[Senate Hearing 112-149]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
S. Hrg. 112-149
NOMINATIONS TO THE
EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT,
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION,
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, AND
THE MARINE MAMMAL COMMISSION
=======================================================================
HEARING
before the
COMMITTEE ON COMMERCE,
SCIENCE, AND TRANSPORTATION
UNITED STATES SENATE
ONE HUNDRED TWELFTH CONGRESS
FIRST SESSION
__________
MARCH 10, 2011
__________
Printed for the use of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and
Transportation
_____
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71-256 PDF WASHINGTON : 2011
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SENATE COMMITTEE ON COMMERCE, SCIENCE, AND TRANSPORTATION
ONE HUNDRED TWELFTH CONGRESS
FIRST SESSION
JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER IV, West Virginia, Chairman
DANIEL K. INOUYE, Hawaii KAY BAILEY HUTCHISON, Texas,
JOHN F. KERRY, Massachusetts Ranking
BARBARA BOXER, California OLYMPIA J. SNOWE, Maine
BILL NELSON, Florida JOHN ENSIGN, Nevada
MARIA CANTWELL, Washington JIM DeMINT, South Carolina
FRANK R. LAUTENBERG, New Jersey JOHN THUNE, South Dakota
MARK PRYOR, Arkansas ROGER F. WICKER, Mississippi
CLAIRE McCASKILL, Missouri JOHNNY ISAKSON, Georgia
AMY KLOBUCHAR, Minnesota ROY BLUNT, Missouri
TOM UDALL, New Mexico JOHN BOOZMAN, Arkansas
MARK WARNER, Virginia PATRICK J. TOOMEY, Pennsylvania
MARK BEGICH, Alaska MARCO RUBIO, Florida
KELLY AYOTTE, New Hampshire
Ellen L. Doneski, Staff Director
James Reid, Deputy Staff Director
Bruce H. Andrews, General Counsel
Ann Begeman, Republican Staff Director
Brian M. Hendricks, Republican General Counsel
C O N T E N T S
----------
Page
Hearing held on March 10, 2011................................... 1
Statement of Senator Rockefeller................................. 1
Statement of Senator Klobuchar................................... 1
Statement of Senator Hutchison................................... 4
Statement of Senator Thune....................................... 5
Witnesses
Hon. Rob Portman, U.S. Senator from Ohio......................... 6
Ann D. Begeman, Member-Designate, Surface Transportation Board,
U.S. Department of Transportation.............................. 8
Prepared statement........................................... 9
Biographical information..................................... 10
Philip E. Coyle III, Associate Director-Designate, Office of
Science and Technology Policy, Executive Office of the
President...................................................... 14
Prepared statement........................................... 16
Biographical information..................................... 17
Dr. Kathryn D. Sullivan, Assistant Secretary-Designate of
Commerce for Observation and Prediction, National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce........ 22
Prepared statement........................................... 24
Biographical information..................................... 25
Dr. Frances M.D. Gulland, Member-Designate, Marine Mammal
Commission..................................................... 35
Prepared statement........................................... 37
Biographical information..................................... 38
Appendix
Response to written questions submitted to Ann D. Begeman by:
Hon. Amy Klobuchar........................................... 75
Response to written questions submitted to Dr. Kathryn D.
Sullivan by:
Hon. Mark Begich............................................. 75
Hon. Tom Udall............................................... 76
Response to written questions submitted to Dr. Frances M.D.
Gulland by:
Hon. John D. Rockefeller IV.................................. 77
Hon. Tom Udall............................................... 79
NOMINATIONS TO THE
EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT,
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION,
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, AND
THE MARINE MAMMAL COMMISSION
----------
THURSDAY, MARCH 10, 2011
U.S. Senate,
Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation,
Washington, DC.
The Committee met, pursuant to notice, at 10:07 a.m. in
room SR-253, Russell Senate Office Building, Hon. John D.
Rockefeller IV, Chairman of the Committee, presiding.
OPENING STATEMENT OF HON. JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER IV,
U.S. SENATOR FROM WEST VIRGINIA
The Chairman. This hearing is opened.
This is not the regular order, but Senator Klobuchar has to
go to a hearing and wants to make a statement about something
which could be a game-changer.
STATEMENT OF HON. AMY KLOBUCHAR,
U.S. SENATOR FROM MINNESOTA
Senator Klobuchar. No, you can go first.
The Chairman. No.
Senator Klobuchar. And I know you have a guest. Senator
Portman's here. That's fine. I just need to leave in 10, 15
minutes.
The Chairman. I know, but you need to speak.
Senator Klobuchar. Of course.
The Chairman. Senator Portman told me that you have to
speak.
Senator Klobuchar. Oh, OK. Well, very good.
Well, thank you very much, Mr. Chairman, for holding this
hearing. And I join you in welcoming the four nominees to the
Committee. We do consider numerous nominees, but it's not too
often that we welcome one of our own before us. We did so when
Debbie Hersman was nominated to the Chair of the NTSB and when
David Strickland was nominated to be the NHTSA Administrator.
Now we have Ann Begeman, who is nominated to be a Member of
the Surface Transportation Board.
As everyone knows well, she has been an important member of
the Commerce Committee staff for over a decade, and we welcome
her nomination. She helped craft the Surface Transportation
Board Reauthorization Act, which would address long-time
concerns by shippers about predatory pricing and practices,
increase competition, and establish a level playing field.
And the reason I wanted to speak, Mr. Chairman, was I
wanted to emphasize, since I won't be here for her
questioning--I'll be at the Judiciary Committee--how important
that bill is and the work that must continue for our captive
shippers. Whenever I say that word at home, my 15-year-old
daughter asks me if I'm talking about pirates. But I want to
make clear that we still have a number of businesses in my
state and farmers who are very concerned about what's
happening.
When I first came to the Senate, they would tell me that
the STB would simply not listen to their concerns. Well, under
new leadership, the STB is now listening to our shippers,
examining anti-competitive issues, and considering next steps
to ensure that America's freight rail customers receive fair
rates and good service.
Given Ms. Begeman's experience, once confirmed, I know
she'll be ready to consider these very important issues.
I also would like to mention Dr. Kathryn Sullivan, who's
nominated to be the Assistant Secretary for Environmental
Observation and Prediction of NOAA at the U.S. Department of
Commerce. NOAA's North Central River Forecast Center is vital
to helping communities along the Red River in Minnesota and
North Dakota and other rivers in the upper Midwest prepare for
flooding, with reports of water levels and rates of flow. We're
very concerned about all of the snow we've had and what may
happen in the next months with the Red River, and having these
flood predictions is incredibly important for us. I literally
know them every other day. I check in to see what it is. And
that's because of the good work of NOAA.
So, I want to congratulate all the nominees.
And, thank you, Chairman Rockefeller.
The Chairman. Thank you, Senator Klobuchar.
I'll proceed now to my opening statement, followed by
Senator Hutchison, and I think Senator Thune wants to make some
remarks.
We have four nominations today. And I apologize to Senator
Portman for holding him up here.
[Laughter.]
The Chairman. I mean, her statement was a game-changer.
We start with the nomination of Ms. Begeman to be a Member
of the Surface Transportation Board. As you all know, Ms.
Begeman is the Committee's Minority Staff Director. Beloved by
all, respected by all, she's a virtual institution on this
committee, and in the Senate. She's also a consummate
professional, ever ready to come together to find solutions to
complex issues, and an expert on surface transportation issues.
I know Ms. Begeman will be able to dive right into the
complicated issues that come before the STB. It is a very
controversial type situation there, as Senator Klobuchar
indicated. These are very important issues, both for the
captive shippers and for the entire rail industry.
I have to say that I'm very sad to lose her intellect. All
of us on the Democratic side are, as well as on the Republican
side. She has great expertise. She has total dedication to this
committee. But on the other hand, I'm pleased that she's headed
into a new position where the nation can benefit from her
tremendous talent. So, she's a terrific choice. Otherwise, I
don't lean one way or another.
[Laughter.]
The Chairman. Our next nominee, Mr. Philip Coyle, has been
here before. He's an expert on national security policy,
military research and development of military space systems.
The fact that this committee is again considering Mr. Coyle's
nomination to be Associate Director for National Security and
International Affairs at the Office of Science and Technology
Policy, OSTP, is a testament to the need for such an expert in
this post.
I think most of you know that we reported Mr. Coyle in the
last Congress. When there wasn't floor time for discussion on
the matter, that became impossible, and then we couldn't move
him by unanimous consent, so President Obama recess-appointed
him. That's not the wrong thing to do if you really need
somebody.
For the past 8 months Mr. Coyle has served as an advisor to
the administration on issues of critical national security
importance, such as cybersecurity, emergency communications,
and international science diplomacy.
We welcome you, Mr. Coyle. We look forward to hearing more
about your work.
Dr. Kathryn Sullivan has been nominated to be Assistant
Secretary of Commerce for Observation and Prediction. This is a
new position created by Administrator Lubchenco. If confirmed,
Dr. Sullivan will be responsible for driving policy and program
initiatives for weather and water, integrative mapping, and
observation systems.
Dr. Sullivan is no stranger to Presidential appointments.
Her current nomination marks the fifth time she has been called
to public service by five different administrations. She is
also a woman of ``firsts.'' She was the first American woman to
walk in space.
[Laughter.]
The Chairman. It doesn't make any difference if she's Afro-
American or not.
[Laughter.]
The Chairman. And you were all just kind of tweeting in the
background.
[Laughter.]
The Chairman. It's very embarrassing to those of us, up
here on the dais.
[Laughter.]
The Chairman. She was one of the first six women selected
to join the NASA astronauts corps in 1978. From 1992 to 1996,
she served as Chief Scientist to NOAA. Her leadership skills
and extensive scientific knowledge will help provide needed
direction to NOAA's programs.
Dr. Sullivan, we thank you very much for being willing to
do this and for your continued potential service to this
Nation.
Our final nominee, Dr. Frances Gulland, has demonstrated a
strong commitment to marine mammal conservation. She spent many
years providing veterinary care and rehabilitation to stranded
marine mammals, and is no stranger to the good work of the
Marine Mammal Commission, MMC. For the last decade, Dr. Gulland
has served on the MMC's Committee of Scientific Advisors. She
pushed to make sure science serves as the guide and bases for
its policies.
She is just the kind of person we need to bridge the gap
between research and the hard realities of management, and
would be a welcome addition to the Marine Mammal Commission.
Dr. Gulland, we congratulate you on your nomination, and
I'm very interested in hearing your ideas, as well as those of
the other nominees.
And I now turn to Senator Hutchison.
STATEMENT OF HON. KAY BAILEY HUTCHISON,
U.S. SENATOR FROM TEXAS
Senator Hutchison. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
Well, I feel like I don't need to say anything about Ann
Begeman. But I am very pleased to be able to introduce her as
the nominee for membership on the Surface Transportation Board.
I think that the previous two statements from the majority
side of the aisle show that Ann Begeman is effective. She is in
the category of nominee that no introduction to this committee
is required because we have worked with her for so long.
Ann has served in the Senate for over 21 years as a
Professional Staff Member. She currently is the Staff Director
of our side of the Committee. She previously served the
Committee as Deputy Staff Director and Professional Staff
Member on surface transportation issues for many years. Between
her tours of service on the Committee, she also served as
Legislative Director and Acting Chief of Staff for Senator John
McCain. She has a well-earned reputation as an expert in
transportation issues and is one of the go-to people in the
Senate for anything related to surface transportation.
I have relied on Ann's advice and counsel for nearly 18
years since my earliest days in the Senate as a member of this
committee. When you do such good work, that work is recognized
and appreciated.
The recently passed FAA Reauthorization Bill stands as a
perfect example of Ann's steadfastness and perseverance. In the
last year alone, this committee has had victories large and
small, ranging from the America COMPETES Act, the NASA
Reauthorization Act, to the first movement in many years on
Surface Transportation Board reauthorization. I think that
speaks well of both of our staffs, Mr. Chairman, and how well
they have worked together to move our committee, really, into
the forefront of committees that have been active and
effective, and sent bills to the floor that passed the Senate.
In each of these areas and countless others, Ann has been a
strong leader and a creative force for the public's interest.
We don't often pause to recognize that type of humble service,
but the country has been the fortunate beneficiary of people
like Ann Begeman. And I know that we will benefit from her
service in her new role.
If you ask anyone who has worked with Ann Begeman how best
to describe her, they will inevitably say that she is focused
on detail and is an excellent manager. She will be missed. I
will miss her. The rest of the Committee will. But I know that
her knowledge, her experience, and her unwavering attention to
detail will soon be focused on complex surface transportation
issues as a Member of the STB. I have no doubt that Ann will
make an immediate impact on the crucial rail issues facing our
Nation.
I also want to welcome Dr. Kathryn Sullivan, who has been
nominated to serve as Assistant Secretary. As the Chairman has
said, NOAA is one of our nation's premier scientific agencies.
It provides services such as hurricane forecasting that are
essential to the protection of life and property. When
Hurricane Ike hit the Texas coast in 2008, I saw first-hand
NOAA's advanced warning system work. They pinpointed where it
was going and when it was going to hit, and allowed the
protection of so much of the property that was involved in that
hurricane. It's such an important asset for our country.
Dr. Sullivan has a long career of public service that
includes serving as the Chief Scientist at NOAA, a Naval
Reservist, and a NASA astronaut. She is the first American
woman to walk in space. And I am very pleased with her
nomination.
In her current role at Ohio State University, she works to
improve STEM education for our nation's youth, and it was this
committee that passed the America COMPETES Act, which
encourages STEM education and authorizes it. So, I'm looking
forward to hearing from her.
On the Marine Mammal Commission nomination, Dr. Frances
Gulland, I look forward to her priorities. This is a Commission
that provides the oversight of marine mammal conservation
policies carried out by the federal agencies.
And I would like to welcome Mr. Philip Coyle, who is
currently serving as a recess appointee in the position for
which he has been nominated, Associate Director of National
Security and International Affairs at OSTP. Mr. Coyle has a
long record of public service, and I look forward to hearing
from him.
Mr. Chairman, I will just end by saying that I hope very
much that we will be able to mark up and go to the floor, and
get these nominees acted on so that they can carry on,
hopefully, in their respective positions. I know Ann was
nominated last December and I would certainly like to see her
move on out, and I think we know her. And I think the others
have experience and we would be able to make decisions on them
very quickly, I hope.
Thank you.
The Chairman. I join her.
Senator Thune?
STATEMENT OF HON. JOHN THUNE,
U.S. SENATOR FROM SOUTH DAKOTA
Senator Thune. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
And I am pleased to join this morning's nomination hearing
and want to welcome all of the nominees to the Committee. And
at the risk of echoing what my colleagues have said--we're not
ignoring the other members that are here for nomination today.
But I am here particularly, too, because Ann Begeman is
appearing before this committee to serve as one of the three
members of the Surface Transportation Board.
Many of us have had the opportunity not just to work with
Ann over the years as a Professional Staff Member on this
committee and her years of work, on behalf of various
colleagues. But I've also had the pleasure of knowing her due
to our mutual South Dakota connection. Ann Begeman is a small-
town South Dakota girl who has brought her South Dakota work
ethic and professionalism to Washington, D.C., and to the work
of the U.S. Senate. Ann has, as has already been mentioned by
you, Mr. Chairman, by Senator Hutchison, an extraordinary
record of accomplishment over a long period of time. She is
someone who I think has proven and demonstrated the ability to
immerse herself into the technical details of the complex
legislation that we deal with in front of this committee but,
at the same time, still able to see the public policy
implications of what we do from the 30,000 foot level. And
that's a unique combination of skills, in the realm in which we
deal on a daily basis. And I can't think of anybody that is
more qualified or would be better equipped to serve as a Member
of the Surface Transportation Board. And I say that as a former
State Rail Director in South Dakota and someone who has worked
not only on this committee, but in the in House of
Representatives on the relevant committees that have
jurisdiction over the nation's rail carriers.
Ann is incredibly capable and talented and, when it comes
to the rate and service issues that are going to come before
the Surface Transportation Board, is going to be extremely
well-equipped to deal with those issues. And I have a high
level of confidence that the Surface Transportation Board is
going to be extraordinarily well-served by her presence there.
I will miss, I have to say, looking behind me to get
answers to questions, as we often do look to her for her
expertise. But I know she is looking forward to the service
that she will provide the country at the STB, as are we. And
so, I am delighted to be able to be here today to support a
fellow South Dakotan and someone who comes from a small town
called Humboldt, South Dakota, and has been a very humble
public servant in her time here in Washington.
And I hope that we can speed these nominations, as Senator
Hutchison said, along through the Committee process and get
them to the floor so we can get folks into the positions where
they can begin making a difference for us.
Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
The Chairman. Thank you very much, Senator Thune.
And Senator Portman, I'm glad to say that we welcome you,
as we did at the beginning. And you had a little chance to
relax a little bit and think over your testimony, and we look
forward to hearing it.
STATEMENT OF HON. ROB PORTMAN,
U.S. SENATOR FROM OHIO
Senator Portman. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. It was a pleasure
to get to hear about some of the other nominees as well.
But, as you know, I'm here, Chairman Rockefeller and
Ranking Member Hutchison, and Senator Thune, to talk about an
Ohioan. And I'm honored to have been asked.
From the Wright Brothers Bicycle Shop in Dayton, Ohio, to
John Glenn's first orbit, your former colleague, Neil
Armstrong's first step on the moon, Ohio has been at the
forefront and has had a rich history in flight and a tradition
in flight, science and aerospace. So, today it's my honor to
introduce a fellow Ohioan who's continuing that tradition--
excelling as an oceanographer, an astronaut, an educator, and a
lot more.
Dr. Sullivan has a very impressive record of service to her
country. She's a military commander, serving as a Captain in
the Naval Reserves since 1988. She's a NASA astronaut and a
veteran of three shuttle missions, including one where, as has
been noted this morning, she was indeed the first woman to walk
in space. She was not, however, the first Ohioan. As she told
me a minute ago, Neil Armstrong walking on the Moon probably
makes him first among Ohioans walking outside a spacecraft. But
she is someone we're so proud of. She's a member of the United
States Astronauts Hall of Fame, a member of the Ohio Women's
Hall of Fame, the Veterans Hall of Fame. She has given so much
already. But now she's willing to allow her experience,
expertise and passion to be used here in Washington, and we're
proud that she is stepping up to serve.
For the last few years until last year, I was teaching at
the John Glenn School of Public Affairs at Ohio State, and on
their Board, their Advisory Committee, and she is there as
well. She's actually Director of the Glenn School's Battelle
Center for Mathematics and Science Education, serving as a
nexus between good science and good public policy--something
this committee cares a lot about.
In 1996, after she served as Chief Scientist at NOAA, Dr.
Sullivan moved to Ohio to be the CEO of a terrific interactive
science museum in Columbus called COSI. And she has lived in
Columbus ever since. And in fact, this morning she has
confirmed to me that she will continue to be a Buckeye. She's
going to keep her home in Ohio and do the commute that many of
us are used to. We're very happy about that as well.
Now, this museum is where I first met Dr. Sullivan. And I
saw her interact with three children who happened to be my
kids. And in doing so, I saw her convey to them her passion for
science and its application in our daily lives. And I want to
tell Dr. Sullivan this morning that my daughter Sally, who was
4 or 5 at the time and is now 16, seems to have an acute
interest in science for some reason. And I hope she will be
following up on that interest, and looking to you as she does
as her role model.
In an age where partisanship and politics too often cloud
what we do here in Washington, it is really an honor to welcome
her. She's got a history of praise and respect from both sides
of the isle. Mr. Chairman, she has been nominated to positions,
as I count it, by five presidents already--George Herbert
Walker Bush, President Reagan, President Clinton twice,
President George W. Bush, and now, of course, President Obama,
this time as Assistant Secretary for Environmental Observation
and Prediction at NOAA.
Ohio has its rich tradition of leaders who have reached for
the stars, and as you consider the nomination of Dr. Sullivan,
I hope you will allow one of Ohio's stars to continue her
tradition of leading.
Mr. Chairman, again, I thank you for allowing me to be with
you today.
And to members of the Committee, I hope you will welcome
Dr. Kathryn Sullivan.
The Chairman. We certainly will, and we thank you very
much, Senator.
Senator Portman. Thank you.
The Chairman. And we apologize for making you wait.
Senator Portman. Not at all.
The Chairman. Would the witnesses come forward, please?
Mr. Coyle is without a chair.
Ms. Begeman, maybe it would be appropriate to start with
you.
STATEMENT OF ANN D. BEGEMAN, MEMBER-DESIGNATE,
SURFACE TRANSPORTATION BOARD,
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
Ms. Begeman. Thank you very much.
I know, Chairman Rockefeller, you usually start by
recognizing family members of nominees. And although my family
couldn't be here today, my Senate family is here all around me,
next to you, and in the audience. And a large number of McCain
staffers are here proving that, as Senator McCain would say,
``they would do anything to leave their workstations.''
[Laughter.]
Ms. Begeman. But I'm very happy that they're here. They
have rubber bands to hit me in the head in case I need it. But
I hope that I don't.
Before I begin my statement, I just wanted to thank you for
the kind words that all of the members have said, and just to
quickly thank a few of the, really, key members in--the three
that had just been most recently speaking, for giving me such a
great experience here these last few years. Senator Thune--when
I first returned to the Committee, he welcomed me to be a part
of his team. And even today, although I do not staff him, he
makes me feel like I'm a part of his office and his staff, and
I greatly appreciate that.
Chairman Rockefeller, your staff--thank you for your
leadership in running this committee in a way that promotes
bipartisanship. You know, for committee staffers, kind of
juggling the views of 25 members and their staffs can be
interesting every day. But because of the tone and example that
you and Senator Hutchison have set with this committee to be
bipartisan, we've managed to have some great legislative
accomplishments. And at times we surprise even ourselves, and,
I think, you, too, with bills such as NASA and COMPETES. And I
know that that will continue in the future.
And finally, Senator Hutchison, thank you for everything.
To get to work with you and your great committee staff, the
tiger behind you----
[Laughter.]
Ms. Begeman.--Brian Hendricks, Joe, Jarrod, just everybody.
Thank you for everything. I know that this will be probably the
best professional experience that I ever have, and it's because
of the people I've gotten to work with, and I want to thank you
all. Everyone on this side of the aisle as well. Thank you.
Now, to my statement, which, I will try to be quite brief.
It's an honor to appear before you as the President's
nominee to the Surface Transportation Board. Having worked in
the Senate for over 20 years--12 of those as a proud Commerce
Committee staffer--many of you know me quite well. But I want
to briefly touch on my background for the benefit of any of you
that don't know me as well as others.
I grew up on a farm in Humboldt, South Dakota and moved to
Washington after graduating from college to work for my
hometown senator, Larry Pressler. It's Senator Pressler who
first gave me the chance to work on transportation issues, and
I want to mention that a number of my colleagues from Senator
Pressler's office are here in the audience, and I appreciate
that they took the time to attend.
I moved to this committee when Senator Pressler became
Chairman, and then I continued on when Senator McCain became
Chairman. Then I covered surface transportation and other
issues for 9 years, until moving over to Senator McCain's
personal office to serve as his Legislative Director.
I returned 2 years ago to the Commerce Committee to once
again work on surface transportation issues for Senator
Hutchison and Senator Thune, and soon after, I also took on the
responsibilities of the Staff Director.
I wanted to return to the Committee for two reasons. First,
I very much wanted to re-engage on transportation issues, as I
feel strongly there's a very appropriate federal role in
ensuring the viability, safety and security of our nation's
transportation system. Second, during my previous years on the
Committee, it operated largely in a bipartisan manner, and I
hoped that in the post-Presidential election at the time, that
the Committee might still have at least some level of
bipartisanship that allowed it to be as effective as I had
known it to be. As I'd mentioned, it turns out my expectations
were greatly surpassed, and thank you for that.
Again, I've covered the Committee's surface transportation
portfolio for many years, including when the Committee sunset
the ICC and created the STB, and more recently, last Congress
when we passed the STB Reauthorization Act, when this committee
did.
While I have had a good deal of hands-on experience with
legislation concerning the Board and its duties, and have had
the opportunity to meet countless times over the years with its
stakeholders, I also recognize that I still have a lot to
learn, and I'm determined to do so.
If confirmed, I will approach that position fundamentally
in the same way as I have approached my position as Senate
staffer. I will work hard to understand the issues. I will
listen without bias to all stakeholders. I'll strive to be
fair. I'll never forget that I am accountable to the taxpayers.
And I will always follow the guidance of the law, and make my
decisions accordingly.
Thank you.
[The prepared statement and biographical information of Ms.
Begeman follows:]
Prepared Statement of Ann D. Begeman, Member-Designate, Surface
Transportation Board, U.S. Department of Transportation
Thank you, Chairman Rockefeller, Ranking Member Hutchison, and
members of the Committee, for holding this hearing to consider the
nominees before you today. I will try to be brief, and I ask that my
full statement be included in the record.
It is an honor to appear before you as the President's nominee to
the Surface Transportation Board (STB). Having worked in the Senate for
over 20 years, 12 of those as a proud Commerce Committee staffer, many
of you know me quite well. But I want to briefly touch on my background
for the benefit of those who are new to the Committee.
I grew up on a farm in Humboldt, South Dakota, and moved to
Washington after graduating from college to work for my hometown
Senator, Larry Pressler. It is Senator Pressler who first gave me the
chance to work on transportation issues. I moved to this committee when
he became Chairman, and I continued on when Senator McCain became
chairman. I covered surface transportation and other issues for the
Committee for 9 years until becoming Senator McCain's Legislative
Director in 2004. I then returned to the Committee 2 years ago to work
on surface transportation issues for Senators Hutchison and Thune, and
soon after, also took on the Staff Director duties.
I returned to the Committee for two reasons: First, I very much
wanted to reengage on transportation policy issues, as I feel strongly
that there is a very appropriate federal role in ensuring the
viability, safety, and security of our nation's transportation system.
Second, during my previous years on the Committee, it operated largely
in a bipartisan manner, and I hoped that in the post-Presidential
election environment at the time, the Committee might still have at
least some level of the bipartisanship that had allowed it to be so
effective in the past. As it turns out, my expectations were surpassed.
As I mentioned, I have covered the Committee's surface
transportation portfolio for a number of years, including when the
Committee sunset the Interstate Commerce Commission and established the
STB and, more recently, when the Committee passed the STB
Reauthorization Act in the last Congress. While I have had a good deal
of hands on experience with legislation concerning the Board and its
duties, and have had the opportunity to meet countless times over the
years with its stakeholders, I also recognize that I still have much to
learn. And, I am determined to do so.
If confirmed to serve as a Member of the STB, I will approach that
position fundamentally in the same way I have conducted myself as a
Senate staffer: I will work hard to understand the issues; I will
listen without bias to all stakeholders; I will strive to be fair; I
will never forget that I am accountable to the taxpayers; and I will
always follow the guidance of the law and make my decisions
accordingly.
Again, thank you. I look forward to answering any questions you may
have.
______
a. biographical information
1. Name (Include any former names or nicknames used): Ann D.
Begeman.
2. Position to which nominated: Member, Surface Transportation
Board.
3. Date of Nomination: January 5, 2011.
4. Address (List current place of residence and office addresses):
Residence: Information not released to the public.
Office: Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and
Transportation, SD 560 Dirksen, U.S. Senate, Washington, DC
20510.
5. Date and Place of Birth: April 18, 1964; Sioux Falls, South
Dakota.
6. Provide the name, position, and place of employment for your
spouse (if married) and the names and ages of your children (including
stepchildren and children by a previous marriage).
Not Applicable.
7. List all college and graduate degrees. Provide year and school
attended.
Bachelor of Science, Business Administration, University of
South Dakota, 1986.
8. List all post-undergraduate employment, and highlight all
management-level jobs held and any non-managerial jobs that relate to
the position for which you are nominated.
Employment includes:
Office of U.S. Senator Larry Pressler (5/86-3/88).
First American Bankshares, Inc. (3/88-7/92).
Office of U.S. Senator Larry Pressler (7/92-11/94).
Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation (11/
94-1/04).
Office of U.S. Senator John McCain (1/04-5/09).
Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation (5/09
to present).
Management positions include: serving as Deputy Staff Director for
the Commerce Committee (1/02-1/04); Legislative Director (1/04-5/09)
and Acting Chief of Staff (3/07-2/08) for Senator John McCain; and
Staff Director/Acting Staff Director for the Commerce Committee from 8/
09 to present. Except for my employment with First American Bankshares,
Inc., all other positions held included responsibilities dealing with
federal policy matters, including specifically transportation.
9. Attach a copy of your resume. A copy is attached.
10. List any advisory, consultative, honorary, or other part-time
service or positions with federal, state, or local governments, other
than those listed above, within the last 5 years: Not applicable.
11. List all positions held as an officer, director, trustee,
partner, proprietor, agent, representative, or consultant of any
corporation, company, firm, partnership, or other business, enterprise,
educational, or other institution within the last 5 years: Not
applicable.
12. Please list each membership you have had during the past 10
years or currently hold with any civic, social, charitable,
educational, political, professional, fraternal, benevolent or
religious organization, private club, or other membership organization.
Include dates of membership and any positions you have held with any
organization. Please note whether any such club or organization
restricts membership on the basis of sex, race, color, religion,
national origin, age, or handicap: Not applicable.
13. Have you ever been a candidate for and/or held a public office
(elected, nonelected, or appointed)? If so, indicate whether any
campaign has any outstanding debt, the amount, and whether you are
personally liable for that debt: No.
14. Itemize all political contributions to any individual, campaign
organization, political party, political action committee, or similar
entity of $500 or more for the past 10 years. Also list all offices you
have held with, and services rendered to, a state or national political
party or election committee during the same period.
In a volunteer capacity, I served as a Senior Advisor to the McCain
for President Campaign, from February 2008-November 2008. Also in 2008,
I volunteered for the Graham for Senate Campaign.
15. List all scholarships, fellowships, honorary degrees, honorary
society memberships, military medals, and any other special recognition
for outstanding service or achievements: Not applicable.
16. Please list each book, article, column, or publication you have
authored, individually or with others. Also list any speeches that you
have given on topics relevant to the position for which you have been
nominated. Do not attach copies of these publications unless otherwise
instructed.
I have drafted many speeches and op-eds during my employment in the
U.S. Senate; however, all such items were under the employers' names.
17. Please identify each instance in which you have testified
orally or in writing before Congress in a governmental or non-
governmental capacity and specify the date and subject matter of each
testimony: Not applicable.
18. Given the current mission, major programs, and major
operational objectives of the department/agency to which you have been
nominated, what in your background or employment experience do you
believe affirmatively qualifies you for appointment to the position for
which you have been nominated, and why do you wish to serve in that
position?
During over 20 years of employment in the U.S. Senate, I have
worked on a wide range of federal transportation policy matters,
including having served as the lead Republican staffer on the
legislation that created the Surface Transportation Board (the ICC
Termination Act of 1995), and most recently, on legislation reported by
the Commerce Committee to reauthorize the STB. I have a strong
professional interest in public policy matters, and believe it is very
important that the Board be served by members who are committed to
reaching fair and appropriate decisions in accordance with the
governing statutes, rules, and regulations.
19. What do you believe are your responsibilities, if confirmed, to
ensure that the department/agency has proper management and accounting
controls, and what experience do you have in managing a large
organization?
Although I would not be serving as the Board's Chairman, who holds
the foremost responsibilities for proper management and accounting
controls, I would seek to continually work with the Chairman and other
Members of the Board, and the Board's staff, to ensure full compliance
with all applicable laws, rules, and regulations. Pertinent management
experience includes my work serving as Staff Director and Deputy Staff
Director for the Senate Commerce Committee, and serving as Legislative
Director and Acting Chief of Staff for a Senate Office.
20. What do you believe to be the top three challenges facing the
department/agency, and why?
1. Reauthorization of the Board to provide clarification of its
mission.
2. Proper allocation of Board resources to ensure timely Board
actions.
3. Outreach to all Board stakeholders, including rail
customers, to encourage and facilitate use of agency recourses,
including the Board's informal dispute resolution alternatives,
to help resolve shipper-railroad disputes in a timely manner.
b. potential conflicts of interest
1. Describe all financial arrangements, deferred compensation
agreements, and other continuing dealings with business associates,
clients, or customers. Please include information related to retirement
accounts.
I am vested in the Federal Employee Retirement System and the
Thrift Savings Plan.
2. Do you have any commitments or agreements, formal or informal,
to maintain employment, affiliation, or practice with any business,
association or other organization during your appointment? If so,
please explain: Not applicable.
3. Indicate any investments, obligations, liabilities, or other
relationships which could involve potential conflicts of interest in
the position to which you have been nominated: Not applicable.
4. Describe any business relationship, dealing, or financial
transaction which you have had during the last 10 years, whether for
yourself, on behalf of a client, or acting as an agent, that could in
any way constitute or result in a possible conflict of interest in the
position to which you have been nominated.
In connection with the nomination process, I have consulted with
the Office of Government Ethics and the Surface Transportation Board's
ethics official to identify potential conflicts of interest. Any
potential conflicts of interest will be resolved in accordance with the
terms of an ethics agreement that I have entered with the Board's
ethics official, a copy of which has been provided to this committee.
5. Describe any activity during the past 10 years in which you have
been engaged for the purpose of directly or indirectly influencing the
passage, defeat, or modification of any legislation or affecting the
administration and execution of law or public policy.
During my employment as a Senate staffer, I have continually been
engaged in efforts to pass, defeat, or alter legislative initiatives
and have also been involved in Committee oversight efforts concerning
implementation of laws under the Committee's jurisdiction.
6. Explain how you will resolve any potential conflict of interest,
including any that may be disclosed by your responses to the above
items.
In connection with the nomination process, I have consulted with
the Office of Government Ethics and the Surface Transportation Board's
ethics official to identify potential conflicts of interest. Any
potential conflicts of interest will be resolved in accordance with the
terms of an ethics agreement that I have entered with the Board's
ethics official, a copy of which has been provided to this committee.
c. legal matters
1. Have you ever been disciplined or cited for a breach of ethics
by, or been the subject of a complaint to any court, administrative
agency, professional association, disciplinary committee, or other
professional group? If so, please explain: No.
2. Have you ever been investigated, arrested, charged, or held by
any federal, state, or other law enforcement authority of any federal,
state, county, or municipal entity, other than for a minor traffic
offense? If so, please explain: No.
