[Senate Hearing 113-256] [From the U.S. Government Publishing Office] S. Hrg. 113-256 A MORE EFFICIENT AND EFFECTIVE GOVERNMENT: STREAMLINING OVERSEAS TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES ======================================================================= HEARING before the SUBCOMMITTEE ON FINANCIAL AND CONTRACTING OVERSIGHT of the COMMITTEE ON HOMELAND SECURITY AND GOVERNMENTAL AFFAIRS UNITED STATES SENATE ONE HUNDRED THIRTEENTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION __________ DECEMBER 11, 2013 __________ Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.fdsys.gov Printed for the use of the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs ---------- U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 86-639 PDF WASHINGTON : 2014 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512-1800; DC area (202) 512-1800 Fax: (202) 512-2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402-0001 COMMITTEE ON HOMELAND SECURITY AND GOVERNMENTAL AFFAIRS THOMAS R. CARPER, Delaware Chairman CARL LEVIN, Michigan TOM COBURN, Oklahoma MARK L. PRYOR, Arkansas JOHN McCAIN, Arizona MARY L. LANDRIEU, Louisiana RON JOHNSON, Wisconsin CLAIRE McCASKILL, Missouri ROB PORTMAN, Ohio JON TESTER, Montana RAND PAUL, Kentucky MARK BEGICH, Alaska MICHAEL B. ENZI, Wyoming TAMMY BALDWIN, Wisconsin KELLY AYOTTE, New Hampshire HEIDI HEIKAMP, North Dakota Richard J. Kessler, Staff Director John P. Kilvington, Deputy Staff Director Keith B. Ashdown, Minority Staff Director Laura W. Kilbride, Chief Clerk Lauren Corcoran, Hearing Clerk SUBCOMMITTEE ON FINANCIAL AND CONTRACTING OVERSIGHT CLAIRE McCASKILL, Chairman CARL LEVIN, Michigan RON JOHNSON, Wisconsin MARK L. PRYOR, Arkansas JOHN McCAIN, Arizona MARY L. LANDRIEU, Louisiana MICHAEL B. ENZI, Wyoming MARK BEGICH, Alaska KELLY AYOTTE, New Hampshire TAMMY BALDWIN, Wisconsin Margaret Daum, Majority Staff Director Rachel Weaver, Minority Staff Director Kelsey Stroud, Chief Clerk C O N T E N T S ------ Opening statement: Page Senator McCaskill............................................ 1 Senator Johnson.............................................. 3 WITNESSES Wednesday, December 11, 2013 Hon. Elizabeth Littlefield, President and Chief Executive Officer, Overseas Private Investment Corporation............... 4 Hon. Leocadia I. Zak, Director, U.S. Trade and Development Agency 7 Alphabetical List of Witnesses Littlefield, Hon. Elizabeth: Testimony.................................................... 4 Prepared statement........................................... 27 Zak, Hon. Leocadia I.: Testimony.................................................... 7 Prepared statement........................................... 41 APPENDIX Chart referenced by Senator McCaskill............................ 51 Responses to post-hearing questions for the Record: Ms. Littlefield.............................................. 53 Ms. Zak...................................................... 64 A MORE EFFICIENT AND EFFECTIVE GOVERNMENT: STREAMLINING OVERSEAS TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES ---------- WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 11, 2013 U.S. Senate, Subcommittee on Financial and Contracting Oversight of the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, Washington, DC. The Subcommittee met, pursuant to notice, at 2 p.m., in room 342, Dirksen Senate Office Building, Hon. Claire McCaskill, Chairman of the Subcommittee, presiding. Present: Senators McCaskill and Johnson. OPENING STATEMENT OF SENATOR MCCASKILL Senator McCaskill. Welcome, everyone. We are glad to see you. Thank you for coming to the hearing today. Our hearing today deals with streamlining and strengthening oversight of overseas trade and development agencies. We are here today to review the opportunities to improve the efficiency and effectiveness in oversight of the Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) and the U.S. Trade and Development Agency (USTDA). On January 13, 2012, President Obama requested authority from Congress to reorganize and streamline agencies within the Federal Government. The first proposal by the White House for this reorganization authority was to reorganize six of the Federal agencies that focus on business and trade--the Department of Commerce's core business and trade functions, the Small Business Administration's (SBA) trade functions, the Office of U.S. Trade Representative, the Export-Import Bank, OPIC and TDA. OPIC and TDA serve an important role in our country's trade and development goals. OPICS position as a lender and insurer of last resort helps U.S. businesses expand in areas that have potential but may be too risky for other insurers and lenders. Similarly, TDA's facilitation of partnerships between foreign countries and U.S. business interests through feasibility studies is important to growing U.S. exports. Both agencies also report significant gains on investment. For example, OPIC has returned millions of dollars earned on its projects to the Treasury every year, and TDA's internal audits show that the agency creates $73 in exports for every dollar of programming. As with every part of the Federal Government, however, there is always room for improvement. And, as with every part of the Federal Government, oversight is essential. While OPIC and TDA appear to be very successful, I have questions regarding their internal controls and oversight. Neither agency has an independent inspector general (IG) or processes to achieve independent audits and reviews of their programs. When I pushed to have a special inspector general installed to oversee the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP), many pushed back because they did not think it was necessary. And just this weekend, the Washington Post reported that since 2008 the Office of the Special Inspector General for TARP has pursued criminal charges against 107 senior bank officers, most of whom have been sentenced to prison. That office's work has resulted in $4.7 billion in restitution paid to the government and to victims. So I want to have a discussion today about the best way to implement adequate oversight to ensure OPIC and TDA do the best work they can on behalf of U.S. trade and development goals. I also have questions regarding the work each agency does. Under OPIC's mission statement, it is supposed to focus its investment on ``less developed countries in areas and countries in transition, from nonmarket to market economies.'' However, currently, only 0.2 percent of OPIC's 2012 spending and 6 percent of OPIC's total portfolio is invested in low-income countries. It appears that approximately one-third of OPIC's 2012 investments were made in countries where OPIC's own guidelines say it should restrict spending. I also have questions on how some of OPIC's specific investments comport with its development mission. For example, it has approved projects to finance a chain of Wendy's restaurants in the country of Georgia, expand a Porsche-Land Rover dealership in Ukraine, finance a Papa John's franchise expansion in Russia and construct a shopping mall in Jordan, expand billboard advertising in Ukraine and build a Marriott Hotel in Armenia and Georgia, also to expand a technology leasing company's operations in Portugal. I also have questions about the transparency of awards. For example, because TDA provides grants only to foreign entities, their information is not provided to Grants.gov even though all the funds are awarded directly back to U.S. companies. In addition, their information is not available on the equivalent website for grants to foreign entities, the Foreign Assistance Dashboard, which is run by U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). Although TDA has provided its data to be uploaded onto the FA Dashboard every year as required, USAID has not on-ramped USTDA onto the system. In addition, as the President has noted, there are many areas of overlap in the Federal Government's various agencies that have trade functions. Despite the efforts of agencies like OPIC and TDA to carve out a niche, there is a lot of potential to streamline trade functions to ensure that there is as little duplication as possible and also to give U.S. businesses, many of them small businesses, a clear process to follow when looking for opportunities. U.S. businesses and all taxpayers deserve to have these functions carried out as efficiently and effectively as possible. I look forward to a frank and open discussion of these issues today, and I thank the witnesses for being here, and I look forward to their testimony. Senator Johnson. OPENING STATEMENT OF SENATOR JOHNSON Senator Johnson. Thank you, Madam Chairman. I would also like to welcome the witnesses and thank them for their testimony. I appreciate the hearing, and I certainly also appreciate your determination to make sure we get effective government. As we consider consolidation of these agencies, which I think on the surface really sounds like a good idea, we do need to make sure that we actually get the efficiencies out of those consolidations. We are, obviously, serving on the Committee that oversees the Department of Homeland Security. A decade ago, that was consolidated--22 different agencies--and I have yet to convince myself that we are actually saving money. I am concerned that what we did is we just created a larger bureaucracy that is not particularly functioning well. I am hoping that in this potential consolidation that we actually would look at consolidating functions and reducing overall budgets if we do these types of consolidations. Like I say, it sounds good, but sometimes making something bigger does not make it better. And I am certainly hoping the agencies are on guard about that eventuality. But with that, I am looking forward to hearing