    [Joint House and Senate Hearing, 112 Congress]
    [From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]

        COMBATING ANTI-SEMITISM IN THE OSCE REGION: TAKING STOCK OF THE
                                SITUATION TODAY

    =======================================================================

                                    HEARING

                                   before the

                COMMISSION ON SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE

                          ONE HUNDRED TWELFTH CONGRESS

                                 FIRST SESSION

                                   __________

                                DECEMBER 2, 2011

                                   __________

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                COMMISSION ON SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE

                        LEGISLATIVE BRANCH COMMISSIONERS

          HOUSE                                   SENATE

    CHRISTOPHER H. SMITH, New Jersey,    BENJAMIN L. CARDIN, Maryland,
    Chairman                             Co-Chairman
    JOSEPH R. PITTS, Pennsylvania        SHELDON WHITEHOUSE, Rhode Island
    ROBERT B. ADERHOLT, Alabama          TOM UDALL, New Mexico
    PHIL GINGREY, Georgia                JEANNE SHAHEEN, New Hampshire
    MICHAEL C. BURGESS, Texas            RICHARD BLUMENTHAL, Connecticut
    ALCEE L. HASTINGS, Florida           ROGER F. WICKER, Mississippi
    LOUISE McINTOSH SLAUGHTER,           SAXBY CHAMBLISS, Georgia
    New York                             MARCO RUBIO, Florida
    MIKE McINTYRE, North Carolina        KELLY AYOTTE, New Hampshire
    STEVE COHEN, Tennessee

                         EXECUTIVE BRANCH COMMISSIONERS

                     MICHAEL H. POSNER, Department of State
                   MICHAEL C. CAMUNEZ, Department of Commerce
                   ALEXANDER VERSHBOW, Department of Defense

                                      (ii)

                      COMBATING ANTI-SEMITISM IN THE OSCE

                          REGION: TAKING STOCK OF THE

                                SITUATION TODAY

                                  ----------

                                December 2, 2011
                                 COMMISSIONERS

                                                                       Page
    Hon. Christopher H. Smith, Chairman, Commission on Security and
      Cooperation in Europe..........................................     1
    Hon. Steve Cohen, Commissioner, Commission on Security and
      Cooperation in Europe..........................................     3

                                    MEMBERS

    Hon. Eliot Engel (D-16), a Member of Congress from the State of
      New Jersey.....................................................    33
    Hon. Trent Franks (R-8), a Member of Congress from the State of
      Arizona........................................................    34
    Hon. Frank Wolf (R-10), a Member of Congress from the State of
      Virginia.......................................................    38

                                   WITNESSES

    Hannah Rosenthal, Special Envoy to Monitor and Combat Anti-
      Semitism, U.S. Department of State.............................     5
    Rabbi Andrew Baker, Personal Representative of the OSCE Chair-in-
      Office on Combating Anti-Semitism..............................     7
    Shimon Samuels, Director for International Relations, Simon
      Wiesenthal Center..............................................    20
    Mark Levin, Executive Director, National Conference on Soviet
      Jewery.........................................................    23
    Eric Fusfield, International Director of Legislative Affairs,
      B'nai B'rith International.....................................    27
    Stacy Burdett, Director of Government and National Affairs, Anti-
      Defamation League..............................................    30

                                     (iii)

                                   APPENDICES

    Prepared statement of Hon. Christopher H. Smith..................    50
    Prepared statement of Hon. Benjamin L. Cardin....................    51
    Prepared statement of Hannah Rosenthal...........................    52
    Prepared statement of Rabbi Andrew Baker.........................    57
    Prepared statement of Shimon Samuels.............................    61
    Prepared statement of Mark Levin.................................    81
    Prepared statement of Eric Fusfield..............................    85
    Prepared statement of Stacy Burdett..............................    88
    Materials for the Record.........................................   128

                      COMBATING ANTI-SEMITISM IN THE OSCE

                          REGION: TAKING STOCK OF THE

                                SITUATION TODAY

                                  ----------

                                December 2, 2011

               Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe

                                                 Washington, DC

        The hearing was held at 10 a.m. in room 2203, Rayburn House
    Office Building, Washington, DC, Hon. Christopher H. Smith,
    Chairman, Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe,
    presiding.
        Commissioners present: Hon. Christopher H. Smith, Chairman,
    Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe; and Hon.
    Steve Cohen, Commissioner, Commission on Security and
    Cooperation in Europe.
        Members present: Hon. Eliot Engel (D-16), a Member of
    Congress from the State of New Jersey; Hon. Trent Franks (R-8),
    a Member of Congress from the State of Arizona; and Hon. Frank
    Wolf
    (R-10), a Member of Congress from the State of Virginia.
        Witnesses present: Hannah Rosenthal, Special Envoy to
    Monitor and Combat Anti-Semitism, U.S. Department of State;
    Rabbi Andrew Baker, Personal Representative of the OSCE Chair-
    in-Office on Combating Anti-Semitism; Stacy Burdett, Director
    of Government and National Affairs, Anti-Defamation League;
    Mark Levin, Executive Director, National Conference on Soviet
    Jewery; Shimon Samuels, Director for International Relations,
    Simon Wiesenthal Center; and Eric Fusfield, International
    Director of Legislative Affairs, B'nai B'rith International.

    HON. CHRISTOPHER H. SMITH, CHAIRMAN, COMMISSION ON SECURITY AND
                         COOPERATION IN EUROPE

        Mr. Smith. The hearing of the Helsinki Commission will come
    to order. And I want to welcome and thank, express thanks to
    our witnesses and everyone for joining us at this very
    important hearing. Almost a decade ago, in May of 2002, I
    chaired a Helsinki Commission hearing focused on the horrifying
    spike in anti-
    Semitism making itself through much of the OSCE region.
        Many of our witnesses today testified at that hearing,
    which put the issue of combating anti-Semitism on the top of
    the OSCE's agenda, resulting in OSCE commitments on fighting
    anti-Semitism and a series of high-level annual conferences on
    combating anti-Semitism, and even led to the creation of a
    global network of parliamentarians united against anti-
    Semitism, the inter-
    parliamentary coalition, the ICCA, of which I am on the
    steering committee.
        A lot of good has come out of this. It's worth recalling
    some of the things we've done, and it has been done as a team.
    Since the 2002 hearing, the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly has
    annually passed declarations addressing anti-Semitism and
    calling for concrete measures by all participating states in
    the OSCE.
        At the high-level conference in Berlin in 2004, leaders
    from throughout the OSCE region met to focus specifically on
    combating anti-Semitism, leading participating states to
    commit, at the Sofia ministerial later that year, to collect
    and report hate crimes data. In that same year, a tolerance
    unit with a focus on anti-Semitism was established within the
    OSCE's Office of Democratic Institutions and Human Rights, or
    ODIHR, and the OSCE appointed a special representative on
    combating anti-Semitism.
        I'm very pleased, and I think it's a great honor, that we
    have here today Rabbi Andrew Baker, a critical force in the
    development of the Berlin conference--and, matter of fact, one
    of those who wordsmithed much of that actual document,
    especially when we hit some snags. He was there writing out
    language that was incorporated into the final product. I'm very
    happy that you are here, and just laud you for the great work
    you have done for so long.
        The OSCE is now equipped with a toolbox to combat anti-
    Semitism, ranging from more than a dozen publications focused
    on addressing anti-Semitic hate crimes, Holocaust remembrance,
    and now has a new training against hate crimes for law
    enforcement programs to assist participating states in their
    efforts.
        The Anti-Defamation League and other NGOs that fight so
    hard to ensure that human rights and the dignity of Jews
    worldwide will always and everywhere be fully respected--they
    have also been an absolute critical part of this work. While
    the OSCE has the potential to contribute mightily to this
    fight, it is only truly effective when it works with these
    vital human rights defenders.
        Efforts in the U.S. Congress and other parliaments have
    complemented this work over the years. The Inter-Parliamentary
    Coalition for Combating Anti-Semitism, which held its most
    recent major conference in Ottawa last fall, has been a crucial
    forum for parliamentarians to work across national boundaries
    to address common problems of anti-Semitism.
        In our own Congress, other members and I have worked hard
    to fight this terrible hate through this Commission, as well as
    through the Congressional Anti-Semitism Task Force and other
    committees of Congress where this has been taken up. It was a
    2004 amendment of mine that created the State Department's
    Office to Monitor and Combat Anti-Semitism and the Special
    Envoy on anti-Semitism.
        And, of course, we're very pleased to have the current
    special envoy, Hannah Rosenthal, with us today. Ms. Rosenthal
    is doing an exemplary job, a fine job in that position. I got
    to know her a little better at Ottawa, and I appreciated her
    comments there and her comments worldwide as she travels and as
    she speaks out boldly. And her presence is a reminder of our
    government's true commitment to fight against anti-Semitic
    hate.
        Yet our work is far from done. Despite the efforts of many
    good people, mostly in courageous NGOs, but also in our
    Government and a few other governments, despite the
    conferences, commitments, laws, training, monitoring, the
    measure of our success is what happens on the ground. By most
    accounts, the despicable evil of anti-Semitism has decreased in
    some parts of the OSCE region in recent years, but remains at
    higher levels than in 2000. This is simply unacceptable, and
    it's why we are here today.
        I'd like to also just note that one of our witnesses later
    on today will be Mark Levin. And I would just note for the
    record that during my first term in Congress, in 1982, Mark was
    encouraging many of us--as was the National Conference on
    Soviet Jewry and others--to speak out on behalf of refuseniks,
    so I responded to a letter that Ham Fish had sent around--the
    former member from New York--engaged in what we call a special
    order at the end of the legislative day. And Mark was in the
    gallery, came down. We had lunch in follow up to that, and he
    invited me to join him in a special trip to Moscow in January
    of 1982.
        We spent 10 days in Moscow and Leningrad, met with
    refuseniks around the clock, and for me, it was the primer--it
    was the eye-opener as to what anti-Semitic hate in its most
    virulent form looks like. We met with great people, like Yuli
    Kosharovsky, Dr. Lerner, who was one of the leading refuseniks
    of that time, and heard their stories. And really, when you're
    there in total immersion for, like I said, the better part of
    10 days in Moscow and Leningrad, you come away a changed
    person.
        And so I want to forever thank Mark Levin for inviting me,
    for his leadership--because he's still with it today, all these
    years, and has never stopped in his fight. As have all of you--
    you are the long stayers, people who have been absolutely
    committed and have just never given in. I'd like to now
    recognize my good friend and colleague, Mr. Cohen, for any
    opening comments he might have.