3. Have you or any business of which you are or were an officer
ever been involved as a party in an administrative agency proceeding or
civil litigation? If so, please explain: No.
4. Have you ever been convicted (including pleas of guilty or nolo
contendere) of any criminal violation other than a minor traffic
offense? If so, please explain: No.
5. Have you ever been accused, formally or informally, of sexual
harassment or discrimination on the basis of sex, race, religion, or
any other basis? If so, please explain.
To the best of my knowledge, I have never been accused, formally or
informally, of any sexual harassment or discrimination, or of taking
any action against anyone on the basis of sex, race, religion, or any
other basis.
6. Please advise the Committee of any additional information,
favorable or unfavorable, which you feel should be disclosed in
connection with your nomination: None.
d. relationship with committee
1. Will you ensure that your department/agency complies with
deadlines for information set by Congressional committees? Yes.
2. Will you ensure that your department/agency does whatever it can
to protect Congressional witnesses and whistle blowers from reprisal
for their testimony and disclosures? Yes.
3. Will you cooperate in providing the Committee with requested
witnesses, including technical experts and career employees, with
firsthand knowledge of matters of interest to the Committee? Yes.
4. Are you willing to appear and testify before any duly
constituted committee of the Congress on such occasions as you may be
reasonably requested to do so? Yes.
______
Resume of Ann D. Begeman
Professional Overview
Over 20 years of experience in government and corporate
environments. Policy expertise in transportation, including economic
and safety regulations governing railroads and other surface
transportation modes. Possess in-depth knowledge of the legislative
process, including planning and executing successful legislative
agendas. Maintain strong bipartisan relationships and skilled in
developing coalitions to support legislative goals. Experienced in
hiring, training, and managing a wide range of employees. Presidential
and Senate campaign experience.
Employment
U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation,
Washington, D.C.--Staff Director/Acting Staff Director, Professional
Staff Member, May 2009 to present.
Work with Committee Ranking Member in development and
implementation of policy objectives on behalf of Minority Members.
Direct and coordinate all legislative, administrative, and other
functions of the Minority. Advise Members and their staff on
legislative matters and nominations relating to Committee jurisdiction,
including surface transportation, aviation, telecommunications, and
consumer protection. Manage more than 20 staff members and ensure
compliance with Senate Rules and Ethics. Serve as the Minority's
principal liaison with other Senate and House offices, government
agencies, and other organizations. Lead Minority staffer in development
of the bipartisan Surface Transportation Board (STB) Reauthorization
Act, and directly involved in Senate passage of the Federal Aviation
Administration (FAA) Reauthorization Act.
Office of U.S. Senator John McCain, Washington, D.C.--Legislative
Director, January 2004 to May 2009; Acting Chief of Staff, March 2007
to February 2008.
Advised and assisted Senator in formulation, coordination, and
execution of legislative agenda. Hired and managed legislative staff
and ensured timely development and execution of legislative
initiatives. Major legislative initiatives include the 9/11 Commission
and implementation of its recommendations, rail security, immigration
reform, and government reform. Drafted speeches, op-eds, and public
statements. Managed general office activities and ensured compliance
with Senate Rules and Ethics. Represented Senator in meetings with
Members of Congress, Executive Branch representatives and outside
groups.
U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation,
Washington, D.C.--Deputy Staff Director, January 2002 to January 2004.
Worked with Committee Chairman and Staff Director in development
and implementation of Committee's policy objectives. Assisted in
hiring, training, and managing 40 staff members and ensured compliance
with Senate Rules. Supervised development of Committee legislation and
carried out Chairman's objective to report out over 25 agency/program
reauthorizations under the Committee's jurisdiction. Advised Committee
Members during Senate floor debates. Represented Chairman in meetings
with Members of Congress, Executive Branch representatives and outside
groups.
Member of the Professional Staff, November 1994 to January 2002.
Advised Committee Chairman and Majority Members in development and
execution of an aggressive legislative agenda on multiple surface
transportation issues, including rail, motor carrier, pipelines and the
transport of hazardous materials. Major legislative initiatives include
the ICC Termination Act, which created the STB, creation of the Federal
Motor Carrier Safety Administration, safety titles in the highway bill
reauthorization, and the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB)
Reauthorization. Organized Committee hearings. Advised and assisted
Committee Members during floor debates.
Office of U.S. Senator Larry Pressler, Washington, D.C.--
Legislative Assistant, July 1992 to November 1994.
Advised Senator on multiple legislative issues, including
transportation, labor, human resources, tourism, government affairs,
and natural disasters. Developed and advanced Senator's aviation
legislative agenda in support of his position as Ranking Member of the
Commerce Committee's Aviation Subcommittee, including the NTSB
Reauthorization and FAA Reauthorization.
First American Bankshares, Inc., Washington, D.C.--Senior Benefits
Specialist; Benefits Specialist, March 1988 to June 1992.
Administered 401(k) Savings and Profit Sharing Plan for over 6000
participants employed by 12 subsidiary companies. Assured compliance
with federal reporting and nondiscrimination regulations. Prepared
board resolutions and plan amendments. Consulted with and made
recommendations to senior management, legal counsel and actuaries.
Assisted in administration of defined benefit plan and flexible welfare
benefits plan.
Office of U.S. Senator Larry Pressler, Washington, D.C.--
Legislative Assistant; Legislative Staff Assistant, May 1986 to March
1988.
Drafted legislation, speeches, op-eds, press releases and
constituent correspondence. Advised Senator on multiple legislative
issues, including railroads, aviation, busing, trucking, highways, and
tourism. Assisted Legislative Counsel on all Commerce Committee issues.
Greeted constituents and visitors and answered and screened incoming
calls.
Education
Bachelor of Science, Business Administration, University of South
Dakota.
The Chairman. Thank you, Ms. Begeman, very much.
Mr. Coyle.
STATEMENT OF PHILIP E. COYLE III,
ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR-DESIGNATE,
OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY,
EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT
Mr. Coyle. Chairman Rockefeller, Ranking Member Hutchison,
members of the Committee, it's a pleasure to appear before you
today.
I last appeared before this committee on November 18, 2009,
as President Obama's nominee to be Associate Director for
National Security and International Affairs in the Office of
Science and Technology Policy.
I took on the duties of that position in July 2010, as a
result of a recess appointment by the President, and it has
been a real honor and a privilege for me to work at OSTP for
these past nearly 8 months.
Mr. Chairman, before I talk about my work, I'd like to
introduce my wife, Dr. Martha Krebs, who's sitting in the
second row. Martha had the great pleasure of working for
Senator Nelson----
The Chairman. Mr. Coyle, I think your wife needs to be able
to stand up.
[Laughter.]
Mr. Coyle. Thank you.
Martha had the great pleasure of working for Senator
Nelson, then Representative Nelson, as a staff member on the
House Science Committee in the early 1980s. For 30 years, she
and I have felt a close kinship with the House Science
Committee and with this committee. And I would like nothing
more than to be able to continue this collaborative
relationship in my capacity as the Senate-confirmed Associate
Director at OSTP.
As the Associate Director for National Security and
International Affairs, my focus within OSTP is on ensuring that
America's investments in science and technology help to
safeguard U.S. national security, protect our troops, and
ensure the safety of American citizens here at home and around
the world. That means bringing the very best of science and
technology to issues such as cybersecurity, homeland security,
biosecurity, and other topics.
The people who work at OSTP and I take pride every day in
our service to this country. I have submitted for the record a
somewhat more detailed account of what the National Security
and International Affairs Division has been focused on under my
leadership. But I'd like to take just a moment to highlight a
few things which I think we can all agree are of central
importance to our nation's continued economic strength and
national security.
First, the security of cyberspace, comprising the networks
that connect us and the technologies that empower us, is a
critical priority in the digital age. With others in the
federal, academic, and commercial sectors we have developed a
new research and development program that spans from basic
research to operational implementation.
In the arena of homeland security, we support the
application of science and technology to enhance port and
border security, to defend against nuclear, radiological,
biological and chemical threats, and to counter terrorists' use
of explosives.
To help deal with all these threats, OSTP is active in the
interagency processes overseen by the Committee on Homeland and
National Security, which I co-chair, of the National Science
and Technology Council. We are engaged with the Department of
Defense to support defense research and development
initiatives, to strengthen our manufacturing and industrial
base, and improve the quality of DOD laboratories, and to
increase funding for basic research programs at universities
and small businesses. And in the increasingly important realm
of security-critical materials, we lead an interagency working
group focused on rare earth elements and the broader topic of
strategic and critical mineral supplies.
A common theme among all these areas of emphasis is support
for the very best science and technology to serve America's
interest.
If confirmed, I intend to build on my long record of
national security-related public service by helping to maintain
the preeminence of American science and technology as it
relates to public safety and national security and, working
from that position of strength, to foster international science
and technology collaboration to advance U.S. goals.
I am grateful for the courtesy shown by the members of this
committee and your staff, and I look forward to working with
you and them in the future. And I'd be pleased to answer any
questions you may have.
Thank you.
[The prepared statement and biographical information of Mr.
Coyle follows:]
Prepared Statement of Philip E. Coyle III, Associate Director-
Designate, Office of Science and Technology Policy, Executive Office of
the President
Chairman Rockefeller, Ranking Member Hutchison, and members of the
Committee, it is a pleasure to appear before you today.
The scope of OSTP activities is broad, including helping to assure
that America's science and technology programs increase American
productivity and drive economic growth, improve the nation's health,
provide new sources of energy, and protect the environment. As
Associate Director for National Security and International Affairs
(NSIA), my focus within OSTP is on assuring that America's investments
in science and technology help to safeguard U.S. national security,
protect our troops, and ensure the safety of American citizens here at
home and around the world. That means bringing the very best science
and technology to bear on issues of cybersecurity, homeland security,
bio-security, and other topics. The people who work at OSTP and I take
pride every day in our service to this country.
I would like to provide a summary to highlight what the National
Security and International Affairs division has been focused on under
my leadership--highlights that I think we can agree are of central
importance to our nation's continued economic strength and national
security:
Cybersecurity--Ensuring that cyberspace is safe, reliable and an
engine for prosperity for all citizens requires a commitment to
innovation in cybersecurity. With others in the federal, academic, and
commercial sectors, we work to implement the priority cybersecurity
objectives described in the Cyberspace Policy Review. These include a
targeted research and development program and increased training and
educational opportunities.
Science and Technology to Support Our Veterans--A new initiative
for rehabilitation and recovery seeks to bring the best of American
science and technology to support our returning service members,
helping our veterans achieve mobility and functionality at home, at
work, and in recreation. NSIA is helping to apply technologies for
advanced prosthetic devices using advanced materials, sensors and
controls, neuroscience, engineering, computer simulation,
rehabilitation medicine, telemedicine, and social and behavioral
sciences.
Defense Science and Technology--In close cooperation with the
Defense Department, we are working to ensure that we are developing and
fielding the technologies needed to meet the demands of a nation at war
and to meet the emerging threats of our time. In particular, NSIA has
focused on sustaining funding for defense basic research programs, and
policies to revitalize our network of defense laboratories.
Homeland Security--Science and technology are critical to enhance
the security of our citizens and to counter terrorist use of
explosives. Among other responsibilities in this area, we are leading
an interagency process to identify areas where science and technology
can reduce the threat from improvised explosive devices, both at home
and abroad.
Biological and Chemical Defense--NSIA is engaged collaboratively in
the development of coordinated strategies and policies to respond to
chemical and biological threats via work in a set of linked interagency
working groups that together are streamlining research and development
in these domains.
Energy Security--We are supporting the development and application
of technologies to strengthen U.S. energy security. In particular, we
are addressing threats that can result from damage due to natural
events, such as extreme space weather, or as a result of political or
economic instabilities affecting energy supply and cost. In addition,
we are working with the Department of Defense on the use of energy
technologies to reduce costs and logistical burdens.
National Security and Emergency Preparedness Communications--The
OSTP Director has specific responsibilities both for communications
during a crisis and for ensuring the readiness of capabilities in
advance of a crisis. To fulfill OSTP's readiness responsibilities, NSIA
works in partnership with others to establish architectural
requirements for continuity of emergency communications for the
government, including the evaluation of existing and planned
capabilities.
Nuclear Deterrence--NSIA supports maintenance of U.S. nuclear
deterrence, stockpile stewardship, strengthening the scientific
enterprises at the nuclear weapons laboratories, and the development of
an R&D plan to enhance monitoring and verification.
Nuclear Defense--We lead an interagency group that oversees
execution of a coordinated nuclear-defense R&D strategy and related
efforts to counter nuclear terrorism by improving nuclear safeguards
and security.
Critical Materials--We are leading a new interagency working group
on strategic and critical mineral supply chains that is addressing
recent concerns about rare earth minerals. We are also working to
ensure continued access to the medically important isotope Molybdenum-
99.
International Affairs--We have created a new subcommittee of the
National Science and Technology Council and are participating in other
interagency mechanisms to use science and technology collaboration to
enhance national security through such activities as the Science Envoy
Program, as well as other cooperative ventures relating to health,
education, and energy with scientists in the Middle East and North
Africa.
Conclusion
President Obama's National Security Strategy released last May
stated that ``America's role as the global engine of scientific
discovery and technological innovation has never been more critical.''
It further noted that our ``commitment to science and technology . . .
will help us protect our citizens and advance U.S. national security
priorities.'' I am proud of the work of the National Security and
International Affairs division, and hope that, if confirmed, I will
have the opportunity to continue that work with this Committee and the
Congress for our nation's security.
Thank you.
______
a. biographical information
1. Name (Include any former names or nicknames used): Philip E.
Coyle III.
2. Position to which nominated: Associate Director, National
Security and International Affairs, Office of Science and Technology
Policy.
3. Date of Nomination: January 26, 2011.
4. Address (List current place of residence and office addresses):
Residence: Information not released to the public.
Office: Office of Science and Technology Policy, Executive
Office of the President, 725 17th Street N.W., Washington, D.C.
20502.
5. Date and Place of Birth: August 30, 1934; Beverly,
Massachusetts.
6. Provide the name, position, and place of employment for your
spouse (if married) and the names and ages of your children (including
stepchildren and children by a previous marriage).
Spouse: Dr. Martha A. Krebs, Executive Director, Energy and
Environmental Research Development, Office of Research,
University of California at Davis. Children: Laurie E.
Monserrat (daughter), age 52; Philip E. Coyle, IV (son), age
49; James Evans Coyle (son), age 47; Jonathan H. Leidecker
(step son), age 40.
7. List all college and graduate degrees. Provide year and school
attended.
Dartmouth College, BA, 1956, MSME, 1957.
8. List all post-undergraduate employment, and highlight all
management-level jobs held and any non-managerial jobs that relate to
the position for which you are nominated.
2010 to present--Associate Director, National Security and
International Affairs, Office of Science and Technology Policy.
2001-2010--Senior Advisor, World Security Institute (formerly
the Center for Defense Information).
1994-2001--Director Operational Test and Evaluation, U.S.
Department of Defense.
1993-1994--Consultant, DynCorp Meridian.
1981-1993--Laboratory Associate Director, Lawrence Livermore
National Laboratory, retired in 1993 (the second time).
1979-1981--Deputy Assistant Secretary for Defense Programs,
U.S. Department of Energy.
1959-1979--various positions beginning as staff engineer in
1959, retired in 1979 (the first time) as Deputy Associate
Director for Lasers, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.
1957-1959--teacher, Chadwick School.
9. Attach a copy of your resume. A copy is attached.
10. List any advisory, consultative, honorary, or other part-time
service or positions with federal, state, or local governments, other
than those listed above, within the last 5 years.
The Standing Committee on Biodefense at the U.S. Department of
Defense, the National Research Council, 2007-2010.
The Committee on Advanced Spectroscopic Portals, sponsored by
DHS, the National Research Council, 2008-2010.
The Committee on Improving Processes and Policies for the
Acquisition and Test of Information Technology in the DOD, the
National Research Council, 2008-2010.
The Committee on the Test and Evaluation of Biological Standoff
Detection Systems, for the U.S. Army, the National Research
Council, 2007-2008.
11. List all positions held as an officer, director, trustee,
partner, proprietor, agent, representative, or consultant of any
corporation, company, firm, partnership, or other business, enterprise,
educational, or other institution within the last 5 years.
Senior Advisor, World Security Institute (formerly the Center
for Defense Information), 2001-2010.
Consultant, Defense Group Inc. (DGI), 2006.
Consultant, RAND Corporation, 2005, 2007, and 2008.
12. Please list each membership you have had during the past 10
years or currently hold with any civic, social, charitable,
educational, political, professional, fraternal, benevolent or
religious organization, private club, or other membership organization.
Include dates of membership and any positions you have held with any
organization. Please note whether any such club or organization
restricts membership on the basis of sex, race, color, religion,
national origin, age, or handicap: None.
13. Have you ever been a candidate for and/or held a public office
(elected, non-elected, or appointed)? If so, indicate whether any
campaign has any outstanding debt, the amount, and whether you are
personally liable for that debt: No, none.
14. Itemize all political contributions to any individual, campaign
organization, political party, political action committee, or similar
entity of $500 or more for the past 10 years. Also list all offices you
have held with, and services rendered to, a state or national political
party or election committee during the same period.
8/20/09--Mark Desaulnier--$400.
4/25/09--DCCC--$2,000.
8/7/08--Obama for America--$500.
2/14/08--Tauscher for Congress--$2,000.
8/12/07--Hillary for President--$2,300.
6/26/07--Steve Filson for Assembly--$1,000.
10/26/06--Tauscher for Congress--$2,000.
5/15/06--Steve Filson for Congress--$1,000.
4/08/06--Steve Filson for Congress--$1,000.
3/5/06--Tauscher for Congress--$500.
12/3/05 Friends of Hillary--$500.
10/31/05--Ellen Tauscher--$250.
9/19/05--DCCC--$1,000.
10/26/04--Committee to Re-elect Linda Sanchez--$500.
9/20/04--DCCC--$1,000.
8/12/04--Committee to Re-elect Linda Sanchez--$500.
5/23/04--DCCC--$1,000.
3/10/04--John Kerry for President--$2,000.
1/9/04--Howard Dean--$250.
1/7/04--Linda Sanchez--$250.
1/3/04--Tauscher for Congress--$500.
12/4/03--Friends of Hillary--$1,000.
9/30/03--Howard Dean--$250.
9/26/03--Linda Sanchez--$250.
9/24/03--Loretta Sanchez--$250.
6/1/03--Loretta Sanchez for Congress--$500.
4/15/03--Tauscher for Congress--$500.
9/30/02--Committee to Re-elect Loretta Sanchez--$500.
9/30/02--Rush Holt for Congress--$500.
5/28/02--Friends of Carl Levin--$1,000.
3/1/02--Tauscher for Congress--$500.
3/1/02--Rush Holt for Congress--$500.
2/4/02--Committee to Reelect Loretta Sanchez--$500.
2/24/02--Kucinich for Congress--$500.
6/24/02--Loretta Sanchez--$400.
3/8/02--Ellen Tauscher--$500.
8/20/01--Friends of Hillary--$500.
3/14/01--Carl Levin--$500.
No offices held nor services rendered to a state or national
political party or election committee.
15. List all scholarships, fellowships, honorary degrees, honorary
society memberships, military medals, and any other special recognition
for outstanding service or achievements.
In 1997, awarded the Defense Distinguished Service Medal by
Secretary of Defense William Perry, and in 2001, the Bronze Palm of the
Defense Distinguished Service Medal by Secretary of Defense William
Cohen.
In September 2000, awarded the Allan R. Matthews Award of the
International Test and Evaluation Association, its highest award, for
contributions to the management and technology of test and evaluation.
In March 2001, received the Hollis Award from the National Defense
Industrial Association for lifelong achievement in defense test and
evaluation.
By Aviation Week magazine, named as one of its Laurels honorees for
the year 2000, a select group of people recognized for outstanding
contributions in aerospace.
In recognition of my years of service to the Laboratory and to the
University of California, the University named me Laboratory Associate
Director Emeritus.
16. Please list each book, article, column, or publication you have
authored, individually or with others. Also list any speeches that you
have given on topics relevant to the position for which you have been
nominated. Do not attach copies of these publications unless otherwise
instructed.
Contributor to ``Global Biosecurity,'' edited by Peter Katona,
Michael D. Intriligator and John P. Sullivan, Routledge,
London, January 2010.
``The Proliferation Security Initiative, Background, history,
and prospects,'' a commissioned paper for the International
Commission on Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament,
January 2009.
``Missile Defense Malfunction,'' Ethics and International
Affairs Journal, Volume 22.1 Spring, 2008, a commissioned paper
for the Carnegie Council on Ethics in International Affairs.
``Missile Defense and Arms Control, 25 Years Later,'' The
Defense Monitor, the Center for Defense Information, March 21,
2008, with Victoria Samson; also see various electronic
postings on the Center for Defense Information website, 2001-
2010.
``The Limits and Liabilities of Missile Defense,'' Current
History, November 2006.
``Is Missile Defense on Target?,'' Arms Control Today, October
2003.
Viewpoint, ``The Truth About Missile Defense: Will Science Make
a Difference?,'' a review of the American Physical Society
report on the scientific feasibility of boost-phase missile
defense, for the APS News, a journal of the American Physical
Society, October 2003.
``Missile Defense in the Bush Administration,'' Arms Control
Today, May 2002.
17. Please identify each instance in which you have testified
orally or in writing before Congress in a governmental or non-
governmental capacity and specify the date and subject matter of each
testimony.
November 18, 2009, Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and
Transportation, Confirmation hearing for Philip E. Coyle III to
be the Associate Director at the Office of Science and
Technology Policy, Executive Office of the President.
March 17, 2009, House Committee on Appropriations, Subcommittee
on Energy and Water: The Future of the DOE Complex
Transformation Program.
February 25, 2009, House Committee on Armed Services,
Subcommittee on Strategic Forces: The Future of Missile Defense
Testing.
April 30, 2008, House Committee on Oversight and Government
Reform, Subcommittee on National Security and Foreign Affairs:
Oversight of Ballistic Missile Defense, (Part 3).
April 30, 2008, House Committee on Oversight and Government
Reform, Subcommittee on National Security and Foreign Affairs:
Oversight of Ballistic Missile Defense, (Part 2).
December 7, 2007, Senate Democratic Policy Committee:
Department of Defense Spending in Iraq.
June 6, 2007, House Armed Services Committee, Subcommittee on
Air and Land Forces: Army Force Protection Programs and
Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom, Body
Armor.
January 18, 2007, House Armed Services Committee, Subcommittee
on Air and Land Forces: Army Force Protection Programs and
Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom, Active
Protection Systems.
August 22, 2002, Commission on the Future of the United States
Aerospace Industry.
June 11, 2002, House Committee on Government Reform and
Oversight: Missile Defense Testing.
July 19, 2001, Senate Committee on Armed Services, Full
Committee: Ballistic missile defense policies and programs.
18. Given the current mission, major programs, and major
operational objectives of the department/agency to which you have been
nominated, what in your background or employment experience do you
believe affirmatively qualifies you for appointment to the position for
which you have been nominated, and why do you wish to serve in that
position?
Since July, 2010, I have served as a recess appointee and the
Associate Director for National Security and International Affairs at
the Office of Science and Technology Policy, Executive Office of the
President--the position for which I have been nominated. I believe that
among the qualifications I bring--and, if confirmed, would continue to
bring--to the position is thirty-three years experience with the
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in a variety of scientific and
leadership positions, and from which I retired as Deputy to the
Director. I also bring experience as Deputy Assistant Secretary for
Defense Programs in the Department of Energy, and my service from 1994
to 2001 as Assistant Secretary for Test and Evaluation (Director,
Operational Test and Evaluation) in the Department of Defense.
It is, and would continue to be, an honor to serve in the Office of
Science and Technology Policy. If I am confirmed, this would be an
opportunity to continue to serve my country, contribute to the national
security of the United States, help support science and technology for
America's present needs and future development, and help foster
international science and technology collaboration to advance U.S.
foreign-policy objectives.
19. What do you believe are your responsibilities, if confirmed, to
ensure that the department/agency has proper management and accounting
controls, and what experience do you have in managing a large
organization?
With respect to sustaining proper management and accounting
controls, my responsibilities, if confirmed, would be to assure that
all activities under my purview at OSTP are managed in accordance with
applicable laws, regulations, and Congressional guidelines; in
accordance with the highest professional standards for scientific
research and technology development; and in accordance with scientific
and technological standards and practices for careful peer review. My
experience in managing large organizations includes serving as the
Deputy Director of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, at the
time a 10,000-person Laboratory; serving as Assistant Secretary for
Test and Evaluation (i.e., Director Operational Test and Evaluation) in
the Department of Defense; and serving as Deputy Assistant Secretary
for Defense Programs in the Department of Energy.
20. What do you believe to be the top three challenges facing the
department/agency, and why?
1. Developing science and technology programs that will
increase American productivity and drive economic growth.
2. Developing science and technology programs that will improve
health, provide new sources of energy, and safeguard the
environment.
3. Developing science and technology programs that will
safeguard U.S. national security, protect our troops, and
support improved verification of arms control and verification
agreements.
b. potential conflicts of interest
1. Describe all financial arrangements, deferred compensation
agreements, and other continuing dealings with business associates,
clients, or customers. Please include information related to retirement
accounts.
Pension, California State Public Employees Retirement System;
Pension, University of California Retirement System.
2. Do you have any commitments or agreements, formal or informal,
to maintain employment, affiliation, or practice with any business,
association or other organization during your appointment? If so,
please explain: No, none.
3. Indicate any investments, obligations, liabilities, or other
relationships which could involve potential conflicts of interest in
the position to which you have been nominated: None.
4. Describe any business relationship, dealing, or financial
transaction which :you have had during the last 10 years, whether for
yourself, on behalf of a client, or acting as an agent, that could in
any way constitute or result in a possible conflict of interest in the
position to which you have been nominated: None.
5. Describe any activity during the past 10 years in which you have
been engaged for the purpose of directly or indirectly influencing the
passage, defeat, or modification of any legislation or affecting the
administration and execution of law or public policy: None.
6. Explain how you will resolve any potential conflict of interest,
including any that may be disclosed by your responses to the above
items.
Any potential conflicts of interest will be resolved in accordance
with the terms of an ethics agreement that I have entered into with the
designated agency ethics official for OSTP and that has been provided
to this Committee.
c. legal matters
1. Have you ever been disciplined or cited for a breach of ethics
by, or been the subject of a complaint to any court, administrative
agency, professional association, disciplinary committee, or other
professional group? If so, please explain: No.
2. Have you ever been investigated, arrested, charged, or held by
any federal, state, or other law enforcement authority of any federal,
state, county, or municipal entity, other than for a minor traffic
offense? If so, please explain: No.
3. Have you or any business of which you are or were an officer
ever been involved as a party in an administrative agency proceeding or
civil litigation? If so, please explain.
I have been named as a defendant in several civil suits, but solely
in my capacity as a member of the 2005 Base Realignment and Closure
Commission. None of these cases alleged any personal wrong doing, and I
have played no role in their litigation.
4. Have you ever been convicted (including pleas of guilty or nolo
contendere) of any criminal violation other than a minor traffic
offense? If so, please explain: No.
5. Have you ever been accused, formally or informally, of sexual
harassment or discrimination on the basis of sex, race, religion, or
any other basis? If so, please explain: No.
6. Please advise the Committee of any additional information,
favorable or unfavorable, which you feel should be disclosed in
connection with your nomination: None.
d. relationship with committee
1. Will you ensure that your department/agency complies with
deadlines for information set by Congressional committees? Yes.
2. Will you ensure that your department/agency does whatever it can
to protect Congressional witnesses and whistle blowers from reprisal
for their testimony and disclosures? Yes.
3. Will you cooperate in providing the Committee with requested
witnesses, including technical experts and career employees, with
firsthand knowledge of matters of interest to the Committee? Yes.
4. Are you willing to appear and testify before any duly
constituted committee of the Congress on such occasions as you may be
reasonably requested to do so? Yes.
resume of philip e. coyle iii
Associate Director for National Security and International Affairs,
Office of Science and Technology Policy, Executive Office of the
President
Mr. Philip E. Coyle III currently serves as the Associate Director
of National Security and International Affairs (NSIA) in the Office of
Science and Technology Policy (OSTP). As such, he has primary
responsibility for supporting the Director of OSTP in developing and
executing science and technology initiatives in areas including:
homeland and national security research, development and acquisition;
nuclear, chemical, and biological defense; counterproliferation,
cybersecurity; international science and technology cooperation; and
nuclear security.
Mr. Coyle served as a Senior Advisor to the President of the World
Security Institute and to its Center for Defense Information, a
Washington D.C.-based national security study center. In 2005 and 2006,
Mr. Coyle served on the nine-member Defense Base Realignment and
Closure Commission (BRAC), appointed by President George W. Bush and
nominated by Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi. Prior to this
appointment, Mr. Coyle served on Governor of California Arnold
Schwarzenegger's Base Support and Retention Council. From September
1994 through January 2001, Mr. Coyle was Assistant Secretary of Defense
and Director, Operational Test and Evaluation, in the Department of
Defense, and is the longest serving Director in the 25-year history of
the Office. In this capacity, he was the principal advisor to the
Secretary of Defense on test and evaluation in the Department of
Defense. Mr. Coyle has 40 years experience in national security
research, development, and testing matters.
From 1959 to 1979, and again from 1981 to 1993, Mr. Coyle worked at
the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) in Livermore,
California. Over those 33 years Mr. Coyle worked on a variety of
nuclear weapons programs and other high technology programs. Mr. Coyle
also served as Deputy Associate Director of the Laser Program at LLNL.
Mr. Coyle retired from the Laboratory in 1993 as Laboratory Associate
Director and deputy to the Director. In recognition of his years of
service to the Laboratory and to the University of California, the
University named Mr. Coyle Laboratory Associate Director Emeritus.
During the Carter Administration, Mr. Coyle served as Principal Deputy
Assistant Secretary for Defense Programs in the Department of Energy
(DOE). In this capacity he had oversight responsibility for the nuclear
weapons research, development, production and testing programs of the
Department, as well as the DOE programs in arms control, non-
proliferation, and nuclear safeguards and security.
The Chairman. Thank you very much, sir.
Dr. Sullivan.
STATEMENT OF DR. KATHRYN D. SULLIVAN, ASSISTANT
SECRETARY-DESIGNATE OF COMMERCE FOR OBSERVATION
AND PREDICTION, NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC
ADMINISTRATION, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
Dr. Sullivan. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, and Ranking Member
Hutchison, and members of the Committee.
I'm honored to come before you today as the President's
nominee for the Assistant Secretary of Commerce, Environmental
Observation and Prediction.
I'd also like to thank Secretary Locke and Under Secretary
Lubchenco for their strong support of my nomination, and, of
course, Senator Portman for that very generous introduction.
I'm delighted that my family is represented here today
supporting me. My brother Grant, his wife Lee, their children
Michelle, Daniel, and Timothy, have joined us. I thank them all
from the bottom of my heart for always encouraging me to reach
for the stars.
I would like to say also that with me here in spirit are
two truly remarkable parents. My father and mother were both
outstanding natural teachers who were never exhausted by the
endless questions of a very curious child, and always helped us
build answers in a way that made us feel like we were peer
learners. Little wonder that such a household produced an
inveterate explorer.
Finally, I'm grateful to have my cousin, Rita Kelly, and a
number of friends and colleagues from near and far here in the
audience today.
Our family moved to California when I was six, and I grew
up roaming the then-open fields and rolling hills of the San
Fernando Valley, always curious about what lay beyond the end
of our street. Our family's flying and fishing trips fed my
interest in everything geographical and gave me my first small
lessons in expedition planning.
This all took place against the dramatic backdrop of sea
and space exploration, for these were the times of Alan
Shepard, John Glenn, Jacques Cousteau and others. I was drawn
strongly to the drama of challenge and discovery in the lives
of these pioneers, and hoped that I might find a way to center
my own life on such endeavors.
My plan for college was to parlay a flair for foreign
languages into that adventurous life, but university
requirements forced me to first take three science courses.
Thus did I discover oceanography. Here standing before me were
real, accessible people who knew the whole planet like their
backyard, and whose lives were full of just the blend of
curiosity, problem-solving, and adventure that I had been
seeking. I changed majors on the spot and never looked back.
That decision led eventually to doctoral work in marine
geology and geophysics at Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova
Scotia. Satellite remote sensing and space-based oceanography
were just developing in those years and promised to
revolutionize all of the earth sciences. I followed these
developments avidly, never imagining that I myself would some
day orbit the earth.
When NASA began recruiting the first shuttle class in 1976,
I first dismissed the thought of applying. I loved going out to
sea, and was fascinated by the ocean sciences. When I
reconsidered the proposition as the opportunity to serve,
planning and conducting research expeditions aboard a space
vessel rather than a marine vessel, however, I decided to give
it a try.
Unlike on an oceanographic ship, the scientists in the
space shuttle program, called Mission Specialists, would be
immersed fully in both the workings of the shuttle and the
scientific operations. The icing on the cake, of course, was
that I would get to see the earth from space with my own eyes--
an absolutely irresistible proposition.
My experience in orbit, Mr. Chairman, is undoubtedly one of
the strongest factors that shapes my perspective on the role
for which I am nominated. No amount of words can convey what it
feels like to see our planet from this vantage point, nor
express the flood of thoughts and questions that course through
one's mind. The grand scale and vast power of the planet's
natural systems are vividly apparent, but so are the
breathtakingly fine-scale features that remind one of the most
exquisite filigree and clear signs of the hand of man across
the face of the globe.
This experience deepened my fascination with the amazing
sphere on which we live. It strengthened my conviction that we
must continually strive to better understand our home planet
and the working of its natural systems, and to translate
scientific understanding into tools and information that help
people live safe, productive and sustainable lives.
NOAA plays precisely that vital role for our nation,
advancing scientific knowledge, and then converting that
enhanced understanding into useful information services for
Americans. I was delighted and honored to be nominated and
confirmed as the Agency's Chief Scientist in the early 1990s,
and look forward eagerly to joining the team again if
confirmed.
During the past 15 years, while my primary work has
centered on science education, I've been able to stay abreast
with the relevant earth sciences. In particular, my assignments
as an oceanography officer in the Navy Reserve and my service
on the National Science Board and Pew Oceans Commission have
been very valuable in this regard.
Finally, Mr. Chairman, the Assistant Secretary for
Environmental Observation and Prediction is the person
responsible for making sure that the American people get the
best result from NOAA's investments in the satellites and other
observing systems that let us forecast weather and climate
changes, and predict other changes in our ocean and atmosphere.