the testimony, and I apologize in advance for having to leave the hearing a little bit early. Thank you. Senator McCaskill. No problem. Thank you, Senator. Let me introduce the witnesses. First, we have Elizabeth Littlefield. She is President and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of the Overseas Private Investment Corporation. In this role, she also serves as Chair of OPIC's Board of Directors. Prior to joining OPIC, Ms. Littlefield was the CEO of a policy center dedicated to financial services access, and Director for the World Bank's Financial and Private Sector Division. Ms. Littlefield previously served as J.P. Morgan's Managing Director of Emerging Markets in Europe, the Middle East and Africa. And Leocadia--did I say that correctly? Ms. Zak. Yes, thank you. Senator McCaskill. Leocadia I. Zak is the Director of the U.S. Trade and Development Agency, TDA. She is responsible for overseeing all of the agency's operations. Prior to joining TDA, Ms. Zak worked as an attorney practicing in the areas of corporate, municipal and international finance, and is an adjunct professor of law at Boston University and Georgetown. It is the custom of this Subcommittee to swear in all witnesses that appear before us. So, if you do not mind, I would ask you to stand and take the following oath: Do you swear that the testimony you are about to give before this Subcommittee is the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth; so help you, God? Ms. Littlefield. I do. Ms. Zak. I do. Senator McCaskill. Let the record reflect the witnesses have answered in the affirmative. We would ask you that your oral testimony be limited to around 5 minutes. We are pretty laid back here, and if it is a little longer, no one is going to object. And, obviously, you are welcome to put anything into the formal record of the hearing that you would like. And we will start with you, Ms. Littlefield. TESTIMONY OF THE HON. ELIZABETH LITTLEFIELD,\1\ PRESIDENT AND CHIEF OPERATING OFFICER, OVERSEAS PRIVATE INVESTMENT CORPORATION Ms. Littlefield. Thank you very much, Madam Chairman and Ranking Member Johnson. Thank you, Members of the Subcommittee as well. Thanks for inviting me here today alongside my good friend and colleague, USTDA's Director Zak. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ The prepared statement of Ms. Littlefield appears in the Appendix on page 27. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- I am Elizabeth Littlefield, President and CEO of the Overseas Private Investment Corporation. So, to begin, let me just share a couple of words about OPIC and what we do. OPIC is the U.S. Government's development finance institution, and our mission is to support sustainable economic development in the poor, but emerging, countries of Africa, Asia, the Middle East, Europe--emerging Europe--and Latin America. We do that by catalyzing U.S. private capital investments into projects that help solve these countries' important development challenges, like access to energy and health services. In so doing, of course, we help advance U.S. foreign policy and national security objectives. At the same time, we help U.S. businesses gain footholds in those fast growing, emerging markets, which of course spurs growth and job creation here at home. And, as you know, nearly 95 percent of the world's customers live outside the U.S. borders, and all of the 100 top fastest growing economies last year were in emerging markets. So helping U.S. businesses tap these markets is key to our own growth. So how do we support these businesses? OPIC provides, as you said, Senator, companies and investors with market-based long-term loans and guarantees as well as political risk insurance. We work with a very broad range of U.S. clients, but importantly, small and medium enterprises represent nearly three-quarters of our projects. Our development mission and mandate means that OPIC projects build critical infrastructure, like roads and food storage and housing, which improve low-income families' access to energy, clean water, health services and schooling, for example. As you mentioned, Senator, OPIC charges fully cost-covering fees and interest rates, and as a result, for more than 36 consecutive years, the agency has operated on a fully self- sustaining basis at zero cost to the taxpayer, contributing to deficit reduction in each of those years. This past fiscal year, OPIC's income reduced the Federal budget deficit by $426 million. I would like to just offer two quick examples of the range of OPIC projects. So, first, a Missouri-based company is using a $250 million loan from OPIC to build and operate a 60-megawatt solar photovoltaic plant in Boshof, in South Africa's Free State Province. At the other end of the spectrum and across the planet, a Georgia-based family owned business that was selling low-cost cotton pants throughout the world wanted to support the U.S. Government's effort in Afghanistan. They came to us, and OPIC lent this organization $3 million over time in a tranche-based, performance-based loan, to have them build a factory outside of Kabul to make uniforms for the Afghan military and police. The factory employs 1,200 Afghan women, most of whom are war widows and who are, for the first time ever, working outside of the home, earning money to support their families. With our operational budget of only $53 million, which pays for our very small and highly specialized staff of only 225 people, the agency is able to execute around 100 such projects in any given year. Since the agency is profitable, on average, every single dollar invested in OPIC's administrative or operating budget results in $6 in income for deficit reduction--1 to 6. With additional staff resources, OPIC could generate more projects, support more U.S. businesses, contribute more to help economic development in poor countries, all while contributing even more to deficit reduction. So I have addressed the agency's financial efficiency, but I also want to underscore our commitment to operational efficiency. In the past 4 years, OPIC has been laser-focused on further streamlining and strengthening the agency's already very strong internal controls, and on improving and automating processes to improve performance and oversight, all while cutting costs at the same time. When working with a very small budget, every single penny matters. OPIC's consistent and very strong performance results can be measured both transparently and tangibly in our bottom line--our income every year. These results, of course, are achieved thanks in part to this robust and state-of-the-art system of oversight and internal controls with multiple and reinforcing layers. It is noteworthy that a full third of our staff work in the areas of oversight and risk management, including policy and legal compliance--a full third of our staff. On top of that, OPIC has an independent 15-member board of directors with both private and public sector members. The board appoints an independent audit committee, and in addition, the OPIC is currently served by the USAID inspector general. So I have addressed the agency's financial effectiveness. So consistent with private sector practice, OPIC's financial statements are audited by an independent financial auditor every single year, and we are very proud to have received an unqualified audit every single, solitary year of the agency's existence. This, along with our financial performance and the fact that our defaults are less than 1 percent net of recoveries every year, I think speaks volumes about the agency's performance, particularly in light of the very difficult markets in which the agency operates. We report regularly to Congress on our results, and in fact, there are nine separate reports provided each year, including six which are specifically related to OPIC's financial risk and development impact. As a small agency, OPIC works in close collaboration with other agencies. We refer businesses that need feasibility studies to the experts at USTDA, and we rely on the State Department's economic officers to be our eyes and ears on the ground. We partner with other agencies to leverage our strengths and our technical expertise for the benefit of U.S. companies while at the same time, maximizing, as you said, Senator, efficiency and agility, and maintaining the critical differences that Congress intended when it established us as separate entities. So, just a couple of examples in closing. Our friends and colleagues from TDA, Commerce and Ex-Im and others have all participated in nearly every one of our Expanding Horizons Workshops, which we carry out in cities throughout the country, including St. Louis. This enables the teams to show small businesses how they can actually access services from the different specialized Federal agencies. In the immediate aftermath of the Arab Spring and at the request of the Administration and the State Department, OPIC partnered together with USAID to establish small lending facilities in Egypt and Jordan to address the needs of stimulating private capital investment and job creation in those critical markets. And, of course, every single day of the week my teams are in close contact with the excellent USAID, State Department and Commerce officers in the embassies throughout the world where we work. So OPIC's model of leveraging private sector investment for development is increasingly crucial at a time of constrained public resources and when the private sector is playing an ever greater role in international development and U.S. companies are, at the same time, seeking growth opportunities in the developing world. Our model enables us to support low-income countries while leveling the playing field for U.S. businesses and earning incomes for the taxpayer at the same time. It fosters the kind of foreign engagement that projects the best of American values, standards and innovation and good will. And, finally, I would like to say, Senators, that actually the timing of this hearing is rather auspicious as next week is the 30th anniversary of OPIC presenting its final check, which manifested itself in a large cardboard piece of paper handed to President Reagan, that final check to the U.S. Treasury which paid back all of our original startup appropriations. So I am thankful for the opportunity to lead an agency that is having such a powerful impact around the world and using such an efficient and effective business model to do so. Thank you for your time, and I look forward to answering any questions you may have. Thank you. Senator McCaskill. Thank you very much. Ms. Zak. TESTIMONY OF THE HON. LEOCADIA I. ZAK,\1\ DIRECTOR, U.S. TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT AGENCY Ms. Zak. Chairman McCaskill, Ranking Member Johnson and Members of the Subcommittee, thank you for this opportunity to testify about the U.S. Trade and Development Agency's mission, operations, economic impact and oversight of funds. We appreciate your invitation to describe our efforts to level the playing field for U.S. companies overseas as well as to describe the procedures by which we ensure the agency's continuing efficiency and effectiveness. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ The prepared statement of Ms. Zak appears in the Appendix on page 41. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- I would like to begin by offering a bit of a personal perspective; I was raised by a family that owned a small business. From a young age, I worked with my parents and siblings in almost every aspect of my father's veterinary clinic, from cleaning animal cages, to customer service, to accounting. I learned from my parents, who grew up during the Great Depression, to watch every penny. I bring those values to everything I do, including managing USTDA. Congress established USTDA as an independent agency in 1992 in order to--and I quote from the statute--``promote United States private sector participation in development projects in developing and middle-income countries, with special emphasis on economic sectors with significant United States export potential.'' USTDA's dual Congressional mandate is unique among Federal agencies in requiring that the Agency both provide foreign assistance focused on economic development and support U.S. job creation through exports. USTDA engages the private sector in development activities at critical early stages when technology options and project requirements are being defined. By highlighting opportunities for the use of U.S. expertise and technology when they can effectively be incorporated into project planning, the agency increases the likelihood that implementation will include U.S. exports. USTDA is a streamlined agency that takes rapid and targeted action to create meaningful, project-building partnerships when the need and opportunity are greatest. USTDA provides early stage grant funding for projects that may ultimately be financed by any number of entities, including U.S. Government agencies like Ex-Im Bank or OPIC, multilateral development institutions such as the International Finance Corporation (IFC), or commercial banks. Furthermore, the Agency can leverage financing from foreign governments in developing and middle-income countries. There is no U.S. private or public sector equivalent for USTDA, as a grant-making agency for early project planning. In the Agency's history of linking U.S. businesses to export opportunities, USTDA has generated over $45 billion in U.S. exports. In fiscal year 2013 alone, the Agency identified nearly $3 billion of new exports, which has helped to support approximately 14,000 jobs in the United States. This is a tremendous return given the Agency's appropriation of $47.5 million last year. The Agency's success, in part, results from its rigorous, evidence-based decisionmaking processes. We continuously evaluate our program tools to determine their overall effectiveness. This exercise allows us to look both backward, at past success as well as lessons learned, and forward, toward forecasted trends and future opportunities, in order to prioritize the countries and the sectors on which we will focus in the coming year. This data-driven approach also informs the Agency's project preparation and selection processes. USTDA's talented, expert staff prepares funding requests for specific program activities. Each of these is reviewed and approved by the Agency's senior management. USTDA staff believes in, and is proud of, our robust system of internal and external controls, which was designed to prevent waste, fraud and abuse, as well as to maximize the return on every U.S. taxpayer dollar the Agency spends. USTDA closely monitors the use of both its program and operating funds, and because we use the Interior Business Center (IBC) of the U.S. Department of Interior as our paying agent, there are additional checks on every payment made by the agency. Every year, we engage independent third-party companies, mostly recently KPMG, to audit our financial statements. Since 1993, the first full year of operation, the Agency has received unqualified audit opinions. But we also evaluate our programs and processes regularly by contracting with third-party companies to perform program and process audits. At USTDA, we pride ourselves on being efficient and effective. We have a long history of streamlining the Agency's functions through cost-effective arrangements with shared service providers. For example, currently, we have agreements with IBC for human resources management, staffing and personnel matters, financial statements and payroll processing, as well as for travel authorization and voucher processing. Arrangements like these have allowed us to take advantage of our providers' specialized technical expertise, allowing the employees to focus on achieving our mission. The Agency also continuously looks for additional ways to save costs. For example, USTDA previously maintained its Oracle financials on a standalone server hosted by IBC. We developed a plan to migrate the Oracle server to a shared platform, thus reducing our annual expenditures by 50 percent. By identifying savings like these, we have been able to streamline our operating expenses down the lowest levels and still allow for the reasonable management of our program. In fact, USTDA's operating expenses have remained flat-lined since fiscal year (FY) 2010. In a time when results are more important than ever, we are providing our best results. As was indicated, the Agency's current export multiplier, $73 in U.S. exports for every dollar programmed, is the highest in USTDA's history. The Agency is committed to remaining an agile, responsive organization that supports U.S. jobs through exports while simultaneously providing important early project planning assistance to developing and middle-income countries. Furthermore, I think it is very important for the American public to have examples of agencies that are effective and efficient and watch out for the taxpayer dollar. I truly believe that USTDA is one of those agencies. Madam Chairman, Members of the Subcommittee, this concludes my remarks. I look forward to the questions. Thank you very much. Senator McCaskill. Thank you. And, since Senator Johnson has another important hearing he has to attend, I want to give him the opportunity to ask some questions before he has to leave. Senator Johnson. Thank you, Madam Chairman. This is a question for both witnesses. You both talked about controls and monitors and evidence- based decisionmaking, program audits, process controls--those types of things. Can you just tell me what are the main criteria you use in terms of grant-making or loan guarantees or loan-making? Specifically, we will start with Ms. Littlefield. Ms. Littlefield. Thank you very much, Senator. So the No. 1 criteria is those countries and those investments that our private sector clients are asking for. So we tend to go where the markets would like us to go, where they need our support. We are open currently in about 161 countries, and that list of places where we are open for business is determined by the income level of the country, whether or not we have a bilateral investment agreement and whether or not it is a country where are prohibited from working. For example, China and Sudan are both countries where we do not work for human rights reasons. In China, we have been closed ever since Tiananmen Square. So that is the eligibility. Beyond that, we looked for three things. One is whether or not the project proposed is going to have a positive development impact on that country, whether the client himself is eligible as a U.S. company, whether the project is commercially viable and we are sure we can get paid back, and then last, I would say we certainly make sure that project is consistent with all of our environmental, human rights, labor and other policies, as well as the policies that relate to ensuring that our projects have no damage to the U.S. economy or jobs. Senator Johnson. Can you quickly describe some of the more typical projects that you are dealing with? Ms. Littlefield. So I mentioned a few in my testimony, but I will mention just a few more if you would like. For example, in Togo, the West African country of Togo, which had severe energy deficits, we financed the creation of a tri-fuel power plant that tripled the amount of power that country was able to produce and enabled it to export to neighboring countries, for example. All the way at the other end of the continent, in Rwanda, we have been financing just last year a man and his wife who are