      HON. STEVE COHEN, COMMISSIONER, COMMISSION ON SECURITY AND
                         COOPERATION IN EUROPE

        Mr. Cohen.  Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I want to thank you
    for scheduling this important hearing and for your important
    work over the years on many issues concerning human rights, but
    also anti-Semitism in general, and for having this
    distinguished panel that has done so much and has so much
    knowledge. And they bring to us testimony that I'm eager to
    hear.
        The OSCE really sprang from the rubble of the Second World
    War, and the Second World War had as its base anti-Semitism and
    the Holocaust actions of the German government--not that that
    was the entire reason for the Second World War. I mean, Germany
    wanted to--uber alles--but at the same time, they had this way
    of bringing their people together by hating Jews. And the
    Holocaust ensued, and concentration camps and deaths, horrific
    behavior.
        It's so appropriate that we look at what's going on with
    this issue today in the world. And it's not just in the Middle
    East, where it is a significant issue. But it's also in Europe,
    and it's frightening to think that in Europe, where just 60-
    some odd years ago--65, 66 years ago--they were firsthand
    witnesses of the horrors of anti-Semitism, of religious
    prejudice, of discrimination, of all types of awful human
    behavior.
        That was just on this Earth 66 years ago, and yet it's
    being replicated with anti-Semitic actions in Europe. I think
    as we look at anti-Semitism, we look at civilization, because
    until we can get along with each other and accept our
    differences--whether they be religious or racial, sexual,
    gender identity or whatever--we're not going to do what we
    should be doing on the Earth that God created and gave us,
    which is to help each other get through the time and enjoy the
    time that we're here.
        And if we concentrate on the minimal differences that we
    have rather than the commonality that we share, which is 99.7,
    99.8 percent the same, according to all the studies we've had
    over the years--Human Genome Project--we should look at those.
    Until we do, we're not going to have achieved our purposes on
    Earth. So it's important that we look at this issue, that we
    study it, we keep an ever-mindful eye on it and try to do what
    we can to ward it off.
        I've done it in my career, with the Holocaust Commission--
    one of the first in the United States, in Tennessee that we
    started in 1984. And I saw to it that it didn't just teach
    about the Holocaust, which it does, but also teaches about
    man's inhumanity to man in all areas. It goes into the areas
    where we've had--the Cambodians, and other areas where we've
    seen horrific conduct.
        And we need more of that in our schools, more education
    about tolerance and understanding. And we need more hate-crime
    enforcement, which we were fortunate to pass in the Congress a
    couple of terms ago, where we've seen hate crimes perpetuated
    against people in this nation as well as around the world. But
    this nation is not immune to the horrors that we see.
        And all you have to do is go to your local newspaper, and
    sometimes look at the comments that are made on the newspapers'
    websites, particularly if a Jewish congressman is involved, and
    you'll see anti-Semitism, with anonymity protecting the bigots
    that use that as a way to attack people that have different
    political thoughts than they. So, Mr. Chairman Smith, I thank
    you for having the hearing and I look forward to the testimony
    of our witnesses.
        Mr. Smith. Mr. Cohen, thank you very much. I'd like to now
    introduce our two very distinguished witnesses, beginning with
    Hannah Rosenthal, who was sworn in as special envoy to monitor
    and combat anti-Semitism on November 23rd of 2009.
        Sparked by the work and experience of her father, a rabbi
    and Holocaust survivor, and her own experience studying to
    become a rabbi, Hannah Rosenthal has led a life marked by
    activism and a passion for social justice, having served as
    executive director of the Chicago Foundation for Women and
    Jewish Council for Public Affairs. And without objection, yours
    and all of our distinguished witnesses' full resumes will be
    made a part of the record--they are very extensive and very
    distinguished.
        Next, we'll hear from Rabbi Andrew Baker, who is director
    of International Jewish Affairs for the American Jewish
    Committee. Since 2009, he has served as the personal
    representative of the OSCE Chair-in-Office on Combating Anti-
    Semitism.
        A leading expert on anti-Semitism in Europe and Holocaust
    restitution issues, he travels extensively to address issues
    impacting Jewish communities worldwide, including anti-Semitic
    violence and Holocaust restitution issues, promoting tolerance
    in the emerging democracies of Central and Eastern Europe, and,
    of course, in the Middle East, which has gotten even worse,
    obviously, most recently in Egypt. So I'd like to yield to
    Special Envoy Rosenthal for such time as she may consume.

      HANNAH ROSENTHAL, SPECIAL ENVOY TO MONITOR AND COMBAT ANTI-
                   SEMITISM, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE

        Ms. Rosenthal. Thank you very much. Chairman Smith, Mr.
    Cohen, thank you for the invitation to testify before you
    today.
        Since its founding in 1976, the U.S. Helsinki Commission
    has dedicated itself to addressing human rights issues,
    including anti-
    Semitism. And for the past three decades, Chairman Smith has
    provided unparalleled leadership in his efforts to combat anti-
    Semitism and promote human rights.
        As the Special Envoy to Monitor and Combat anti-Semitism,
    I'm honored to be able to present my findings on anti-Semitism
    in Europe, and I would kindly ask that my full written
    statement be submitted for the record.
        Mr. Smith. Without objections, so ordered.
        Ms. Rosenthal. More than six decades after the murder of 6
    million Jews in Europe, the countries of that region have made
    some important strides. Their leaders have denounced new and
    old forms of anti-Semitism, and they have forcefully stated, in
    unison, never again. But sadly, we've also seen many setbacks
    within these very same countries.
        Over the past two years, my staff and I have diligently
    reported on anti-Semitic incidents throughout Europe, following
    and tracking developments in old and new cases. We've observed
    six distinct trends. Though in my written testimony today--all
    six are there--I want to draw your attention to three trends in
    particular. The first is the persistence of traditional anti-
    Semitism. Through my travels, I run into people who think anti-
    Semitism ended when Adolf Hitler killed himself. Regrettably,
    it didn't.
        Anti-Semitism is not history; it is news. And it is alive
    and well. According to reports by the Governments of Norway,
    Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom, there is a disturbing
    increase in anti-Semitism. Since June, we have seen
    desecrations to Holocaust memorials, synagogues, Jewish
    cemeteries in Croatia, Czech Republic, Greece, Lithuania, and
    Poland.
        We have heard modernized versions of the blood libel, where
    Jews are accused of kidnapping children to steal their organs;
    conspiracy theories, like the supposed Jewish control over the
    banking system or the media. They continue to gain traction
    with some groups. And perhaps the most disturbing is the
    physical violence that remains a problem. Just last week in
    Belgium, a 13-year-old girl was beaten by a group of girls,
    shouting ``Shut up, you dirty Jew, and return to your
    country.''
        The second trend I want to mention is Holocaust denial.
    This form of anti-Semitism is unfortunately espoused by
    religious and political leaders, and is a standard on hateful
    websites and other media outlets. For example, British denier
    David Irving continues to get public airings of his anti-
    Semitism and Holocaust denial.
        Petras Stankeras, a Lithuanian historian and former
    government official, teaches that the Holocaust never happened.
    Bishop Williamson of the Secret Society of Pius X regularly
    preaches Holocaust denial and anti-Semitic canards. As the
    number of survivors, direct witnesses, and camp liberators
    drops, there is a heightened sense of urgency in recording
    their stories and building monuments and museums for future
    generations.
        Ironically, while some deny the Holocaust ever happened,
    others glorify that it did, and this accounts for a third
    trend, which we call Holocaust glorification. The public
    display of Nazi ideology and the presence of neo-Nazi groups is
    of special concern in Europe. This year, we have seen numerous
    cases. In Austria, a politician resigned after his ``blood and
    honor'' tattoo, the motto of Hitler Youth, was seen in public.
        At a soccer match in the Netherlands, soccer fans chanted
    ``Hamas, Hamas, all Jews be gassed.'' A British politician was
    expelled from his party for shouting ``sieg heil'' and giving
    the right-arm salute at a concert. And on Middle East satellite
    television watched by tens of millions in Europe, Sheikh
    Qaradawi, founder and president of the Dublin-based European
    Council for Fatwa and Research, called for a new Holocaust to
    finish the job.
        At the State Department, we monitor these trends and
    activities in 198 countries and territories. We report on them
    in two major annual reports--the International Religious
    Freedom Report and the Annual Report on Human Rights. As part
    of this process, I am developing a pretty major and aggressive
    training initiative for the State Department employees, so that
    they can better monitor what is happening in their countries
    and be sensitized to the various forms of anti-Semitism.
        Of course, it's not enough to study and monitor these
    deeply troubling trends. It is critical that we act to reverse
    them. And to do that, we can't just preach to the choir, so to
    speak. We have to join in partnership with non-Jews in
    condemning it. To change the culture of hate to one of
    tolerance, we have to continue building bridges among different
    ethnic and religious groups. We have to continue working with
    opinion leaders in government, civil society, and the media.
        And the State Department is doing that in a number of ways.
    We sponsor teacher training on the Holocaust. We provide
    training to foreign law-enforcement officials that cover hate
    crimes and crimes toward vulnerable groups. And we use old and
    new technologies to communicate with the public about human
    rights and tolerance and democracy. But we also have to think
    outside the box, and I want to note two specific examples.
        First, to combat Holocaust denial, I accompanied eight
    leading imams, two of which had been Holocaust deniers, to
    Dachau and Auschwitz camps. When we arrived at Dachau, the
    imams, who clearly knew very little or nothing about the
    Holocaust, were so overwhelmed by what they saw in Dachau, they
    immediately went down to the ground in prayer. And that was in
    front of the sculpture commemorating the 6 million Jews who had
    been exterminated.
        All the passers-by stopped in their tracks--the docents and
    the tourists--and they were recognizing that this was a
    historic moment. Following the emotional visit to Auschwitz,
    all eight imams produced a statement strongly condemning
    Holocaust denial and all other forms of anti-Semitism, and
    they're now urging their colleagues and schools to join in the
    statement. They're also planning trips for their youth to bear
    witness and to bear the burden of the reality of the Holocaust.
        A second example took place at the February OSCE
    Parliamentary Assembly. Along with my colleague, Farah Pandith,
    the special representative to Muslim communities, we launched a
    virtual campaign called 2011 Hours Against Hate. Using
    Facebook, we asked young people around the world to pledge an
    hour or more of their time to help or serve someone who didn't
    look like them, pray like them, or live like them.
        At the time, our goal was to get 2,011 hours pledged. To
    date, we have over 16,000 who have actually gone online and
    pledged time. And we have had dozens of countries already
    inviting us to come to their country and incorporate 2011 Hours
    Against Hate in their efforts. Last week, I met with the
    Olympic committee that's trying to figure out a way to
    incorporate the campaign in next year's summer games.
        So while I fight anti-Semitism, I'm also keenly aware that
    hate is hate. Nothing justifies it--not economic instability
    and not international events. When history records this
    chapter, I hope it will reflect on our efforts to build a
    peaceful, fair, and just world, where people defend universal
    human rights and dignity.
        The Jewish tradition tells us you are not required to
    complete the task, but neither are you free to desist from it.
    Together, we must confront and combat the many forms of hatred
    in our world, and in this vein, Mr. Chairman, I look forward to
    working with you. And I'm happy to answer any questions. Thank
    you.
        Mr. Smith. Thank you very much, Special Envoy Rosenthal,
    for your passion and the comprehensiveness of your effort. It
    is extraordinary. I'd like to now yield to Rabbi Baker--
    whatever time you would like to consume.