This is a responsibility that I take quite seriously. And if
confirmed, I would look forward to working with you and all of
your staffs, and interacting closely with the Congress to
execute this important function.
I thank you again for your consideration of my nomination
and the opportunity to appear before you this morning, and look
forward to your questions.
[The prepared statement and biographical information of Dr.
Sullivan follows:]
Prepared Statement of Dr. Kathryn D. Sullivan, Assistant Secretary-
Designate of Commerce for Observation and Prediction, National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce
Mr. Chairman, Ranking Member Hutchinson, members of the Committee--
I am honored to come before you today as President Obama's nominee for
Assistant Secretary of Commerce, Environmental Observation and
Prediction. I would also like to thank Secretary Locke and Under
Secretary Lubchenco for their gracious support of my nomination.
My wonderful family is represented here today by my brother, Grant,
his wife Lee, and their children Michelle, Daniel and Timothy. I thank
them all, from the bottom of my heart, for always encouraging me to
reach for the stars. With me here in spirit today are also my truly
remarkable parents. My father and mother were outstanding natural
teachers: Never exhausted by the endless questions of curious children,
and always able to engage us in figuring out answers in a way that made
us feel like peer-learners. Little wonder that such a home produced an
inveterate explorer. I am also grateful to have my cousin Rita Kelly
and a number of friends and colleagues from near and far here to
support me today.
Our family moved to California when I was six, and I grew up among
the then-open fields and rolling hills of the San Fernando Valley. I
spent many weekends roaming the open stretches of the valley with
friends, just curious to know what was beyond the end of our street.
Our family's flying and fishing trips further fed my interest in
everything geographical, and gave me my first lessons in expedition
planning. This all took place against the backdrop of dramatic events
in sea and space exploration, for these were the times of Alan Shepard,
John Glenn, Jacques Cousteau and others. I felt drawn deeply to the
drama of challenge and discovery in the lives of these pioneers, and
hoped I might find a way to center my life on such endeavors.
My plan for college was to parlay a natural flair for foreign
languages into that adventurous life. To my dismay, but also
everlasting good fortune, university requirements forced me to take
three natural science courses during freshman year. Thus did I discover
oceanography. Here before me stood real, accessible people, who seemed
to know the whole planet like their backyard, and whose lives were full
of just the blend of curiosity, problem-solving and adventure that I
had been seeking. I changed majors on the spot and never looked back.
That decision led, eventually, to my doctoral work in marine
geology and geophysics at Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia.
Satellite remote sensing and space-based oceanography were developing
rapidly in those years. Though my own work involved the geology of the
deep-sea floor, I followed these developments avidly. Sensing that
these new methods would transform the earth sciences, I considered
seeking a post-doctoral fellowship in the field to learn more, never
imagining that I would someday orbit the Earth myself.
When NASA began recruiting the first class of space shuttle
astronauts in 1976, I first dismissed the thought of applying. I loved
the science I was doing, and I loved being at sea. When I re-framed the
proposition into one of planning and conducting expeditions aboard a
space ship rather than a marine vessel, I decided to try. Unlike aboard
an oceanographic ship, the scientists in the shuttle program--called
Mission Specialists--would be immersed fully in both the workings of
the shuttle and the scientific operations. The icing on the cake, of
course, was that I would get to see the earth from space with my own
eyes--an irresistible prospect.
My experience in orbit is undoubtedly one of the strongest factors
shaping my perspective on the role for which I am nominated. No amount
of words or photos can convey what it feels like to see our planet from
this vantage point, nor express the flood of thoughts and questions
that course through one's mind. The grand scale and vast power of the
planet's natural systems are vividly apparent, but so are
breathtakingly fine-scale features that remind one of the most
exquisite filigree. The hand of man is also quite apparent across the
face of the globe, evident in the gray smudges of urban areas, in ship
wakes and jet contrails and, perhaps most stunningly, in the sparkling
diamond lacework of cities at night.
This experience deepened my fascination with this amazing sphere on
which we live. It strengthened my conviction that we must continually
strive to better understand our home planet and the workings of its
natural systems, and to translate scientific understanding into tools
and information that help people live safe, productive and sustainable
lives.
NOAA plays precisely that vital role for our country--advancing
scientific knowledge, and then converting that enhanced understanding
into useful information services for Americans. I was delighted and
honored to be nominated and confirmed as the agency's Chief Scientist
in the early 1990s, and look forward eagerly to joining the team again,
if confirmed. During the past fifteen years, while my primary work has
centered on science education, I have been able to stay abreast of
developments in the Earth sciences--and here I use that term broadly,
to include oceanography and the atmospheric sciences. My assignments as
an oceanography officer during 18 years in the U.S. Navy Reserve, and
my service on the National Science Board and Pew Oceans Commission have
been especially valuable in this regard.
The Assistant Secretary for Environmental Observation and
Prediction is the person responsible for making sure that the American
people get the best result from NOAA's investments in the satellites
and other observation systems that allow us to forecast weather and
climate conditions, as well as to predict other changes in our oceans
and atmosphere. This is a responsibility that I take quite seriously
and, if confirmed, I look forward to working closely with the Congress
to execute this important function.
I thank you for your consideration of my nomination and the
opportunity to address this committee. I look forward to any questions
you may have.
______
a. biographical information
1. Name (Include any former names or nicknames used):
Kathryn D. Sullivan (Kathy).
2. Position to which nominated: Assistant Secretary of Commerce,
Environmental Observation and Prediction.
3. Date of Nomination: January 5, 2011.
4. Address (List current place of residence and office addresses):
Residence: Information not released to the public.
Office: The Ohio State University, 1810 College Road, Columbus,
OH 43210.
5. Date and Place of Birth: October 3, 1951; Paterson, NJ.
6. Provide the name, position, and place of employment for your
spouse (if married) and the names and ages of your children (including
stepchildren and children by a previous marriage).
Never married; no children.
7. List all college and graduate degrees. Provide year and school
attended.
B.S. (1973), University of California, Santa Cruz.
Ph.D. (1978), Dalhousie University (Halifax, Nova Scotia,
Canada).
8. List all post-undergraduate employment, and highlight all
management-level jobs held and any non-managerial jobs that relate to
the position for which you are nominated.
Graduate Fellowships, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova
Scotia (1973-1975) and National Research Council, Canada,
(1975-1978), Halifax, Nova Scotia.
Relevant work: Marine geology and geophysics research
expeditions.
1978-1993: NASA Mission Specialist Astronaut, Johnson Space
Center, Houston, TX.
Relevant assignments: Mission Manager, WB-57F high-altitude
research aircraft program (1979-1981); Mission Lead & Co-
Investigator, Shuttle Imaging Radar-B flight experiment, STS-
41G (1983-1984); Payload Commander, ATLAS-1 Atmospheric
Sciences Spacelab flight, STS-45 (1990-1992).
Chief Scientist, NOAA (1993-1996), Washington, D.C.
Oceanography Officer, U.S. Navy Reserve (1988-2007).
Relevant assignments: Tactical sensor operational performance
predictions, ONR TAC 206 and CTF-66 (1988-1989); Executive
Officer and Commanding Officer, NORA 1570 (meteorological and
oceanographic services training unit), NAS Dallas (1989-1993);
Environmental sensor and models research portfolio assessment,
SPAWAR 0466/Naval Research Laboratory (1993-1996).
President and CEO, COSI (Center of Science and Industry),
Columbus, OH (President and CEO, 1996-2005; Science Advisor 01/
2006-11/2006).
Relevant work: executive leadershipand supervision; strategic
planning; annual operating plans and budgets; internal business
process improvements; communications and marketing; stakeholder
relationships; informal science education.
Director, Battelle Center for Mathematics and Science Education
Policy, John Glenn School of Public Affairs, Ohio State
University (2006 to present).
Corporation Member, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (1996
to present).
Relevance: This non-governing affiliation with WHOI has helped
me maintain a current knowledge of ocean sciences, especially
with ocean observing vehicles and technologies.
National Science Board (2004-2010).
Relevance: Programmatic and budgetary matters coming before the
board have helped me maintain a current knowledge of
observation, monitoring and research programs and technology
developments in fields ranging from atmospheric and ocean
sciences to high-performance computing.
9. Attach a copy of your resume. A copy is attached.
10. List any advisory, consultative, honorary, or other part-time
service or positions with Federal, State, or local governments, other
than those listed above, within the last 5 years.
Governor's Institute on Creativity and Innovation in Education:
advisory panel on program design, State of Ohio (2008-2009).
Int'l Education Advisory Council, Ohio (2008-2010).
Ohio's GI Promise Council (2008-2010).
Purdue University INSPIRE Program Advisory Council (2010 to
present).
Smurfit Graduate School of Business, North American Advisory
Board (2004 to present).
11. List all positions held as an officer, director, trustee,
partner, proprietor, agent, representative, or consultant of any
corporation, company, firm, partnership, or other business, enterprise,
educational, or other institution within the last 5 years.
K.D. Sullivan Enterprises LLC (Sole proprietor, 2005 to
present).
N951AG LLC (An LLC established in 2006 to hold title to my
airplane. I am sole proprietor.)
American Electric Power (director, 1997 to present).
Noblis (trustee, 2000 to present).
Waterfire Columbus (Chair, 2005 to present).
Net Jets Family Foundation (Trustee, 2007 to present).
ris DC (restaurant; passive investor, 2008 to present).
Pizzuti Companies (science and technology advisor, Exploration
Park project, Kennedy Space Center, FL, 2007 to present).
American Association for the Advancement of Science (Trustee,
Feb. 2004-Feb. 2008; Section Officer, Feb. 2009 to present).
Rolex (Consultant; April 2008-November 2008).
21st Editions (Consultant; Oct. 2007-Oct. 2008)
The Taylor Companies (Advisor; 2008 to present).
12. Please list each membership you have had during the past 10
years or currently hold with any civic, social, charitable,
educational, political, professional, fraternal, benevolent or
religious organization, private club, or other membership organization.
Include dates of membership and any positions you have held with any
organization. Please note whether any such club or organization
restricts membership on the basis of sex, race, color, religion,
national origin, age, or handicap.
Worthington Hills Country Club (2008 to present).
The Lakes Country Club (1999 to present).
Ohio State University Faculty Club (2006 to present).
The Capital Club (1996-2008; 2-year board term).
*Girl Scouts USA (1983 to present; gender restriction).
American Association for the Advancement of Science (1981 to
present; board term 2004-2008).
The Woods Hole Oceanographic Inst. Corporation (1997 to
present).
The Association of the United States Navy (1988 to present).
The Smithsonian Institution (1998 to present; estimated).
COSI Columbus (Member 1996-2008; President and CEO 1996-2005;
Science Advisor 2005-2006).
Explorers Club of New York (1981 to present).
*Society of Woman Geographers (1981 to present; gender
restriction).
*Women in Aviation, Int'l (2008 to present; gender
restriction).
Amer. Inst. Aeronautics and Astronautics (1978 to present).
The Planetary Society (1982 to present; board term 2000-2003).
Assoc. of the U.S. Navy (formerly Naval Reserve Assoc.; 1988 to
present).
Sea-Space Symposium (1987 to present).
Assoc. of Space Explorers (1991 to present).
*Int'l Women's Forum (1993 to present; gender restriction).
Univ. Calif. Santa Cruz Alumni Association (1996 to present).
Sigma Xi (1989 to present).
The Ravines at Worthingridge Condo Assoc. (1996 to present).
Assoc. of Science and Technology Centers (1996-2005; board term
1997-2001).
Friends of Long Marine Laboratory (2009 to present).
Giant Screen Theater Association (1996-2005; board term 1999-
2003.
Association of Science and Technology Centers (1996-2006; board
term 1998-2001).
13. Have you ever been a candidate for and/or held a public office
(elected, non-elected, or appointed)? If so, indicate whether any
campaign has any outstanding debt, the amount, and whether you are
personally liable for that debt: No.
14. Itemize all political contributions to any individual, campaign
organization, political party, political action committee, or similar
entity of $500 or more for the past 10 years. Also list all offices you
have held with, and services rendered to, a state or national political
party or election committee during the same period.
No political or election-related offices held.
Paula L. Brooks for Representative campaign 2010: $1,500.
15. List all scholarships, fellowships, honorary degrees, honorary
society memberships, military medals, and any other special recognition
for outstanding service or achievements.
Dalhousie University Graduate Fellowship (1973-1976).
Nat'l Research Council of Canada Research Fellowship (1976-
1978).
Women Aviators Hall of Fame (2010).
Explorers Medal, Explorers Club of New York (2007).
Aerospace Legends Hall of Fame, Aviation Week and Space
Technology (2005).
Astronaut Hall of Fame (2004).
Leader in Space Science, Adler Planetarium (2004).
National Science Board Public Service Award (2003).
Juliette Award for Women of Distinction, Girl Scouts USA
(2002).
Ohio Women's Hall of Fame (2002).
Ohio Veteran's Hail of Fame (2001).
YWCA Women of Achievement (1985, 2001)
Lone Sailor Award, U.S. Navy Memorial Foundation (1997).
NASA Medal for Outstanding Leadership (1992).
NASA Exceptional Service Medal (1988, 1991).
NASA Space Flight Medal (1984, 1991, 1992).
Vic Prather Award (American Astronautical Society, 1992).
Haley Space Flight Medal (American Institute of Aeronautics and
Astronautics, 1990).
National Air and Space Museum Trophy (1985).
Ten Outstanding Young Americans Award, U.S. Jaycees (1987).
Ten Outstanding Young People of the World, Jaycees Int'l
(1987).
Woman Divers Hall of Fame (2008).
Women in Aviation Pioneer Hall of Fame (2010).
Honorary Degrees:
Kent State University (2002).
Ohio Dominican College (1998).
Stevens Institute of Technology (1992).
State University of New York, Utica (1991).
Dalhousie University (1985).
15. Please list each book, article, column, or publication you have
authored, individually or with others. Also list any speeches that you
have given on topics relevant to the position for which you have been
nominated. Do not attach copies of these publications unless otherwise
instructed.
Generative Leadership: Shaping New Futures for Today's Schools
(in press), K. Klimek, E. Ritzenhein and K. D. Sullivan. Corwin
Press (in press, April 2008).
Women Leading the Way: Reflections on Life and Leadership
(2005), The Academy for Leadership and Governance, Columbus
Ohio.
America's Living Oceans: Charting a Course for Sea Change
(2003), Pew Oceans Commission final report.
A Glimpse of Home (2002), Time Magazine Special Report on the
Environment (August 26 edition, A4-A5).
Technology and the City's Future (1997), Mayoral Task Force
Report, City of Columbus (Co-Chair and lead author).
The Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science-1: A
Shuttle Mission (1992), with M.R. Torr; EOS, Transactions of
the American Geophysical Union.
Geography Reaches New Heights: An Astronaut's View of Earth
(1991), ``Update,'' National Geographic Society, Washington,
D.C.
Earth Observations During Space Shuttle Flight STS-31: The
Earth from 600 Kilometers (1991), with Evans et al; Geocarto
International 6(3), 99-112.
Pioneering the Space Frontier (1986), Report of the National
Commission on Space; Bantam Books, NY.
Geology of the Venus Lowlands: Guinevere and Sedna Planitia
(1984), with J.W. Head; Lunar and Planetary Science Conference
Proceedings, Houston, Texas.
Elysium Planitia, Mars: Regional Geology, Volcanology and
Evidence for Volcano/Ground-Ice Interactions (1984), with P.
Mouginis-Mark; Earth, Moon and Planets 30, 149-173.
The Newfoundland Basin: Ocean-Continent Boundary and Mesozoic
Seafloor Spreading History (1983); Earth and Planetary Science
Letters 62, 321-339.
Radar and Infrared Remote Sensing of Geothermal Features at
Pilgrim Springs, Alaska (1982), with K.G. Dean, R.B. Forbes,
D.L. Turner and F.D. Eaton; Remote Sensing of Environment 12,
391-405.
The Potential for Manned Earth Observations in the Space
Shuttle Era (1979), International Union of Geodesy and
Geophysics, 17th General Assembly, Canberra, Australia.
The Structure and Composition of the Linear Volcanic Chains of
the Western North Atlantic (1979), with R. Houghton; Hawaii
Symposium on Intra-Plate Volcanism, Hilo, Hawaii.
Geologist in Space (1979), in: GEOS, Dept, Energy, Mines and
Resources, Ottawa, Canada, 5-7.
On the Nature of the Crust in the Vicinity of the Southeast
Newfoundland Ridge (1978), with C.E. Keen; Canadian Journal of
Earth Sciences 15(9), 1462-1471.
Mesozoic Evolution of the Newfoundland Basin (1977), with C.E.
Keen and B.R. Hall; Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 37,
307-320.
Newfoundland Seamounts: Petrology and Geochemistry (1977), with
C.E. Keen; Geological Association of Canada, Special Paper 16,
461-476.
Deep-Drill Investigations of the Oceanic Crust in the North
Atlantic (1975), with F. Aumento; in: Geodynamics of Iceland &
the North Atlantic, NATO Advanced Study Institute, Reykjavik,
83-104.
16. Please identify each instance in which you have testified
orally or in writing before Congress in a governmental or non-
governmental capacity and specify the date and subject matter of each
testimony.
1993: Senate Commerce Committee, Confirmation Hearing for NOAA
Chief Scientist position.
17. Given the current mission, major programs, and major
operational objectives of the department/agency to which you have been
nominated, what in your background or employment experience do you
believe affirmatively qualifies you for appointment to the position for
which you have been nominated, and why do you wish to serve in that
position?
Many aspects of my background and prior employment qualify me for
this position. Broadly stated, these include my academic preparation in
the Earth sciences, my operational experience in scientific field
expeditions, spaceflight operations and operational environmental
forecasting for the U.S. Navy, my prior federal service with both NASA
and NOAA and the scientific and technical currency I've been able to
retain through my National Science Board service. I wish to serve now
because I believe I can contribute substantively to the success of one
of NOAA's most vital missions, namely providing the nation and the
world with trustworthy, reliable, timely and accurate information
(measurements, analyses, predictions) about the state of Earth's oceans
and atmosphere.
18. What do you believe are your responsibilities, if confirmed, to
ensure that the department/agency has proper management and accounting
controls, and what experience do you have in managing a large
organization?
If confirmed, I would bear responsibility for ensuring that all
programs and operations are planned, budgeted and executed following
approved policies and procedures, and that proper program management
and accounting controls are in place and functioning properly. I
believe my experiences at COSI and on public company boards prepare me
well for this responsibility. I led COSI through the most substantial
transformation in the organization's history. This involved joint (with
the State of Ohio) ownership of and responsibility for the design and
construction of a $125 million new facility and included budget
development and execution, construction management and permitting of
the site's environmental condition plus the all of the building's
safety and operating systems. In addition, essentially every one of
COSI's internal business processes had to be redesigned, including
budget and finance, the IT architecture and applications, and guest
service operations. My public company board experience, which has
included service on audit, finance and nuclear oversight committees,
gives me sound understanding of how to implement and evaluate effective
executive processes in much larger organizations.
19. What do you believe to be the top three challenges facing the
department/agency, and why?
1. Environmental satellite systems: Major system transitions
are affecting NOAA's polar and geosynchronous satellite systems
at the same time. The challenges are myriad, including
requirements migration, contracting issues, data continuity,
inter-calibration and program execution (to name just a few).
These are difficult challenges to meet under any circumstances,
and the challenge will be compounded by current budget
realities.
2. Fleet and aircraft modernization programs: This will involve
a large capital investment in systems that are critical to
NOAA's ability to fulfill its mission mandates. The classic
challenges in such endeavors include assuring the requirements
have been well-defined, crafting an effective blend of the
innovative and the reliable in meeting the requirements, sound
acquisition management and rigorous program and budget
management.
3. The data deluge: NOAA is responsible for architectural
definition, procurement and reliable operation of the large
data systems (and systems of systems) needed to store, process,
archive and make available to users the vast amounts of data
produced by today's global observing systems and modeling
centers.
b. potential conflicts of interest
1. Describe all financial arrangements, deferred compensation
agreements, and other continuing dealings with business associates,
clients, or customers. Please include information related to retirement
accounts.
COSI retirement account balances: Some monies remain invested in
mutual funds through the COSI Columbus retirement plan. No
contributions have been made to these accounts since 2006, and none
will be made during my federal service.
AEP deferred compensation balances: Two unfunded memo accounts
record the amounts due to me from AEP upon termination of my board
service. The value of one memo account tracks securities in the JP
Morgan 401k program open to all AEP employees. The value of the other
memo account tracks AEP stock. Each of these accounts will pay out in
annual installments over 5 years, following termination of my board
service.
2. Do you have any commitments or agreements, formal or informal,
to maintain employment, affiliation, or practice with any business,
association or other organization during your appointment? If so,
please explain: No.
3. Indicate any investments, obligations, liabilities, or other
relationships which could involve potential conflicts of interest in
the position to which you have been nominated.
In connection with the nomination process, I have consulted with
the Office of Government Ethics and the Department of Commerce's
designated agency ethics official to identify potential conflicts of
interest. Any potential conflicts of interest will be resolved in
accordance with the terms of an ethics agreement that I have entered
into with the Department's designated agency ethics official and that
has been provided to this Committee. I am not aware of any other
potential conflicts of interest.
4. Describe any business relationship, dealing, or financial
transaction which you have had during the last 10 years, whether for
yourself, on behalf of a client, or acting as an agent, that could in
any way constitute or result in a possible conflict of interest in the
position to which you have been nominated: None.
5. Describe any activity during the past 10 years in which you have
been engaged for the purpose of directly or indirectly influencing the
passage, defeat, or modification of any legislation or affecting the
administration and execution of law or public policy: None.
6. Explain how you will resolve any potential conflict of interest,
including any that may be disclosed by your responses to the above
items.
Any potential conflicts of interest will be resolved in accordance
with the terms of an ethics agreement that I have entered into with the
Department's designated agency ethics official and that has been
provided to this Committee. I am not aware of any other potential
conflicts of interest.
c. legal matters
1. Have you ever been disciplined or cited for a breach of ethics
by, or been the subject of a complaint to any court, administrative
agency, professional association, disciplinary committee, or other
professional group? If so, please explain.
No, except as described in response to question 5 below.
2. Have you ever been investigated, arrested, charged, or held by
any federal, state, or other law enforcement authority of any federal,
state, county, or municipal entity, other than for a minor traffic
offense? If so, please explain: No.
3. Have you or any business of which you are or were an officer
ever been involved as a party in an administrative agency proceeding or
civil litigation? If so, please explain.
As a large corporation, AFT has been routinely involved in such
proceedings. I am aware of the following litigation to which AEP has
been a party during my tenure as a member of the company's Board of
Directors, some of which named me in my official capacity:
In late 2002 and early 2003, class action lawsuits alleging
securities violations were filed in the U.S. District Court for the
Southern District of Ohio, against AEP, certain AEP executives, and in
some of the lawsuits, members of the AEP Board of Directors and certain
investment banking firms. The lawsuits claimed that AEP failed to
disclose that alleged ``round trip'' electric power trades resulted in
an overstatement of revenues, that AEP failed to disclose that AEP
traders falsely reported energy prices to trade publications that
published gas price indices, and that AEP failed to disclose that it
did not have in place sufficient management controls to prevent round
trip trades or false reporting of energy prices. In September 2004, the
Court dismissed all claims in all of these cases. No adverse findings
of any kind were made against any of the defendants.
Also in the fourth quarter of 2002, two shareholder derivative
actions were filed in state court in Columbus, Ohio, against AEP and
its Board of Directors alleging a breach of fiduciary duty for failure
to establish and maintain adequate internal controls over AEP's gas
trading operation. These cases were dismissed in November 2004 after
the related securities law cases were dismissed in federal court.
Again, no adverse findings of any kind were made against any of the
defendants.
4. Have you ever been convicted (including pleas of guilty or nolo
contendere) of any criminal violation other than a minor traffic
offense? If so, please explain: No.
5. Have you ever been accused, formally or informally, of sexual
harassment or discrimination on the basis of sex, race, religion, or
any other basis? If so, please explain.
Yes. In the 1995-97 timeframe, a NOAA employee named me as an
additional party in a discrimination action brought against then-NOAA
Administrator D. James Baker. I was interviewed by DOC Counsel's office
personnel on several occasions, but never deposed nor subpoenaed. I
believe the action was dropped, with no adverse findings against me.
6. Please advise the Committee of any additional information,
favorable or unfavorable, which you feel should be disclosed in
connection with your nomination: None.
d. relationship with committee
1. Will you ensure that your department/agency complies with
deadlines for information set by Congressional committees? Yes.
2. Will you ensure that your department/agency does whatever it can
to protect Congressional witnesses and whistle blowers from reprisal
for their testimony and disclosures? Yes.
3. Will you cooperate in providing the Committee with requested
witnesses, including technical experts and career employees, with
firsthand knowledge of matters of interest to the Committee? Yes.
4. Are you willing to appear and testify before any duly
constituted committee of the Congress on such occasions as you may be
reasonably requested to do so? Yes.
______
resume of kathryn d. sullivan
Director, Battelle Center for Mathematics and Science Education
Policy--The John Glenn School of Public Affairs, Ohio State University
Leads the formulation of the inaugural program plan for this new
center, intended to catalyze changes in science education that will
better equip young Americans for 21st century life. Established by a
major gift in 2005, the Center will build a portfolio of scholarly
research, service and public outreach activities that helps
policymakers and community stakeholders identify actions to improve the
quality of educational outcomes in science, technology, engineering and
mathematics across the pre-K to college range.
Prior Experience
Science Advisor, COSI Columbus (2005-2006)
Represented COSI regionally and nationally on matters of science
and education policy; assisted the President and CEO with programmatic
and funding strategies.
President and CEO, COSI (1996-2005)
Provided transformative executive leadership to this 501(c)3 hands-
on science education enterprise, which serves nearly 900,000 people
annually throughout Ohio and surrounding states. COSI's celebrated
products and services include more than 100,000 square feet of
interactive science exhibits in downtown Columbus, a nationally
renowned ``COSI On Wheels'' outreach program serving over 250,000
annually in Ohio and surrounding states, an award-winning inquiry-based
electronic education programs--including interactive live surgeries--
delivered to schools across the U.S. and the nation's first (and still
largest) overnight Camp-In program.
Oversaw final design and construction of $125 million new facility,
delivering an on-time/under-budget opening in November, 1999. Played
pivotal roles in driving private sector fundraising campaign to $45.6
million, more than $10 million above the original target. Re-engineered
the organization in concert with the building program, establishing the
first formal development and retail marketing functions and re-
structuring the Board of Trustees. Conceived of and led the development
and launch of COSI Academy, a first-of-a-kind program providing high
school students with professional research opportunities and mentors
from area research and technology firms, and Inquiry Learning for
Schools (ILS), a statewide professional development program. Developed
innovative new community partnerships, including the co-location of
WOSU public television within COSI, presentation of international
traveling art and science exhibitions and collaborative marketing,
ticketing and educational programs with area arts organizations.
Served major civic roles as a leading advisor and advocate on
science, technology and education programs and policy. Chaired
Governor's Aerospace & Defense Advisory Council and the BRAC (Base Re-
alignment & Closure) subcommittee. Typically addressed 150-200
audiences annually, ranging from grade school students to leaders of
Fortune 500 companies.
Chief Scientist, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
(1992-1996).
Nominated by both the Bush and Clinton administrations, confirmed
in May 1993. Oversaw planning, budget and productivity of approximately
$500 million research and technology portfolio covering a broad
spectrum of earth and ocean sciences and technology. Led senior
interagency working groups that produced Presidential Decision
Directives promulgating new U.S. environmental technology export policy
and converging military and civilian environmental satellite programs
into today's National Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellite System.
NASA Mission Specialist Astronaut (1978-1993).
Veteran of three Shuttle missions, with over 500 hrs in space.
Mission Manager and in-flight scientist aboard NASA's high-altitude WB-
57F aircraft (1979-1981). Chief of the Astronaut Office's Mission
Development Branch (1990-1991). Appointed in 1985 to the Presidential
National Commission on Space. NASA awards and commendations include
Medal for Outstanding Leadership, Exceptional Service Medal (twice) and
Spaceflight Medal (three times), plus numerous group and personal
achievement awards.
Spaceflight experience: STS-41G (Challenger, 1984).
First American woman to walk in space, performing an orbital
refueling engineering demonstration. Lead astronaut for a suite of
Earth remote sensing experiments, including the SIR-B synthetic
aperture radar; Co-Investigator on SIR-B experiments. STS-31
(Discovery, 1990): EVA (space walk) specialist for Hubble Space
Telescope deployment mission; leading role 1985-1990 developing over 97
specialized tools and dozens of procedures needed for Hubble on-orbit
repair and servicing. STS-45 (Atlantis, 1992): Payload Commander for
ATLAS-1 earth and atmospheric sciences Spacelab mission; led four-
person scientific crew through all aspects of training, mission
preparation and flight operations.
Naval Reserve (1988 to present).
Direct commission into Oceanography program (1805) and designation
as Naval Astronaut (Specialist) in April 1988. Key posts held include
Commanding Officer, NORA 1570 (NAS Dallas, 1990-1992) and Commanding
Officer SPAWAR 0466 (Washington, D.C. 1996-1997). Active duty
assignments have included Mediterranean anti-submarine warfare
operations, environmental support to the Persian Gulf Theater during
Operation Desert Storm, joint-service exercises aboard USS Kitty Hawk
and R&D program management. Awards include the Navy Commendation Medal,
National Defense Service Medal and Overseas Service Ribbon. Current
rank: Captain.
Education
Ph.D. (Geology), Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, 1978
B.S. (Honors, Earth Sciences), U.C. Santa Cruz, 1973
Honors and Awards
Explorers Medal, Explorers Club of New York (2007)
AW&ST Aerospace Legends Hall of Fame (Aviation Week & Space
Technology, 2005)
Astronaut Hall of Fame (2004)
Leader in Space Science, Adler Planetarium (2004)
National Science Board Public Service Award (2003)
Girl Scouts USA Juliette Award for Women of Distinction (2002)
Ohio Women's Hall of Fame (2002)
Ohio Veteran's Hall of Fame (2001)
Lone Sailor Award, U.S. Navy Memorial Foundation (1997)
NASA Medal for Outstanding Leadership (1992)
NASA Exceptional Service Medal (1988, 1991)
NASA Space Flight Medal (1984, 1991, 1992)
Vic Prather Award (American Astronautical Society, 1992)
Haley Space Flight Medal (American Institute of Aeronautics and
Astronautics, 1990)
National Air and Space Museum Trophy (1985)
Ten Outstanding Young Americans Award, U.S. Jaycees (1987)
Ten Outstanding Young People of the World, Jaycees
International (1987)
Honorary Degrees:
Kent State University (2002)
Ohio Dominican College (1998)
Stevens Institute of Technology (1992)
State University of New York, Utica (1991)
Dalhousie University (1985)
Key Boards and Committees
National Science Board (Vice Chair, 2006-2008)
American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Wood's Hole Oceanographic Institution
American Electric Power
Noblis
Pew Oceans Commission (2000-2003)
Giant Screen Theaters Association (2001-2004)
Advisory Committee, Federal Commission for the Centennial of
Flight (2000-2003)
Ohio Aerospace & Defense Council (Chair, 2002-2003; BRAC
Subcommittee 2003)
Memberships and Affiliations
American Association for the Advancement of Science (Fellow)
American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (Fellow)
Association of Space Explorers
The Explorer's Club (Lowell Thomas Medalist)
Society of Woman Geographers (Gold Medallist)
Naval Reserve Association (Life Member)
Girl Scouts USA (Life Member)
Personal Data
Certified SCUBA diver
Licensed Private pilot (power and glider)
Fluent in French and Norwegian; functional in German, Swedish,
Danish
Hobbies: SCUBA diving, dabbling at golf, flying, reading.
Selected Speeches and Appearances
American Electric Power
Anderson Consulting
Bermuda Underwater Exploration Institution
Cunard Line
CNN
Discovery Tours (American Museum of Natural History)
Honda America Research & Development
Huntington National Bank
KPMG
Kent State University
Lindblad Expeditions
National Science Board
Ohio Manufacturer's Association
The Ohio State University
Silversea Cruises
St. Bonaventure University
University of California, San Diego
University of California, Santa Cruz
WBNS 10TV (Columbus, Ohio)
World Economic Forum
Publications
``Generative Leadership: Shaping New Futures for Today's
Schools'' With Karl J. Klimek and Elsie Ritzenhein. Corwin
Press (2008).
``Women Leading the Way: Reflections on Life and Leadership''
(2005), The Academy for Leadership & Governance, Columbus Ohio.
``America's Living Oceans: Charting a Course for Sea Change''
(2003), Pew Oceans Commission final report.
``A Glimpse of Home'' (2002), Time Magazine Special Report on
the Environment (August 26 edition, A4-A5).
``Technology and the City's Future'' (1997), Task Force Report
prepared for Columbus Mayor Greg Lashutka (Co-Chair and lead
author).
The Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science-1: A
Shuttle Mission (1992), with M.R. Torr; EOS, Transactions of
the American Geophysical Union.
Geography Reaches New Heights: An Astronaut's View of Earth
(1991), In: Update, National Geographic Society, Washington,
D.C.
Earth Observations During Space Shuttle Flight STS-31: The
Earth from 600 Kilometers (1991), with Evans et al; Geocarto
International 6(3), 99-112.
Geology of the Venus Lowlands: Guinevere and Sedna Planitia
(1984), with J.W. Head; Lunar and Planetary Science Conference
Proceedings, Houston, Texas.
Elysium Planitia, Mars: Regional Geology, Volcanology and
Evidence for Volcano/Ground-Ice Interactions (1984), with P.
Mouginis-Mark; Earth, Moon and Planets 30, 149-173.
The Newfoundland Basin: Ocean-Continent Boundary and Mesozoic
Seafloor Spreading History (1983); Earth and Planetary Science
Letters 62, 321-339.
Radar and Infrared Remote Sensing of Geothermal Features at
Pilgrim Springs, Alaska (1982), with K.G. Dean, R.B. Forbes,
D.L. Turner and F.D. Eaton; Remote Sensing of Environment 12,
391-405.
The Potential for Manned Earth Observations in the Space
Shuttle Era (1979), International Union of Geodesy and
Geophysics, 17th General Assembly, Canberra, Australia.
