourage Angola's role in facilitating a regionally owned and 
initiated dialogue within the context of the Framework and stand ready 
to support President dos Santos in furthering it. We hope the ICGLR 
mechanism under Angolan leadership will expand to cover issues such as 
the return of M23 combatants from Rwanda and Uganda, border security, 
ethnic tension, domestic challenges to the voluntary and sustainable 
return of refugees and internally displaced persons, and regional 
economic cooperation. We welcomed Angola Foreign Minister Chicoti's 
recent trip through the Great Lakes region and Angola's pledge of 
financial support to the ICGLR Executive Secretariat to strengthen its 
technical and organizational capacity, as indicators of Angola's 
commitment to its new role as Chair of the organization.
    The Framework peace process has the potential to not only resolve 
security matters but to also boost regional economic cooperation and 
development. We welcomed the World Bank's announcement last year of $1 
billion for Great Lakes projects that promote regional economic 
development and integration and contribute to peace-building, and 
support U.N. Special Envoy Robinson's efforts to boost private sector 
investment. We are hopeful that the budding ICGLR dialogue can further 
regional development and integration by building trust and helping to 
overcome trade barriers. Development supports stability by creating 
employment and improving livelihoods, which in turn provide incentives 
to discourage continued ethnic conflict and the rise of new armed 
groups. We are also encouraged by the array of initiatives underway to 
combat the illegal trade of natural resources. The combination of 
ending illegal and increasing the legitimate trade in natural resources 
will help restore government revenues and assist the DRC to assert 
authority over its borders, territory, and natural resources such as 
minerals, wildlife, and timber. These steps will help create a climate 
more conducive to investment and assist the DRC in working with its 
neighbors on longer term regional development and integration.
III. Domestic Challenges in the DRC
    While the end of the M23 rebellion was a critical step, many 
challenges remain on the DRC domestic front. The government still has a 
long way to go to stabilize and secure its country, including improving 
governance and expanding state authority across the territory, 
increasing democratization, ensuring that upcoming elections are 
credible, and accelerating real security sector reform. A series of 
attacks around the country on December 30, 2013, including at the 
airport in Kinshasa, the increase in attacks by the Allied Democratic 
Forces (ADF) in the east, and the recent violence in the Katanga 
province, underline the continued volatility inside the Congo.
    As a first step, the DRC Government, with MONUSCO's support, needs 
to follow up its defeat of the M23 by applying equal military pressure 
on other armed groups, starting with the FDLR and the ADF. The M23 was 
the largest and most militarily capable armed group, so defeating it 
was no small feat and was understandably a priority for the DRC. 
However, there is a plethora of other armed groups that continue to 
prey upon the population, undermine state authority, complicate the 
DRC's relations with its neighbors, and illegally exploit the country's 
natural resources. The internal displacements and humanitarian 
consequences caused by these armed groups make sustainable development 
in the region virtually impossible.
    I made clear during my recent trip, and I continue to emphasize, 
that it is essential that the FARDC and MONUSCO, conduct military 
operations against the FDLR and the ADF. Part of our success in ending 
outside support to the M23 last fall came from the U.N.'s and the 
international community's commitment to pursue the FDLR next. While it 
is understandable that going after an entrenched guerilla group like 
the FDLR, which is embedded within the population, is more complex and 
presents greater risks to civilians than fighting the more conventional 
M23, following through on this is important to building confidence 
within the region and maintaining MONUSCO's credibility as an impartial 
actor. We are encouraged by the DRC Government's recent month-long 
effort to pursue the ADF and initial efforts against the FDLR, and are 
hopeful that the FARDC and MONUSCO will launch robust operations 
against the FDLR soon.
    These military efforts must also be combined with a comprehensive 
approach to resolving the threat of armed groups, including the 
promotion of defections and the demobilization and societal 
reintegration of those combatants who peacefully surrender through an 
effective DDR process. We encourage the governments of the DRC and 
Rwanda to work with MONUSCO to implement this comprehensive approach to 
ending the threat of the FDLR.
    In addition to security, the DRC needs to immediately ramp up its 
preparations for upcoming elections. While many expect the DRC to hold 
local elections early next year, the government has yet to approve an 
elections calendar. Local elections, which have never been held in the 
country's five decades since independence, will be an extreme 
logistical challenge in this vast country with virtually no 
infrastructure. I have spoken with the head of the DRC's election 
commission on several occasions and am concerned by the commission's 
lack of urgency in planning and implementing an effective elections 
strategy.
    It will be a steep uphill climb--for the DRC, the region, and the 
international community alike--to ensure that these next elections are 
credible and inclusive. With sufficient attention, coordination, and 
resources, and political commitment by the DRC Government, I believe 
this goal could be attained. However, the DRC Government and donors 
need to start planning now if we are to avoid a repeat of the seriously 
flawed 2011 elections, for which neither the DRC nor the international 
community were adequately prepared. And if we are serious about 
prioritizing democratization, we should consider identifying additional 
funds to ensure adequate support for the local, provincial, and 
national elections expected between now and 2016. We should also 
position MONUSCO with the mandate and capacity to provide logistical 
support to the DRC Government. These elections will be a critical test 
for the DRC's political system, in part because President Kabila will 
have served the maximum two terms permitted by the DRC's Constitution.
    In addition to elections and DDR, there are many other challenges 
that the DRC must overcome. One is the ever-present need for security 
sector reform, or SSR. While the FARDC experienced a commendable 
victory over the M23, it did so with extensive and robust logistical 
and military support from MONUSCO. Overall, the FARDC continues to be 
hampered by ineffective command and control, inadequate leadership, 
logistical deficiencies, limited resources, corruption and poor 
military planning capability, in turn inhibiting the government's 
ability to fulfill its fundamental responsibility to protect its 
territory and all its citizens. In many instances, the FARDC is itself 
responsible for horrific human rights abuses against the vulnerable 
populations it should be protecting.
    While we continue to support SSR efforts, the DRC Government needs 
to demonstrate better its own commitment to SSR by ensuring that 
members of the security forces are professionally trained, adequately 
paid and supported, respectful of international human rights norms, and 
held accountable when they commit human rights violations. The 
Congolese Military Reform budget must also be passed, and the Congolese 
leadership must finalize the assignments of recently promoted officers 
to key positions that allow for the military reform plan to be 
implemented. SSR must also go beyond the military to include police, 
judicial, and prison reform, and the increased participation of women 
in all security sectors. Furthermore, reform and stabilization efforts 
must include strengthening state institutions and establishing state 
authority throughout the country, particularly in the territories 
previously held by the M23 and other armed groups. We were encouraged 
by the government's initial efforts to restore state services to those 
areas, and hope to see the expansion of services and improved security 
conditions across greater swaths of the DRC.
    Despite these challenges, I reiterate my previous assertion that I 
am cautiously optimistic about the road ahead for the DRC and the Great 
Lakes. As we move forward with the Framework peace process, the 
international community must not repeat its past mistake of abandoning 
the region at the first sign of progress or for the next, latest crisis 
elsewhere in the world. We must ensure sustained high-level attention 
on the region and be prepared to follow up our words with assistance, 
particularly with regard to elections, DDR, SSR, and restoring state 
authority in eastern DRC.
    The DRC and the Great Lakes are at a crossroads and the decisions 
that the Congo, the region, and the international community take now 
will set the trajectory of the next several years in terms of security, 
good governance, and development. With the Framework peace process, the 
ICGLR dialogue, and the end of the M23 rebellion, the DRC has a real 
opportunity to realize the peace and prosperity that has evaded the 
Congolese people for too long. We urge the international community, the 
Great Lakes region, and the DRC Government to demonstrate the resolve 
to see the peace process through to the prosperity that we know lies 
ahead for the Congo.

    The Chairman. Well, thank you, Senator Feingold.
    We will start off. You mentioned the M23, and there are 
reports that they are still being recruited in Rwanda after the 
official end of the rebellion in November. What are we doing to 
ensure that the M23 does not reconstitute itself? And in the 
current status of former combatants, how do you evaluate the 
Congolese Government's plan for disarmament, demobilization, 
and reintegration, and what are regional leaders' commitments 
to such a progress?
    Senator Feingold. Well, Mr. Chairman, the first thing is to 
recognize that if there is any evidence of this M23 rebellion 
reconstituting itself in a way that actually makes itself 
present in the Democratic Republic of Congo, I support Martin 
Kobler, the special representative of the Secretary General's 
statement, that it will be met very directly and with force. 
That is clear. Simply because this happened and was taken care 
of once does not mean it will never be done again.
    But we are hoping that that is not necessary. And you 
alluded to the reasons or ways in which we can avoid that being 
necessary. There are substantial numbers, members of the group, 
ex-combatants both in Rwanda and Uganda, and we need to make 
sure that those individuals are transferred appropriately to 
the Democratic Republic of Congo. And to make that possible, 
what you said is the key. That is, there has to be a credible 
and effective DDR program within the Democratic Republic of 
Congo.
    Now, they have started with a plan. I had the opportunity 
on an extensive visit during January to visit some of the DDR 
facilities. Some aspects of it heartened me. In the Katanga 
province, I had a chance to see that a facility was being 
prepared with appropriate cots and food and opportunities for 
work, in other words, for the first part of the process, 
disarmament and the demobilization part.
    What I am less sure about is whether the reintegration part 
is properly planned. That is a very tricky part. This means 
what is the plan for allowing people to return to their 
communities. What is the plan for people to be reunited with 
their communities? Where is the clarity of a plan to provide 
some kind of training or opportunity so people who have only 
known basically working in some kind of an armed group have 
some other training or ability to do something peaceful? I 
believe that the Democratic Republic of Congo, with our help 
and the help of other donors, have to significantly and quickly 
accelerate this so that the kinds of consequence that you 
described does not occur. Once that is done, of course, we can 
ask Uganda and Rwanda to, as expeditiously as possible, make 
sure those people are transferred rather than allowing other 
problems to brew.
    The Chairman. Well, in that respect, an adequate DDR, 
particularly reintegration of combatants, is essential to 
ensure sustained security because otherwise combatants may very 
well take up arms again.
    So the question is, What external technical assistance is 
in the works to improve the quality of the program and to 
monitor its implementation? Specifically, what role might the 
United States play in assisting with the DDR process? And how 
will those activities be integrated with community 
reconciliation efforts and skills-building opportunities? 
Those, I think, are some important building blocks toward a 
more sustainable peace.
    Senator Feingold. They are. And this is where somehow, 
working with MONUSCO, working with the DRC, working with the 
various potential donor countries--we have got to get both 
sides to merge their plans, who will do what. We need more 
clarity from the Democratic Republic of Congo and not simply 
how much they intend to devote to this but also exactly the 
kinds of things you were describing.
    On the other hand, I believe the donor community--and I 
will be urging our fellow donors in Europe next week to do 
this. I think maybe we should be a little more specific about 
what we can do best, whether it is the training part, whether 
it is the reconciliation part. There are many NGOs and as much 
expertise in different countries that are concerned about this 
who can come together. But we have to not just wait for the 
other one.
    And here, I was pleased that Martin Kobler and also the 
Foreign Minister of the Democratic Republic of Congo are 
convening meetings in the near future to discuss who can do 
what best. And in this regard, we, here in the United States, 
will be able to contribute aspects of this as well. We already 
had efforts made by our AID people after the victory over the 
M23 in the Rutshuru area where the military group was gone, but 
what happens next? And they had to sort of cobble together help 
from different NGOs, but they at least showed a vision of what 
can happen if you are ready.
    In order for that to work; in order for those places to be 
ready for people that have been brought out of the military, 
that has to happen as well. You cannot just say to somebody, 
well, go back to your home place and the place is not a place 
where they could live in any event. So that is part of it as 
well.
    The Chairman. In this context, what specific efforts are 
being made to benefit female combatants and women associated 
with armed groups and other vulnerable groups such as children 
and disabled ex-combatants?
    Senator Feingold. Well, this is, of course, one of the 
complicated aspects of these kinds of armed groups where often 
the families and the kids are with them in the camps. And this, 
of course, presents problems when you are trying to take 
actions to not harm civilians, but it also presents problems 
when you try to put a DDR process into effect.
    When I was, a couple of weeks ago, in Goma, we had a chance 
to visit a MONUSCO facility and we got to talk to some of the 
young men, the M23, some of the FDLR, but I did not see the 
family members. I did not see the others. And that is a problem 
not only in terms of how they are being handled, but also how 
can the reunification occur? This is one where I think more 
clarity needs to come, and this is why I focused, when we talk 
about DDR, on the need for more clarity with regard to the 
reintegration part.
    The Chairman. Finally, in all of these conflicts, in Africa 
and elsewhere, human rights violations are always the concern 
of the Chair. And the question is, What is being done to find, 
prosecute, and bring to justice those who have committed human 
rights abuses, both within rebel groups and within the FARDC?
    Senator Feingold. Well, Mr. Chairman, this is where the 
process that is a little more promising is the key, and that is 
that the justice system of the DRC has to move forward in an 
effective way to be able to prosecute these individuals. The 
first step has occurred. They passed an amnesty law that does 
not allow amnesty for those types of individuals. That had not 
happened before.
    Now, how do you get these individuals to the right place 
where they can be prosecuted and where a fair trial can occur? 
They have to have credible courts, and this is where the idea 
of mixed chambers, which the United States has been trying to 
advocate for and tried to enlist other countries where you 
have--it is a Congolese court. It is part of the Congolese 
system, but it benefits from the addition of international 
jurists, often African jurists, who will help increase the 
credibility and expertise of the court so it is credible. Often 
they are dealing here with international law and international 
crimes.
    And in addition to that, Mr. Chairman, in order to have 
these individuals extradited, whether they are being extradited 
from Uganda or Rwanda or from somewhere else in the world, the 
Congolese have to be able to demonstrate that they have proper 
prison conditions, that there is due process afforded these 
individuals, and that the dossiers prepared to ask for such 
extradition are proper. So that needs to be done as well. And 
we have been messaging the need for all of this.
    But if all those steps are taken, the amnesty, the creation 
of mixed courts, the proper conditions, then we will certainly 
work very hard to ask the countries that know where these 
individuals are, extradite them so they can face justice in the 
Democratic Republic of Congo.
    The Chairman. Well, I look forward to that moment because I 
personally believe that in conflicts such as these, for those 
who commit human rights abuses and feel they can get away with 
it--we send a message globally that impunity, in fact, is a 
reality and therefore, those who are inclined that way will not 
hesitate. So I know there is work to be done, but I do not want 
to lose sight of that at the end of the day.
    Senator Corker.
    Senator Corker. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
    And thank you for your testimony.
    Over the last two decades, the DRC has had constant 
invasion, rebellion, counter-rebellion. It has outside actors 
playing a role. What is it that we have available, together 
with our diplomatic efforts, to put some teeth in what we are 
doing and to help deal with some of the spoilers that continue 
to reinsert themselves in this nation?
    Senator Feingold. Senator, this is where I think this 
framework agreement is fairly unique in this sad history. A 
year ago, it was not just the United Nations or the United 
States signing a series of provisions about what ought to be 
done in the DRC. It was these countries. Every country that has 
been involved in this signed on the dotted line. And in that 
document is a pledge to give no support whatsoever to illegal 
armed groups in the DRC. In that commitment is the support for 
the notion that there should not be impunity, that individuals 
who have constantly gotten away in the past cut a deal with the 
Democratic Republic of Congo, and said, all right, we will stop 
as long as you give us amnesty and let us take our whole units 
back into the military. This is not permitted under the Nairobi 
Declarations. So there are commitments that have been made. So 
the fair question is, Are the commitments being lived up to?
    I would say that has been a rather positive development. It 
was not easy to confront some of these nations about support 
for these groups, but the record shows that we had an impact, 
that both the diplomacy and, of course, there is teeth in the 
military aspect. You mentioned MONUSCO in your remarks. Yes, 
there was legitimate criticism of MONUSCO and MONUC before it 
in the past. What is different is this intervention brigade 
that was created a year ago. It was the intervention brigade 
working with MONUSCO and the Armed Forces of Congo that 
conducted a successful--and most people were surprised by 
this--a very successful military operation that basically 
forced the M23 to surrender. Very few people thought that would 
happen.
    Now, in order for this to be credible, in order for this to 
have the teeth you mentioned, it also has to be that they just 
do not go after one armed group that might be associated with 
one side, if you will. This is why it is critical that MONUSCO 
and the intervention brigade and the Congolese military pursue 
the FDLR and ADF, which is an extremist organization whose 
agenda is not so much about Congo but about Uganda, wanting to 
overthrow the government in Uganda. So in order for this IB 
organization to be a major, positive precedent for United 
Nations action, this kind of further activity has to happen and 
it has to happen soon.
    But I would say in answer to your question that has got 
some teeth if it continues.
    Senator Corker. So we have a lot of national interests with 
Uganda and Rwanda, and yet there is no question they have 
played a role, a negative role, in the DRC. So I am just 
wondering whether the administration is willing to make 
difficult policy tradeoffs relative to those two countries and 
the DRC, and ask you to talk about what some of those might be.
    Senator Feingold. Well, that is precisely what we did in 
order to achieve what we have already achieved. We visited 
directly with each of the Presidents. We spoke directly about 
the fact that we believe that in some instances support was 
being given and that that was not tolerable. We also talked 
about the fact that this is a situation where all of the 
countries in the region have signed this agreement and that 
means also that the DRC cannot in any way be supporting any of 
the armed groups within its own midst, which is an accusation 
that has occurred in the past. So we have not been shy about 
this.
    In addition, as you are probably aware, during the course 
of this period, the United States, following through on 
congressional action on child soldier legislation, did identify 
Rwanda as a country that was in violation of this, and that was 
made clear. And also the Democratic Republic of Congo--it got a 
partial waiver because it had made some improvements. These 
were not easy conversations, but they were direct and I think 
they were helpful in making it clear that the United States 
certainly does not overlook that sort of thing in this context 
and we cannot if we are going to have peace in the eastern 
Congo.
    Senator Corker. Since 2000, we have invested about $10 
billion in this country through our direct and multilateral 
efforts. We are spending about $1 billion a year now. We have 
ramped up to that level. And yet, the country still is ranked 
at the lowest levels on the Human Development Index. I am just 
wondering what you see with our efforts--what you see changing 
relative to that low base and to the quality of life in the 
country and prospect for improvements. Or, is this just going 
to continue to be, 14 years from now the same type of hearing 
with the same type of misery inside the country?
    Senator Feingold. Senator, I certainly would not have taken 
this assignment if I thought there was no way to change it. I 
felt that there was a combination of things happening, both 
within the region and internationally, that suggested a far 
more serious and sustained attitude. I mentioned the framework 
agreement, the fact that the nations signed it, the fact that 
we had this rather unusual intervention brigade, the fact that 
the World Bank said that if we could make some progress here, 
they pledged $1 billion to try to help for economic integration 
and progress in the region, the appointment of a group of 
special envoys who work all the time and every day to try to 
encourage and help in this regard. So these were reasons why I 
think it could change.
    But in order for it to change, there has to be, in effect, 
a synergy between regional noninterference and cooperation and 
domestic reform. And in order for that amount of money to not 
have to be spent in the future, in order for MONUSCO not to 
have to be there in the future, this is the moment when the 
Democratic Republic of Congo has to show it can have credible 
elections. This is the moment when the Democratic Republic of 
Congo has to show it can legitimately reform its military, 
including logistics and how people are paid in the military, as 
well as justice within the military. And we have to show that 
this DDR program that we have been talking about actually is 
effective so that ex-combatants are not just shuffled around 
and go to some other armed group because that is all they know 
how to do.
    I believe these things can happen. It is not easy, but it 
is something that I think there is sufficient attention not 
only from the international community but, as I mentioned, from 
a country like Angola which one might not have expected to be 
involved in this as deeply. They are showing a renewed and 
intense commitment to it. So I think it is well worth taking 
the chance of trying to resolve this, and frankly, what we are 
going to be doing to try to resolve it costs infinitely less 
than the kinds of figures you are talking about.
    Senator Corker. And just briefly. I am out of time. But all 
of us have been frustrated watching peacekeeping missions in 
Darfur and other places just be totally feckless. And we have 
this intervention brigade now. Is this something that you see 
being utilized in other places on the continent?
    Senator Feingold. Well, not necessarily just on the 
continent. This is a real test. I will tell you--as you all 
know, I am not a military man, but I have had the opportunity 
to spend a lot of time with Santos Cruz, the commander there, 
as well as Martin Kobler. I have traveled through the region. I 
have seen where the armed groups are. We have had extensive 
briefings on the strategies. My sense is this is a very 
effective group; a very effective group of international 
participants. Some are the ones just in the intervention 
brigade, but they are integrated with the countries that are 
involved with the broader MONUSCO group.
    So, yes, of course. I hope, first of all, that we do not 
have to do things like this, but I am not naive. There will be 
other conflicts in the world. If this model works of creating 
an intervention brigade that has the ability to protect 
civilians by, frankly, taking stronger action with armed 
groups, it could be a model, and frankly from my point of view 
as an American, a model of where these things can be maybe 
handled not just by the United States, not by always asking the 
United States to have to do these things. So it is an 
experiment, but what I like to say is the first couple chapters 
were good. We will see about the third chapter. We are in the 
middle of it. But at the outset, it is promising and certainly 
should be renewed in March.
    Senator Corker. Thank you.
    The Chairman. Senator Boxer.
    Senator Boxer. I want to thank my chairman and ranking 
member for having this important hearing.
    Senator Feingold, once a Senator, always a Senator. So I 
will call you ``Senator.'' It is so great to see you and in 
such great form continuing the work that you were always 
pressing forward on when you were right here.
    Walking down the memory lane just a little bit, you and I 
have long been concerned about the dire situation for women and 
girls in the DRC, and tragically hundreds of thousands of women 
have been victims of rape and other forms of sexual violence, 
earning the country the tragic distinction of being called the 
``rape capital of the world.''
    And, Dr. Mukwege, I am so honored to be in the same room 
with you again, and thank you for your work. I know you risk 
your own safety every time you come out. So I am just thrilled 
that you are here and that you are continuing your work to help 
the survivors.
    So when we had started, thanks to Senator Kerry, our first 
Subcommittee on Global Women's Issues, you and I got together 
and we held the first hearing ever on the use of violence 
against women as a tool of war in Sudan and in the DRC. I am 
sure you remember it. It just seems like it was yesterday.
    And shortly after that hearing, then-Secretary of State 
Clinton made a historic visit to the DRC and she unveiled a $17 
million plan to combat violence against women in the country. 
And those funds were used for a number of critical initiatives, 
including care and support for survivors of sexual violence 
such as treating traumatic fistula, building community 
awareness and education about violence against women, and 
enhancing their protection.
    So how is the State Department now building on Secretary 
Clinton's efforts to address violence against women in the DRC, 
and do you think, we, right here in this committee and in the 
Senate and in the House, could do more to help in that area?
    Senator Feingold. Senator Boxer, first, I have many 
memories of this place, and the one you are describing is a 
strong one. I remember you coming to me and talking to me about 
this unbelievably tragic treatment of women. I had gotten some 
sense of it in 2007 when I first visited the eastern Congo. I 
happened to have my daughter with me, and I remember we were 
asked to come into a private place and just meet with the women 
who had been so brutally treated. And I remember they looked a 
little uncomfortable to see me but when I said this was my 
daughter, they relaxed a little bit and told their stories.
    So when you came to me and said you wanted to take the lead 
on this, which you did, and hold this critical hearing, it was 
a real turning point. And, yes, what Secretary Clinton did by 
looking at this issue and sticking with it and initiating a lot 
of the programs was a very important step in the right 
direction that has led to, for example, support for the Panzi 
Hospital, which is the heroic achievement of Dr. Mukwege.
    This has been continued under Secretary Kerry who has 
strongly encouraged me to continue this. And when I was at the 
hospital and getting briefed in Bukavu, I asked whether this 
level of violence had significantly been reduced, and sadly the 
answer was no, maybe some downturn in some places but this is 
still going on. We still have a place where hundreds of 
thousands of women have been raped and gotten HIV because of 
this. So that is the history.
    And what are we going to do now? Well, there are at least 
three levels to this: treatment, the kind of thing--and the 
first thing the doctor always says is there are others doing 
this as well. He has done an enormous amount. There is North 
Kivu. There is South Kivu. There are all kinds of places where 
this has occurred and we have been able to support programs for 
treatment. Treatment is not just the medical side. It is also 
the psychological side and all the other familial and societal 
consequences of this kind of monstrous use of rape as a 
mechanism of war, as an instrument of war. So that continues. 
And, frankly, yes, we will want to see even more support in 
this regard and guarding against any reduction.
    The second, which we often hear about when you visit there, 
is also prevention, trying to prevent these attacks from 
occurring. The story you often hear is that there may be people 
in an IDP camp. There are huge numbers of people in these IDP 
camps. And the women are there with their kids. And if they do 
not have food or they do not have a way to cook food, what do 
they do? Well, they have to go out in a field or somewhere 
where outside of the camp to get some wood. That is where they 
are usually attacked. And if they had the proper cook stove or 
some kind of a thing so that they did not have to do that, 
there is an element and programming that, frankly, the World 
Bank discussed with me where that can help.
    Finally, Senator, I think the most important thing we can 
do, although that programming is critical, is fundamentally 
creating a justice and accountability element to this. And this 
was what was alluded with regard to making sure wrongdoers are 
brought to justice. The people of eastern Congo, particularly 
the women of eastern Congo, have to believe that the military 
is there for them, not to be an opportunity for abusing them. 
The same with the police. It means that the rule of law has to 
exist in the Democratic Republic of Congo. All of the people of 
the eastern Congo are entitled to that. And that means that 
those who have committed these heinous crimes have to be held 
accountable. People have to see them prosecuted. People have to 
see them convicted and punished or, of course, as some have 
said here already today, this sort of impunity will continue. 
So this is part of the framework effort.
    Senator Boxer. Well, I am glad that you are continuing this 
work, and I would love to be able to talk to you more about it 
to see if there is something else we can do here because this 
committee in a bipartisan way really started that whole 
movement to address the rapes. And it is not just rapes. It is 
just beyond the pale what happens over there. I do not want to 
go into it at this point.
    But my last question is one that Senator Durbin had asked 
me to ask you because he is off at a funeral today, 
unfortunately. As a Senator, you were instrumental in crafting 
legislation to improve transparency and accountability in the 
trade of minerals from the DRC, which was signed into law by 
President Obama in 2010. As a result of this law, U.S. 
companies must now disclose the origin of minerals purchased 
from the DRC. This is critical because the mining and trading 
of conflict minerals by armed groups in the DRC has helped 
finance ongoing violence.
    As the U.S. special envoy to the DRC and an author of the 
conflict minerals law, you certainly have a unique perspective 
on this issue. In your opinion, what has been the impact of 
this law on stemming the flow of conflict minerals into the 
United States? We know that last month Intel became the first 
major U.S. tech company to declare the microprocessors it 
manufactures are now free of conflict minerals. But can you 
give us a feeling about the European Union? Are they working on 
this? Are we keeping our eye on this?
    Senator Feingold. We are. And I want you to know and I hope 
you will convey to Senator Durbin that my conclusion after 7 
months is that this law has had a dramatic impact. The impact, 
of course, is specific under section 1502 of helping to end the 
trade in conflict minerals. In particular, it has been 
effective on tin, tantalum, and tungsten, which are easier to 
track than, let us say, gold. So the specific provisions are 
important. They are, of course, binding with regard to 
companies that deal with us, but they are also a model. And I 
am pleased to report to you that the European Union is 
considering a similar law. We were the first. We took the lead.
    Now, sometimes when you talk to companies--I was out in 
Palo Alto teaching, and some of the people representing those 
companies said, you know, this is going to be tricky. This is 
going to be difficult. But the feedback I get now is we want to 
comply. We want to figure out how to comply. And in fact, I had 
a long conference call with a coalition of advocacy groups and 
representatives of some of those biggest companies a couple 
weeks ago. And they said, well, we understand these are the 
rules, but also what kind of incentives can be created to have 
us do more. And I think that is a fair question from the 
business community. They understand that the regulatory piece 
is there and has to continue, but what are the positive 
incentives?
    In addition, of course, we have to ask the countries in the 
region to play the lead role in making sure that they do 
everything they can to prevent this.
    Now, this organization, the ICGLR, the International 
Conference on the Great Lakes Region, is beginning the process 
of creating a certification system. We need to encourage that. 
We need to help that so that we can have the kind of legitimate 
operations and legitimate mining that I actually saw on my 
trip. I was in Katanga and got to visit the American company 
there. There are two Senators from Arizona on this committee. 
This is an Arizona company, Freeport-McMoRan. They have hired 
thousands of people, mostly Congolese people. Some of them work 
at the mine. They also support the community with their 
agriculture. They are respectful of the cultural issues there. 
Tremendous health facilities, in a lot of ways environmentally 
sound. It is a model of how things could be done.
    Now, just down the road, they will show you people that are 
illegally mining, artisanal mining, and that has to be made an 
unattractive alternative, something that cannot be sold very 
easily while this kind of legitimate work is done.
    The Chairman. Thank you.
    Senator Johnson.
    Senator Johnson. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
    Senator Feingold, welcome. It is nice to see you.
    Senator Feingold. Good to see you.
    Senator Johnson. I appreciate your testimony. I certainly 
appreciate your hard efforts and your good work in this 
troubled region of the country.
    Both in your written testimony and in your verbal 
testimony, you mentioned the word ``root cause.'' As a 
manufacturer, I am always interested in really digging down to 
the root cause. Can you just describe to me your evaluation? 
What is the root cause in not only DRC but also regionally?
    Senator Feingold. Well, this is one of the most important 
phrases in this whole discussion. Sometimes it means different 
things to different people. But what it means to me is just 
coming up with another agreement, signing a piece of paper, and 
saying, okay, now everybody is going to behave, that is not 
going to do it. We have to get at why it is that in this, 
frankly, beautiful place with enormous resources that this 
would happen. What are the root causes?
    Well, one of them is the presence of dozens of armed groups 
who keep regenerating themselves.
    Another is the lack of border security, the fact that there 
is not a credible border guard from the DRC to make sure that 
those intrusions do not happen.
    Even deeper is the historical tensions, sometimes tensions 
between ethnic groups of different backgrounds in the eastern 
Congo. Some of these groups, known as the Rwandaphone groups, 
feel that they have been discriminated against and feel 
sometimes that their land rights and other opportunities have 
been taken away over the years. This is part of the tension, 
and taking away these kinds of difficulties within the 
community is part of it.
    And then, of course, the up side, in terms of root causes, 
is the failure to be able to use the resources of that region 
for the people of the region. This region has been brutally 
exploited by colonial powers and by other countries in a way 
that is shameful and has denied the birthright of the Congolese 
people. And so we have to get at that as well. And, of course, 
the mining issues, illegal mining, and others--we have to do 
that as well.
    So these are all part of it. It is not just a political 
solution. It is a complex relationship between the peoples in 
that region. And that is why this broader dialogue that I have 
been advocating with Angola in the lead can have people at the 
very highest level, even the Presidents of the countries, sit 
down and talk about this instead of talking around the edges.
    Senator Johnson. Let us drill down a little bit further. 
You mentioned the first thing, armed groups. Are those all 
ethnic? I mean, have they all been formed because of ethnicity? 
Why are these groups formed and why are they armed? What is the 
specific conflict between the groups?
    Senator Feingold. Different stories. They are not all the 
same. This M23 group was an outgrowth of frustration of some of 
the individuals from the east who felt that they were being 
discriminated against and were not treated according to 
previous agreements, and this has happened several times.
    On the other hand, the FDLR is a completely different 
story. The FDLR is a remnant of those that committed the 
enormous atrocities in Rwanda in 1994. Two million people came 
as refugees, but included in the group were these so-called 
genocidaires, these people that committed these crimes, and 
many of them have never been brought to justice. They continue 
to operate as an armed group.
    Another group, completely different profile, so-called ADF. 
The ADF has very little to do traditionally with Congo or with 
Rwanda. It has to do with Uganda and their desire to topple the 
Ugandan regime. After being pushed by the Ugandan military out, 
they are operating, frankly, sometimes in an incredibly brutal 
way in that region.
    Then you have Mai-Mai groups. This is a group of sort of 
disparate organizations who go back a fair ways in Congolese 
history who notice that when you have no sort of control, you 
can do whatever you want. You can go and destroy communities, 
rape women, take everything people have. Sort of that is your 
job. You just go in, take what you need, and continue your 
group. It is a way of life.
    And so to unravel all this, you have to knock off the big 
operators, the ones that have the most military capacity. And 
then I think most experts believe it is much easier to cause 
people in some of these Mai-Mai groups and others to surrender 
because they realize they will not have the cover of these 
other sort of regional issues. You noticed all the first three 
I mentioned had a regional character to them.
    Senator Johnson. You had mentioned that outside countries 
are supporting some of these groups. Can you describe some of 
those situations?
    Senator Feingold. Well, of course, we had concerns about 
support for the M23. We raised this issue with the Rwandan 
Government that we had seen a credible body of reporting that 
that was happening, and we made it very clear to them that we 
thought that was a violation of the framework and something 
that should not happen. And we believe that it was greatly 
reduced, and we think that had a lot to do with this.
    Support for other organizations sometimes comes from within 
the DRC. Sometimes it comes from diaspora groups around the 
world who happen to maybe associate with a group like the FDLR. 
So the sources of support can be many, but we have seen with 
the M23 it is possible, with a combination of military and 
diplomatic pressure, to persuade people maybe it is a good idea 
for them to abandon these people who are forcing them to live 
out in the bush and have this awful life and to come in and 
have a different life.
    Senator Johnson. You talked about domestic challenges. 
Other than the minerals, what else does DRC have going 
economically? What are the most promising prospects?
    Senator Feingold. Well, they have enormous potential in the 
mining area, but also agriculture. When you talk to the 
governors of South and North Kivu and Katanga, they like to 
talk about agriculture, which you and I can certainly relate 
to. So that has great potential. Also something you and I can 
relate to, they have some of the greatest forests in the world. 
And in our State, that was not always handled well back in the 
19th century. This could be handled in a responsible way that 
could provide timber but regeneration of forests.
    And I do want you to know that despite the fact the DRC is 
very low on all those indicators, they have had positive 
economic growth in the last few years. Their Prime Minister 
Matata is a very capable individual, a very serious man with a 
business attitude about taking care of these issues, and they 
want to build on that growth rate. I think the last piece I saw 
yesterday was 8 percent. Now, it is a low base, but it is 
possible that a country with those kinds of resources could 
make great strides. And some of those statistics have to do 
with greater results in the mining area, in particular, in 
copper.
    Senator Johnson. Have you witnessed or have you seen any 
unintended consequences, any problems with the conflict 
minerals provision? I certainly hear from different businesses, 
and that it is here. But I mean, what about in terms of the 
DRC? Have there been unintended consequences in terms of the 
loss of livelihood, those types of things?
    Senator Feingold. I think there has been some of that, but 
I think, based on my actual observation of what is happening 
over there, less than I would have expected based on those 
comments.
    Senator Johnson. Any modifications you would want to 
consider to address those?
    Senator Feingold. I think we ought to look at any 
modifications where people give specific problems with the 
mechanism. I have not heard anything yet that says change this 
piece of it and it would work better. But I think we should be 
open to that. We all know if you pass legislation, it may not 
be perfect. But, in fact, I asked on this conference call with 
the leaders of these companies tell me exactly what it is that 
would help them comply, you know, remove anything that may seem 
unreasonable or that is not working right.
    Senator Johnson. Thank you.
    Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
    The Chairman. Senator Coons.
    Senator Coons. Thank you so much, Chairman Menendez, for 
convening this hearing.
    I want to join my colleagues in warmly welcoming back 
Senator Feingold, now in his role as our special envoy to the 
Great Lakes. It is in my view a great gift that you and all of 
the other witnesses here today and our distinguished visitors 
bring to this issue. Your efforts to bring sustained and 
meaningful and thoughtful attention to the real challenges of 
the eastern DRC and of the whole region and to focus us on this 
moment of hope and real opportunity for peace in the eastern 
DRC is a great gift.
    It was roughly a year ago this week that I traveled to the 
capital of the DRC to express support for this regional 
framework agreement, which formalized the multilateral support 
that you spoke to to tackle the root causes of conflict that 
have plagued the DRC now for many, many years. Since that time, 
I have been really encouraged by the progress of the 
intervention brigade, as you have spoken about, in taking down 
M23, as well as the reduction of outside support for the M23 
from Rwanda and Uganda which I think were the direct result of 
international engagement and effort.
    Despite this, as we have heard from you and we will hear 
from other testimony today, there are many remaining 
challenges: ongoing violence by the FDLR and by the ADF, 
impunity for perpetrators of war crimes, and the very real 
challenges of electoral reform and court reform within the DRC, 
and persistent humanitarian issues, sexual violence, violation 
of human rights. So let us turn to those for a few minutes, if 
we might.
    First, on electoral reform, as the DRC approaches national 
elections in 2016, we had a huge missed opportunity I think in 
the last elections to not just provide some support but to 
insist on credible and accountable elections. What sorts of 
technical assistance do you think we can meaningfully provide? 
What do you think are the prospects for real elections? I want 
to specifically thank Cindy McCain for her passionate advocacy 
for bringing electoral and democratic reform to the DRC. But as 
our special envoy, Senator Feingold, what might be the impact 
of a third-term bid by President Kabila and what can and should 
we, as a country, do to ensure some progress toward transparent 
and effective elections in this coming year in the DRC?
    Senator Feingold. Well, first, Senator Coons, just let me 
take the liberty of thanking you for taking such a great role. 
I was so heartened that you took over the subcommittee, 
immediately talked to me about it, and have taken this role. 
You know, it has been a model of cooperation between the 
branches that I have experienced with Senator Coons.
    Now, this, of course, is a subject I can get excited about, 
having been a political guy for 28 years. Elections. So it is 
something that I find very easy to motivate myself on and I 
find it very important to understand the guts of the difference 
between what happened in 2006 and 2011. People say, well, it 
has always been the same. Things never work out in the DRC. 
That was not true in 2006. It was not perfect. But I remember 
being very surprised at how well it went, and they had an 
opportunity to show that they could create an electoral system 
that would have credibility over time.
    That is the opposite of what happened. In 2011, it was a 
failure and it caused great loss to the credibility of 
President Kabila who had made significant progress after 2006 
in his credibility as a president. He had not been elected. He 
came in, as we know, after the assassination of his father. And 
this was the first real election in the Democratic Republic of 
Congo since Lumumba in 1960.
    So what can be done? Well, we need to dig into the 
specifics here. What happened in 2011 was things like the 
ballots were not properly transported and preserved. When it 
was time to convey the election results--we have had some 
issues here in our country on this, but they do not have the 
technology and the ability to convey those results quickly for 
credibility. We can help with that. We can provide at 
relatively low cost the kind of computer assistance where those 
results could be conveyed.
    Now, that is the kind of technical assistance that I think 
we should be looking at, but that is not enough. There has to 
be public information, public conveying of the fact that all 
Congolese are welcome and invited to be part of this process. 
And that means public messaging through the various media 
techniques they have. I think that is something the United 
States might be good at helping with. So I am not suggesting it 
by any sense that we go this alone, but the truth is we are 
only putting $3.7 million so far into elections there, which 
frankly is a paltry sum compared to what needs to be done in 
that country. They need to step up to the plate, but the other 
donor countries have to as well. But I think this is something 
we should be heavily engaged in.
    Now, as to the question of Presidential succession, I was 
asked this question in Kinshasa, which is a tougher place to be 
asked than here. [Laughter.]
    And I said what I believe to be our policy and certainly my 
view, and that is, our experience is it is better to follow 
your constitution than change it for somebody who is already in 
office. I even said that Bill Clinton might still be President 
if we did not have that sort of rule here.
    And what is different about their constitution is that 
somebody who has done the two terms is not prohibited for life 
from coming back and running again. We are somewhat unusual in 
that regard. So I simply indicated--and I believe this is the 
view of most of the Congolese people--that it would be best for 
them, for their future--it is their country. It is their 
decision. But it would be best for their future that the 
constitution be respected in this regard.
    Senator Coons. Well, thank you. And I look forward to 
hearing more from you and working with you because we have a 
number of critical elections coming up in Nigeria and many 
other places on the continent, and there are other countries 
where there are efforts underway or may be efforts underway to 
amend constitutions to allow for extensions of terms. This is a 
place I think in a bipartisan way we really can be leaders in 
supporting positive efforts on the continent.
    The intervention brigade, as you have mentioned, has been 
particularly effective, and it is my hope that they will 
continue to pursue the FDLR, which I think would have real 
regional positive impacts, and the ADF and the Mai-Mai and 
others.
    What sort of a model do you think we can draw from this? 
You mentioned that in conflicts in other regions we are 
grateful the United States is not being called on to intervene, 
but frankly, without the French, things in Mali and the Central 
African Republic might have turned out differently. I am very 
encouraged by your positive suggestion--your characterization 
of the intervention brigade as being militarily effective, 
respectful of human rights, appropriately governed and managed.
    We have got a challenge, though, with the United States not 
meeting the financial commitments for peacekeeping operations. 
If you would just speak briefly to whether you think the IB is 
a positive role model for the continent and whether you think 
the United States needs to continue to provide sufficient 
support for peacekeeping.
    Senator Feingold. Well, I think we need to continue to 
support an extension which will be decided in March. I think it 
is a good opportunity to do something very different that is 
effective. I simply will not say that it is fine, it is great 
until the job is done. The first step was incredibly 
impressive, but it has to be balanced. The FDLR, the ADF, and 
others have to proceed.
    And we have to also remember this is not a military force 
that operates on its own. Not only is it part and parcel of 
MONUSCO, it is supposed to support the Democratic Republic of 
Congo's military. It is not supposed to be off doing these 
things on their own.
    But what is different and what can be replicated in other 
similar situations is where you have a conflict and there is 
not a sophisticated or effective military, that it may be 
necessary to have an intervention brigade like this that is 
skilled at taking tough action but protecting civilians at the 
same time. That is the difficult balance.
    And I am enormously impressed, as we fly over in the 
helicopter the region, being shown exactly where they think 
these groups might be embedded with civilians, where they might 
not be, and how careful they are trying to be in getting that 
right.
    Having said that, action against the FDLR and the ADF has 
to happen I think relatively soon to make sure that the 
diplomatic commitments that we made are fulfilled. When we met 
with President Kagame, we did suggest to him that any support 
for armed groups--and we said this to all the leaders in the 
region--is unacceptable. On the other hand, he said to us, 
well, what about which armed groups are you going to go after. 
Are you going to go after the FDLR? And we all indicated, yes, 
but the M23 was the first priority but that the FDLR had to 
follow. And so that commitment is a legitimate commitment, a 
legitimate request by Rwanda and the world community, and I 
believe that they are working to make that happen.
    Senator Coons. Well, thank you so much for your testimony, 
for your service. I look forward to staying in close contact 
with you and appreciate your real leadership in holding the 
best of America's values in terms of advocating for human 
rights and for civil liberties, for progress toward democracy, 
but also engaging this whole region in a way that brings some 
hope of peace after so many years of war. Thank you.
    Senator Feingold. Thank you so much, Senator.
    The Chairman. Your insights and performance here today 
remind us of why, one, we miss you and, two, why we know that 
we are in good hands in terms of our interests on behalf of the 
people of the DRC and the Great Lakes region. So you have our 
gratitude.
    I agree with you on Presidential succession. I know that 
there are some in our own country--it might be that Hillary 
Clinton would not agree with Presidential succession beyond the 
Constitution. So there are many examples of that.
    But really, thank you very much for your service, and we 
look forward to continuing to engage with you as we move 
forward.
    Senator Feingold. Thank you so much.
    The Chairman. With that, the Senator is excused.
    Let me bring up our second panel this afternoon. We have a 
very distinguished panel. Ambassador Roger Meece served as the 
U.S. Ambassador--and I will ask you to come up as I introduce 
you--to the Democratic Republic of Congo from 2004 to 2007 and 
most recently, he has served as the U.N. Special Representative 
of the Secretary General for the DRC and head of the U.N. 
stabilization mission in the DRC. Ambassador Meece was a Career 
Foreign Service officer who served as Ambassador to Malawi and 
as interim Ambassador to Nigeria, and he has graciously taken 
time out of his retirement to give us his insights here today, 
and we appreciate it.
    Dr. Raymond Gilpin is the academic dean at the Africa 
Center for Strategic Studies at the National Defense 
University. Prior to joining the Africa Center, he served as 
the director of the U.S. Institute for Peace's Center for 
Sustainable Economies, director of International Programs at 
Intellibridge Corporation, senior economist at the African 
Development Bank Group, research director at the Central Bank 
of Sierra Leone, and an economist at the World Bank. And his 
research focuses on the economics of conflict. We welcome you.
    And last, but certainly not least, we are pleased to 
welcome Ben Affleck, who many of us in Washington remember as 
Tony Mendez in Argo. But today, Mr. Affleck--close--Mendez, 
Menendez, but in any event. Today Mr. Affleck is here in his 
real-life role for which he will, I believe, be long remembered 
as a serious, thoughtful activist committed to helping end 
violence in Africa. The Eastern Congo Initiative he founded 
provides funding and advocates for organizations that are 
finding local solutions for vulnerable populations, 
particularly women and children, and through the Eastern Congo 
Initiative, he is helping Congolese civilians overcome barriers 
to good governance and move toward sustained development.
    So we thank you all for coming today.
    Before I turn to Ambassador Meece first, I also want to 
mention Cindy McCain who is with us here today. She has been 
very active on the issue of DRC and has traveled to the country 
various times and has encouraged a comprehensive response to 
the conflict that includes investments and economic assistance. 
So thank you very much. We occasionally hear from your spouse 
here on the committee. [Laughter.]
    With that, your full statements will be included in the 
record, without objection. I would ask you to summarize around 
5 minutes or so, so that we can enter into a dialogue, as we 
just did with Senator Feingold. And, Ambassador, you are first.