     RABBI ANDREW BAKER, PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE OF THE OSCE CHAIR-
                  IN-OFFICE ON COMBATING ANTI-SEMITISM

        Rabbi Baker. Chairman Smith, thank you--thank you very
    much. Thank you, Representative Cohen, for being here. I too
    have a fuller testimony in written form, but will try to
    provide an abbreviated version here now.
        Mr. Smith. Without objection, your full statement, and
    anything you would like to add to the statement for the record,
    will be made a part of the record.
        Rabbi Baker. Thank you. Enormous appreciation has to be
    expressed to you personally, Representative Smith, and to,
    really, this Commission, which has spearheaded efforts to
    understand and to combat anti-Semitism in Europe. A decade ago,
    at the immediate aftermath of the ill-fated U.N. conference in
    Durban, we sought effective means to alert the public to the
    resurgence of anti-Semitism in Europe, which included a
    dramatic increase in attacks on Jewish targets, frequently
    triggered by events in the Middle East.
        We also witnessed the beginnings of what would become a new
    problem of anti-Semitism in public discourse, and we turned to
    you. We turned to this Commission. It was the Helsinki
    Commission that pushed and prodded a reluctant diplomatic
    bureaucracy here in Washington to press the OSCE to take up
    this problem. Much to the surprise of some of those skeptics, a
    first OSCE conference on anti-Semitism took place in Vienna in
    2003--as you indicated, a seminal follow-up conference and
    declaration in Berlin in 2004.
        We saw, as well, commitments by governments to monitor and
    collect data on anti-Semitic and other hate crimes, to promote
    Holocaust education and effective legislation. That was
    followed by the establishment of a department on tolerance and
    nondiscrimination at ODIHR, at further conferences and expert
    meetings, including the conference in March where you were
    present in Prague, focusing on anti-Semitism in public
    discourse.
        These efforts, as you indicated, also included the
    appointment of a Special Envoy of this Personal Representative
    of the Chair-in-Office on Combating Anti-Semitism, a position
    which I am honored to hold.
        My message today to you is a simple one: The problem
    remains, and we still need your help. The Prague--and I'd like
    to sort of go through thematically on several of these issues,
    first being anti-Semitism in public discourse--that Prague
    conference itself was a recognition that this is one of the
    most difficult current challenges we face. Opinion surveys in
    many European states reveal anti-
    Jewish sentiments are still held by significant numbers of the
    population. These percentages may fluctuate over time; they are
    certainly not uniform from country to country. But the overall
    picture remains a distressing one, and it has direct and
    immediate consequences for local Jewish communities.
        While governments still fall short in monitoring and
    reporting physical incidents of anti-Semitism, fewer still have
    any systematic process of monitoring and recording, let alone
    responding to, incidents on the Internet or in the media.
    Governments can and should do much more, and in the interim,
    practical steps can be taken to help civil society groups
    develop the capacity to do their own monitoring.
        Participants in Prague stress the importance of political
    and community leaders responding loudly and swiftly as a way of
    fostering a taboo culture when it comes to anti-Semitism. In
    the area of Holocaust education, this has long been identified
    as an important contribution to combating anti-Semitism, and it
    is among the commitments that participating states made at that
    OSCE conference in Berlin in 2004.
        We should bear in mind that even where the subject is
    included in secondary school curricula, that still may mean
    only a day or less over the course of the entire school year.
    And there are also special challenges when teaching the
    subject. Some students from immigrant Arab and Muslim
    communities have voiced resentment or sought to bring the
    Middle East conflict into the discussion, which draws attention
    away from the subject itself and really subverts its intention.
    Some governments have recognized this problem and sought, in
    some cases, creative ways to deal with it.
        In the area of Muslim-Jewish relations, which we must
    recognize is critical to the evolution of these problems in the
    last decade, when the EUMC conducted its survey on anti-
    Semitism in European Union countries in 2004, it revealed that
    a new and growing source of anti-Semitic incidents could be
    traced to Arab and Muslim communities. This remains a matter of
    concern and is still reflected in that available data that
    disaggregates these things. In some cities or in some
    neighborhoods in Europe, visibly identifiable Jews--that is to
    say, those in Orthodox garb or wearing Jewish symbols--may well
    be fearful of physical or verbal attack when they are on the
    streets in certain neighborhoods. Obviously, enhanced security
    measures and more rapid and serious responses to complaints
    provide some relief to these problems.
        More and more countries are developing educational programs
    to promote tolerance, to combat racism and xenophobia; and of
    course, they should be commended for doing so. But I have found
    in conversations with European Jewish leaders that there are
    also some words of warning: such general programs do not
    necessarily address the problem of anti-Semitism when it is
    stemming from individuals who themselves may also be victims of
    racism or discrimination.
        There is a special problem with the demonization of the
    state of Israel. It has become almost commonplace to find
    mainstream media coverage of the Middle East conflict, and
    particularly in Western Europe, demonizing Israel. It is
    manifest in news, in cartoons, and in commentary. Some
    observers have described this as a new form of anti-Semitism,
    but it also contributes to prejudice against Jews who are seen
    as Israel's friends, supporters, or surrogates. We also see
    that the term Zionist is increasingly being used in a
    pejorative way, and frequently substitutes for Jew in written
    or oral discourses.
        In 2005, the EUMC adopted a working definition of anti-
    Semitism. It provided an overall framework, but it went, as
    well, to provide specific examples of how anti-Semitism can
    manifest itself with regard to the state of Israel. It was
    endorsed by parliamentary conferences in London and Ottawa. The
    State Department special envoy sitting next to me here has
    adopted it for her own work and analysis.
        And I share it and recommend its use when I travel in my
    OSCE capacity. But it still meets with some opposition,
    including from the EUMC's successor organization, and thus it
    bears repeating whenever possible.
        Security: Despite their small numbers, European Jewish
    communities have shouldered an outsized burden in providing
    security for their members and their institutions. From the
    1970s, some have been and remain targets of international
    terrorism. The corrosive impact of this increased anti-Semitic
    rhetoric in more recent years has meant that synagogues,
    religious schools, community centers and cemeteries face
    physical attacks ranging from graffiti to arson.
        So community leaders, in turn, must decide how much of
    their limited resources can be diverted from educational and
    religious needs to provide for their own protection. At its
    essence, it restricts the Jewish community's ability to
    exercise the full freedom of religious practice, a bedrock
    principle of the OSCE.
        Let me raise something that may at first seem a very
    particular issue, and that is the efforts to ban religious
    slaughter--essentially, kosher meat. A growing number of
    countries have adopted these laws, which require the stunning
    of animals before they are slaughtered, thus effectively
    banning kosher slaughter, ritual slaughter. Jewish communities
    have adapted by importing kosher meat.
        But discussion of this topic, at least during OSCE visits I
    had this year in the Netherlands and in Switzerland--in the
    Netherlands, where a law is being debated, and in Switzerland,
    where such a law was imposed a century ago--reveal a more
    troubling situation. The Dutch legislation is spearheaded
    primarily by animal rights advocates. It's received support
    from nationalist MPs who may believe, although I think they're
    mistaken in this case, that this law would also prohibit halal
    meat to all Muslims in the country.
        Meanwhile, Dutch Jewish leaders are cautious in marshaling
    the arguments in opposition. They're reluctant to assert the
    basic principles of religious freedom, which they believe,
    frankly, would not have popular appeal.
        In Switzerland, even government officials acknowledge that
    their law, coming as it did in the wake of the Dreyfus trial in
    the 1890s, was anti-Semitic by intent. They say, or they have
    told me, it's even likely that Swiss courts would respond
    positively to an appeal to overturn it. But successive Jewish
    community leaders have elected not to do so.
        They long ago accommodated themselves to the ban with
    imported meat from nearby France, and they have told me that
    they believe challenging it could generate an anti-Semitic
    backlash. Better, then, to keep a low profile. Now, this is
    understandable, but surely it is a very outdated prescription
    for averting or combating anti-Semitism.
        Let me turn now to the role of the OSCE and this
    Commission. As you've indicated in your opening remarks, there
    has been significant progress in focusing the OSCE to address
    the problem of anti-Semitism and in educating people to its
    unique manifestations and its stubborn persistence. Monitors
    have generally recorded a decline in anti-Semitic incidents
    since early 2009, but we are still far, far higher than the
    baselines of previous years.
        We also know that turmoil in the Middle East could again
    trigger a new wave of incidents, and it is still far from clear
    what repercussions there might be if Europe's economic crisis
    still worsens. The U.S. and the Helsinki Commission have been
    the primary driving force to keep the OSCE focused on this
    problem of anti-
    Semitism, a necessary and constant reminder that it is still
    with us, and that it can always again turn deadly.
        When Secretary of State Clinton and the U.S. delegation
    take their seats at the OSCE ministerial meeting in Vilnius
    next week, I very much hope that they will include this message
    in their remarks. In closing, Mr. Chairman, let me pay respects
    to--I know he was a good friend of yours and ours--Ambassador
    Steve Minikes, who died earlier this fall.
        It was, in significant measure, due to his personal efforts
    that there was that first conference, and the important follow-
    up conference and declaration in Berlin and then later in
    Cordoba. You know, I still vividly recall, one evening early on
    in this process, sitting with him at his residence in Vienna.
    And he pulled out of a pile of items a small postcard with a
    handwritten message in pencil.
        It was sent to him 60 years ago by his grandmother, with a
    very benign message to her grandson, simply saying everything
    was OK; she was fine. But as he pointed out, the postmark
    belied that message. It was sent from Theresienstadt. And
    shortly thereafter, his grandmother was deported to Auschwitz
    and to her death.
        We could understand why this was so personal to him. But I
    think in sharing that, it was also a lesson--it was also a
    message never to forget where anti-Semitism in Europe once led,
    and to be vigilant now and in the future. Thank you very much.
        Mr. Smith. Rabbi Baker, thank you very much for your
    leadership. Your very, very eloquent statement gives us much to
    act on. The reason for this hearing isn't just to receive
    information. It's to give us the guidance on this Commission,
    and by extension, the Congress--both House and Senate--a
    blueprint for where we should go from here. And both of you
    have done that very, very well today.
        Ms. Rosenthal, in your trends that you articulated, you
    talked about Holocaust relativism. And Shimon Samuels, Dr.
    Samuels, makes a very similar and very strong point in his
    testimony, and talks about, in Eastern Europe, Baltics, and the
    Ukraine, seemingly innocent conflation of the Holocaust with
    Stalinist atrocities--all of this, you know, this sense that
    the Holocaust was not an absolute unique, horrific historic
    event that stands out in time forever.
        Could you perhaps speak a little bit further about that?
    Because it seems to me--it becomes a very useful way of
    downgrading the atrocities that occurred during that period,
    during the Holocaust. Not to trivialize any other terrible set
    of atrocities, but it was unique. It was an effort to wipe Jews
    off the face--certainly, of Europe, if not the face of the
    earth. Had Nazism prevailed worldwide, certainly, that was a