The Structure and Composition of the Linear Volcanic Chains of
the Western North Atlantic (1979), with R. Houghton; Hawaii
Symposium on Intra-Plate Volcanism, Hilo, Hawaii.
Geologist in Space (1979), in: GEOS, Dept, Energy, Mines and
Resources, Ottawa, Canada, 5-7.
On the Nature of the Crust in the Vicinity of the Southeast
Newfoundland Ridge (1978), with C.E. Keen; Canadian Journal of
Earth Sciences 15(9), 1462-1471.
Mesozoic Evolution of the Newfoundland Basin (1977), with C.E.
Keen and B.R. Hall; Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 37,
307-320.
Newfoundland Seamounts: Petrology and Geochemistry (1977), with
C.E. Keen; Geological Association of Canada, Special Paper 16,
461-476.
Deep-Drill Investigations of the Oceanic Crust in the North
Atlantic (1975), with F. Aumento; in: Geodynamics of Iceland &
the North Atlantic, NATO Advanced Study Institute, Reykjavik,
83-104.
The Chairman. Thank you very much, Dr. Sullivan.
And, Dr. Gulland.
STATEMENT OF DR. FRANCES M.D. GULLAND,
MEMBER-DESIGNATE, MARINE MAMMAL COMMISSION
Dr. Gulland. Chairman Rockefeller, Ranking Member
Hutchison, members of the Committee, I am deeply honored to be
nominated by President Obama to serve as a Member of the Marine
Mammal Commission, and I am also honored to appear before you
today and address any questions that you may have.
As a veterinarian, I took an oath to dedicate my
professional life to the care of animals, including marine
mammals, so it really is a true and special privilege to be
considered for this position.
I was born in England and grew up in Italy, where my father
worked for the United Nations in international fisheries
management. He was a founding member of the International
Whaling Commission's Scientific Committee, so from an early age
I was exposed to the sometimes competing demands of fisheries
management and whale conservation. My father instilled in me a
sense of duty and taught me the value of science-based policy
in resource management. My mother received one of the first
degrees awarded to women from the University of Cambridge, and
she taught me the values of education, respect, and dignity.
Both my parents have since passed away, but they would have
been immensely proud to see me here today as a nominee for the
Marine Mammal Commission. I hope to continue to apply the
values and principles I learned from my parents to the
conservation of marine mammals for this country.
I trained as a veterinarian at the University of Cambridge,
where I also completed a Ph.D. in zoology. After working at the
Zoological Society of London, I moved to the United States in
1994 and became a citizen in 2006. Since 1994, I have worked as
the Director of the Veterinary Science program at the Marine
Mammal Center, which is a private NGO in California dedicated
to the veterinary care of marine mammals, and also to research
and education. There I have witnessed firsthand the changes in
marine mammal health over the past two decades, as the Center
has treated more than 10,000 sick and injured marine mammals
during my employment.
In addition to my work as a clinical veterinarian, I have
conducted research into the factors impacting the health of
marine mammals, such as pollutants and increasing harmful algal
blooms or red tides. There I have also supervised students and
collaborated with scientists from multiple disciplines at a
variety of universities and from several state and federal
agencies, particularly those at NOAA and the Department of the
Interior. This has really taught me the value of
interdisciplinary investigations and the need for innovative
approaches to understand the current and future changes in our
marine ecosystems.
I have also served on federal and state advisory teams,
including the recovery teams for the Hawaiian monk seal and the
southern sea otter, the California Oiled Wildlife Care Network,
and California's new Ocean Protection Council. I have served as
a scientific advisor to the Marine Mammal Commission since
2000.
Serving on these advisory teams has strengthened my
understanding of the factors that pose risks to marine mammals
and their ecosystems, and the complex scientific, social and
economic issues that must be addressed to ensure their
conservation.
Many of the risk factors that threaten marine mammals,
including environmental contamination and bioaccumulation of
harmful chemicals, also pose significant risks to human health,
and thus warrant additional research so we can understand and
minimize their potential impacts.
The Marine Mammal Protection Act created the legal
framework for addressing these threats as they pertain to
marine mammals and, more generally, for conserving their
ecosystems.
I would be truly honored to serve as a Commissioner to
further the goals and policies of this Act, and work with the
administration and Congress, as well as scientists, industries,
conservationists, students and the public, to ensure that
marine mammals are conserved for future generations.
Solutions will require collaboration from a broad cross
section of society, as well as an understanding of the need to
balance the increasing demands of human populations and
globalization with ecosystem conservation. One of the greatest
challenges that the Marine Mammal Commission is facing is
working with the appropriate agencies to coordinate and
integrate scientific management activities to conserve marine
mammals while still allowing sustainable use of marine
resources.
I believe that I have the experience, knowledge and
commitment to serve the Marine Mammal Commission in these
challenging times. If confirmed, I would serve the Commission
and our nation to the very best of my abilities.
Again, thank you for the honor of appearing before you, and
I would be pleased to address any questions.
[The prepared statement and biographical information of Dr.
Gulland follows:]
Prepared Statement of Dr. Frances M.D. Gulland, Member-Designate,
Marine Mammal Commission
Chairman Rockefeller, Ranking Member Hutchison, and members of the
Committee, I am deeply honored to have been nominated by President
Obama to serve as a Member of the Marine Mammal Commission, and I also
am honored to appear before you to discuss my nomination and to address
your questions. As a veterinarian, I took an oath to dedicate my
professional life to the care of animals including marine mammals, so
it is a true and special privilege to be considered for this position.
I was born in England and grew up in Italy, where my father worked
for the United Nations in international fisheries management. He was a
founding member of the International Whaling Commission's Scientific
Committee, so from an early age I was exposed to the sometimes
competing demands of fisheries management and whale conservation. My
father instilled in me a sense of duty and taught me the value of
science-based policy and resource management. My mother received one of
the first degrees awarded to women from the University of Cambridge,
and she taught me the values of education, respect, and dignity. Both
my parents have passed away, but they would have been immensely proud
to see me here today as a nominee for the Marine Mammal Commission. I
hope to continue to apply the values and principles I learned from my
parents to the conservation of marine mammals.
I trained as a veterinarian at the University of Cambridge, where I
also completed a Ph.D. in zoology. Thus, I combined my fascination and
life-long interest in medicine with scientific research in mammalian
ecology. I view the latter to be an essential foundation for conserving
mammals. After working at the Zoological Society of London as a surgeon
and field researcher, I moved to the United States in 1994 and became a
citizen in 2006. Since 1994, I have worked as the Director of the
Veterinary Science program at The Marine Mammal Center, a private
nongovernmental organization dedicated to the veterinary care of marine
mammals, research, and education. I have witnessed first hand the
changes in marine mammal health over the past two decades, as the
Center has treated more than 10,000 sick and injured marine mammals
during my employment. In addition to my work as a clinical
veterinarian, I have conducted research into the factors impacting the
health of marine mammals, such as pollutants and increasing harmful
algal blooms. To conduct these studies I have supervised students and
collaborated with scientists at a number of universities and from
several state and federal agencies, particularly those in the
Departments of Commerce and the Interior. To carry out my studies, I
have collaborated with scientists from multiple disciplines, such as
oceanography, toxicology, epidemiology, ecology, and marine mammal
biology. This research has deepened my understanding of the impacts of
changes in coastal waters on marine mammal health and disease,
including cancer and impaired reproduction resulting from increasing
red tides and pollutants. It also has taught me the value of
interdisciplinary investigations and the need for innovative approaches
to understand current and future changes in marine ecosystems.
I have served on federal and state advisory teams including the
recovery teams for the Hawaiian monk seal and the southern sea otter,
the Oiled Wildlife Care Network established by the California
Department of Fish and Game, and the California Ocean Protection
Council, which was created under California's Ocean Protection Act to
coordinate activities of state agencies with ocean-related
responsibilities. I have served as a scientific advisor to the Marine
Mammal Commission since 2000. Serving on these advisory teams has
strengthened my understanding of the factors that pose risks to marine
mammals and marine ecosystems and the complex scientific, social, and
economic issues that must be addressed to ensure their conservation.
As human populations expand and globalization continues, the
demands on marine resources and the impacts on the marine environment
are ever increasing. Marine mammals, both as populations and
individuals, are valuable indicators of the health of our marine
ecosystems in ways that are sometimes obvious, such as whales lacerated
by the propellers of large ships or animals entangled and dead in
fishing gear, or more subtle, such as animals sickened by the toxins of
harmful algal blooms. Many of the risk factors that threaten marine
mammals, including environmental contamination and bioaccumulation of
harmful chemicals, also pose significant risks to human health and
warrant additional research so that we can understand and minimize the
potential impacts.
The Marine Mammal Protection Act created a legal framework for
addressing these threats as they pertain to marine mammals and, more
generally, for conserving marine mammals and their ecosystems. I would
be honored to serve as a Commissioner to further the goals and policies
of this Act and work with the administration and Congress, as well as
scientists, industries, conservationists, students, and the public, to
ensure that marine mammals are conserved for future generations.
Solutions will require collaboration from a broad cross-section of
society, as well as an understanding of the need to balance the demands
of increasing human populations and globalization with ecosystem
conservation. One of the greatest challenges for the Marine Mammal
Commission is working with the appropriate agencies to coordinate and
integrate scientific and management activities to conserve marine
mammals while allowing sustainable use of marine resources.
I believe that I have the experience, knowledge, and commitment to
serve the Marine Mammal Commission well in these challenging times. If
confirmed, I would serve the Commission, and our nation, to the very
best of my abilities. Again, thank you for the honor of appearing
before you. I would be pleased to address any questions the Committee
may have.
______
a. biographical information
1. Name (Include any former names or nicknames used):
Frances Mary Dorothea Gulland.
2. Position to which nominated: Commissioner, Marine Mammal
Commission.
3. Date of Nomination: 5 January 2011.
4. Address (List current place of residence and office addresses):
Residence: Information not released to the public.
Office: 2000 Bunker Road, Sausalito, CA 94965.
5. Date and Place of Birth: 25 February 1960; Ditchingham, United
Kingdom (UK).
6. Provide the name, position, and place of employment for your
spouse (if married) and the names and ages of your children (including
stepchildren and children by a previous marriage).
Spouse: Andrew James Draper, Engineer, MWH (Montgomery Watson
Harza), Sacramento, California.
7. List all college and graduate degrees. Provide year and school
attended.
1991, Ph.D. University of Cambridge, UK.
1986, M.A. University of Cambridge, UK.
1984, Vet. M.B., University of Cambridge, UK.
1981, B.A. Natural Sciences, University of Cambridge, UK.
8. List all post-undergraduate employment, and highlight all
management-level jobs held and any non-managerial jobs that relate to
the position for which you are nominated.
1994 to present--Director of Veterinary Services, The Marine
Mammal Center, Sausalito, CA, USA (managerial position).
1993--Research assistant. Serengeti Rabies Project, Tanzania.
1992-1993--Research Fellow in Wildlife Diseases, Zoological
Society of London, UK.
1988-1991--Graduate student, University of Cambridge, UK.
1985-1988--House Surgeon, Zoological Society of London, UK.
1984-1985--House Surgeon, Royal School Veterinary Medicine,
Edinburgh, UK.
9. Attach a copy of your resume. A copy is attached.
10. List any advisory, consultative, honorary, or other part-time
service or positions with federal, state, or local governments, other
than those listed above, within the last 5 years.
2008 to present--Science Adviser, California Ocean Protection
Council.
2006 to present--Member, Advisory Board for California's Oiled
Wildlife Care Network.
2004-2008--Chair, Southern Sea Otter Recovery Implementation
Team.
2000 to present--Member, Committee of Scientific Advisors on
Marine Mammals, Marine Mammal Commission.
1998 to present--Working Group on Unusual Marine Mammal
Mortality Events, National Marine Fisheries Service, 1998-2000,
Member; 2001-2005 Chair, 2006 to present, Emeritus member.
2001 to present--Member, Hawaiian Monk Seal Recovery Team.
11. List all positions held as an officer, director, trustee,
partner, proprietor, agent, representative, or consultant of any
corporation, company, firm, partnership, or other business, enterprise,
educational, or other institution within the last 5 years: None.
12. Please list each membership you have had during the past 10
years or currently hold with any civic, social, charitable,
educational, political, professional, fraternal, benevolent or
religious organization, private club, or other membership organization.
Include dates of membership and any positions you have held with any
organization. Please note whether any such club or organization
restricts membership on the basis of sex, race, color, religion,
national origin, age, or handicap.
Member, Wildlife Disease Association, 1993 to present.
Member, International Association for Aquatic Animal Medicine,
1995 to present, (President 2001-2002).
Member, Society for Marine Mammalogy, 1998 to present.
Member, American Association of Zoo Animal Veterinarians.
None of these organizations restrict membership on the basis of
sex, race, color, religion, national origin, age, or handicap.
13. Have you ever been a candidate for and/or held a public office
(elected, non-elected, or appointed)? If so, indicate whether any
campaign has any outstanding debt, the amount, and whether you are
personally liable for that debt: No.
14. Itemize all political contributions to any individual, campaign
organization, political party, political action committee, or similar
entity of $500 or more for the past 10 years. Also list all offices you
have held with, and services rendered to, a state or national political
party or election committee during the same period: None.
15. List all scholarships, fellowships, honorary degrees, honorary
society memberships, military medals, and any other special recognition
for outstanding service or achievements.
Society of Marine Mammalogy award for scientific presentation,
1999.
16. Please list each book, article, column, or publication you have
authored, individually or with others. Also list any speeches that you
have given on topics relevant to the position for which you have been
nominated. Do not attach copies of these publications unless otherwise
instructed.
Reports
Burek, K.A., F.M.D. Gulland, G. Sheffield, E. Keyes, T.R.
Spraker, A.W. Smith, D.E. Skilling, J. Evermann, J.L. Stott,
and A.W. Trites. 2003. Disease agents in Steller sea lions in
Alaska: A review and analysis of serology data from 1975-2000.
Fisheries Centre Research Reports, Vol. 11, No. 4, 26 pp.
Gulland, F. 2000. Domoic acid toxicity in California sea lions
(Zalophus californianus) stranded along the central California
coast, May-October 1998, U.S. Department of Commerce NOAA
Technical Memorandum, NMFS-OPR, 17, 45 pp.
Gulland, F., H.M. Perez-Cortes, J.R. Urban, L. Rojas-Bracho, G.
Ylitalo, J. Weir, S.A. Norman, M.M. Muto, D.J. Rugh, C.
Kreuder, and T. Rowles. 2005. Eastern North Pacific Gray Whale
(Eschrichtius robustus) Unusual Mortality Event, 19992000: A
Compilation. U.S. Department of Commerce. NOAA Technical
Memorandum NMFS-AFSC-150, 33 pp.
Gulland, F.M.D. 2006. Review of the Marine Mammal Unusual
Mortality Event Response Program of the National Marine
Fisheries Service. U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA Technical
Memorandum NMFS-OPR-33, 37 pp.
Books and Book Chapters
Dierauf, L.A., and F.M.D. Gulland (eds.). 2001. CRC Handbook of
Marine Mammal Medicine, Second edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton,
FL, 1063 pp.
Gulland, F.M.D., and A.J. Hall. 2005. The role of disease in
influencing status and trends. Pp. 47-62 in J. Reynolds, W.
Perrin, R. Reeves, S. Montgomery and T. Ragen (eds.), Marine
Mammal Research: Conservation Beyond Crisis. The John Hopkins
University Press. Baltimore, Maryland.
Kim, K., A.P. Dobson, and F.M.D. Gulland. 2005. Diseases and
the Conservation of Marine Biodiversity. Pp. 149-166 in E.A.
Norse and L.B. Crowder (eds.) Marine Conservation Biology: The
Science of Maintaining the Sea's Biodiversity. Island Press,
Washington, D.C.
Wilson, K., B.T. Grenfell, J.G. Pilkington, H.E.G. Boyd, and
F.M.D. Gulland. 2004. Parasites and their impacts. Pp. 113-165
in T.H. Clutton-Brock and J.M. Pemberton (eds.), Soay Sheep.
Dynamics and Selection in an Island Population. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Van Dolah, F.M., G.J. Doucette, F. Gulland, T. Rowles, and G.
Bossart. 2003. Impacts of algal toxins on marine mammals. Pp.
247-270 in J.G. Vos, G.D. Bossart, M. Fournier, and T. O'Shea
(eds.), Toxicology of Marine Mammals. Taylor & Francis, London.
Gulland, F.M.D., L.A. Dierauf, and T.K. Rowles. 2001. Marine
Mammal Stranding Networks. Pp. 45-68 in L. Dierauf and F.M.D.
Gulland (eds.), CRC Handbook of Marine Mammal Medicine, Second
edition. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
Gulland, F.M.D., L. Lowenstine, and T. Spraker. 2001.
Noninfectious Diseases. Pp. 521-550 in L. Dierauf and F.M.D.
Gulland (eds.) CRC Handbook of Marine Mammal Medicine, Second
edition. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
Gulland, F.M.D., M. Haulena, and L. Dierauf. 2001. Seals and
Sea Lions. Pp. 907926 in L. Dierauf and F.M.D. Gulland (eds.),
CRC Handbook of Marine Mammal Medicine, Second edition. CRC
Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
Gulland, F.M.D. 1998. Leptospirosis in marine mammals. Pp 469-
471 in M. Fowler and R.E. Miller (eds.), Zoo and Wild Animal
Medicine. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Gulland, F.M.D. 1995. Impact of infectious diseases on wild
animal populations--a review. Pp. 20-51 in B.T. Grenfell and
A.P. Dobson (eds.), Ecology of Infectious Diseases in Natural
Populations, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Gulland, F.M.D., and C.M. Hawkey. 1990. Avian Haematology. Pp.
126-136 in C.S.G. Grunsell and M.E. Raw (eds.), The Veterinary
Annual. Butterworth, London.
Journal Articles
Berman-Kowalewski, M., F.M.D. Gulland, S. Wilkin, J.
Calambokidis, B. Mate, J. Cordaro, D. Rotstein, J. St. Leger,
P. Collins, K. Fahy, and S. Dover. 2010. Association between
blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) mortality and ship strikes
along the California Coast. Aquatic Mammals 36(1):59-66.
Gill, S., T. Goldstein, D. Situ, T.S. Zabka, F.M.D. Gulland,
and R.W. Mueller. 2010. Cloning and characterization of
glutamate receptors in California sea lions (Zalophus
californianus). Marine Drugs 8(5):1637-1649.
Dennison, S.E., F.M.D. Gulland, and W.E. Braselton. 2010.
Standardized protocols for plasma clearance of iohexol are not
appropriate for determination of glomerular filtration rates in
anesthetized California sea lions (Zalophus californianus).
Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 4:144-147.
Jacobsen, J.K., L. Massey, and F. Gulland. 2010. Fatal
ingestion of floating marine debris by two sperm whales
(Physeter macrocephalus). Marine Pollution Bulletin 60:765-767.
Nollens H.H., J.F.X. Wellehan, L. Archer, L.J. Lowenstine, and
F.M.D. Gulland. In Press. Detection of a respiratory
coronavirus during a pneumonia epizootic in free-ranging
Pacific harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardsii). Diseases of
Aquatic Organisms.
Levin, M., D. Joshi, A. Draghi, F.M.D. Gulland, D. Jessup, and
S. De Guise. 2010. Immunomodulatory effects upon in vivo
exposure of California sea lion and southern sea otter
peripheral blood leukocytes to domoic acid. Journal of Wildlife
Diseases 46:541-550.
Lefebvre, K.A., A. Robertson, E.R. Frame, K.M. Colegrove, S.
Nance, K.A. Baugh, H. Weidenhoft, and F.M.D. Gulland. 2010.
Clinical signs and histopathology associated with domoic acid
poisoning in northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus) and
comparison of toxin detection methods. Harmful Algae 9:374-383.
Lynn, B.L., C. Reichmuth, R.J. Schusterman, and F.M.D. Gulland.
2010. Filial imprinting in a Steller sea lion (Eumetopias
jubatus). Aquatic Mammals 36:79-83.
Moore, M., M. Walsh, J. Bailey, D. Brunson, F. Gulland, S.
Landry, D. Mattila, C. Mayo, C. Slay, J. Smith, and T. Rowles.
2010. Sedation at sea of entangled North Atlantic right whales
(Eubalaena glacialis) to enhance disentanglement. PLOS One 5:1-
9.
Jang, S., L. Wheeler, R.B. Carey, B. Jensen, C.M. Crandall,
K.N. Schrader, D. Jessup, K. Colegrove, and F.M.D. Gulland.
2010. Pleuritis and suppurative pneumonia associated with a
hypermucoviscosity phenotype of Klebsiella pneumoniae in
California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Veterinary
Microbiology 141:174-177.
Thomas, K., J.T. Harvey, T. Goldstein, and F. Gulland. 2010.
Movement, dive behavior, and survival of California sea lions
(Zalophus californianus) posttreatment for domoic acid
toxicosis. Marine Mammal Science 26 (1):36-52.
Ng, T.F.F., W.K. Suedmeyer, E. Wheeler, F. Gulland, and M.
Breitbart. 2009. Novel anellovirus discovered from a mortality
event of captive California sea lions. Journal of General
Virology 90:1256-1261.
Montie, E.W., N. Pussini, G. Schneider, T.W.K. Battey, S.
Dennison, J. Barakos, and F. Gulland. 2009. Neuroanatomy and
volumes of brain structures of a live California sea lion
(Zalophus californianus) from magnetic resonance images. The
Anatomical Record 292:1523-1547.
Colegrove, K.M., F.M.D. Gulland, D.K. Naydan, and L.J.
Lowenstine. 2009. Tumor morphology an immunohistochemical
expression of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, p53,
and Ki67 in urogenital carcinomas of California sea lions
(Zalophus californianus). Veterinary Pathology 46:642-655.
Dau, B.K., K.V.K. Gilardi, F.M.D. Gulland, A. Higgins, J.B.
Holcomb, J. St.Leger, and M.H. Ziccardi. 2009. Fishing gear-
related injury in California marine wildlife. Journal of
Wildlife Diseases 45(2):355-362.
Zuerner, R.L, C. Cameron, S. Raverty, S. Robinson, K.
Colegrove, S. Norman, D. Lambourn, S. Jeffries, D.P. Alt, and
F.M.D. Gulland. 2009. Geographical dissemination of Leptospira
interrogans serovar Pomona during seasonal migration of
California sea lions. Veterinary Microbiology 137:105-110.
Goldstein, T., T. Zabka, R. DeLong, L. Wheeler, G. Ylitalo, S.
Bargu, M. Silver, T. Leighfield, F. Van Dolah, G. Langlois, I.
Sidor, L. Dunn, and F.M.D. Gulland. 2009. The role of domoic
acid in abortion and premature parturition of California sea
lions (Zalophus californianus) on San Miguel Island,
California. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 45:91-108.
Colegrove, K.M., F.M.D. Gulland, K. Harr, D.K. Naydan, and L.J.
Lowenstine. 2009. Pathological features of amyloidosis in
stranded California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Journal
of Comparative Pathology 140:105-112.
Zabka, T.S., T. Goldstein, C. Cross, R.W. Mueller, C. Kreuder-
Johnson, S. Gill, and F.M.D. Gulland. 2009. Characterization of
a degenerative cardiomyopathy associated with domoic acid
toxicity in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus).
Veterinary Pathology 46:105-119.
Torres de la Riva, G., C. Kreuder Johnson, F.M.D. Gulland, G.W.
Langlois, J.E. Heyning, T.K. Rowles, and J.A.K. Mazet. 2009.
Association of an unusual marine mammal mortality event with
Pseudo-nitzschia spp. blooms along the southern California
coastline. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 45(1):109-121.
Green, J.A., M. Haulena, I.L. Boyd, D., Calkins, F. Gulland,
A.J. Woakes, and P.J. Butler. 2009. Trial implantation of heart
rate data loggers in pinnipeds. Journal of Wildlife Management
73: 115-121.
Stoddard, R.A., E.R. Atwill, P.A. Conrad, B.A. Byrne, S. Jang,
J. Lawrence, B. McCowan, and F.M.D. Gulland. 2009. The effects
of rehabilitation of northern elephant seals (Mirounga
angustirostris) on antimicrobial resistance of commensal
Escherichia coli. Veterinary Microbiology 133:264-271.
Dennison, S.E., L. Forrest, and F.M.D. Gulland. 2009. Normal
thoracic radiographic anatomy of immature California sea lions
(Zalophus californianus) and immature northern elephant seals
(Mirounga angustirostris). Aquatic Mammals 35 (1):36-42.
Nollens, H.H., C. Ruiz, M.T. Walsh, F.M.D. Gulland, G. Bossart,
E.D. Jensen, J.F. McBain, and J.F.X. Wellehan. 2008. Cross-
reactivity between Immunoglobin G antibodies of whales and
dolphins correlates with evolutionary distance. Clinical and
Vaccine Immunology 15(10):1547-1554.
Norman, S.A., R.F. DiGiacomo, F.M.D. Gulland, J.S. Meschke, and
M.S. Lowry. 2008. Risk factors for an outbreak of leptospirosis
in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) in California,
2004. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 44(4):837-844.
Stoddard, R.A., E.R. Atwill, F.M.D. Gulland, M.A. Miller, H.A.
Dabritz, D.M. Paradies, K.R. Worcester, S. Jang, J. Lawrence,
B.A. Byrne, and P.A. Conrad. 2008. Risk factors for infection
with pathogenic and antimicrobial-resistant fecal bacteria in
northern elephant seals in California. Public Health Reports
123:360-370.
Stoddard, R.A., R.L. DeLong, B.A. Byrne, S. Jang, and F.M.D.
Gulland. 2008. Prevalence and characterization of Salmonella
spp. among marine animals in the Channel Islands, California.
Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 81:5-11.
Holmes, A.L., S.S. Wise, C.E.C. Goertz, J.L. Dunn, F.M.D.
Gulland, T. Gelatt, K.B. Beckmen, K. Burek, S. Atkinson, M.
Bozza, R. Taylor, T. Zheng, Y. Zhang, A.-M. Aboueissa, and J.P.
Wise, Sr. 2008. Metal tissue levels in Steller sea lion
(Eumetopias jubatus) pups. Marine Pollution Bulletin 56:1416-
1421.
Gulland, F.M.D., F. Nutter, K. Dixon, J. Calambokidis, G.
Schorr, J. Barlow, T. Rowles, S. Wilkin, T. Spradlin, L. Gage,
J. Mulsow, C. Reichmuth, M. Moore, J. Smith, P. Folkens, S.F.
Hamer, S. Jang, and C.S. Baker. 2008. Health assessment,
antibiotic treatment, and behavioral responses to herding
efforts of a cow-calf pair of humpback whales (Megaptera
novaeangliae) in the Sacramento River Delta, California.
Aquatic Mammals 34(2):182-192.
Sarran, D., D.J. Greig, C.A. Rios, T.S. Zabka, and F.M.D.
Gulland. 2008. Evaluation of aqueous humor as a surrogate for
serum biochemistry in California sea lions (Zalophus
californianus). Aquatic Mammals 34(2):157-165.
Hall, A.J., F.M.D. Gulland, G.M. Ylitalo, D.J. Greig, and L.J.
Lowenstine. 2008. Changes in blubber contaminant concentrations
in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) associated
with weight loss and gain during rehabilitation. Environmental
Science and Technology 42(11):4181-4187.
Burek, K.A., F.M.D. Gulland, and T.M. O'Hara. 2008. Effects of
climate change on arctic marine mammal health. Ecological
Applications 18(2):S126-134.
Cameron, C.E., R.L. Zuerner, S. Raverty, K.M. Colegrove, S.A.
Norman, D.M. Lambourn, S.J. Jeffries, and F.M.D. Gulland. 2008.
Detection of pathogenic Leptospira bacteria in pinniped
populations via PCR and identification of a source of
transmission for zoonotic leptospirosis in the marine
environment. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 46(5):1728-1733.
Fauquier, D.A., J.A.K. Mazet, F.M.D. Gulland, T.R. Spraker, and
M.M. Christopher. 2008. Distribution of tissue enzymes in three
species of pinnipeds. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine
39(1):1-5.
Hunt, T.D., M.H. Ziccardi, F.M.D. Gulland, P.K. Yochem, D.W.
Hird, T. Rowles, and J.A.K. Mazet. 2008. Health risks for
marine mammal workers. Disease of Aquatic Organisms 81:81-92.
Nollens, H.H., F.M.D. Gulland, E.R. Jacobson, J.A. Hernandez,
P.A. Klein, M.T. Walsh, and R.C. Condit. 2008. In vitro
susceptibility of sea lion poxvirus to cidofovir. Antiviral
Research 80:77-80.
MacLean, R.A., D. Imai, C. Dold, M. Haulena, and F.M.D.
Gulland. 2008. Persistent right aortic arch and cribiform plate
aplasia in a northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris).
Journal of Wildlife Diseases 44(22):499-504.
Petrauskas, L., S. Atkinson, F. Gulland, J. Mellish, and M.
Horning. 2008. Monitoring glucocorticoid response to
rehabilitation and research procedures in California and
Steller sea lions. Journal of Experimental Zoology 309A:73-82.
Yochem, P.K., F. Gulland, B.S. Stewart, M. Haulena, J. Mazet,
and W.M. Boyce. 2008. Thyroid function testing in elephant
seals in health and disease. General and Comparative
Endocrinology 155:627-632.
Goldstein, T., J.A.K. Mazet, T.S. Zabka, G. Langlois, K.M.
Colegrove, M. Silver, S. Bargu Ates, F. Van Dolah, T.
Leighfield, P.A. Conrad, J. Barakos, D.C. Williams, S.
Dennison, M.A. Haulena, and F.M.D. Gulland. 2008. Novel
symptomatology and changing epidemiology of domoic acid
toxicosis in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus): an
increasing risk to marine mammal health. Proceedings of the
Royal Society B 275:267-276.
Bejarano, A.C., F.M. Van Dolah, F.M.D. Gulland, T.K. Rowles,
and L.H. Schwacke. 2008. Production and toxicity of the marine
biotoxin domoic acid and its effects on wildlife: a review.
Human and Ecological Risk Assessment 14:544-567.
Dennison, S., M. Haulena, D.C. Williams, J. Dawson, B.S.
Yandell, and F.M.D. Gulland 2008. Determination of a sedative
protocol for use in California sea lions (Zalophus
californianus) with neurologic abnormalities undergoing
electroencephalographic examination. Journal of Zoo and
Wildlife Medicine 39(4):542-547.
Lloyd-Smith, J.0., D.J. Greig, S. Hietala, G.S. Ghneim, L.
Palmer, J. St. Leger, B.T. Grenfell, and F.M.D. Gulland. 2007.
Cyclical changes in seroprevalence of leptospirosis in
California sea lions: endemic and epidemic disease in one host
species? BMC Infectious Disease 7:125.
Moore, M., G. Early, K. Touhey, S. Barco, F. Gulland, and R.
Wells. 2007. Rehabilitation and release of marine mammals in
the United States: risks and benefits. Marine Mammal Science
23(4):731-750.
Gulland, F.M.D., and A.J. Hall. 2007. Is marine mammal health
deteriorating? EcoHealth 4:135-150.
Stoddard, R.A., W.G. Miller, J.E. Foley, J. Lawrence, F.M.D.
Gulland, P.A. Conrad, and B.A. Byrne. 2007. Campylobacter
insulaenigrae isolates from northern elephant seals (Mirounga
angustirostris) in California. Applied and Environmental
Microbiology 73(6):1729-1735.
Bejarano, A.C., F.M. VanDolah, F.M. Gulland, and L. Schwacke.
2007. Exposure assessment of the biotoxin domoic acid in
California sea lions: Application of a bioenergetic model.
Marine Ecology Progress Series 345:293-304.
Buckles, E.L., L.J. Lowenstine, R.L. DeLong, S.R. Melin, R.K.
Vittore, H. Wong, G.L. Ross, J.A. St Leger, D.J. Greig, R.S.
Duerr, F.M.D. Gulland, and J.L. Stott. 2007. Age-prevalence of
otarine herpesvirus-1, a tumor-associated virus, and
possibility of its sexual transmission in California sea lions.
Veterinary Microbiology 120:1-8.
Dennison, S., F. Gulland, M. Haulena, H. De Morais, and K.
Colegrove. 2007. Urate nephrolithaisis in a northern elephant
seal (Mirounga angustirostris) and a California sea lion
(Zalophus californianus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine
38(1):114120.
Goldstein, T., L.J. Lowenstine, T.P. Lipscomb, J.A.K. Mazet, J.
Novak, J.L. Stott and F.M.D. Gulland. 2007. Identification of a
gamma herpesviral infection in northern elephant seals
(Mirounga angustirostris). Journal of Wildlife Diseases
42(4):830-835.
Greig, D.J., K.L. Mashburn, M. Rutishauser, F.M.D. Gulland,
T.M. Williams, and S. Atkinson. 2007. Seasonal changes in
circulating progesterone and estrogen concentrations in the
California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). Journal of
Mammalogy 88(1):67-72.
Greig, D.J., G.M. Ylitalo, A.J. Hall, D.A. Fauquier, and F.M.D.
Gulland. 2007. Transplacental transfer of organochlorines in
California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Environmental
Toxicology and Chemistry 26(1):37-44.
Acevedo-Whitehouse, K., T.R. Spraker, E. Lyons, S.R. Melin, F.
Gulland, R.L. Delong, and W. Amos. 2006. Contrasting effects of
heterozygosity on survival and hookworm resistance in
California sea lion pups. Molecular Ecology 15(7):19731982.
Aldridge, B.M., L. Bowen, B.R. Smith, G.A. Antonelis, F.
Gulland, and J.L. Stott. 2006. Paucity of class 1 MHC gene
heterogeneity between individuals in the endangered Hawaiian
monk seal population. Immunogenetics 58(2-3):203-215.
Bowen, L., B.M. Aldridge, R. DeLong, S. Melin, C. Godinez, A.
Zavala, F. Gulland, L. Lowenstine, J.L. Stott, and M.L.
Johnson. 2006. MHC gene configuration variation in
geographically disparate populations of California sea lions
(Zalophus californianus). Molecular Ecology 15(2):529-533.
El-Zein, R.A., D.A. Hastings-Smith, M.M. Ammenheuser, M.
Treinen-Moslen, F.M.D. Gulland, and J.B. Ward, Jr. 2006.
Evaluation of two different biomarkers for use in the
assessment of toxic chemical exposure in California sea lions
(Zalophus californianus). Marine Pollution Bulletin 52(1):108-
113.