 STATEMENT OF HON. ROGER MEECE, FORMER U.S. AMBASSADOR TO THE 
  DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO, FORMER UNITED NATIONS SPECIAL 
 REPRESENTATIVE FOR THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO, SEATTLE, 
                               WA

    Ambassador Meece. Mr. Chairman, Ranking Member Corker, 
members of the committee, thank you very much for this 
opportunity and for holding this hearing.
    I find myself echoing and endorsing many of the comments 
already made by Special Envoy Feingold. Having had the 
opportunity to work in and around the region for many years, I 
am well aware that there has been significant progress achieved 
over time, but this progress has obviously been incomplete. 
Recent developments offer considerable promise to move further, 
and this includes the deployment of the intervention brigade 
and operations that has already been referenced in MONUSCO, the 
appointment and work of Special Envoy Mary Robinson, Special 
Envoy Feingold, and other special envoys and representatives 
working together and I think already showing great results, 
building on the potential and provisions of the framework 
accord that was signed last year. All of this offers a basis 
for optimism, and I am in that camp. But clearly, there remain 
enormous challenges.
    Clearly, establishing basic conditions of security 
particularly in eastern Congo is an essential prerequisite for 
progress in a broad array of things, particularly in the 
eastern zone where conflict has been going on for so long. 
There are still four foreign armed groups operating in the 
Congo: two from Uganda; one, Rwanda; and a smaller group from 
Burundi. All of them, to varying degrees, retain considerable 
potential and threats to stability, as well as the local 
population. The FDLR, which has been discussed, has had its 
capacity reduced over the years but clearly remains a force and 
a problem and a threat that needs to be dealt with.
    There are, as well, an array of domestic militias and armed 
groups, none of these having the same kinds of capabilities, 
subject to shifting alliances and coalitions, but all are 
problematic. Most tend to more resemble groups of armed gangs 
rather than militaries as such, but must be dealt with as well.
    Beyond basic security, in my view there are four areas that 
need to be the key areas of focus.
    One is what I would call a full normalization of regional 
relations, as has already been discussed, and by that, of 
course, I mean going beyond simply formal diplomatic relations 
or the signature of peace accords. As has been referenced, 
there is a long history of peace accords which have failed 
demonstrating that this is not enough. I mean a full engagement 
of the governments, particularly Congo, Uganda, and Rwanda, in 
a positive and constructive manner in political, economic, and 
other areas.
    The Congolese reform agenda, which Special Envoy Feingold 
discussed at length, clearly needs to move forward.
    And conflict resolution of generally localized conflicts I 
believe merits much more attention. These include land issues, 
return of displaced populations, ethnic tensions, access to 
economic resources, and political issues, and other factors 
depending upon the situation. It is an area that has not 
received enough attention that I believe is also essential, and 
I think we are seeing in the deteriorating or growing problem 
in Katanga province some of the reflections of these kinds of 
problems.
    Economic and social development in a third area needs to 
advance to provide economic opportunities for young people in 
particular to provide for an increasing standard of living for 
the population. This is easier said than done but remains 
tightly tied and directly related to the overall security 
environment and possibility or potential for future problems 
down the road.
    And finally, also an area that has been discussed, 
democratic governance. Not only is democracy in the Congo 
problematic, particularly following the 2011 elections, but 
those in neighboring countries as well, notably Uganda and 
Rwanda, which are far from perfect and all bear the seeds of 
future instability and security problems.
    There is a vital role for the international community up to 
now in all of this, and there continues to be particularly, in 
my view, of the U.S. conveying support or, as needed, criticism 
publicly and privately of actions by governments and groups 
consistent with the principles established by the framework 
accord. Reference to the treatment of the M23 combatants, 
including those for whom there is substantial evidence of 
responsibility for war crimes, is an important issue and an 
indicator. And reports from the U.N. panel of experts, the U.N. 
mission, government sources, NGOs, and others can help inform 
as well.
    Progress on the reform agenda in Congo is also critical. 
The amnesty law is promising. The DDR program has been already 
talked about but is critical as a part of many other reforms. 
Maximum coordination among the donors and the partners is 
critical. The special envoys have already demonstrated 
effective close collaboration, and that needs to include not 
only governments but regional organizations such as SADC and 
the African Union, multilateral institutions including the 
international financial institutions and the United Nations.
    And finally for the U.N., I would mention continued strong 
support from the United States for the mission in Congo and 
others. Financial but political and diplomatic is also 
essential for its success.
    I share the feeling that we have in the current 
circumstances the best opportunity that has existed for many 
years, if not ever, to achieve durable peace and stability in 
the region, and I think it is important to take advantage of 
it.
    I thank you again for this opportunity.
    [The prepared statement of Ambassador Meece follows:]

                 Prepared Statement of Hon. Roger Meece

    Mr. Chairman, Ranking Member Corker, and members of the committee, 
I am honored to testify today regarding one of Africa's longest running 
areas of conflict and large-scale humanitarian crises, and I thank you 
for this opportunity. Too often this area is in my view erroneously 
viewed as condemned to permanent instability, not susceptible to 
resolution. I am therefore particularly appreciative of this 
committee's focus on prospects for peace in the region.
    Having had the opportunity to work in the region over the span of 
many years, I can affirm that significant progress has been achieved in 
the Democratic Republic of Congo and Great Lakes region in many key 
aspects, putting in place essential elements to provide for long-term 
stability and development. I am also well aware, however, of continuing 
major problems, and resultant enormous human suffering marked by 
widespread ongoing violence, large population displacements, and 
appalling levels of sexual-based violence. Members of this committee 
are well aware that this is in the context of ongoing conflict, 
especially in eastern Congo, dating from the 1990s. The conflict has 
been catalyzed by weak government authority and institutions in the 
Congo and external involvement in the Congo, at one point involving at 
least eight national armies operating in Congolese territory. The 
legacy of this terrible history has left four foreign armed groups from 
Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi still operating in the DRC, and a large 
number of domestic Congolese armed groups or militias of varying 
capabilities. The latter are marked by shifting alliances and ties, and 
overall have a character more of criminal gangs than ideologically 
based groups. All the armed groups, foreign and domestic, prey on the 
civilian populations in areas where they operate.
    Against this backdrop, there are positive elements on which to 
build a stable and successful future, albeit all requiring further 
development. First, despite years of conflict, foreign occupation, 
division of the Congo into zones controlled by competing armies, and 
ongoing conflict, there is a sense of Congolese national self-identity 
that crosses political, ethnic, and political boundaries--an essential 
prerequisite for future stability. This national self-identity, 
however, is tempered with national cohesion threatened by underlying 
tensions driven by regional, ethnic, political, and other divisions fed 
by a competition for resources in a country desperately in need of 
economic opportunity for its population. In another important area, in 
recent years the Democratic Republic of Congo has achieved impressive 
improvements in its macroeconomic performance marked by good GDP growth 
rates, stable exchange rates, low inflation, and improving foreign 
exchange reserves. This has been particularly true during the tenure of 
Prime Minister Matata with his focus on economic reforms. These 
achievements, however, have not yet resulted in general broad benefits 
for average Congolese, with investment and commercial activity hampered 
by a continuing lack of transparency in key areas of economic activity, 
corruption, and an overall very difficult environment for business 
operations. On a regional level, critically important relations, 
especially between Kinshasa, Kigali, and Kampala, have progressed from 
open warfare to the reestablishment of formal diplomatic relations and 
ongoing contacts at multiple levels, albeit all continuing to be marked 
by deep mutual mistrust and accusations of cross-border misconduct. 
Finally, a promising start to democratic government has been made in 
the Congo, with the 2006 elections the first legitimate democratic 
exercise in the country since independence. Free and fully 
participatory government, however, clearly remains an incomplete and 
threatened process in the Congo, as well as in several of its 
neighbors. Within these threats lie the seeds of potential future 
further domestic and regional instability.
    In all these and other problem areas, the size of the Congo, the 
large population involved, and the relative lack of infrastructure 
contribute to the difficulty of putting solutions in place. Projects, 
initiatives, and development programs must often confront dimensions of 
scale that render implementation difficult, or in some cases producing 
incomplete results.
    These circumstances suggest to me the outlines for a path forward 
to peace, stability, and improved prospects for development, and 
appropriate roles for the international community to facilitate 
solutions. I strongly believe such solutions for the region are not 
only achievable, and are of key importance for not just Central Africa, 
but a significant portion of the continent. Full international 
community engagement and support is essential for these solutions to be 
achieved.
    First, the key priority must be to establish basic security and 
order, particularly in eastern Congo. Very promising progress has been 
made recently in this regard, with the Congolese M23 armed movement in 
the Kivus defeated by the Congolese Army (FARDC) bolstered by a 
strengthened U.N. peacekeeping force (MONUSCO), including the 
operations of the newly established Force Intervention Brigade. While 
this brigade is quite properly fully integrated into the mission 
structure and command, I believe its mandate providing for a 
strengthened peace enforcement role and specialized capabilities have 
provided a critical new element, and opened the door for progress after 
too many years of ongoing conflict. With the end of the M23's military 
operations, primary attention has turned to other major foreign groups. 
These include the Rwandan FDLR and Ugandan ADF, both representing major 
ongoing threats to civilians and regional stability, albeit with the 
FDLR's capability significantly reduced from what it was several years 
ago. As well, domestic militias cannot be neglected, and are 
responsible for many massacres, extensive violence, and large-scale 
human suffering. Broadly speaking, however, their force and military 
capabilities in no way compares to those of the foreign armed groups.
    It is important to emphasize that the FARDC and MONUSCO recent 
successes do not mean that a military solution to the issues of eastern 
Congo and Great Lakes region represents the answer to the problems of 
the region. Rather the increased capability and authority to operate 
preemptively against those committed to armed action provides an 
essential tool to help establish the conditions that permit 
comprehensive strategies and programs to be put in place. Beneficial 
effects of these military operations include the prospect of 
significantly increased flows of foreign and Congolese combatants 
seeking voluntary disarmament and reintegration into their home 
communities, increased prospects for needed political agreements to be 
achieved within the Congo and between Congo and its neighbors, and 
realization of the conditions necessary to establish and extend needed 
state authority throughout the Congo, clearly a prerequisite for long-
term stability and development.
    These military operations are and must be a part of a comprehensive 
strategy for the region which includes a number of elements. In my 
view, I would identify four areas of particular importance.
1. Political and economic normalization of regional relations, 
        especially between the DRC, Rwanda, and Uganda
    While formal reestablishment of diplomatic relations, and 
especially last year's achievement of a regional Framework Accord, have 
been very important steps, a sad history of failed accords and peace 
agreements is testimony to the fact that these agreements by themselves 
are not enough. The aspirations represented by the goals of the 
Framework Accord must be realized through commitments and actions by 
the respective parties, and such commitments have not necessarily been 
evident. Strong positions taken by the United States and other 
countries have been essential to a major change in cross-border actions 
by neighboring states contributing to instability. It is not clear, 
however, that such cross-border support has ended fully, and it is 
important for international attention to continue. Treatment of M23 
leaders who have fled to Uganda and Rwanda, including some for whom 
substantial evidence exists of responsibility for war crimes, will be 
an important indicator of policies consistent with Framework Accord 
principles. Reports from the U.N. Panel of Experts, the U.N. missions 
and agencies in the region, nongovernment organizations, and other 
sources will also be very useful to a full understanding of conditions 
throughout the region.
2. Congolese institutional reforms and conflict resolution
    It is of obvious importance to accelerate Congolese reform programs 
of key institutions, including the police, judiciary, and perhaps most 
importantly the military, which for long was essentially stalled. These 
reform objectives certainly include improved performance, for example 
through appropriate training programs, but must also address 
organizational structural changes to facilitate full deployments of 
necessary civilian and uniformed personnel, necessary physical 
infrastructure development, needed and appropriate oversight 
mechanisms, and well qualified and trained personnel at all management 
levels. There is also a pressing need for effective disarmament, 
demobilization, and civilian reintegration programs (DDR), avoiding 
past mistakes that failed to provide for successful long-term civilian 
integration of militia and other armed combatants, lacked 
accountability standards for egregious abuses of human rights or other 
serious crimes, and too often provided the wrong incentives, including 
essential wholesale integration of people into the FARDC. The latter 
not only propagated the cycle of militia activity and a general sense 
of impunity, but also degraded overall FARDC standards of performance 
and behavior. In this regard, the recently enacted amnesty law in the 
Congo provides an encouraging step, incorporating lessons learned. 
There is much more to be done, however, to develop comprehensive and 
effective DDR and military reform programs.
    It is also important that that there be increased attention to 
conflict resolution essentially addressing localized issues. In various 
areas, these include difficult land issues, return of displaced 
populations, ethnic and community tensions, and other social and 
political issues. Strong involvement by local leaders, including 
clergy, traditional leaders, and others of influence in the respective 
areas is key to this effort, as underlying cultural and social aspects 
are complex. Progress is, however, essential to achieve durable 
security, not only in eastern Congo, but in other regions, for example 
in Katanga province where growing violence is creating very significant 
new security and humanitarian concerns.
3. Economic and social development
    In addition to the obvious need for development for a large 
population long struggling to achieve an acceptable standard of living, 
there is a direct linkage between economic conditions and security. The 
attractiveness of local militias to young people would be greatly 
reduced by increased prospects of a productive livelihood through 
legitimate means. As well, existing large-scale illicit mining and 
trade of Congo's minerals involving both Congolese and foreign 
interests, provide an important source of support for many armed 
groups, and does little to promote the general well-being of the local 
population. Congolese economic potential, in eastern Congo and across 
the country, is well recognized. Realization of this potential requires 
simplification of the maze of regulations, taxes, and other burdens 
imposed by a large number of poorly coordinated and financed government 
agencies, greatly increased transparency regarding mining concessions 
and contracts and general commercial activities, and major improvements 
in judicial operations to provide for increased business confidence. 
None of this is easy to achieve, and it will require difficult 
decisions, including likely unpopular civil service reforms. Essential 
improvements, however, will not only increase prospects for legitimate 
investment and commercial activities, including employment levels, but 
as well an expanded tax base for essential government operations now 
hobbled by completely inadequate government budgets at both the 
national and provincial level.
4. Democratic governance
    Free and unhindered popular participation in an open political 
system clearly can contribute to long-term stability in the region. 
While the 2006 Congolese elections represented a very promising major 
step forward, subsequent developments, including the flawed 2011 
elections, underscore that a stable and successful democratic future 
for the country is far from assured. Very important provincial 
elections which should have been held as a part of the 2011 election 
cycle have not yet been held, resulting in the coexistence of 2006 
produced legislative bodies at the provincial level and national 
Senate, with a 2011 elected National Assembly and executive president. 
Local elections provided for in the 2006 constitution have not been 
held to-date at all. Very difficult and contentious issues associated 
with prospective decentralization measures also contained in the new 
constitution pose further risks at both the provincial and national 
levels. It is my understanding that planning is underway to hold the 
delayed provincial and local elections, although I would note that time 
is growing short before the next scheduled general national elections 
expected in 2016. All of these will require substantial domestic 
efforts, and I hope that the reformed Independent National Election 
Commission will be equal to the task. I have little doubt, however, 
considerable continuing external support will be required as well. A 
fractious national political structure, with hundreds of parties and 
political figures largely based on narrow regional, community, and 
ethnic interests obviously adds to this challenge.
    I must also note that problems of open, free, and fair democratic 
government are not limited to the Congo. Political systems in most of 
Congo's neighbors, notably to include neighbors Rwanda and Uganda, are 
far from free and well-functioning democratic models. Recent major 
security problems in the Central African Republic (C.A.R.) and South 
Sudan underscore the threats to domestic and regional stability that 
can arise from elsewhere in the region. All contain the seeds of 
potential cross-border violence and wider conflict, and all should be a 
focus of international concern.
    The agenda outlined obviously is not a simple one, nor is it 
susceptible to quick or short-term solutions. It is, however, 
achievable. When the situation of present-day Congo and Great Lakes 
region is contrasted with that of 5, 10, or 15 years ago, the progress 
already made is dramatic, and provides a good foundation to move 
forward. Clearly, the leaders, governments, and people of the region 
bear the primary responsibility to build their own future and achieve 
the security, economic, and social success needed and deserved by all 
the people of the region. I firmly believe continued international 
community engagement and support, however, is important and necessary.
    The United States has played a key role for many years through 
bilateral programs, in coordination with other partners, and through 
multilateral institutions including the U.N. and international finance 
institutions. I strongly urge that such engagement continue. United 
States bilateral diplomatic and assistance programs well targeted 
toward priority objectives are key, including support for positive 
developments, and as needed frank criticism of negative or unhelpful 
policies and actions. Obviously, close coordination with other partners 
including traditional donors such as various European governments, the 
European Union and Japan is essential to maximize effectiveness. Close 
cooperation with African institutions and governments including the 
African Union, Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) and its 
member states, and other governments in the region is also of critical 
importance. The fact that those contributing troops to the MONUSCO 
Force Intervention Brigade consist exclusively of SADC member states is 
no accident, and reflects the interest attached to the region by these 
governments, and the important role those countries play. Close 
consultation and collaboration with other key partners, including 
fellow Security Council permanent member China and Russia, have also 
been important and helped the international community to speak and act 
in a unified manner on issues of the region. Strong U.S. support to the 
U.N. peacekeeping mission in the Congo, as well as other missions in 
the region, for example through the Security Council and American 
financial support, has been of critical importance to avoid on many 
occasions general collapse and for key initiatives such as the F.I.B. 
and deployment of reconnaissance UAVs, and the overall effectiveness of 
the U.N. mission's work.
    The appointment of Special Envoy Feingold has in my view been a key 
action to bolster effectiveness of international community action. The 
close collaboration achieved with U.N. Special Envoy Mary Robinson, and 
other special envoys of the African Union, European Union, and various 
governments, and the U.N. Special Representative in the Congo, has I 
think already demonstrated the utility and effectiveness of this work. 
I believe this is particularly important as the Framework Accord and 
other agreements largely set out desired goals and objectives, but the 
Framework Accord lacks effective oversight or enforcement mechanisms, 
and it is certainly not at all clear that all signatories had a real 
commitment to realize its provisions. The burden of ensuring success of 
this initiative, therefore, has largely fallen on the team of special 
envoys. Their strong engagement is likely to continue to be needed I 
believe for some time given the scale and complexity of the issues 
involved.
    I must also note, however, that we should not overestimate our 
powers to control events or achieve desired results. Many of the issues 
in the Congo and region involve complex social, cultural, ethnic, and 
other issues with long and deep roots, often difficult to understand 
fully. Solutions, including viable structures, institutions, and 
relationships must in any case be built on indigenous foundations. 
Sensitivity not simply to sovereignty concerns, but to the views and 
expertise of regional, national, and local leaders, and related 
cultural, social and other factors is essential, and will often dictate 
the shape and nature of actions, development, and solutions. We neglect 
such considerations only with considerable peril to the very objectives 
we seek to realize.
    I have no illusions of the difficulty and scope of the continuing 
remaining challenges. I am convinced, however, that building on the 
work already done solutions are achievable. Further, I am convinced 
that current prospects are better than they have ever been to achieve 
real and durable peace and security in eastern Congo and Great Lakes 
region. I am also convinced this result will require substantial 
engagement and support from the international community, and 
specifically from the United States, likely for some time. I believe, 
however, the importance of putting an end to the long-running 
humanitarian disaster and violence of the region provides a strong 
rationale for this engagement. It is important that we are not locked 
into a quasi-permanent cycle requiring international community ongoing 
engagement without end in Great Lakes conflict resolution and related 
large-scale humanitarian relief and other actions, with attendant risks 
to even broader conflict in Africa. Peace can be achieved, and I 
believe current policies and actions provide a good basis to be 
optimistic of progress.

    The Chairman. Thank you.
    Dr. Gilpin.

 STATEMENT OF DR. RAYMOND GILPIN, ACADEMIC DEAN, AFRICA CENTER 
FOR STRATEGIC STUDIES, NATIONAL DEFENSE UNIVERSITY, WASHINGTON, 
                               DC

    Dr. Gilpin. Thank you very much. I would like to start by 
thanking Chairman Menendez, Ranking Member Corker, and the 
members of this committee for inviting me to speak here today.
    I would also like to state that my testimony does not 
represent the position of the Africa Center, the National 
Defense University, or the Department of Defense. The views I 
will express here are solely mine, and I will focus almost 
exclusively on the economic dimensions of conflict and economic 
levers that could be used to address the persistent violence in 
the DRC.
    Many had hoped that the reversal suffered by the M23 rebel 
group late last year, the reduction in the scale of conflict 
minerals being traded, and the pervasive war fatigue within and 
outside the DRC would contribute to an easing of tensions and 
help lay the foundation for sustained peace in this troubled 
region.
    However, shortly after the December communique was signed, 
we have had reports of regrouping and recruitment by rebel 
groups, instability persists, and the lives and livelihoods of 
millions of Congolese remain both stark and dire.
    Progress in the DRC has been plagued by what can only be 
described as a complex emergency, one characterized by 
collectively reinforcing factors, which have already been 
discussed. As we have already mentioned, over the past decade, 
the DRC has received significant humanitarian and development 
assistance. There is no denying that more could have been done 
to help accomplish some of the goals that the assistance was 
intended to achieve.
    It must be noted, however, that this is not just a matter 
of corruption, weak capacity, or waste. It is a function of 
poorly coordinated efforts within and outside the DRC. The vast 
majority of development-focused initiatives emphasized either a 
specific security or societal threat such as defeating a 
certain rebel group, diminishing trade in certain minerals, and 
reducing specific types of violence. There is an urgent need 
for the DRC to shift away from a threat-centric to a more 
population-centric approach to stability and sustainability.
    I would submit that economic development is a viable point 
of entry when we are seeking a solution. There are a number of 
reasons for this.
    First, economic development is focused on the welfare of 
the individual, and it helps dismantle a very complex political 
economy and also stabilizes communities by creating opportunity 
and institutions that are more resilient; thereby creating a 
more viable constituency for peace. In my view, it is about 
time that the 76 million inhabitants of the DRC believe that 
the peace process is about them and not just about threat 
reduction or a string of development projects.
    In 2009, I led a research team to both Bukavu and 
Lumumbashi and we interviewed over 1,000 small- and medium-
scale businesses. And what we found was a resilient, adaptable 
business sector who had learned how to survive through the 
worst of the conflict. They were not looking for handouts. They 
had already internalized the costs of conflicts in their 
business models and were broadly optimistic about the future. I 
believe that this is still the case. Received wisdom usually 
suggests that peace-building and stability are essentially 
military, political, or diplomatic endeavors with economic 
development initiatives relegated to the second phase. This is 
not necessarily true. There is an urgent need to integrate them 
very early on in the process, and that time is now.
    The DRC also needs to ensure that its vast mineral wealth 
benefits the vast majority of its people. At the heart of this 
conundrum is the efficiency, efficacy, and honesty with which 
the country's natural resources are managed. The United States 
has taken the lead in garnering international support for 
responsible mining in the DRC via the Dodd-Frank Act.
    However, the introduction of verification mechanisms has 
had a mixed socioeconomic impact. We recognize that there has 
been a reduction in the trade in conflict minerals. Conflict-
free mines are emerging all over the DRC, and a number of local 
and international companies have included livelihood projects 
in their portfolios.
    On the other hand, many analysts question the assumption 
that denying armed groups access to funds from the mineral 
trade will be an effective deterrent. They point to the fact 
that the M23 raised the seed capital for its infamous 2012 
offensive by robbing banks and taxing people as they traded.
    Looking ahead, I think there are three ``D's'' that should 
be borne in mind: duration--having a long-term view; 
diversification--not focusing on a single issue; and dialogue--
ensuring that engagement does not start and stop around the 
peace deals.
    Chairman Menendez, Ranking Member, and members of this 
committee, there are three things I believe the United States 
can do to enhance prospects for sustainable peace, shared 
prosperity, and effective democratic governance in the DRC.
    First relates to the trade in conflict minerals. I think 
that the next step should be the United States working more 
closely with development organizations such as USAID, the World 
Bank, the African Development Bank to put structures in place 
that would facilitate the use of DRC's mineral wealth for the 
benefit of all its people.
    Secondly, we could help sustain interest and engagement in 
the great opportunities that the DRC presents for national and 
subregional stability. I think episodic interventions tend to 
be wasteful and could be counterproductive.
    The third thing relates to funding. It is true that the DRC 
is home to vast natural resources. However, for those natural 
resources to become true national resources, the country 
requires significant upfront investment and particularly in the 
social sectors and infrastructure. I think the creative use of 
partnerships--the public-private partnership alliance is an 
example of this--could achieve a lot in this regard.
    It is also important to advocate a more balanced approach 
of financial assistance with economic and governance portfolios 
receiving as much attention as security.
    Thank you very much for your kind attention and thank you 
for inviting me to testify.
    [The prepared statement of Dr. Gilpin follows:]