    final solution contemplated. So if you could speak to that, if
    you would, and perhaps Rabbi Baker.
        Ms. Rosenthal. Yes, Holocaust relativism, obfuscation, and
    whatever other word we want to use--we see it in a lot of
    places. Some of it has to do with trying to cloak it into
    honoring people who fought communism and the Soviets, without
    any historical context on what else was going on under the Nazi
    regime. It's very, very problematic.
        I just came back last week from Estonia, where we were
    encouraging the government to move ahead in prosecuting a Nazi
    war criminal that remains unprosecuted. And I had the
    opportunity to talk to many people while I was there. And I
    asked about the rally that occurs annually of the Waffen-SS.
        The young people in Estonia that I met pulled me aside
    after the leader of the Jewish community--this sounds very much
    like what you were talking about, Rabbi Baker--was saying,
    everything's fine. We're even invited to the rally. Don't worry
    about it. The young people pulled me aside and said they're
    very concerned. They're very concerned when they see anyone who
    honors anything Nazi, and that increasingly, young people are
    attending this rally. So this is something I needed to follow
    up with, with the foreign minister's office and the prime
    minister's office.
        There are parades of Waffen-SS that are cheered on in other
    parts of Europe, and it's very problematic. Also, we see
    increases in not just the number of people in a neo-Nazi group,
    but a proliferation of neo-Nazi groups and websites and hateful
    platforms that are being used.
        In no way do I want to indicate that I think that those
    platforms should be censored, I want to be clear, but it isn't
    good enough to protect free speech if we're not condemning the
    bad speech. And so we need to call on people in civil society,
    in the media, in government, religious leaders, to immediately
    and strongly condemn when those events or that rhetoric occurs.
        Mr. Smith. Thank you.
        Rabbi Baker. If I could supplement that with a couple of
    comments. It has become a given that Holocaust education is
    useful, not only in combating anti-Semitism, but promoting
    climate of tolerance and appreciation for difference. And I
    wouldn't deny that. But I think the way it is sometimes
    employed should be cause for some caution and concern and a
    special focus. In more and more cases, Holocaust education is
    being infused with a human rights focus.
        Again, nothing wrong with that: There are obviously general
    lessons of man's inhumanity to man that come from looking at
    the Holocaust. But sometimes, those general lessons can almost
    lead to what we would recognize as a kind of perversion of its
    essential historical message.
        There was one film produced a couple of years ago showing,
    kind of, a day in the life at the Mauthausen concentration
    camp. It showed a man with his son walking through the camp and
    the exhibits, and then writing some comments in a guest book
    before he left. And after he left, the camera focused in on
    these remarks, and his message was, well, now Israel should
    understand what its treatment of the Palestinians is all about.
    So perhaps he had a human rights lesson that he derived from
    that visit. But if that lesson was one that should teach us to
    be concerned about the presence of anti-Semitism today, I think
    it was lost.
        Secondly, there has become, certainly with positive
    motives, an interest in elevating and understanding of the
    sufferings under communism, of what that meant in Central and
    Eastern Europe. And by the way, Jews in these communities
    themselves suffered disproportionately under communism.
        But in some places, it has become a kind of competition.
    And even at times, equivalency is being drawn between what took
    place under communism and what happened during the Holocaust.
    The term genocide is frequently used, and even misused, in this
    regard.
        By the way, I noticed in one of the draft documents for the
    ministerial declaration on tolerance--where, in the past, these
    declarations have spoken of the importance of Holocaust
    education, we now find it's added Holocaust education and
    education of other genocides. Again, not to diminish that
    importance, but the way they have become linked together in
    this, I don't think, is a helpful step.
        Mr. Smith. Well, as you know, Rabbi Baker, that was from
    the very start part of the problem we faced within the OSCE.
    Some of the delegations, especially the Dutch, immediately
    wanted to--after the Vienna, and certainly after the Berlin
    conference--wanted to just merge everything. And when you merge
    everything, you lose that specific focus that is absolutely
    critical.
        So let me just ask you, with regards to the Lithuanian
    chair-in-office, and now that the baton's being passed to the
    Irish, do you sense, how poorly did they do, honestly? The
    issue of justice fatigue, is it perhaps showing itself here?
    Everything that's being done in the OSCE, we first did in the
    Parliamentary Assembly, and then we try to mirror it and to
    offload it, and have them take the baton.
        We had a coalition of the willing that Gert Weisskirchen
    and I put together right here in the building; that was, like,
    pulling teeth to get other heads of delegation to join us. We
    only had a half a dozen other delegations that joined us, and
    the others kind of said, yeah, we're not against you. But they
    certainly weren't robustly for us in combating anti-Semitism.
    That kind of changed, I think, and changed for the better over
    time.
        But it seems to me that the status quo--given what's
    happening in Egypt, which is a potential huge game-changer, all
    to the negative, with the elections that are occurring. The
    ultra-ultra party has about 15 percent of the votes, and the
    ultra party--the Muslim Brotherhood, which I am very frightened
    will take things in a very, very poor direction--not that the
    SCAF has done a good job, nor Mubarak, but it's all a matter of
    relative--things could get much worse.
        I'm not sure the Parliamentary Assembly or the OSCE really
    realizes that we're on the cusp of an even worsened situation,
    because we know that anti-Semitism often tracks what happens in
    the Middle East anyway. Egypt is a partner, as part of the
    Mediterranean countries, and they are on the brink of going the
    way of Iran. And I hope that's not true.
        Many of us, with the foreign aid bill that will be coming
    up shortly--I know Senator Leahy has spoken eloquently about
    this--we want to condition U.S. aid based on the treaty with
    Israel, based on how well the Coptic Church is treated, which
    has become a very real canary in the coal mine because they
    have seen an accelerated attack on churches and individuals of
    that faith.
        So I think the status quo is not enough, just continuing as
    we are. Again, how well do you see the Irish doing? Are they
    showing the right kind of commitment? How well did the
    Lithuanian chair-in-office do? But I think we're on the brink
    of a significantly worsened situation vis-a-vis anti-Semitism,
    which means we've got to ratchet up our combating of this
    terrible hate.
        Rabbi Baker. Well, look, over the years--and I go back a
    long time, in my American Jewish Committee role, with
    Lithuania, a discussion of its history and the restitution
    issues and the like--but I have to say, during this year, under
    their chairmanship, they have been fully supportive----
        Mr. Smith. Good.
        Rabbi Baker. ----beginning with my efforts to secure their
    support for that conference that took place in Prague on anti-
    Semitism in public discourse. I think in some circles that was
    viewed as somewhat controversial. And some of the governments
    you mentioned, in the past, might have had troubles with it,
    but the Lithuanians were certainly supportive of it.
        To fast-forward, even, to these days--as you know,
    beginning on Sunday in Vilnius will be a civil society meeting,
    organized by ODIHR, drawing NGOs from Mediterranean partner
    states. I was personally troubled when I first saw the initial
    drafts of this conference. Again, it was prepared in Warsaw by
    ODIHR, focused on electoral reform, good governance, and so on.
    But absent in that draft was any reference to the tolerance
    agenda, which, as you've indicated, is obviously a critical
    one--and if anything, it must be seen as even more critical as
    we look at the current election results in Egypt. I have to
    say, in pushing to see that it would be included, the
    Lithuanians were supportive of this. And now, it will at least
    be a part of that conference, although a side event, so not
    fully integrated into it.
        But it seems to me that the OSCE provides a real
    opportunity because of the partnership relationship with these
    countries, because of the special tradition of the OSCE and
    NGOs and governments sitting together at the same table, to try
    and take some of that and bring it to bear on the changes going
    on there.
        I have to say that some of the same governments or
    representatives that posed problems to us early on in this
    process no longer do, although others may be less helpful.
    Again, I think the U.S.'s role here is critical. And sometimes,
    perhaps, even U.S. representatives, whether in Vienna or here
    in Washington, are not so mindful of this history and maybe
    fall a bit short, not out of, I think, any ill motive, but just
    not realizing how critical that is, that if you're going to
    accomplish something, you have to have a few governments that
    are really championing it. Lithuania alone, as a chairman, is
    not able to shoulder the full burden.
        So I think, again, when the U.S. delegation or when the
    Department of State hear from you, that certainly helps focus
    the attention, and it can perhaps move this forward. As you
    identified in a critical point, one of the things--and I've
    raised it when I could--the reality that much of the anti-
    Semitic material that you find today, at least in Muslim and
    Arab communities in Europe, is imported from the Middle East,
    from some of these partner states. So it is a problem there
    that finds its way into Europe.
        Finally--and I think it bears importance for what develops
    in these emerging democratic societies, in Egypt and Tunisia
    and elsewhere--most of them have a history of Jewish life in
    these countries, even though those communities today may be
    small or almost nonexistent. And yet, how they deal with that
    piece of their Jewish history can be very revealing as to how
    open they will be as a tolerant society and treatment of
    minorities that are there today. We saw that, in a way, in
    Eastern Europe 20 years ago. How these countries dealt with
    their Jewish past told us something about where they were
    going.
        And I think that's an important opportunity. In fact, it
    was not easy, but I managed to encourage and find, then, a
    place for representatives of Egyptian Jews who have lived in
    Europe since their departure in the '50s and '60s to
    participate in this civil society conference in Vilnius. At
    least new Egyptian NGOs, civil society leaders should have an
    understanding, a direct feeling that Jews were also, at one
    time, part of their society.
        Ms. Rosenthal. I would only add--first, on the question of
    Lithuania's leadership, I had put, when I first came into this
    job two years ago, Lithuania as a priority country because of
    press and Jewish community remarks and all. And what has
    happened in these two years, in large part due to Rabbi Baker
    and our fabulous ambassador, Anne Derse, in Lithuania, we've
    seen amazing things happen in Lithuania, including Holocaust
    education teacher training. We have seen the compensation bill
    passed. We have seen rededication of important monuments and
    recognition of the Ponary killing fields.
        And just last week, Lithuania--the foreign minister and the
    prime minister held a conference on totalitarianism and anti-
    Semitism, and it was all about anti-Semitism, so that comparing
    and not trying to get into dueling victimhoods, they are very
    sensitive to it, and I think that is reflected in how they lead
    whatever endeavor they're doing.
        How can OSCE improve? What can we hope will be better?
    Well, I'm kind of stunned to realize how, in 2004, everyone
    committed to doing intensive reporting--you know,
    investigations and reporting, and how few do. Of the 56
    countries, 20 claim they collect data, and only four sent it
    in. Whatever the barrier to that is, we should use our
    leadership and effort to make sure that that's happening,
    because to quote you, Mr. Chairman, you can't fix it if you
    can't name it. And that becomes, I think, fundamental to
    something that OSCE can do.
        I have great hopes about Ireland. I, last year at this
    time, was in Ireland for a conference, and this was the first
    conference I'd ever heard of like this that was totally focused
    on Holocaust denial. And so I think that there's great promise.
    But we have to admit that, where participating countries have