horticulturalists, who became interested in that country and in the very difficult time it is having feeding its own people. They have now exported their own horticultural technologies and have set up in Rwanda and are producing new crops of bananas and pineapples that are 10 times as productive as the crops that they replaced. So that is just--one is a $150 million project, and one is a $3 million project. Senator Johnson. Are these always with some private sector firm, or are they also sometimes loans with loan guarantees to governments? Ms. Littlefield. We are required by Congress and by statute to involve the private sector in everything that we do. Senator Johnson. OK. Ms. Zak, what about your criteria for your grants? Ms. Zak. Thank you very much. As I mentioned, we have a very robust strategic planning process where we annually look at where there are opportunities from the host country that match with the U.S. businesses and what it is that they have the ability to provide. And I think that is very important. So the criteria, one, include: Will there be mutual benefit for meeting our dual mandate of economic development and jobs here at the United States? So we want to make sure we have both of those. The other is we want to be sure that we are looking at projects that have a reasonable likelihood of financing. They are not just pie in the sky, but from our experts in our office, they are projects that we believe have an opportunity to be able to move forward, and we want to be sure to level the playing field for those projects. The other thing that we look at, as I indicated, was the development impact in-country because we believe that this is a good way to have a positive impact in the future with respect to the U.S. economy. And, finally, we also look at whether or not there is competition from other countries. Our goal is to be able to level the playing field for U.S. businesses in what it is that we do, and it is also our goal to bring the private sector to development so that there is a return to the U.S. economy from development dollars. Senator Johnson. Am I correct to assume that maybe your agency would be the first on the ground in a particular country and a particular opportunity, and then you would be working to turn that over to Ms. Littlefield's organization? Is that how it works? Ms. Zak. Yes. We are often referred to as a SWAT team that is first on the ground to be able to do an evaluation of projects that are likely to be able to move forward with U.S. exports. Sometimes those projects move forward with OPIC, but oftentimes, those projects move forward with the Export-Import Bank or the host country government or the multilaterals. So one of the things that USTDA brings is the ability to work with financing from a number of different institutions. Senator Johnson. OK, then the last question for Ms. Littlefield. I love the fact that we have an agency that actually makes a profit and returns money to the Federal Treasury, but at the same time that sends off some bells and whistles, in my head at least. Do you ever come under criticism for competing with the private sector, and would that be a legitimate concern? Ms. Littlefield. So, thank you for that question, Senator. It is a question because, as you say, we are one of the few agencies in the U.S. Government that do generate income. But, actually, no, we do not compete with the private sector. Statutorily, we do not compete with the private sector, but we also require every one of our project sponsors to represent that that financing is not available in the private markets. Also, why doesn't the private market do this if it is so attractive? And the reasons for that are quite straightforward. One is because we are able to issue long-term debt we can do very long tenors, and many of these projects in emerging markets require long maturities that the banks cannot do. Second, we have a 40-year track record in working in these markets, and most banks do not have that. Third, most of our clients are small businesses, and small businesses, as you well know, have a very difficult time getting bank finance anywhere. So we do not compete with the private sector at all but work closely with it. And, in fact, we welcome the chance to work ourselves out of business. We like creating new markets and forging ahead. For example, we invented the political risk insurance product several decades ago, and now we are doing less and less of it as the private insurers are now coming in. So our political risk business is actually restricted to the super risky countries like the Afghanistans and Iraqs and Haitis and South Sudans of the world. But, if I may add, so the private sector we do not duplicate or compete with. I hope that is clear. But more concerning is--and Ms. Zak mentioned this when talking about leveling the playing field. More concerning is the public sector because every other G-8 country, G-7 country and many others have the equivalent of OPIC in the public sector that is designed to help their businesses invest in emerging markets. But, unfortunately, those other countries have agencies that are far bigger than we are, and so we are not able to invest--although their economies are far smaller than the U.S. economy, not to mention--so, Europe. All the European agencies tend to be larger than we are relative to our economy, and not to mention the Chinese. So it is not the private sector. The private sector we are helping. It is the public sector that I worry about. Senator Johnson. OK. Well, again, thanks for your testimony and your answers to my questions. Thank you, Madam Chairman. Senator McCaskill. Thank you. I have a lot of questions. One of the reasons we are having this hearing today is I am constantly challenging my folks to find places where we have not taken a look. That does not mean that there is anything that you are doing wrong, but everybody that operates within the government should have oversight. Everyone should have independent oversight, and frankly, if you are doing really well, it is going to do nothing but make you look even better. So that is the reason we are here today, but I am very curious about both of your agencies and the practical impact of how you work. And I guess my first question would be I am a small business, and I have an interest in foreign investment and/or exports. How in the world do I find you guys? Who is it that brings me--I mean, I had never heard of you, and I am fairly knowledgeable about the Federal Government, certainly light years more knowledgeable than most of the small businesses that operate in Missouri. So who brings these businesses to you? You are not telling me that some small business in Missouri just picks up the phone and calls you, Ms. Littlefield. Who brings them to your door? Ms. Littlefield. So I am happy to start, and Lee, you may want to add to this. So you are absolutely right; it is difficult when we are as small as we are and all based in Washington, DC, with the exception of one person, to make sure that the markets that can use our services know about us. That is part of the reason we do these Expanding Horizons conferences throughout the country, in cities throughout the country, to advertise our services and those services of our sister agencies. But also, we find, frankly, we are pretty well known in the emerging markets themselves because most of the other development finance institutions such as ourselves in other countries are quite active there. So we find that we are quite well known outside the United States and in those emerging markets. Last, the way people often find out about our services--and I suspect the same may be true of the USTDA--is the terrific economic officers in the Foreign Commercial Service and the USAID officers in our embassies are very good at making sure that U.S. companies that are considering the possibility of investing in a given country are aware of the services that we can provide to facilitate that investment. I just came back Monday from a trip to West Africa, in Liberia and Ghana and Senegal, and the purpose there was to make sure that we were doing everything we could to help U.S. businesses that are interested in investing there. And, again, the embassies are really terrific at identifying and supporting those opportunities. Senator McCaskill. Are there repeat customers? And, by that, I mean in your loan portfolio, obviously, you have some private participation, and I am assuming that these are investment groups or banks that are coming to you with people that have come to them and they are looking to offload some of the risk, right? Ms. Littlefield. That is right. And thank you for asking that question. We are very proud of the repeat customers that we have because it suggests that they are getting a good service from us. And so repeat customers is an important indicator to me of our performance. But you rightly mentioned that we do work with a number of, for example, U.S. banks. As part of our attempt to be more and more efficient and streamlined and cut costs, we use the services of other financial institutions to help us originate investment opportunities. Senator McCaskill. What percentage of your investment opportunities in the last two fiscal years were really led by financial institutions coming to you, where they are doing a piece of it and you are doing the lion's share? Ms. Littlefield. Off the top of my head, I would say probably--I would say between 5 and 10 percent of our business in a given year has come through a U.S. private sector bank. But most of our business--well, I would not say most. I would say probably a third of it we are doing in conjunction with other types of lenders, though. Senator McCaskill. Hedge funds? Ms. Littlefield. No, other types of lenders, for example, other kinds of development