                Prepared Statement of Dr. Raymond Gilpin

    I wish to start by thanking Chairman Robert Menendez, Ranking 
Member Bob Corker and members of the Senate Committee on Foreign 
Relations for inviting me to speak at this important hearing. I am 
Raymond Gilpin, currently the Academic Dean at the Africa Center for 
Strategic Studies, which is part of the Defense Department's regional 
center enterprise. Kindly note, however, that my testimony does not in 
any way reflect or represent the position of the Department of Defense, 
the Africa Center or the National Defense University (with which the 
Africa Center is affiliated). My testimony represents my personal 
views, based on almost three decades of experience working on African 
issues, as well as: my experience working on economic development in 
the Democratic Republic of Congo; field research on business and peace 
in Kinshasa, Lubumbashi, and Bukavu; coordinating the DRC diaspora 
dialogues at the United States Institute of Peace (2008-2012); and 
managing the web-based International Network on Economics and Conflict 
(2009-2013). My testimony will focus on economic development strategies 
to enhance peace-building in the DRC.
    The 12 December 2013 communique on prospects for peace in the 
Democratic Republic of Congo was significant for four important 
reasons: first, it purportedly heralded the end of the M23 crisis; 
second, it highlighted the subregional nature of the conflict by 
focusing on issues beyond the Congolese border; third, it reflected the 
growing level of international concern, having been initiated at the 
behest of the United Nations and the International Conference of the 
Great Lakes Region (ICGLR); and, fourth, it emphasized the multifaceted 
nature of the DRC conflict and included language that covered 
demobilization, resettlement, economic development and social 
justice.\1\ Many had hoped that the reversals suffered by the M23 rebel 
group, reductions in the scale of war minerals being traded and 
pervasive war fatigue would contribute to an easing of tensions that 
would help lay the foundation for sustained peace in this troubled 
region. Shortly after this communique was signed, it was clear that it 
was destined to go the way of its predecessors. There were reports of 
regrouping and recruitment by rebel groups, instability persisted and 
the lives/living standards of millions of Congolese remain both stark 
and dire. A couple of weeks ago, Congolese President Joseph Kabila 
announced an amnesty for M23 members covering the period up to 20 
December 2013,\2\ recapitulating on what had been a nonnegotiable 2 
months ago. The possibility of the peace deal unravelling is one of 
many indicators that the situation in the DRC requires significantly 
more attention and support.
    Progress in the DRC has been plagued by what can be described as a 
persistently complex emergency. One characterized by collectively 
reinforcing factors like: a perverse political economy; extremely weak 
governance at all levels; transnational political, financial and 
intergroup dynamics; and a persistent war economy. It is crucial to 
understand that addressing these factors in isolation is unlikely to 
have the desired impact, because they are collectively reinforcing. For 
example, attempting to address the nefarious impacts of the trade in 
conflict minerals without concomitant efforts to improve governance is 
unlikely to succeed. Likewise, signing a peace deal with a rebel group 
without bolstering the capacity to deliver transitional justice could 
be futile. Over the past decade, the DRC has received over $5 billion 
in humanitarian assistance and almost $20 billion in official 
development assistance.\3\ Over the same period, almost $10 billion has 
been spent to support the mission of some 20,000 personnel and troops 
who constitute the U.N. peacekeeping mission in the DRC, known by its 
French acronym--MONUSCO.\4\ USAID's economic development projects in 
the DRC amounted to $983 million between 2004 and 2014, while the World 
Bank spent $3.7 billion in the DRC over the same period.\5\
    While some would point to the uncertainties created by tardy 
disbursements and the requirement--pledge gap (the DRC received 
consistently less in pledges that was required), and others might 
quibble with the adequacy of the assistance received (relative to the 
population and size of the country), there is no denying that much more 
could have been accomplished with the support received to date.\6\ This 
is not just a matter of corruption, weak capacity, or waste. It is also 
a function of poorly coordinated efforts by national officials (at all 
levels) and the DRC's bilateral, multilateral and nongovernmental 
partners.
    Like all fragile states affected by conflict, the DRC crisis would 
only be resolved if a consistent and coordinated strategy is designed 
and successfully implemented to ensure a shift from a threat-centric to 
a population-centric approach to stability and sustainability. The vast 
majority of existing initiatives emphasize specific security or 
societal threats, such as: defeating certain rebel groups, diminishing 
trade in specific minerals, reducing particular types of violence and 
addressing myriad factors that keep millions of Congolese in grinding, 
intergenerational poverty. However, as explained earlier, this approach 
fails to account for the collectively reinforcing nature of instability 
in the DRC. While there might be individual successes in some areas, 
they are neither lasting, nor do they further human security for the 
vast majority of Congolese. What is required is a carefully nuanced 
strategy with coordinated interventions that reinforce humanitarian 
efforts, promote equitable economic recovery and establish the 
conditions for rules-based governance across the country.
    Economic development is a viable entry point for such a strategy. 
This is because it is focused on the welfare of the individual citizen, 
it helps dismantle the political economy, and it stabilizes communities 
by creating opportunities and institutions that establish a more 
resilient constituency for peace. It is about time that the 76 million 
inhabitants of the DRC feel that the peace process is about them, and 
not just about threat reduction or a string of development projects. 
Adopting a more population-centric approach requires engaging 
communities more meaningfully and ensuring that processes are 
accountable to the people. Here, the role of community leaders, 
nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and elected leaders must be 
emphasized. A population-centric approach also entails making the DRC's 
vast wealth (mineral resources, agriculture, and forestry) less regime 
focused and more attuned to the needs of each citizen. This might seem 
counterintuitive to many who are only accustomed to thinking about the 
DRC as a problem that needs to be fixed. With the right approach, the 
DRC could be an opportunity for substantial gains not only in that 
country, but across the subregion.
    In 2008/09 I led a research team to Bukavu in the North East and 
Lubumbashi in the South.\7\ We interviewed over 500 small- and medium-
sized businesses in both locations and found a very resilient and 
adaptable cohort of business professionals who had learned how to 
survive throughout the worst of the conflict. They were not looking for 
handouts. Their main challenges related to weak government 
institutions, stifling government policy/regulations, poor or 
nonexistent infrastructure, and corruption. Businesses in the northeast 
were much less concerned about the violent conflict that was being 
waged all around them, especially since most had already internalized 
those costs in their business models. Respondents were broadly 
optimistic about the future and their economic prospects, and believed 
that they should play a greater role in helping to shape their 
communities. Received wisdom usually suggests that peace-building and 
stability are essentially military, political and diplomatic endeavors, 
with economic development initiatives generally viewed as a second 
phase.\8\ There is ample evidence that the business community could 
play a more active role in promoting peace and could be solid anchors 
for stability, not least because they will have a direct stake in the 
process.
    Equitable and broad-based economic progress in the DRC could also 
help dismantle the DRC's perverse political economy. In recent decades, 
nonformal economic actors, relationships, and institutions have emerged 
that are more focused on group agendas, rather than community or 
national development. You will notice that I used the term ``non-
formal'' rather than the more commonly used ``informal.'' This is 
because the DRC economy operates in a very broad grey space where 
formal and nonformal are often practically indistinguishable. 
Strategies based on providing contracts and opportunities to those at 
the helm of the DRC's perverse political economy crowd out, and further 
alienate, what could be a budding middle-class.\9\ Anthropological 
research examines how some ethnic groups in the DRC have thrived in the 
midst of instability and violent conflict by negotiating a practical 
solution, based largely on the economic muscle of a mining-based middle 
class.\10\ Institutional relationships and incentive structures within 
the existing political economy are difficult to address if there are no 
alternatives. Existing programs and projects in the DRC could be 
reoriented to ensure that small- and medium-scaled enterprises receive 
the support, structure and security they deserve. It must, however, be 
noted that this is a longer term proposition.\11\ Hence, the emphasis 
should shift from quick gains to sustained progress.
    Projects and programs that adhere to a population-centric 
philosophy are necessary, but by no means sufficient. The DRC also 
needs its vast wealth to benefit its people. At the heart of this 
conundrum is the efficacy and honesty with which the country's natural 
resources are managed. The DRC faired very poorly in the recent 
Resource Governance Index, particularly as it relates to government 
regulations, nontransparent institutional frameworks, unaccountable 
officials and corruption.\12\ Improved management of the DRC's natural 
resources is attainable. Success in this area will help diminish the 
scope and impact of a persistent war economy, and also create 
opportunities for existing private sector operators and emerging 
entrepreneurs. It will also create a multiplier effect as activity 
increases along the value-chains of natural resource production. For 
example, it would generate private sector jobs and opportunities that 
lie outside the natural resource industries (like mining and 
agriculture). Support services, infrastructure, transportation, and 
marketing activity related to production and export could become 
instrumental at various stages of the value chain. Although field 
research in 2009 noted this phenomenon in the DRC's mining industry, 
the same is true in other sectors of the economy. Innovation (both 
process and product) is showing signs of life in the DRC. Young 
entrepreneurs are finding creative solutions to old challenges and are 
looking to be connected to markets and capital in their country. 
Entrepreneurship is an often neglected, but crucial, component of 
economic reform.
    In order for economic actors to play a more active role in the 
stability of the DRC, significant investment must be directed to 
improving political and economic governance, addressing impunity, 
reducing the infrastructure deficit and augmenting human capacity--
particularly in vulnerable areas. The vastness of the DRC and its large 
population compounds the task at hand. In many cases, the required 
investment will have to start from scratch. Existing programs to 
improve social outcomes in health and education should be realigned. 
More realism should be introduced 
in the area of infrastructure investment, with consortia and 
partnerships being emphasized. International investors should be more 
active partners via public-private partnerships.\13\ National and 
international legislative frameworks should be strengthened.
    The United States took the lead in garnering international support 
for responsible mining in the DRC via specific legislation (i.e., 
sections 1502 and 1504 of the ``Wall Street Reform and Consumer 
Protection Act'' of December 2010, introduced in the House of 
Representatives by Financial Services Committee Chairman Barney Frank, 
and in the Senate Banking Committee by Chairman Chris Dodd (also known 
as the Dodd-Frank Act). Since then, the Securities and Exchange 
Commission has issued rules for the implementation and in January 2014, 
Intel, the global computer chip manufacturer, became the first major 
company to declare its supply-chain ``conflict free.'' \14\ While these 
are laudable developments, much more work needs to be done. The 
introduction of verification mechanisms has had a mixed socioeconomic 
impact. It is much more difficult to trade in conflict minerals, but in 
some cases it has led to the development of smuggling routes, with an 
attendant rise in corruption. Some researchers have pointed to the 
negative impact on artisanal miners who either have to accept lower 
prices or abandon their mines altogether. Others question the 
assumption that denying the armed groups access to funds from the 
mineral trade would be an effective deterrent. They point out that the 
M23 raised the funds it needed for its infamous 2012 offensive by 
allegedly robbing banks and extortion (taxation) at numerous check 
points.\15\ Thus, while the Dodd-Frank Act has clearly made a 
difference in the purchase and sale of minerals from the DRC's conflict 
zones, much more needs to be done to understand/address the root causes 
and channels of conflict in the DRC. More also needs to be done to 
mitigate potentially negative impacts across the value chain.
    Looking ahead, three important ``Ds'' should be borne in mind. The 
first is duration. Engagement strategies in the DRC must be 
conceptualized from a long-term perspective. Rather than focusing on 
putting out the existing fires, strategic responses should have a long-
term end-state in sight. This calls for sustained engagements, and not 
sporadic encounters. Linkages among the various interventions 
(economic, social, security, and diplomatic) must be clear, with in-
built flexibility to ensure the inevitable course correction. The 
second is diversification. Our approach to the DRC's complex emergency 
should not be predicated on a single issue, be it conflict minerals, 
sexual violence, ethnic cleavages, governance challenges or 
humanitarian interventions. The international community must go beyond 
peacekeeping and humanitarianism in the DRC. More robust economic 
engagements and investments in the rule of law are more likely to yield 
the desired longer term outcomes, sustainably. The third is dialogue. 
Engagement must not start and stop around peace deals. Measures should 
be taken to more effectively institutionalize consultation and 
communication at all levels. Institutions charged with these 
responsibilities should be strengthened. This is an effective way to 
promote accountability, foster responsible governance, and establish a 
productive (and symbiotic) relationship between national/local 
governments and the people.
    Chairman Menendez, Ranking Member Corker, and members of this 
committee, there are a number of things the United States can do to 
enhance the prospects for sustainable peace, shared prosperity, and 
effective democratic governance that is inclusive, accountable and just 
in the DRC. The first is an extension of sections 1502 and 1504 of the 
Dodd-Frank Act. With your help, the United States has led the way in 
diminishing the odious trade in minerals from the DRC's conflict zones 
around the world. The next step should be working with development 
institutions (like USAID, the World Bank, and the African Development 
Bank) to put structures in place that would facilitate the use of the 
DRC's mineral wealth for the benefit of all its people, and not just a 
select few. It may be recalled that the significant increase in social 
investments across the African Continent (which has recently begun to 
bear fruit) was initiated as part of an external debt relief initiative 
that was supported by the United States. Second, the United States 
could help sustain interest and engagement in the great opportunities 
the DRC presents for economic progress and subregional stability. 
Episodic interventions tend to be wasteful and could be 
counterproductive. To this end, some consideration could be given to 
the clear articulation of interconnected long-range plans for stability 
and progress, as well as the institutionalization of regular updates. 
Given its size, location, and potential, the DRC is of immense 
strategic value in the Great Lakes region and beyond. It must not only 
be viewed as a problem that needs to be fixed. The third thing the 
United States can do relates to funding. It is true that the DRC is 
home to vast natural resources. However, for those natural resources to 
become true national resources, the country requires substantial 
upfront investments, particularly in the social sector and 
infrastructure. The creative use of partnerships (bilateral, 
multilateral, and commercial) could enable the United States to 
leverage its support in the DRC, while working with partners to put the 
country on the path toward self-sustained democratic progress. It is 
also important to advocate a more balanced approach to financial 
assistance, with the economic and governance portfolios receiving as 
much as security. Furthermore, aligning United States support more 
closely with a longer term plan that is country-owned (as opposed to 
``pet projects'') could also ensure that we realize a bigger bang for 
our buck.

----------------
End Notes

    \1\ December 2013 communique http://www.scribd.com/doc/191157617/
Joint-ICGLR-SADC-Final-Communique-on-Kampala-Dialogue (accessed 22 
February 2014).
    \2\ See http://www.independent.co.ug/news/regional-news/8729-drc-
president-declares-amnesty-for-former-m23-rebels (accessed 21 February 
2014).
    \3\ Humanitarian Assistance: http://
www.globalhumanitarianassistance.org/countryprofile/democratic-
republic-of-congo (accessed (21 February 2014).
    \4\ MONUC http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/past/monuc/
facts.shtml (accessed 21 February 2014).
    \5\ USAID work in the DRC http://www.usaid.gov/crisis/democratic-
republic-of-the-congo (accessed 21 February 2014).
    \6\ Date showing need vs. pledges for humanitarian assistance to 
the DRC http://www.unocha.org/drc/about-us/ocha-funding (accessed 21 
February 2014).
    \7\ Report on ``Conflict-Business Dynamics in the Democratic 
Republic of the Congo," http://www.voltairenet.org/IMG/pdf/Conflict-
Business_Dynamics_in_RDC.pdf (accesse 21 February 2014).
    \8\ I make the case for the role of economic development as a 
catalyst for peace in ``How Business can Foster Peace," http://
www.usip.org/publications/how-business-can-foster-peace and ``Using 
Entrepreneurship to Promote Fragility in Fragile Regions," http://
www.usip.org/publications/using-entrepreneurship-promote-stability-in-
fragile-regions (both accessed 23 February 2014).
    \9\ Nancy Birdsall discusses the socioeconomic importance of 
Africa's middle class in fragile regions in http://www.cgdev.org/
publication/do-no-harm-aid-weak-institutions-and-missing-middle-africa-
working-paper-113 (accessed 21 February 2014).
    \10\ See ``In and Out of the State: Working the Boundaries of Power 
in the Democratic Republic of the Congo'' by Patience Kabamba, http://
openanthcoop.net/press/http://openanthcoop.net/press/wp-content/
uploads/2012/10/Kabamba-OACP-Working-Paper-151.pdf (accessed 21 
February 2014).
    \11\ Background papers for the 2011 World Development Report on the 
theme: ``Conflict, Security and Development'' provide empirical 
evidence that economic reconstruction initiatives in conflict affected 
economies (like DRC) need at least a decade to take effect. http://
web.world 
bank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTDEC/EXTRESEARCH/EXTWDRS/
0,,contentMDK:23252415 
pagePK:478093piPK:477627theSitePK:477624,00.html (accessed 21 
February 2014).
    \12\ Resource Governance Index http://www.revenuewatch.org/
countries/africa/drc/overview (accessed 21 February 2014)
    \13\ USAID launched an alliance with mining companies and 
manufacturers in October 2011 to combat conflict mining. See http://
blog.usaid.gov/2011/11/joining-together-to-combat-conflict-minerals/ 
(accessed 22 February 2014).
    \14\ Intel's White paper on conflict mining http://www.intel.com/
content/dam/doc/policy/policy-conflict-minerals.pdf (accessed 21 
February 2014).
    \15\ Reports include http://christophvogel.net/2012/12/15/kampala-
sets-up-kabila-wakes-up-m23-makes-up-masisi-flares-up/and http://
mg.co.za/article/2012-11-30-00-m23-puts-pressure-on-kabila (both 
accessed 21 February 2014).

    The Chairman. Thank you.
    Mr. Affleck.

 STATEMENT OF BEN AFFLECK, DIRECTOR, ACTOR, WRITER, PRODUCER; 
       FOUNDER, EASTERN CONGO INITIATIVE, LOS ANGELES, CA

    Mr. Affleck. Chairman Menendez, Ranking Member Corker, 
distinguished members of the Senate Foreign Relations 
Committee, thank you for inviting me here today. My name is Ben 
Affleck. I am an actor and a director and the founder of the 
Eastern Congo Initiative, a grantmaking and advocacy 
organization investing in and working with the people of 
eastern Congo. I am, to state the obvious, not a Congo expert. 
I am an American working to do my part for a country and a 
people I believe in and care deeply about.
    I want to take a moment to acknowledge one of the people 
who inspired me to create ECI. He just left because he had to 
make his plane. But the legendary Dr. Denis Mukwege. He is a 
two-time Nobel Peace Prize nominee and one of the bravest 
people I have ever known. His Panzi Hospital has provided 
critical care to more than 30,000 women who have been raped and 
brutalized, and even in the face of persistent death threats, 
he remains a tireless advocate for women's rights. So I want to 
thank him even in his absence.
    I would also like to acknowledge my friend and fellow ECI 
board member, Cindy McCain, for being an extraordinary person 
and a valuable partner and champion for the Congolese people. 
Thank you, Cindy.
    Fourteen months ago, I was invited to testify before the 
House Armed Services Committee on this very topic. At the time 
of my previous testimony, an armed militia known as M23 had 
just taken over Goma, which is the capital of the North Kivu 
province. They subjected women to deplorable forms of sexual 
violence, including rape, and forcibly recruited children to 
fight or be killed.
    As a result of the prolonged conflict, this year the U.N. 
reported an estimated 2.9 million Congolese had been displaced 
internally and another 428,000 have sought refuge in 
neighboring countries.
    Today, I am thankful that I can tell a more hopeful story, 
one of small but powerful victories.
    In November, through the combined efforts of the Congolese 
Army and a special African-led U.N. peacekeeping force known as 
the Intervention Brigade, which the Senator and others 
discussed earlier, M23 surrendered and signed a peace 
agreement. This force is comprised of troops from Tanzania, 
Malawi, and South Africa. Their success, combined with high-
level and focused diplomacy, reinforces our belief that when 
the international community acts and the Congolese Government 
rises to its moment, these challenges are, in fact, solvable.
    If it were not for bold leadership by you, the U.S. 
Congress, together with the Obama administration, Congo would 
not be at this important turning point. So on behalf of our 
team in Goma and all our Congolese partners, thank you for your 
commitment and for your bipartisan leadership.
    Without overstating what has taken place since December 
2012, I can say unequivocally that the situation in eastern 
Congo has improved. Last year, both the U.N. and the Obama 
administration appointed high-level special envoys to the 
region. In July, Secretary Kerry presided over a high-level 
U.N. Security Council meeting focused on security challenges in 
the Great Lakes region. And on November 7, M23 was forced to 
surrender.
    I am also here today with an urgent message. Our work in 
DRC is not done. We cannot risk diminished U.S. leadership at a 
time when lasting stability and peace are within reach.
    In the last year, many of your colleagues visited Congo. In 
August, Senator Lindsey Graham led a Senate delegation to 
eastern Congo, joined by Senators Chambliss, Blunt, Thune, 
Johanns, and Barrasso, alongside Cindy McCain. Senator Coons 
also traveled to Congo and has been a champion for increased 
United States engagement. In December, Congressman Adam Smith 
traveled with ECI to meet with U.N. leadership and some of 
ECI's remarkable Congolese grantees.
    The accomplishments over the last year were hard fought. 
They are fragile and they are reversible. Sadly, we have seen 
this before. Over the past decade, the international community 
has focused more on signing peace deals than on implementing 
the mandates found within those deals. Failed cycles of 
disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration, which again has 
been discussed here already at some length, of combatants have 
resulted in enormous suffering for the people of eastern Congo 
and severely slowed existing efforts toward military reform.
    I would like to share with you five specific actions that 
the U.S. Congress can take to help to ensure that we remain on 
a path to peace while saving U.S. tax dollars over the long 
term.
    First, urge Secretary Kerry to ensure Special Envoy 
Feingold has the support needed to successfully achieve his 
mission. And we commend President Obama and Secretary Kerry for 
selecting your former colleague, someone who brings extensive 
experience and credibility to the position.
    Second, call on U.S. Ambassador to the U.N. Samantha Power 
to support extending the Intervention Brigade past its March 31 
expiration. We also recommend that this committee hold an 
oversight hearing to consider a sunset to MONUSCO that compels 
DRC to follow through and fully reform its security sector. 
After nearly 15 years and billions of dollars in appropriated 
funds, an endless MONUSCO mandate disincentivizes reform.
    Third, we request that Congress call on President Obama to 
directly engage with President Kabila to encourage him to make 
good on his critical commitment of long overdue security sector 
reforms by establishing a clearly defined roadmap.
    Fourth, the United States must play a pivotal role and 
robustly participate in multilateral efforts to ensure that the 
Congolese Government holds free, fair, and timely local and 
national elections that respect the Congolese Constitution, 
including strict observance of term limits.
    And finally, call upon USAID to scale up its economic 
development initiatives in eastern Congo. DRC's agriculture 
sector has massive potential, and ECI has trained cocoa farmers 
to increase the quality and quantity of their production so it 
can be sold for a fair price on the global market. USAID should 
be encouraged to invest in more programs like these. Targeted 
investment in promising Congolese-driven solutions can and will 
drive economic growth and will create jobs.
    Let me share with you a final example of the extraordinary 
opportunity that exists in Congo. One of ECI's partners in our 
work with Congolese cocoa farmers is Theo Chocolate, the 
fastest-growing organic, fair-trade chocolate company in the 
United States. Today, Theo sources more than 50 percent of its 
cocoa from DRC. This year alone, more than 640 tons of cocoa 
will be purchased from the smallholder farmers ECI supports, 
which would be enough to make 9 million chocolate bars. This is 
neither charity nor aid. It is good business for the Congolese 
and is paying off for this American company.
    Our partner, Theo's Joe Whinney, joins us here today. And 
Joe saw the potential of this country and its people, and it is 
now yielding extraordinary results for his business. Just 
imagine what can be achieved for both the Congolese people and 
the American businesses with increased peace, stability, and 
additional investments in this sector.
    There is a Congolese proverb that says no matter how many 
times you strike a boulder with a knife, it will never turn to 
dust.
    The Congolese people have been struck time and time again 
by conflict, poverty, and disease, and by an international 
community who looked upon Congo and called it hopeless. I hope 
you can see that it is not, and I hope you will commit again to 
the focused leadership that you have shown these past 14 
months.
    Thank you very much. I look forward to your questions.
    [The prepared statement of Mr. Affleck follows:]

                   Prepared Statement of Ben Affleck

    Chairman Menendez, Ranking Member Corker, distinguished members of 
the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, thank you for inviting me here 
today. My name is Ben Affleck. I am an actor and director and the 
founder of Eastern Congo Initiative, a grant-making and advocacy 
organization investing in and working with the people of eastern Congo. 
I am, to state the obvious, not a Congo expert. I am an American 
working to do my part for a country and a people I believe in and care 
deeply about.
    I want to take a moment to acknowledge one of the people who 
inspired me to create ECI, the legendary Dr. Denis Mukwege. He is a 
two-time Nobel Peace Prize nominee, and one of the bravest people I 
have ever known. His Panzi hospital has provided critical care to more 
than 30,000 women who have been raped and brutalized, and even in the 
face of persistent death threats, he remains a tireless advocate for 
women's rights. Although he is not testifying today, he has asked me to 
submit a statement for the record, on his behalf.
    I would also like to acknowledge my friend and fellow ECI Board 
Member, Cindy McCain, for being an invaluable partner and champion for 
the Congolese people.
    Fourteen months ago I was invited to testify before the House Armed 
Services Committee on this very topic.
    At the time of my previous testimony, an armed militia known as the 
M23 had just taken over Goma, the capital of the North Kivu province. 
They subjected women to deplorable forms of sexual violence including 
rape, and forcibly recruited more than 120 children to fight or be 
killed. As a result of prolonged conflict, this year the U.N. reported 
that an estimated 2.9 million Congolese had been displaced internally 
and another 428,000 have sought refuge in neighboring countries.
    Today, I'm thankful that I can tell a more hopeful story--one of 
small but powerful victories and cautious optimism. In November, 
through the combined efforts of the Congolese army and a special 
African-led U.N. peacekeeping force known as the Intervention Brigade, 
M23 surrendered and signed a peace agreement. This force is comprised 
of troops from Tanzania, Malawi, and South Africa. Their success 
combined with high-level and focused diplomacy reinforces our belief 
that when the international community acts, and the Congolese 
Government rises to the moment, these challenges are in fact solvable.
    If it were not for bold leadership by you, the U.S. Congress, 
together with the Obama administration, Congo would not be at this 
important turning point.
    So, on behalf of our team in Goma and all of our Congolese 
partners, thank you for your commitment and your bipartisan leadership.
    Without overstating what has taken place since December 2012, I can 
say, unequivocally, that the situation in eastern Congo has improved:

          1. Last year, both the U.N. and the Obama administration 
        appointed high-profile special envoys to the region.
          2. In July, Secretary Kerry presided over a high-level U.N. 
        Security Council meeting focused on security challenges in the 
        Great Lakes region.
          3. And on November 7, M23 was forced to surrender.

    I am also here today with an urgent message: Our work in DRC is not 
finished. We cannot risk diminished U.S. leadership at a time when 
lasting peace and stability are within reach.
    In the last year, many of your colleagues visited Congo. In August, 
Senator Lindsey Graham led a Senate delegation to eastern Congo joined 
by Senators Chambliss, Blunt, Thune, Johanns, and Barrasso alongside 
Cindy McCain. Senator Coons also traveled to Congo and has been a 
champion for increased U.S. engagement. And in December, Congressman 
Adam Smith traveled with ECI to meet with U.N. leadership and some of 
ECI's remarkable Congolese grantees.
    The accomplishments over the last year were hard fought, but they 
are fragile and they are reversible.
    Sadly, we've seen this before. Over the past decade, the 
international community has focused more on signing peace deals than on 
implementing the mandates found within those deals. Failed cycles of 
disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration of combatants have 
resulted in enormous suffering for the people of eastern Congo and 
severely slowed existing efforts toward military reform.
    I would like to share with you five specific actions the U.S. 
Congress can take to help ensure we remain on a path to peace while 
saving U.S. tax dollars over the long term:

   First, urge Secretary Kerry to ensure Special Envoy Feingold 
        has the personnel and support needed to successfully achieve 
        his mission. And we commend President Obama and Secretary Kerry 
        for selecting your former colleague, someone who brings 
        extensive experience and credibility to the position.
   Second, call on U.S. Ambassador to the U.N., Samantha Power, 
        to support 
        extending the Intervention Brigade past its March 31 
        expiration. We also recommend that this committee hold an 
        oversight hearing to consider a sunset to MONUSCO that compels 
        DRC to follow through and fully reform its security sector. 
        After nearly 15 years and billions of dollars in appropriated 
        funds, an endless MONUSCO mandate disincentivizes reform.
   Third, we request that Congress call on President Obama to 
        directly engage with President Kabila to encourage him to make 
        good on his critical commitment of long-overdue security sector 
        reforms by establishing a clearly defined roadmap.
   Fourth, the United States must play a pivotal role and 
        robustly participate in multilateral efforts to ensure that the 
        Congolese Government holds free, fair, and timely local and 
        national elections that respect the Congolese Constitution, 
        including strict observance of term limits.
   And finally, call upon USAID to scale up its economic 
        development initiatives in eastern Congo. DRC's agriculture 
        sector has massive potential, and ECI has trained cocoa farmers 
        to increase the quality and quantity of their production so it 
        can be sold for a fair price on the global market. USAID should 
        be encouraged to invest in more programs like these. Targeted 
        investment in promising Congolese-driven solutions can and will 
        drive economic growth and create jobs.

    Let me share with you a final example of the extraordinary 
opportunity that exists in Congo. One of ECI's partners in our work 
with Congolese cocoa farmers is Theo Chocolate, the fastest growing 
organic, fair-trade chocolate company in the United States. Today, Theo 
sources more than 50 percent of its cocoa from DRC. This year alone, 
more than 640 tons of cocoa will be purchased from the smallholder 
farmers ECI supports--enough to make 9 million chocolate bars. This is 
neither charity nor aid, it's good business for the Congolese and its 
paying off for this American company. Our partner, Theo's CEO, Joe 
Whinney, joins us here today. Joe saw the potential of this country and 
its people, and it's now yielding extraordinary results for his 
business. Just imagine what can be achieved for both the Congolese 
people and American businesses with increased peace, stability, and 
additional investments in this sector.
    There's a Congolese proverb that says no matter how many times you 
strike a boulder with a knife, it will never turn to dust.
    The Congolese people have been struck time and again by conflict, 
poverty, and disease, and by an international community who looked upon 
Congo and called it hopeless. I hope you can see that it is not, and I 
hope you will commit again to the focused leadership that you've shown 
these past 14 months.
    Thank you and I look forward to your questions.