    made an agreement, some of those have not been fulfilled.
        As to Egypt and what's happening in the so-called Arab
    Spring, I just want to tell a completely different story, and I
    was able to communicate this to the government of Egypt--Jews
    have lived in Egypt for thousands of years. And from all
    records, this was the first year that they feared they could
    not go to synagogue for Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur, the two
    high holy days, to pray. Our embassy was very helpful in
    facilitating it.
        But what's been happening there for religious minorities
    has people very afraid. You have definitely called out what we
    all fear could be the bad outcome of a transition. I don't
    expect the transition to be smooth, but I have to remain
    optimistic that ultimately, the people who took to the streets
    because they wanted basic freedoms, that they will prevail. But
    when I hear that thousands of years of tradition were stopped
    this year because of fear, it was foreboding.
        Mr. Smith. Can I just encourage you, if you would, to
    encourage the secretary of state to designate Egypt as a
    ``country of particular concern'' for all that you just
    mentioned, for the accelerated attacks on all minority
    religious, including the Coptic Church? I have chaired two
    hearings on the Coptic Church, and especially this new and
    horrific abuse whereby--and I don't want to deviate too much,
    but they're literally abducting Coptic Christian girls who are
    teenagers and then forcing them to become Muslim, and then, at
    age 18, putting them into a marriage that is a coerced
    marriage.
        We had the former ODIHR--Michele Clark, ODIHR number-two on
    human trafficking, testified at our hearing just a few months
    ago--who said, it's not a matter of allegations; it's a matter
    of reality and we need to recognize it. And it seems to me that
    CPC status, which the international religious commission has
    recommended anyway that Egypt be so designated, carries with it
    the potential of at least 18 separate actions that can be taken
    by the U.S. Government, including denial of certain types of
    aid--and military aid is something that needs to be considered.
    And I know the Senate and House are looking at that even as we
    talk on the continuing resolution or omnibus that will finally
    emerge before we close down for this year.
        CPC status can be done anytime. It seems to me that the
    relevant issues on the ground have so shifted that, if not now,
    when? This would be the time. So please take that back, and
    especially in light of what you just said about the fear factor
    that is palatable for people who want to go to synagogue.
        Ms. Rosenthal. I'll be glad to--[inaudible].
        Mr. Smith. [Inaudible.] Thank you.
        Mr. Cohen. Thank you. We have votes coming up pretty soon,
    so I'm going to be real brief. But, you know, the problem is
    great and it continues, and that's sad. But at the same time,
    there's some good things happening. When I was in Berlin this
    summer--and it might not have been that new, but it was new to
    me, because I hadn't been to Berlin for about 15 years--I was
    very impressed with the Holocaust Memorial and the work that
    was underneath the ground there, underneath the memorial; the
    Jewish Museum; and the designation of where Jewish homes were
    in the neighborhood near the new synagogue. And I think there
    are a lot of Jewish people emigrating to Germany, as I
    understand it. So there is some positive things happening.
        I wondered what other positive signs there are in Europe or
    other places of education, understanding and renewal of Jewish
    communities in Europe.
        Ms. Rosenthal. I think that we're seeing it happen in many
    places. Warsaw is in the process of building an incredible
    Jewish museum. Lithuania has a tolerance center that is not
    just about the Holocaust and the elimination of most of the
    Jews of Lithuania, but the rich history that was there.
        We're funding a program called Centropa that actually
    teaches teachers how to have students learn about how Jews
    lived and the contributions that were made by the Jewish
    communities when they were there, or focused on how they lived
    with the hope that people will want to reinvigor that memory
    and, hopefully, a future for Jewish communities rather than
    just focusing on how Jews died.
        And then we see very interesting things happening where
    non-Jews are getting fed up with some of the things that are
    happening. And so, in Malmo, Sweden, which was identified--you
    know, like, half the Jews were leaving because of harassment,
    and they didn't want their children to experience this--where
    there's a very new organization of the last few months--it's
    called Young Muslims Against Anti-Semitism--where they're going
    into the schools and saying, we need to be working together;
    hate is hate and we want to stand up for the Jewish students
    who are feeling harassed rather than having the families feel
    they have to leave. So there's some good news stories that are
    happening. And I appreciate all of the baby steps that are
    occurring.
        Mr. Cohen. And on the other hand--and maybe Rabbi Baker
    could take this one--who are the bad guys? Who are the worst
    ones in the stands and in Europe that might make overtly or
    even lightened anti-Semitic remarks?
        Rabbi Baker. Well, first to comment just a little bit on
    your first question or view. Look, Germany, in many ways, is--
    perhaps it's ironic, but has become the example that shines and
    that we cheer with other countries about because of how it
    confronted its own past. You saw this reflected in Berlin in
    the memorials that you have there. And obviously, it has been
    an open door to Jews from parts of the former Soviet Union,
    making it the largest-growing Jewish community in the world. It
    also, obviously, came to terms with much of the material claims
    for losses during the Holocaust.
        The reality is that in all of these much smaller
    communities in Eastern and Central Europe, many people two
    decades ago thought, with the fall of Communism, those
    communities would disappear. People would leave. They'd build
    new lives in America, in Israel or whatever. The fact is that
    they've all remained. The numbers may be small, but there are
    wonderful stories of revival and even renaissance, I think, in
    almost all of these countries.
        But the reality is, it's not as though if there are arrows
    going up, there are not also arrows going down. In every place,
    there are other forces that have come forward. In some of these
    countries, it has been a kind of romance, a rehabilitation of
    the era of that fascist past. We've seen elements of it in
    Slovakia, in Romania, in Hungary. You have, in a number of
    these countries, still or developing significant right-wing
    nationalist parties. You see this in Hungary with the Jobbik
    party. We see it in Bulgaria with a party there. They draw on
    antagonisms toward minorities--frequently Roma, but often
    folding in anti-Semitic elements, a romance, again, with some
    of the fascist figures of that Holocaust past. They may exist
    and literally coincide with a revival, let's say, of Jewish
    life and culture.
        So it becomes important to try to bolster those voices that
    are combating this that will provide that kind of security or
    long-term comfort that can allow the revival of Jewish life to
    continue. And so it then means we really need to turn, in many
    cases, to the mainstream leaders and to the bystanders--people
    who are inclined, perhaps, to sit back and observe; they need
    to be more forceful, more outspoken. In some cases, the
    examples may be only symbolic, whether it's programs in parts
    of Western Europe, say, that bring Jews and Muslims together.
    But they can be amplified. They send an important message. And
    I think those are stories that--one shouldn't overlook the
    realities of the problems in bringing them forward, much as in
    Sweden--for example, there's a program in the Netherlands that
    brings peers, Jewish and Muslim young adults, to teach about
    the Holocaust and to talk about the Middle East conflict in
    Dutch schools. It's a great program; I don't how many people
    directly are impacted by it. It sends a certain symbolic
    message. But it's still fighting against larger trends,
    nationalist parties and general difficulties.
        Mr. Cohen. Thank you. And I yield back the remainder of my
    time.
        Mr. Smith. Mr. Cohen, thank you very much. You know, we do
    have a few votes--and I apologize to our second panel, but
    we'll come back as quickly as we can.
        But I do have a couple of questions. If we do have to run,
    please continue answering. Chief of Staff Mark Milosch--we will
    go into a very brief recess.
        But Stacy Burdett, in her testimony from ADL--she is very
    strong and focusing on a whole lot of issues, but including
    the--and you mentioned it too, Rabbi Baker, in your statement--
    the rising incidents of anti-Semitic hate on college campuses.
    And I'm thinking early next year of having a hearing at
    Rutgers--that would be my preferred venue for a hearing. And
    she points out the situation that occurred at Rutgers where one
    of the staff members called a student a Zionist pig on
    Facebook, and goes on and on about that terrible incident.
        Could you, perhaps, speak to this very alarming trend? It
    reminds me of what we just last week in Cairo where chants went
    up about death to the Jews. But we also saw something very
    similar happening on our own college campuses that was awful to
    behold. If we don't see, I think, our leadership at our
    universities and colleges drawing a bright line against such
    hate, it will get worse. Students should not live in fear,
    especially in the United States of America, but anywhere in the
    world--Europe, anywhere--with regards to openly and very
    proudly manifesting the very real fact that they're Jewish. So
    if you could speak to the university issue.
        And also, Special Envoy Rosenthal, the training issue--does
    it look like monies will be available for additional training
    of law enforcement assets within the OSCE, something that we've
    all talked about, worked on over the years? If you could speak
    to that issue, where you see that going, and--I'm actually out
    of time, but the record will be open as you answer that. And
    then we'll have a brief recess and invite our second panel.
        Ms. Rosenthal. Well, I sit at the foreign policy table. So
    the only country I am not mandated by you to monitor is the
    United States. But I live in the United States, and I have
    grown children who were products of the universities here in
    the United States. And so certainly I am aware of minority
    populations on campus and very specifically Jews feeling
    harassed by political correctness--I hate using that word, but
    that's how it's reported. So I don't have a lot to share,
    because I don't--my office does not monitor that.
        As for OSCE, we have--in 2011, we funded ODIHR at $91,000,
    and the NGO strengthening initiative at 65,000 [dollars], and
    125,000 [dollars] to ODHIR's tolerance efforts, 50,000
    [dollars] for support for my colleague Andy Baker. And I've
    heard nothing that that isn't going to move forward, but you
    would know that better than I.
        Mr. Milosch. Thank you very much. Rabbi Baker?
        Rabbi Baker. Well, to the last point, I think we see that
    so much of the efforts in ODIHR to deal with these issues rely
    on extra budgetary contributions. So that becomes and remains a
    critical concern as for many countries there is an effort to
    control costs and to reduce support.
        The reality is, even if we have secured a greater
    environment for supporting these projects--the work, also, of
    me and my two colleagues as personal representatives--at the
    end of the day, if there isn't financial support to make things
    happen, that becomes a problem. So I hope that this Commission
    and others, in your meetings with other governments and
    colleagues in other countries, can reinforce the importance of
    having this available.
        I'm pleased to hear that you'll consider a separate hearing
    to look at the problem of anti-Semitism on college campuses. I
    have colleagues who focus on that more directly and with
    greater expertise than do I.
        I think we are fortunate, in this country, that in the
    larger environment and atmosphere particularly where that anti-
    Israel discourse becomes something much worse is not present in
    the way it is in many European countries.
        But perhaps if there is an exception, it's in the
    heightened and somewhat rarefied environment of college
    campuses. Therefore, I think it does invite a special focus. I
    know it's not the purpose of the meeting--of this hearing
    today, but certainly worth addressing in the future. Thank you.
        Mr. Milosch. Thank you, Rabbi Baker. As you know, the
    congressman has fought and will continue fighting for extra
    budgetary contributions to this most important work.
        We will now go into recess. I think the members will return
    in about 30 minutes. Thanks.