finance institutions. Senator McCaskill. Oh, I see. Like, give me examples. Ms. Littlefield. Well, for example, we have negotiated an arrangement with the other development finance institutions such as the IFC of the World Bank, wherein we pre-agree on legal documentation to the extent possible and policy reporting requirements to the extent possible, such that we can share risks among ourselves without burdening the client with multiple reporting and documentation requirements, for example. Senator McCaskill. No, I mean your business. I am trying to get a handle on who is coming in your door. So you are saying that most of your business is not really generated through financial institutions that have a business that they want to finance, but rather, it is coming in directly with the businesses coming to you because they have made contact with the embassies? Ms. Littlefield. Most of the business that we do comes in directly to us; that is correct. Senator McCaskill. OK. Ms. Littlefield. There are various, different avenues into us, either direct--they have heard about us. They have heard us speaking at a conference, the embassies' partner or repeat business. We have actually done this analysis, but I do not have the numbers in front of me as to what the sources of people hearing about us are. Senator McCaskill. So would you agree that based on your mission it is hard to say that you are being successful since such a small percentage of your work is being done in what we would consider really, truly developing countries? Ms. Littlefield. Right now, we are actually very proud of the amount of work that we are doing in less developed countries. It has been consistently around 30 percent of our business for the last---- Senator McCaskill. How much? Thirteen? Ms. Littlefield. Thirty. Three-zero. Senator McCaskill. Three-zero. Now why do I have a figure of six? Ms. Littlefield. I do not know where that number is, but I can show you the reports that will indicate that it is more like 30, plus or minus 1 or 2 percent. Senator McCaskill. And that is where the purchasing power is $1,200 or less? Ms. Littlefield. We have an internal policy of focusing on countries that have a gross national income (GNI) per capita of $5,000--$15,000. Senator McCaskill. Or less? Ms. Littlefield. Or less. Statutorily, the inflation-adjusted limit from the 1986 number when it was originally established would be $18,000 as a limit, but we have reduced that to $15,000 and really focused on those poorest countries. I think an indicator of our focus on the poorest countries is that Africa, which used to be around 6 or 7 percent of our total a mere decade or so ago, is now over 25 percent of the total portfolio. So Africa--Sub-Saharan Africa has grown from 4 or 5 percent to a full quarter of our business. Senator McCaskill. OK. So the Foreign Assistance Act, you have internally decided--even though it is a per capita purchasing power in current dollars of $1,200 or less and to restrict OPIC activities in countries where it is over $7,822, you have just internally adjusted those numbers based on inflation? Ms. Littlefield. So the Foreign Assistance Act determined in 1986 an upper limit on the countries that we would give preference to. When you take those numbers forward, it comes to around $1,800 in today's dollars. We have determined that we wanted to focus on poorer countries than that. So, internally, as a guiding policy, we focus on those countries with GNI per capita of $15,000 instead of $18,000. I cannot reconcile the $12,000 number that you have right now, but I would be happy to do so and do the crosswalk between these numbers later on if that would be helpful. Senator McCaskill. OK. And part of it is your website is slightly confusing because your website says that you have spent--$1 billion out of $16 billion is spent on low-income countries. Ms. Littlefield. I do not know why that number would be on our website. It sounds like it is a misunderstanding or misrepresentation in some way. Senator McCaskill. Well, I think it is important because, obviously, what you are trying to do is do what the private markets cannot. Ms. Littlefield. That is right. Senator McCaskill. And that is to go into the high risk, lower value in terms of return in order to really, in a way, provide the financing that you could not--I mean, if this is financing that is available in the private market, then it should be in the private market. Ms. Littlefield. Absolutely. Senator McCaskill. Was there a special reason that we would be in Israel or Portugal? I mean, those countries do not strike me as places that it would be difficult to get investment capital under any circumstances--not high risk, certainly not developing, very wealthy countries. Ms. Littlefield. So--yes. Now, originally, our statute was written in a way that exempted a few high-income countries for historical reasons, such as Portugal and Northern Ireland. We have not done any financing in those countries since I have been in the office, except for one legacy small transaction that was part of a multiple-country portfolio, I think, in Portugal. But other than that, as I say, our low-income portfolio has increased dramatically, and our higher-income portfolio has declined. With respect to Israel, Israel is the one exception to our $15,000 cap, and we--again, that is historical reasons. But also, when we have done transactions in Israel, it has been with they have other extenuating circumstances such as being in the very high--very low-income, very poor northern parts of Israel, in the Negev, or when it has particular foreign policy considerations to it. So, yes, we do indeed make exceptions to that voluntary $15,000 cap, but they indeed are exceptions and need to have overriding developmental or foreign policy justifications. Senator McCaskill. And is there someone who approves those exceptions, or is that all done internally? Ms. Littlefield. Well, given that the $15,000 cap is an internal policy, there is no official statutory change to our policy by going above it. The $18,000 cap is a policy that the board would have to approve a change of. Senator McCaskill. OK. So this is just board approval. There is no White House approval. There is no--because this is all supposed to be in support of the President's foreign policy---- Ms. Littlefield. Yes. Senator McCaskill [continuing]. Development goals. When you all do one of these exceptions, is it just--as far as it goes, is it either you are making a decision or the board making a decision? Ms. Littlefield. Any changes to our policies would go to the board, and certainly, we would be consulting Congress with that as well. Senator McCaskill. OK. On the development goals, I notice that on your checklist for potential funding applicants there is not a single question about development. The questions include whether the project is in a country in which you can do business, whether a U.S. citizen or business has a meaningful involvement in the project, whether the applicant has a successful track record in the industry, but there is nothing about what the project's development impact will be. And some of the things I mentioned in the opening statement seemed to have a very tenuous connection with development goals, in terms of building energy or infrastructure. Wendy's, Papa John's---- Ms. Littlefield. Right. Senator McCaskill [continuing]. A Porsche dealership. I do not see how those support the development goals that are supposed to be one of the policy reasons for your agency's existence. Ms. Littlefield. So, yes, thank you for that. That investor checklist that you have reviewed is really a prescreener to help us weed out the multiple inquiries that we have that do not qualify for even beginning a conversation with us. So it is really a blunt instrument---- Senator McCaskill. OK. Ms. Littlefield [continuing]. To weed out people that do not have viable projects, frankly. But the test of whether the development--the project has a development impact is certainly subjective but something that is the No. 1 goal of every one of our investment officers. So we would not be considering a project unless it had a positive development impact. Some of the projects that you mentioned do, I agree, on the surface look like they are less obviously developmental than a health or education project might be. But I think it is important to recognize that U.S. franchises in these markets create enormous numbers of jobs in markets that may be unstable because of unemployment, for example. So Marriott in Georgia is an extremely important job producer as well as, a standard bearer and a projection of American values in a country that is of high strategic importance to us and high foreign policy value, that was just emerging from a conflict situation. So each one of those stories, in and of themselves, one can look at and understand the context--the foreign policy context, the development context or the domestic economic context--in which that project contributes to economic development. But I can assure that as someone that has spent most of her life in development and several years living in Africa, on these matters, nothing matters to me more than having a positive development impact and doing so while helping U.S. businesses and do so in a sustainable way. Senator McCaskill. I think some of this---- Ms. Littlefield. So I can assure you I am a good steward of our development credentials. Senator McCaskill. And I do not question that. I do not question your motivation or your commitment to that. But I guarantee you that $20 million for a Porsche-Jaguar dealership in Ukraine probably makes you squirm a little bit, too. I mean just on its face. And some of this is--when you sit on this side of the desk, you can engage in all kinds of cheap shots, and