    The Chairman. Thank you all for your testimony.
    Let me start with you, Ambassador Meece. You and other 
witnesses have stressed the need for the security sector reform 
in your testimonies. What steps has the Congolese Government 
made regarding that reform, and what assistance, technical or 
otherwise, should the United States provide in helping the 
Congolese Government to meet its responsibilities in this 
regard?
    Ambassador Meece. Mr. Chairman, I think that is, indeed, a 
key area of reform. I would note that I disaggregate that 
normally into three different areas, each of which is 
substantial in terms of the security sector, starting with the 
police where, in fact, there has been notable action already, 
and the scope of the programs in terms of training, in terms of 
professionalization, various other things has shown results but 
is limited largely by resource constraints. As the Special 
Representative of the Secretary General, I was engaged often in 
trying to obtain greater donor support in the area with limited 
results. The Japanese Government has been the largest single 
contributor and reliable source in that. But that is one set of 
things for the police. Clearly, the police are vital to long-
term security.
    The judicial sector, justice systems, clearly vital not 
only in terms of overall security, but things like putting it 
into impunity, sexual violence, a rule of law generally that is 
essential for long-term success of the Congo and stability and 
security, economic development as well. But the institutions 
are very weak, and it needs a great deal more work.
    The United States has been active in various ways, but it 
is an area that I think could use more attention on a bilateral 
basis, through multilaterals, whatever seems to be the most 
appropriate or effective in partnership with other donors.
    And finally, we get to the military, which is in many ways 
the most problematic and has lagged the most in terms of any 
significant progress going forward. The military reform 
programs have been a problem. It is something that we worked 
hard to try to advance with very limited results--I think 
probably because of fear of the Congolese Government of having 
too much external involvement or potential control over what is 
obviously a key strategic sector--but it is, nonetheless, vital 
both in terms of improving overall performance as well as rules 
of conduct and putting an end to improper behavior. This 
includes a number of things, including the command structure, 
including training, including construction of barracks. They do 
not exist. As referenced earlier, families have to move at this 
point with army units who are traveling. It includes military 
justice, continued development of military justice and other 
factors.
    There has been some progress, agreement, and a strong 
commitment to put an end to any involvement with children, 
minors being involved in the military. There have been some 
other structural things but much more to be done.
    And finally, as has already been referenced, demobilization 
and integration programs which are essential.
    I would just build on Senator Feingold's earlier statement 
in saying that in my own view one of the missing components of 
the failure of past DDR programs has been a sufficient emphasis 
on community involvement for a reintegrated or demobilized 
combatant, as opposed to exclusively on the combatant. And this 
community approach to reintegration, I believe, is an essential 
element that offers promise for greater success than has been 
achieved in the past as well. All of those are essential.
    The Chairman. Let me ask you--in your testimony, you talk 
about economic reforms as well as some institutional reforms. 
And Mr. Affleck suggested that President Obama directly engage 
with President Kabila on these issues. How do you assess his 
ability and willingness to make those tough reforms?
    Ambassador Meece. As was mentioned earlier, there has been 
substantial progress in terms of macroeconomic governance. If 
you look at the macroeconomic indices, inflation, GDP growth, 
other factors, it has been pretty good in recent years, and 
Prime Minister Matata is, I think, key to helping continue 
those efforts.
    What I think is still a significant problem is in two major 
areas.
    One is a lack of transparency particularly in the 
extractive industries in terms of contracts, concessions, 
overall commercial dealings that needs much broader openness in 
terms of what is going on.
    Second is a simplification of the maze of complex and 
uncoordinated regulations, rules, taxes imposed by a weak 
government infrastructure. That too requires considerable 
effort. There are many vested interests that would resist in 
both areas. It will probably involve serious civil service 
reform, which is also difficult and politically unpopular. But 
these are all things to get to a business and investment 
climate that, one, provides benefit for the people of Congo, 
provides the revenues to the government that it should have out 
of commercial operations and promote investment in the kinds of 
economic activity that is needed and opportunity for the 
average Congolese.
    The Chairman. Mr. Affleck, one final question before I turn 
to Senator Boxer--I understand Senator Barrasso has yielded to 
her.
    Your organization, the Eastern Congo Initiative, supports 
local solutions for development challenges. You talked about 
the one experience. It seems very successful.
    Sometimes in the midst of such conflict, one wonders 
whether local solutions can actually be driven. You seem to 
feel, evidently through the work of your foundation, that, in 
fact, they can. Can you give the committee a sense of what you 
have found in terms of the Congolese people's willingness to 
engage in a way that creates that locally driven solution?
    Mr. Affleck. Sure. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
    You know, when I first looked for something to do around 
this issue, I did a lot of traveling and a lot of meeting of 
folks. And one of the things that struck me in the most 
profound way was that in the midst of--and this was in the heat 
of war and violence and a lot of misery and death--the need, 
the ability, the capacity that the Congolese had to repair 
their own country, the drive they had to make things work for 
themselves. And I anticipated finding people who were just 
blown apart and were sort of--I suppose I subscribed to that 
stereotype of Africans who are sort of lying around waiting for 
someone to show up and help them when, in fact, these are folks 
who were really trying their very best to help themselves.
    And what I saw, when I looked at the range of organizations 
working there from the largest foreign NGOs from North America 
and Europe and on down the scale, was that the Congolese-based 
community organizations were the ones who best understood the 
culture, the values, the mores of the place. And as a 
consequence, they really had a better ability to work in these 
cities and in the countryside for various reasons, but it made 
logical sense to me once I saw those figures. You know, the 
guys that I grew up with would know how best to work in the 
part of Boston I grew up with as opposed to somebody sort of 
parachuting in from, say, New Jersey. [Laughter.]
    The Chairman. When we parachute in, we make a real 
difference. [Laughter.]
    Mr. Affleck. So I was impressed by that, and I thought this 
is what I want to do and enable these organizations, support 
them, help build their capacity, and so on. And people said you 
will not find enough of them, and that just has not been true. 
We found so many astounding folks and great organizations. We 
can furnish the committee a list of those. It is almost long to 
go into from bringing child soldiers out of the bush, to 
maternal health, to radio and politics and justice. We have a 
legal clinic at Dr. Mukwege's hospital. And in all of those 
various ways, all the various areas, it is Congolese folks who 
are making the real difference, and it is those people who 
continue to inspire me to do this work.
    The Chairman. That is great. Thank you.
    Senator Barrasso yielded to Senator Boxer, and we 
appreciate that.
    Senator Boxer. I thank that spirit of cooperation. I have 
to go to a meeting of the WRDA conference, and you know how we 
are trying to get that done.
    Can I just say thank you to everybody here for all you are 
doing, including the private citizens.
    Mr. Affleck, through your organization you have strongly 
advocated for strengthening and supporting civil society 
organizations in the DRC. And as you pointed out, ``the people 
of eastern Congo remain committed to helping their neighbors 
and rebuilding their communities.''
    So as I look at the amount of money we have been spending 
there, it is a lot of money. It is a lot of dollars, and it is 
probably going to be cut in half this year, just given all the 
problems. So we have to be very wise about how we spend those 
dollars.
    So I would ask you are we doing enough to assist Congolese 
civil society organizations? Because I have found in so many 
parts of the world that we often overlook those organizations 
and we just go to the big players, but we do not go to the 
people on the ground. So is there room for improvement there 
that you could work with Senator Feingold on?
    Mr. Affleck. First of all, the amount of money that--people 
have been talking about a billion dollars. It is slightly 
misleading. At least half of that, $500 million, goes to 
MONUSCO, which is neither really humanitarian nor developmental 
aid. It is a peacekeeping bureaucracy and organization and so 
on, which we call for a sunset on. So in fact we are calling 
for reduced aid, technically speaking, to the region.
    We believe that a little bit goes a very long way. And this 
is a discussion that I was having with Senator Graham and 
others earlier that targeted investment and the way that we 
have done our chocolate bar, you know, places where you are 
spending a little bit of money to help people grow a lot and 
where they can then function in the marketplace on their own is 
really smart.
    And one other ask we have is that USAID who does a lot of 
humanitarian aid particularly in the West and some in the East 
refocus on development because we believe that economic 
development is the key for sustainable growth in DRC.
    If you take away military aid and you take away what was 
MONUC and is now MONUSCO, it is actually not a gigantic amount 
of money at all going to a country of 70 million people where 5 
million died in the last 15 years. We are talking about $250 
million. I mean, I am not the expert. Do not quote me on those 
numbers. There are people much more expert than I. But very 
broadly speaking, I am not wrong. And when you think of it that 
way, I think we are not properly serving the people of Congo.
    Senator Boxer. Well, I appreciate it. And you did hit the 
nail on the head in terms of what the administration requested, 
which was half, I think, of the $400 million provided last 
year. But the point is we can do better. I believe that, not 
just here, but in so many other places. So I look forward to 
working with your organization, with Senator Feingold, with all 
my colleagues here.
    And let me again say to everyone thank you for your concern 
and interest, it is so critical. I think when people have no 
sense of a future, they act out in many ways, and one of the 
ways in the DRC is definitely going after the women and it is 
just a horror story. And getting back to Senator Johnson's 
question to Senator Feingold about the root causes. What are 
the root causes of people treating women this way? We could 
spend a long time on it. But the fact is it has to stop.
    So let us work better, Mr. Chairman and all my colleagues, 
with some of these organizations on the ground where, as you 
point out, they can do a lot with a little. And I think we can 
keep the progress going. I really do believe it. And it is 
really because of all of you.
    And thank you very much, Mr. Chairman. Thanks to Senator 
Barrasso.
    The Chairman. Senator Flake? Senator McCain?
    Senator McCain. I always like to defer to my colleague who 
is 50 years junior. [Laughter.]
    I thank all three of the witnesses here today, and I thank 
them for their expertise. And I especially again want to thank 
my friend, my dear, dear friend, Russ Feingold, for his 
continued efforts to serve not only this country but a lot of 
people in this world who I am sure will benefit from his 
dedicated work.
    Let me just ask all three witnesses, maybe beginning with 
you, Ambassador. Compare the situation in the Republic of Congo 
and the Great Lakes region 10 years ago with now, and what it 
will look like, if nothing changes, 10 years from now, and how 
we can change it from 10 years from now. Maybe I could begin 
with you, Ambassador.
    Ambassador Meece. Senator, thank you for the question.
    I was in the Congo 10 years ago and have direct memory of 
it. Without thinking of the specifics of 10, as opposed to 11 
or 12 years, I would note that at one point we had, during the 
height of war, eight different national armies operating in 
Congolese territory, all with varying interests, a horribly 
complex and difficult domestic situation. Frankly, it was a 
mess. And it was difficult to identify a way out of it.
    To compare that to where we are today, without minimizing 
in any way, shape, or form the magnitude of the problems or the 
suffering of the people in the Congo, there has been an 
enormous progression, putting an end to the formal war, getting 
the foreign armies formally out of the Congo, setting up the 
transition which led to the successful 2006 elections and the 
conduct of those elections.
    This has not been a straight line. Things have moved back. 
There has been backsliding. There have been problems, and 
clearly as the hearing has indicated, there are enormous 
problems that remain.
    But as I stated earlier, I believe that the conditions that 
we have now are the best that have existed for a very long 
time, if ever, to get beyond what has been the cycle of 
continued violence in eastern Congo that we have seen for the 
past many years and start to put in place those things needed 
for a durable security, durable order and stability not only 
for eastern Congo but for the region, and obviously within 
that, provide for the betterment of the people which is the 
real focus of this activity, whether that is regarding sexual 
violence, killings, conflict, and the whole range of things.
    So, yes, there has been, in my view, solid progress. I 
think there are grounds for more progress, and it is important 
to do that to put an end to the violence.
    Senator McCain. Thank you.
    Dr. Gilpin.
    Dr. Gilpin. Thank you very much, Senator.
    I would echo the Ambassador's point that 10 years ago the 
DRC was in a very dire place. We had, from an economic 
perspective, a mass hemorrhaging of the DRC's resources. We had 
a very complex political economy, one in which both 
institutions and incentive structures were geared toward 
numerous fiefdoms that preyed on communities, that destroyed 
livelihoods, and practically obliterated the future for 
millions in the DRC. We were also in a place in which human 
security was particularly tenuous. Most Congolese in the 
communities had very little hope for a bright and prosperous 
future.
    Where we are today is at a very critical juncture, one in 
which the reduction in the amount of conflict minerals being 
traded has done three important things. First, it has shone the 
spotlight on that political economy, and so the people who were 
benefiting and reinforcing the negativity--not just in the 
communities but also in the economy--are less likely to do so 
because of the constraints placed upon them by the act and the 
enforcement regime that has now become international, having 
been led by the United States.
    The second thing that it has done is to bring the business 
sector fair and square into the stability business. We now have 
companies like Intel saying they have a conflict-free supply 
chain. We have Apple announcing that its tungsten is conflict-
free. But they are not stopping there. They are also including 
livelihood programs in their portfolios. Senator, that is 
important because one of the things that we saw in the initial 
months of the act was a lot of concern that livelihoods might 
be lost, investments in the social indicators would diminish, 
and the artisanal miners and the millions more who provide 
services to the mining industry will be out of jobs. That is no 
longer the case because companies are now partnering, and that 
is very important.
    The third thing that it has done, it has led to a lot more 
leveraging. Because the Congo is vast, a lot of people, and the 
need is great, no one partner can do it all. But we are seeing 
a lot more leveraging. USAID might build the roads and an NGO 
help create income-generating opportunities. This is not only 
expanding employment and income opportunities, it is also 
giving millions hope for a brighter future.
    Senator, what should we do so 10 years from now we would 
not be here talking about intervention brigades and foreign 
assistance and humanitarian assistance? I think there are three 
things.
    First, we need to focus on ensuring that opportunity 
counts, not violence. To ensure that we are able to do that, we 
have to make sure that the legislative framework is in place. 
The most important constraint we found when we interviewed over 
1,000 small businesses in the DRC, was not the war or corrupt 
officials. It was the regulatory system. There are hundreds of 
regulations and taxes that are imposed upon businesses in the 
DRC. This needs to change.
    The second thing that has to happen is that we have to be 
able to connect the local economy more directly into the supply 
and value chain of economic activities like forestry and 
mining, because there are a lot of enterprising Congolese who 
could step up to the plate and provide the services and 
products that support industry in the DRC. The need for 
humanitarian assistance and foreign aid will be greatly 
diminished if we could address that critical aspect.
    And the third thing that needs to be done now, as has been 
echoed by all the panelists, is the governance equation. The 
upcoming elections are critical not just at the national level, 
but at the local level as well. We need to ensure that the 
elections reflect the will of the Congolese people and provide 
both the freedom and opportunity that they so richly deserve.
    Senator McCain. Thank you.
    Mr. Affleck. Well, the doctor and the Ambassador have 
answered the question quite expertly and quite well.
    I can only add my personal experience. The first time I 
went to the Congo was in 2006 or 2007 or something like that. 
But I can tell you then from just a first-person perspective 
there was more fighting. There was more dying. There was more 
chaos. There were fewer people that even believed it was 
possible to get involved in DRC. I mean, even the NGO's did not 
really want to show up. I remember saying what about Gates. 
They said Gates will not come here. I said Gates will not come 
here? He has all the money. It was like there was no----
    Senator McCain. You got some of it. [Laughter.]
    Mr. Affleck. Thank you, Senator. I am glad you asked me 
that question, Senator.
    Anyway, the people were understandably quite cautious about 
getting involved, and that has changed incrementally. People 
are now getting more and more involved.
    I think the story of the elections I believe mirrors the 
point that we are at now. In 2006, they were coming out of the 
war. It was a rather desperate situation. Everyone in the 
international community understood how important the elections 
were. And the American Government worked hand in glove with the 
international community to embed themselves largely in the 
elections in 2006, and while there were problems, they were 
largely viewed as legitimate, and we had a legitimately elected 
Congolese President. And then there was the attitude that, 
okay, that is done. We know how to do that. The Congolese know 
how to do it.
    And there was a little laissez-faire with the more recent 
elections, and what happened was they were not legitimate. And 
as the doctor said, they still have not had provincial or 
municipal elections following the largely illegitimate national 
Presidential election. And that lesson, I believe, applies to 
the moment that we are at now, which is people view the fire as 
having gone down a little bit. As these men have said, it was 
much worse then and it has gotten better now. And that is that 
critical juncture where we can sort of say, oh, it will be 
okay. You know, like those second elections, it will be fine. 
We are going to sort of walk away from this. It is starting to 
go on its own. And I think that would be a big mistake.
    Rather, the opposite is true. This is the critical moment 
when things are starting to congeal and you are starting to see 
more functionality. You are starting to see investment from the 
outside. You are starting to see the intervention brigade and 
some of these tactics finally getting traction after years and 
years of failed efforts in that regard. This is the time to 
focus on DRC so that the fire does not reignite.
    ECI. We did a report on security reform, which we will 
submit for the record and make it available to the committee. 
We do believe that that is at the center of what needs to 
happen, a sort of coupling of security sector reform with 
electoral reform, which in concert will create an environment 
of opportunity for the Congolese people who I can assure you 
are more than ready to take advantage of it.
    Senator McCain. Well, I thank you, Mr. Chairman.
    Could I just say from time to time we have people who have 
some celebrity status that come and testify here? You are 
eminently qualified to give us the benefit of your experience 
and knowledge. And I think that your credibility is really 
remarkable because of the depth of your commitment. I thank 
you.
    Mr. Affleck. Thank you, Senator.
    The Chairman. Senator Barrasso.
    Senator Barrasso. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
    Dr. Gilpin, you mentioned a couple of things. One is that 
opportunity counts, not violence. The importance of governance.
    And when I was in Goma, what struck me was just the 
incredible mineral wealth as a source of both--on the balance, 
of financing the conflict versus the source for a possible tool 
for development. I am wondering if there is a way to get that 
done so that everyone can see the huge advantages of using this 
mineral wealth for the development and the advancement as 
opposed to a fight for power.
    Dr. Gilpin. Thank you very much, Senator.
    The mineral wealth of the DRC is only part of the equation. 
The DRC also has vast agricultural wealth and forest reserve. 
The challenge is that we have focused, almost exclusively, on 
the negative side of the trade in the DRC's minerals. We also 
need to talk a lot about financial sector reform because there 
are significant financial leakages in the DRC.
    The tax effort is improving. A host of macroeconomic 
indicators are improving. But the tax effort, i.e., the amount 
of taxation that the government takes in relative to the amount 
that it could take in, is still very low. That has two key 
drivers: one, very weak institutions which become weaker the 
further you go away from the capital. And we know how far away 
the mines are from Kinshasa. But the second is the issue of 
corruption.
    And as we focus on the conflict minerals issues, we should 
also focus a lot on the transparency issue. We have a lot of 
new investors that are demonstrating interest in the DRC's 
wealth, and I think one of the things that we can do is hold 
their feet to the fire as regards their participation in the 
Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative which requires 
the industry to be transparent and lets us know exactly what 
the contracts stipulate and what accrues to the government. 
Then it becomes much easier to hold the government to task. But 
now there is so much opaqueness in the whole contracting 
environment.
    And one other thing. Senator McCain asked about over-the-
horizon issues, 10 years hence, 10 years from now in the DRC. 
Another economic part of the equation will be the new 
discoveries of oil and natural gas, which is becoming a big 
issue. And so if we do not have an Extractive Industries 
Transparency Initiative working, if we do not have civil 
society participating in initiatives like Publish What You Pay, 
then we are going to witness hemorrhaging of significant 
resources, as we have seen in the past. But we are at a 
critical juncture where things like the conflict minerals 
certification process is introducing the concept of 
accountability in this particular sector, and we hope that it 
extends beyond mining to include agriculture, forestry, and 
even tourism.
    Senator Barrasso. Thank you.
    Mr. Affleck, following up on our earlier discussion today, 
Gates may have not been willing to go in but Cindy McCain was. 
[Laughter.]
    Mr. Affleck. Cindy McCain was there in 1994. She was in 
Goma when the cholera epidemic was happening and the genocide. 
Cindy McCain is so much braver than I am. It is humbling at the 
very least.
    Senator Barrasso. Then I am just kind of thinking about 
following up on the visit to Goma, which is a long distance, as 
Dr. Gilpin said, from the capital, over 1,000 miles. That is 
where resources are, where the trauma is, the hospital, the 
atrocities that we are seeing there and the abuses and the 
effort, the commitment. It did seem that the most compelling 
part of our visit was visiting with the victims of all this 
that Cindy is so involved with. It did seem that there was, 
though, a ray of hope in talking with them for the future that 
may not have been there in the past. I do not know if you want 
to talk about that a little.
    Mr. Affleck. Sure. Really for me, there are two sides to 
that. One is having that experience that you did and Ms. McCain 
had being involved well before we were, which is that you talk 
to a woman, you talk to a middle-aged woman who suffered 
horrendous abuse or attack, maybe lost children. You talk to a 
9-year-old girl and hear what she has had to go through. It 
hits home particularly if you have a daughter or you have a 
wife or you have a mom or a woman in your life that you care 
about, and all of a sudden, you go this person's life is worth 
no less than any of the women in my family or the children in 
my family. And if this were my child who suffered this 
excruciating experience, even just being separated from their 
parents, so many orphans that you see, it would completely 
destroy my whole world. And once I started to really empathize 
with folks because I had met them and heard their stories 
firsthand, it kind awoke me to what I felt was a moral 
obligation.
    And I think by extension, it really reflects the values of 
this country, that we care about others and that we care about 
the freedom of others and we care about the well-being of other 
folks. This is not diplomacy and freedom at the end of a gun. 
It is diplomacy and freedom at the end of a diplomat who is 
engaging with folks in Congo to try to use our considerable 
leverage as the United States of America to push them toward 
practices that are more democratic where they can reinforce the 
security sector and so on.
    But to get back your original point, connecting with people 
one on one and hearing these stories from women and children is 
at once devastating, but also hopeful, hopeful because there is 
less of this happening now than there was, hopeful because you 
see people's will and drive to survive and that people are not 
waiting for others to do it for them. They are pulling 
themselves up and doing as best they can. They cannot perform 
surgery on themselves, for example, which is why the doctor has 
been a miracle worker there. But people have the desire to 
live, to do better, to survive. Not just the empathy for what 
they have gone through, but their desire to reclaim themselves 
and their personal human dignity is what drove me to want to 
commit to working there more and more.
    And I see that others have gotten involved. When we talk 
about comparing 10 years ago--now for me it is 8 or whatever--
there were not nearly as many people who understood and 
identified with what was happening with women there in the 
United States and elsewhere. Their stories have gotten out, and 
they have started to galvanize folks, and those folks have 
started to act, and those actions are being felt. I think 
sometimes we have a tendency to want to look at things in a 
binary way: broken or fixed. This situation defies that kind of 
categorization. Rather, it is success in increments, and that 
is happening and it is enormously encouraging.
    Senator Barrasso. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
    The Chairman. Senator Risch.
    Senator Risch. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
    Ambassador Meece, I have gone over your printed testimony, 
which is substantially lengthier than what you gave here. And I 
got to tell you I cannot tell you how impressed I am with your 
considered analysis based upon the time you spent in-country 
and your connection with the history. I have a specific 
question for you and I will get back to that in a minute.
    Dr. Gilpin, likewise I have been through your testimony, 
and the thing I am so impressed with on that, is your focused 
specific recommendations for how we need to move forward. I am 
going to keep this close by because I think you have got some 
things in there that really need and deserve study and 
attention.
    Mr. Affleck, I want to take up what John said a few minutes 
ago, and that is I have been here when you have been to this 
committee before, and you cannot ignore your celebrity status. 
And we see a lot of celebrities both in this committee and 
others. And you are certainly to be commended. So often we get 
from celebrities that it is as much about them as it is about 
the issue, and you have not shown one iota of that here.
    Senator McCain. I can assure you it is also partially about 
him. [Laughter.]
    Mr. Affleck. That is funny. I have always considered 
Senator McCain the real celebrity. [Laughter.]
    That is one thing he and I have in common.
    The Chairman. So do we on the committee. [Laughter.]
    Senator Risch. John, I am working here. [Laughter.]
    In any event, you are to be commended for that, and 
certainly Cindy is the same on that. You guys are really to be 
commended. This is very personal with you and we can see that 
you are focused on what is going on here.
    The most profound thing that you said, I think, that 
impressed me was your laser focus really on this is not fixed, 
it is not broken, it is fragile. And I think that that is 
something we need to all focus on here that moving forward, we 
do not slip back. We are always so glad to hear things are 
improving because there is a lot of testimony that comes from 
that table around the world where things are not moving 
forward. Indeed, they are going the wrong direction. So I think 
in that regard, that is deeply profound as far as how fragile 
this is.
    And, Mr. Meece, that is where I want come back to you. 
Because of the history you have, because of the time in-country 
and because of your relationship with the Congo, what can you 
advise us? What would you say about how specifically we address 
the fragility of it and focus on it, as Mr. Affleck has 
suggested that we do, that we do not backslide here, that we go 
forward and that this thing does not come apart for us?
    Ambassador Meece. I wish I had a clear and simple answer to 
that question because I think it is one of the key questions in 
terms of how to keep a fragile--and certainly I strongly concur 
everything is reversible--to move forward, as is so badly 
needed 
by the people in the region and indeed for a significant part 
of the continent.
    Senator Risch. But surely you have some thoughts, I would 
hope.
    Ambassador Meece. Yes. And I have tried to suggest those in 
the written testimony that I submitted as well in terms of the 
key areas.
    I think all of it requires a recognition that many of these 
issues are not short-term, quick fixes. Putting in place state 
authority, institutions that function, reform of the military 
and other kinds of reforms, democratic governance, these are 
things that will take a considerable amount of time and I think 
need to be approached with the thought that we are not simply 
achieving success, declaring victory, and withdrawing in 6 
months or whatever the time frame may be, but that this will 
require a continued engagement over a period of time and 
building on whatever has already been done.
    I think we need to approach our policy in the region 
relative to all of the countries with a frank and honest 
appraisal and not be shy from offering criticism, again whether 
that is public or private, depending on the circumstances, and 
pressure as needed, as well as support and endorsement for 
positive actions. We need to focus priorities within the 
resources that are available on what can be done.
    And I get back to the point I was seeking to make about 
coordination with other partners. The country is simply too 
large. The scope of things is too big. You add a multiplication 
factor to virtually any problem there. We need to be working 
with the European Union, with other donors, with South Africa, 
with SADC, with the people in the region in terms of who can do 
what. What can you bring to the table and making sure 
everything is utilized as effectively as possible. And somewhat 
surprisingly perhaps, I think there is a broad area of 
agreement among the major partners and donors, at least in 
terms of key areas, although the specifics of it may vary.
    And finally and certainly represented by Mr. Affleck, the 
role of the NGOs and various organizations which have been 
engaged in the area for so long and indigenous NGOs as well, 
civil society in Congo. We need to make sure that that is 
engaged. I spoke of localized conflict resolution, something 
that I do not think we or much of anybody else has given 
sufficient attention to, but that involves engaging traditional 
leaders, whether those be religious leaders, traditional 
leaders, others of influence in the communities, NGOs, civil 
society working as well with the NGOs to try to bring this 
together in a comprehensive way that keeps it moving forward 
and with the recognition that there are things that will take a 
considerable length of time to put in place.
    Senator Risch. Thank you, Ambassador, and thank all of you 
for your efforts.
    Ambassador Meece. Thank you, Senator.
    The Chairman. Senator Coons.
    Senator Coons. Thank you, Chairman Menendez.
    And I would like to thank our second panel today for your 
testimony and for your service and leadership in this region.
    Ambassador Meece, if I might just first to you. Due to the 
cap on peacekeeping contributions that is a part of U.S. 
appropriations, we have not paid our full assessed rate into 
peacekeeping operations for several years now. What do you 
think is the impact of our failing to fully fund missions for 
which we voted in the Security Council, and what is its 
specific impact for MONUSCO?
    Ambassador Meece. Senator, I cannot speak to the specifics 
of what may be underway or being looked at within the U.N. 
peacekeeping operations or the mission right now in terms of 
dealing with the budget resources that they have. But I can 
tell you that the budget of MONUSCO, while substantial--much of 
it is tied in to the nature of the mission, the size of the 
country, and what is needed. For example, a very large 
percentage of that budget ends up going toward the air 
operations of helicopters and civilian aircraft that are 
essential. There is no other way to get around, and indeed 
there are a lot of areas that can only be accessed by 
helicopter. But that consumes a lot of money.
    If you have to scale back on that, as we have seen at 
different times, there are clearly negative effects. For 
example, MONUSCO, the peacekeeping operation, maintains at any 
given time or has in the past on the order of about 90 forward 
bases as a part of a strategy to extend its reach, provide 
maximum protections for civilians in those zones, deal with 
conflicts and so forth. If you have budget constraints, whether 
that is in air support, reduction in troops, or ability to 
support those bases, you are going to have to close bases. And 
we have seen example after example of where that has produced 
immediate and rather dramatic negative effects in those regions 
where those bases have been closed.
    If you have to scale back on other programs beyond the core 
security mission of working in terms of sexual-based violence, 
whether that is aid to victims, prevention, education programs, 
impunity, justice, the range of things, that will have a 
serious impact. And I would make a similar statement about the 
involvement with children as well, which continues to be a 
serious problem with the armed groups.
    If you are having to scale back what you are looking at in 
terms of conflict prevention and conflict resolution, this too 
will have an immediate impact and, indeed, carry potential 
long-term consequences as well in terms of the positive agenda 
of which we have been speaking.
    So these are serious problems. Clearly, the budget is large 
for a peacekeeping operation and it is incumbent upon all 
involved to be making maximum effective use and efficiencies, 
but at the same time significant cutbacks, particularly 
relatively abrupt ones, will have a significant and immediate 
dramatic effect as they work through the system.
    Senator Coons. Well, thank you. I intend to work in the 
Appropriations Committee to support peacekeeping but also to 
provide support for Special Envoy Feingold, as well as for 
elections.
    And, Mr. Affleck, I appreciate the very detailed list of 
actions that you suggested for the committee and things that we 
might be doing as the United States as one of the key regional 
players, in particular, that we continue to support Senator 
Feingold in his role as the special envoy.
    You also mentioned--I thought this was intriguing--that the 
open-ended mandate for MONUSCO in some ways is undermining a 
core goal which we have for the DRC which is for them to have 
stronger security system reform, for them to have their own 
independent capacity, and that the longer MONUSCO goes on 
without any clear end, the longer it allows the Kabila 
government to fail to really stand up an effective military of 
their own that is accountable and that protects civilians and 
human rights. While I have been very encouraged by what we have 
heard today about the intervention brigade and what a 
difference it has made and what missions it might take on, I am 
also intrigued by your suggestion.
    So how do you think we can most constructively support 
security sector reform, protection of civilians, while also not 
giving an open-ended blank check for MONUSCO going forward?
    Mr. Affleck. Well, first I want to say I admire so much the 
work that the Ambassador has done and is known to have been so 
excellent in his tenure. So it has been really a great 
education for me to listen to him testify on this and other 
matters.
    From my perspective, it has really been sort of on the 
ground talking to folks, getting a sense of what people's, in 
the country, perception of MONUSCO was and knowing that the 
U.S. taxpayer is paying in the neighborhood of $400 million a 
year for this continuing mandate, and that there are budgetary 
pressures, and you know, we want to spend our money the right 
way. And I see a lot of developmental avenues and ways that I 
believe we could spend our money, and I think we need to have a 
hard look at that.
    It allows Kabila right now to sort of have his cake and eat 
it too. He could say I do not MONUSCO. I did not want MONUC. I 
do not want this. Other armies in our country is never a 
solution. But also it sort of keeps him afloat in many ways. 
You know, you are at the mercy of the host country. There you 
are but you have got to work--which is why they sort of are 
embedded with the FARDC or are put in a morally tenuous 
position because now the FARDC commits abuses. What are you 
supposed to do? The population grew to resent ways in which 
MONUSCO--you know, when you say we are going to protect you 
from civilians, you may be doing it 9 out of 10 times, but the 
time it does not happen, people become quite resentful, in 
particular, if they are not your countrymen.
    I am not an expert on the U.N. and on MONUSCO, but I do 
know that without a clear set of goals, it feels like just a 
free-floating and very expensive proposition. It would be 
foolhardy, obviously, to just sort of wrench them out because 
they perform so many really vital services, as the Ambassador 
said, but I think it would also be smart to ask what are our 
long-term goals. How are we going to be able to accomplish 
them? What are our metrics? What does success mean? We need to 
be able to define those things to know where we are and at what 
point we want to withdraw ourselves in that particular way. 
Nobody believes that the goal of missions like MONUSCO is to 
stay in the country forever. That is not the idea. The idea is 
to go in, make change, protect people, and withdraw at the 
correct time. So we ought to figure out what that time is in 
concert with the thoughts of all the many experts who are 
involved in that.
    Senator Coons. Well, thank you, Mr. Affleck, and thank you 
to this panel and in particular to Senator Feingold for your 
service and leadership.
    I want to thank Chairman Menendez for holding this hearing 
today and in particular the Eastern Congo Initiative for your 
brave work on the ground and for what you do to help sustain 
focus and visibility on this important, fragile, and reversible 
opportunity here we have to secure real lasting peace for the 
people of DRC after so many years of suffering and conflict. 
Thank you for your work, and thank you to all of our witnesses 
today.
    The Chairman. Senator Flake.
    Senator Flake. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Thanks for holding 
the hearing.
    Senator Coons and I are on the Africa Subcommittee. This is 
a great example of a bipartisan issue that we get behind. And I 
think the successes that we have seen owe some to that, that 
this is something that we all agree on. And I just want to pay 
tribute to the work that you all have done and those sitting 
behind you as well over this long haul.
    Just one question. I am sorry I was not here to hear the 
testimony in person. But, Mr. Affleck, you mentioned the 
Congolese cocoa farmers, and that is a great example of what 
can happen if there is stability and just a little help. Is 
that something that can be replicated in other areas?
    Mr. Affleck. I believe it can. We are trying to replicate 
it with coffee now. People know that they grow coffee in 
Rwanda, which is just across the border where you have the same 
climate and the same environment that is conducive to growing 
coffee there. But for various reasons, they have not had the 
security structure or the infrastructure or the access to the 
technology that is required to grow good coffee. And so we are 
working to cultivate that, and once again, we are going to try 
to bring that to market.
    It is just another case of kind of looking at this country 
and finding that there are so many opportunities particularly 
in investment. People would rather be invested in than accept 
aid. They would rather have a job than sleep in a camp. They 
would rather live in a way that they are proud of. They are 
proud of themselves, they are proud of their country, and they 
want an opportunity to show it, just like we are in our 
country. And to me, that has been the most satisfying thing is 
to enable that, to find people who are gifted at something, 
help them see the ways they can exploit that gift and 
capitalize on it and see a community grow and an economy grow 
as a result.
    So I guess the answer is, yes, we see that there are other 
ways to do it. Yes, we are trying to do it, and yes, we believe 
that others should get themselves involved as well.
    Senator Flake. Well, thank you. I know that all of you have 
sat here for a while, and I just want to thank you again for 
what you do and, Mr. Affleck, for your sustained involvement 
here.
    Mr. Affleck. Thank you, Senator.
    Senator Flake. You can tell that it is something that you 
care deeply about. So thank you all.
    The Chairman. Senator Markey.
    Senator Markey. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, very much. Thank 
you for having this hearing.
    Thank you, Senator Feingold, for all of your excellent 
work.
    And we welcome a hometown hero.
    Mr. Affleck. I am the Patriots fan. [Laughter.]
    Senator Markey. And we are getting some wicked smart 
answers today, too, from that panel. [Laughter.]
    We admire your acting, but we admire your activism even 
more, Ben. So we thank you for everything that you are doing.
    You mentioned the success of public-private partnerships in 
the Congo. Can you give us an example or two that are concrete 
that you look to as good examples of how such partnerships can 
work?
    Mr. Affleck. I am going to brag on ourselves a little bit 
more because the CEO is right behind me, Joe Whinney who has 
got Theo Chocolate, and if I did not highlight it enough 
before--I am sorry most of the photographers left because it is 
for sale. It is at Whole Foods. [Laughter.]
    Mr. Affleck. This is a result of a public-private 
partnership that has worked really well where we have gone in 
and built the capacity of thousands of farmers in Congo who 
were not able to get their cocoa quite up to snuff because of a 
lack of resources and a lack of training, although they did not 
lack industriousness and grit. In doing that, we hooked them up 
with this incredible partner, and sort of through the magic of 
capitalism, they are selling their goods. Theo is buying it on 
the market. At first, they bought 40 tons. Now they are going 
to buy 640 tons of Congolese chocolate this year. And this is 
precisely the kind of thing that we think that is happening 
elsewhere, and this is the most specific one that I can speak 
to.
    You know, I was speaking with Senator Graham earlier today 
talking about how specific smart investments, small-scale, 
actually in some ways better investments than big, massive ones 
because they can be monitored, they can be followed through on, 
and they can be given to folk dedicated, enthusiastic 
individuals or small businesses.
    It is not easy. They are not as set up to take investment 
as somebody in Boston is, but it is possible and it is doable. 
And it is a model that I really believe in, which is not the 
traditional aid model but investment. I think it is the kind of 
thing that could really enjoy and has enjoyed bipartisan 
support here and I know that it could be successful.
    Senator Markey. Can you say a bit more about the root 
causes of the conflict, and can you talk about how empowering 
civil society in Congo can help to empower ordinary citizens?
    Mr. Affleck. Yes. Again, these gentlemen could speak much 
more eloquently and well to the sociopolitical causes of where 
Congo is now. I can tell you just broadly it starts with 
somebody--you know, it was only country that was owned by an 
individual. It was owned by King Leopold and then he was forced 
to divest the country, interestingly enough, through a campaign 
of activism that was spearheaded by Mark Twain. So there is a 
history of Americans being active around this country. And he 
divested. It became the Congo Free State, and then the United 
States helped turn the country over to Mobutu after 
independence where you have this kleptocrat who kind of 
basically purloined the whole country in the course of his 
reign. And so you had sort of a very, very rough history, and 
then the Rwandan genocide kind of spilled over the border. And 
particularly in the east, I believe it sort of ruptured the 
fabric. You know, you had this mentality of genocide that came 
in with millions of people and with the EXFAR and with the 
Interahamwe who mass raped and murdered. This was not a part of 
Zairian culture or history. This happened after the Rwandan 
genocide and after so many wars were fought there.
    So you have a fabric of society that has come undone that 
has dissolved. And part of it is injury and part of it is just 
presence of military of it is an absence of a presence of 
military. And part of it is a presence of FARDC military who in 
turn--you know, Mobutu's attitude was sort of I am not going to 
pay you, so you are going to go out and feed on the population. 
And that mentality, I think, was still present.
    And what has happened since then is slow and incremental 
movements toward peace, spearheaded by the folks like the ones 
I am honored to sit at the table with today. And at the root of 
that, the only real change that has happened is when, as you 
say, people in civil society themselves have sort of taken 
responsibility for their four-by-four block area and committed 
to improving that. Now, they need the political space and they 
need the security space to do that, but when the brick and 
mortar work is getting done and rebuilding society, as you 
point out, that is who is doing it.
    Senator Markey. And USAID. You talked about some programs 
that you would like to see enhanced. Can you just give us a 
couple of examples of----
    Mr. Affleck. Well, I think broadly speaking right now they 
are not as present in the east. They are spending money in the 
east, but it is mostly humanitarian. And in my view--and I am 
sure there are many who would take exception. We took Raj Shah 
to Congo--was it a year ago December? And we are continuing to 
make the point that we believe that USAID should continue to 
invest in the east and should invest in development aid, not 
just or primarily humanitarian aid.
    Senator Markey. Good. Thank you.
    Mr. Chairman, I appreciate it. Thank you. An excellent 
panel.
    The Chairman. We agree.
    You know, the world is a challenging place. Multilateral, 
bilateral, and regional conflicts could keep this committee in 
permanent session. But when the committee meets in full, it can 
be an extraordinary force to help change and mold the course of 
events. I have a feeling that today's 2\1/2\-hour hearing has 
riveted the attention on both sides of the aisle in a way that 
can only inure to the benefit of the special envoy, as well as 
to your collective vision. And I think we have seen the best of 
what this committee has exhibited over the last year--a spirit 
of bipartisanship as it relates to foreign policy, which is 
when we exert our best abilities abroad.
    So with the thanks of all of the members of the committee 
to this panel, I will ask unanimous consent that the record be 
left open until the close of business Friday for any additional 
statements or submissions, as well as for any questions for the 
record. Without objection, so ordered.
    And this hearing is now adjourned.
    [Whereupon, at 4:41 p.m., the hearing was adjourned.]
                              ----------                              


              Additional Material Submitted for the Record


     Prepared Statement of Dr. Denis Mukwege, Founder and Director 
                    of the Panzi Hospital in the DRC

    We are delighted to have the opportunity to share to the U.S. 
Senate our thoughts and hopes for the future of Congo.
    Many of you have struggled alongside us so that the cries of the 
women who are victims of sexual violence in eastern part of the 
Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) are heard. The restoration of peace 
and security is what so many sexual violence survivors in the Congo 
highlight as their greatest need. As health professionals, we advocate 
for peace and justice because we cannot only treat the consequences of 
the violence, we must also tackle its root causes and prevent it.
                      what has transpired in 2013
    In 2013 we have seen renewed political and diplomatic commitment 
from the international community toward ending the violence in Eastern 
Congo and neutralizing rebel armed groups, and we are hopeful for more 
sustained action. Encouraging actions included the Peace, Security and 
Cooperation Framework Agreement for the Democratic Republic of Congo 
and the region, which was was signed on Feb. 24, 2013, by 11 States and 
four intergovernmental organizations. I see this ``framework for hope'' 
as the first peace initiative truly aimed at addressing the causes of 
violence and recurring conflict in DRC.
    We have also been encouraged by the adoption of Resolution 2098 of 
the United Nations Security Council that includes a robust mandate and 
deployment of an Intervention Brigade; the appointment of Mary Robinson 
as Special Envoy of the U.N. Secretary General; new strong leadership 
of the peacekeeping operations MONUSCO under the deeply committed 
Special Representative of the Secretary General Martin Kobler and Force 
Commander Santos Cruz.
    In a crucial step, a package for peace and development was designed 
with the commitment of the World Bank. We are also enormously 
encouraged by the strong support of U.S. diplomacy. We recognize the 
firm determination and genuine political will of the Obama 
administration to put an end to the cycle of violence in eastern Congo. 
President Obama notably stated in 2013 that the Addis Ababa Agreement 
``cannot remain a mere sheet of paper,'' and Secretary of State Kerry 
has affirmed that ``the only one way to honor women of Congo is to give 
them peace.'' President Obama's appointment of former U.S. Senator 
Russell Feingold as Special Envoy to help coordinate efforts to resolve 
the instability and insecurity in Eastern Congo has sent a strong 
signal of the seriousness and level of the U.S. Government's commitment 
to stability in our region.
    Many communities in eastern DRC are keenly aware of the proactive 
U.S. regional diplomacy, notably through your cooperation with 
International Criminal Court for the surrender last year of Bosco 
Ntaganda, wanted by the Court for war crimes and crimes against 
humanity and through the use of the 2008 Child Soldier Prevention Act 
to suspend U.S. military aid to Rwanda, an action that helped lead to 
the collapse of the M23 rebel movement.
    The political will demonstrated by the U.S. that drives these 
developments encourages Congolese civil society and provides a unique 
momentum to address the root causes of violence that plagues my country 
and allows us to envisage sustainable peace and development.
    There are significant challenges to this endeavor in a region that 
has now known violence and failed development for decades.
    I believe that for the current peace process to advance 
successfully, we must prioritize several critical initiatives.
    First, we must strengthen efforts to end impunity. I firmly believe 
that there will be no lasting peace without justice. The current 
Congolese judiciary is not able or willing to hold perpetrators of mass 
atrocities accountable. Therefore, we are urging the Congolese 
authorities and the neighboring countries to develop judicial 
cooperation, to continue their cooperation with the ICC and to 
implement the recommendations of the Mapping report of the Office of 
the High Commissioner for Human Rights, including by establishing 
``Mixed Chambers,'' to prosecute and hold to account those responsible 
of the most serious crimes committed in DRC since 1993. Civil society 
actors have been encouraged by the political announcement made by 
President Kabila in this regard and are awaiting concrete steps to be 
taken for the establishment of such a hybrid domestic/international 
court. Other rule of law tools are necessary to support transitional 
justice initiatives. These include reparation programs, truth and 
reconciliation mechanisms, and institutional reforms, notably a 
thorough vetting of security forces.
    Second, we must continue to support regional dialogue. The 
surrender of the M23 marks the first step on the long road to 
sustainable peace. We believe the length of the Kampala talks have 
slowed momentum for the implementation of the Addis Ababa Framework 
Agreement. In future rounds of negotiations, regional leaders must be 
involved.
    Third, the neutralization of other armed groups that remain active 
in the area is crucial to deliver a sense of security and recovery in 
the region. Most militias are driven by economic interests, not 
ideology. Mai Mai groups have begun to surrender after the fall of the 
M23, but there are no resources to support their reintegration into 
society and no visible incentives to other militias to surrender. A 
program of support, including the provision of basic needs, must be put 
in place. ADL-Nalu and FDLR are the current priorities for action and 
will require support of Ugandan and Rwandan leaders.
    For those in the FDLR accused of perpetrating many of the most 
serious crimes--war crimes, crimes against humanity, genocide, they 
should face international or domestic justice and the military solution 
shall be used when the following possibilities have been exhausted:

   For those wishing to return to Rwanda: disarmament, 
        demobilization, reinsertion, and repatriation in Rwanda must be 
        facilitated;
   For those not willing or able to return to Rwanda, former 
        insurgents must be given the choice of:

        Relocation to different provinces in the Congo on an 
            individual base;
        Relocation in third countries by facilitating asylum 
            procedures with the support of the High Commissioner for 
            Refugees.