        [Break.]

        Mr. Smith. The Commission will resume its seating. We're
    joined by Commissioner Joseph Pitts of Pennsylvania, who is the
    chairman of the Health and Human Service--or the Energy and
    Commerce----
        Mr. Pitts. Health Subcommittee.
        Mr. Smith. ----Health Subcommittee. And we're also joined
    by Trent Franks from Arizona, who is the chairman of--or co-
    chairman of the American [sic] Israel Allies Caucus here in the
    House and also the chairman of the Religious Freedom Caucus. So
    very much focused and concerned about these issues. And if
    either of my two colleagues would like to say a word before we
    introduce our second panel?
        OK. Now, let me introduce panel number two. We'll begin
    with Dr. Shimon Samuels, who's the director for international
    liaison of the Simon Wiesenthal Center based in Paris and also
    serves as honorary president of the Europe-Israel Forum. He has
    long been a force in the fight against anti-Semitism, having
    also served as the European director of the Anti-Defamation
    League based in Paris, and the Israel director of the American
    Jewish Committee.
        We'll then hear from Mark Levin, who is the executive
    director of the NCSJ; advocates on behalf of Jews in Russia,
    Ukraine and the Baltic States and Eurasia. 2008, Mr. Levin
    received the Soviet Jewry Freedom Award from the Russian Jewish
    Community Foundation, and the Order of Merit medal from the
    Ukraine president Victor Yushchenko.
        Mr. Levin has served three times as the public member of
    the U.S. delegation to meetings of the OSCE and served as a
    public adviser for the U.S. delegation to the 2004 Berlin
    Conference on Anti-Semitism. And as he knows, as I mentioned
    earlier, I joined him on my first trip to Moscow back in 1982,
    which frankly began my push in this entire effort--so thank
    you, Mark.
        Then we'll hear from Eric Fusfield who has served as deputy
    director of the B'nai B'rith Center for Human Rights and Public
    Policy since 2007, and director of legislative affairs for
    B'nai B'rith International since 2003. He has been a leading
    advocate for B'nai B'rith in the OSCE's adoption of efforts to
    combat global anti-
    Semitism; he's been there every step of the way as language was
    crafted, as action plans were hatched, and brings a great
    degree of wealth and knowledge and wisdom to this effort.
        And then Stacy Burdett is the Anti-Defamation League's
    Washington director, and heads the Government and National
    Affairs Office. Ms. Burdett reaches out to Congress, the
    administration and foreign diplomats to mobilize leadership and
    support on global anti-Semitism, securing fair treatment for
    Israel, and broader human rights issues like international
    religious freedom and the fight against anti-immigrant bigotry.
    She has been a leading force in efforts to advance the global
    fight against anti-Semitism in the OSCE and at the United
    Nations.
        Dr. Samuels, if you could begin.
        Dr. Samuels. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I open----
        Mr. Smith. If you could just suspend--we're joined by
    Robert Aderholt. Robert, did you want to just say a word or
    two? OK. OK, thank you.