Stapleton, H.M., N.G. Dodder, J.R. Kucklick, C.M. Reddy, M.M.
Schantz, P.R. Becker, F. Gulland, B.J. Porter, and S.A. Wise.
2006. Determination of HBCD, PBDEs and MeO-BDEs in California
sea lions (Zalophus californianus) stranded between 1993 and
2003. Marine Pollution Bulletin 52(5):522-531.
Zagzebski, K., F.M.D. Gulland, M. Haulena, M. Lander, D.J.
Greig, L. Gage, B.M. Hanson, P.K. Yochem, and B. Stewart. 2006.
Twenty-five years of rehabilitation of odontocetes stranded in
central and northern California, 1977 to 2002. Aquatic Mammals
32(3):334-345.
Buckles, E.L., F.M.D. Gulland, B.M. Aldridge, T.S. Gelatt, P.S.
Ross, M. Haulena, and L.J. Lowenstine. Fetus in Fetu in a
harbor seal (Phoca vitulina richardi): Histopathologic,
genetic, and toxicologic analysis. Veterinary Pathology 43:541-
544.
Brodie, E., F.M.D. Gulland, D.J. Greig, M. Hunter, J. Jaakola,
J. St Leger, T.A. Leighfield, and F.M. Van Dolah. 2006. Domoic
acid causes reproductive failure in California sea lions
(Zalophus californianus). Marine Mammal Science 22(3):700707.
Buckles, E.L., L.J. Lowenstine, C. Funke, R.K. Vittore, H.-W.
Wong, J.A. St Leger, D.J. Greig, R.S. Duerr, F.M.D. Gulland,
and J.L. Stott. 2006. Otarine herpesvirus-1, not
papillomavirus, is associated with endemic tumours in
California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Journal of
Comparative Pathology 135:183-189.
Haulena, M., F.M.D. Gulland, J.A. Lawrence, D.A. Fauquier, S.
Jang, B. Aldridge, T. Spraker, L.C. Thomas, D.R. Brown, L.
Wendland, and M.K. Davidson. 2006. Lesions associated with a
novel mycoplasma sp. in California sea lions (Zalophus
californianus) undergoing rehabilitation. Journal of Wildlife
Diseases 42(1):40-45.
Goldstein, T., F.M.D. Gulland, R.C. Braun, G.A. Antonelis, L.
Kashinsky, T.K. Rowles, J.A.K. Mazet, L.M. Dalton, B.M.
Aldridge, and J.L. Stott. 2006. Molecular identification of a
novel gamma herpesvirus in the endangered Hawaiian monk seal
(Monachus schauinslandi). Marine Mammal Science 22(2):465-471.
Johnson, S., L. Lowenstine, F. Gulland, S. Jang, D. Imai, F.
Almy, R. DeLong, and I. Gardner. 2006. Aerobicbacterial flora
of the vagina and prepuce of California sea lions (Zalophus
californianus) and investigation of associations with
urogenital carcinoma. Veterinary Microbiology 114:94-103.
Nollens, H.H., F.M.D. Gulland, J.A. Hernandez, R.C. Condit,
P.A. Klein, M.T. Walsh, and E.R. Jacobson. 2006.
Seroepidemiology of parapoxvirus infections in captive and
free-ranging California sea lions (Zalophus californianus.)
Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 69:153-161.
Nollens, H.H., F.M.D. Gulland, E.R. Jacobson, J.A. Hernandez,
P.A. Klein, M.T. Walsh, and R.C. Condit. 2006. Parapoxviruses
of seals and sea lions make up a distinct Glade within the
genus Parapoxvirus. Virology 349:316-324.
Nollens, H.H., E.R. Jacobson, F.M.D. Gulland, D.O. Beusse, G.D.
Bossart, J.A. Hernandez, P.A. Klein, and R.C. Condit. 2006.
Preliminary characterization of a parapoxvirus isolated from a
California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). Journal of
Wildlife Diseases 42(1):23-32.
Zabka, T.S., M. Haulena, B. Puschner, F.M.D. Gulland, P.
Conrad, and L.J. Lowenstine. 2006. Acute, fatal lead toxicosis
in a harbor seal (Phoca vitulina richardsi) consequent to
ingestion of a lead fishing sinker. Journal of Wildlife
Diseases 42(3):651-657.
Zagzebski, K.A., F.M.D. Gulland, M. Haulena, M.E. Lander, D.J.
Greig, L. Gage, M.B. Hanson, P.K. Yochem, and B.S. Stewart.
2006. Twenty-five years of rehabilitation of odontocetes
stranded in central and northern California, 1977 to 2002.
Aquatic Mammals 32(3):334-345.
Nollens, H.H., J.A. Hernandez, E.R. Jacobson, M. Haulena, and
F.M.D. Gulland. 2005. Risk factors associated with poxvirus
lesions in hospitalized California sea lions (Zalophus
californianus). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical
Association 227:467-473.
Stoddard R.A., F.M.D. Gulland, E.R. Atwill, J. Lawrence, S.
Jang, and P.A. Conrad. 2005. Salmonella and Campylobacter spp.
in northern elephant seals, California. Emerging Infectious
Diseases 11:1967-1969.
Burek, A., F.M.D. Gulland, G. Sheffield, K.B. Beckmen, E.
Keyes, T.R. Spraker, A.W. Smith, D.E. Skilling, J.F. Evermann,
J.L. Stott, J.T. Saliki, and A.W. Trites. 2005. Infectious
disease and decline of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus)
in Alaska, USA: Insight from serological data. Journal of
Wildlife Diseases 41(3):512524.
Conrad, P.A., M.A. Miller, C. Kreuder, E.R. James, J. Mazet, H.
Dabritz, D.A. Jessup, F. Gulland, and M.E. Griggs. 2005.
Transmission of Toxoplasma: clues from the study of sea otter
as sentinels of Toxoplasma gondii flow into the marine
environment. International Journal for Parasitology 35:1155-
1168.
Kelly, T.R., D. Greig, K.M. Colegrove, L.J. Lowenstine, M.
Dailey, F.M. Gulland, and M. Haulena. 2005. Megastrongyloid
nematode (Otostrongylus circumlitus) infection in a stranded
California sea lion (Zalophus californianus)--a new host-
parasite association. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 41(3):593-
598.
McKnight, C.A., T.L. Reynolds, M. Haulena, A. deLahunta, and
F.M.D. Gulland. 2005. Congenital anomaly in a stranded Pacific
harbor seal (Phoca vitulina richardsi). Journal of Wildlife
Diseases 41(3):654-658.
Colegrove, K.M., L.J. Lowenstine, and F.M.D. Gulland. 2005.
Leptospirosis in northern elephant seals (Mirounga
angustirostris) stranded along the California coast. Journal of
Wildlife Diseases 41:426-430.
Silvagni, P.A., L.J. Lowenstine, T. Spraker, T.P. Lipscomb, and
F.M. Gulland. 2005. Pathology of domoic acid toxicity in
California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Veterinary
Pathology 42(2):184-191.
Lander, M.E., M. Haulena, F.M.D. Gulland, and J.T. Harvey. 2005
Implantation of subcutaneous radio transmitters in the harbor
seal (Phoca vitulina). Marine Mammal Science 21(1):154-161.
Bowen, L., B.M. Aldridge, R. DeLong, S. Melin, E.L. Buckles, F.
Gulland, L.J. Lowenstine, J. Stott, and M.L. Johnson. 2005. An
immunogenetic basis for the high prevalence of urogenital
cancer in a free-ranging population of California sea lions
(Zalophus californianus). Immunogenetics 56:846-848.
Debier, K., G.M. Ylitalo, M. Weise, F. Gulland, D.P. Costa,
B.J. LeBoeuf, T. deTillesse, and Y. Larondelle. 2005. PCBs and
DDTs in the serum of juvenile California sea lions:
associations with vitamins A and E and thyroid hormones.
Environmental Pollution 134:323-332.
Neale, J.C.C., K.R. Schmelzer, F.M.D. Gulland, E.A. Berg, and
R.S. Tjeerdema. 2005. Organohalogen levels in harbor seal
(Phoca vitulina) pups increase with duration of nursing.
Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 68:687-
691.
Neale, J.C.C., F.M.D. Gulland, K.R. Schmelzer, J.T. Harvey,
E.A. Berg, S.G. Allen, D.J. Greig, E.K. Grigg, and R.S.
Tjeerdema. 2005. Contaminant loads and hematological correlates
in the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) of San Francisco Bay,
California. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health,
Part A, 68:617-633.
Goldstein, T., J.A.K. Mazet, L.J. Lowenstine, F.M.D. Gulland,
T. Rowles, D.P. King, B.M. Aldridge, and J.L. Stott. 2005.
Tissue Distribution of Phocine Herpesvirus-1 (PhHV-1) in
Infected harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) from the central
Californian coast and a comparison of diagnostic methods.
Journal of Comparative Pathology 133:175-183.
Colegrove, K.M., D. Greig, and F.M.D. Gulland. 2005. Causes of
stranding of phocids (northern elephant seals (Mirounga
angustirostris) and Pacific harbor seals (Phoca vitulina))
along the central California coast, 1992-2001. Aquatic Mammals
31(1):1-10.
Ylitalo, G.M., J.E. Stein, T.E. Hom, L.J. Johnson, K.L.
Tilbury, A.J. Hall, T. Rowles, D. Greig, L.J. Lowenstine, and
F. Gulland. 2005. The role of organochlorines in cancer-
associated mortality in California sea lions (Zalophus
californianus). Marine Pollution Bulletin 50:30-39.
Greig, D.J., F.M.D. Gulland, and C. Kreuder. 2005. A decade of
live California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) strandings
along the central California coast: causes and trends, 1991-
2000. Aquatic Mammals 31(1):40-51.
Travecchia, G., T. Coulson, B.J.T. Morgan, J.M. Pemberton, J.C.
Pilkington, F.M.D. Gulland, and T.H. Clutton-Brock. 2005.
Predictors of reproductive cost in female Soay sheep. Journal
of Animal Ecology 74:201-213.
Bowen L., B.M. Aldridge, F. Gulland, W. Van Bonn, R. DeLong, S.
Melin, L.J. Lowenstine, J.L. Stott, and M.L. Johnson. 2004.
Class II multiformity generated by variable MHC-DRB region
configurations in the California sea lion (Zalophus
californianus). Immunogenetics 56(1):12-27.
Elson-Riggins, J.G., S.A. Riggins, F.M.D. Gulland, and E.G.
Platzer. 2004. Immunoglobulin responses of northern elephant
and Pacific harbor seals naturally infected with Otostrongylus
circumlitus. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 40(3):466-475.
Fauquier, D., F.M.D. Gulland, M. Haulena, M. Dailey, R.L.
Rietcheck, and T.P. Lipscomb. 2004. Meningoencephalitis in two
stranded California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) caused
by aberrant trematode migration. Journal of Wildlife Disease
40(4):816-819.
Acevedo-Whitehouse, K., H. de la Cueva, F.M.D. Gulland, D.
Aurioles-Gamboa, F. Arellano-Carbajal, and F. Suarez-Guemes.
2003. Evidence of Leptospira interrogans infection in
California sea lion pups from the Gulf of California. Journal
of Wildlife Diseases 39(1):145-151.
Zabka, T.S., E.L. Buckles, F.M.D. Gulland, M. Haulena, D.K.
Naydan, and L.J. Lowenstine. 2003. Pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma
with pulmonary metastasis in a stranded Steller (northern) sea
lion (Eumetopias jubatus). Journal of Comparative Pathology
130:195-198.
Fauquier, D.A., F. Gulland, M. Haulena, and T. Spraker. 2003.
Biliary adenocarcinoma in a stranded northern elephant seal
(Mirounga angustirostris). Journal of Wildlife Diseases
39(3):723-726.
Duffield, D.A., N.B. Barros, E.O. Espinoza, S. Ploen, F.M.D.
Gulland, and J. Heyning. 2003. Identifying pygmy and dwarf
sperm whales (genus Kogia) using electrospray ionization mass
spectrometry of myoglobin and hemoglobin. Marine Mammal Science
19:395-399.
Johnson, S.P., S. Jong, F.M.D. Gulland, M. Miller, D. Casper,
J. Lawrence, and J. Herrera. 2003. Characterization and
clinical manifestations of Arcanobacterium phocae infections in
marine mammals stranded along the central California coast.
Journal of Wildlife Diseases 39:136-144.
Goldstein, T., F.M.D. Gulland, B. Aldridge, J.T. Harvey, T,
Rowles, D.M. Lambourn, S.J. Jeffries, L. Measures, P.K. Yochem,
B.S. Stewart, R.J. Small, D.P. King, J.L. Stott, and J.A.K.
Mazet. 2003. Antibodies to phocine herpesvirus-1 are common in
North American harbor seals (Phoca vitulina). Journal of
Wildlife Diseases 39(3):487-494.
Hanni, K.D, J.A.K. Mazet, F.M.D. Gulland, J. Estes, M.
Staedler, M. Murray, M. Miller, and D.A. Jessup. 2003. Clinical
pathology and assessment of pathogen exposure in southern and
Alaskan sea otters. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 39(4):837850.
Lander, M.E., J.T. Harvey, and F.M.D. Gulland. 2003. Hematology
and serum chemistry comparisons between free-ranging and
rehabilitated harbor seal (Phoca vitulina richardsi) pups.
Journal of Wildlife Diseases 39(3):600-609.
Gulland, F.M.D., M. Haulena, D. Fauquier, G. Langlois, M.E.
Lander, T. Zabka, and R. Duerr. 2002. Domoic acid toxicity in
Californian sea lions (Zalophus californianus): clinical signs,
treatment and survival. Veterinary Record 150:475-480.
King, D.P., M.C. Hure, T. Goldstein, B.M. Aldridge, F.M.D.
Gulland, J.T. Saliki, E.L. Buckles, L.J. Lowenstine, and J.L.
Stott. 2002. Otarine herpesvirus-1: a novel gammaherpesvirus
associated with urogenital carcinoma in California sea lions
(Zalophus californianus). Veterinary Microbiology 2277:131-137.
Haulena, M., E. Buckles, F.M.D. Gulland, J.A. Lawrence, A.
Wong, S. Jang, M.M. Christopher, and L.J. Lowenstine. 2002.
Systemic mycosis caused by Scedosporium apiospermum in a
stranded Northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris)
undergoing rehabilitation. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine
33(2):166-171.
Bowen, L., B.M. Aldridge, F. Gulland, J. Woo, W. Van Bonn, R.
DeLong, J.L. Stott, and M.L. Johnson. 2002. Molecular
characterization of expressed DQA and DQB genes in the
California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). Immunogenetics
54:332347.
Colagross-Schouten, A.M., J.A.K. Mazet, F.M.D. Gulland, M.A.
Miller, and S. Hietala. 2002. Diagnosis and seroprevalence of
leptospirosis in California sea lions from coastal California.
Journal of Wildlife Diseases 38:7-17.
Larson, S.R., M. Haulena, C.B. Grindem, and F.M.D. Gulland.
2002. Blood values of juvenile northern elephant seals
(Mirounga angustirostris) obtained using a portable clinical
analyzer. Veterinary Clinical Pathology 31(2):106-110.
Moore, S.E., J.R. Urban, W. Perryman, F. Gulland, H. Peres-
Cortes, P. Wade, L. Rojas Bracho, and T. Rowles. 2001. Are gray
whales hitting ``K'' hard? Marine Mammal Science 17:954-958.
Miller, M.A., K. Sverlow, P.R. Crosbie, B.C. Barr, L.J.
Lowenstine, F.M.D. Gulland, A. Packham, and P. Conrad. 2001.
Isolation and characterization of two parasitic protozoa from a
Pacific harbor seal (Phoca vitulina richardsi) with
meningoencephalitis. Journal of Parasitology 87:816-822.
Lyons, E.T., S.R. Melin, R.L. DeLong, A.J. Orr, F.M.D. Gulland,
and S.C. Tolliver. 2001. Current prevalence of adult Uncinaria
spp. in northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) and California
sea lion (Zalophus californianus) pups on San Miguel Island,
California, with notes on the biology of these hookworms.
Veterinary Parasitology 97:309-318.
Kajiwara, N., K. Kaman, M. Muraoka, M. Watanabe, S. Takahashi,
F. Gulland, H. Olsen, A.L. Blankenship, P.D. Jones, S. Tanabe,
and J.P. Giesy. 2001. Organochlorine pesticides,
polychlorinated biphenyls, and butyltin compounds in blubber
and livers of stranded California sea lions, elephant seals,
and harbor seals from coastal California, USA. Archives of
Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 41:90-99.
King, D.P., A.R. Lie, T. Goldstein, B.M. Aldridge, F.M.D.
Gulland, M. Haulena, M.A. Adkinson, L.J. Lowenstine, and J.L.
Stott. 2001. Humoral immune responses to phocine herpesvirus-1
in Pacific harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardsii) during an
outbreak of clinical disease. Veterinary Microbiology 80:1-8.
Dailey, M.D., F.M.D. Gulland, L.J. Lowenstine, P. Silvagni, and
D. Howard. 2000. Prey, parasites and pathology associated with
the mortality of a juvenile gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus)
stranded along the northern California coast. Diseases of
Aquatic Organisms 42:111-117.
Gulland, F.M., M.K. Stoskopf, S.P. Johnson, J. Riviere, and
M.G. Papich. 2000. Amoxicillin pharmacokinetics in harbor seals
(Phoca vitulina) and northern elephant seals (Mirounga
angustirostris) following single dose intravenous
administration: implications for interspecific dose scaling.
Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 23:223-228.
Lipscomb, T.P., D.P. Scott, R.L. Garber, A.E. Krafft, M.M.
Tsai, J.H. Lichy, J.K. Taubenberger, F.Y. Schulman, and F.M.D.
Gulland. 2000. Common metastatic carcinoma of California sea
lions (Zalophus californianus): Evidence of genital origin and
association with novel gammaherpesvirus. Veterinary Pathology
37:609-617.
Lander, M.E., F.M.D. Gulland, and R.L. DeLong. 2000. Satellite
tracking a rehabilitated Guadelupe fur seal (Arctocephalus
townsendii). Aquatic Mammals 26:137-142.
Scholin, C.A., F. Gulland, G.J. Doucette, S. Benson, M. Busman,
F.P. Chavez, J. Cordaro, R. DeLong, A. DeVogelaere, J. Harvey,
M. Haulena, K. Lefebvre, T. Lipscomb, S. Loscutoff, L.J.
Lowenstine, R. Marin, III, P.E. Miller, W.A. McLellan, P.D.R.
Moeller, C.L. Powell, T. Rowles, P. Silvagni, M. Silver, T.
Spraker, V. Trainer, and F.M. Van Dolah. 2000. Mortality of sea
lions along the central California coast linked to a toxic
diatom bloom. Nature 403:80-84.
Lyons, E.T., R.L. DeLong, F.M.D. Gulland, S.R. Melin, S.C.
Tolliver, and T. Spraker. 2000. Comparative biology of
Uncinaria spp. in the California sea lion (Zalophus
californianus) and the northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus)
in California. Journal of Parasitology 86:1348-1352.
Wilkinson, I.S., S.J. Childerhouse, P.J. Duignan, and F.M.D.
Gulland. 2000. Infanticide and cannibalism in the New Zealand
sea lion, Phocarctos hookeri. Marine Mammal Science 16:494-500.
Haulena, M., F.M.D. Gulland, D.G. Calkins, and T.R. Spraker.
2000. Immobilization of California sea lions using medetomidine
plus ketamine with and without isoflurane and reversal with
atipamezole. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 36:124-130.
Goldstein, T., S.P. Johnson, A.V. Phillips, K. Hanni, D.A.
Fauquier, and F.M.D. Gulland. 1999. Human related injuries
observed in live stranded pinnipeds along the central
California coast 1986-1998. Aquatic Mammals 25(1):43-51.
Gulland, F.M.D., M. Haulena, L.J. Lowenstine, C. Munro, P.A.
Graham, J. Bauman, and J. Harvey. 1999. Adrenal function in
wild and rehabilitated Pacific harbor seals (Phoca vitulina
richardsii) and in seals associated with Phocine herpesvirus
associated adrenal necrosis. Marine Mammal Science 15:810-827.
Gulland, F.M.D. 1999. Stranded seals: Important sentinels.
Journal of the American Veterinary Medicine Association
214:1191-1192.
Gulland, F.M.D., M. Haulena, L. Gage, and S. Thornton. 1999.
Anesthesia of juvenile Pacific harbor seals using propofol
alone and in combination with isoflurane. Marine Mammal Science
15:234-238.
Ham-Lamme, K.D., D.P. King, B.C. Taylor, C. House, D.A. Jessup,
S. Jeffries, P. Yochem, F.M.D. Gulland, D.A. Ferrick, and J.L.
Stott. 1999. The application of immuno-assays for serological
detection of morbillivirus exposure in free ranging harbor
seals (Phoca vitulina) and sea otters (Enhydra lutris) from the
western coast of the United States. Marine Mammal Science
15:601-608.
Stevens, E., T.P. Lipscomb, and F.M.D. Gulland. 1999. An
additional case of leptospirosis in a harbor seal. Journal of
Wildlife Diseases 35:150.
Lapointe, J.M., F.M.D. Gulland, D.M. Haines, B.C. Barr, and
P.J. Duignan. 1999. Placentitis due to Coxiella burnetti in a
Pacific harbor seal (Phoca vitulina richardsi). Journal of
Veterinary Diagnostic Investigations 11:541-543.
King, D.P., R. Parselles, F.M.D. Gulland, J.M. LaPointe, L.J.
Lowentine, D.A. Ferrick, and J.L. Stott. 1998. Antigenic and
nucleotide characterization of a herpesvirus isolated from
Pacific harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardsi). Archives of
Virology 143:1-7.
Lapointe, J.M., P.J. Duignan, A.E. Marsh, F.M.D. Gulland, B.C.
Barr, D.K. Naydan, D.P. King, C. Farman, K.A. Burek Huntingdon,
and L.J. Lowenstine. 1998. Meningoencephalitis due to a
Sarcocystis neurona-like protozoan in Pacific harbor seals
(Phoca vitulina richardsi). Journal of Parasitology 84:1184-
1189.
Stamper, M.A., F.M.D. Gulland, and T. Spraker. 1998.
Leptospirosis in rehabilitated Pacific Harbor seals from
California. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 34:407-410.
Thornton, S.M., S. Nolan, and F.M.D. Gulland. 1998. Bacterial
isolates from California sea lions (Zalophus californianus),
harbor seals (Phoca vitulina), and northern elephant seals
(Mirounga angustirostris) admitted to a rehabilitation center
along the central California coast, 1994-1995. Journal of Zoo
and Wildlife Medicine 29:171-176.
Johnson, S.P., S. Nolan, and F.M.D. Gulland. 1998. Isolation
and antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria from pinnipeds
stranded in central and northern California. Journal of Zoo and
Wildlife Medicine 29:288-294.
Gulland, F.M.D., K. Beckmen, K. Burek, L. Lowenstine, L.
Werner, T. Spraker, and E. Harris. 1997. Otostrongylus
circumlitus infestation of northern elephant seals (Mirounga
angustirostris) stranded in central California. Marine Mammal
Science 13:446-459.
Trupkiewicz, J.G., F.M.D. Gulland, and L.J. Lowenstine. 1997.
Congenital defects in northern elephant seals (Mirounga
angustirostris) stranded along the central California coast
1988-1995. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 33:220-225.
Gulland, F.M.D., L.J. Lowenstine, J.M. Lapointe, T. Spraker,
and D.P. King. 1997. Herpesvirus infection in stranded Pacific
harbor seals of coastal California. Journal of Wildlife
Diseases 33:450-458.
Gulland, F.M.D. 1997. The impact of parasites on wild animal
populations. Parassitologia 39:287-291.
Fauquier, D.A., F.M.D. Gulland, J.G. Trupkiewicz, T.R. Spraker,
and L.J. Lowenstine. 1996. Coccidioidomycosis in free-living
California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) in central
California. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 32:707-710.
Gulland, F.M.D., M. Koski, L.J. Lowenstine, A. Colagrass, L.
Morgan, and T. Spraker. 1996. Leptospirosis in California sea
lions (Zalophus californianus) stranded along the central
California coast, 1981-1994. Journal of Wildlife Diseases
32:572580.
Gulland, F.M.D., J.G. Trupkiewicz, T.R. Spraker, and L.J.
Lowenstine. 1996. Metastatic carcinoma of probable transitional
cell origin in free-living California sea lions (Zalophus
californianus): 64 Cases (1979-1994). Journal of Wildlife
Diseases 32:250-258.
Gulland, F.M.D., L. Werner, S. O'Neill, L. Lowenstine, J.
Trupkiewicz, D. Smith, B. Royal, and I. Strubel. 1996. Baseline
coagulation assay values for northern elephant seals (Mirounga
angustirostris), and the diagnosis of a case of disseminated
intravascular coagulation in this species. Journal of Wildlife
Diseases, 32:536-540.
Grenfell, B.T., and Gulland, F.M.D. 1995. Introduction:
Ecological impact of parasitism on wildlife host populations.
Parasitology 111:S3-S14.
Torgerson, P.R., J Pilkington, F.M.D. Gulland, and M.A.
Gemmell. 1995. Further evidence for long distance dispersal of
taeniid eggs. International Journal for Parasitology 25:265-
267.
Parada, L., P. Cabrera, C. Burges, A. Acuna, C. Barcelona, M.K.
Laurenson, F.M.D. Gulland, J. Agulla, S. Parietti, E. Paolillo,
and B. Botta. 1995. Echinococcus granulosus infections of dogs
in the Durazno region of Uruguay. Veterinary Record 136:389-
391.
Gasser, R.B., L. Parada, A. Acuna, C. Burgess, M.K. Laurenson,
F.M.D. Gulland. M.P. Reichel, and E. Paulillo. 1994.
Immunological assessment of exposure to Echinococcus granulosus
in a rural dog population in Uruguay. Acta Tropica 58:179185.
Gulland, F.M.D. 1994. Wildlife situations. Veterinary
Parasitology 54:283-286.
Gulland, F.M.D., S.D. Albon, J.M. Pemberton, P.R. Moorcroft,
and T.H. Clutton-Brock. 1993. Parasite-associated polymorphism
in a cyclic ungulate population. Proceedings of the Royal
Society of London Series B 254:7-13.
Gulland, F.M.D. 1992. The role of nematode parasites in Soay
sheep (Ovis aries L.) mortality during a population crash.
Parasitology 105:493-503.
Gulland, F.M.D., and M. Fox. 1992. Epidemiology of nematode
infections of Soay sheep (Ovis aries L.) on St Kilda.
Parasitology 105:481-492.
Torgerson, P.R., F.M.D. Gulland, and M.A. Gemmell. 1992.
Observations on the epidemiology of Taenia hydatigena in Soay
sheep on St Kilda. Veterinary Record 131:218-219.
Loudon, A.S.I., B.R. Brinklow, F.M.D. Gulland, J. Boyle, and
A.P.F. Flint. 1990. Roles of prolactin and the uterus in the
control of luteal regression in the Bennet's wallaby (Macropus
rufogriseus rufogriseus). Reproduction Fertility and
Development 2:71-78.
Gulland, F.M.D., H.W. Reid, D. Buxton, J.C.M. Lewis, R.A. Kock,
and J.K. Kirkwood. 1989. Malignant catarrhal fever in a roan
antelope (Hippotragus equinus) at Regents Park. Veterinary
Record 124:42-43.
Lewis, J.C.M., A.J. Fitzgerald, F.M.D. Gulland, C.M. Hawkey, P.
Kertesz, J.K. Kirkwood, and R.A. Kock. 1989. Observations on
the treatment of necrobacillosis in wallabies. British
Veterinary Journal 145:394-396.
Kock, R.A., M. Jago, F.M.D. Gulland, and J.C.M. Lewis. 1989.
The use of Idazoxan and its analogue RX 821002A in zoo and wild
animals. Journal of the Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists
16:4-10.
Gulland, F.M.D., K. Gebremeskel, G. Williams, and P.J.S. Olney.
1988. Plasma vitamins A and E, total lipid and cholesterol
concentrations in captive jackass penguins (Spheniscus
demersus). Veterinary Record 123:666-667.
Hawkey, C.M., and F.M.D. Gulland. 1988. Haematology of
clinically normal and abnormal captive llamas (Lama glama) and
guanacoes (L. guanicoe). Veterinary Record 122:232-234.
Henderson, G.M., F.M.D. Gulland, and C.M. Hawkey. 1988.
Hematologic findings in budgerigars with megabacterium and
trichomonas infections associated with ``going light.''
Veterinary Record 123:492-494.
Kirkwood, J.K., F.M.D. Gulland, J.R. Needham, and M.G. Vogler.
1988. Pharmacokinetics of oxytetracycline in clinical cases in
the red-necked wallaby (Macropus rufogriseus). Research in
Veterinary Science 44:335-337.
Gulland, F.M.D., and P.C. Cowardine. 1987. Plasma metronidazole
levels in an Indian elephant (Elephus maximus) after rectal
administration. Veterinary Record 120:440.
Gulland, F.M.D., D.L. Doxey, and G.R. Scott. 1987. The effects
of Eperythrozoon ovis in sheep. Research in Veterinary Science
43:85-87.
Gulland, F M.D., D.L. Doxey, and G.R. Scott. 1987. Changing
morphology of Eperythrozoon ovis. Research in Veterinary
Science 43:88-91.
Gulland, F.M.D., and R. Parsons. 1987. Clostridium glycolicum
in an addax. Veterinary Record 120:287.
Kertesz, P., and F.M.D. Gulland. 1987. The surgical and
restorative dental treatment of a bactrian camel (Camelus
bactrianus). Journal of Zoo Animal Medicine 18:73-78.
Gulland, F.M.D., J.C.M. Lewis, R.A. Kock, and J.K. Kirkwood.
1987. Vaccination against lumpy jaw in wallabies. Veterinary
Record 120:311.
Pearce, P.C., G. Gustavo, F. Gulland, and J. Knight. 1985.
Immobilisation of a pygmy hippopotamus (Choeropsis
liberiensis). Journal of Zoo Animal Medicine 16:104-106.
17. Please identify each instance in which you have testified
orally or in writing before Congress in a governmental or non-
governmental capacity and specify the date and subject matter of each
testimony: None.
18. Given the current mission, major programs, and major
operational objectives of the department/agency to which you have been
nominated, what in your background or employment experience do you
believe affirmatively qualifies you for appointment to the position for
which you have been nominated, and why do you wish to serve in that
position?
I have 17 years of experience working directly on the health of
marine mammals as a veterinarian and am recognized as a leading expert
on the health risks faced by wild, and to some extent, captive marine
mammals. I have served on multiple federal advisory groups convened to
study and make recommendations to promote the conservation of marine
mammals and the ecosystems of which they are a part. I wish to serve on
the Marine Mammal Commission so that I can strive to ensure that marine
mammals are protected and conserved in accordance with the Marine
Mammal Protection Act, particularly with regard to factors that pose
risks to their health.
19. What do you believe are your responsibilities, if confirmed, to
ensure that the department/agency has proper management and accounting
controls, and what experience do you have in managing a large
organization?
I would share responsibility with the other two Commissioners to
oversee agency operations and would work closely with the Commission's
Executive Director and General Counsel to ensure proper management and
accounting controls are in place.
20. What do you believe to be the top three challenges facing the
department/agency, and why?
I believe the top three challenges facing the Commission are: (1)
ensuring that the other federal agencies to which it makes
recommendations have the information and tools necessary to meet their
responsibilities to conserve marine mammals and key ecosystems, given
increasing utilization of marine resources including pressures posed by
fisheries, shipping, and oil and gas operations; (2) facilitating
research needed to understand the impacts of climate change on marine
mammals and to identify actions that can be taken to minimize those
impacts; and (3) working with other agencies, state and tribal
governments, the scientific community, and other stakeholders and
interested parties to understand how local and regional changes in
coastal waters, such as increasing harmful algal blooms, affect marine
mammal health and how to mitigate those health risks.
b. potential conflicts of interest
1. Describe all financial arrangements, deferred compensation
agreements, and other continuing dealings with business associates,
clients, or customers. Please include information related to retirement
accounts.
Salary from The Marine Mammal Center, retirement plans with Valic
and PayChex.
2. Do you have any commitments or agreements, formal or informal,
to maintain employment, affiliation, or practice with any business,
association or other organization during your appointment? If so,
please explain.
I will continue to work for The Marine Mammal Center and to serve
as an unpaid science advisor to the California Ocean Protection Council
in accordance with the terms of my ethics agreement.
3. Indicate any investments, obligations, liabilities, or other
relationships which could involve potential conflicts of interest in
the position to which you have been nominated.
My affiliations with The Marine Mammal Center and the California
Ocean Protection Council, which have been addressed in an ethics
agreement to avoid potential conflicts of interest.
4. Describe any business relationship, dealing, or financial
transaction which you have had during the last 10 years, whether for
yourself, on behalf of a client, or acting as an agent, that could in
any way constitute or result in a possible conflict of interest in the
position to which you have been nominated.
In connection with the nomination process, I have consulted with
the Marine Mammal Commission's designated agency ethics official to
identify potential conflicts of interest. Any potential conflicts of
interest will be resolved in accordance with the terms of an ethics
agreement that I have entered into with the Commission's designated
agency ethics official and that has been provided to this Committee.
5. Describe any activity during the past 10 years in which you have
been engaged for the purpose of directly or indirectly influencing the
passage, defeat, or modification of any legislation or affecting the
administration and execution of law or public policy: None.
6. Explain how you will resolve any potential conflict of interest,
including any that may be disclosed by your responses to the above
items.
Any potential conflicts of interest will be resolved in accordance
with the terms of an ethics agreement that I have entered into with the
Commission's designated agency ethics official and that has been
provided to this Committee.
c. legal matters
1. Have you ever been disciplined or cited for a breach of ethics
by, or been the subject of a complaint to any court, administrative
agency, professional association, disciplinary committee, or other
professional group? If so, please explain. No.
2. Have you ever been investigated, arrested, charged, or held by
any federal, state, or other law enforcement authority of any federal,
state, county, or municipal entity, other than for a minor traffic
offense? If so, please explain. No.
3. Have you or any business of which you are or were an officer
ever been involved as a party in an administrative agency proceeding or
civil litigation? If so, please explain. No.