I do not mean to be doing that. But, at the same time, some of these do give the impression that--I mean, I know there is plenty of places we can invest $20 million that would have more long-term value to the Ukraine than somebody who is going to drive a Porsche or a Jaguar. And so, even those are--you know. I am sure that those franchises would argue with me that that is upward mobility that everyone aspires to, and that has other people look at that, and they want to work harder so they can aspire to have that also. I get that part. Let me talk a little bit about the oversight issue, and this is probably a little bit of stress here, about this. I am a big believer, as you probably know, in inspectors general and auditors. I am a big believer in independent government auditors. Spending as many years as I did as a government auditor, there is a huge difference between an audit that an entity hires to audit their books and an independent auditor coming in from the outside, that does not report to the board, does not report to the CEO but, rather, reports to the public, for public agencies. OPIC does not have its own inspector general. I know you referenced a relationship with the inspector general. But I know that you all tried to sit down and reach an agreement on a risk assessment of your programs and up to one performance audit. And, evidently, it is my understanding that you decided not to go that route. And I want to give you an opportunity to explain why and what would be barriers to your having a more robust relationship with an inspector general who would be making all of the decisions as to what to look at, when and why. Ms. Littlefield. Thank you for that question. Yes, indeed, as I mentioned, we use the services or we are the beneficiary of the services of USAID's inspector general right now. That is part of the legacy of our having---- Senator McCaskill. Have they ever done any work there? Ms. Littlefield. Yes, they have. Senator McCaskill. So there is an audit they have done? Ms. Littlefield. They have done a number of different things. They have looked at two accusations of fraud, I believe, as well as we have engaged them for a Federal Information Security Management Act (FISMA) audit, which they have done now, and they are doing fraud awareness training as well. That is a legacy of our having been part of the AID in the beginning. But, as you rightly said, I personally have an interest in strengthening our oversight. I believe, as you mentioned, that if you are doing well it is a good thing. And, frankly, it is an extremely valuable management tool for management. So we have been engaging with the Congress and in particular with the Senate Foreign Relations Committee to strengthen our oversight mechanisms and to ensure that the skill set of our inspectors general comes with all the skills that we need. We are neither a pure development agency, like USAID, nor are we a purely financial agency. So we need an inspector that has tailored skills that are appropriate for this agency. So we have been pursuing the avenue of a designated Federal entity IG, which is similar to 35 other small Federal agencies who are financial in nature, such as the Federal Reserve Board (FRB), the Federal Housing Board, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and others. So that is the avenue that we have been pursuing now. And I look forward to really benefiting from this oversight because, frankly, as the CEO and President it would be nice to have the assurances that these inspectors general would be. So that is the avenue we have been pursuing. It will give a Congress a one-stop shop of an independent entity that they can check in with on all matters related to OPIC and oversight. Senator McCaskill. OK. And I will look forward to getting specifics of what you want. And, if you are generating the kind of cash for the Treasury that you are, I bet you I can talk folks into making sure some of that is used to get you that oversight. Ms. Littlefield. Thank you. Senator McCaskill. It only makes sense, especially for both of you. When you are committing resources far away, there is no way you have the resources. I mean, I have scars up and down my back from the oversight in Iraq and Afghanistan, where we were spending billions of dollars and too often had nobody on the ground paying attention as to how those were being spent. Now you have a little more ability, although with you, Ms. Zak, probably not as much because it is grants as opposed to loans and risk management. But let's talk a little bit about failure. What happens when you have a failure? For you, Ms. Zak, how successful have you been at recovering the money that has been expended when it has been determined that the project was failing? And, for you, Ms. Littlefield, how is the loss divided between the private sector and the money that you have guaranteed, that you have loaned? Is it pro rata, or is the loss to the private sector first, or is the loss to the government first? I will start with you, Ms. Zak. Ms. Zak. Thank you very much, Madam Chairman. And I would just like to also address one thing that you just mentioned with respect to following our grant funding. As you mentioned earlier, with respect to our grant funding, we do require that U.S. businesses participate and perform the duties under the grants, and as a result, payments are made directly here in the United States to those U.S. businesses. So we have significant oversight with respect to our grantees overseeing a project as well as USTDA's program staff overseeing a project as well as our Office of Grants Management. So, with respect to our grant activities, they benefit the host country, but because we want to level the playing field for U.S. businesses, the work is being performed by U.S. companies and the money never leaves the United States. With respect to recovery, one of the things we like to ensure is that we do not have a loss. So we have significant processes put in place with respect to every single performance milestone in a grant, where there is review by the program staff with respect to that particular performance and all the way through the process to the end. When a project is complete, our Office of Grants Management reviews the whole project. However, as you indicated, there are times that when we get to the very end we may have an issue that arises. It is rare. But people are very much in tune to that, and we do a couple of things. One of the things we do is we often get outside auditors to come in and review the project to determine how much money is to be owed to us, and we then provide for demand letters from our agency. However, if we are unable to collect from USTDA, we have referred U.S. companies to the Department of Justice (DOJ) to be able--and the Treasury--to collect on our behalf. Senator McCaskill. And they have been successful? Ms. Zak. They have been successful. Senator McCaskill. OK. I am curious; if the money never leaves the United States, are you saying because they use their money over there? Aren't these projects being done in other countries? Ms. Zak. They are being done in other countries. Senator McCaskill. But how---- Ms. Zak. They are being done by U.S. contractors or U.S. businesses, often small businesses that are going abroad to look at the specifications. So these grants are often early project planning to be able to develop procurements or specifications, and we want to ensure that they are to the level that levels the playing field and that U.S. goods and services could be used. So the actual activities are being performed, the feasibility studies are being written, by U.S. companies. They are being overseen by the host country because we think that is extremely important for their development, to oversee their projects. At each milestone, the grantee signs off on the invoice. The contractor--U.S. contractor--certifies to the invoice. It then comes to USTDA to be reviewed for proper payment. Senator McCaskill. OK. I have lot of experience with money being paid to American companies to be used in foreign countries where it did not go well. So the picture you are painting is remarkable, that it is so seamless, without a problem. Do you have people on the ground in these countries that are looking at these projects--feet on the ground? Ms. Zak. We have a couple different ways that we look at these projects on the ground. One is the fact that our program staff does travel to those countries. We also work very closely with the U.S. embassies and the Commercial Service to oversee these projects. We also, as a matter of fact, have a series of audits that we perform annually--that we bring in, again, independent companies to audit those projects, to be able to review them. So it is a process of embassies, our staff, independent auditors, to be able to look over and track the projects. Senator McCaskill. Does every project get an independent auditor hired? Ms. Zak. Not, not every single project. Senator McCaskill. What is the criterion to when you hire an independent auditor and when you do not? Ms. Zak. Annually, our Office of Grants Management goes out to the staff of the agency to request whether or not there are any anomalies, anything they are concerned about. That is the beginning of a process. We also go through a process by which we look at what the risks are with respect to each project. It could be including things like what country they are in, have they done work with us before, have there been any concerns with lags with respect to their invoices. And then, as a result of those indicators, projects sort of rise to the top. They are then presented to an audit working group that reviews them. And as a result, outside auditors, which are usually small businesses, are hired, and those outside auditors will look