    Most importantly, we need to prevent feelings of revenge and the 
stigmatization of any ethnic groups for crime that their parents are 
accused of. The danger of transferring guilt from generation to 
generation is real and should not be encouraged by leaders of the 
region.
    Reshaping the design of DDR programs should include mental health 
and social support for former combatants as they reintegrate into 
society.
    Fourth, security sector reform is vital and is at the heart of 
making the protection of civilians a reality. To date, the integration 
of militia and criminals in the security services has had disastrous 
consequences. For those entering public service, members of the 
security forces should go through a vetting process. Those trained to 
loot and rape cannot be assumed to be committed to protecting the 
population and the country. Such individuals could be deployed to 
``reconstruction brigades'' deployed to rebuild the country--to develop 
our infrastructure, build and rehabilitate administrative buildings, 
install of water and electricity supply, and develop agriculture. By 
first becoming self-sufficient and then contributing to the 
productivity and the reconstruction of the nation, these former militia 
members and child soldiers would undergo ``occupational therapy,'' that 
will strengthen their potential and orient them towards carrying out 
work in the general interest of society.
    Finally, we must support the role of civil society in the 
implementation of Addis Ababa Framework agreement. The recently adopted 
Plan of Action for the implementation of regional benchmarks under the 
commitments of the Framework Agreement stresses the need to 
``strengthen the involvement of civil society organizations and women's 
groups in regional efforts aimed at addressing sources of 
instability,'' notably through an inclusive monitoring of the 
commitments made by the 11 signatory States in Addis Ababa last year.
    Civil society, and most specifically women's rights organizations, 
should actively be engaged in the peace process and in the oversight 
mechanisms established to monitor the implementation of the Framework 
Agreement. Therefore, I humbly suggest that Radio Okapi and the MONUSCO 
Public Information Office play a leading role in disseminating 
extensively information about the Peace, Security and Cooperation 
Framework Agreement in order to facilitate ownership at the grassroots 
level.
    Congolese women are expecting more than a reaffirmation of 
commitments or a reiteration of deep concerns. Their voices need to be 
heard and they must participate if we want to benefit from the dividend 
of peace and development in the eastern Congo once and for all.
    Today in the DRC, we are at a critical time. The ingredients for 
our future are in place. Now we must translate words into action and 
seize the current momentum to bring about a lasting peace, sustainable 
development, and justice, health and dignity for all.
                                 ______
                                 

          Prepared Statement of Mark Dwyer, Country Director, 
               Democratic Republic of Congo, Mercy Corps

    Chairman Menendez, Ranking Member Corker, and members of the 
committee, thank you for the invitation to submit written testimony 
regarding the challenges and prospects for peace in the Democratic 
Republic of the Congo and the Great Lakes region.
    The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is now entering the 20th 
year of one of the gravest humanitarian emergencies the world has ever 
known. Armed conflicts, weak governance, epidemics, widespread violence 
against civilians and massive displacement have devastated the eastern 
part of the country. The number of people who have perished as a result 
has been estimated at 5.4 million, and the number who are currently 
displaced at 2.6 million.
    Mercy Corps has worked in DRC since 2007. We have main offices in 
Kinshasa, Goma, and Dungu with more than 200 staff working in three 
different provinces. As an agency, Mercy Corps has worked at the nexus 
of crisis, conflict, and development for over 30 years in over 40 of 
the most challenging countries in the world. Often in collaboration 
with the U.S. Government, our work helps communities recover stronger 
from natural disasters and conflict by empowering them with the tools 
and resources that they need to build resilience against future shocks.
    I have been the Country Director of or programs in the DRC for 3 
years. Both my personal experience as Country Director and Mercy Corps' 
unique purview into the opportunities and challenges for accomplishing 
systemic change in complex contexts informs the testimony below.
    I will begin by speaking briefly on the current state of the crisis 
in the DRC, a reflection on how we got here, and then conclude by 
proposing four practical ideas for catalyzing a new way forward: 
investing in long-term solutions, promoting a culture of 
entrepreneurship and accountability, supporting community-based 
infrastructure programs, and unlocking barriers to regional trade.
                     the context from our viewpoint
    The DRC is a complicated country in which to operate. One must be 
constantly alert to endemic corruption, the many administrative road 
blocks, and dubious, mostly illegal, fees, taxes and penalties. Most 
days involve negotiating with government officials at some level to 
ensure our initiatives can move forward. Program implementation is made 
more challenging due to a lack of infrastructure and service provision, 
a volatile and dangerous security environment, weak law enforcement and 
judiciary (and in many areas in which we operate the complete absence 
of state), and low human capacity.
    In fact, it takes a substantial amount of energy and personal 
commitment to manage, develop, and sustain a mission in the DRC. So 
much so that most counterparts from other agencies rarely make it 
beyond 18-months of service, barely enough time to grasp the context, 
which in itself, is a testimony of the problem we face in a country 
that desperately requires vision and long-term leadership, rather than 
short-term fixes.
    Short-term emergency programs have been renewed time after time to 
address the immediate needs of the population, while few funding 
mechanisms (available to Non-Governmental Organizations) exist to 
address the root causes of the humanitarian crisis. I do not wish to 
understate the need for humanitarian assistance in the DRC; indeed, 
Mercy Corps has its own humanitarian division. If not managed 
carefully, however, the provision of long-term emergency assistance is 
not only expensive, but it can lead to community dependence and be 
counterproductive to longer term development goals.
    Since the invasion of Goma by the armed group M23 in November 2012, 
the U.N. peacekeeping mission, MONUSCO, has been given a stronger 
mandate, along with an Intervention Brigade (IB) 3,000 troop-strong, to 
rid the eastern DRC of rebel groups. The M23, perhaps the strongest 
group in the Kivu regions, was recently defeated, with the help of much 
foreign diplomatic pressure in Kigali and Kampala, and the FDLR (an 
armed group led by Rwandan genocidaires) is next on the IB's list.
    There is broad consensus that armed groups cannot be part of the 
landscape if the DRC is to progress and regional stability prevail, and 
we welcome efforts made through the Kampala Dialogue of 2013 and 
Nairobi Declarations toward this end.
                        remember the root causes
    The predation, corruption, and conflict that led to the collapse of 
the Zairian state destroyed public infrastructure, undermined citizens' 
access to basic services, and encouraged misrule at every level. 
Insecurity, social divisions, fragile democracy, and the inability of 
the government to deliver basic public services have compromised the 
legitimacy of public institutions.
    Many of the armed groups operating throughout the DRC have their 
roots in wartime social divisions and exit as a result of the shadow 
economy. The absence of the state enables these groups to control 
territories, tax its peoples, and exploit natural resources through 
illegal trade. Some groups have and still receive murky state support, 
domestically and regionally, and part of the crisis in the east of the 
country results from longstanding ethnic tension--following the Rwandan 
genocide more than 20 years ago--due to genocidaires finding refuge in 
the Congo.
    Rebuilding a Congolese state that can respond to the needs of its 
people and encourage long-term growth will require strategic 
commitments by actors in every sector to undertake institutional reform 
as well as building capacity within the national government (including 
State owned companies), local governments, civil society, and the 
private sector. However, ultimate stability can only be achieved 
through a commitment to regional peace and development. The Regional 
Peace Process and ICGLR dialogue seem to be heading in the right 
direction.
    As the 20th anniversary of the Rwandan Genocide approaches, it is 
important that the international community reflect on the connection 
between the two crises, as many of today's crises in the region such as 
the Central African Republic and South Sudan pose similar regionally 
destabilizing threats.
                           a new way forward
    Billions of dollars have been spent to try to address the 
humanitarian crisis in DRC over the past 20 years, and yet, it 
persists. This begs the question: is the humanitarian response to 
massive and protracted displacements in the DRC adapting to the needs 
of the populations and accountable to the communities it seeks to 
serve?
    Mercy Corps has joined in coalition with World Vision, Search for 
Common Ground, and the Congolese Government to identify a way forward. 
We believe a paradigm shift away from a risk mitigating ``Do No Harm'' 
approach to engagement toward a proactive ``Do More Good'' approach is 
necessary. Do More Good seeks to identify how to best connect emergency 
assistance to longer term recovery and development interventions; to 
promote self-sustaining, resilient, locally owned and community/market-
driven outcomes that will catalyze sustainable change for the Congolese 
people. Our experience lends us to believe that this type of integrated 
programming is the best approach for preventing mass violence and 
rebuilding sustainable, inclusive, and effective governance structures.
    Mercy Corps would like to put forward the following recommendations 
gleamed from our work on ``Do More Good'' and our years of experience 
in the DRC and other protracted crises:
1. Be dissatisfied with easy fixes; invest in long term solutions
    Effectively addressing the interconnected development and security 
challenges in a chronically insecure context such as DRC requires long-
term investments. The systemic changes that the DRC needs will not be 
reached through short-term projects measured by quantitative outputs, 
but rather, through dynamic, impact-driven initiatives that integrate 
the needs and desires of local communities from the onset and adjust 
flexibly to changing demands on the ground. Assistance frameworks must 
better integrate emergency assistance with long-term development 
interventions, and focus on strategic interventions at all levels of 
society with the aim of transforming both behaviors and systems.
    For much of the last 20 years, humanitarian organizations have been 
tasked to facilitate the transportation of water from a lake in order 
to reach communities in areas not served by the aging infrastructure 
and to internally displaced people (IDP) on the outskirts of town. A 
similar short-term approach is still applied to many IDP camps in North 
Kivu. This approach makes sense to solve temporary needs but is 
wasteful if used over a long-term horizon as it does not solve systemic 
problems of resource scarcity, aid dependency, and a chronic of lack of 
water utility provision.
    Importantly for Congress to recognize: from our experience, long-
term, cross-sectoral gains are most achievable when funding mechanisms 
allow for long-term planning.
2. Support and scale-up community based infrastructure programs
    One primary example of the above-described challenge is with 
infrastructure. The influx of people fleeing the conflict to cities in 
eastern Congo has overwhelmed a taxed urban infrastructure. In Goma, 
the largest city in North Kivu province, 
up to a million people depend on an aging water system that was 
originally constructed to serve a population of fewer than 100,000 
people--and which was largely destroyed by volcanic lava flows in 2002.
    Mercy Corps has excavated 1 million cubic feet of lava rock to 
install 25 kilometers of pipelines and constructed a 700,000-liter 
water storage tank, as part of a USAID Food for Peace funded program in 
Goma that is addressing water sanitation, hygiene and food security. 
These improvements will provide clean drinking water for 200,000 
people, many of whom live directly on top of the hardened lava flows 
from the 2002 eruption. We are also constructing latrines and rainwater 
capture systems and promoting good hygiene practice. The program has 
been extended--as a result of multidonor funding--with the aim of 
covering the whole of Goma as well as in two other cities.
    However, the key to the success of the program lies in the 
sustainable management of the systems that are being put in place. 
Mercy Corps is working in collaboration with the state water board 
(Regideso), the World Bank, the KfW, and local communities to ensure 
that we reform the Regideso at Provincial level to ensure that the 
system can be managed professionally and sustainably. This involves 
studying which business models and regulatory frameworks would work 
best to ensure effective and transparent management of the system, and 
then piloting interventions accordingly.
    We believe greater investment should be targeted toward community-
based governance programs. The absence of water and energy make it 
almost impossible to develop modern agriculture and processing. 
Strengthening and diversifying livelihoods also requires water and 
energy, let alone to improve the daily lives of the people. Given the 
rapid rate of urbanization, low levels of utility provision, yet high 
potential for hydroelectric and agricultural production, prioritizing 
urban/peri-urban water/sanitation and energy infrastructure is key, and 
will prove catalytic.
3. Promote a culture of entrepreneurship and accountability
    We believe that promoting a culture of entrepreneurship and 
development of pro-poor market systems is vital to prevent cycles of 
dependence, corruption, and conflict. For the past 2 years, Mercy Corps 
has been running a USAID Food for Peace Program that builds a culture 
of entrepreneurship by engaging communities in agriculture value-chain 
and market development activities, alongside behavioral change 
campaigns aimed at improving nutrition and promotion of good governance 
at all levels. Outcomes are achieved by building the capacity of groups 
and individuals to develop sustainable agri-businesses and related 
enterprises, developing community-based common interest groups and 
capitalizing on opportunities.
    In a region divided for decades by conflict, we believe it is still 
possible to show the potential of ``shared value and opportunities'' 
created by developing solutions that are economically and socially 
beneficial to all key members of society--civilians, private sector, 
and government--while engaging the private sector in entrepreneurship 
and development. Increasingly in our initiatives, Mercy Corps plays a 
facilitative role to ensure win-win scenarios for the communities and 
the private sector.
    Entrepreneurship and market development are therefore not only 
sustainable and cost-effective, but are more attuned to community 
development compared to relief assistance or conventional economic 
development programs. Private sector investment can be increased 
through this approach. However, to effectively engage the private 
sector, we are actively developing common understanding of shared 
value, shared opportunities and the need for shared partnerships with 
private sector actors.
4. Prioritize domestic reforms that unlock barriers to regional trade
    Promoting cross-border trade and economic development between DRC, 
Rwanda, and Uganda is critical. We welcome efforts by U.N. Special 
Envoy Mary Robinson and the U.S. administration to invest efforts in 
boosting private sector investment. To achieve this in practice, 
however, we believe more support is needed to enable the environment 
and help offset risks. Innovative, accountable financing mechanisms and 
models will be necessary to realize this ambition.
    INGOs are frequently subjected to harassment by government 
officials and those in positions of power. INGOs have been particularly 
outraged and have advocated for change on many occasions, including 
during the U.S. Special Envoy Russell Feingold's recent visit to the 
DRC. We believe that more emphasis should be placed on ensuring that 
bilateral and multilateral agreements that have been signed with the 
Congolese Government are fully enforced. This would not only ensure 
that tax payers' money is spent according to agreements in place, but 
also to promote good governance. Although some efforts have been made 
by the international community in this area, much needs to be done so 
as to increase the credibility of implementing partners and reduce 
considerable resource wastage.
    The private sector suffers similar challenges, including trade 
barriers, unrealistic taxation, unreliable administration, poor 
governance, and a corrupt judiciary, are all areas that deter 
investment and paralyze exports. A potential investor recently told me 
that the DRC was one of only two countries in which venture capital 
would not be considered. If we are to make progress in this area, 
improve the enabling environment, and inverse the trends, tremendous 
domestic reform efforts are needed along with real regional commitment 
to resolving resource, ethnic tensions, and cross-border trade and 
administrative barriers.
    Prioritizing local ownership of natural resources, improved 
governance around resources, accountable and inclusive revenue flows 
from them and accountable 
cross-border trade is critical. In pursuit of such efforts, it seems 
wise that the international community seriously consider how and under 
which conditions aid is granted in the future.
                               conclusion
    I am tremendously optimistic about the prospects for the DRC and 
its people. The country has abundant resources and there are numerous 
opportunities to meet peoples' basic needs, create employment, and 
improve lives. The Congolese people are earnest, sharp, and good 
willed.
    Ultimately, the most important way to achieve systemic and 
sustainable change in the DRC and the Great Lakes region will be by 
giving communities a greater voice, considering them as agents of 
change, and as the primary humanitarian and development actors. 
Effective engagement and assistance requires an approach that is 
Congolese-led and inclusive, and which clearly identifies needs and 
opportunities, while building on existing capacities, and innovating 
and learning from best practices.
    In our programs, we are engaging communities to develop Community 
Development Plans at the local level, and facilitating linkages with 
government structures through which they can voice their concerns and 
contribute to discussions on issues affecting them. As a result, 
communities are better able to engage with the government, market 
sector players, INGOs, local NGOs and other civil society actors. This, 
in our experience, is the most sustainable way to prevent conflict, 
advance prosperity, and promote resilient, accountable, and just 
societies.
    Thank you again for the opportunity to submit testimony and for 
your continued support to the people of the DRC.
                                 ______
                                 

            Responses of Hon. Russell Feingold to Questions 
                  Submitted by Senator Robert Menendez

                         security sector reform
    Security sector reform (SSR) is a recurring theme in all of the 
witness testimonies today. Human rights advocates have long encouraged 
the Congolese Government to establish a vetting mechanism to weed out 
of the security forces perpetrators of war crimes.

    Question. Has the Congolese Government agreed to establish a 
vetting mechanism? If so, what, if anything, has been done to bring 
about its development?

    Answer. We have assisted the Democratic Republic of the Congo's 
(DRC) military justice sector to establish a database that tracks past, 
ongoing and future human rights abuse cases. We are currently 
conducting training on the use and maintenance of the system, which 
provides a means for the Congolese to vet soldiers that were accused 
and/or convicted of a crime. The Congolese are also in the process of 
developing a new recruitment strategy to better vet new soldiers 
entering the military and to remove older or disabled soldiers from the 
military. We will continue to strongly advocate for the full 
establishment and operation of this individual vetting mechanism as a 
key part of DRC security sector reform efforts.
    In addition, the DRC Government regularly vets individual members 
of armed groups during the disarmament, demobilization, and 
reintegration process (DDR), including removing child soldiers and 
turning them over to UNICEF. Regarding the ex-M23 combatants, the DRC 
Government has published a new DDR plan, but many details are still 
unclear, including specifics on how vetting will be conducted. We look 
forward to working with the DRC Government and the U.N. peacekeeping 
mission in the DRC (MONUSCO) to ensure that the vetting process is 
thorough and identifies those who may be subject to prosecution for war 
crimes or other human rights abuses pursuant to the Nairobi 
Declarations, which the DRC Government and the M23 signed in December 
2013. The Declarations do not provide for group reintegration into the 
DRC military; instead, any individual who wishes to reenter the DRC 
military, must be vetted and meet the same requirements as a new 
recruit.

    Question. Under what conditions would the administration consider 
training additional units of the FARDC?

    Answer. We are reviewing the training we provided to the 391st 
battalion, as well as the performance following the training, in an 
effort to further improve our human rights training. Members of the 
391st battalion are alleged to have committed rape during the M23's 
takeover of Goma in November 2012. We are awaiting the verdicts of the 
ongoing trials being conducted by the DRC Government to determine their 
involvement in this event. The administration would only consider 
training additional battalion units when we are more confident that the 
Congolese Government would provide the necessary support to sustain and 
discipline the unit during and following the training, keep the trained 
unit together for at least 2 years post-training, and better utilize 
the trained unit in the field.
    While we are not currently training a battalion, we are providing 
the DRC military with specialized training on civilian-military 
relations, human rights, ethics, and basic intelligence collection. The 
military suffers from an overall lack of professionalism, which goes 
beyond the soldiers' performance in armed conflict. Any member of the 
military who receives training must first be vetted according to Leahy 
standards, which prohibit training and assistance to any recipient for 
which there is credible information that they have committed a gross 
violation of human rights.

    Question. How is the U.S. Government coordinating with other donor 
governments to develop a unified proposal for reforms and demonstrate 
the international community's commitment to hold the Congolese 
Government accountable for the implementation of reforms?

    Answer. There are multiple mechanisms for donor coordination and 
monitoring of the Congolese Government's implementation of reforms. We 
are a member of, and participate in, the Great Lakes Contact Group, a 
group of like-minded donors, including the United States, Belgium, the 
European Union, France, Germany, Netherlands, South Africa, Sweden, the 
United Nations, and the United Kingdom, that meet regularly to 
coordinate policy and programming. The Contact Group also strives to 
agree on the conditions the DRC Government should meet prior to 
receiving donor funding for specific areas. The envoys from the United 
States, United Nations, African Union, and European Union also 
correspond regularly in-between meetings of the Contact Group to ensure 
constant coordination on messaging and policy. Additionally, MONUSCO 
established a high level working group in Kinshasa this month, 
comprised of donors and designed to coordinate donor support toward 
elections, security sector reform, stabilization and DDR. MONUSCO is 
also working to include the DRC Government in these working groups to 
better support coordination between the government and donors. Lastly, 
our Embassy in Kinshasa coordinates regularly with other embassies to 
ensure message consistency and program harmony.
    The peace process underway to implement the Peace, Security, and 
Cooperation Framework Agreement also includes the establishment of 
benchmarks for the DRC's Framework commitments, including governance 
and security sector reform. While we are still waiting to see the DRC's 
draft benchmarks, once they are approved by the Framework's Regional 
Oversight Mechanism, these benchmarks will be used to hold the DRC 
accountable for fully implementing its commitments.
                                 ______
                                 

               Responses of Raymond Gilpin to Questions 
                  Submitted by Senator Robert Menendez

                economic opportunities for ex-combatants
    Question. Since the end of the M23 rebellion, the Congolese 
Government has launched a plan for disarmament, demobilization, and 
reintegration (DDR). Analysts and development organizations have 
expressed concerns about the design of the program and the lack of 
clarity in how it will be implemented. Past iterations of DDR have 
failed in the DRC and often, former combatants were brought into the 
FARDC rather than being prepared for life as civilians.

    Answer. Thank you very much for these questions relating to the 
design and implementation of the DDR program unveiled by the Congolese 
Government in December 2013. This third iteration in recent years 
appears to have similar design flaws and implementation challenges as 
the previous two. One fundamental (and inadequately analyzed) aspect of 
these programs is the implicit assumption that we are dealing with a 
relatively homogenous group of ex-combatants. This is not accurate. 
There are three broad categories with varied interests, namely: the 
warlords, the mid-ranking commanders and the foot soldiers. Most DDRs 
are designed to impact the foot soldiers, and not the other two 
categories of combatants, who are more critical for both success and 
sustainability. This is partly why the incentives and opportunities 
offered in the past have not been very effective. The new DDR program 
promises to provide military and nonmilitary options for ex-combatants. 
However, the nonmilitary options (i.e., skills training) have not been 
closely linked to the real economy and the military options (i.e., 
joining the FARDC) may require more resources than have been allocated. 
Then there are the perennial questions surrounding oversight, 
transparency, and accountability. I provide these observations in order 
to preface my responses to the specific questions below.

    Question. In your testimony, you state that the business community 
could play a more active role in promoting peace. To this end, how can 
the international community incentivize the private sector to 
incorporate ex-combatants into their operations?

    Answer. The public sector is poorly equipped to address the needs 
of ex-combatants in the DRC. They lack the capacity, reach, and 
resources to effectively reintegrate these former fighters into 
communities. On the other hand, the private sector in the DRC has 
extensive reach (via an extensive supply chain) and could provide both 
direct and indirect opportunities to ex-combatants. The foot soldiers 
(who are generally unskilled) could become more relevant in the labor-
intensive mining and agricultural sectors. Opportunities could also 
exist with infrastructure projects (given the DRC's deep infrastructure 
deficit). Mid-level commanders could be engaged as contracted service 
providers (e.g., transportation, hospitality, and supplies). The 
difference between the mid-level commanders would be the scale/scope of 
contracting. With some justification, DDR programs in the Congo aim to 
resettle all ex-combatants outside their areas of operation. This means 
requiring them to reestablish social, economic, and financial networks 
needed to guarantee success, post-reintegration. The private sector 
could partner with government agencies in order to facilitate a smooth 
transition.
    The international community can do three things to incentivize the 
business sector to more fully integrate ex-combatants in their 
operations:

    a. Steadfastly support international commitments/regulations--like 
the provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act and the Extractive Industries 
Transparency Initiative. Universal adherence to these programs helps 
reduce business costs, diminish risk, and create a level playing field. 
Such developments create an environment that allows the private sector 
to become more engaged with the local economy . . . and ex-combatants.
    b. Identify and establish enduring public-private partnerships. 
Businesses are more likely to integrate ex-combatants if the 
environments in which they live and work are more permissible. A number 
of bilateral, multilateral, and private organizations finance 
development projects in the DRC. A level of coordination and focus on 
reintegration/resettlement regions will provide the clean water, roads, 
clinics and training facilities that are needed. The current fragmented 
approach to the economic transformation of affected areas is unhelpful. 
Encouraging development projects to be colocated with DDR programs will 
bode well for both success and sustainability.
    c. Consider rewarding ``local content'' contracts. Some 
consideration could be given to affording tax breaks to companies that 
purchase above a predetermined threshold of ``local content'' labor, 
goods, and services. Even notional inducements could make a big 
difference in what are highly competitive markets. Such an initiative 
would have the dual benefits of bolstering U.S. companies abroad and 
providing additional insights into the efficacy (and pace) of 
reintegration efforts.

    Question. What economic opportunities exist for ex-combatants and 
how should international aid and programs target this population 
specifically?

    Answer. There are relatively few economic opportunities in the DRC. 
Unemployment is high and the labor force is largely unskilled. The war 
economy introduces an added complication by raising the expectations of 
ex-combatants who earned much more from extortion and pillage than they 
could make via a regular job. Hence the dual challenge of creating jobs 
for this restive segment of the population and making such 
opportunities attractive enough to prevent recidivism.
    International aid programs could target ex-combatants directly and 
indirectly. Directly by (a) providing training opportunities, (b) 
ensuring key social investments, (c) revising regulations to minimize 
barriers to entry for would-be private sector operators and 
entrepreneurs, and (d) facilitating market access both within and 
outside the DRC. Case studies abound of success with similar efforts. 
Indirectly, international aid programs could (a) prioritize governance 
and rule of law programs to curtail impunity, (b) invest in a 
proprivate sector judicial sector and (c) introduce/reinforce programs 
that enhance transparency and accountability in the economic and 
financial sectors.
                                 ______
                                 

            Response of Ambassador Roger Meece to Question 
                    Submitted by Senator Bob Corker

    Question. In a response you provided committee members, in 
reference to the desired sunset of MONUSCO suggested by a fellow 
panelist from ECI, you indicated a deterioration in security in those 
areas that MONUSCO left.

   Would you kindly expand on your reservations regarding the 
        MONUSCO sunset and provide any guidance on such a contraction 
        in its size and mandate?

    Answer. During my 3-year tenure as head of the U.N. Mission in the 
Democratic Republic of the Congo, at any given time, we maintained on 
the order of roughly 90 forward bases (Temporary Operating Bases, or 
TOBs, and Company Operating Bases, or COBs) to increase the reach of 
our presence across the very large expanses of territory where armed 
groups operated. A significant number of these could be accessed and 
supported only by helicopter, as there were simply not viable roads. 
The same constraints, of course, apply to humanitarian agencies trying 
to access displaced civilians, often in large numbers, and other 
victims of violence, and they often depend on MONSUCO logistics help. 
The bases were more often than not very basic, but nonetheless 
relatively expensive to maintain by U.N. peacekeeping standards, 
especially related to helicopter or other required logistics support. 
It was often difficult to close TOBs, as these became perceived 
lifelines for villages and communities in those areas.
    We were obliged on a number of occasions to close or relocate 
MONSUCO forward bases because of helicopter, troop or other resource 
constraints, redeploy peacekeeping troops from one area to another to 
counter new priority threats, or reduce other functions in some areas 
due to security risks or other factors. A scaling back of MONUSCO's 
presence in any area invariably provoked local unhappiness or 
opposition, fearing the consequences of the withdrawal. In areas of 
militia activity, including most of the Kivu provinces, Ituri District 
and parts of Bas Uele and Haut Uele Districts in Orientale province, in 
nearly all cases there would be an increase in militia activity in 
those areas following the pullback, with consequent increases in 
civilian displacements due to conflict and violence, apparent increases 
in violent crime including rape and other sexual-based crime, and a 
general deterioration in security conditions. In addition, in virtually 
all areas of MONUSCO security presence, we confronted requests for 
security escorts beyond our capability to fulfill from local 
authorities (for example, market day patrols and escorts) and from U.N. 
agencies, other aid agencies, and a variety of NGOs to enable 
humanitarian access and assistance to civilian victims of violence. 
While some NGOs preferred to avoid any association with the U.N., much 
less national security forces, we not infrequently also were obliged to 
utilize our presence to help following attacks on unescorted civilians 
as well. Such escorts or assistance with attacks obviously became more 
problematic without a local presence.
    A good example of this phenomenon was last year in the final months 
of my tenure, as after a good deal of study we were obliged to close 
some bases near Pinga, North Kivu, to enable formation and deployment 
of the newly authorized Intervention Brigade, and adjust deployments 
and logistic support given M23 operations in the province. Very soon 
after the closures, the Mai Mai ``Sheka'' and APCLS (``Janvier'') 
groups moved into the area, with consequent clashes between them and 
reported direct attacks on civilians. Pinga itself was overrun and 
overrun by militias at least once. We feared a potential eventual 
increase in FDLR and other groups' activities in the territory as well. 
We sought to minimize the pullback, and we moved as quickly as possible 
to conduct patrols, helicopter operations, or conduct other mitigating 
activities as possible in the area; however, these operations did not 
and could not have the same deterrent and counterforce capability of 
the deployed presence. While the specifics of any given area vary, the 
general pattern was familiar.
    Virtually all MONUSCO military troops are deployed to areas of 
eastern DRC where armed groups operate. There is a constant internal 
review process to determine threat levels, and the resultant closure of 
bases and redeployment of troops whenever possible as security 
conditions improve in any given area, or national forces seem capable 
of providing at least minimal security themselves. These actions can 
sometimes have longer term negative effects, for example in Katanga 
province, where MONSUCO has had little capacity to address growing 
conflict and violence after a drawdown of the MONUSCO presence over 
time, but they nonetheless reflect the ongoing effort to deploy troops 
and resources to the highest threat zones. In addition to the purely 
internal MONUSCO assessments, in 2010 a Joint Assessment Process was 
established by MONUSCO and the government to provide a mechanism to 
arrive at a common understanding and assessment of security conditions, 
and promote dialogue at multiple levels between government authorities 
and the U.N. mission to improve overall communication and planning. 
This Joint Assessment Process has proven to be very useful.
    Regarding the proposal for a mission ``sunset'' date, it is my 
understanding that at least in part such a proposal has been advanced 
with the idea of increasing pressure on the Kinshasa government to move 
ahead with reforms and other measures. I would note that when I took up 
duties with the U.N. in July 2010, at the time DRC President Kabila was 
demanding the U.N. Peacekeeping Mission, MONUC at the time, be 
withdrawn entirely by mid-2011. This I believe was based on a 
perception that the mission was no longer providing a sufficiently 
robust security presence, and I think likely also reflected an 
underlying perception of an irritating international presence in the 
country infringing on national sovereignty. In my judgment, given the 
ongoing active conflict and the consequent ongoing major negative 
humanitarian effects, and the limited capacity of state institutions in 
eastern Congo at the time, such a withdrawal would have had disastrous 
effects. The key point, however, is that there is already substantial 
political and social pressure within government structures and a mind-
set favoring a reduction and end to the U.N. peacekeeping mission. A 
specific sunset date set in advance by the Security Council could in 
fact reduce pressures in the DRC to effect reform programs, and impair 
a free and full conduct of elections, and thus be counterproductive. As 
well, such a set withdrawal date could potentially limit international 
community options in what has often in the past been a volatile and 
unpredictable region. Finally, such a signal could be very unhelpful in 
regard to neighboring countries where elements may seek to continue 
destabilizing activities in eastern Congo.
    Since 2010, Security Council authorizing resolutions for MONUSCO 
have included specific criteria to determine a reduction or any 
``reconfiguration'' of MONSUCO's presence, specifically based on a 
reduction of the threat to civilians posed by armed groups, and 
stabilization through establishment of state security institutions in 
conflict areas and improvement in democratic space and human rights 
(Note: These are contained in operative paragraph 11 of the current 
resolution, S/RES/2098). These criteria were established in 2010 
essentially to define standards, responding to the government's 
unilateral demand at the time for the mission to be closed. I believe 
this approach, gauging the need and size of the MONUSCO force through 
an assessment of the situation on the ground in conflict areas, is a 
correct one. MONUSCO's mandate has since 2010 been reviewed annually by 
the Security Council, permitting a periodic review of the overall 
situation and MONUSCO's size and presence. While it is important to 
work toward establishing the needed security conditions and reducing 
the peacekeeping presence as quickly as possible, it is also important 
not to reduce prematurely a key stabilizing force in conflict areas, 
and risk a reescalation of the violence and conflict which has for too 
long plagued the region. The recent progress realized against key armed 
groups offers renewed promise that progress toward durable security and 
stabilization is at last being realized.
    There has always been a tendency to add to the peacekeeping 
mission's mandate, and I would very much support an effort to review 
the scope of the mandate, removing or at least scaling back 
responsibilities and tasking outside of core security functions. Some 
of these additional responsibilities, including dealing with the 
terrible effects of sexual-based violence, use of children, and other 
major problems, are of clear importance. In my view, however, there 
should always be an effort to focus peacekeeping missions on only the 
priority tasks that they are in a unique position to carry out.
                                 ______
                                 

             Responses of Dr. Raymond Gilpin to Questions 
                    Submitted by Senator Bob Corker

    Question. While the DRC's mineral wealth is a source of conflict, 
it also poses an opportunity for future regional economic integration.

   What steps toward greater economic integration in the Great 
        Lakes are most feasible now and in the future?

    Answer. Nonformal business in the Great Lakes region is already 
integrated. The markets are fraught with graft, the channels lack 
transparency and economic actors are linked to various parts of the war 
economy. This severely limits their welfare and nation-building 
potential. Building on the positive impacts of the recent mineral 
certification process, improving the regulatory/legislative structures 
and providing strategic investments in both labor force capacity and 
infrastructure could help establish the conditions necessary for more 
meaningful and equitable economic integration.
    At the macrolevel, significant opportunities exist in both 
production and trade. Unfortunately, most existing integration 
(particularly those involving DRC, Rwanda, and Uganda). A combination 
of robust diplomacy and trade incentives could help delink such 
economic activity from the conflict economy. The extensive supply chain 
for most economic activity bodes well for meaningful and more broad-
based economic integration if the following steps are taken:

    a. Liberalize and harmonize trade policies. Empirical evidence 
(e.g., documented in the annual ``Doing Business Report'') suggests 
that, this is the most significant barrier to progress.
    b. Invest in infrastructure--particularly transportation and 
marketing.
    c. Facilitate access to information on pricing and transactions.
    d. Create structures that promote transparent processes, 
predictable frameworks and accountable officials (public and private 
sector).

    Question. Are there any measures the U.S. Government and other 
donors can take to facilitate this and what is the private sector role?

    Answer. The United States has led the world in helping to reform 
the mining industry in the Great Lakes so that it benefits all 
Congolese, and not just a select few. There are three important things 
the United States could do to help further greater economic integration 
and shared economic prosperity in the DRC and Great Lakes region:

    a. The United States should consider rebalancing foreign 
assistance. Most current economic development support is earmarked for 
important social projects--particularly health and gender-related. 
While these projects are necessary, devoting a disproportional majority 
of available assistance to them means much less support for income 
generation and economic governance initiatives. The U.S. could also 
consider leveraging its social investments with support from other 
donors; thereby increasing the likelihood of a coordinated and 
reasonably comprehensive level of assistance.
    b. The United States could consider expanding market access 
initiatives for products from the Great Lakes region. Effective and 
sustainable stability will only be accomplished if the people are able 
to earn/trade their way out of poverty. Credible measures have been put 
in place to curtail/eliminate the trade in conflict minerals. 
Comparable steps should be taken to expand market access for 
nonconflict minerals--particularly in the nonmining sector. One 
approach would be to create special provisions in an existing program. 
like the Africa Growth and Opportunities Act (AGOA), that would provide 
incentives for exports from this region. Having a regional initiative 
could help galvanize myriad nonformal economic entities (and linkages) 
and encourage them to operate profitably in formal channels.
    c. The United States should keep the crisis in the Great Lakes on 
the international agenda. Recent efforts to address impunity and 
corruption in the Great Lakes region could be reversed if global 
attention is diminished or diverted. Every effort must be expended to 
consolidate recent gains by fully supporting the work of the office of 
the U.S. Special Envoy to the Great Lakes region and coordinating 
international support over the medium to longer term.

    When considering the role of the private sector, it is important to 
recognize the different categories of business entities operating in 
the Great Lakes region. Large international corporations (primarily in 
mining and forestry) are vested in the region by virtue of their 
significant upfront investments. Both corruption and instability affect 
their costs and (given a level playing field) they would be amenable to 
initiatives that more fully integrate the regional economy into their 
value chains. Local content requirements could encourage them to source 
more of their goods and services from the region. This could be 
accomplised within the context of existing transperency initiatives, 
like EITI. Regional/local small- and medium-scale enterprises could 
become more successful and integrated if steps are taken to enhance 
their skills, ensure standards and better identify value chain 
opportunities. Helping to ease nontarrif barriers (e.g., punitive 
bureaucracy, security of tenure and access to affordable credit) and 
measures to harmonize trade regulations/standards regionally could also 
help. Most private sector actors in the DRC are in the vast 
subsistence-oriented, nonformal sector. Targeted social investments 
through development organizations (like the World Bank and USAID) would 
make them better prepared to benefit from regional opportunities.
                                 ______
                                 

            Responses of Hon. Russell Feingold to Questions 
                    Submitted by Senator Bob Corker

    Question. What is the total amount of U.S. Government bilateral 
spending in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) from all USG 
accounts in 2000-2013? Please provide a table, including the years, 
accounts, and total amount of money spent each year by agency and 
purpose. Please do not wait for all agencies to report but as the 
consolidated State Department/USAID 150 Account and State Foreign 
Operations accounts are available please send that when complete.

    Answer. The total amount of U.S. Government bilateral funding to 
the DRC from FY 2000 to FY 2013 is $1,386,941,000. The attached table 
includes a break down by year and account.