4. Have you ever been convicted (including pleas of guilty or nolo
contendere) of any criminal violation other than a minor traffic
offense? If so, please explain. No.
5. Have you ever been accused, formally or informally, of sexual
harassment or discrimination on the basis of sex, race, religion, or
any other basis? If so, please explain. No.
6. Please advise the Committee of any additional information,
favorable or unfavorable, which you feel should be disclosed in
connection with your nomination: None.
d. relationship with committee
1. Will you ensure that your department/agency complies with
deadlines for information set by Congressional committees? Yes.
2. Will you ensure that your department/agency does whatever it can
to protect Congressional witnesses and whistle blowers from reprisal
for their testimony and disclosures? Yes.
3. Will you cooperate in providing the Committee with requested
witnesses, including technical experts and career employees, with
firsthand knowledge of matters of interest to the Committee? Yes.
4. Are you willing to appear and testify before any duly
constituted committee of the Congress on such occasions as you may be
reasonably requested to do so? Yes.
______
resume of frances mary dorothea gulland
Education
1991. Ph.D. University of Cambridge ``The role of parasites in
the population dynamics of Soay sheep on St. Kilda.''
1986. M.A. University of Cambridge.
1984. Vet. M.B., M.R.C.V.S. University of Cambridge.
1981. B.A. Natural Sciences. University of Cambridge.
Employment
1994 to present--Director of Veterinary Services, The Marine
Mammal Center, Sausalito, CA, USA.
1993--Research Assistant, Serengeti Rabies Project, Tanzania.
1992-1993--Research Fellow in Wildlife Diseases, Zoological
Society of London, UK.
1988-1991--Graduate student, University of Cambridge, UK.
1985-1988--House Surgeon, Zoological Society of London, UK.
1984-1985--House Surgeon, Royal (Dick) School Veterinary
Medicine, Edinburgh, UK.
Professional and Academic Affiliations
2008 to present--Science Adviser, California Ocean Protection
Council.
2007 to present--Associate Editor, Journal of Wildlife Disease.
2006 to present--Member, Advisory Board for California's Oiled
Wildlife Care Network.
2005-2007--Associate Editor, Marine Mammal Science.
2004-2008--Chair, Southern Sea Otter Recovery Implementation
team.
2001 to present--Member, Hawaiian Monk Seal Recovery Team.
2001-2002--President, International Association for Aquatic
Animal Medicine.
2000 to present--Scientific Advisor, Marine Mammal Commission.
1998 to present--Working Group on Unusual Marine Mammal
Mortality Events, National Marine Fisheries Service, 1998-
2000--Member; 2001-2005--Chair, 2006 to present--Emeritus
member.
1996-2004--Scientific Advisor, Oiled Wildlife Care Network.
Publications
Reports
Burek, K.A., F.M.D. Gulland, G. Sheffield, E. Keyes, T.R.
Spraker, A.W. Smith, D.E. Skilling, J. Evermann, J.L. Stott,
and A.W. Trites. 2003. Disease agents in Steller sea lions in
Alaska: A review and analysis of serology data from 1975-2000.
Fisheries Centre Research Reports, Vol. 11, No. 4, 26 pp.
Gulland, F. 2000. Domoic acid toxicity in California sea lions
(Zalophus californianus) stranded along the central California
coast, May-October 1998, U.S. Department of Commerce NOAA
Technical Memorandum, NMFS-OPR, 17, 45 pp.
Gulland, F., H.M. Perez-Cortes, J.R. Urban, L. Rojas-Bracho, G.
Ylitalo, J. Weir, S.A. Norman, M.M. Muto, D.J. Rugh, C.
Kreuder, and T. Rowles. 2005. Eastern North Pacific Gray Whale
(Eschrichtius robustus) Unusual Mortality Event, 1999-2000: A
Compilation. U.S. Department of Commerce. NOAA Technical
Memorandum NMFS-AFSC-150, 33 pp.
Gulland, F.M.D. 2006. Review of the Marine Mammal Unusual
Mortality Event Response Program of the National Marine
Fisheries Service. U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA Technical
Memorandum NMFS-OPR-33, 37 pp.
Books and Book Chapters
Dierauf, L.A., and F.M.D. Gulland (eds.). 2001. CRC Handbook of
Marine Mammal Medicine, Second edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton,
FL, 1063 pp.
Gulland, F.M.D., and A.J. Hall. 2005. The role of disease in
influencing status and trends. Pp. 47-62 in J. Reynolds, W.
Perrin, R. Reeves, S. Montgomery and T. Ragen (eds.), Marine
Mammal Research: Conservation Beyond Crisis. The John Hopkins
University Press. Baltimore, Maryland.
Kim, K., A.P. Dobson, and F.M.D. Gulland. 2005. Diseases and
the Conservation of Marine Biodiversity. Pp. 149-166 in E.A.
Norse and L.B. Crowder (eds.) Marine Conservation Biology: The
Science of Maintaining the Sea's Biodiversity. Island Press,
Washington, D.C.
Wilson, K., B.T. Grenfell, J.G. Pilkington, H.E.G. Boyd, and
F.M.D. Gulland. 2004. Parasites and their impacts. Pp. 113-165
in T.H. Clutton-Brock and J.M. Pemberton (eds.), Soay Sheep.
Dynamics and Selection in an Island Population. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Van Dolah, F.M., G.J. Doucette, F. Gulland, T. Rowles, and G.
Bossart. 2003. Impacts of algal toxins on marine mammals. Pp.
247-270 in J.G. Vos, G.D. Bossart, M. Fournier, and T. O'Shea
(eds.), Toxicology of Marine Mammals. Taylor & Francis, London.
Gulland, F.M.D., L.A. Dierauf, and T.K. Rowles. 2001. Marine
Mammal Stranding Networks. Pp. 45-68 in L. Dierauf and F.M.D.
Gulland (eds.), CRC Handbook of Marine Mammal Medicine, Second
edition. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
Gulland, F.M.D., L. Lowenstine, and T. Spraker. 2001.
Noninfectious Diseases. Pp. 521-550 in L. Dierauf and F.M.D.
Gulland (eds.) CRC Handbook of Marine Mammal Medicine, Second
edition. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
Gulland, F.M.D., M. Haulena, and L. Dierauf. 2001. Seals and
Sea Lions. Pp. 907-926 in L. Dierauf and F.M.D. Gulland (eds.),
CRC Handbook of Marine Mammal Medicine, Second edition. CRC
Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
Gulland, F.M.D. 1998. Leptospirosis in marine mammals. Pp 469-
471 in M. Fowler and R.E. Miller (eds.), Zoo and Wild Animal
Medicine. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Gulland, F.M.D. 1995. Impact of infectious diseases on wild
animal populations--a review. Pp. 20-51 in B.T. Grenfell and
A.P. Dobson (eds.), Ecology of Infectious Diseases in Natural
Populations, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Gulland, F.M.D., and C.M. Hawkey. 1990. Avian Haematology. Pp.
126-136 in C.S.G. Grunsell and M.E. Raw (eds.), The Veterinary
Annual. Butterworth, London.
Journal Articles
Berman-Kowalewski, M., F.M.D. Gulland, S. Wilkin, J.
Calambokidis, B. Mate, J. Cordaro, D. Rotstein, J. St. Leger,
P. Collins, K. Fahy, and S. Dover. 2010. Association between
blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) mortality and ship strikes
along the California Coast. Aquatic Mammals 36(1):59-66.
Gill, S., T. Goldstein, D. Situ, T.S. Zabka, F.M.D. Gulland,
and R.W. Mueller. 2010. Cloning and characterization of
glutamate receptors in California sea lions (Zalophus
californianus). Marine Drugs 8(5):1637-1649.
Dennison, S.E., F.M.D. Gulland, and W.E. Braselton. 2010.
Standardized protocols for plasma clearance of iohexol are not
appropriate for determination of glomerular filtration rates in
anesthetized California sea lions (Zalophus californianus).
Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 4:144-147.
Jacobsen, J.K., L. Massey, and F. Gulland. 2010. Fatal
ingestion of floating marine debris by two sperm whales
(Physeter macrocephalus). Marine Pollution Bulletin 60:765-767.
Nollens H.H., J.F.X. Wellehan, L. Archer, L.J. Lowenstine, and
F.M.D. Gulland. In Press. Detection of a respiratory
coronavirus during a pneumonia epizootic in free-ranging
Pacific harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardsii). Diseases of
Aquatic Organisms.
Levin, M., D. Joshi, A. Draghi, F.M.D. Gulland, D. Jessup, and
S. De Guise. 2010. Immunomodulatory effects upon in vivo
exposure of California sea lion and southern sea otter
peripheral blood leukocytes to domoic acid. Journal of Wildlife
Diseases 46:541-550.
Lefebvre, K.A., A. Robertson, E.R. Frame, K.M. Colegrove, S.
Nance, K.A. Baugh, H. Weidenhoft, and F.M.D. Gulland. 2010.
Clinical signs and histopathology associated with domoic acid
poisoning in northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus) and
comparison of toxin detection methods. Harmful Algae 9:374-383.
Lynn, B.L., C. Reichmuth, R.J. Schusterman, and F.M.D. Gulland.
2010. Filial imprinting in a Steller sea lion (Eumetopias
jubatus). Aquatic Mammals 36:79-83.
Moore, M., M. Walsh, J. Bailey, D. Brunson, F. Gulland, S.
Landry, D. Mattila, C. Mayo, C. Slay, J. Smith, and T. Rowles.
2010. Sedation at sea of entangled North Atlantic right whales
(Eubalaena glacialis) to enhance disentanglement. PLOS One 5:1-
9.
Jang, S., L. Wheeler, R.B. Carey, B. Jensen, C.M. Crandall,
K.N. Schrader, D. Jessup, K. Colegrove, and F.M.D. Gulland.
2010. Pleuritis and suppurative pneumonia associated with a
hypermucoviscosity phenotype of Klebsiella pneumoniae in
California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Veterinary
Microbiology 141:174-177.
Thomas, K., J.T. Harvey, T. Goldstein, and F. Gulland. 2010.
Movement, dive behavior, and survival of California sea lions
(Zalophus californianus) posttreatment for domoic acid
toxicosis. Marine Mammal Science 26 (1):36-52.
Ng, T.F.F., W.K. Suedmeyer, E. Wheeler, F. Gulland, and M.
Breitbart. 2009. Novel anellovirus discovered from a mortality
event of captive California sea lions. Journal of General
Virology 90:1256-1261.
Montie, E.W., N. Pussini, G. Schneider, T.W.K. Battey, S.
Dennison, J. Barakos, and F. Gulland. 2009. Neuroanatomy and
volumes of brain structures of a live California sea lion
(Zalophus californianus) from magnetic resonance images. The
Anatomical Record 292:1523-1547.
Colegrove, K.M., F.M.D. Gulland, D.K. Naydan, and L.J.
Lowenstine. 2009. Tumor morphology an immunohistochemical
expression of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, p53,
and Ki67 in urogenital carcinomas of California sea lions
(Zalophus californianus). Veterinary Pathology 46:642-655.
Dau, B.K., K.V.K. Gilardi, F.M.D. Gulland, A. Higgins, J.B.
Holcomb, J. St.Leger, and M.H. Ziccardi. 2009. Fishing gear-
related injury in California marine wildlife. Journal of
Wildlife Diseases 45(2):355-362.
Zuerner, R.L, C. Cameron, S. Raverty, S. Robinson, K.
Colegrove, S. Norman, D. Lambourn, S. Jeffries, D.P. Alt, and
F.M.D. Gulland. 2009. Geographical dissemination of Leptospira
interrogans serovar Pomona during seasonal migration of
California sea lions. Veterinary Microbiology 137:105-110.
Goldstein, T., T. Zabka, R. DeLong, L. Wheeler, G. Ylitalo, S.
Bargu, M. Silver, T. Leighfield, F. Van Dolah, G. Langlois, I.
Sidor, L. Dunn, and F.M.D. Gulland. 2009. The role of domoic
acid in abortion and premature parturition of California sea
lions (Zalophus californianus) on San Miguel Island,
California. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 45:91-108.
Colegrove, K.M., F.M.D. Gulland, K. Harr, D.K. Naydan, and L.J.
Lowenstine. 2009. Pathological features of amyloidosis in
stranded California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Journal
of Comparative Pathology 140:105-112.
Zabka, T.S., T. Goldstein, C. Cross, R.W. Mueller, C. Kreuder-
Johnson, S. Gill, and F.M.D. Gulland. 2009. Characterization of
a degenerative cardiomyopathy associated with domoic acid
toxicity in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus).
Veterinary Pathology 46:105-119.
Torres de la Riva, G., C. Kreuder Johnson, F.M.D. Gulland, G.W.
Langlois, J.E. Heyning, T.K. Rowles, and J.A.K. Mazet. 2009.
Association of an unusual marine mammal mortality event with
Pseudo-nitzschia spp. blooms along the southern California
coastline. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 45(1):109-121.
Green, J.A., M. Haulena, I.L. Boyd, D., Calkins, F. Gulland,
A.J. Woakes, and P.J. Butler. 2009. Trial implantation of heart
rate data loggers in pinnipeds. Journal of Wildlife Management
73:115-121.
Stoddard, R.A., E.R. Atwill, P.A. Conrad, B.A. Byrne, S. Jang,
J. Lawrence, B. McCowan, and F.M.D. Gulland. 2009. The effects
of rehabilitation of northern elephant seals (Mirounga
angustirostris) on antimicrobial resistance of commensal
Escherichia coli. Veterinary Microbiology 133:264-271.
Dennison, S.E., L. Forrest, and F.M.D. Gulland. 2009. Normal
thoracic radiographic anatomy of immature California sea lions
(Zalophus californianus) and immature northern elephant seals
(Mirounga angustirostris). Aquatic Mammals 35 (1):36-42.
Nollens, H.H., C. Ruiz, M.T. Walsh, F.M.D. Gulland, G. Bossart,
E.D. Jensen, J.F. McBain, and J.F.X. Wellehan. 2008. Cross-
reactivity between Immunoglobin G antibodies of whales and
dolphins correlates with evolutionary distance. Clinical and
Vaccine Immunology 15(10):1547-1554.
Norman, S.A., R.F. DiGiacomo, F.M.D. Gulland, J.S. Meschke, and
M.S. Lowry. 2008. Risk factors for an outbreak of leptospirosis
in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) in California,
2004. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 44(4):837-844.
Stoddard, R.A., E.R. Atwill, F.M.D. Gulland, M.A. Miller, H.A.
Dabritz, D.M. Paradies, K.R. Worcester, S. Jang, J. Lawrence,
B.A. Byrne, and P.A. Conrad. 2008. Risk factors for infection
with pathogenic and antimicrobial-resistant fecal bacteria in
northern elephant seals in California. Public Health Reports
123:360-370.
Stoddard, R.A., R.L. DeLong, B.A. Byrne, S. Jang, and F.M.D.
Gulland. 2008. Prevalence and characterization of Salmonella
spp. among marine animals in the Channel Islands, California.
Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 81:5-11.
Holmes, A.L., S.S. Wise, C.E.C. Goertz, J.L. Dunn, F.M.D.
Gulland, T. Gelatt, K.B. Beckmen, K. Burek, S. Atkinson, M.
Bozza, R. Taylor, T. Zheng, Y. Zhang, A.-M. Aboueissa, and J.P.
Wise, Sr. 2008. Metal tissue levels in Steller sea lion
(Eumetopias jubatus) pups. Marine Pollution Bulletin 56:1416-
1421.
Gulland, F.M.D., F. Nutter, K. Dixon, J. Calambokidis, G.
Schorr, J. Barlow, T. Rowles, S. Wilkin, T. Spradlin, L. Gage,
J. Mulsow, C. Reichmuth, M. Moore, J. Smith, P. Folkens, S.F.
Hanser, S. Jang, and C.S. Baker. 2008. Health assessment,
antibiotic treatment, and behavioral responses to herding
efforts of a cow-calf pair of humpback whales (Megaptera
novaeangliae) in the Sacramento River Delta, California.
Aquatic Mammals 34(2):182-192.
Sarran, D., D.J. Greig, C.A. Rios, T.S. Zabka, and F.M.D.
Gulland. 2008. Evaluation of aqueous humor as a surrogate for
serum biochemistry in California sea lions (Zalophus
californianus). Aquatic Mammals 34(2):157-165.
Hall, A.J., F.M.D. Gulland, G.M. Ylitalo, D.J. Greig, and L.J.
Lowenstine. 2008. Changes in blubber contaminant concentrations
in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) associated
with weight loss and gain during rehabilitation. Environmental
Science and Technology 42(11):4181-4187.
Burek, K.A., F.M.D. Gulland, and T.M. O'Hara. 2008. Effects of
climate change on arctic marine mammal health. Ecological
Applications 18(2):S126-134.
Cameron, C.E., R.L. Zuerner, S. Raverty, K.M. Colegrove, S.A.
Norman, D.M. Lambourn, S.J. Jeffries, and F.M.D. Gulland. 2008.
Detection of pathogenic Leptospira bacteria in pinniped
populations via PCR and identification of a source of
transmission for zoonotic leptospirosis in the marine
environment. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 46(5):1728-1733.
Fauquier, D.A., J.A.K. Mazet, F.M.D. Gulland, T.R. Spraker, and
M.M. Christopher. 2008. Distribution of tissue enzymes in three
species of pinnipeds. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine
39(1):1-5.
Hunt, T.D., M.H. Ziccardi, F.M.D. Gulland, P.K. Yochem, D.W.
Hird, T. Rowles, and J.A.K. Mazet. 2008. Health risks for
marine mammal workers. Disease of Aquatic Organisms 81:81-92.
Nollens, H.H., F.M.D. Gulland, E.R. Jacobson, J.A. Hernandez,
P.A. Klein, M.T. Walsh, and R.C. Condit. 2008. In vitro
susceptibility of sea lion poxvirus to cidofovir. Antiviral
Research 80:77-80.
MacLean, R.A., D. Imai, C. Dold, M. Haulena, and F.M.D.
Gulland. 2008. Persistent right aortic arch and cribiform plate
aplasia in a northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris).
Journal of Wildlife Diseases 44(22):499-504.
Petrauskas, L., S. Atkinson, F. Gulland, J. Mellish, and M.
Horning. 2008. Monitoring glucocorticoid response to
rehabilitation and research procedures in California and
Steller sea lions. Journal of Experimental Zoology 309A:73-82.
Yochem, P.K., F. Gulland, B.S. Stewart, M. Haulena, J. Mazet,
and W.M. Boyce. 2008. Thyroid function testing in elephant
seals in health and disease. General and Comparative
Endocrinology 155:627-632.
Goldstein, T., J.A.K. Mazet, T.S. Zabka, G. Langlois, K.M.
Colegrove, M. Silver, S. Bargu Ates, F. Van Dolah, T.
Leighfield, P.A. Conrad, J. Barakos, D.C. Williams, S.
Dennison, M.A. Haulena, and F.M.D. Gulland. 2008. Novel
symptomatology and changing epidemiology of domoic acid
toxicosis in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus): an
increasing risk to marine mammal health. Proceedings of the
Royal Society B 275:267-276.
Bejarano, A.C., F.M. Van Dolah, F.M.D. Gulland, T.K. Rowles,
and L.H. Schwacke. 2008. Production and toxicity of the marine
biotoxin domoic acid and its effects on wildlife: a review.
Human and Ecological Risk Assessment 14:544-567.
Dennison, S., M. Haulena, D.C. Williams, J. Dawson, B.S.
Yandell, and F.M.D. Gulland. 2008. Determination of a sedative
protocol for use in California sea lions (Zalophus
californianus) with neurologic abnormalities undergoing
electroencephalographic examination. Journal of Zoo and
Wildlife Medicine 39(4):542-547.
Lloyd-Smith, J.O., D.J. Greig, S. Hietala, G.S. Ghneim, L.
Palmer, J. St. Leger, B.T. Grenfell, and F.M.D. Gulland. 2007.
Cyclical changes in seroprevalence of leptospirosis in
California sea lions: endemic and epidemic disease in one host
species? BMC Infectious Disease 7:125.
Moore, M., G. Early, K. Touhey, S. Barco, F. Gulland, and R.
Wells. 2007. Rehabilitation and release of marine mammals in
the United States: risks and benefits. Marine Mammal Science
23(4):731-750.
Gulland, F.M.D., and A.J. Hall. 2007. Is marine mammal health
deteriorating? EcoHealth 4:135-150.
Stoddard, R.A., W.G. Miller, J.E. Foley, J. Lawrence, F.M.D.
Gulland, P.A. Conrad, and B.A. Byrne. 2007. Campylobacter
insulaenigrae isolates from northern elephant seals (Mirounga
angustirostris) in California. Applied and Environmental
Microbiology 73(6):1729-1735.
Bejarano, A.C., F.M. VanDolah, F.M. Gulland, and L. Schwacke.
2007. Exposure assessment of the biotoxin domoic acid in
California sea lions: Application of a bioenergetic model.
Marine Ecology Progress Series 345:293-304.
Buckles, E.L., L.J. Lowenstine, R.L. DeLong, S.R. Melin, R.K.
Vittore, H. Wong, G.L. Ross, J.A. St Leger, D.J. Greig, R.S.
Duerr, F.M.D. Gulland, and J.L. Stott. 2007. Age-prevalence of
otarine herpesvirus-1, a tumor-associated virus, and
possibility of its sexual transmission in California sea lions.
Veterinary Microbiology 120:1-8.
Dennison, S., F. Gulland, M. Haulena, H. De Morais, and K.
Colegrove. 2007. Urate nephrolithaisis in a northern elephant
seal (Mirounga angustirostris) and a California sea lion
(Zalophus californianus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine
38(1):114-120.
Goldstein, T., L.J. Lowenstine, T.P. Lipscomb, J.A.K. Mazet, J.
Novak, J.L. Stott and F.M.D. Gulland. 2007. Identification of a
gamma herpesviral infection in northern elephant seals
(Mirounga angustirostris). Journal of Wildlife Diseases
42(4):830-835.
Greig, D.J., K.L. Mashburn, M. Rutishauser, F.M.D. Gulland,
T.M. Williams, and S. Atkinson. 2007. Seasonal changes in
circulating progesterone and estrogen concentrations in the
California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). Journal of
Mammalogy 88(1):67-72.
Greig, D.J., G.M. Ylitalo, A.J. Hall, D.A. Fauquier, and F.M.D.
Gulland. 2007. Transplacental transfer of organochlorines in
California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Environmental
Toxicology and Chemistry 26(1):37-44.
Acevedo-Whitehouse, K., T.R. Spraker, E. Lyons, S.R. Melin, F.
Gulland, R.L. Delong, and W. Amos. 2006. Contrasting effects of
heterozygosity on survival and hookworm resistance in
California sea lion pups. Molecular Ecology 15(7):1973-1982.
Aldridge, B.M., L. Bowen, B.R. Smith, G.A. Antonelis, F.
Gulland, and J.L. Stott. 2006. Paucity of class 1 MHC gene
heterogeneity between individuals in the endangered Hawaiian
monk seal population. Immunogenetics 58(2-3):203-215.
Bowen, L., B.M. Aldridge, R. DeLong, S. Melin, C. Godinez, A.
Zavala, F. Gulland, L. Lowenstine, J.L. Stott, and M.L.
Johnson. 2006. MHC gene configuration variation in
geographically disparate populations of California sea lions
(Zalophus californianus). Molecular Ecology 15(2):529-533.
El-Zein, R.A., D.A. Hastings-Smith, M.M. Ammenheuser, M.
Treinen-Moslen, F.M.D. Gulland, and J.B. Ward, Jr. 2006.
Evaluation of two different biomarkers for use in the
assessment of toxic chemical exposure in California sea lions
(Zalophus californianus). Marine Pollution Bulletin 52(1):108-
113.
Stapleton, H.M., N.G. Dodder, J.R. Kucklick, C.M. Reddy, M.M.
Schantz, P.R. Becker, F. Gulland, B.J. Porter, and S.A. Wise.
2006. Determination of HBCD, PBDEs and MeO-BDEs in California
sea lions (Zalophus californianus) stranded between 1993 and
2003. Marine Pollution Bulletin 52(5):522-531.
Zagzebski, K., F.M.D. Gulland, M. Haulena, M. Lander, D.J.
Greig, L. Gage, B.M. Hanson, P.K. Yochem, and B. Stewart. 2006.
Twenty-five years of rehabilitation of odontocetes stranded in
central and northern California, 1977 to 2002. Aquatic Mammals
32(3):334-345.
Buckles, E.L., F.M.D. Gulland, B.M. Aldridge, T.S. Gelatt, P.S.
Ross, M. Haulena, and L.J. Lowenstine. Fetus in Fetu in a
harbor seal (Phoca vitulina richardi): Histopathologic,
genetic, and toxicologic analysis. Veterinary Pathology 43:541-
544.
Brodie, E., F.M.D. Gulland, D.J. Greig, M. Hunter, J. Jaakola,
J. St Leger, T.A. Leighfield, and F.M. Van Dolah. 2006. Domoic
acid causes reproductive failure in California sea lions
(Zalophus californianus). Marine Mammal Science 22(3):700-707.
Buckles, E.L., L.J. Lowenstine, C. Funke, R.K. Vittore, H.-W.
Wong, J.A. St Leger, D.J. Greig, R.S. Duerr, F.M.D. Gulland,
and J.L. Stott. 2006. Otarine herpesvirus-1, not
papillomavirus, is associated with endemic tumours in
California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Journal of
Comparative Pathology 135:183-189.
Haulena, M., F.M.D. Gulland, J.A. Lawrence, D.A. Fauquier, S.
Jang, B. Aldridge, T. Spraker, L.C. Thomas, D.R. Brown, L.
Wendland, and M.K. Davidson. 2006. Lesions associated with a
novel mycoplasma sp. in California sea lions (Zalophus
californianus) undergoing rehabilitation. Journal of Wildlife
Diseases 42(1):40-45.
Goldstein, T., F.M.D. Gulland, R.C. Braun, G.A. Antonelis, L.
Kashinsky, T.K. Rowles, J.A.K. Mazet, L.M. Dalton, B.M.
Aldridge, and J.L. Stott. 2006. Molecular identification of a
novel gamma herpesvirus in the endangered Hawaiian monk seal
(Monachus schauinslandi). Marine Mammal Science 22(2):465-471.
Johnson, S., L. Lowenstine, F. Gulland, S. Jang, D. Imai, F.
Almy, R. DeLong, and I. Gardner. 2006. Aerobicbacterial flora
of the vagina and prepuce of California sea lions (Zalophus
californianus) and investigation of associations with
urogenital carcinoma. Veterinary Microbiology 114:94-103.
Nollens, H.H., F.M.D. Gulland, J.A. Hernandez, R.C. Condit,
P.A. Klein, M.T. Walsh, and E.R. Jacobson. 2006.
Seroepidemiology of parapoxvirus infections in captive and
free-ranging California sea lions (Zalophus californianus).
Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 69:153-161.
Nollens, H.H., F.M.D. Gulland, E.R. Jacobson, J.A. Hernandez,
P.A. Klein, M.T. Walsh, and R.C. Condit. 2006. Parapoxviruses
of seals and sea lions make up a distinct clade within the
genus Parapoxvirus. Virology 349:316-324.
Nollens, H.H., E.R. Jacobson, F.M.D. Gulland, D.O. Beusse, G.D.
Bossart, J.A. Hernandez, P.A. Klein, and R.C. Condit. 2006.
Preliminary characterization of a parapoxvirus isolated from a
California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). Journal of
Wildlife Diseases 42(1):23-32.
Zabka, T.S., M. Haulena, B. Puschner, F.M.D. Gulland, P.
Conrad, and L.J. Lowenstine. 2006. Acute, fatal lead toxicosis
in a harbor seal (Phoca vitulina richardsi) consequent to
ingestion of a lead fishing sinker. Journal of Wildlife
Diseases 42(3):651-657.
Zagzebski, K.A., F.M.D. Gulland, M. Haulena, M.E. Lander, D.J.
Greig, L. Gage, M.B. Hanson, P.K. Yochem, and B.S. Stewart.
2006. Twenty-five years of rehabilitation of odontocetes
stranded in central and northern California, 1977 to 2002.
Aquatic Mammals 32(3):334-345.
Nollens, H.H., J.A. Hernandez, E.R. Jacobson, M. Haulena, and
F.M.D. Gulland. 2005. Risk factors associated with poxvirus
lesions in hospitalized California sea lions (Zalophus
californianus). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical
Association 227:467-473.
Stoddard R.A., F.M.D. Gulland, E.R. Atwill, J. Lawrence, S.
Jang, and P.A. Conrad. 2005. Salmonella and Campylobacter spp.
in northern elephant seals, California. Emerging Infectious
Diseases 11:1967-1969.
Burek, A., F.M.D. Gulland, G. Sheffield, K.B. Beckmen, E.
Keyes, T.R. Spraker, A.W. Smith, D.E. Skilling, J.F. Evermann,
J.L. Stott, J.T. Saliki, and A.W. Trites. 2005. Infectious
disease and decline of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus)
in Alaska, USA: Insight from serological data. Journal of
Wildlife Diseases 41(3):512-524.
Conrad, P.A., M.A. Miller, C. Kreuder, E.R. James, J. Mazet, H.
Dabritz, D.A. Jessup, F. Gulland, and M.E. Griggs. 2005.
Transmission of Toxoplasma: clues from the study of sea otter
as sentinels of Toxoplasma gondii flow into the marine
environment. International Journal for Parasitology 35:1155-
1168.
Kelly, T.R., D. Greig, K.M. Colegrove, L.J. Lowenstine, M.
Dailey, F.M. Gulland, and M. Haulena. 2005. Megastrongyloid
nematode (Otostrongylus circumlitus) infection in a stranded
California sea lion (Zalophus californianus)--a new host-
parasite association. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 41(3):593-
598.
McKnight, C.A., T.L. Reynolds, M. Haulena, A. deLahunta, and
F.M.D. Gulland. 2005. Congenital anomaly in a stranded Pacific
harbor seal (Phoca vitulina richardsi). Journal of Wildlife
Diseases 41(3):654-658.
Colegrove, K.M., L.J. Lowenstine, and F.M.D. Gulland. 2005.
Leptospirosis in northern elephant seals (Mirounga
angustirostris) stranded along the California coast. Journal of
Wildlife Diseases 41:426-430.
Silvagni, P.A., L.J. Lowenstine, T. Spraker, T.P. Lipscomb, and
F.M. Gulland. 2005. Pathology of domoic acid toxicity in
California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Veterinary
Pathology 42(2):184-191.
Lander, M.E., M. Haulena, F.M.D. Gulland, and J.T. Harvey.
2005. Implantation of subcutaneous radio transmitters in the
harbor seal (Phoca vitulina). Marine Mammal Science 21(1):154-
161.
Bowen, L., B.M. Aldridge, R. DeLong, S. Melin, E.L. Buckles, F.
Gulland, L.J. Lowenstine, J. Stott, and M.L. Johnson. 2005. An
immunogenetic basis for the high prevalence of urogenital
cancer in a free-ranging population of California sea lions
(Zalophus californianus). Immunogenetics 56:846-848.
Debier, K., G.M. Ylitalo, M. Weise, F. Gulland, D.P. Costa,
B.J. LeBoeuf, T. deTillesse, and Y. Larondelle. 2005. PCBs and
DDTs in the serum of juvenile California sea lions:
associations with vitamins A and E and thyroid hormones.
Environmental Pollution 134:323-332.
Neale, J.C.C., K.R. Schmelzer, F.M.D. Gulland, E.A. Berg, and
R.S. Tjeerdema. 2005. Organohalogen levels in harbor seal
(Phoca vitulina) pups increase with duration of nursing.
Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 68:687-
691.
Neale, J.C.C., F.M.D. Gulland, K.R. Schmelzer, J.T. Harvey,
E.A. Berg, S.G. Allen, D.J. Greig, E.K. Grigg, and R.S.
Tjeerdema. 2005. Contaminant loads and hematological correlates
in the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) of San Francisco Bay,
California. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health,
Part A, 68:617-633.
Goldstein, T., J.A.K. Mazet, L.J. Lowenstine, F.M.D. Gulland,
T. Rowles, D.P. King, B.M. Aldridge, and J.L. Stott. 2005.
Tissue Distribution of Phocine Herpesvirus-1 (PhHV-1) in
Infected harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) from the central
Californian coast and a comparison of diagnostic methods.
Journal of Comparative Pathology 133:175-183.
Colegrove, K.M., D. Greig, and F.M.D. Gulland. 2005. Causes of
stranding of phocids (northern elephant seals (Mirounga
angustirostris) and Pacific harbor seals (Phoca vitulina))
along the central California coast, 1992-2001. Aquatic Mammals
31(1):1-10.
Ylitalo, G.M., J.E. Stein, T.E. Hom, L.J. Johnson, K.L.
Tilbury, A.J. Hall, T. Rowles, D. Greig, L.J. Lowenstine, and
F. Gulland. 2005. The role of organochlorines in cancer-
associated mortality in California sea lions (Zalophus
californianus). Marine Pollution Bulletin 50:30-39.
Greig, D.J., F.M.D. Gulland, and C. Kreuder. 2005. A decade of
live California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) strandings
along the central California coast: causes and trends, 1991-
2000. Aquatic Mammals 31(1):40-51.
Travecchia, G., T. Coulson, B.J.T. Morgan, J.M. Pemberton, J.C.
Pilkington, F.M.D. Gulland, and T.H. Clutton-Brock. 2005.
Predictors of reproductive cost in female Soay sheep. Journal
of Animal Ecology 74:201-213.
Bowen L., B.M. Aldridge, F. Gulland, W. Van Bonn, R. DeLong, S.
Melin, L.J. Lowenstine, J.L. Stott, and M.L. Johnson. 2004.
Class II multiformity generated by variable MHC-DRB region
configurations in the California sea lion (Zalophus
californianus). Immunogenetics 56(1):12-27.
Elson-Riggins, J.G., S.A. Riggins, F.M.D. Gulland, and E.G.
Platzer. 2004. Immunoglobulin responses of northern elephant
and Pacific harbor seals naturally infected with Otostrongylus
circumlitus. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 40(3):466-475.
Fauquier, D., F.M.D. Gulland, M. Haulena, M. Dailey, R.L.
Rietcheck, and T.P. Lipscomb. 2004. Meningoencephalitis in two
stranded California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) caused
by aberrant trematode migration. Journal of Wildlife Disease
40(4):816-819.