at those specific projects. Senator McCaskill. Are you hiring these outside auditors in-country, or are you hiring people like KPMG and folks like that? Ms. Zak. We are hiring U.S. businesses--often, they are smaller than KPMG--to do these particular audits, but they travel in-country to be able to look at what is going on. Senator McCaskill. And how many countries do you have these projects in? Ms. Zak. We currently have streamlined our processes to where we have 18 priority countries. Senator McCaskill. Eighteen countries. And what--so how frequently--and how many people do you have working at this agency? Ms. Zak. We have 50 full-time equivalents (FTEs). Senator McCaskill. You have 50 people, and you have 18 countries. And how many projects a year? Ms. Zak. We have approximately--about 100 projects a year. Senator McCaskill. So everybody--so how much travel--is your travel budget extensive? Ms. Zak. It is not extensive. And, as matter of fact, one of the things that the agency did is that, even before other people, they have tried to economize with respect to their travel. And, when they may be allowed to do things like travel business class because of the length of time, our agency, beginning in 2009, volunteered to cut down and to go coach so that they can do more trips. So, with respect to our program staff, they travel at least quarterly to their countries, and our evaluation staff also travel to the countries. Senator McCaskill. Do the auditors travel? Ms. Zak. And the auditors travel on a separate audit budget, but the auditors travel---- Senator McCaskill. Are they going coach? Ms. Zak. They probably are going under the Federal rules, which they are not. Senator McCaskill. I bet they are. And what about failure in your agency, Ms. Littlefield? Ms. Littlefield. So, thank you. You asked two questions. One is about the capital structure and who loses first and second, and about failure. But since you are asking failure now, I will address that first. For me, there are two kinds of failure. One is failure to achieve the development impact that we are aiming for, and two--and related to that, of course--is failure to perform financially. With respect to failure to perform financially, we do find that particularly the smaller businesses sometimes struggle and need a lot of hand-holding. So our nonperforming loans can look significant--say, 6, 7, 8 percent of our portfolio. But, at the end of the day, we find that hard work with those clients enables them to finally end up pulling themselves together and performing, which results in our write-off rate, as I mentioned earlier, of less than 1 percent net of recoveries. So, with respect to failure, we hope to have some failure. If we are not failing sometimes, we are not taking enough risk. But I do find it continually remarkable how rare that is that we do have an actual write-off, particularly considering the places that we are working. The biggest effort I have put into marketing and working in the last year or so has been in Afghanistan, in Haiti, in South Sudan, Pakistan and elsewhere. With respect to failure to achieve a development impact-- because, of course, you can perform financially but not have a development impact--we are putting in place and have upgraded our development monitoring system, and we do have development analysts that travel to visit each of the projects and determine what impact their having. And we are going to try to do that over a much longer period of time once we have some money to invest in that long-term evaluation. With respect to whether the private sector and OPIC share, pro rata or in some other way, any losses, normally the project structure that we would work in would have the private sector investing in the equity in a project, which is generally the 25 percent sort of first base loss, and then we would be the financing on top of that. So, in order for us to actually lose money, the private sector partner would have to lose all of their money first. And then we would kick into, of course, the other mechanisms for getting paid back, whether it is collateral or personal guarantees or other means of getting repaid. But, yes, the bottom line is the private sector partners have a lot of skin in the game, and they lose before we do. Senator McCaskill. And that is huge, and that is probably saving you a lot of money because they are going to do so much due diligence because their skin is going to hurt first. That is obviously the right way, and I appreciate that is the way you are doing it. In preparing for this hearing, it is very difficult to figure out where the Federal Government is spending money on trade and development. It takes work, a lot of work, to figure it out. Your websites are good sources of information on projects, but neither of you are on ForeignAssistance.gov although I understand it is due to USAID having trouble uploading the information. You have this chart,\1\ which is not big, but I had my staff do this. And what this is, is you read across. This is OPIC, TDA, Export-Import, SBA, USAID, US Trade Group, Commercial Service in Commerce, Manufacturing and Service in Commerce, Market Access and Compliance in Commerce, then Commodity Credit in USDA, Foreign Market Development in USDA, Market Access Program in USDA, Emerging Markets Program and Export Credit Guaranty Program. OK? --------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ The chart referenced by Senator McCaskill appears in the Appendix on page 51. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- So that is the full deck. And then you go down as to what the responsibilities are. And you see the Xs all over this thing? I mean, it is a mess. Now I talk to any individual, whether I am--I mean, both of you are, obviously, highly competent and qualified and working hard and trying to do the right thing. And I talk to any of the agencies on this, and it is, oh, man, we have it covered. Do not touch us. This is good. But this has to be confusing for businesses. And it is hard to get the information in a way that people who sit in these chairs can really assess effectiveness and whether or not--I mean, honestly, Ms. Littlefield, I think that there--I have had an awful lot of interaction with USAID. I would vote for giving you a lot more of their money. I mean billions more of their money, in a heartbeat. But most members will never even know who you are or what you do because it is so fragmented and it is so niche-oriented that we are losing, I think, a lot of the punch and power of our development dollars. What do you think you all can do to up the transparency and up the coordination in a way that might bring more effectiveness to this overall goal that both of you have? You can go first. Ms. Littlefield. I can maybe just start with that. We have actually developed, along with Ex-Im Bank and USAID, some simple marketing materials that show on one piece of paper roughly what services you get from whom, and we found that can be very helpful in explaining to companies where they need to go for their specialized services. We have also articulated in--I do not know how many fora we have been sitting next to each other on a panel, describing very much as you did, or Senator Johnson did, at the outset, how USTDA's, for example, feasibility studies among other things can give rise to an OPIC investment which then, of course, creates a magnet for exports in the future that can be financed through Ex-Im Bank. So that sort of stylized diagram, if you will, of how we relay to one another I think is helpful to people. I also think some of the websites that have been launched, and particularly concentrated with Business USA and Export.gov from Commerce, will help, once they are fully up and running, create a one-stop shop that does triage for businesses coming in, to understand which agency they can go to for that specialized expertise that they are looking for. We find it looks complicated when you look at it on a spreadsheet, but frankly, the ecosystem of U.S. business is quite complex as well. So I think that is worth bearing in mind--that it is a complicated world out there. Senator McCaskill. OK. Ms. Zak. May I also add to that? I think--as Elizabeth had pointed out, I think it is true that there are some websites, such as Business USA, Export.gov that we do provide the information to and that does describe the agencies and what they do. I think a very important thing, though, that has happened is that the agencies are working extremely closely together. Matter of fact, some of the agencies, regularly meet. The heads of the agencies regularly meet to make sure that our activities are streamlined, make sure we know what is going on with respect to the other agencies. So we work very closely together. As was mentioned, with respect to the public, I do think that one of the things that has been very valuable is that OPIC, Ex-Im Bank, Commerce Department, State Department have both traveled within the United States and abroad as Team USA. I think that is extremely important--that we are able to work together, to show what we can do and how we can work together. But I also think that at all levels of the agencies they have been communicating extremely well, and I think it is important for us through the websites to continue to communicate to the public. Senator McCaskill. And do you feel you have the same communication even all the way into USDA? Ms. Zak. As a matter of fact, we work with USDA, but we also work with the Department of Energy (DOE). Because of the amount of aviation work we do, we also work very closely with the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). And, as a matter of fact, Administrator Huerta was just at one of our workshops. So, as a matter of fact, USTDA is a convener and works very closely