    Question. How much humanitarian assistance has the United States 
provided the DRC since 2000? Please provide a table, including years, 
accounts, and total amount of money spent each year.

    Answer. The United States has provided $1,366,818,000 in 
humanitarian assistance to the DRC since FY 2000. The attached table 
includes a break down by year and account.

    Question. How much debt relief has the United States provided the 
DRC since 2000? Please provide a table, including years, accounts, and 
total amount of money spent each year.

    Answer. The DRC received 100 percent debt reduction under the Paris 
Club Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) program. The attached table 
includes the amount of debt relief provided by the United States from 
FY 2000 to the present. In the table, the ``face value treated'' 
represents the amount of debt forgiven. The ``subsidy cost obligation'' 
represents the cost of debt relief as obligated. Since FY 2000, the 
United States has provided approximately $2.042 billion in debt relief 
to the DRC at a budget cost of $170,096,973.

    Question. What accounts and funding sources are included in the 
U.S. Government's reporting to the OECD's Official Development 
Assistance (ODA)?

    Answer. Please see the attached table for a breakdown of the 
agencies and accounts that are included in the U.S. Government's 
reporting to the OECD's ODA.

    [Editor's note.--The tables attachment can be found at the end of 
the hearing.]

    Question. How many lives have been lost to the conflict in the DRC 
in the past 14 years?

    Answer. The ongoing conflict in the DRC has been labeled the 
deadliest conflict since World War II; however, we are not certain of 
the total number of people killed. The International Rescue Committee 
(IRC) conducted a series of mortality studies between the years 1998 
and 2007, estimating that 5.8 million people had died as result of 
conflict. Medecins Sans Frontieres/Doctors without Borders conducted a 
limited mortality study in selective parts of North Kivu province in 
2009, and found that of overall mortality rates, 36 and 40 percent were 
related to conflict in Masisi and Kitchanga. Doubtless tens of 
thousands more have been killed since then, but the specific number is 
unknown and perhaps unknowable. Some of the most notable incidents 
include: 150 people massacred by CNDP rebels in the town of Kiwanja in 
2008; 1,700 civilians killed, along with 1,100 Democratic Forces for 
the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR), in 2009 as a result of fighting 
between the FDLR and the DRC army (FARDC) (mostly ex-CNDP units), and; 
900 combatants estimated to have been killed during the height of the 
fighting between the M23, the FARDC, and the U.N. peacekeeping mission 
in the DRC (MONUSCO) between May and November 2013. These are mere 
samplings and do not represent the breadth of violence that is sadly 
endemic in the DRC. Much of the killing in the DRC is unseen, including 
irregular fighting by Mai Mai groups, deaths that occur when civilians 
are forced into inhospitable terrain, and fighting that takes place in 
parts of the country with little international or media presence.

    Question. How many cases of sexual abuse and exploitation (SEA) by 
U.N. peacekeepers have been reported in the DRC since official U.N. 
reporting began in 2006 broken out by year?

    Answer. There have been 274 cases of sexual abuse and exploitation 
by U.N. peacekeepers reported in the DRC since 2006. Broken out by 
year:
    2007--59; 2008--40; 2009--59; 2010--36; 2011--31; 2012--25; 2013--
23; 2014--1 (to date).

    Question. Of the cases of SEA cases by U.N. peacekeepers that have 
been reported, how many peacekeepers have been prosecuted for their 
alleged crimes by their home countries' justice system?

    Answer. We do not know. The U.N. conducts an initial investigation 
when it receives a report of misconduct by a peacekeeper, whether it is 
minor (such as patronizing an off-limits bar) or serious (rape, child 
molestation). In the case of a minor infraction, the soldier is usually 
punished by his national contingent commander and remains in place. For 
serious or multiple infractions, the U.N. sends individuals home, and 
relies on the governments of troop/police contributing countries to 
take the appropriate action. The U.N. requests that troop/police 
contributing countries report back on action taken, which they 
frequently do, but not always. The U.N. does not have the authority to 
force or require that TCC/PCC government take action or report back in 
response to reports of sexual abuse or exploitation.

    Question. Where is U.S. development programming currently being 
conducted and what is the cost of each sector of programming? Please 
provide a map of the DRC and indicate what U.S. assistance programs are 
currently being conducted and where.

    Answer. The attached map shows current U.S. development assistance 
programs in the DRC. The funding estimates reflected on the map are 
based on amounts obligated as stated in USAID's Operational Plans. 
These obligations were then divided between the number of provinces in 
which the mechanism operated. Actual development assistance programmed 
into these provinces varies. The Food for Peace funding is divided 
equally among all 11 provinces. These funds support the World Food 
Programme's (WFP) Protracted Relief and Recovery Operation, which has 
operations in all provinces but adapts to varying needs. Embassy 
Kinshasa is working with WFP to obtain more accurate data.

    [Editor's note.--The map attachment can be found at the end of the 
hearing.]

    Question. The U.N. Group of Experts' final report and the State 
Department's Country Reports on Terrorism 2012, refer to the Allied 
Democratic Forces (ADF) having ties to terrorist networks.

   a. How many members does the ADF have?

    Answer. We do not know for certain. The U.N. Group of Experts 
estimates ADF has between 800 and 1,200 soldiers. Other estimates 
suggest the number could be higher. We would be happy to provide a 
classified briefing in order to go into more detail on the ADF.

   b. What nationalities and ethnicities does ADF's membership 
        comprise of?

    Answer. ADF consists primarily of Ugandans and Congolese. It was 
formed as a marriage of convenience between Baganda ultramonarchists, 
Baganda Muslims, and Bakonjo (Nande living in Uganda) monarchists. The 
monarchist element has melted away as its demands were met, leaving an 
Islamic core. However, the commitment to Islam by the rank-and-file ADF 
is unclear, and the group has in the past partnered with Christian 
militias in the DRC.
    MONUSCO estimates ADF is 40 percent Congolese today, with the rest 
being mostly Ugandan. There are also reports of some Tanzanian members. 
According to the Enough Project, the total membership is primarily of 
the Nande ethnic group. The leader, Jamil Makulu, is a Muganda. The 
Baganda also remain well-represented in ADF.

   c. What terrorist organizations is the ADF engaged with?

    Answer. The Ugandan Government has long alleged ADF connections 
with al-Shabaab and al-Qaeda. While there is circumstantial evidence 
suggesting that the claims are plausible, these connections have not 
been proven.

   d. What are the nationalities of these terrorist entities 
        that ADF is allegedly engaged with?

    Answer. There are reports of Somalis and Arabic speakers providing 
training to the ADF in the DRC, but these cannot be confirmed. A 
Reuters report on a MONUSCO task force says the trainers are Sudanese 
and Somali. ADF was once supported by the Sudanese Government, but 
there is no evidence that such support is ongoing today.

   e. What offensive tactics like those used by terrorist 
        organizations is ADF using?

    Answer. According to the U.N. Group of Experts, ``a former ADF 
soldier and Ugandan intelligence estimate that ADF's arsenal consists 
of mortars, machine guns, and rocket-propelled grenades (RPG). Former 
ADF soldiers told the Group that when foreign trainers visited ADF in 
the past, they instructed them on the assembly of improvised explosive 
devices.'' In the 1990s, ADF was responsible for a series of bombings 
in Kampala.

   f. How should the U.S Government hold President Kabila 
        accountable for holding fair and free elections in 2016?

    Answer. We are using a variety of diplomatic tools to promote free 
and fair elections. We continue to message privately and publicly that, 
in the aftermath of the seriously flawed 2011 elections, it is critical 
that the DRC's next elections meet international election standards for 
being credible, free, fair, and transparent. We have similarly made 
clear that we will work with President Kabila until the end of his 
current and constitutionally mandated final-term of office, which is 
slated to end in December 2016. Special Envoy Feingold has said 
publicly that constitutions should not be amended to benefit those 
currently in office.
    The U.S. Government is also seeking to partner with and to 
supplement the work of other donors in assisting the National 
Independent Electoral Commission (CENI) to produce credible, free, and 
fair elections in the DRC, in particular working on election 
observation and voter education. In the end, the DRC is a sovereign 
country, and the quality of Congolese democracy is ultimately up to the 
political will and actions of the Congolese Government and people.

                              ATTACHMENTS

                 Table 1.--U.S. Humanitarian Assistance to the Democratic PRepublic of the Congo
                                         (In thousands of U.S. dollars)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                     Emergency
                                                  Food for Peace   Migration and    Refugee and      Disaster
          Fiscal  Year                 Total          Title II        Refugee        Migration      Assistance
                                                                    Assistance      Assistance
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  FY 2000                                23,814           3,332           7,340              --          13,142
  FY 2001                                51,817          14,244           5,550          10,000          22,023
  FY 2002                                43,827          11,555           5,468              --          26,804
  FY 2003                                79,710          43,530           4,291              --          31,889
  FY 2004                                56,928          30,813           3,720              --          22,395
  FY 2005                                68,907          29,205           8,570           4,700          26,432
  FY 2006                                85,300          39,898           4,270          16,000          25,132
  FY 2007                                88,128          37,138          21,397             600          28,993
  FY 2008                               133,086          80,801          31,790           2,200          18,295
  FY 2009                               204,464         125,997          41,489           4,000          32,978
  FY 2010                               170,919         101,273          45,245             500          23,901
  FY 2011                               124,882          67,250          24,121              --          33,511
  FY 2012                               146,966          68,346          43,912              14          34,694
  FY 2013                                88,070          28,000          60,070              --              --
    653(a)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------



                     Table 2.--CY 2012 ODA Totals by Implementing Agency Pand Appropriation
                          Bilateral and Multilateral Committments (in $U.S., Millions)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                  Treasury
                    Agency                         Symbol                  Appropriation                 Amount
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
African Development Foundation................      11x0700   African Development Foundation.........        29
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Agriculture.....................      11x0091   Debt Restructuring.....................         2
Department of Agriculture.....................      12x1106   National Forest System, Forest Service.         1
Department of Agriculture.....................      12x1400   Salaries and Expenses, Agricultural
                                                               Research Service.
Department of Agriculture.....................      12x1500   Research and Education Activities,
                                                               Cooperative State Research, Education,
                                                               and Extension Service.
Department of Agriculture.....................      12x1600   Salaries and Expenses, Animal Plant             1
                                                               Health Inspection Service.
Department of Agriculture.....................      12x2277   Public Law 480 Program Account, Title I       145
Department of Agriculture.....................      12x2900   Salaries and Expenses, Foreign                 10
                                                               Agricultural Service.
Department of Agriculture.....................      12x2903   McGovern-Dole International Food for          163
                                                               Education and Child Nutrition Program
                                                               Grants.
Department of Agriculture.....................      70x0800   Research, Development, Acquisition, and         0
                                                               Operations, Science and Technology,
                                                               Homeland Security.
Department of Agriculture.....................      72x1037   Economic Support Fund..................         1
Department of Agriculture.....................      80x0120   Science, National Aeronautics and Space         0
                                                               Administration.
Department of Agriculture.....................      97x0134   Former Soviet Union Threat Reduction,           0
                                                               Defense.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Commerce........................      13x0500   Scientific & Technical Research &               0
                                                               Services, NIST.
Department of Commerce........................      13x1006   Patent and Trademark Office, Salaries           2
                                                               and Expenses.
Department of Commerce........................      13x1250   International Trade Administration,             6
                                                               Operations & Administration.
Department of Commerce........................      13x1450   National Oceanic & Atmospheric                  0
                                                               Administration, Operations, Research &
                                                               Facilities.
Department of Commerce........................      72x1021   Development Assistance.................         3
Department of Commerce........................      72x1093   Assistance for the Independent States
                                                               of the Former Soviet Union.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Defense.........................      19x1030   Global HIV/AIDs Initiative.............         1
Department of Defense.........................      19x1031   Global Health and Child Survival.......       154
Department of Defense.........................      21x2020   Operations and Maintenance, Army.......       103
Department of Defense.........................      72x0306   Assistance for Europe, Eurasia and              2
                                                               Central Asia (AEECA).
Department of Defense.........................      72x1037   Economic Support Fund..................         1
Department of Defense.........................      72x1095   Child Survival and Health Programs
                                                               Fund, United States.
Department of Defense.........................      97x0100   Operation and Maintenance, Defense-Wide       233
Department of Defense.........................      97x0130   Defense Health Program.................        10
Department of Defense.........................      97x0819   Overseas Humanitarian, Disaster, and          106
                                                               Civic Aid Defense.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Energy..........................      11x1075   Nonproliferation, Anti-Terrorism,               6
                                                               Demining and Related Programs.
Department of Energy..........................      89x0309   Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation,              71
                                                               Department of Energy.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Health and Human Services.......      19x1030   Global HIV/AIDs Initiative.............        11
Department of Health and Human Services.......      19x1031   Global Health and Child Survival.......     1,385
Department of Health and Human Services.......      72x1095   Child Survival and Health Programs
                                                               Fund, United States.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x0140   Public Health and Social Services              45
                                                               Emergency Fund.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x0885   National Institute of Allergy and             392
                                                               Infectious Diseases, National
                                                               Institutes of Health.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x0892   National Institute of Mental Health,            0
                                                               National Institutes of Health.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x0943   Disease Control, Research, and                156
                                                               Training, Centers for Disease Control.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x0949   Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious                0
                                                               Diseases, Centers for Disease Control
                                                               and Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x0950   HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, Sexually             0
                                                               Transmitted Diseases and Tuberculosis
                                                               Prevention, Centers for Disease
                                                               Control and Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x0951   Immunization and Respiratory Diseases,          9
                                                               Centers for Disease Control and
                                                               Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x0952   Injury Prevention and Control, Centers          0
                                                               and Disease Control and Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x0955   Global Health, Centers for Disease            157
                                                               Control and Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x0956   Public Health Preparedness and                  0
                                                               Response, Centers for Disease Control
                                                               and Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x0959   Public Health Scientific Services,              0
                                                               Centers for Disease Control and
                                                               Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x1503   Refugee and Entrant Assistance,               587
                                                               Administration for Children and
                                                               Families.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x8250   Gifts and Donations, Centers for                0
                                                               Disease Control.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Homeland........................      11x1022   International Narcotics Control and Law         0
  Security....................................                 Enforcement.
Department of Homeland........................      11x1075   Nonproliferation, Anti-Terrorism,               4
  Security....................................                 Demining and Related Programs.
Department of Homeland........................      19x1154   Andean Counterdrug Initiative,                  0
  Security....................................                 Department of State.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Justice.........................      11x1022   International Narcotics Control and Law         0
                                                               Enforcement.
Department of Justice.........................      15x0128   Department of Justice, General Legal            0
                                                               Activities.
Department of Justice.........................      15x0200   Salaries and Expenses, Federal Bureau           0
                                                               of Investigation.
Department of Justice.........................      15x1100   Salaries and Expenses, Drug Enforcement         1
                                                               Administration.
Department of Justice.........................      15x5042   Assets Forfeiture Fund, Justice........         0
Department of Justice.........................      72x1037   Economic Support Fund..................         0
Department of Justice.........................      95x2750   Millennium Challenge Corporation.......         0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Labor...........................      16x0165   Department of Labor, Departmental              68
                                                               Management.
Department of Labor...........................      19x1030   Global HIV/AIDs Initiative.............         1
Department of Labor...........................      19x1031   Global Health and Child Survival.......         0
Department of Labor...........................      19x1121   Democracy Fund, Department of State....         5
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of State...........................      11x0040   United States Emergency Refugee and            36
                                                               Migration Assistance Fund.
Department of State...........................      11x1022   International Narcotics Control and Law       309
                                                               Enforcement.
Department of State...........................      11x1075   Nonproliferation, Anti-Terrorism,             308
                                                               Demining and Related Programs.
Department of State...........................      12x3505   Food Stamp Program, Food and Nutrition         60
                                                               Service.
Department of State...........................      19x0113   Diplomatic and Consular Programs,               5
                                                               Department of State.
Department of State...........................      19x0209   Educational and Cultural Exchange               1
                                                               Programs, Department of State.
Department of State...........................      19x0210   National Endowment for Democracy,             117
                                                               Department of State.
Department of State...........................      19x1005   International Organizations and               338
                                                               Programs, State.
Department of State...........................      19x1030   Global HIV/AIDs Initiative.............        13
Department of State...........................      19x1031   Global Health and Child Survival.......        85
Department of State...........................      19x1121   Democracy Fund, Department of State....        76
Department of State...........................      19x1124   Contributions to Peacekeeping                 129
                                                               Activities, Department of State.
Department of State...........................      19x1126   Contributions to International                543
                                                               Organizations, Department of State.
Department of State...........................      19x1143   Migration and Refugee Assistance,           1,753
                                                               Department of State.
Department of State...........................      72x0306   Assistance for Europe, Eurasia and          1,597
                                                               Central Asia (AEECA).
Department of State...........................      72x1037   Economic Support Fund..................       102
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Transportation..................      11x1001   Trade and Development Agency...........         0
Department of Transportation..................      69x1301   Federal Aviation Administration,                0
                                                               Operations.
Department of Transportation..................      72x1021   Development Assistance.................         7
Department of Transportation..................      72x1037   Economic Support Fund..................         0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of the Interior....................      14x0412   Assistance to Territories, Insular              3
                                                               Affairs.
Department of the Interior....................      14x0415   Compact of Free Association, Department       198
                                                               of Interior.
Department of the Interior....................      14x1611   U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,                 7
                                                               Resource Management.
Department of the Interior....................      14x1652   Multinational Species Conservation             11
                                                               Fund, United States Fish and Wildlife
                                                               Service.
Department of the Interior....................      14x1696   Neotropical Migratory Bird                      3
                                                               Conservation, U.S. Fish and Wildlife
                                                               Service.
Department of the Interior....................      14x5029   U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Federal         1
                                                               Aid to Wildlife Restoration.
Department of the Interior....................      14x5241   U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, North           1
                                                               American Wetlands Conservation Fund.
Department of the Interior....................      14x8216   U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,                 0
                                                               Contributed Funds.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of the Treasury....................      11x0071   Contribution to the Strategic Climate          75
                                                               Fund.
Department of the Treasury....................      11x0072   Contribution to the Inter-American             86
                                                               Development Bank.
Department of the Treasury....................      11x0073   Contribution to the International           1,492
                                                               Development Association.
Department of the Treasury....................      11x0076   Contribution to the Asian Development         207
                                                               Bank.
Department of the Treasury....................      11x0077   Global Environment Facility............       237
Department of the Treasury....................      11x0079   Contribution to the African Development       231
                                                               Fund.
Department of the Treasury....................      11x0080   Contribution to the Clean Technology          230
                                                               Fund.
Department of the Treasury....................      11x0082   Contribution to the African Development        32
                                                               Bank.
Department of the Treasury....................      11x0089   Contribution to the Enterprise for the         25
                                                               Americas Multilateral Investment Fund.
Department of the Treasury....................      11x1039   Contribution to the International Fund         30
                                                               for Agricultural Development.
Department of the Treasury....................      11x1045   International Affairs Technical                25
                                                               Assistance.
Department of the Treasury....................      11x1075   Nonproliferation, Anti-Terrorism,
                                                               Demining and Related Programs.
Department of the Treasury....................      11x1096   Iraq Relief and Reconstruction Fund,
                                                               Executive Office of the President.
Department of the Treasury....................      11x1475   Global Agriculture and Food Security          160
                                                               Program (Fund).
Department of the Treasury....................      72x0306   Assistance for Europe, Eurasia and              3
                                                               Central Asia (AEECA).
Department of the Treasury....................      72x1010   Assistance for Eastern Europe and the           0
                                                               Baltic States.
Department of the Treasury....................      72x1093   Assistance for the Independent States           0
                                                               of the Former Soviet Union.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Environmental Protection Agency...............      68x0107   Environmental Protection Agency,                0
                                                               Science and Technology.
Environmental Protection Agency...............      68x0108   Environmental Programs and Management,         20
                                                               Environmental Protection Agency.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Export-Import Bank of the United States.......      83x0100   Export-Import Bank Loans Program               14
                                                               Account.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Federal Trade Commission......................      13x0120   Department of Commerce, Departmental
                                                               Management.
Federal Trade Commission......................      13x1250   International Trade Administration,
                                                               Operations & Administration.
Federal Trade Commission......................      29x0100   Federal Trade Commission, Salaries and          0
                                                               Expenses.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Inter-American Foundation.....................      11x3100   Inter-American Foundation..............        25
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Millennium Challenge..........................      95x2750   Millennium Challenge Corporation.......       230
  Corporation.................................
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Peace Corps...................................      11x0100   Peace Corps............................       366
Peace Corps...................................      11x0110   Salaries and Expenses, the White House.         0
Peace Corps...................................      19x1030   Global HIV/AIDs Initiative.............         0
Peace Corps...................................      19x1031   Global Health and Child Survival.......        22
Peace Corps...................................      72x0306   Assistance for Europe, Eurasia and              1
                                                               Central Asia (AEECA).
Peace Corps...................................      72x1021   Development Assistance.................         5
Peace Corps...................................      72x1037   Economic Support Fund..................         1
Peace Corps...................................      75x0955   Global Health, Centers for Disease              0
                                                               Control and Prevention.
Peace Corps...................................      95x2750   Millennium Challenge Corporation.......         0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Trade and Development Agency..................      11x1001   Trade and Development Agency...........        37
Trade and Development Agency..................      72x1037   Economic Support Fund..................         6
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      11x0091   Debt Restructuring.....................         4
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      11x1096   Iraq Relief and Reconstruction Fund,
                                                               Executive Office of the President.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      12x2278   Public Law 480 Title II Grants.........     1,646
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      12x4336   Commodity Credit Corporation Fund......         0
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      19x1030   Global HIV/AIDs Initiative.............        -2
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      19x1031   Global Health and Child Survival.......     4,854
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      19x1121   Democracy Fund, Department of State....        47
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      19x1154   Andean Counterdrug Initiative,                  0
                                                               Department of State.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x0300   Capital Investment Fund, United States.       121
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x0302   Capital Investment Fund of the USAID -          0
                                                               Recovery Act.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x0305   Civilian Stabilization Initiative......         2
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x0306   Assistance for Europe, Eurasia and            406
                                                               Central Asia (AEECA).
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1000   Operating Expenses of USAID............     1,265
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1007   Operating Expenses of the USAID, Office        54
                                                               of Inspector General.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1010   Assistance for Eastern Europe and the           2
                                                               Baltic States.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1012   Sahel Development Program..............         0
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1014   Sub-Saharan Africa, Development                 0
                                                               Assistance.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1015   Complex Crises Fund....................        30
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1021   Development Assistance.................     2,469
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1027   Transition Initiatives, International          57
                                                               Assistance Program.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1029   Tsunami Recovery and Reconstruction             0
                                                               Fund.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1033   HIV/AIDS Working Capital Fund,                402
                                                               International Development.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1035   International Disaster and Famine           1,072
                                                               Assistance.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1036   Payment to the Foreign Service                 45
                                                               Retirement and Disability Fund.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1037   Economic Support Fund..................     5,092
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1093   Assistance for the Independent States          -1
                                                               of the Former Soviet Union.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1095   Child Survival and Health Programs              4
                                                               Fund, United States.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1096   Central America and the Caribbean              -1
                                                               Emergency Disaster Recovery Fund.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1264   Development Credit Authority, United           40
                                                               States.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x4103   Development Loan Fund, Executive.......         0
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x4344   Housing and Other Credit Guaranty              18
                                                               Programs, Guaranty Loan Financing
                                                               Account.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x4513   Working Capital Fund, International            22
                                                               Assistance Program.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x8342   Foreign National Employees Separation           2
                                                               Liability Fund.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x8824   Gifts and Contributions, Inter-American        83
                                                               Foundation.
================================================================================================================
Total Gross Commitments.......................                  .....................................    30,871
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0's represent values less than $500,000
Source: U.S. Annual Submission to the OECD/DAC via USAID's Foreign Assistance Database (FADB)
Prepared by USAID Economic Analysis and Data Services on November 26, 2013



                     Table 3.--CY 2012 ODA Totals by Implementing Agency  and Appropriation
                                   Bilateral Committments (in $U.S., Millions)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                  Treasury
                    Agency                         Symbol                  Appropriation                 Amount
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
African Development...........................      11x0700   African Development Foundation.........        29
  Foundation..................................
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Agriculture.....................      11x0091   Debt Restructuring.....................         2
Department of Agriculture.....................      12x1106   National Forest System, Forest Service.         1
Department of Agriculture.....................      12x1600   Salaries and Expenses, Animal Plant             1
                                                               Health Inspection Service.
Department of Agriculture.....................      12x2277   Public Law 480 Program Account, Title I       145
Department of Agriculture.....................      12x2900   Salaries and Expenses, Foreign                 10
                                                               Agricultural Service.
Department of Agriculture.....................      12x2903   McGovern-Dole International Food for          163
                                                               Education and Child Nutrition Program
                                                               Grants.
Department of Agriculture.....................      70x0800   Research, Development, Acquisition, and         0
                                                               Operations, Science and Technology,
                                                               Homeland Security.
Department of Agriculture.....................      72x1037   Economic Support Fund..................         1
Department of Agriculture.....................      80x0120   Science, National Aeronautics and Space         0
                                                               Administration.
Department of Agriculture.....................      97x0134   Former Soviet Union Threat Reduction,           0
                                                               Defense.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Commerce........................      13x0500   Scientific & Technical Research &               0
                                                               Services, NIST.
Department of Commerce........................      13x1006   Patent and Trademark Office, Salaries           2
                                                               and Expenses.
Department of Commerce........................      13x1250   International Trade Administration,             6
                                                               Operations & Administration.
Department of Commerce........................      13x1450   National Oceanic & Atmospheric                  0
                                                               Administration, Operations, Research &
                                                               Facilities.
Department of Commerce........................      72x1021   Development Assistance.................         3
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Defense.........................      19x1030   Global HIV/AIDs Initiative.............         1
Department of Defense.........................      19x1031   Global Health and Child Survival.......       154
Department of Defense.........................      21x2020   Operations and Maintenance, Army.......       103
Department of Defense.........................      72x0306   Assistance for Europe, Eurasia and              2
                                                               Central Asia (AEECA).
Department of Defense.........................      72x1037   Economic Support Fund..................         1
Department of Defense.........................      97x0100   Operation and Maintenance, Defense-Wide       233
Department of Defense.........................      97x0130   Defense Health Program.................        10
Department of Defense.........................      97x0819   Overseas Humanitarian, Disaster, and          106
                                                               Civic Aid Defense.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Energy..........................      11x1075   Nonproliferation, Anti-Terrorism,               6
                                                               Demining and Related Programs.
Department of Energy..........................      89x0309   Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation,              71
                                                               Department of Energy.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Health and Human Services.......      19x1030   Global HIV/AIDs Initiative.............        11
Department of Health and Human Services.......      19x1031   Global Health and Child Survival.......     1,385
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x0140   Public Health and Social Services              45
                                                               Emergency Fund.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x0885   National Institute of Allergy and             392
                                                               Infectious Diseases, National
                                                               Institutes of Health.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x0892   National Institute of Mental Health,            0
                                                               National Institutes of Health.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x0943   Disease Control, Research, and                156
                                                               Training, Centers for Disease Control.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x0949   Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious                0
                                                               Diseases, Centers for Disease Control
                                                               and Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x0950   HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, Sexually             0
                                                               Transmitted Diseases and Tuberculosis
                                                               Prevention, Centers for Disease
                                                               Control and Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x0951   Immunization and Respiratory Diseases,          9
                                                               Centers for Disease Control and
                                                               Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x0952   Injury Prevention and Control, Centers          0
                                                               and Disease Control and Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x0955   Global Health, Centers for Disease            157
                                                               Control and Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x0956   Public Health Preparedness and                  0
                                                               Response, Centers for Disease Control
                                                               and Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x0959   Public Health Scientific Services,              0
                                                               Centers for Disease Control and
                                                               Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x1503   Refugee and Entrant Assistance,               587
                                                               Administration for Children and
                                                               Families.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x8250   Gifts and Donations, Centers for                0
                                                               Disease Control.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Homeland........................      11x1022   International Narcotics Control and Law         0
  Security....................................                 Enforcement.
Department of Homeland........................      11x1075   Nonproliferation, Anti-Terrorism,               4
  Security....................................                 Demining and Related Programs.
Department of Homeland........................      19x1154   Andean Counterdrug Initiative,                  0
  Security....................................                 Department of State.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Justice.........................      11x1022   International Narcotics Control and Law         0
                                                               Enforcement.
Department of Justice.........................      15x0128   Department of Justice, General Legal            0
                                                               Activities.
Department of Justice.........................      15x0200   Salaries and Expenses, Federal Bureau           0
                                                               of Investigation.
Department of Justice.........................      15x1100   Salaries and Expenses, Drug Enforcement         1
                                                               Administration.
Department of Justice.........................      15x5042   Assets Forfeiture Fund, Justice........         0
Department of Justice.........................      72x1037   Economic Support Fund..................         0
Department of Justice.........................      95x2750   Millennium Challenge Corporation.......         0
Department of Labor...........................      16x0165   Department of Labor, Departmental              68
                                                               Management.
Department of Labor...........................      19x1030   Global HIV/AIDs Initiative.............         1
Department of Labor...........................      19x1031   Global Health and Child Survival.......         0
Department of Labor...........................      19x1121   Democracy Fund, Department of State....         5
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of State...........................      11x0040   United States Emergency Refugee and            36
                                                               Migration Assistance Fund.
Department of State...........................      11x1022   International Narcotics Control and Law       309
                                                               Enforcement.
Department of State...........................      11x1075   Nonproliferation, Anti-Terrorism,             230
                                                               Demining and Related Programs.
Department of State...........................      12x3505   Food Stamp Program, Food and Nutrition         60
                                                               Service.
Department of State...........................      19x0113   Diplomatic and Consular Programs,               5
                                                               Department of State.
Department of State...........................      19x0209   Educational and Cultural Exchange               1
                                                               Programs, Department of State.
Department of State...........................      19x0210   National Endowment for Democracy,             117
                                                               Department of State.
Department of State...........................      19x1005   International Organizations and                 4
                                                               Programs, State.
Department of State...........................      19x1030   Global HIV/AIDs Initiative.............        13
Department of State...........................      19x1031   Global Health and Child Survival.......        85
Department of State...........................      19x1121   Democracy Fund, Department of State....        76
Department of State...........................      19x1126   Contributions to International                 28
                                                               Organizations, Department of State.
Department of State...........................      19x1143   Migration and Refugee Assistance,           1,743
                                                               Department of State.
Department of State...........................      72x0306   Assistance for Europe, Eurasia and          1,597
                                                               Central Asia (AEECA).
Department of State...........................      72x1037   Economic Support Fund..................       102
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Transportation..................      11x1001   Trade and Development Agency...........         0
Department of Transportation..................      69x1301   Federal Aviation Administration,                0
                                                               Operations.
Department of Transportation..................      72x1021   Development Assistance.................         7
Department of Transportation..................      72x1037   Economic Support Fund..................         0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of the Interior....................      14x0412   Assistance to Territories, Insular              3
                                                               Affairs.
Department of the Interior....................      14x0415   Compact of Free Association, Department       198
                                                               of Interior.
Department of the Interior....................      14x1611   U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,                 7
                                                               Resource Management.
Department of the Interior....................      14x1652   Multinational Species Conservation             11
                                                               Fund, United States Fish and Wildlife
                                                               Service.
Department of the Interior....................      14x1696   Neotropical Migratory Bird                      3
                                                               Conservation, U.S. Fish and Wildlife
                                                               Service.
Department of the Interior....................      14x5029   U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Federal         1
                                                               Aid to Wildlife Restoration.
Department of the Interior....................      14x5241   U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, North           1
                                                               American Wetlands Conservation Fund.
Department of the Interior....................      14x8216   U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,                 0
                                                               Contributed Funds.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of the Treasury....................      11x1045   International Affairs Technical                25
                                                               Assistance.
Department of the Treasury....................      11x1475   Global Agriculture and Food Security          160
                                                               Program (Fund).
Department of the Treasury....................      72x0306   Assistance for Europe, Eurasia and              3
                                                               Central Asia (AEECA).
Department of the Treasury....................      72x1010   Assistance for Eastern Europe and the           0
                                                               Baltic States.
Department of the Treasury....................      72x1093   Assistance for the Independent States           0
                                                               of the Former Soviet Union.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Environmental Protection Agency...............      68x0107   Environmental Protection Agency,                0
                                                               Science and Technology.
Environmental Protection Agency...............      68x0108   Environmental Programs and Management,         10
                                                               Environmental Protection Agency.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Export-Import Bank of the United States.......      83x0100   Export-Import Bank Loans Program               14
                                                               Account.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Federal Trade Commission......................      29x0100   Federal Trade Commission, Salaries and          0
                                                               Expenses.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Inter-American Foundation.....................      11x3100   Inter-American Foundation..............        25
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Millennium Challenge..........................      95x2750   Millennium Challenge Corporation.......       230
  Corporation.................................
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Peace Corps...................................      11x0100   Peace Corps............................       366
Peace Corps...................................      11x0110   Salaries and Expenses, the White House.         0
Peace Corps...................................      19x1030   Global HIV/AIDs Initiative.............         0
Peace Corps...................................      19x1031   Global Health and Child Survival.......        22
Peace Corps...................................      72x0306   Assistance for Europe, Eurasia and              1
                                                               Central Asia (AEECA).
Peace Corps...................................      72x1021   Development Assistance.................         5
Peace Corps...................................      72x1037   Economic Support Fund..................         1
Peace Corps...................................      75x0955   Global Health, Centers for Disease              0
                                                               Control and Prevention.
Peace Corps...................................      95x2750   Millennium Challenge Corporation.......         0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Trade and Development Agency..................      11x1001   Trade and Development Agency...........        37
Trade and Development Agency..................      72x1037   Economic Support Fund..................         6
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      11x0091   Debt Restructuring.....................         4
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      12x2278   Public Law 480 Title II Grants.........     1,646
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      12x4336   Commodity Credit Corporation Fund......         0
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      19x1030   Global HIV/AIDs Initiative.............        -2
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      19x1031   Global Health and Child Survival.......     3,469
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      19x1121   Democracy Fund, Department of State....        47
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      19x1154   Andean Counterdrug Initiative,                  0
                                                               Department of State.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x0300   Capital Investment Fund, United States.       121
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x0302   Capital Investment Fund of the USAID -          0
                                                               Recovery Act.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x0305   Civilian Stabilization Initiative......         2
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x0306   Assistance for Europe, Eurasia and            406
                                                               Central Asia (AEECA).
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1000   Operating Expenses of USAID............     1,265
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1007   Operating Expenses of the USAID, Office        54
                                                               of Inspector General.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1010   Assistance for Eastern Europe and the           2
                                                               Baltic States.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1012   Sahel Development Program..............         0
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1014   Sub-Saharan Africa, Development                 0
                                                               Assistance.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1015   Complex Crises Fund....................        30
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1021   Development Assistance.................     2,469
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1027   Transition Initiatives, International          57
                                                               Assistance Program.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1029   Tsunami Recovery and Reconstruction             0
                                                               Fund.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1033   HIV/AIDS Working Capital Fund,                402
                                                               International Development.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1035   International Disaster and Famine           1,072
                                                               Assistance.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1036   Payment to the Foreign Service                 45
                                                               Retirement and Disability Fund.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1037   Economic Support Fund..................     5,092
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1093   Assistance for the Independent States          -1
                                                               of the Former Soviet Union.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1095   Child Survival and Health Programs              4
                                                               Fund, United States.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1096   Central America and the Caribbean              -1
                                                               Emergency Disaster Recovery Fund.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1264   Development Credit Authority, United           40
                                                               States.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x4103   Development Loan Fund, Executive.......         0
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x4344   Housing and Other Credit Guaranty              18
                                                               Programs, Guaranty Loan Financing
                                                               Account.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x4513   Working Capital Fund, International            22
                                                               Assistance Program.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x8342   Foreign National Employees Separation           2
                                                               Liability Fund.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x8824   Gifts and Contributions, Inter-American        83
                                                               Foundation.
================================================================================================================
  Total Bilateral Gross                                         .....................................    25,766
    Commitments
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0's represent values less than $500,000
Source: U.S. Annual Submission to the OECD/DAC via USAID's Foreign Assistance Database (FADB)
Prepared by USAID Economic Analysis and Data Services on November 26, 2013