    DR. SHIMON SAMUELS, DIRECTOR FOR INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, SIMON
                           WIESENTHAL CENTER

        Dr. Samuels. Mr. Chairman, I opened the European office of
    the Simon Wiesenthal Center in Paris in 1988 to focus on three
    challenges. Firstly, in Western Europe, the second religion
    demographic, it was already Islam. An interfaith outreach was
    necessary, as was monitoring of incipient extremism.
        Second, tremors in Eastern Europe since the fall of the
    Berlin Wall signaled a new nationalism variant of past
    phantoms. There was no need to get to seven on the Richter
    scale to understand that monitoring was required. Thirdly, flea
    markets across Europe sold under-the counter floppy disks--
    Amiga and Commodore 64 for those of us who remember--disks of
    neo-Nazi games. Hate would advance exponentially with that
    technology and had to be monitored.
        By the millennium, the year 2000, the first focus on
    Islamism was now characterized by the Durban Process, which in
    turn inspired a jihadist anti-Semitism and anti-Semitism
    terrorism nexus with Middle East satellite television and
    website inculcation and recruitment across Europe. The second
    focus was marked by the European Union enlargement. In April
    2004, a Warsaw-welcomed fiesta focused on the challenges facing
    the East European countries entering Europe.
        I was invited to speak on anti-Semitism in the West and
    scapegoating in the East. Scapegoating is a result of painful
    withdrawal from the central of Soviet economy to the market or
    capitalist economy. That very same month, the OSCE Berlin
    Declaration on Anti-Semitism was annunciated and set a new
    threshold of standards for the region. I addressed the state
    parties, noting that you are the same nations we meet at Geneva
    at the U.N. Human Rights Commission, now called the council.
        Yet, here at the OSCE, the language is different, perhaps
    due to the absence of the tyrannies and the NGOs whose vested
    agenda is to perpetuate the Middle East conflict. I view the
    OSCE therefore as the answer to the stultification of the U.N.
    system--even today, exemplified only last week by the
    appointment of Syria to a human rights role at UNESCO.
        What forms of anti-Semitism did the Berlin Declaration not
    foresee? First, that which at the OSCE high-level meeting in
    Astana in 2010 I called supersessionism. Just as the early
    church viewed itself as ``Israel non in carne sed in
    spiritum,''--Israel, not in the flesh but in the spirit--so
    today we witness an identity theft of the Jewish narrative
    among several OSCE parties.
        In Eastern Europe, you have referred to the Baltics and the
    Ukraine; a seemingly innocent conflation is made between the
    Holocaust the atrocities of Stalin. Its political instrument,
    the Prague Declaration, seeks through the European Parliament
    to replace the 27th of January, the day of Auschwitz
    liberation--as a ``Holocaust Commemoration Day''--with a
    ``Double Genocide Day'' on the 23rd of August, which marks the
    Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact that resulted in the Soviet occupation
    of the countries concerned.
        In Western Europe, the ongoing Durban Process has redefined
    Holocaust as Naqba, the 1948 catastrophe of Israel's birth.
    Anti-Semitism, to quote from Hadi Alham [ph], professor at
    Teheran University: Anti-Semitism until 1945 focused on the
    Jew, but from 1948 and the victory of Zionism, it targets the
    other Semite--the Arab. Thus, by Orwellian double-speak, if
    Anti-Semitism is Arabiphobia, then Zionism is Anti-Semitism.
        Add to that the mix of terms like apartheid or BDS, boycott
    divestment sanctions--misappropriated from South African
    victimology--to castigate the state of Israel. The Norwegian
    foreign minister uses Holocaust images to depict the
    Palestinian predicament. But if Gaza is Auschwitz, then
    Auschwitz is but a lie.
        The anti-Semitic backlash in Europe to this historical
    gangrene, or what I would like to call the gangrening of
    history, is to be exacerbated further via the World Heritage
    Committee of UNESCO. In that context, supersessionism aims to
    cut the Jewish link to the Holy Land.
        The Cave of the Patriarchs and Rachel's Tomb have been
    rebaptized as mosques. In the background material that I sent
    you, there is a volume called the Buraq Wall, which I purchased
    at the Frankfurt Book Fair this year. This book, Buraq, renames
    the Wailing or the Western Wall, the holiest site in Judaism,
    as a Jewish heresy of aggression against a Muslim heritage
    site. Last week, a film clip found on YouTube, ``Travel
    Palestine,'' funded by the U.N. Development Program, expunges
    all Jewish roots in the Holy Land.
        I believe that Jews also have a trinity--the people, the
    book, the land. Eliminate one leg of that triangle, you delete
    them all. Also not perceived by the Berlin Declaration was an
    even more dangerous demonstration--that the enemy of the good
    is indifference. Here we encounter a new phase in anti-
    Semitism. Ahmadinejad stated the Holocaust is a lie, and was
    answered by a wave of international condemnation. A little
    later he continued, wipe Israel off the map. This passed with
    muted indignation.
        His repeated ``Jews are vermin, bacilli, a tumor'' are met
    with fatigue. By a numbing effect, he tests the limits of
    Western timidity. Voila, the anti-Semitism of indifference.
    This week, 5,000 Tahrir Square demonstrators in Cairo,
    screeching ``death to the Jews,'' created no expressions of
    global outrage. The bar has thus been raised on anti-Semitism.
        After eight assaults on the Rabbi of Malmo, Sweden, a
    community of 700 Jews and 70,000 Muslims, the Wiesenthal Center
    during a visit in January, 2011, imposed a travel advisory on
    the city. Our campaign resulted in the Swedish Government
    finally subsidizing community security. Faced with mass total
    indifference, the Rabbi was further subject to 15 assaults
    since our visit. Indeed, now the Muslim community has joined us
    in criticizing Malmo's inattentiveness to hate crimes--the
    anti-Semitism indifference.
        Next month, January the 20th, we will mark the 70th
    anniversary of the Wannsee Protocol, which was a meeting of 15
    Nazi bureaucrats in Berlin to coordinate the extermination of
    11 million Jews as the final solution of the Jewish question.
    In the material that I sent is the list of the 11 million
    Jews--and I stress 11 million. Six million were murdered; 11
    million were the intent. I've always respected the power of
    water; 30 miles of British Channel saved my family and the
    330,000 Jews of England on that list.
        Today 30 miles of channel are as defensible as 3,000 miles
    of Atlantic waters--zero. We are all tripwires crisscrossing
    the OSCE region. Recently discovered documentation of Nazi
    German strategic designs on Persia's oil wealth includes a
    Wansee-style memorandum signed Adolf Eichmann, the architect of
    the Holocaust. Therein, he consigns up to 100,000 Iranian Jews
    to extermination. The current president of Iran persists in his
    intentions to finish the job.
        The late Simon Wiesenthal often said: What starts with the
    Jews never ends with them. And on the Venezuelan coast, Iran is
    building a Shahab-3 missile base with a range of 2,000 miles,
    facing these United States. Twice, in two World Wars, you have
    invoked the Monroe Doctrine to address the balance of the old
    world. Mr. Chairman, through this Commission--which I consider
    an early-warning system--we call on the United States
    Government to maintain that balance in the OSCE region.
        For if anti-Semitism is indeed to be a benchmark, then this
    session must be replayed at a purpose-built, high-level OSCE
    meeting, perhaps to be called Berlin II, stocktaking and
    counteracting anti-Semitism in the OSCE region. It is you, Mr.
    Chairman, and I quote you--you said: The status quo is not
    enough. Thank you.
        Mr. Smith. Dr. Samuels, thank you very much for your very
    eloquent testimony. Anti-Semitism of indifference tests the
    limits of Western timidity--you've really nailed a snapshot of
    exactly where we are today. And the Berlin II idea is something
    we really need to very seriously consider. And I thank you for
    that recommendation and all the other points you've made.
        Now, Mr. Levin.

     MARK LEVIN, EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR, NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOVIET
                                 JEWERY