Acevedo-Whitehouse, K., H. de la Cueva, F.M.D. Gulland, D.
Aurioles-Gamboa, F. ArellanoCarbajal, and F. Suarez-Guemes.
2003. Evidence of Leptospira interrogans infection in
California sea lion pups from the Gulf of California. Journal
of Wildlife Diseases 39(1):145-151.
Zabka, T.S., E.L. Buckles, F.M.D. Gulland, M. Haulena, D.K.
Naydan, and L.J. Lowenstine. 2003. Pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma
with pulmonary metastasis in a stranded Steller (northern) sea
lion (Eumetopias jubatus). Journal of Comparative Pathology
130:195-198.
Fauquier, D.A., F. Gulland, M. Haulena, and T. Spraker. 2003.
Biliary adenocarcinoma in a stranded northern elephant seal
(Mirounga angustirostris). Journal of Wildlife Diseases
39(3):723-726.
Duffield, D.A., N.B. Barros, E.O. Espinoza, S. Ploen, F.M.D.
Gulland, and J. Heyning. 2003. Identifying pygmy and dwarf
sperm whales (genus Kogia) using electrospray ionization mass
spectrometry of myoglobin and hemoglobin. Marine Mammal Science
19:395-399.
Johnson, S.P., S. Jang, F.M.D. Gulland, M. Miller, D. Casper,
J. Lawrence, and J. Herrera. 2003. Characterization and
clinical manifestations of Arcanobacterium phocae infections in
marine mammals stranded along the central California coast.
Journal of Wildlife Diseases 39:136-144.
Goldstein, T., F.M.D. Gulland, B. Aldridge, J.T. Harvey, T,
Rowles, D.M. Lambourn, S.J. Jeffries, L. Measures, P.K. Yochem,
B.S. Stewart, R.J. Small, D.P. King, J.L. Stott, and J.A.K.
Mazet. 2003. Antibodies to phocine herpesvirus-1 are common in
North American harbor seals (Phoca vitulina). Journal of
Wildlife Diseases 39(3):487-494.
Hanni, K.D, J.A.K. Mazet, F.M.D. Gulland, J. Estes, M.
Staedler, M. Murray, M. Miller, and D.A. Jessup. 2003. Clinical
pathology and assessment of pathogen exposure in southern and
Alaskan sea otters. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 39(4):837-850.
Lander, M.E., J.T. Harvey, and F.M.D. Gulland. 2003. Hematology
and serum chemistry comparisons between free-ranging and
rehabilitated harbor seal (Phoca vitulina richardsi) pups.
Journal of Wildlife Diseases 39(3):600-609.
Gulland, F.M.D., M. Haulena, D. Fauquier, G. Langlois, M.E.
Lander, T. Zabka, and R. Duerr. 2002. Domoic acid toxicity in
Californian sea lions (Zalophus californianus): clinical signs,
treatment and survival. Veterinary Record 150:475-480.
King, D.P., M.C. Hure, T. Goldstein, B.M. Aldridge, F.M.D.
Gulland, J.T. Saliki, E.L. Buckles, L.J. Lowenstine, and J.L.
Stott. 2002. Otarine herpesvirus-1: a novel gammaherpesvirus
associated with urogenital carcinoma in California sea lions
(Zalophus californianus). Veterinary Microbiology 2277:131-137.
Haulena, M., E. Buckles, F.M.D. Gulland, J.A. Lawrence, A.
Wong, S. Jang, M.M. Christopher, and L.J. Lowenstine. 2002.
Systemic mycosis caused by Scedosporium apiospermum in a
stranded Northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris)
undergoing rehabilitation. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine
33(2):166-171.
Bowen, L., B.M. Aldridge, F. Gulland, J. Woo, W. Van Bonn, R.
DeLong, J.L. Stott, and M.L. Johnson. 2002. Molecular
characterization of expressed DQA and DQB genes in the
California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). Immunogenetics
54:332-347.
Colagross-Schouten, A.M., J.A.K. Mazet, F.M.D. Gulland, M.A.
Miller, and S. Hietala. 2002. Diagnosis and seroprevalence of
leptospirosis in California sea lions from coastal California.
Journal of Wildlife Diseases 38:7-17.
Larson, S.R., M. Haulena, C.B. Grindem, and F.M.D. Gulland.
2002. Blood values of juvenile northern elephant seals
(Mirounga angustirostris) obtained using a portable clinical
analyzer. Veterinary Clinical Pathology 31(2):106-110.
Moore, S.E., J.R. Urban, W. Perryman, F. Gulland, H. Peres-
Cortes, P. Wade, L. Rojas Bracho, and T. Rowles. 2001. Are gray
whales hitting ``K'' hard? Marine Mammal Science 17:954-958.
Miller, M.A., K. Sverlow, P.R. Crosbie, B.C. Barr, L.J.
Lowenstine, F.M.D. Gulland, A. Packham, and P. Conrad. 2001.
Isolation and characterization of two parasitic protozoa from a
Pacific harbor seal (Phoca vitulina richardsi) with
meningoencephalitis. Journal of Parasitology 87:816-822.
Lyons, E.T., S.R. Melin, R.L. DeLong, A.J. Orr, F.M.D. Gulland,
and S.C. Tolliver. 2001. Current prevalence of adult Uncinaria
spp. in northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) and California
sea lion (Zalophus californianus) pups on San Miguel Island,
California, with notes on the biology of these hookworms.
Veterinary Parasitology 97:309-318.
Kajiwara, N., K. Kannan, M. Muraoka, M. Watanabe, S. Takahashi,
F. Gulland, H. Olsen, A.L. Blankenship, P.D. Jones, S. Tanabe,
and J.P. Giesy. 2001. Organochlorine pesticides,
polychlorinated biphenyls, and butyltin compounds in blubber
and livers of stranded California sea lions, elephant seals,
and harbor seals from coastal California, USA. Archives of
Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 41:90-99.
King, D.P., A.R. Lie, T. Goldstein, B.M. Aldridge, F.M.D.
Gulland, M. Haulena, M.A. Adkinson, L.J. Lowenstine, and J.L.
Stott. 2001. Humoral immune responses to phocine herpesvirus-1
in Pacific harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardsii) during an
outbreak of clinical disease. Veterinary Microbiology 80:1-8.
Dailey, M.D., F.M.D. Gulland, L.J. Lowenstine, P. Silvagni, and
D. Howard. 2000. Prey, parasites and pathology associated with
the mortality of a juvenile gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus)
stranded along the northern California coast. Diseases of
Aquatic Organisms 42:111-117.
Gulland, F.M., M.K. Stoskopf, S.P. Johnson, J. Riviere, and
M.G. Papich. 2000. Amoxicillin pharmacokinetics in harbor seals
(Phoca vitulina) and northern elephant seals (Mirounga
angustirostris) following single dose intravenous
administration: implications for interspecific dose scaling.
Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 23:223-228.
Lipscomb, T.P., D.P. Scott, R.L. Garber, A.E. Krafft, M.M.
Tsai, J.H. Lichy, J.K. Taubenberger, F.Y. Schulman, and F.M.D.
Gulland. 2000. Common metastatic carcinoma of California sea
lions (Zalophus californianus): Evidence of genital origin and
association with novel gammaherpesvirus. Veterinary Pathology
37:609-617.
Lander, M.E., F.M.D. Gulland, and R.L. DeLong. 2000. Satellite
tracking a rehabilitated Guadelupe fur seal (Arctocephalus
townsendii). Aquatic Mammals 26:137-142.
Scholin, C.A., F. Gulland, G.J. Doucette, S. Benson, M. Busman,
F.P. Chavez, J. Cordaro, R. DeLong, A. DeVogelaere, J. Harvey,
M. Haulena, K. Lefebvre, T. Lipscomb, S. Loscutoff, L.J.
Lowenstine, R. Marin, III, P.E. Miller, W.A. McLellan, P.D.R.
Moeller, C.L. Powell, T. Rowles, P. Silvagni, M. Silver, T.
Spraker, V. Trainer, and F.M. Van Dolah. 2000. Mortality of sea
lions along the central California coast linked to a toxic
diatom bloom. Nature 403:80-84.
Lyons, E.T., R.L. DeLong, F.M.D. Gulland, S.R. Melin, S.C.
Tolliver, and T. Spraker. 2000. Comparative biology of
Uncinaria spp. in the California sea lion (Zalophus
californianus) and the northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus)
in California. Journal of Parasitology 86:1348-1352.
Wilkinson, I.S., S.J. Childerhouse, P.J. Duignan, and F.M.D.
Gulland. 2000. Infanticide and cannibalism in the New Zealand
sea lion, Phocarctos hookeri. Marine Mammal Science 16:494-500.
Haulena, M., F.M.D. Gulland, D.G. Calkins, and T.R. Spraker.
2000. Immobilization of California sea lions using medetomidine
plus ketamine with and without isoflurane and reversal with
atipamezole. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 36:124-130.
Goldstein, T., S.P. Johnson, A.V. Phillips, K. Hanni, D.A.
Fauquier, and F.M.D. Gulland. 1999. Human related injuries
observed in live stranded pinnipeds along the central
California coast 1986-1998. Aquatic Mammals 25(1):43-51.
Gulland, F.M.D., M. Haulena, L.J. Lowenstine, C. Munro, P.A.
Graham, J. Bauman, and J. Harvey. 1999. Adrenal function in
wild and rehabilitated Pacific harbor seals (Phoca vitulina
richardsii) and in seals associated with Phocine herpesvirus
associated adrenal necrosis. Marine Mammal Science 15:810-827.
Gulland, F.M.D. 1999. Stranded seals: Important sentinels.
Journal of the American Veterinary Medicine Association
214:1191-1192
Gulland, F.M.D., M. Haulena, L. Gage, and S. Thornton. 1999.
Anesthesia of juvenile Pacific harbor seals using propofol
alone and in combination with isoflurane. Marine Mammal Science
15:234-238.
Ham-Lamme, K.D., D.P. King, B.C. Taylor, C. House, D.A. Jessup,
S. Jeffries, P. Yochem, F.M.D. Gulland, D.A. Ferrick, and J.L.
Stott. 1999. The application of immuno-assays for serological
detection of morbillivirus exposure in free ranging harbor
seals (Phoca vitulina) and sea otters (Enhydra lutris) from the
western coast of the United States. Marine Mammal Science
15:601-608.
Stevens, E., T.P. Lipscomb, and F.M.D. Gulland. 1999. An
additional case of leptospirosis in a harbor seal. Journal of
Wildlife Diseases 35:150.
Lapointe, J.M., F.M.D. Gulland, D.M. Haines, B.C. Barr, and
P.J. Duignan. 1999. Placentitis due to Coxiella burnetti in a
Pacific harbor seal (Phoca vitulina richardsi). Journal of
Veterinary Diagnostic Investigations 11:541-543.
King, D.P., R. Parselles, F.M.D. Gulland, J.M. LaPointe, L.J.
Lowentine, D.A. Ferrick, and J.L. Stott. 1998. Antigenic and
nucleotide characterization of a herpesvirus isolated from
Pacific harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardsi). Archives of
Virology 143:1-7.
Lapointe, J.M., P.J. Duignan, A.E. Marsh, F.M.D. Gulland, B.C.
Barr, D.K. Naydan, D.P. King, C. Farman, K.A. Burek Huntingdon,
and L.J. Lowenstine. 1998. Meningoencephalitis due to a
Sarcocystis neurona-like protozoan in Pacific harbor seals
(Phoca vitulina richardsi). Journal of Parasitology 84:1184-
1189.
Stamper, M.A., F.M.D. Gulland, and T. Spraker. 1998.
Leptospirosis in rehabilitated Pacific Harbor seals from
California. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 34:407-410.
Thornton, S.M., S. Nolan, and F.M.D. Gulland. 1998. Bacterial
isolates from California sea lions (Zalophus californianus),
harbor seals (Phoca vitulina), and northern elephant seals
(Mirounga angustirostris) admitted to a rehabilitation center
along the central California coast, 1994-1995. Journal of Zoo
and Wildlife Medicine 29:171-176.
Johnson, S.P., S. Nolan, and F.M.D. Gulland. 1998. Isolation
and antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria from pinnipeds
stranded in central and northern California. Journal of Zoo and
Wildlife Medicine 29:288-294.
Gulland, F.M.D., K. Beckmen, K. Burek, L. Lowenstine, L.
Werner, T. Spraker, and E. Harris. 1997. Otostrongylus
circumlitus infestation of northern elephant seals (Mirounga
angustirostris) stranded in central California. Marine Mammal
Science 13:446-459.
Trupkiewicz, J.G., F.M.D. Gulland, and L.J. Lowenstine. 1997.
Congenital defects in northern elephant seals (Mirounga
angustirostris) stranded along the central California coast
1988-1995. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 33:220-225.
Gulland, F.M.D., L.J. Lowenstine, J.M. Lapointe, T. Spraker,
and D.P. King. 1997. Herpesvirus infection in stranded Pacific
harbor seals of coastal California. Journal of Wildlife
Diseases 33:450-458.
Gulland, F.M.D. 1997. The impact of parasites on wild animal
populations. Parassitologia 39:287-291.
Fauquier, D.A., F.M.D. Gulland, J.G. Trupkiewicz, T.R. Spraker,
and L.J. Lowenstine. 1996. Coccidioidomycosis in free-living
California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) in central
California. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 32:707-710.
Gulland, F.M.D., M. Koski, L.J. Lowenstine, A. Colagrass, L.
Morgan, and T. Spraker. 1996. Leptospirosis in California sea
lions (Zalophus californianus) stranded along the central
California coast, 1981-1994. Journal of Wildlife Diseases
32:572-580.
Gulland, F.M.D., J.G. Trupkiewicz, T.R. Spraker, and L.J.
Lowenstine. 1996. Metastatic carcinoma of probable transitional
cell origin in free-living California sea lions (Zalophus
californianus): 64 Cases (1979-1994). Journal of Wildlife
Diseases 32:250-258.
Gulland, F.M.D., L. Werner, S. O'Neill, L. Lowenstine, J.
Trupkiewicz, D. Smith, B. Royal, and I. Strubel. 1996. Baseline
coagulation assay values for northern elephant seals (Mirounga
angustirostris), and the diagnosis of a case of disseminated
intravascular coagulation in this species. Journal of Wildlife
Diseases, 32:536-540.
Grenfell, B.T., and Gulland, F.M.D. 1995. Introduction:
Ecological impact of parasitism on wildlife host populations.
Parasitology 111:S3-S14.
Torgerson, P.R., J. Pilkington, F.M.D. Gulland, and M.A.
Gemmell. 1995. Further evidence for long distance dispersal of
taeniid eggs. International Journal for Parasitology 25:265-
267.
Parada, L., P. Cabrera, C. Burges, A. Acuna, C. Barcelona, M.K.
Laurenson, F.M.D. Gulland, J. Agulla, S. Parietti, E. Paolillo,
and B. Botta. 1995. Echinococcus granulosus infections of dogs
in the Durazno region of Uruguay. Veterinary Record 136:389-
391.
Gasser, R.B., L. Parada, A. Acuna, C. Burgess, M.K. Laurenson,
F.M.D. Gulland, M.P. Reichel, and E. Paulillo. 1994.
Immunological assessment of exposure to Echinococcus granulosus
in a rural dog population in Uruguay. Acta Tropica 58:179-185.
Gulland, F.M.D. 1994. Wildlife situations. Veterinary
Parasitology 54:283-286.
Gulland, F.M.D., S.D. Albon, J.M. Pemberton, P.R. Moorcroft,
and T.H. Clutton-Brock. 1993. Parasite-associated polymorphism
in a cyclic ungulate population. Proceedings of the Royal
Society of London Series B 254:7-13.
Gulland, F.M.D. 1992. The role of nematode parasites in Soay
sheep (Ovis aries L.) mortality during a population crash.
Parasitology 105:493-503.
Gulland, F.M.D., and M. Fox. 1992. Epidemiology of nematode
infections of Soay sheep (Ovis aries L.) on St Kilda.
Parasitology 105:481-492.
Torgerson, P.R., F.M.D. Gulland, and M.A. Gemmell. 1992.
Observations on the epidemiology of Taenia hydatigena in Soay
sheep on St Kilda. Veterinary Record 131:218-219.
Loudon, A.S.I., B.R. Brinklow, F.M.D. Gulland, J. Boyle, and
A.P.F. Flint. 1990. Roles of prolactin and the uterus in the
control of luteal regression in the Bennet's wallaby (Macropus
rufogriseus rufogriseus). Reproduction Fertility and
Development 2:71-78.
Gulland, F.M.D., H.W. Reid, D. Buxton, J.C.M. Lewis, R.A. Kock,
and J.K. Kirkwood. 1989. Malignant catarrhal fever in a roan
antelope (Hippotragus equinus) at Regents Park. Veterinary
Record 124:42-43.
Lewis, J.C.M., A.J. Fitzgerald, F.M.D. Gulland, C.M. Hawkey, P.
Kertesz, J.K. Kirkwood, and R.A. Kock. 1989. Observations on
the treatment of necrobacillosis in wallabies. British
Veterinary Journal 145:394-396.
Kock, R.A., M. Jago, F.M.D. Gulland, and J.C.M. Lewis. 1989.
The use of Idazoxan and its analogue RX 821002A in zoo and wild
animals. Journal of the Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists
16:4-10.
Gulland, F.M.D., K. Gebremeskel, G. Williams, and P.J.S. Olney.
1988. Plasma vitamins A and E, total lipid and cholesterol
concentrations in captive jackass penguins (Spheniscus
demersus). Veterinary Record 123:666-667.
Hawkey, C.M., and F.M.D. Gulland. 1988. Haematology of
clinically normal and abnormal captive llamas (Lama glama) and
guanacoes (L. guanicoe). Veterinary Record 122:232-234.
Henderson, G.M., F.M.D. Gulland, and C.M. Hawkey. 1988.
Hematologic findings in budgerigars with megabacterium and
trichomonas infections associated with ``going light.''
Veterinary Record 123:492-494.
Kirkwood, J.K., F.M.D. Gulland, J.R. Needham, and M.G. Vogler.
1988. Pharmacokinetics of oxytetracycline in clinical cases in
the red-necked wallaby (Macropus rufogriseus). Research in
Veterinary Science 44:335-337.
Gulland, F.M.D., and P.C. Cowardine. 1987. Plasma metronidazole
levels in an Indian elephant (Elephus maximus) after rectal
administration. Veterinary Record 120:440.
Gulland, F.M.D., D.L. Doxey, and G.R. Scott. 1987. The effects
of Eperythrozoon ovis in sheep. Research in Veterinary Science
43:85-87.
Gulland, F M.D., D.L. Doxey, and G.R. Scott. 1987. Changing
morphology of Eperythrozoon ovis. Research in Veterinary
Science 43:88-91.
Gulland, F.M.D., and R. Parsons. 1987. Clostridium glycolicum
in an addax. Veterinary Record 120:287.
Kertesz, P., and F.M.D. Gulland. 1987. The surgical and
restorative dental treatment of a bactrian camel (Camelus
bactrianus). Journal of Zoo Animal Medicine 18:73-78.
Gulland, F.M.D., J.C.M. Lewis, R.A. Kock, and J.K. Kirkwood.
1987. Vaccination against lumpy jaw in wallabies. Veterinary
Record 120:311.
Pearce, P.C., G. Gustavo, F. Gulland, and J. Knight. 1985.
Immobilisation of a pygmy hippopotamus (Choeropsis
liberiensis). Journal of Zoo Animal Medicine 16:104-106.
The Chairman. Thank you very much, Dr. Gulland.
Senator Hutchison, if it's OK with you, can I just start
with questions.
Senator Hutchison. Sure.
The Chairman. And I'd like to start, actually, with you,
Dr. Gulland.
After the oil spill incident of recent times, there were
about, I think maybe 15 dead dolphins that washed up on the
shores of the Gulf. And now I think this past year it was 50.
And so, that sort of symbolizes a question which I think is
almost impossible to ask, because I want to see how well you do
in answering it.
[Laughter.]
The Chairman. We always do these things, you're going to be
balanced in the way you look at everything. I'm not sure that
your position calls for you to be balanced, and some of us
discussed that honestly. There must be some way, whether it's
ANWR or whatever it is. There's always, well--we can balance
the needs of the natural order on Earth and the needs of our
country economically, et cetera. Is that possible in what you
will be doing?
Dr. Gulland. That's a great question, Senator.
[Laughter.]
Dr. Gulland. And I think you're right, that my role is
maybe not to be balanced, but to do my best for the
conservation of the marine mammals and their ecosystem. And I
think that's the key part of both the MMPA and the ESA--that
they emphasize conserving the ecosystem as well as the marine
mammals. And the ecosystem does actually include the fisheries,
the food chain, the environment and, in my mind, the people as
well. So, we strive to do that.
The balance--if we're considering oil and gas development,
maybe navy exercises, shipping--is in trying to minimize risk,
trying to safeguard that ecosystem. And with the tragedy of the
Deepwater Horizon, where there was also regrettable loss of
human life--it's not just 50 dead dolphins--I think we all
actually have a common interest. It's not as if there are a
group of conservationists striving for just the dolphins. We
also care about human safety on oil and gas rigs. So, we don't
want there to be explosions, losses. We don't want there to be
spills. This damages fishing, recreation, and causes economic
losses.
So, really, we all want the same thing. We might just be
emphasizing different parts of it.
So, to achieve balance, to come back to your question, I
think there has to be a good dialogue between the different
stakeholders. There has to be integration amongst agencies. And
most of all, we need strong science to guide us.
The Chairman. Let me pursue that. Your answer's a good one.
I read this in the Washington Post, so it doesn't necessarily
make it true or untrue, but they may have referred to a
scientific study, and I think they probably did. And that is,
that we've lost 80 percent, in the last 10 or 20 years, 80
percent of the predator fish in all of our worldwide oceans,
and that the remaining 20 percent will disappear within the
next 10 years, which I think completely undoes the balance in
the oceans and leaves us with billions of minnows, and not much
else.
Again, I mean, how does one address that? Or does one say
that it's just too late? Or does one say that we ban all nets
on all continents everywhere by all countries? Do we go after
the Japanese? I mean, what do you do with a situation like
this?
Dr. Gulland. Another excellent question. I come from an
area of expertise in marine mammals' medicine and health,
rather than in fisheries management. But as I mentioned in my
testimony, I have been exposed to fisheries management since I
was a child. And many of these fisheries biologists that are
talking about loss of 70 percent or the last 10 percent left
aren't in complete agreement.
There are actually two very strong camps, which is why that
type of news does hit the front page of the Washington Post.
There are strong opinions that it's too late, and there are
also equally strong opinions from very good fishery scientists,
strong mathematicians, that say, no, it's not.
Ecosystems are extremely resilient. And fish do have much
shorter life spans than marine mammals. So, if we can address
the changes that are causing declines, they can come back. And
there's an extremely interesting example currently in the
Northwest Hawaiian Islands.
The Northwest Hawaiian Islands are now one of the largest
marine protected areas on the planet as seen from space, the
[Papahanaumokuakea Marine] National Monument. And on those far
islands we have an extremely endangered marine mammal, the
Hawaiian monk seal. Only about 1,000 animals are left, and
declining dramatically. There is a lot of concern about their
extinction.
Those animals out on the Northwest Hawaiian Islands are now
in an area that is completely protected. There is no fishing,
there is no tourism, there are no potentials of oil spills.
It's really one of the most pristine-looking protected areas.
There are also monk seals on the main Hawaiian Islands--only a
few hundred, and they're gradually increasing around the main
Hawaiian Islands. So, what we're seeing is a decrease in this
highly threatened monk seal population out in the
Northwesterns, and then a few hundred animals on the main
Hawaiian Islands--where we still have fishing, we have
recreational fishing, we have tourism, we have runoff from
sewage--where we have introduced animals. Those animals are
doing great. They're fat. They're reproducing. And everyone
looks at me and goes, what do you mean they're in danger? I saw
two on Poipu Beach.
So, what's happening up on the Northwesterns--there appears
to be a huge abundance of predatory fish. There are massive
ulua, that are big carnivorous fish. And as the monk seals go
to feed, they'll turn a rock over--and there's fantastic video
footage of this, with cameras attached to monk seals' heads--
and they'll turn this rock over. Little fish come out, and
these predatory fish will come and compete with the monk seal
for those small fish.
So we have a situation that seems to have done the opposite
of what you have read in the Washington Post in that there's
actually an abundance of predatory fish, to such an extent that
they are competing with a mammal the size of a seal, and there
are relatively few small fish. And in contrast, on the main
Hawaiian Islands, we have fewer predatory fish, and a greater
abundance in the food chain of small fish. So, the situation
isn't black and white. There are places that there are plenty
of larger fish. And fish are rapidly reproducing and resilient,
compared to something like a right whale.
So the bottom line is, if we can understand what is
changing numbers in fish, we can--well, we've caused dramatic
changes. We've done that through extensive fishing efforts. But
if we can understand what's driving them, we can put measures
in place to change balance. We're very good at changing
balances. We just need to do it in the right direction in the
future.
The Chairman. I thank you for that answer very much.
And I apologize. I've run over my time.
Senator Hutchison.
Senator Hutchison. Well, it was very interesting, the
questions and the answers. So, thank you.
I'm going to focus on Mr. Coyle and Dr. Sullivan, because I
know Ann so well, and I think you have been very forthcoming.
Mr. Coyle, I want to get right to it with you. Last year
you were asked about statements that you have made in the past
about the nation's missile defense technology program,
questioning its readiness for deployment, and the testing
program. My question to you is, where does your status of
thinking now stand on the missile defense program in our
country?
Mr. Coyle. Thank you, Senator Hutchison.
My job is to be a champion for science and technology in
all areas of national security, and that includes missile
defense. OSTP is not involved in operational matters having to
do with missile defense. OSTP is not involved in deployment
issues or things of that sort, and I am not either. So, in the
job in which I'm serving now, the kind of things that I
commented about when I was in the Pentagon are just not my
direct responsibility.
Senator Hutchison. Mr. Coyle, if I could just interrupt
you, your view of our missile defense system, however, is going
to make a difference, because you do have a purview of national
security--it is a different area, but your comments in the past
have raised questions about your view of missile defense, which
I think is going to be important in the decision about your
posture in national defense issues. So, that's why I'm asking
the question and giving you a chance to answer.
Mr. Coyle. Yes. And I understand. And my point of view is
that missile defense should have the best science and
engineering that it can have, and I will work to make sure that
it does, as in any other area of national security. I've said
publicly that if the threat were to go away entirely--if Iran
would start behaving differently, if North Korea would start
behaving different--if the threat would go away entirely, I
would still advocate for a strong research and development
program in missile defense, if for no other reason than to
avoid technological surprise in the future.
Senator Hutchison. So, may I ask you, do you support, then,
the deployment of a missile defense system if you consider that
it is scientifically ready?
Mr. Coyle. Yes----
Senator Hutchison. Considering the threats that we have
with Iran and North Korea.
Mr. Coyle. Yes. Of course. And I've publicly supported the
administration's Phased Adaptive Approach when I was not in
this position.
Senator Hutchison. Phased Adaptive Approach. I just want to
make sure that you----
Mr. Coyle. Yes.
Senator Hutchison. You are saying you support missile
defense because of the threats that we have, and that even if
we didn't have the threats that we have, you would still
encourage having the research and technology to have a
deployable missile defense system--I'm putting words in your
mouth but----
Mr. Coyle. Well, you're not. That's correct.
Senator Hutchison. OK.
Mr. Coyle. I do support, you know, a robust research and
development program for missile defense. And the comments I've
made in the past were really not aimed at anything different
from that.
Senator Hutchison. But you do support deployment as well?
Mr. Coyle. I do. It just isn't my area. But, yes. And I've
supported the deployments which are taking place now of the
system that's called the ``Phased Adaptive Approach'' in
Europe, which is just one piece of the country's efforts in
missile defense.
Senator Hutchison. Thank you.
Dr. Sullivan, over the past four congresses I've introduced
legislation to establish a weather modification research
program. We've not yet passed that bill. Previous versions of
my legislation did direct NOAA to conduct this research. NOAA
actually did research until a couple of decades ago on weather
modification, and the National Academy of Sciences has
recommended in 2003 that the country needs a national program
to study weather modification.
What I am envisioning--and I want to know your view on it,
if you think it is something that is worth pursuing--is that we
would have the data and the research to study weather
modification programs that go on. I mean, we know there's cloud
seeding for snow in the Rockies that could affect the rainfall
elsewhere, that sort of thing. And then also that, perhaps the
efforts to contain hurricanes with certain weather modification
efforts--does it affect something more down the road, or in
other areas of the country or the world?
My question is, do you think that we should be pursuing
this type of research--or, at least, data collection--and, if
so, how would you go about that at NOAA, and if not, why not?
Dr. Sullivan. Thank you, Senator.
Anyone who has ever ridden out a hurricane, as I know many
of your constituents have done and as I had the adventurous
time of doing just this past October in the southern Caribbean,
certainly goes through moments of wishing that someone knew how
to at least hurry hurricanes along, so that that really intense
and frightening period passed more quickly, and certainly----
Senator Hutchison. Or possibly lessening the intensity.
Dr. Sullivan.--or lessening the intensity. And certainly
the people of Saint Lucia would have been grateful for either
of those effects.
I think you've put your finger on the point as a scientist
that would concern me. But my concern would be at a fairly
fundamental level, of being sure we really understand richly
the underlying processes that give rise to the weather
phenomena that we're concerned about, that shape their
structure, their intensity, their trajectory. My concern about
a general weather modification effort would be that, absent
that fundamental understanding, I don't think we would be
properly equipped to assess properly, make good judgments about
which methods could be used or not use.
So, I see the challenge, really, as being a deeper, earlier
stage of understanding. I think many of NOAA's climate research
and weather research programs are continuing to build that
foundation. So, some of the questions that you have posed I
believe can be answered from the research base that we have at
hand. And I would certainly encourage that we do that.
It's important to understand what consequences, as you
pointed out, any effect or change in one region might have upon
another. And certainly, with respect to a larger, highly
intense system such as hurricanes, hurricanes serve important
purposes in our atmosphere of moving heat and energy, as you
all know. And as Dr. Gulland has said, I think we should be
sure we're wisely informed before we go making alterations to
such large balance systems.
Senator Hutchison. Do you think that we should be doing
more, and it is worth pursuing more of an effort, to get the
data collection on what does happen now and its effects on
other areas, to begin to look at whether it is the right thing
to do, to try to modify, say, hurricane intensity? Because I
don't disagree with what you're saying. We don't know what the
effects are. But, to find out better what the effects might be,
should we be focusing more on either data collection or
research? There's not even data collection right now on a
national level.
Dr. Sullivan. Senator, the last time I was deeply
conversant with NOAA's research portfolio is now 15 years ago,
so I'm not in a good position to comment on what applicability
the activities currently in the portfolio may have on your
question. If confirmed, I would certainly be pleased to get
back to you on that and would pledge to work closely with
NOAA's chief scientists to be sure that we understand the
questions that you're interested in pursuing and we're making
the best possible use of NOAA's observing systems and research
capability, to get at the highest priority scientific
questions.
Senator Hutchison. OK. Well, I understand that you can't
answer the question. Because I do think you're qualified. But I
don't think you're answering the question. And I understand
perhaps that you don't have the capability, or the information,
rather, from the agency.
I guess my last question would be, would you work with me
and my staff to determine what areas we might pursue to upgrade
our information in a positive way?
Dr. Sullivan. I would absolutely pledge to do that,
Senator. Gladly.
Senator Hutchison. Thank you.
Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
The Chairman. Thank you, Senator Hutchison.
And, Mr. Coyle, your answer to Senator Hutchison's question
was interesting. Let me just say that you cannot find in this
Senate anybody who's more opposed to a missile defense system
than I am. But that makes absolutely no difference to me with
respect to your position, because OSTP has absolutely nothing
to do with missile defense. You don't work on it. You don't
study it. You have nothing to do with it. So, if I felt that
you did, you probably wouldn't get my vote--[Laughter.]
The Chairman.--because I think it's absurd and
unaffordable. But you are going to get my vote, because OSTP
does not work on this, and you work for OSTP. In fact, you
can't bring your previous thoughts into your job, as I see it--
and I want you to correct me and say that I'm right or wrong in
how I analyze it. What you work on are the responsibilities of
the Department of Defense and the National Security Council and
others, but OSTP champions science and technology. I don't
think of it in terms of a missile defense system or not. It's
just never, the thought would never occur to me, because OSTP
doesn't do that. That's not what he works on.
So, is it not fair to say that you have absolutely no
responsibility for operations, acquisitions or deployments of
things such as the missile defense system?
Mr. Coyle. Senator, that is correct. I have absolutely no
responsibility----
The Chairman. I'm trying to come to your defense.
[Laughter.]
Mr. Coyle.--I have absolutely no responsibility for
acquisition or deployments, or operational matters, and I tried
to answer Senator Hutchison to make that point in the first
part of my answer.
The Chairman. Yes. Sort of. I mean, this is a tricky place,
and you ought to know that after five administrations. People
fasten on one sentence out of a 10-paragraph, or a 10-chapter
book. I want you to be nominated, so I think your leading
sentence ought to be, ``I have nothing to do with missile
defense in my new position if I am confirmed.'' I think that's
a great opening sentence for you.
Mr. Coyle. The reason I didn't say that is because I really
do believe that for our national security America really should
have the very best science and engineering, and that would
include missile defense. So, if General O'Reilly, the head of
the Missile Defense Agency, was having a problem where he
needed OSTP's help in identifying science and technology that
could make a difference I would help him.
The Chairman. Well, you're a very honest man. But you may
have just lost my vote.
[Laughter.]
The Chairman. I mean, I'm going to talk with Dr. Holdren.
We're not a bunch of monkeys up here, and you ought to, after
all your time in Washington, understand the nuances of how this
place works. And what you're basically saying is, you're
connecting yourself to missile defense. Some think missile
defense is great. Some people are neutral about it. I don't
happen to be, on the basis of the cost of it, now or 30 years
from now. I guess we'll have to let that one just rest where it
is. But I am going to talk to Dr. Holdren about what you said.
Because what you imply is that you would have missile defense
system in mind as you were doing science and technology
research. And if that's the case, I can't deny that that's your
right to so say and so believe, because it is what you believe.