                     Table 4.--CY 2012 ODA Totals by Implementing Agency  and Appropriation
                                 Multilateral Committments (in $U.S., Millions)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                  Treasury
                    Agency                         Symbol                  Appropriation                 Amount
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of State...........................      11x1075   Nonproliferation, Anti-Terrorism,              78
                                                               Demining and Related Programs.
Department of State...........................      19x1005   International Organizations and               335
                                                               Programs, State.
Department of State...........................      19x1124   Contributions to Peacekeeping                 129
                                                               Activities, Department of State.
Department of State...........................      19x1126   Contributions to International                515
                                                               Organizations, Department of State.
Department of State...........................      19x1143   Migration and Refugee Assistance,              10
                                                               Department of State.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of the Treasury....................      11x0071   Contribution to the Strategic Climate          75
                                                               Fund.
Department of the Treasury....................      11x0072   Contribution to the Inter-American             86
                                                               Development Bank.
Department of the Treasury....................      11x0073   Contribution to the International           1,492
                                                               Development Association.
Department of the Treasury....................      11x0076   Contribution to the Asian Development         207
                                                               Bank.
Department of the Treasury....................      11x0077   Global Environment Facility............       237
Department of the Treasury....................      11x0079   Contribution to the African Development       231
                                                               Fund.
Department of the Treasury....................      11x0080   Contribution to the Clean Technology          230
                                                               Fund.
Department of the Treasury....................      11x0082   Contribution to the African Development        32
                                                               Bank.
Department of the Treasury....................      11x0089   Contribution to the Enterprise for the         25
                                                               Americas Multilateral Investment Fund.
Department of the Treasury....................      11x1039   Contribution to the International Fund         30
                                                               for Agricultural Development.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Environmental Protection Agency...............      68x0108   Environmental Programs and Management,          9
                                                               Environmental Protection Agency.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
U.S. Agency for International.................      19x1031   Global Health and Child Survival.......     1,385
  Development.................................
================================================================================================================
  Total Multilateral Gross                                      .....................................     5,105
    Commitments
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0's represent values less than $500,000
Source: U.S. Annual Submission to the OECD/DAC via USAID's Foreign Assistance Database (FADB)
Prepared by USAID Economic Analysis and Data Services on November 26, 2013



                     Table 5.--CY 2012 ODA Totals by Implementing Agency  and Appropriation
                       Bilateral and Multilateral Gross Disbursements (in $U.S., Millions)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                  Treasury
                    Agency                         Symbol                  Appropriation                 Amount
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
African Development...........................      11x0700   African Development Foundation.........        31
  Foundation..................................
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Agriculture.....................      11x0091   Debt Restructuring.....................         5
Department of Agriculture.....................      12x1106   National Forest System, Forest Service.         1
Department of Agriculture.....................      12x1400   Salaries and Expenses, Agricultural             0
                                                               Research Service.
Department of Agriculture.....................      12x1500   Research and Education Activities,              1
                                                               Cooperative State Research, Education,
                                                               and Extension Service.
Department of Agriculture.....................      12x1600   Salaries and Expenses, Animal Plant             1
                                                               Health Inspection Service.
Department of Agriculture.....................      12x2277   Public Law 480 Program Account, Title I       152
Department of Agriculture.....................      12x2900   Salaries and Expenses, Foreign                 17
                                                               Agricultural Service.
Department of Agriculture.....................      12x2903   McGovern-Dole International Food for          163
                                                               Education and Child Nutrition Program
                                                               Grants.
Department of Agriculture.....................      70x0800   Research, Development, Acquisition, and         0
                                                               Operations, Science and Technology,
                                                               Homeland Security.
Department of Agriculture.....................      72x1037   Economic Support Fund..................         1
Department of Agriculture.....................      80x0120   Science, National Aeronautics and Space         0
                                                               Administration.
Department of Agriculture.....................      97x0134   Former Soviet Union Threat Reduction,           0
                                                               Defense.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Commerce........................      13x0500   Scientific & Technical Research &               0
                                                               Services, NIST.
Department of Commerce........................      13x1006   Patent and Trademark Office, Salaries           2
                                                               and Expenses.
Department of Commerce........................      13x1250   International Trade Administration,             2
                                                               Operations & Administration.
Department of Commerce........................      13x1450   National Oceanic & Atmospheric                  1
                                                               Administration, Operations, Research &
                                                               Facilities.
Department of Commerce........................      72x1021   Development Assistance.................         4
Department of Commerce........................      72x1093   Assistance for the Independent States           0
                                                               of the Former Soviet Union.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Defense.........................      19x1030   Global HIV/AIDs Initiative.............         4
Department of Defense.........................      19x1031   Global Health and Child Survival.......        72
Department of Defense.........................      21x2020   Operations and Maintenance, Army.......       103
Department of Defense.........................      72x0306   Assistance for Europe, Eurasia and              3
                                                               Central Asia (AEECA).
Department of Defense.........................      72x1037   Economic Support Fund..................         1
Department of Defense.........................      72x1095   Child Survival and Health Programs              0
                                                               Fund, United States.
Department of Defense.........................      97x0100   Operation and Maintenance, Defense-Wide       178
Department of Defense.........................      97x0130   Defense Health Program.................         9
Department of Defense.........................      97x0819   Overseas Humanitarian, Disaster, and          121
                                                               Civic Aid Defense.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Energy..........................      11x1075   Nonproliferation, Anti-Terrorism,               3
                                                               Demining and Related Programs.
Department of Energy..........................      89x0309   Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation,             129
                                                               Department of Energy.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Health and Human Services.......      19x1030   Global HIV/AIDs Initiative.............        18
Department of Health and Human Services.......      19x1031   Global Health and Child Survival.......     1,640
Department of Health and Human Services.......      72x1095   Child Survival and Health Programs             13
                                                               Fund, United States.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x0140   Public Health and Social Services              16
                                                               Emergency Fund.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x0885   National Institute of Allergy and             392
                                                               Infectious Diseases, National
                                                               Institutes of Health.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x0892   National Institute of Mental Health,            0
                                                               National Institutes of Health.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x0943   Disease Control, Research, and                140
                                                               Training, Centers for Disease Control.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x0949   Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious                0
                                                               Diseases, Centers for Disease Control
                                                               and Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x0950   HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, Sexually             0
                                                               Transmitted Diseases and Tuberculosis
                                                               Prevention, Centers for Disease
                                                               Control and Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x0951   Immunization and Respiratory Diseases,          3
                                                               Centers for Disease Control and
                                                               Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x0952   Injury Prevention and Control, Centers   .........
                                                               and Disease Control and Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x0955   Global Health, Centers for Disease             75
                                                               Control and Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x0956   Public Health Preparedness and                  0
                                                               Response, Centers for Disease Control
                                                               and Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x0959   Public Health Scientific Services,              0
                                                               Centers for Disease Control and
                                                               Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x1503   Refugee and Entrant Assistance,               631
                                                               Administration for Children and
                                                               Families.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x8250   Gifts and Donations, Centers for                0
                                                               Disease Control.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Homeland........................      11x1022   International Narcotics Control and Law         0
  Security....................................                 Enforcement.
Department of Homeland........................      11x1075   Nonproliferation, Anti-Terrorism,               3
  Security....................................                 Demining and Related Programs.
Department of Homeland........................      19x1154   Andean Counterdrug Initiative,                  0
  Security....................................                 Department of State.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Justice.........................      11x1022   International Narcotics Control and Law         2
                                                               Enforcement.
Department of Justice.........................      15x0128   Department of Justice, General Legal            0
                                                               Activities.
Department of Justice.........................      15x0200   Salaries and Expenses, Federal Bureau           0
                                                               of Investigation.
Department of Justice.........................      15x1100   Salaries and Expenses, Drug Enforcement         1
                                                               Administration.
Department of Justice.........................      15x5042   Assets Forfeiture Fund, Justice........         0
Department of Justice.........................      72x1037   Economic Support Fund..................         0
Department of Justice.........................      95x2750   Millennium Challenge Corporation.......         1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Labor...........................      16x0165   Department of Labor, Departmental              68
                                                               Management.
Department of Labor...........................      19x1030   Global HIV/AIDs Initiative.............         1
Department of Labor...........................      19x1031   Global Health and Child Survival.......         0
Department of Labor...........................      19x1121   Democracy Fund, Department of State....         5
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of State...........................      11x0040   United States Emergency Refugee and            28
                                                               Migration Assistance Fund.
Department of State...........................      11x1022   International Narcotics Control and Law       322
                                                               Enforcement.
Department of State...........................      11x1075   Nonproliferation, Anti-Terrorism,             269
                                                               Demining and Related Programs.
Department of State...........................      12x3505   Food Stamp Program, Food and Nutrition         60
                                                               Service.
Department of State...........................      19x0113   Diplomatic and Consular Programs,               5
                                                               Department of State.
Department of State...........................      19x0209   Educational and Cultural Exchange               1
                                                               Programs, Department of State.
Department of State...........................      19x0210   National Endowment for Democracy,             117
                                                               Department of State.
Department of State...........................      19x1005   International Organizations and               338
                                                               Programs, State.
Department of State...........................      19x1030   Global HIV/AIDs Initiative.............        14
Department of State...........................      19x1031   Global Health and Child Survival.......        63
Department of State...........................      19x1121   Democracy Fund, Department of State....        29
Department of State...........................      19x1124   Contributions to Peacekeeping                 129
                                                               Activities, Department of State.
Department of State...........................      19x1126   Contributions to International                543
                                                               Organizations, Department of State.
Department of State...........................      19x1143   Migration and Refugee Assistance,           1,795
                                                               Department of State.
Department of State...........................      72x0306   Assistance for Europe, Eurasia and          1,490
                                                               Central Asia (AEECA).
Department of State...........................      72x1037   Economic Support Fund..................        64
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Transportation..................      11x1001   Trade and Development Agency...........         0
Department of Transportation..................      69x1301   Federal Aviation Administration,                0
                                                               Operations.
Department of Transportation..................      72x1021   Development Assistance.................         7
Department of Transportation..................      72x1037   Economic Support Fund..................  .........
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of the Interior....................      14x0412   Assistance to Territories, Insular              2
                                                               Affairs.
Department of the Interior....................      14x0415   Compact of Free Association, Department       206
                                                               of Interior.
Department of the Interior....................      14x1611   U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,                 5
                                                               Resource Management.
Department of the Interior....................      14x1652   Multinational Species Conservation              7
                                                               Fund, United States Fish and Wildlife
                                                               Service.
Department of the Interior....................      14x1696   Neotropical Migratory Bird                      0
                                                               Conservation, U.S. Fish and Wildlife
                                                               Service.
Department of the Interior....................      14x5029   U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Federal         0
                                                               Aid to Wildlife Restoration.
Department of the Interior....................      14x5241   U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, North           0
                                                               American Wetlands Conservation Fund.
Department of the Interior....................      14x8216   U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,                 0
                                                               Contributed Funds.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of the Treasury....................      11x0071   Contribution to the Strategic Climate          75
                                                               Fund.
Department of the Treasury....................      11x0072   Contribution to the Inter-American             86
                                                               Development Bank.
Department of the Treasury....................      11x0073   Contribution to the International           1,492
                                                               Development Association.
Department of the Treasury....................      11x0076   Contribution to the Asian Development         290
                                                               Bank.
Department of the Treasury....................      11x0077   Global Environment Facility............       237
Department of the Treasury....................      11x0079   Contribution to the African Development       246
                                                               Fund.
Department of the Treasury....................      11x0080   Contribution to the Clean Technology          230
                                                               Fund.
Department of the Treasury....................      11x0082   Contribution to the African Development        32
                                                               Bank.
Department of the Treasury....................      11x0089   Contribution to the Enterprise for the         50
                                                               Americas Multilateral Investment Fund.
Department of the Treasury....................      11x1039   Contribution to the International Fund         26
                                                               for Agricultural Development.
Department of the Treasury....................      11x1045   International Affairs Technical                20
                                                               Assistance.
Department of the Treasury....................      11x1075   Nonproliferation, Anti-Terrorism,               0
                                                               Demining and Related Programs.
Department of the Treasury....................      11x1096   Iraq Relief and Reconstruction Fund,            0
                                                               Executive Office of the President.
Department of the Treasury....................      11x1475   Global Agriculture and Food Security          160
                                                               Program (Fund).
Department of the Treasury....................      72x0306   Assistance for Europe, Eurasia and              4
                                                               Central Asia (AEECA).
Department of the Treasury....................      72x1010   Assistance for Eastern Europe and the           0
                                                               Baltic States.
Department of the Treasury....................      72x1093   Assistance for the Independent States           0
                                                               of the Former Soviet Union.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Environmental Protection Agency...............      68x0107   Environmental Protection Agency,                0
                                                               Science and Technology.
Environmental Protection Agency...............      68x0108   Environmental Programs and Management,         13
                                                               Environmental Protection Agency.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Export-Import Bank of the United States.......      83x0100   Export-Import Bank Loans Program               14
                                                               Account.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Federal Trade Commission......................      13x0120   Department of Commerce, Departmental            0
                                                               Management.
Federal Trade Commission......................      13x1250   International Trade Administration,             0
                                                               Operations & Administration.
Federal Trade Commission......................      29x0100   Federal Trade Commission, Salaries and          0
                                                               Expenses.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Inter-American Foundation.....................      11x3100   Inter-American Foundation..............        24
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Millennium Challenge..........................      95x2750   Millennium Challenge Corporation.......     1,355
  Corporation.................................
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Peace Corps...................................      11x0100   Peace Corps............................       372
Peace Corps...................................      11x0110   Salaries and Expenses, the White House.         0
Peace Corps...................................      19x1030   Global HIV/AIDs Initiative.............         0
Peace Corps...................................      19x1031   Global Health and Child Survival.......        24
Peace Corps...................................      72x0306   Assistance for Europe, Eurasia and              2
                                                               Central Asia (AEECA).
Peace Corps...................................      72x1021   Development Assistance.................         7
Peace Corps...................................      72x1037   Economic Support Fund..................         1
Peace Corps...................................      75x0955   Global Health, Centers for Disease              0
                                                               Control and Prevention.
Peace Corps...................................      95x2750   Millennium Challenge Corporation.......         0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Trade and Development Agency..................      11x1001   Trade and Development Agency...........        35
Trade and Development Agency..................      72x1037   Economic Support Fund..................         4
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      11x0091   Debt Restructuring.....................        16
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      11x1096   Iraq Relief and Reconstruction Fund,            0
                                                               Executive Office of the President.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      12x2278   Public Law 480 Title II Grants.........     1,639
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      12x4336   Commodity Credit Corporation Fund......         0
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      19x1030   Global HIV/AIDs Initiative.............        13
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      19x1031   Global Health and Child Survival.......     5,018
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      19x1121   Democracy Fund, Department of State....        40
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      19x1154   Andean Counterdrug Initiative,                  3
                                                               Department of State.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x0300   Capital Investment Fund, United States.       134
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x0302   Capital Investment Fund of the USAID -          0
                                                               Recovery Act.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x0305   Civilian Stabilization Initiative......         5
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x0306   Assistance for Europe, Eurasia and            475
                                                               Central Asia (AEECA).
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1000   Operating Expenses of USAID............     1,315
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1007   Operating Expenses of the USAID, Office        53
                                                               of Inspector General.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1010   Assistance for Eastern Europe and the          11
                                                               Baltic States.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1012   Sahel Development Program..............  .........
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1014   Sub-Saharan Africa, Development                 0
                                                               Assistance.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1015   Complex Crises Fund....................        22
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1021   Development Assistance.................     1,932
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1027   Transition Initiatives, International          41
                                                               Assistance Program.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1029   Tsunami Recovery and Reconstruction      .........
                                                               Fund.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1033   HIV/AIDS Working Capital Fund,                454
                                                               International Development.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1035   International Disaster and Famine             992
                                                               Assistance.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1036   Payment to the Foreign Service                 45
                                                               Retirement and Disability Fund.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1037   Economic Support Fund..................     4,538
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1093   Assistance for the Independent States          29
                                                               of the Former Soviet Union.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1095   Child Survival and Health Programs             40
                                                               Fund, United States.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1096   Central America and the Caribbean        .........
                                                               Emergency Disaster Recovery Fund.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1264   Development Credit Authority, United           24
                                                               States.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x4103   Development Loan Fund, Executive.......         0
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x4344   Housing and Other Credit Guaranty              18
                                                               Programs, Guaranty Loan Financing
                                                               Account.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x4513   Working Capital Fund, International            20
                                                               Assistance Program.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x8342   Foreign National Employees Separation           6
                                                               Liability Fund.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x8824   Gifts and Contributions, Inter-American        76
                                                               Foundation.
================================================================================================================
  Total Gross                                                   .....................................    31,263
    Disbursements
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0's represent values less than $500,000
Source: U.S. Annual Submission to the OECD/DAC via USAID's Foreign Assistance Database (FADB)
Prepared by USAID Economic Analysis and Data Services on November 26, 2013



                     Table 6.--CY 2012 ODA Totals by Implementing Agency Pand Appropriation
                               Bilateral Gross Disbursements (in $U.S., Millions)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                  Treasury
                    Agency                         Symbol                  Appropriation                 Amount
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
African Development...........................      11x0700   African Development Foundation.........        31
  Foundation..................................
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Agriculture.....................      11x0091   Debt Restructuring.....................         5
Department of Agriculture.....................      12x1106   National Forest System, Forest Service.         1
Department of Agriculture.....................      12x1400   Salaries and Expenses, Agricultural             0
                                                               Research Service.
Department of Agriculture.....................      12x1500   Research and Education Activities,              1
                                                               Cooperative State Research, Education,
                                                               and Extension Service.
Department of Agriculture.....................      12x1600   Salaries and Expenses, Animal Plant             1
                                                               Health Inspection Service.
Department of Agriculture.....................      12x2277   Public Law 480 Program Account, Title I       152
Department of Agriculture.....................      12x2900   Salaries and Expenses, Foreign                 17
                                                               Agricultural Service.
Department of Agriculture.....................      12x2903   McGovern-Dole International Food for          163
                                                               Education and Child Nutrition Program
                                                               Grants.
Department of Agriculture.....................      70x0800   Research, Development, Acquisition, and         0
                                                               Operations, Science and Technology,
                                                               Homeland Security.
Department of Agriculture.....................      72x1037   Economic Support Fund..................         1
Department of Agriculture.....................      80x0120   Science, National Aeronautics and Space         0
                                                               Administration.
Department of Agriculture.....................      97x0134   Former Soviet Union Threat Reduction,           0
                                                               Defense.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Commerce........................      13x0500   Scientific & Technical Research &               0
                                                               Services, NIST.
Department of Commerce........................      13x1006   Patent and Trademark Office, Salaries           2
                                                               and Expenses.
Department of Commerce........................      13x1250   International Trade Administration,             2
                                                               Operations & Administration.
Department of Commerce........................      13x1450   National Oceanic & Atmospheric                  1
                                                               Administration, Operations, Research &
                                                               Facilities.
Department of Commerce........................      72x1021   Development Assistance.................         4
Department of Commerce........................      72x1093   Assistance for the Independent States           0
                                                               of the Former Soviet Union.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Defense.........................      19x1030   Global HIV/AIDs Initiative.............         4
Department of Defense.........................      19x1031   Global Health and Child Survival.......        72
Department of Defense.........................      21x2020   Operations and Maintenance, Army.......       103
Department of Defense.........................      72x0306   Assistance for Europe, Eurasia and              3
                                                               Central Asia (AEECA).
Department of Defense.........................      72x1037   Economic Support Fund..................         1
Department of Defense.........................      72x1095   Child Survival and Health Programs              0
                                                               Fund, United States.
Department of Defense.........................      97x0100   Operation and Maintenance, Defense-Wide       178
Department of Defense.........................      97x0130   Defense Health Program.................         9
Department of Defense.........................      97x0819   Overseas Humanitarian, Disaster, and          121
                                                               Civic Aid Defense.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Energy..........................      11x1075   Nonproliferation, Anti-Terrorism,               3
                                                               Demining and Related Programs.
Department of Energy..........................      89x0309   Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation,             129
                                                               Department of Energy.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Health and Human Services.......      19x1030   Global HIV/AIDs Initiative.............        18
Department of Health and Human Services.......      19x1031   Global Health and Child Survival.......     1,640
Department of Health and Human Services.......      72x1095   Child Survival and Health Programs             13
                                                               Fund, United States.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x0140   Public Health and Social Services              16
                                                               Emergency Fund.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x0885   National Institute of Allergy and             392
                                                               Infectious Diseases, National
                                                               Institutes of Health.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x0892   National Institute of Mental Health,            0
                                                               National Institutes of Health.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x0943   Disease Control, Research, and                140
                                                               Training, Centers for Disease Control.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x0949   Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious                0
                                                               Diseases, Centers for Disease Control
                                                               and Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x0950   HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, Sexually             0
                                                               Transmitted Diseases and Tuberculosis
                                                               Prevention, Centers for Disease
                                                               Control and Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x0951   Immunization and Respiratory Diseases,          3
                                                               Centers for Disease Control and
                                                               Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x0955   Global Health, Centers for Disease             75
                                                               Control and Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x0956   Public Health Preparedness and                  0
                                                               Response, Centers for Disease Control
                                                               and Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x0959   Public Health Scientific Services,              0
                                                               Centers for Disease Control and
                                                               Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x1503   Refugee and Entrant Assistance,               631
                                                               Administration for Children and
                                                               Families.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x8250   Gifts and Donations, Centers for                0
                                                               Disease Control.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Homeland........................      11x1022   International Narcotics Control and Law         0
  Security....................................                 Enforcement.
Department of Homeland........................      11x1075   Nonproliferation, Anti-Terrorism,               3
  Security....................................                 Demining and Related Programs.
Department of Homeland........................      19x1154   Andean Counterdrug Initiative,                  0
  Security....................................                 Department of State.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Justice.........................      11x1022   International Narcotics Control and Law         2
                                                               Enforcement.
Department of Justice.........................      15x0128   Department of Justice, General Legal            0
                                                               Activities.
Department of Justice.........................      15x0200   Salaries and Expenses, Federal Bureau           0
                                                               of Investigation.
Department of Justice.........................      15x1100   Salaries and Expenses, Drug Enforcement         1
                                                               Administration.
Department of Justice.........................      15x5042   Assets Forfeiture Fund, Justice........         0
Department of Justice.........................      72x1037   Economic Support Fund..................         0
Department of Justice.........................      95x2750   Millennium Challenge Corporation.......         1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Labor...........................      16x0165   Department of Labor, Departmental              68
                                                               Management.
Department of Labor...........................      19x1030   Global HIV/AIDs Initiative.............         1
Department of Labor...........................      19x1031   Global Health and Child Survival.......         0
Department of Labor...........................      19x1121   Democracy Fund, Department of State....         5
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of State...........................      11x0040   United States Emergency Refugee and            28
                                                               Migration Assistance Fund.
Department of State...........................      11x1022   International Narcotics Control and Law       322
                                                               Enforcement.
Department of State...........................      11x1075   Nonproliferation, Anti-Terrorism,             191
                                                               Demining and Related Programs.
Department of State...........................      12x3505   Food Stamp Program, Food and Nutrition         60
                                                               Service.
Department of State...........................      19x0113   Diplomatic and Consular Programs,               5
                                                               Department of State.
Department of State...........................      19x0209   Educational and Cultural Exchange               1
                                                               Programs, Department of State.
Department of State...........................      19x0210   National Endowment for Democracy,             117
                                                               Department of State.
Department of State...........................      19x1005   International Organizations and                 4
                                                               Programs, State.
Department of State...........................      19x1030   Global HIV/AIDs Initiative.............        14
Department of State...........................      19x1031   Global Health and Child Survival.......        63
Department of State...........................      19x1121   Democracy Fund, Department of State....        29
Department of State...........................      19x1126   Contributions to International                 28
                                                               Organizations, Department of State.
Department of State...........................      19x1143   Migration and Refugee Assistance,           1,784
                                                               Department of State.
Department of State...........................      72x0306   Assistance for Europe, Eurasia and          1,490
                                                               Central Asia (AEECA).
Department of State...........................      72x1037   Economic Support Fund..................        64
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Transportation..................      11x1001   Trade and Development Agency...........         0
Department of Transportation..................      69x1301   Federal Aviation Administration,                0
                                                               Operations.
Department of Transportation..................      72x1021   Development Assistance.................         7
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of the Interior....................      14x0412   Assistance to Territories, Insular              2
                                                               Affairs.
Department of the Interior....................      14x0415   Compact of Free Association, Department       206
                                                               of Interior.
Department of the Interior....................      14x1611   U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,                 5
                                                               Resource Management.
Department of the Interior....................      14x1652   Multinational Species Conservation              7
                                                               Fund, United States Fish and Wildlife
                                                               Service.
Department of the Interior....................      14x1696   Neotropical Migratory Bird                      0
                                                               Conservation, U.S. Fish and Wildlife
                                                               Service.
Department of the Interior....................      14x5029   U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Federal         0
                                                               Aid to Wildlife Restoration.
Department of the Interior....................      14x5241   U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, North           0
                                                               American Wetlands Conservation Fund.
Department of the Interior....................      14x8216   U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,                 0
                                                               Contributed Funds.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of the Treasury....................      11x1045   International Affairs Technical                20
                                                               Assistance.
Department of the Treasury....................      11x1075   Nonproliferation, Anti-Terrorism,               0
                                                               Demining and Related Programs.
Department of the Treasury....................      11x1096   Iraq Relief and Reconstruction Fund,            0
                                                               Executive Office of the President.
Department of the Treasury....................      11x1475   Global Agriculture and Food Security          160
                                                               Program (Fund).
Department of the Treasury....................      72x0306   Assistance for Europe, Eurasia and              4
                                                               Central Asia (AEECA).
Department of the Treasury....................      72x1010   Assistance for Eastern Europe and the           0
                                                               Baltic States.
Department of the Treasury....................      72x1093   Assistance for the Independent States           0
                                                               of the Former Soviet Union.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Environmental Protection Agency...............      68x0107   Environmental Protection Agency,                0
                                                               Science and Technology.
Environmental Protection Agency...............      68x0108   Environmental Programs and Management,          8
                                                               Environmental Protection Agency.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Export-Import Bank of the United States.......      83x0100   Export-Import Bank Loans Program               14
                                                               Account.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Federal Trade Commission......................      13x0120   Department of Commerce, Departmental            0
                                                               Management.
Federal Trade Commission......................      13x1250   International Trade Administration,             0
                                                               Operations & Administration.
Federal Trade Commission......................      29x0100   Federal Trade Commission, Salaries and          0
                                                               Expenses.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Inter-American Foundation.....................      11x3100   Inter-American Foundation..............        24
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Millennium Challenge..........................      95x2750   Millennium Challenge Corporation.......     1,355
  Corporation.................................
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Peace Corps...................................      11x0100   Peace Corps............................       372
Peace Corps...................................      11x0110   Salaries and Expenses, the White House.         0
Peace Corps...................................      19x1030   Global HIV/AIDs Initiative.............         0
Peace Corps...................................      19x1031   Global Health and Child Survival.......        24
Peace Corps...................................      72x0306   Assistance for Europe, Eurasia and              2
                                                               Central Asia (AEECA).
Peace Corps...................................      72x1021   Development Assistance.................         7
Peace Corps...................................      72x1037   Economic Support Fund..................         1
Peace Corps...................................      75x0955   Global Health, Centers for Disease              0
                                                               Control and Prevention.
Peace Corps...................................      95x2750   Millennium Challenge Corporation.......         0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Trade and Development Agency..................      11x1001   Trade and Development Agency...........        35
Trade and Development Agency..................      72x1037   Economic Support Fund..................         4
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      11x0091   Debt Restructuring.....................        16
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      11x1096   Iraq Relief and Reconstruction Fund,            0
                                                               Executive Office of the President.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      12x2278   Public Law 480 Title II Grants.........     1,639
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      12x4336   Commodity Credit Corporation Fund......         0
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      19x1030   Global HIV/AIDs Initiative.............        13
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      19x1031   Global Health and Child Survival.......     3,632
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      19x1121   Democracy Fund, Department of State....        40
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      19x1154   Andean Counterdrug Initiative,                  3
                                                               Department of State.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x0300   Capital Investment Fund, United States.       134
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x0302   Capital Investment Fund of the USAID -          0
                                                               Recovery Act.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x0305   Civilian Stabilization Initiative......         5
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x0306   Assistance for Europe, Eurasia and            475
                                                               Central Asia (AEECA).
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1000   Operating Expenses of USAID............     1,315
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1007   Operating Expenses of the USAID, Office        53
                                                               of Inspector General.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1010   Assistance for Eastern Europe and the          11
                                                               Baltic States.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1014   Sub-Saharan Africa, Development                 0
                                                               Assistance.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1015   Complex Crises Fund....................        22
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1021   Development Assistance.................     1,932
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1027   Transition Initiatives, International          41
                                                               Assistance Program.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1033   HIV/AIDS Working Capital Fund,                454
                                                               International Development.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1035   International Disaster and Famine             992
                                                               Assistance.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1036   Payment to the Foreign Service                 45
                                                               Retirement and Disability Fund.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1037   Economic Support Fund..................     4,538
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1093   Assistance for the Independent States          29
                                                               of the Former Soviet Union.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1095   Child Survival and Health Programs             40
                                                               Fund, United States.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1264   Development Credit Authority, United           24
                                                               States.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x4103   Development Loan Fund, Executive.......         0
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x4344   Housing and Other Credit Guaranty              18
                                                               Programs, Guaranty Loan Financing
                                                               Account.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x4513   Working Capital Fund, International            20
                                                               Assistance Program.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x8342   Foreign National Employees Separation           6
                                                               Liability Fund.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x8824   Gifts and Contributions, Inter-American        76
                                                               Foundation.
================================================================================================================
  Total Gross                                                   .....................................    26,042
    Disbursements
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0's represent values less than $500,000
Source: U.S. Annual Submission to the OECD/DAC via USAID's Foreign Assistance Database (FADB)
Prepared by USAID Economic Analysis and Data Services on November 26, 2013



                     Table 7.--CY 2012 ODA Totals by Implementing Agency Pand Appropriation
                              Multilateral Gross Disbursements (in $U.S., Millions)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                  Treasury
                    Agency                         Symbol                  Appropriation                 Amount
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of State...........................      11x1075   Nonproliferation, Anti-Terrorism,              78
                                                               Demining and Related Programs.
Department of State...........................      19x1005   International Organizations and               335
                                                               Programs, State.
Department of State...........................      19x1124   Contributions to Peacekeeping                 129
                                                               Activities, Department of State.
Department of State...........................      19x1126   Contributions to International                515
                                                               Organizations, Department of State.
Department of State...........................      19x1143   Migration and Refugee Assistance,              11
                                                               Department of State.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of the Treasury....................      11x0071   Contribution to the Strategic Climate          75
                                                               Fund.
Department of the Treasury....................      11x0072   Contribution to the Inter-American             86
                                                               Development Bank.
Department of the Treasury....................      11x0073   Contribution to the International           1,492
                                                               Development Association.
Department of the Treasury....................      11x0076   Contribution to the Asian Development         290
                                                               Bank.
Department of the Treasury....................      11x0077   Global Environment Facility............       237
Department of the Treasury....................      11x0079   Contribution to the African Development       246
                                                               Fund.
Department of the Treasury....................      11x0080   Contribution to the Clean Technology          230
                                                               Fund.
Department of the Treasury....................      11x0082   Contribution to the African Development        32
                                                               Bank.
Department of the Treasury....................      11x0089   Contribution to the Enterprise for the         50
                                                               Americas Multilateral Investment Fund.
Department of the Treasury....................      11x1039   Contribution to the International Fund         26
                                                               for Agricultural Development.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Environmental Protection Agency...............      68x0108   Environmental Programs and Management,          4
                                                               Environmental Protection Agency.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      19x1031   Global Health and Child Survival.......     1,385
================================================================================================================
  Total Multilateral Gross                                      .....................................     5,221
    Disbursements
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0's represent values less than $500,000
Source: U.S. Annual Submission to the OECD/DAC via USAID's Foreign Assistance Database (FADB)
Prepared by USAID Economic Analysis and Data Services on November 26, 2013