with many agencies, and so that is one of the things we have had to do--is to leverage the other agencies. And we work with a broad spectrum. Senator McCaskill. How many other agencies--Federal agencies--are doing feasibility studies in foreign countries? Ms. Zak. I am not aware of any agencies. I know that occasionally USAID may do feasibility studies that are not focused necessarily on exports, the way that we do, but I am not aware of anyone that focuses on feasibility studies that are specifically focused on exports, which is our mission. Senator McCaskill. OK. So the Foreign Commercial Service Bureau within the Commerce Department or the International Trade Administration is not doing feasibility studies? Ms. Zak. Not to my knowledge. Senator McCaskill. OK. Well, we think they are. So we will double-check and let you know. Ms. Zak. Thank you. Senator McCaskill. If they are, then that is obviously a problem---- Ms. Zak. I would like to know about it. Senator McCaskill [continuing]. That you do not know it. And I assume that you would say the difference between OPIC and Ex-Im Bank is that you are focused on development goals and they are not? [Pause.] Because they do political risk insurance. They do investments abroad. They serve as a lender and insurer of last resort. You read their goals, and they are very similar to yours except with the development piece. Ms. Littlefield. The instruments sound similar, but I would say certainly they do not have a development mission, and we do not have a primary export generation mission either. So, as I have often explained it to our clients abroad, we are financing flows of U.S. capital for development purposes into emerging markets, and Ex-Im Bank is financing flows out of those emerging markets to acquire U.S. goods and services. Senator McCaskill. Well, what if we--just think about this for a minute. OK? Like do not immediately say, no. What if we combined your agency with Export-Import and added development goals to their mission? Ms. Littlefield. That is certainly something that has been discussed, and I know the President has proposed this, of course. And I think, as we have said, he has every right to organize I believe his executive team the way he sees fit. And I have no doubt that however any reorganization happened it would be done in a way that enabled us to preserve our development mission, but I feel it is also important to do it in such a way that Ex-Im Bank preserves its export promotion mission, too. And sometimes it can be challenging to have mission misalignment within one large entity. Senator McCaskill. But other than what you see as maybe some natural tension between exports and development goals, is there any other really compelling reason that you would see that they could not be combined? Ms. Littlefield. I have not looked into it in any great detail, but I have every faith that the President and the White House will do it well if they decide to so. Senator McCaskill. Well, unfortunately, for the President, it is not up to him. This is one of those deals that he needs Congress to help. And he would tell you, I am sure if he were here, that has been challenging, at a minimum, to get Congress to go along. Let's talk a little bit about TDA's outside financial auditors. I know that they report to your deputy financial officer and to the chief operation officer (COO). And your general counsel is serving as your inspector general now; is that correct? Ms. Zak. As you indicated, we do not have an inspector general. As a result, our general counsel is a coordinator. If there are any activities, they can be brought to our general counsel. If there is a need to go to another agency with respect to--as we referred to DOJ in the past, then she is able to provide that information to others as well. With respect to the outside auditors, the auditors do report to our chief financial officer, but as a matter of fact, the senior management team meets with our auditors to ensure that we review all of the information that the auditors have provided. Senator McCaskill. OK. But I am assuming that neither one of you would have a problem if we could figure out a way to give you special--I mean your own designated inspectors general to provide that independent, third-party, outside look at risk assessment--most importantly, risk assessment--and then going in and doing a deep dive in whatever areas they determined were risk-worthy. I am assuming you would be OK with that. You would not have a problem with having an IG. Ms. Littlefield. As I mentioned earlier---- Senator McCaskill. Right. Ms. Littlefield [continuing]. That is the avenue that we are pursuing with the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. I think it is the solution that makes the most sense for a small agency and one that enables us to ensure that we have the relevant skills embodied in that IG. Senator McCaskill. We have IGs in agencies, frankly, that are much smaller than yours and have much less connection with finances than yours. I mean, there are some tiny agencies with IGs and that do not have the financial impact that yours have. Are you OK with an IG? Ms. Zak. With respect to the attorney general, we have--or inspector general, rather. We have spoken with both our appropriators as well as our authorizers that are aware of our size, the nature of the work that we do and the oversight that we have. And, with respect to the size, one of--the thinking is to be able to have access and to continue with our audits as we have performed them in the past. But, basically, the issue has been sort of the size and nature of the work. Senator McCaskill. Right. OK. Is there anything that I have not asked a question about that you wished I would have? Ms. Littlefield. I, personally, cannot think of one. I think you have been very thorough. And we appreciate the time and attention you and your staff have spent to understanding--I speak for Lee as well, I think-- our two small but vital agencies, both of which I believe are punching well above their weight. Senator McCaskill. I think that both of you are. And this is one of those areas--and I will be honest with you. When you are in this line of work--and I have a sense that neither one of you are in your jobs because you are looking for big money. I think both of you probably have the kind of resumes that you could make much more money in other jobs. One of the things that is really hard right now is the cynicism that is out there about government and that government does not do anything right and that government just pretty much sucks and that government is the enemy and government is the problem. And, with more oversight, I think both of your agencies would get more exposure to the work you are doing. I think both of you are working very hard to make your agencies appropriately risk-free and productive. And there are two sides to oversight. One is that you figure out when bad things are going on, and you get them fixed. The other is you highlight agencies that are doing things right. My sense is that overall if you all had more aggressive third-party oversight you would do very well, and that is good for all of us--to have every once in a while some parts of government that are doing what they should be doing. We are going to continue to pursue, to the extent we can, on consolidation of programs where it makes sense. There is, I think, some value to making this a little less complicated to someone who is not intimately involved in foreign development and foreign investment. It is complicated. And I know you all talk to each other, but coming in from the outside as I did to this, I kind of went, wow, this is a labyrinth. To you, it seems simple because it is who you work with every day and it is your areas of expertise, but I think to most businesses it is much more complicated. And I am going to continue to work on that and will look forward to getting your input on it. Generally, the problem with consolidation has nothing to do with the agencies. It has to do with committee chairs that do not want to give up their jurisdiction. That is a problem that would be my responsibility to try to deal with. Yes? Ms. Zak. I just wanted to respond to your question of what is a question that I wished you would have asked, and that is, what do you need? And I think one of the things that we do need is for people to support the President's budget. I think both for OPIC and for USTDA because I do think--and I really appreciate your focusing on agencies that are effective. And I think we are effective, and with the President's budget, we can be even more effective. Senator McCaskill. Well, we actually got a budget deal last night, and it was not the President's budget, but it was a lot closer than many of us thought we would get. So there is a little glimmer of hope at the end of the tunnel that we are going to be doing the shutdown dance again and that we will begin to maybe get back to some regular order and begin authorizing and appropriating the way the rules are designed. So I really appreciate your time today. We will have some followup questions for you. Particularly, I want to get to the bottom of what percentage of your work is actually in developing countries and what is the criteria and how is that being decided and what does it relate to, to the original authorization and how that was determined. We are going to want to take a little bit deeper dive around that and clear up some of the confusion that seems to exist about how much of your body of work is actually being done in developing countries. Ms. Littlefield. Yes, I would welcome that. Thank you. Senator McCaskill. OK. Thank you both. [Whereupon, at 3:20 p.m., the Subcommittee was adjourned.] A P P E N D I X ---------- [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]