But I can be concerned, you know, if that system becomes a
matter of national interest--which I don't foresee because we
can't possibly afford it in the years to come--that you would
be ready to apply your science and technology out of OSTP. I
mean, it's confusing to me and a little bit discouraging. So, I
will be talking with Dr. John Holdren about this.
Mr. Coyle. If I could just add a comment.
The Chairman. You sure can. And I hope you do better.
Mr. Coyle. My view would be no different if you asked me
about a tank or a truck or an airplane or a helicopter or a
satellite system, or any other system that was important to
U.S. national security. If the Pentagon came to OSTP and said,
we're having a problem with this tanker truck or ship----
The Chairman. Then say that. Which you are. Say that.
Mr. Coyle. Well, that's what I've been trying to say.
The Chairman. No. It isn't what you were trying to say.
What you were trying to say is that you have a deep belief in a
missile defense system and you always have, and you will
continue to have that, and you didn't say, ``If I have to work
on tanks, if I have to work on, I'll, I do whatever I'm
required to do.'' Obviously, if President Obama suddenly shifts
into a missile defense mode, which I see not happening in any
way, shape, or form, then you would have to respond to that. I
understand that. But, look, you're trying to get confirmed, and
make it as easy as possible on yourself and on us. OK?
Mr. Coyle. Yes, sir. My, as I say, my view is America
should have the best science and technology that it can, and I
see it as my job to make sure that that happens in all areas.
The Chairman. Well, you're a very honest man.
Let me see. I can't pass up Ann Begeman.
[Laughter.]
The Chairman. But I'm going to for the moment.
[Laughter.]
The Chairman. And, Dr. Sullivan, the, NOAA's very
proactive. Its satellite program is very proactive. And Senator
Hutchison mentioned some of this.
[Laughter.]
The Chairman. I had an experience last week where I was put
on the news in a local TV station in West Virginia on the
weather section. I've never been interviewed as a matter of
news on the weather section. But this person is so ferocious in
his commitment to weather, and he's looking at budgets where
he's just being, in one case, cut by one-third, and he says
that means that we won't be able to predict, I think he said,
twisters and hurricanes with anywhere near the degree of
accuracy which Senator Hutchison was referring to in her
experience in Texas. We won't be able to do it. And, as a
meteorologist, I'm offended, shocked, fearful of that in terms
of the safety of the people that I report to.
Now, that isn't my question, but that is my experience on
that. NOAA's satellites are so crucial in directly saving lives
and minimizing property damage and doing all kinds of things
which nobody else is working on. I mean, NOAA ought to be as
well-known as NASA. It isn't. But the work it's done may be as
important. Of course, NASA discovers the cure for MRSA, in
which case they'll have my support forever and ever. And one
other that goes along with that. What else are they doing up
there? Another huge disease.
Dr. Sullivan. I don't know, Senator.
The Chairman. I'll come to that.
Anyway, this Administration has worked very swiftly to
restructure the polar orbiting satellite program. And it's had
a history of lots of cost overruns and lots of delays. And I
supported the administration's plan when it was announced. But
I am deeply concerned that needed appropriated funding to
implement the plan is very much in question right now and,
frankly, one of the reasons is that NOAA has not been
responsive to this committee in terms of funding.
I met with Jane Lubchenco yesterday or the day before. NOAA
has alerted the Committee that we risk losing the forecasting
of weather that I talked about, but there are no new satellites
in place, and I have to say that the White House hasn't been
particularly responsive to us. NOAA has not yet provided the
Committee with any alternative plans or options that might be
available to the agency to cover some of the essential
satellite functions should appropriate funding now work, and
there's a very good chance that it won't. There's a high
probability that it won't--that we're going to have some very,
very grim years. So therefore, filling in the missing gaps
becomes an art and a science, and a necessity.
So, you've got the JPSS system--what is your advice to us
and to the Committee, so that we have as much functionality as
possible on this?
Dr. Sullivan. Senator, I completely share your concern
about the potential erosion of forecast capability--timely
accuracy, timeliness, accuracy, coverage at high latitudes.
They're absolutely essential to protection of life and
property, as you said. But as you also know very well, timely,
accurate weather information has now become woven into the
operating fabric of countless sectors of our economy as part of
their means to obtaining higher productivity. Now, that, too,
would be lost if we suffer a severe gap.
I don't know the technical answer to what alternatives
may--I don't currently know the technical answer to the
question of what alternative ways of dealing with a gap, should
one occur, might exist. But I share your view that it's
imperative that the agency begin to work in that direction and
find such solutions,.
The best I can say sitting here today, Senator, only aware
of the issue to the degree I've been able to follow it in the
trade press, is that, if confirmed, I would pledge to work very
closely with you and your staff, and find every measure we can
to mitigate the consequences to our country, to our citizens,
to those very critical life and safety functions of whatever
cycle, whatever timeline the budgets eventually appropriated
might enable us to carry out.
The Chairman. I just think that every agency is faced with
this.
Dr. Sullivan. Yes.
The Chairman. I'm not going to vote that way. But I think
the majority, certainly in the House and probably in the
Senate, will. That is with some Democrats bleeding over into
the Republican side on that. Whether it's the Veterans
Administration or anything, people are going to have to be
looking at how to fill in gaps which heretofore have not
existed psychologically or actually.
People don't plan for problems that don't exist. Now all of
a sudden we have a problem which has already passed the House,
and another one that's passed the Senate, but both of them have
insufficient votes to become reality. So we have to try and
compromise at a time when nobody appears to be willing to
compromise. In fact, the act of not compromising is sort of a
virtue, which is a new twist to democracy, and one that I don't
welcome. But it's one that I think you're going to be faced
with. So, I would just hope that you would be very strong about
that, to protect your programs you're going into NOAA to do and
to be very realistic with them.
Dr. Sullivan. I promise you, Senator, we will be.
The Chairman. OK. And I believe you. Because I think you'll
be scared out of your wits when you get there.
[Laughter.]
The Chairman. Ms. Begeman, a couple questions. And you have
absolutely no idea what they're going to be about, do you?
Ms. Begeman. Not missile defense.
[Laughter.]
Ms. Begeman. I'm hoping.
The Chairman. They are going to cut this, you know, they
may not know what it is. That's our hope. That they don't know
what the, they think it's still the ICC. They're looking around
for the ICC and they can't find it, so they can't cut it.
[Laughter.]
The Chairman. That may be the way out. No budget cuts for
Ms. Begeman.
But, as you know, I've been working 26 years on this
question of captive shipping. And it's a tough one, because on
the one hand, I want to see railroads do well. I want to see
the high speed railroads. I'm not sure that they're going to
get through the budget process, but I want to see that happen.
You know, I saw something very interesting the other day.
Everybody says we're falling behind on some of these matters.
And part of the answer is, not so much that we're falling
behind, but others are catching up at a very, very fast rate
because they have a lot of money to spend and they've put it
where they think they need it most to get ahead in the world,
the fastest, which is, you know, STEM and all the rest of it,
and infrastructure.
So, there sits STB. And we have tried for years, as you
know--and you've been participating in those meetings--to work
with the railroads and the captive shippers to try to get them
to compromise so that we can put an end to all of this. Because
the captive shippers feel aggrieved. I understand that, because
many of them are in my state. And many of them are in South
Dakota. They're called ``granaries.'' And they have a single
line going in, and so the railroad can charge whatever price it
wants. And that's not the way the original 1984 law was
intended.
Now it has backslid just a bit. Not the law itself, but the
interpretation of the law. But it hasn't really. So, you get to
the question of, how do you make sure that the railroads are
doing well? How do you also make sure that consumers are doing
well? At least, I want to see it that way. We go after how are
consumers not being treated fairly, and what can we do about
it? That's been what we've done for the last several years, and
you're aware of that.
The railroads are saying they're broke--actually, I think
of the four major railroads there's only one which is actually
putting a brake on this process. And they stick together. But I
think the others really want to see a resolution to this,
because they don't want to see a whole series of claims and
protests and suits, et cetera, be brought to the Surface
Transportation Board, where you, I pray, will be sitting. In
order to do that, we have to, sort of, things have to get
worked out a little bit.
I'm not going to ask you these questions, because your
answers will be yes, and they should be.
Ms. Begeman. Yes.
The Chairman. And they were the typical type of thing.
But, you know, if Warren Buffett and Bill Gates invest in a
railroad, and Warren Buffett says, ``This is one of the best
things I've ever done,'' you don't exactly weep over their
financial position. They're doing very, very well, thank you--
and you looked at their annual reports and they're doing very,
very well, thank you--but the STB continually sees them as
being revenue inadequate. This has mystified me for years.
Now, the American Railroad Association is very powerful.
I'd say it's more powerful than the NRA or AARP. It's just that
nobody knows it exists, which is the reason it's powerful. It's
under the radar. But it can't be for you.
We had, when I came here, fifty Class A railroads. We now
have four. Not including, obviously, Amtrak. So, do you believe
that the STB's revenue adequacy measurement presents a clear
and accurate picture of the financial health of the railroads?
Ms. Begeman. I think it represents sort of a point in time
for each carrier when the STB does its annual determination of
revenue adequacy. But I don't think necessarily the symbolism
of that determination means that it's the Blue Light Special at
Kmart, and that means railroads get to charge higher rates. It
doesn't mean that.
Revenue adequacy was actually created in the 1980s as part
of the Coal Rate Guidelines as one of the four restraints on
pricing. And you're probably quite familiar with the SAC case,
which is the long, kind of drawn-out process in which coal
shippers may bring cases to the Board and some get remedies,
some do not.
The revenue adequacy constraint is one that, frankly, the
Board, and the ICC before it, never quite fleshed out. My
understanding is that it's considered to be, like, a long-term
constraint, and it's one that over time the ICC said that it
would flesh out more. I'm aware that recently a case actually
has been brought to the Board in which they are trying to
utilize the revenue adequacy constraint. So, I can't go too
much further on that topic. But I do know that I believe in the
early 2000s that the issue of the revenue adequacy constraint
was something that was used in a pipeline case. And so, I think
that, should the case that has been filed at the Board go
forward, it's something that all of us will learn from and
consider based on the facts. And I certainly will do my best to
have an open mind, but to make any decision on the facts.
The Chairman. OK. Now, let me ask you this. I have so many
examples in my small state of West Virginia--and it doesn't
just involve coal, it doesn't just involve steel, it doesn't
just involve agriculture. It involves wood, all kinds of other
things, and chemicals--where the railroads have you, because
they only have a single rail into the area. For example,
Weirton Steel, which used to employ 13,000 people. It now
employs barely 1,000.
They got astronomical rate charges because there was no
competition of another railroad going into this huge steel
factory, steel mill. They had no competition. And so they would
just increase prices. Some years it would be $8 million more
that they would just increase rates over what a normal
competitive situation would be. John Snow at that time was head
of CSX. As I've often said here when he was put up for
Secretary of the Treasury--I voted for him three times on the
Senate floor just to get him out of CSX.
[Laughter.]
The Chairman. But, he would come in and he would bargain
with me. He'd trade. And he'd say, All right, all right, all
right. Let's get the parties in.'' And then he'd say, ``Well,
I'm going to do this for you. I'm going to take $8 million off
of what I charge you in Weirton Steel.'' And that was a favor
to me? I mean, that he was coming down when it's an
artificially high price, to what he judged to be something that
would make me happier. Well, it didn't make me happier, because
the fact that he came down proved my case. I didn't say, ``No,
I won't accept the $8 million reduction,'' but it's very, very
frustrating.
Let me just end on this, and we'll all be free.
I do have significant concerns over how accessible, even
today, the STB is to captive shippers. I care about captive
shippers, because they are the small businesses, the large
businesses, the central parts of the economy of all of our
states. And railroads are everywhere. Often they have two
railroads competing; that's fine. That's what the Staggers Act
contemplated. Let their price competition settle what the price
will be. But for the 20 percent that didn't meet that criteria,
there would have to meet some other standard born. It
originally was meant to be settled by the ICC, and what the
situation on that is, is a matter of conjecture.
But in any event, the small businesses in particular, they
feel they are being charged exorbitant rates, and they are
victims of very poor service.
So, my question to you would be, do you share my concern so
that the Board should be accessible and affordable to all
shippers?
Ms. Begeman. I believe it should be accessible and
affordable to all the stakeholders. Absolutely.
The Chairman. All right. Will you commit to work to ensure
that the Board is accessible and affordable to shippers?
Ms. Begeman. Yes.
The Chairman. And that means you'll have to find examples
where they're not.
Ms. Begeman. Well, one of the things that the Board has
done in the past few years has really kind of beefed up its
Office of Public Assistance. And they have, there also is a
mediation process at the Board that, as more shippers and
customers are aware of it, I think it's an avenue in which
there can be some resolution brought to issues that, you know,
don't need to turn into multimillion-dollar cases, necessarily.
But it's something in which the STB and the folks that work in
that office can help promote resolution in a timely manner.
The Chairman. OK.
All I can ask from you is to be fair. But not fair in the
way that people usually say it. I mean, I think after 26 years
I'm in a remarkably good humor on this whole subject, don't
you?
[Laughter.]
The Chairman. I'm not being caustic. I'm just trying to
make pleasant questions here. But hard questions.
It's lunacy that this situation exists. And it exists
because nobody knows about it. It exists because the people who
are small--now you've made some changes on this in the STB.
They can more easily afford to get into the legal problem. It
used to be that they'd just be stonewalled out because they
couldn't possibly afford the legal expenses and they knew that,
so they didn't try. And I think you've made some progress on
that. How much, we will see.
But when I say that you will be fair and open--and you say
that you'll be fair and open--it's a little bit different kind
of an answer when coming from a nominee from the STB than for,
let's say, some other agency. I think that it is about
railroads, but railroads only make money if they have shippers.
And shippers are small businesses, they're people from all over
this country. Nobody pays any attention to them. It's wrong. As
you know, we fought mightily last year. We thought we were
getting close, but then one railroad balked. I think a couple
of the other railroads would have gone along with a settlement
just to get rid of this problem. We're going to settle it
through legislation, but I would much prefer to see it done
through the STB being responsive. But I want you in, sort of,
the definition of clarity, to really promise to be fair.
Ms. Begeman. I will be fair, and I will have an open mind.
I don't have an empty mind when I approach--I'm really not
making a joke about it, because I have been fortunate to really
get to work on these issues for so many years. And so it's not
like I'm just going to be walking in sort of----
The Chairman. That's correct.
Ms. Begeman.--listening to someone, like, OK. You know, I
think that's a value. At least, I hope it will be.
The Chairman. It will. Nobody's going to be able to run
anything past you. You'll know it.
Ms. Begeman. I hope so.
The Chairman. Yes. OK.
You've all been very patient and very kind. And I thank you
all very much.
We're going to try and do this as quickly as we possibly
can. I checked with Senator Hutchison, and we're hoping maybe
we can even do this off the floor next week.
I thank you, and the hearing is adjourned.
[Whereupon, at 11:33 a.m., the hearing was adjourned.]
A P P E N D I X
Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Amy Klobuchar to
Ann D. Begeman
Question 1. Do you agree that our national freight railroad system
should be as competitive as possible and provide rail customers
reliable service at reasonable prices?
Answer. Yes.
Question 2. How do you view the relationship between fair rail
pricing and economic growth?
Answer. I don't consider the two to be mutually exclusive. Recent
reports concerning increased freight shipments in the rail industry are
good news for our economic recovery, and for the future of rail
transportation service. The Staggers Act recognized the need for the
industry to earn revenues to return to viability and reinvest in its
infrastructure--it is a highly capital intensive industry--while
protecting against the abuse of market power. Profitability shouldn't
come about through the abuse of market power at the expense of captive
shippers, but rather through increased freight volume and productivity
gains.
Question 3. Do you agree that effective regulatory protection for
rail customers where there is an absence of competition is necessary in
the freight rail industry?
Answer. Yes. The Rail Transportation Policy (49 U.S.C. Section
10101), which guides the federal government in its oversight and
economic regulation of the rail industry, envisions this. The STB must
always work to strike an appropriate balance among these policy
directives, and if confirmed, I will be committed to doing so.
______
Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Mark Begich to
Dr. Kathryn D. Sullivan
Question 1. Much of your time will likely be spent on satellite
acquisition. What are your views on how NOAA is currently handling the
Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) program?
Answer. If confirmed as the Assistant Secretary for Environmental
Observation and Prediction, I expect to spend a considerable amount of
time working with NOAA's Satellite Service to ensure a successful, full
transition of the JPSS program. One of my goals will be to place this
program on a path to achieve mission success.
While I have followed this issue in the trade press, I do not have
detailed knowledge of NOAA operations and management of the program.
From what I know of both NOAA and NASA in my previous time in each
agency, their missions, personnel and operations are well complemented
to running a successful program. If confirmed, I assure you that one of
my first priorities will be to review JPSS management and program
status rigorously, and ensure that current activities meet the highest
standards. All of NOAA's satellite acquisition programs should achieve
the stated goals of delivering space-based observations that are
critical to saving lives, property, and critical infrastructure.
Question 2. The JPSS is an expensive program; the request for FY11
was around $1B. Can you expand on why we should make funding JPSS a
priority even in these challenging budget times?
Answer. All sectors of the U.S. economy are weather-sensitive and
NOAA is charged with the responsibility of providing environmental data
and services to protect lives, property, and critical infrastructure of
the nation. In fact, weather and climate sensitive industries account
for about one-third of the nation's GDP, ranging from finance,
insurance and real estate to services, retail, and wholesale trade and
manufacturing. Satellite data comprises over 97 percent of the data for
numerical weather prediction models and for weather forecasting, for 2-
10 day weather forecasts. Without JPSS, today's high confidence weather
forecasts would extend out only 5 days instead of the current 7 days.
Alaska would be particularly impacted by the loss of JPSS. Due to its
high latitude, Alaska depends on polar satellites for almost all its
weather forecasting for aviation, maritime, oil and gas operations. If
confirmed, I will work to ensure that these programs are planned,
procured and implemented with strong management and fiscal discipline
and in accord with management ``best practices.''
Question 3. A gap in coverage by polar orbiting satellites is
particularly troubling for Alaska where the safety of pilots, fishermen
and other mariners and the general public depends on accurate weather
forecasts. Does NOAA have a ``Plan B'' if you don't get the JPSS
funding this year?
Answer. I agree that a gap in coverage for Alaska is troubling.
NOAA's polar-
orbiting satellites are the main sources of data for Alaska, due to its
high northern latitude and remoteness. As someone who has worked and
flown in Alaska, I appreciate keenly how critical this information is
to the many Alaskans who make their living through aviation or share
that hobby. From my conversations with NOAA leadership, I know that
their attention is acutely focused on implementing the JPSS program to
ensure any gap in coverage is minimized.
As I am not yet confirmed, I am not yet aware of what NOAA's
operational back up plans may be. From my prior experience with NOAA
and my time in NASA, I suspect that one option for a ``Plan B'' would
be to leverage the European METOP satellites; however, the data is not
optimal for all NWS forecasts, due to its orbit. Even with METOP
satellites, a gap in NOAA's afternoon polar-orbiting satellite coverage
would result in a degradation of forecast accuracy by 1 to 2 days.
Higher confidence forecasts would only extend out 5 days instead of the
current 7 days, significantly impacting the advanced warning time for
severe weather events.
NOAA could also work to leverage data from older NOAA satellites,
other U.S. satellites, such as NASA's research satellites, and from
foreign sources such as the Japanese and Chinese polar-orbiting
satellites. However, I believe that NOAA's weather models and forecast
capabilities are not currently configured for use with these sources,
and forecasts will be severely degraded, thus impacting all sectors of
the U.S. economy. Additionally, it puts the United States in a position
of relying on foreign data for its domestic weather and climate needs
over which the U.S. has no control.
If confirmed, I will work to ensure that NOAA's satellite programs
are sustainably implemented so that the nation continues to have the
data, and services it requires.
______
Response to Written Question Submitted by Hon. Tom Udall to
Dr. Kathryn D. Sullivan
Question. What do you envision are NOAA's predictive capabilities
and remote sensing responsibilities in monitoring rapid deforestation
in tropical forests and land use change around the world to address
grave impacts of increased emissions from deforestation and
degradation?
Answer. Deforestation in tropical forests and other land use
changes are critically important variables in the Earth's climate.
While the primary driving requirements on NOAA's observing systems,
particularly satellites, are oceanic and atmospheric data needs, NOAA
partners with other federal agencies such as the U.S. Geological
Survey, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the U.S. Agency for
International Development to provide NOAA Polar-orbiting Operational
Environmental Satellites (POES) data for use in monitoring global land
use forestry.
For decades, NOAA also has played a leading role in monitoring
atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse
gases, and has the capability of reporting changes in emissions on
broad scales across the globe. This monitoring network makes valuable
contributions to an improved international understanding of the global
carbon budget and changes in the atmospheric concentration of other
greenhouse gases that can be associated with land use change, like
methane.
Global climate models also use information about land use change
and deforestation to assess relevant impacts on past climate, as well
as in development of projects for the future. NOAA is a world leader in
global climate modeling and is at the forefront of integrating land use
into climate models.
As a leader in climate science and environmental data, I envision
that NOAA will continue to support its agency partners that monitor
global deforestation through the provision of its environmental
satellite data. I expect NOAA will also continue to drive research that
leads to improved global climate models and subsequent climate
projections through the incorporation of climate variables, including
robust data about land use and deforestation.
______
Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. John D. Rockefeller IV
to Dr. Frances M.D. Gulland
Question 1. You've worked as a veterinarian, researcher, and a
science advisor. One of the greatest challenges to effective
conservation is translating good science into sound policy. What are
some of the ways you will apply your varied work experiences in order
to turn the best available science into well-informed policies?
Answer. Translating the best available science into well-informed
policies requires at least three closely related elements. First,
science must appropriately target the issues before the policymaker.
For years scientists have drawn a distinction between ``basic'' and
``applied'' science. Basic science is an unfettered search for
information and knowledge for its own sake, whereas applied science is
directed at understanding important problems. Given our limited
scientific resources and our growing need for specific types of
information to address complex issues, I believe we must focus much of
our effort on applied science.
Second, we need coordination and collaboration among scientists,
managers, policymakers, and all interested parties to ensure that
scientific efforts target the most pressing issues. Managers and
policymakers face many difficult challenges and it is crucial that
scientists understand what policies need to be formulated and what
decisions need to be made so that they can undertake research that
results in the best possible scientific information for those purposes.
Third, we need effective communication of the scientific
information and policy determinations in multiple formats. The Marine
Mammal Commission has long sought to communicate its recommendations
using letters, annual and special reports, and scientific papers. It
also has sought to facilitate communication by sponsoring workshops and
other meetings that bring together all parties involved in an issue and
facilitate discussions aimed at finding common solutions.
In my capacities as a veterinarian, researcher, science advisor,
author, and workshop participant, I have been involved in all three of
these facets. As such, I believe that I am well-positioned to help
identify the pressing issues requiring further research, see that that
research is well-designed to provide the best possible information to
policymakers given available resources, and apply that information to
resolve the underlying conservation issues. From my work on recovery
teams for endangered and threatened species and as a member of working
groups established to investigate and respond to marine mammal unusual
mortality events, I also appreciate that we cannot always wait until we
have unequivocal information before we make decisions and take action
to implement those decisions. However, in such cases, we may need to
adopt adaptive management strategies, in which we continue to collect
information and monitor the situation and make changes to management
measures as warranted. Finally, given the complexity of the issues we
face, I appreciate the need to have a pool of knowledgeable individuals
to consult in identifying pressing and emerging conservation issues,
setting research priorities, and analyzing and applying the available
information to formulate sound policies. If I am confirmed, I will work
with the other Commissioners to ensure that the Marine Mammal
Commission has a Committee of Scientific Advisors with a wide range of
knowledge and experience to address the most pressing issues facing
policymakers and affecting marine mammals.
Question 2. The Final Recommendations from the Interagency Ocean
Policy Task Force stressed the need for ecosystem-based management. Do
you see areas where we can better integrate ecosystem-based management
into marine mammal conservation?
Answer. Yes, I see a number of areas where we can better integrate
ecosystem-based management and marine mammal conservation. First, with
regard to fisheries, we need to examine the ecological effects of
fishing on marine mammals specifically and marine ecosystems generally.
At my confirmation hearing, Senator Rockefeller, you referred to a
report detailing declines of large marine predators by as much as 70
percent. In fact, such reductions are common and occur by design as a
result of directed fishing policy. Whether they are consistent with
maintaining healthy, stable ecosystems remains to be seen, but clearly
more research is needed to investigate the ecological effects of such
large-scale reductions in fish biomass.
More work also is needed to address the introduction of
contaminants, fertilizers, and pathogens into the marine environment
resulting from land-based activities including agriculture, industry,
and coastal development. Taking an ecosystem-based approach to
management of our marine environment will require that we not only
focus on activities that occur in the oceans or along their shores, but
also on those activities that serve as the source for contaminants,
fertilizers, and pathogens, whether they come from coastal areas or as
run-off or effluent from deep in our nation's heartland.
We also must tackle the disruptive effects of climate change.
Marine mammals in polar regions (i.e., both the Arctic and Antarctic)
are perhaps the most threatened because they are likely to lose the sea
ice habitat on which they depend. However, other species also may
experience serious consequences. Hawaiian monk seals, for example,
stand to lose important resting and birthing areas if sea level rise
washes away the small sandy islets of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands
or if food-webs are disrupted by loss of reef areas through increasing
acidification.
Marine debris continues to be an important threat to marine life,
including marine mammals. To date, the evidence suggests that debris
removed from the oceans is quickly replaced. That is, we are not making
sufficient progress at preventing the introduction of new debris and
that debris continues to degrade marine ecosystems.
These and other areas indicate that our conservation efforts must
be improved and expanded if we are to maintain the health and stability
of our marine ecosystems, including marine mammals.
Question 3. Given declining federal funds for scientific research,
monitoring, and modeling, in what ways could the Commission partner
with federal agencies to ensure the best possible science is used in
the protection and conservation of marine mammals?
Answer. The Commission already is working with other agencies to
understand agency funding constraints and help prioritize marine
science that will generate the best possible information for
conservation purposes. The Commission has established a web-based
survey of federal agencies to collect information on all the federal
resources used for marine mammal research. The intent of the survey is
to provide a basis for identifying research gaps, set clear research
priorities, and promote interagency cooperation. The Commission
periodically holds working meetings with staff from other agencies.
These vary from hour-long discussions to multi-day workshops focused on
particularly difficult challenges. The Commission also uses its limited
research funding as ``seed money'' to encourage other agencies and the
private-sector to direct resources toward important research topics.
The Commission often engages scientists and stakeholders from outside
the government to ensure that it and other agencies are getting the
broadest possible perspective on the challenges facing marine
conservation. The Commission also strives to provide and promote
unbiased peer review of marine science. Finally, the Commission writes
frequently to decision-makers in other agencies to focus their
attention on research issues that the Commission believes should be
given high priority. As with so many things the Commission does,
frequent and effective communication with the other agencies and the
scientific community is critical for promoting better science and
conservation.
Question 4. Marine mammals can be affected by a number of human
activities. What role can the Commission play in resolving the inherent
tension between important human uses of the oceans--such as energy
development, fishing, transportation, and military operations--and
protecting vulnerable marine mammal populations?
Answer. The Commission can play a number of roles in resolving this
tension. First, the Commission often serves as an important source of
information and expertise on marine mammals so that agencies seeking to
minimize their impact and Congressional staff seeking to understand
complex marine problems can use the Commission as a resource in
designing effective mitigation strategies. For example, the Commission
has on its Committee of Scientific Advisors one of the world's leading
polar bear scientists who has represented the Commission on several
interagency working groups convened to guide polar bear research. The
Commission commonly works with marine mammal experts from around the
world and, when appropriate, the Commission engages those experts to
ensure that managers and policymakers have access to the best possible
information.
Second, the Commission has long sought to bring together the
multiple parties engaged in an issue to ensure the best possible
communication. Such meetings often involve representatives from the
other agencies, industry, conservation organizations, Alaska Native
communities, and the interested public.
Third, the Commission sponsors research to investigate the
underlying problems that may lead to tension, whether those problems
pertain to fishery interactions, introduction of sound into the marine
environment, development of oil and gas operations, coastal
development, or military operations.
Fourth, the Commission promotes the development of better
monitoring and mitigation measures to ensure that the effects of
various activities on marine mammals are well understood and that
marine mammals are suitably protected, but that protective measures do
not place undue burdens on or disrupt the other activities.
Finally, as an independent oversight agency, the Commission helps
maintain a focus on the most important marine mammal conservation
issues and realistic strategies for addressing them. Many issues cannot
be resolved quickly and, to ensure that they are not forgotten or that
efforts to address them are not unnecessarily prolonged, the Commission
must carry out its oversight responsibilities vigilantly and needs to
play a role in promoting the development and implementation of suitable
long-term research programs.
______
Response to Written Questions Submitted by Hon. Tom Udall to
Dr. Frances M.D. Gulland
Question 1. The Marine Mammal Commission has a mandate to devote
special attention to particular species and populations that are
vulnerable to threats and impacts from human-related activities. In the
past decade there has been a rapid increase in public and regulatory
interest in the effects of noise from military, shipping and
hydrocarbon activities on marine life and in the available tools and
technologies to measure/reduce potential impacts of sound-producing
industrial activities. Should the MMC address noise disturbance brought
on by seismic surveys potentially impacts cetaceans and other marine
fauna? What actions would you propose the MMC take to address noise
disturbance?
Answer. Yes, the Commission should address these issues as they
pose a number of threats to marine mammals. In this regard, the
Commission has and should continue to: (1) promote research aimed at
better understanding of sound effects on marine mammal individuals and
populations (e.g., masking of the sounds that marine mammals produce
and rely on for communicating and sensing their environments), (2)
promote better monitoring and mitigation measures (e.g., visual
observations, passive acoustics) that ensure that effects on marine
mammal populations are accurately assessed and can be shown to be no
more than negligible, and (3) help promote alternative courses of
action that accomplish the sought-after objective (e.g., geophysical
profiling) while ensuring impacts on marine mammals are negligible, for
example, by rescheduling seismic surveys to periods when marine mammals
are not present. I also believe it is important to establish long-term
monitoring of ocean sound to determine if and where noise levels are
increasing and how those increasing levels pose risks to marine
mammals.
The Commission has focused its attention on sound-related impacts
on marine mammals for some time. For instance, the Commission reported
to Congress in 2007 on research and management needs related to ocean
noise and marine mammals (Marine Mammals and Noise--A Sound Approach to
Research and Management) and sponsored the preparation of a primer on
underwater sound and marine mammals (Underwater Sound and the Marine
Mammal Acoustic Environment: A guide to Fundamental Principles). In
addition, the Commission has been working with the National Science
Foundation, which funds geophysical research that employs seismic
surveys, to promote the collection of empirical data to assess the
impacts of those surveys on marine mammals and the effectiveness of
mitigation measures currently in use. If confirmed, I would work to
continue these efforts.
Question 2. How would you ensure that the MMC is being directed by
the best scientific expertise to promote the Commission's agenda?
Answer. If confirmed, I would work with the Commission Chair to
ensure that the Commission is supported by a scientifically strong and
diverse Committee of Scientific Advisors with knowledge of and
experience with a wide range of marine mammal species and issues
potentially affecting marine mammals. I also would strongly encourage
regular collaboration and cooperation between the Marine Mammal
Commission and the scientific staff of the regulatory agencies
responsible for marine mammal programs (i.e., the National Marine
Fisheries Service, Fish and Wildlife Service, and U.S. Geological
Survey). I also would ensure that the Commission engages regularly with
scientific experts from the Society for Marine Mammalogy and other
relevant professional societies. In addition, I would promote
collaboration of Commission staff and Committee scientists with
scientists from other disciplines (e.g., oceanography, climatology,
fisheries biology, acoustics, conservation biology, biochemistry,
veterinary medicine, etc.) to ensure that the Commission is mindful of
and promoting multidisciplinary approaches to conservation problems.
Finally, I would work to bridge the narrowing gap between western
science and the traditional ecological knowledge of Alaska Natives. The
Commission already is doing such things and I would ensure that the
Commission continues to promote and practice the best possible science.
Question 3. What would you do to engage the scientific and NGO
community domestically and internationally to further leverage
scientific expertise, technical capacities, and MMC initiatives?
Answer. As noted above, if confirmed I would engage scientific
expertise from around the nation and world as needed to address issues
or problems. To that end, I would seek to have the Commission engage
scientists from federal and state agencies, the NGO community, academic
and private research organizations, Native organizations, and other
nations to ensure that decisionmakers have the benefit of the best
available science. The Commission already is working on a global
assessment of marine mammals to address international issues affecting
marine mammals. I would use the results of that assessment to set
priorities and identify the key types of expertise and the key
scientists to engage in conservation issues. I would encourage use of
the Commission's limited research budget to promote exchange between
the world's most established and effective scientists with scientists
struggling with conservation issues in developing countries or regions
where scientific resources are limited. The NGO community has long
played an important role in promoting better science in undeveloped
regions, as have other interested stakeholder communities. I would have
the Commission work with all interested communities and with the State
Department to further the conservation of marine mammals outside the
United States.
Question 4. Long-term health monitoring of key marine species is
necessary to address massive die-offs of species such as the Southern
Right whales and sea turtles (green, loggerheads and leatherbacks). How
would you collaborate with NOAA's National Marine Fisheries Service
(NMFS) and the scientific/NGO community to avert a crisis?
Answer. If confirmed, I would seek to improve long-term health
monitoring of marine species by working closely with the National
Marine Fisheries Service and Fish and Wildlife Service to support and
develop existing stranding networks. These networks are vital for
detecting health-related issues and collecting the samples and data
needed to investigate them. In this regard, I would encourage (and
assist to the extent possible) the Services in developing a five-year
strategy for improving the existing marine mammal health and stranding
program. I also would seek to facilitate communication and
collaboration among stranding networks from the different regions of
the country. In addition, I would seek to integrate the information
being collected by stranding networks with the marine mammal stock
assessments required under the Marine Mammal Protection Act. I would
work with the NGO and scientific community to improve stranding
networks. Support is necessary to ensure that personnel in the
stranding networks are adequately trained and have the resources needed
to respond to strandings effectively. I also would encourage
collaboration with academia, state public health and livestock
diagnostic laboratories, and federal agencies (not just the Services).
Finally, and perhaps most importantly, I would encourage research into
the risk factors that pose threats to marine mammals specifically and
marine ecosystems generally. Until we address those risk factors, our
approach will be reactive. To avert crises, it will be essential to
take a preventative approach.