                     Table 8.--CY 2012 ODA Totals by Implementing Agency Pand Appropriation
                               Bilateral Gross Disbursements (in $U.S., Millions)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                  Treasury
                    Agency                         Symbol                  Appropriation                 Amount
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
African Development...........................      11x0700   African Development Foundation.........        31
  Foundation..................................
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Agriculture.....................      11x0091   Debt Restructuring.....................         5
Department of Agriculture.....................      12x1106   National Forest System, Forest Service.         1
Department of Agriculture.....................      12x1400   Salaries and Expenses, Agricultural             0
                                                               Research Service.
Department of Agriculture.....................      12x1500   Research and Education Activities,              1
                                                               Cooperative State Research, Education,
                                                               and Extension Service.
Department of Agriculture.....................      12x1600   Salaries and Expenses, Animal Plant             1
                                                               Health Inspection Service.
Department of Agriculture.....................      12x2277   Public Law 480 Program Account, Title I      -178
Department of Agriculture.....................      12x2900   Salaries and Expenses, Foreign                 17
                                                               Agricultural Service.
Department of Agriculture.....................      12x2903   McGovern-Dole International Food for          163
                                                               Education and Child Nutrition Program
                                                               Grants.
Department of Agriculture.....................      70x0800   Research, Development, Acquisition, and         0
                                                               Operations, Science and Technology,
                                                               Homeland Security.
Department of Agriculture.....................      72x1037   Economic Support Fund..................         1
Department of Agriculture.....................      80x0120   Science, National Aeronautics and Space         0
                                                               Administration.
Department of Agriculture.....................      97x0134   Former Soviet Union Threat Reduction,           0
                                                               Defense.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Commerce........................      13x0500   Scientific & Technical Research &               0
                                                               Services, NIST.
Department of Commerce........................      13x1006   Patent and Trademark Office, Salaries           2
                                                               and Expenses.
Department of Commerce........................      13x1250   International Trade Administration,             2
                                                               Operations & Administration.
Department of Commerce........................      13x1450   National Oceanic & Atmospheric                  1
                                                               Administration, Operations, Research &
                                                               Facilities.
Department of Commerce........................      72x1021   Development Assistance.................         4
Department of Commerce........................      72x1093   Assistance for the Independent States           0
                                                               of the Former Soviet Union.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Defense.........................      19x1030   Global HIV/AIDs Initiative.............         4
Department of Defense.........................      19x1031   Global Health and Child Survival.......        72
Department of Defense.........................      21x2020   Operations and Maintenance, Army.......       103
Department of Defense.........................      72x0306   Assistance for Europe, Eurasia and              3
                                                               Central Asia (AEECA).
Department of Defense.........................      72x1037   Economic Support Fund..................         1
Department of Defense.........................      72x1095   Child Survival and Health Programs              0
                                                               Fund, United States.
Department of Defense.........................      97x0100   Operation and Maintenance, Defense-Wide       178
Department of Defense.........................      97x0130   Defense Health Program.................         9
Department of Defense.........................      97x0819   Overseas Humanitarian, Disaster, and          121
                                                               Civic Aid Defense.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Energy..........................      11x1075   Nonproliferation, Anti-Terrorism,               3
                                                               Demining and Related Programs.
Department of Energy..........................      89x0309   Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation,             129
                                                               Department of Energy.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Health and Human Services.......      19x1030   Global HIV/AIDs Initiative.............        18
Department of Health and Human Services.......      19x1031   Global Health and Child Survival.......     1,640
Department of Health and Human Services.......      72x1095   Child Survival and Health Programs             13
                                                               Fund, United States.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x0140   Public Health and Social Services              16
                                                               Emergency Fund.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x0885   National Institute of Allergy and             392
                                                               Infectious Diseases, National
                                                               Institutes of Health.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x0892   National Institute of Mental Health,            0
                                                               National Institutes of Health.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x0943   Disease Control, Research, and                140
                                                               Training, Centers for Disease Control.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x0949   Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious                0
                                                               Diseases, Centers for Disease Control
                                                               and Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x0950   HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, Sexually             0
                                                               Transmitted Diseases and Tuberculosis
                                                               Prevention, Centers for Disease
                                                               Control and Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x0951   Immunization and Respiratory Diseases,          3
                                                               Centers for Disease Control and
                                                               Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x0952   Injury Prevention and Control, Centers   .........
                                                               and Disease Control and Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x0955   Global Health, Centers for Disease             75
                                                               Control and Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x0956   Public Health Preparedness and                  0
                                                               Response, Centers for Disease Control
                                                               and Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x0959   Public Health Scientific Services,              0
                                                               Centers for Disease Control and
                                                               Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x1503   Refugee and Entrant Assistance,               631
                                                               Administration for Children and
                                                               Families.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x8250   Gifts and Donations, Centers for                0
                                                               Disease Control.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Homeland........................      11x1022   International Narcotics Control and Law         0
  Security....................................                 Enforcement.
Department of Homeland........................      11x1075   Nonproliferation, Anti-Terrorism,               3
  Security....................................                 Demining and Related Programs.
Department of Homeland........................      19x1154   Andean Counterdrug Initiative,                  0
  Security....................................                 Department of State.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Justice.........................      11x1022   International Narcotics Control and Law         2
                                                               Enforcement.
Department of Justice.........................      15x0128   Department of Justice, General Legal            0
                                                               Activities.
Department of Justice.........................      15x0200   Salaries and Expenses, Federal Bureau           0
                                                               of Investigation.
Department of Justice.........................      15x1100   Salaries and Expenses, Drug Enforcement         1
                                                               Administration.
Department of Justice.........................      15x5042   Assets Forfeiture Fund, Justice........         0
Department of Justice.........................      72x1037   Economic Support Fund..................         0
Department of Justice.........................      95x2750   Millennium Challenge Corporation.......         1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Labor...........................      16x0165   Department of Labor, Departmental              68
                                                               Management.
Department of Labor...........................      19x1030   Global HIV/AIDs Initiative.............         1
Department of Labor...........................      19x1031   Global Health and Child Survival.......         0
Department of Labor...........................      19x1121   Democracy Fund, Department of State....         5
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of State...........................      11x0040   United States Emergency Refugee and            28
                                                               Migration Assistance Fund.
Department of State...........................      11x1022   International Narcotics Control and Law       322
                                                               Enforcement.
Department of State...........................      11x1075   Nonproliferation, Anti-Terrorism,             269
                                                               Demining and Related Programs.
Department of State...........................      12x3505   Food Stamp Program, Food and Nutrition         60
                                                               Service.
Department of State...........................      19x0113   Diplomatic and Consular Programs,               5
                                                               Department of State.
Department of State...........................      19x0209   Educational and Cultural Exchange               1
                                                               Programs, Department of State.
Department of State...........................      19x0210   National Endowment for Democracy,             117
                                                               Department of State.
Department of State...........................      19x1005   International Organizations and               338
                                                               Programs, State.
Department of State...........................      19x1030   Global HIV/AIDs Initiative.............        14
Department of State...........................      19x1031   Global Health and Child Survival.......        63
Department of State...........................      19x1121   Democracy Fund, Department of State....        29
Department of State...........................      19x1124   Contributions to Peacekeeping                 129
                                                               Activities, Department of State.
Department of State...........................      19x1126   Contributions to International                543
                                                               Organizations, Department of State.
Department of State...........................      19x1143   Migration and Refugee Assistance,           1,795
                                                               Department of State.
Department of State...........................      72x0306   Assistance for Europe, Eurasia and          1,490
                                                               Central Asia (AEECA).
Department of State...........................      72x1037   Economic Support Fund..................        64
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Transportation..................      11x1001   Trade and Development Agency...........         0
Department of Transportation..................      69x1301   Federal Aviation Administration,                0
                                                               Operations.
Department of Transportation..................      72x1021   Development Assistance.................         7
Department of Transportation..................      72x1037   Economic Support Fund..................  .........
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of the Interior....................      14x0412   Assistance to Territories, Insular              2
                                                               Affairs.
Department of the Interior....................      14x0415   Compact of Free Association, Department       206
                                                               of Interior.
Department of the Interior....................      14x1611   U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,                 5
                                                               Resource Management.
Department of the Interior....................      14x1652   Multinational Species Conservation              7
                                                               Fund, United States Fish and Wildlife
                                                               Service.
Department of the Interior....................      14x1696   Neotropical Migratory Bird                      0
                                                               Conservation, U.S. Fish and Wildlife
                                                               Service.
Department of the Interior....................      14x5029   U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Federal         0
                                                               Aid to Wildlife Restoration.
Department of the Interior....................      14x5241   U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, North           0
                                                               American Wetlands Conservation Fund.
Department of the Interior....................      14x8216   U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,                 0
                                                               Contributed Funds.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of the Treasury....................      11x0071   Contribution to the Strategic Climate          75
                                                               Fund.
Department of the Treasury....................      11x0072   Contribution to the Inter-American             86
                                                               Development Bank.
Department of the Treasury....................      11x0073   Contribution to the International           1,492
                                                               Development Association.
Department of the Treasury....................      11x0076   Contribution to the Asian Development         290
                                                               Bank.
Department of the Treasury....................      11x0077   Global Environment Facility............       237
Department of the Treasury....................      11x0079   Contribution to the African Development       246
                                                               Fund.
Department of the Treasury....................      11x0080   Contribution to the Clean Technology          230
                                                               Fund.
Department of the Treasury....................      11x0082   Contribution to the African Development        32
                                                               Bank.
Department of the Treasury....................      11x0089   Contribution to the Enterprise for the         50
                                                               Americas Multilateral Investment Fund.
Department of the Treasury....................      11x1039   Contribution to the International Fund         26
                                                               for Agricultural Development.
Department of the Treasury....................      11x1045   International Affairs Technical                20
                                                               Assistance.
Department of the Treasury....................      11x1075   Nonproliferation, Anti-Terrorism,               0
                                                               Demining and Related Programs.
Department of the Treasury....................      11x1096   Iraq Relief and Reconstruction Fund,            0
                                                               Executive Office of the President.
Department of the Treasury....................      11x1475   Global Agriculture and Food Security          160
                                                               Program (Fund).
Department of the Treasury....................      72x0306   Assistance for Europe, Eurasia and              4
                                                               Central Asia (AEECA).
Department of the Treasury....................      72x1010   Assistance for Eastern Europe and the           0
                                                               Baltic States.
Department of the Treasury....................      72x1093   Assistance for the Independent States           0
                                                               of the Former Soviet Union.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Environmental Protection Agency...............      68x0107   Environmental Protection Agency,                0
                                                               Science and Technology.
Environmental Protection Agency...............      68x0108   Environmental Programs and Management,         13
                                                               Environmental Protection Agency.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Export-Import Bank of the United States.......      83x0100   Export-Import Bank Loans Program               14
                                                               Account.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Federal Trade Commission......................      13x0120   Department of Commerce, Departmental            0
                                                               Management.
Federal Trade Commission......................      13x1250   International Trade Administration,             0
                                                               Operations & Administration.
Federal Trade Commission......................      29x0100   Federal Trade Commission, Salaries and          0
                                                               Expenses.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Inter-American Foundation.....................      11x3100   Inter-American Foundation..............        24
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Millennium Challenge..........................      95x2750   Millennium Challenge Corporation.......     1,355
  Corporation.................................
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Peace Corps...................................      11x0100   Peace Corps............................       372
Peace Corps...................................      11x0110   Salaries and Expenses, the White House.         0
Peace Corps...................................      19x1030   Global HIV/AIDs Initiative.............         0
Peace Corps...................................      19x1031   Global Health and Child Survival.......        24
Peace Corps...................................      72x0306   Assistance for Europe, Eurasia and              2
                                                               Central Asia (AEECA).
Peace Corps...................................      72x1021   Development Assistance.................         7
Peace Corps...................................      72x1037   Economic Support Fund..................         1
Peace Corps...................................      75x0955   Global Health, Centers for Disease              0
                                                               Control and Prevention.
Peace Corps...................................      95x2750   Millennium Challenge Corporation.......         0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Trade and Development Agency..................      11x1001   Trade and Development Agency...........        35
Trade and Development Agency..................      72x1037   Economic Support Fund..................         4
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      11x0091   Debt Restructuring.....................         9
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      11x1096   Iraq Relief and Reconstruction Fund,            0
                                                               Executive Office of the President.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      12x2278   Public Law 480 Title II Grants.........     1,639
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      12x4336   Commodity Credit Corporation Fund......         0
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      19x1030   Global HIV/AIDs Initiative.............        13
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      19x1031   Global Health and Child Survival.......     5,018
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      19x1121   Democracy Fund, Department of State....        40
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      19x1154   Andean Counterdrug Initiative,                  3
                                                               Department of State.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x0300   Capital Investment Fund, United States.       134
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x0302   Capital Investment Fund of the USAID -          0
                                                               Recovery Act.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x0305   Civilian Stabilization Initiative......         5
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x0306   Assistance for Europe, Eurasia and            475
                                                               Central Asia (AEECA).
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1000   Operating Expenses of USAID............     1,315
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1007   Operating Expenses of the USAID, Office        53
                                                               of Inspector General.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1010   Assistance for Eastern Europe and the          11
                                                               Baltic States.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1012   Sahel Development Program..............  .........
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1014   Sub-Saharan Africa, Development                 0
                                                               Assistance.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1015   Complex Crises Fund....................        22
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1021   Development Assistance.................     1,932
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1027   Transition Initiatives, International          41
                                                               Assistance Program.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1029   Tsunami Recovery and Reconstruction      .........
                                                               Fund.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1033   HIV/AIDS Working Capital Fund,                454
                                                               International Development.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1035   International Disaster and Famine             992
                                                               Assistance.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1036   Payment to the Foreign Service                 45
                                                               Retirement and Disability Fund.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1037   Economic Support Fund..................     4,538
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1093   Assistance for the Independent States          29
                                                               of the Former Soviet Union.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1095   Child Survival and Health Programs             40
                                                               Fund, United States.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1096   Central America and the Caribbean        .........
                                                               Emergency Disaster Recovery Fund.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1264   Development Credit Authority, United           24
                                                               States.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x4103   Development Loan Fund, Executive.......      -238
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x4344   Housing and Other Credit Guaranty              18
                                                               Programs, Guaranty Loan Financing
                                                               Account.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x4513   Working Capital Fund, International            20
                                                               Assistance Program.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x8342   Foreign National Employees Separation           6
                                                               Liability Fund.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x8824   Gifts and Contributions, Inter-American        76
                                                               Foundation.
================================================================================================================
  Total Net Disbursements                       ............  .......................................    30,687
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0's represent values less than $500,000
Source: U.S. Annual Submission to the OECD/DAC via USAID's Foreign Assistance Database (FADB)
Prepared by USAID Economic Analysis and Data Services on November 26, 2013



                     Table 9.--CY 2012 ODA Totals by Implementing Agency  and Appropriation
                                Bilateral Net Disbursements (in $U.S., Millions)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                  Treasury
                    Agency                         Symbol                  Appropriation                 Amount
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
African Development...........................      11x0700   African Development Foundation.........        31
  Foundation..................................
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Agriculture.....................      11x0091   Debt Restructuring.....................         5
Department of Agriculture.....................      12x1106   National Forest System, Forest Service.         1
Department of Agriculture.....................      12x1400   Salaries and Expenses, Agricultural             0
                                                               Research Service.
Department of Agriculture.....................      12x1500   Research and Education Activities,              1
                                                               Cooperative State Research, Education,
                                                               and Extension Service.
Department of Agriculture.....................      12x1600   Salaries and Expenses, Animal Plant             1
                                                               Health Inspection Service.
Department of Agriculture.....................      12x2277   Public Law 480 Program Account, Title I      -178
Department of Agriculture.....................      12x2900   Salaries and Expenses, Foreign                 17
                                                               Agricultural Service.
Department of Agriculture.....................      12x2903   McGovern-Dole International Food for          163
                                                               Education and Child Nutrition Program
                                                               Grants.
Department of Agriculture.....................      70x0800   Research, Development, Acquisition, and         0
                                                               Operations, Science and Technology,
                                                               Homeland Security.
Department of Agriculture.....................      72x1037   Economic Support Fund..................         1
Department of Agriculture.....................      80x0120   Science, National Aeronautics and Space         0
                                                               Administration.
Department of Agriculture.....................      97x0134   Former Soviet Union Threat Reduction,           0
                                                               Defense.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Commerce........................      13x0500   Scientific & Technical Research &               0
                                                               Services, NIST.
Department of Commerce........................      13x1006   Patent and Trademark Office, Salaries           2
                                                               and Expenses.
Department of Commerce........................      13x1250   International Trade Administration,             2
                                                               Operations & Administration.
Department of Commerce........................      13x1450   National Oceanic & Atmospheric                  1
                                                               Administration, Operations, Research &
                                                               Facilities.
Department of Commerce........................      72x1021   Development Assistance.................         4
Department of Commerce........................      72x1093   Assistance for the Independent States           0
                                                               of the Former Soviet Union.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Defense.........................      19x1030   Global HIV/AIDs Initiative.............         4
Department of Defense.........................      19x1031   Global Health and Child Survival.......        72
Department of Defense.........................      21x2020   Operations and Maintenance, Army.......       103
Department of Defense.........................      72x0306   Assistance for Europe, Eurasia and              3
                                                               Central Asia (AEECA).
Department of Defense.........................      72x1037   Economic Support Fund..................         1
Department of Defense.........................      72x1095   Child Survival and Health Programs              0
                                                               Fund, United States.
Department of Defense.........................      97x0100   Operation and Maintenance, Defense-Wide       178
Department of Defense.........................      97x0130   Defense Health Program.................         9
Department of Defense.........................      97x0819   Overseas Humanitarian, Disaster, and          121
                                                               Civic Aid Defense.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Energy..........................      11x1075   Nonproliferation, Anti-Terrorism,               3
                                                               Demining and Related Programs.
Department of Energy..........................      89x0309   Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation,             129
                                                               Department of Energy.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Health and Human Services.......      19x1030   Global HIV/AIDs Initiative.............        18
Department of Health and Human Services.......      19x1031   Global Health and Child Survival.......     1,640
Department of Health and Human Services.......      72x1095   Child Survival and Health Programs             13
                                                               Fund, United States.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x0140   Public Health and Social Services              16
                                                               Emergency Fund.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x0885   National Institute of Allergy and             392
                                                               Infectious Diseases, National
                                                               Institutes of Health.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x0892   National Institute of Mental Health,            0
                                                               National Institutes of Health.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x0943   Disease Control, Research, and                140
                                                               Training, Centers for Disease Control.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x0949   Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious                0
                                                               Diseases, Centers for Disease Control
                                                               and Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x0950   HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, Sexually             0
                                                               Transmitted Diseases and Tuberculosis
                                                               Prevention, Centers for Disease
                                                               Control and Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x0951   Immunization and Respiratory Diseases,          3
                                                               Centers for Disease Control and
                                                               Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x0955   Global Health, Centers for Disease             75
                                                               Control and Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x0956   Public Health Preparedness and                  0
                                                               Response, Centers for Disease Control
                                                               and Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x0959   Public Health Scientific Services,              0
                                                               Centers for Disease Control and
                                                               Prevention.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x1503   Refugee and Entrant Assistance,               631
                                                               Administration for Children and
                                                               Families.
Department of Health and Human Services.......      75x8250   Gifts and Donations, Centers for                0
                                                               Disease Control.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Homeland........................      11x1022   International Narcotics Control and Law         0
  Security....................................                 Enforcement.
Department of Homeland........................      11x1075   Nonproliferation, Anti-Terrorism,               3
  Security....................................                 Demining and Related Programs.
Department of Homeland........................      19x1154   Andean Counterdrug Initiative,                  0
  Security....................................                 Department of State.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Justice.........................      11x1022   International Narcotics Control and Law         2
                                                               Enforcement.
Department of Justice.........................      15x0128   Department of Justice, General Legal            0
                                                               Activities.
Department of Justice.........................      15x0200   Salaries and Expenses, Federal Bureau           0
                                                               of Investigation.
Department of Justice.........................      15x1100   Salaries and Expenses, Drug Enforcement         1
                                                               Administration.
Department of Justice.........................      15x5042   Assets Forfeiture Fund, Justice........         0
Department of Justice.........................      72x1037   Economic Support Fund..................         0
Department of Justice.........................      95x2750   Millennium Challenge Corporation.......         1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Labor...........................      16x0165   Department of Labor, Departmental              68
                                                               Management.
Department of Labor...........................      19x1030   Global HIV/AIDs Initiative.............         1
Department of Labor...........................      19x1031   Global Health and Child Survival.......         0
Department of Labor...........................      19x1121   Democracy Fund, Department of State....         5
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of State...........................      11x0040   United States Emergency Refugee and            28
                                                               Migration Assistance Fund.
Department of State...........................      11x1022   International Narcotics Control and Law       322
                                                               Enforcement.
Department of State...........................      11x1075   Nonproliferation, Anti-Terrorism,             191
                                                               Demining and Related Programs.
Department of State...........................      12x3505   Food Stamp Program, Food and Nutrition         60
                                                               Service.
Department of State...........................      19x0113   Diplomatic and Consular Programs,               5
                                                               Department of State.
Department of State...........................      19x0209   Educational and Cultural Exchange               1
                                                               Programs, Department of State.
Department of State...........................      19x0210   National Endowment for Democracy,             117
                                                               Department of State.
Department of State...........................      19x1005   International Organizations and                 4
                                                               Programs, State.
Department of State...........................      19x1030   Global HIV/AIDs Initiative.............        14
Department of State...........................      19x1031   Global Health and Child Survival.......        63
Department of State...........................      19x1121   Democracy Fund, Department of State....        29
Department of State...........................      19x1126   Contributions to International                 28
                                                               Organizations, Department of State.
Department of State...........................      19x1143   Migration and Refugee Assistance,           1,784
                                                               Department of State.
Department of State...........................      72x0306   Assistance for Europe, Eurasia and          1,490
                                                               Central Asia (AEECA).
Department of State...........................      72x1037   Economic Support Fund..................        64
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Transportation..................      11x1001   Trade and Development Agency...........         0
Department of Transportation..................      69x1301   Federal Aviation Administration,                0
                                                               Operations.
Department of Transportation..................      72x1021   Development Assistance.................         7
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of the Interior....................      14x0412   Assistance to Territories, Insular              2
                                                               Affairs.
Department of the Interior....................      14x0415   Compact of Free Association, Department       206
                                                               of Interior.
Department of the Interior....................      14x1611   U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,                 5
                                                               Resource Management.
Department of the Interior....................      14x1652   Multinational Species Conservation              7
                                                               Fund, United States Fish and Wildlife
                                                               Service.
Department of the Interior....................      14x1696   Neotropical Migratory Bird                      0
                                                               Conservation, U.S. Fish and Wildlife
                                                               Service.
Department of the Interior....................      14x5029   U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Federal         0
                                                               Aid to Wildlife Restoration.
Department of the Interior....................      14x5241   U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, North           0
                                                               American Wetlands Conservation Fund.
Department of the Interior....................      14x8216   U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,                 0
                                                               Contributed Funds.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of the Treasury....................      11x1045   International Affairs Technical                20
                                                               Assistance.
Department of the Treasury....................      11x1075   Nonproliferation, Anti-Terrorism,               0
                                                               Demining and Related Programs.
Department of the Treasury....................      11x1096   Iraq Relief and Reconstruction Fund,            0
                                                               Executive Office of the President.
Department of the Treasury....................      11x1475   Global Agriculture and Food Security          160
                                                               Program (Fund).
Department of the Treasury....................      72x0306   Assistance for Europe, Eurasia and              4
                                                               Central Asia (AEECA).
Department of the Treasury....................      72x1010   Assistance for Eastern Europe and the           0
                                                               Baltic States.
Department of the Treasury....................      72x1093   Assistance for the Independent States           0
                                                               of the Former Soviet Union.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Environmental Protection Agency...............      68x0107   Environmental Protection Agency,                0
                                                               Science and Technology.
Environmental Protection Agency...............      68x0108   Environmental Programs and Management,          8
                                                               Environmental Protection Agency.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Export-Import Bank of the United States.......      83x0100   Export-Import Bank Loans Program               14
                                                               Account.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Federal Trade Commission......................      13x0120   Department of Commerce, Departmental            0
                                                               Management.
Federal Trade Commission......................      13x1250   International Trade Administration,             0
                                                               Operations & Administration.
Federal Trade Commission......................      29x0100   Federal Trade Commission, Salaries and          0
                                                               Expenses.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Inter-American Foundation.....................      11x3100   Inter-American Foundation..............        24
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Millennium Challenge..........................      95x2750   Millennium Challenge Corporation.......     1,355
  Corporation.................................
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Peace Corps...................................      11x0100   Peace Corps............................       372
Peace Corps...................................      11x0110   Salaries and Expenses, the White House.         0
Peace Corps...................................      19x1030   Global HIV/AIDs Initiative.............         0
Peace Corps...................................      19x1031   Global Health and Child Survival.......        24
Peace Corps...................................      72x0306   Assistance for Europe, Eurasia and              2
                                                               Central Asia (AEECA).
Peace Corps...................................      72x1021   Development Assistance.................         7
Peace Corps...................................      72x1037   Economic Support Fund..................         1
Peace Corps...................................      75x0955   Global Health, Centers for Disease              0
                                                               Control and Prevention.
Peace Corps...................................      95x2750   Millennium Challenge Corporation.......         0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Trade and Development Agency..................      11x1001   Trade and Development Agency...........        35
Trade and Development Agency..................      72x1037   Economic Support Fund..................         4
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      11x0091   Debt Restructuring.....................         9
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      11x1096   Iraq Relief and Reconstruction Fund,            0
                                                               Executive Office of the President.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      12x2278   Public Law 480 Title II Grants.........     1,639
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      12x4336   Commodity Credit Corporation Fund......         0
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      19x1030   Global HIV/AIDs Initiative.............        13
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      19x1031   Global Health and Child Survival.......     3,632
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      19x1121   Democracy Fund, Department of State....        40
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      19x1154   Andean Counterdrug Initiative,                  3
                                                               Department of State.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x0300   Capital Investment Fund, United States.       134
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x0302   Capital Investment Fund of the USAID -          0
                                                               Recovery Act.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x0305   Civilian Stabilization Initiative......         5
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x0306   Assistance for Europe, Eurasia and            475
                                                               Central Asia (AEECA).
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1000   Operating Expenses of USAID............     1,315
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1007   Operating Expenses of the USAID, Office        53
                                                               of Inspector General.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1010   Assistance for Eastern Europe and the          11
                                                               Baltic States.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1014   Sub-Saharan Africa, Development                 0
                                                               Assistance.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1015   Complex Crises Fund....................        22
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1021   Development Assistance.................     1,932
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1027   Transition Initiatives, International          41
                                                               Assistance Program.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1033   HIV/AIDS Working Capital Fund,                454
                                                               International Development.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1035   International Disaster and Famine             992
                                                               Assistance.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1036   Payment to the Foreign Service                 45
                                                               Retirement and Disability Fund.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1037   Economic Support Fund..................     4,538
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1093   Assistance for the Independent States          29
                                                               of the Former Soviet Union.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1095   Child Survival and Health Programs             40
                                                               Fund, United States.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x1264   Development Credit Authority, United           24
                                                               States.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x4103   Development Loan Fund, Executive.......      -233
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x4344   Housing and Other Credit Guaranty              18
                                                               Programs, Guaranty Loan Financing
                                                               Account.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x4513   Working Capital Fund, International            20
                                                               Assistance Program.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x8342   Foreign National Employees Separation           6
                                                               Liability Fund.
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x8824   Gifts and Contributions, Inter-American        76
                                                               Foundation.
================================================================================================================
  Total Bilateral Net                           ............  .......................................    25,471
    Disbursements
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0's represent values less than $500,000
Source: U.S. Annual Submission to the OECD/DAC via USAID's Foreign Assistance Database (FADB)
Prepared by USAID Economic Analysis and Data Services on November 26, 2013


                     Table 10.--CY 2012 ODA Totals by Implementing Agency  and Appropriation
                               Multilateral Net Disbursements (in $U.S., Millions)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                  Treasury
                    Agency                         Symbol                  Appropriation                 Amount
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of State...........................      11x1075   Nonproliferation, Anti-Terrorism,              78
                                                               Demining and Related Programs.
Department of State...........................      19x1005   International Organizations and               335
                                                               Programs, State.
Department of State...........................      19x1124   Contributions to Peacekeeping                 129
                                                               Activities, Department of State.
Department of State...........................      19x1126   Contributions to International                515
                                                               Organizations, Department of State.
Department of State...........................      19x1143   Migration and Refugee Assistance,              11
                                                               Department of State.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of the Treasury....................      11x0071   Contribution to the Strategic Climate          75
                                                               Fund.
Department of the Treasury....................      11x0072   Contribution to the Inter-American             86
                                                               Development Bank.
Department of the Treasury....................      11x0073   Contribution to the International           1,492
                                                               Development Association.
Department of the Treasury....................      11x0076   Contribution to the Asian Development         290
                                                               Bank.
Department of the Treasury....................      11x0077   Global Environment Facility............       237
Department of the Treasury....................      11x0079   Contribution to the African Development       246
                                                               Fund.
Department of the Treasury....................      11x0080   Contribution to the Clean Technology          230
                                                               Fund.
Department of the Treasury....................      11x0082   Contribution to the African Development        32
                                                               Bank.
Department of the Treasury....................      11x0089   Contribution to the Enterprise for the         50
                                                               Americas Multilateral Investment Fund.
Department of the Treasury....................      11x1039   Contribution to the International Fund         26
                                                               for Agricultural Development.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Environmental Protection Agency...............      68x0108   Environmental Programs and Management,          4
                                                               Environmental Protection Agency.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      19x1031   Global Health and Child Survival.......     1,385
U.S. Agency for International Development.....      72x4103   Development Loan Fund, Executive.......        -5
================================================================================================================
  Total Multilateral Net                                        .....................................     5,216
    Disbursements
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0's represent values less than $500,000
Source: U.S. Annual Submission to the OECD/DAC via USAID's Foreign Assistance Database (FADB)
Prepared by USAID Economic Analysis and Data Services on November 26, 2013



                         Table 11.--Agency List
------------------------------------------------------------------------
              Agency Acronym                         Agency Name
------------------------------------------------------------------------
  ADF.....................................  African Development
                                             Foundation
  AGR.....................................  Department of Agriculture
  AID.....................................  U.S. Agency for
                                             International Development
  COMMERCE................................  Department of Commerce
  DHS.....................................  Department of Homeland
                                             Security
  DOD.....................................  Department of Defense
  DOE.....................................  Department of Energy
  DOT.....................................  Department of Transportation
  DTRE....................................  Department of the Treasury
  EPA.....................................  Environmental Protection
                                             Agency
  EXIM....................................  Export-Import Bank of the
                                             United States
  FTC.....................................  Federal Trade Commission
  HHS.....................................  Department of Health and
                                             Human Services
  IADF....................................  Inter-American Foundation
  INTERIOR................................  Department of the Interior
  JUSTICE.................................  Department of Justice
  LABOR...................................  Department of Labor
  MCC.....................................  Millennium Challenge
                                             Corporation
  PEACE...................................  Peace Corps
  STATE...................................  Department of State
  TDA.....................................  Trade and Development Agency
------------------------------------------------------------------------



                      Table 12.--Appropriation List
------------------------------------------------------------------------
             Treasury Symbol                     Appropriation Name
------------------------------------------------------------------------
  11x0040................................  United States Emergency
                                            Refugee and Migration
                                            Assistance Fund
  11x0071................................  Contribution to the Strategic
                                            Climate Fund
  11x0072................................  Contribution to the Inter-
                                            American Development Bank
  11x0073................................  Contribution to the
                                            International Development
                                            Association
  11x0076................................  Contribution to the Asian
                                            Development Bank
  11x0077................................  Global Environment Facility
  11x0079................................  Contribution to the African
                                            Development Fund
  11x0080................................  Contribution to the Clean
                                            Technology Fund
  11x0082................................  Contribution to the African
                                            Development Bank
  11x0089................................  Contribution to the
                                            Enterprise for the Americas
                                            Multilateral Investment Fund
  11x0091................................  Debt Restructuring
  11x0100................................  Peace Corps
  11x0110................................  Salaries and Expenses, the
                                            White House
  11x0700................................  African Development
                                            Foundation
  11x1001................................  Trade and Development Agency
  11x1022................................  International Narcotics
                                            Control and Law Enforcement
  11x1039................................  Contribution to the
                                            International Fund for
                                            Agricultural Development
  11x1045................................  International Affairs
                                            Technical Assistance
  11x1075................................  Nonproliferation, Anti-
                                            Terrorism, Demining and
                                            Related Programs
  11x1096................................  Iraq Relief and
                                            Reconstruction Fund,
                                            Executive Office of the
                                            President
  11x1475................................  Global Agriculture and Food
                                            Security Program (Fund)
  11x3100................................  Inter-American Foundation
  12x1106................................  National Forest System,
                                            Forest Service
  12x1400................................  Salaries and Expenses,
                                            Agricultural Research
                                            Service
  12x1500................................  Research and Education
                                            Activities, Cooperative
                                            State Research, Education,
                                            and Extension Service
  12x1600................................  Salaries and Expenses, Animal
                                            Plant Health Inspection
                                            Service
  12x2277................................  Public Law 480 Program
                                            Account, Title I
  12x2278................................  Public Law 480 Title II
                                            Grants
  12x2900................................  Salaries and Expenses,
                                            Foreign Agricultural Service
  12x2903................................  McGovern-Dole International
                                            Food for Education and Child
                                            Nutrition Program Grants
  12x3505................................  Food Stamp Program, Food and
                                            Nutrition Service
  12x4336................................  Commodity Credit Corporation
                                            Fund
  13x0120................................  Department of Commerce,
                                            Departmental Management
  13x0500................................  Scientific & Technical
                                            Research & Services, NIST
  13x1006................................  Patent and Trademark Office,
                                            Salaries and Expenses
  13x1250................................  International Trade
                                            Administration, Operations &
                                            Administration
  13x1450................................  National Oceanic &
                                            Atmospheric Administration,
                                            Operations, Research &
                                            Facilities
  14x0412................................  Assistance to Territories,
                                            Insular Affairs
  14x0415................................  Compact of Free Association,
                                            Department of Interior
  14x1611................................  U.S. Fish and Wildlife
                                            Service, Resource Management
  14x1652................................  Multinational Species
                                            Conservation Fund, United
                                            States Fish and Wildlife
                                            Service
  14x1696................................  Neotropical Migratory Bird
                                            Conservation, U.S. Fish and
                                            Wildlife Service
  14x5029................................  U.S. Fish and Wildlife
                                            Service, Federal Aid to
                                            Wildlife Restoration
  14x5241................................  U.S. Fish and Wildlife
                                            Service, North American
                                            Wetlands Conservation Fund
  14x8216................................  U.S. Fish and Wildlife
                                            Service, Contributed Funds
  15x0128................................  Department of Justice,
                                            General Legal Activities
  15x0200................................  Salaries and Expenses,
                                            Federal Bureau of
                                            Investigation
  15x1100................................  Salaries and Expenses, Drug
                                            Enforcement Administration
  15x5042................................  Assets Forfeiture Fund,
                                            Justice
  16x0165................................  Department of Labor,
                                            Departmental Management
  19x0113................................  Diplomatic and Consular
                                            Programs, Department of
                                            State
  19x0209................................  Educational and Cultural
                                            Exchange Programs,
                                            Department of State
  19x0210................................  National Endowment for
                                            Democracy, Department of
                                            State
  19x1005................................  International Organizations
                                            and Programs, State
  19x1030................................  Global HIV/AIDs Initiative
  19x1031................................  Global Health and Child
                                            Survival
  19x1121................................  Democracy Fund, Department of
                                            State
  19x1124................................  Contributions to Peacekeeping
                                            Activities, Department of
                                            State
  19x1126................................  Contributions to
                                            International Organizations,
                                            Department of State
  19x1143................................  Migration and Refugee
                                            Assistance, Department of
                                            State
  19x1154................................  Andean Counterdrug
                                            Initiative, Department of
                                            State
  21x2020................................  Operations and Maintenance,
                                            Army
  29x0100................................  Federal Trade Commission,
                                            Salaries and Expenses
  68x0107................................  Environmental Protection
                                            Agency, Science and
                                            Technology
  68x0108................................  Environmental Programs and
                                            Management, Environmental
                                            Protection Agency
  69x1301................................  Federal Aviation
                                            Administration, Operations
  70x0800................................  Research, Development,
                                            Acquisition, and Operations,
                                            Science and Technology,
                                            Homeland Security
  72x0300................................  Capital Investment Fund,
                                            United States
  72x0302................................  Capital Investment Fund of
                                            the USAID - Recovery Act
  72x0305................................  Civilian Stabilization
                                            Initiative
  72x0306................................  Assistance for Europe,
                                            Eurasia and Central Asia
                                            (AEECA)
  72x1000................................  Operating Expenses of USAID
  72x1007................................  Operating Expenses of the
                                            USAID, Office of Inspector
                                            General
  72x1010................................  Assistance for Eastern Europe
                                            and the Baltic States
  72x1012................................  Sahel Development Program
  72x1014................................  Sub-Saharan Africa,
                                            Development Assistance
  72x1015................................  Complex Crises Fund
  72x1021................................  Development Assistance
  72x1027................................  Transition Initiatives,
                                            International Assistance
                                            Program
  72x1029................................  Tsunami Recovery and
                                            Reconstruction Fund
  72x1033................................  HIV/AIDS Working Capital
                                            Fund, International
                                            Development
  72x1035................................  International Disaster and
                                            Famine Assistance
  72x1036................................  Payment to the Foreign
                                            Service Retirement and
                                            Disability Fund
  72x1037................................  Economic Support Fund
  72x1093................................  Assistance for the
                                            Independent States of the
                                            Former Soviet Union
  72x1095................................  Child Survival and Health
                                            Programs Fund, United States
  72x1096................................  Central America and the
                                            Caribbean Emergency Disaster
                                            Recovery Fund
  72x1264................................  Development Credit Authority,
                                            United States
  72x4103................................  Development Loan Fund,
                                            Executive
  72x4344................................  Housing and Other Credit
                                            Guaranty Programs, Guaranty
                                            Loan Financing Account
  72x4513................................  Working Capital Fund,
                                            International Assistance
                                            Program
  72x8342................................  Foreign National Employees
                                            Separation Liability Fund
  72x8824................................  Gifts and Contributions,
                                            Inter-American Foundation
  75x0140................................  Public Health and Social
                                            Services Emergency Fund
  75x0885................................  National Institute of Allergy
                                            and Infectious Diseases,
                                            National Institutes of
                                            Health
  75x0892................................  National Institute of Mental
                                            Health, National Institutes
                                            of Health
  75x0943................................  Disease Control, Research,
                                            and Training, Centers for
                                            Disease Control
  75x0949................................  Emerging and Zoonotic
                                            Infectious Diseases, Centers
                                            for Disease Control and
                                            Prevention
  75x0950................................  HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis,
                                            Sexually Transmitted
                                            Diseases and Tuberculosis
                                            Prevention, Centers for
                                            Disease Control and
                                            Prevention
  75x0951................................  Immunization and Respiratory
                                            Diseases, Centers for
                                            Disease Control and
                                            Prevention
  75x0952................................  Injury Prevention and
                                            Control, Centers and Disease
                                            Control and Prevention
  75x0955................................  Global Health, Centers for
                                            Disease Control and
                                            Prevention
  75x0956................................  Public Health Preparedness
                                            and Response, Centers for
                                            Disease Control and
                                            Prevention
  75x0959................................  Public Health Scientific
                                            Services, Centers for
                                            Disease Control and
                                            Prevention
  75x1503................................  Refugee and Entrant
                                            Assistance, Administration
                                            for Children and Families
  75x8250................................  Gifts and Donations, Centers
                                            for Disease Control
  80x0120................................  Science, National Aeronautics
                                            and Space Administration
  83x0100................................  Export-Import Bank Loans
                                            Program Account
  89x0309................................  Defense Nuclear
                                            Nonproliferation, Department
                                            of Energy
  95x2750................................  Millennium Challenge
                                            Corporation
  97x0100................................  Operation and Maintenance,
                                            Defense-Wide
  97x0130................................  Defense Health Program
  97x0134................................  Former Soviet Union Threat
                                            Reduction, Defense
  97x0819................................  Overseas Humanitarian,
                                            Disaster, and Civic Aid
                                            Defense
------------------------------------------------------------------------


                                       Table 13.--Democractic Republic of the Congo: PUSG Debt Relief (Paris Club)
                                                                     (U.S. dollars)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                         FY 2005          FY 2006          FY 2007          FY 2010           Total
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total All Agencies
  Face Value Treated \1\...........................................      289,280,244        4,479,161      113,585,345    1,635,654,731    2,042,999,481
  Subsidy Cost Obligation \1\......................................       60,930,045          947,107       21,120,031       87,099,790      170,096,973
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
USAID
  Face Value Treated...............................................       35,370,662        4,479,161        8,706,851      262,532,950      311,089,624
  Subsidy Cost Obligation..........................................        7,561,087          947,107        1,618,950       12,180,370       22,307,514
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
USDA
  Face Value Treated...............................................      112,405,883                        35,502,655      439,998,354      587,906,892
  Subsidy Cost Obligation..........................................       23,751,492                         6,601,355       20,675,351       51,028,198
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EXIM Bank
  Face Value Treated...............................................      105,528,498                        50,284,016      723,581,585      879,394,099
  Subsidy Cost Obligation..........................................       22,129,029                         9,349,797       42,504,343       73,983,169
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DOD
  Face Value Treated...............................................       35,975,201                        19,091,823      209,541,842      264,608,866
  Subsidy Cost Obligation..........................................        7,488,437                         3,549,929       11,739,726       22,778,092
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Notes:
\1\ ``Face Value Treated" represents amount of debt treated (forgiven); ``Subsidy Cost Obligation'' is the cost of debt relief as obligated.
\2\ There was an USAID action processed in FY 2003, but it was a rescheduling without subsidy cost.
\3\ FY 2006: this was a USAID-only adjustment.
\4\ All subsidy costs in this table were obligated in Treasury's Debt Restructuring program account (11 0091).

              USAID ACTIVITIES PER SECTOR AND PER PROVINCE

               Combined Fiscal Years 2011, 2012, and 2013

                DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO, MARCH 2014
                
[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]



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