        Mr. Levin. Mr. Chairman, thank you. I also would ask that
    my full statement be put into the record.
        Mr. Smith. Without objection, so ordered.
        Mr. Levin. And what I'd like to do is just try to make a
    few brief points and summarize my testimony. But before I do
    that, Mr. Chairman, I would like to return the compliment that
    you gave me earlier. I think your leadership has been
    instrumental in making not just the issue of anti-Semitism but
    many of the other human rights challenges that the world faces
    much more public, much more on the United States Government
    agenda. And you should take great pride in your 30-plus years
    in being on Capitol Hill and accomplishing as much as you have.
        You should also know that this is the 40th anniversary of
    NCSJ, and we're going to Israel next week. And we will be
    hosting a reception in honor of many of the former refuseniks
    and activists that you and I met on our first trip in 1982. So
    I will, with your permission, give your personal regards to
    Yuli Kosharovsky and Yuli Edelstein.
        This is a very good time to reflect on the progress made on
    this issue. Seven years have passed, as many of my colleagues
    have noted, since the conference on anti-Semitism in Berlin.
    And as far as the Jewish communities of the former Soviet
    Union, I think it's the good news versus the bad news. And
    these are the four points I'd like to make before I get to the
    specific countries.
        We're dealing more with the increase in popular street
    anti-
    Semitism today than we are state-sponsored anti-Semitism. So if
    there's any good news, it's that there's virtually no state-
    sponsored anti-Semitism in the region today. But we've seen a
    corresponding rise in, as I said, in popular anti-Semitism.
    Interestingly, if you look at the former Soviet Union as a
    whole, anti-Semitism seems to be a much larger problem in the
    Slavic countries than it does in the Central Asian and Caucasus
    areas.
        Next, you know, many of us talk about the new anti-
    Semitism. I think that's one reason we saw the action taken by
    the Helsinki Commission and the OSCE as a whole. And we
    commonly refer to the demonization, delegitimatization and
    double standard of Israel as the new forms of anti-Semitism.
    Unfortunately--or fortunately, in the former Soviet Union,
    we're dealing with tried and true traditional forms of anti-
    Semitism. We see, what I like to call, an unholy alliance of
    the far right and far left coming together in many of these
    countries.
        And fourth, we have seen an unprecedented rise in
    xenophobia, extremism and ultra-nationalism. Interestingly, in
    the last couple of years the neo-Nazi skinheads and others who
    engage in these hideous acts have focused their attention more
    on other ethnic and religious minorities than the Jews--but as
    we all know, that can change very quickly. And for many years
    the primary target for these ultra-nationalist and xenophobic
    groups were their Jewish citizens.
        I'd like to give a brief overview of current anti-Semitism
    across the former Soviet states. As I said, official state
    anti-Semitism is virtually non-existent. We are focusing on
    popular anti-Semitism. The first country I'd like to focus on
    is Russia. Anti-Semitism in Russia today is most often
    political and street-level, and increasingly features a rising
    number of attacks by, as I said, young skinheads and
    nationalists. Incidents most often involve vandalism against
    and firebomb attacks on synagogues, cemeteries and Jewish
    community centers, but have also included outright physical
    assaults on Jews and attempted bombings of Jewish buildings.
        Most alarming is the fact that human--Russian human rights
    monitoring groups have reported a steady rise over the last 10
    years in the number of overall attacks, as I said, by skinheads
    and extremists on minorities, migrant workers, and foreigners
    across Russia. Leading Russian human rights groups estimate
    that Russian far-right extremists now number in the tens of
    thousands, and warn that nationalist movements are gaining
    strength across Russia.
        It was just a year ago this week that a Russian nationalist
    riot took place in central Moscow, next to the Kremlin. And
    it's important, I think, to remember this because some in the
    government refer to these as soccer fans, not as neo-Nazis and
    skinheads. We're concerned by the strong potential for
    violence, including anti-
    Semitic violence, inherent in this movement. And we have been
    urging the Russian government to strengthen its enforcement of
    existing commitments, including to the OSCE charter, and to
    take stronger legal action against incitement of racial hatred
    and overt calls for violence.
        The Russian government recently publicly denounced
    nationalist ideology and expressed support for legal action
    against anti-Semitic acts. But follow through has been uneven.
    Some anti-Semitic attacks in recent years have in fact been
    successfully prosecuted as hate crimes, but many others
    continue to be dismissed as mere hooliganism or random
    violence.
        Next in Ukraine--Ukraine is home to another vibrant Jewish
    community. It's the second-largest in the former Soviet Union.
    Although popular anti-Semitism has persisted in recent years,
    the Ukrainian government has demonstrated a strong commitment
    to combating this trend, and it has in fact achieved some
    successes.
        Anti-Semitic vandalism and other incidents occur regularly,
    and have included physical assaults on Ukrainian Jews and at
    least two known fatalities. There've been firebomb attacks and
    vandalism on synagogues and other monuments. We continue to
    urge the Ukrainian government to deal with these forthrightly.
        Now, one positive step that has occurred--and I've sat
    before you before and talked about a group known as MAUP. MAUP
    was the largest private university in Ukraine for a number of
    years, but it was also the largest purveyor of anti-Semitic
    material and took a lead in promoting anti-Semitism throughout
    the country. The good news is that it's virtually non-existent
    in the anti-Semitism business today, and that is because of the
    strong action taken by the Ukrainian government, followed on by
    the recommendations of this Commission, the U.S. government as
    a whole and many NGOs.
        In Moldova, we're dealing with a large community. Again,
    there've been isolated incidents, but the government has been
    responsive. The government officially condemns anti-Semitism
    and has taken steps to combat it, including supporting
    Holocaust education in local schools and partnering with Jewish
    groups from Moldova and elsewhere in the former Soviet Union.
        Next is Belarus. It's a country, I know, Mr. Chairman, that
    you and the members of this Commission know very well. The
    community in Belarus today numbers approximately 70,000. As in
    neighboring Ukraine and Russia, Belarusian Jews today have
    access to a wide range of religious, educational and community
    resources.
        And Belarus is also the home of the only official Soviet-
    era Holocaust memorial in the former USSR, which was dedicated
    in 1946. However, there are incidents of popular anti-Semitism,
    such as vandalism of synagogues and community buildings and
    cemeteries, and monument desecrations have occurred.
        Openly anti-Semitic publications have also appeared in
    recent years in local newspapers and in books published by
    local publishing houses affiliated with the Minsk Orthodox
    Church. Belarusian authorities have also shown themselves
    unresponsive to official complaints against anti-Semitic hate
    literature, and have inconsistently investigated or prosecuted
    perpetrators of anti-
    Semitic actions.
        President Lukashenka himself has made on-the-record anti-
    Semitic comments in the recent past, and members of his
    administration have published openly anti-Semitic books and
    articles. However, and interestingly, relations between the
    Belarusian Jewish community and the government are generally
    stable, despite evidence of periodic official involvement in
    popular anti-Semitism and official support for policies
    insensitive toward Jews and other minorities.
        Lastly, I'd like to talk about the Baltic states just for a
    second. Despite much good that's taken place in the Baltic
    countries, and despite the small size of the Jewish
    communities, we have seen anti-Semitic episodes there as well,
    especially in Latvia and Estonia. And you've already heard a
    little bit about Lithuania. Local nationalists and veterans of
    World War II-era Nazi-sponsored auxiliary units continue to
    generate anti-Semitic hate speech, and stage annual marches
    with anti-Semitic and Nazi displays.
        A bit of good news is that the prime minister of Latvia
    stated last month that any member of his government attending
    these annual marches of the Waffen-SS veterans would be fired--
    which, while commendable, also highlights the persistence of
    these difficult World War II-era divisions in the Baltic
    society.
        Perhaps most disturbing has been the shameful prosecution
    in recent years by Lithuanian authorities of several elderly
    Jewish Holocaust survivors for their wartime anti-Nazi
    resistance activities as somehow anti-Lithuanian. Although it
    appears that the prosecutors are no longer actively pursuing a
    case against these individuals, the instigation of their
    prosecution certainly sent a troubling signal.
        NCSJ and other leading organizations have maintained a
    steady, productive dialogue with Baltic officials on these
    issues of concerns. We will continue to press them.
        Mr. Chairman, I want to finish with a series of
    recommendations, and it'll just take a second. And I think it's
    important to note many of these, particularly in light of what
    happened seven years ago at the Berlin conference.
        Mr. Smith. Mr. Levin, if you could just suspend for one
    brief second. We have three minutes to be on the floor, but
    there's only one vote after that immediate, so within 10
    minutes, we'll all be back. So I apologize, again, for this
    interruption. When we schedule these, we have no idea what the
    schedule might be on that particular day. So I thank you for
    your forbearance, and we stand in brief, very brief, recess.

        [Break.]

        Mr. Smith. The Commission will resume its hearing. Mr.
    Levin?
        Mr. Levin. Mr. Chairman, I'd like to offer the following
    recommendations. It sounds obvious, but the first one would be
    to continue to strongly condemn hate. Incidents of anti-
    Semitism, political and religious leaders that polarize society
    and media outlets which propagate intolerance must be strongly
    condemned, to send a clear message that incitement to and acts
    of ethnic, religious, and racial hatred will not be tolerated.
        Secondly, enact adequate hate-crime legislation to create
    an environment in which Jews and other minorities can live
    without fear. The successor states of the former Soviet Union
    must enact hate-crime and hate-speech legislation and enforce
    existing laws for all citizens, including elected officials.
        Three, train local law enforcement. To properly combat
    anti-
    Semitism and extremism, government must empower local police
    forces. Police must be able to delineate between ordinary
    hooliganism and a crime motivated by bias or hate. A well-
    trained police force will better follow through on hate-crime
    enforcement and investigations, leading to an increase in
    prosecutions, data collections, and dealing more sensitively
    with victims.
        Fourth, monitor and catalogue incidents. Cataloging and
    reporting anti-Semitic, xenophobic and bias-motivated
    activities enables prompt condemnation of such acts, increasing
    the chances that perpetrators will be apprehended swiftly.
        Fifth, implement region-wide programs of interethnic
    understanding and Holocaust education. This is the most
    effective way to combat the roots of popular or street anti-
    Semitism. Teaching children the values of tolerance and basic
    human rights from a very young age begins to stop the
    perpetuation of ignorance and negative stereotypes of Jews and
    other minorities.
        And finally, reform the message of religious and media
    outlets throughout the region. Beyond the classroom and the
    government, the two other major sources of information in the
    former Soviet Union are the media and places of worship.
    Governments and nongovernmental organizations need to work with
    leaders of these religious institutions and the editors and
    reporters of media outlets to ensure that they will spread a
    message of tolerance.
        At NCSJ, we will keep engaging governments throughout this
    region strongly and persistently on these and other problematic
    areas in the human rights field. We will continue to make our
    position known in the United States and the former Soviet
    Union, and in international fora. Mr. Chairman, thank you for
    this opportunity. And again, I want to thank you and the
    Commission for everything that you've done to address this
    problem.
        Mr. Smith. Mr. Levin, thank you so very much for your
    insights, particularly the country-specific insights, your
    recommendations at the end, and for your 30-plus years of
    extraordinary leadership. We are joined by Commissioner
    McIntyre, joined by Mr. Engel, who in addition to serving as a
    senior member of the Foreign Affairs Committee and a former
    chairman of the Western Hemisphere Subcommittee--now ranking
    member--also co-chairs the Caucus for Combating Anti-Semitism
    here in the House.
        And we're also joined by Chairman Frank Wolf, who is the
    chairman of the approps Justice Subcommittee. Mr. Wolf, thank
    you for being here. And for the record, Mr. Wolf is the prime
    sponsor of the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998,
    which has, I believe, revolutionized, within the State
    Department, and has made a priority where one did not exist, of
    religious freedom issues within State and in our government.
    Thank you, Mr. Wolf.
        Mr. Wolf, would you like to say anything? Or Eliot or Mike?
        Mr. Engle. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I'm good.
        Mr. Smith. OK. We'll now go to Eric Fusfield, and thank you
    for your patience and for your leadership as well.

     ERIC FUSFIELD, DIRECTOR OF LEGISLATIVE AFFAIRS, B'NAI B'RITH
                             INTERNATIONAL

        Mr. Fusfield. Mr. Chairman, I would also like to ask that
    my written testimony be entered into the record.
        Mr. Smith. Without objection, so ordered.
        Mr. Fusfield. And I will use my time just to summarize.
    First, I would like to thank you for the privilege and honor of
    addressing the Commission on behalf of B'nai B'rith
    International and its more than 200,000 members and supporters
    in over 50 countries, including many states in the OSCE region.
        B'nai B'rith would like to thank you, Mr. Chairman, Co-
    Chairman Cardin, Mr. Wolf, Mr. Franks, Mr. McIntyre, Mr. Engle
    and the other Commissioners, not just for convening this
    hearing, but for your strong leadership in addressing the
    serious problem of anti-Semitism. The role of the U.S. Helsinki
    Commission and the State Department has been absolutely
    indispensable in generating forward momentum within the OSCE on
    combating anti-Semitism, and we're very grateful for that.
        It's been 11 years since the outbreak of the second
    intifada in the Middle East, and subsequently, the start of a
    new wave of anti-Semitism throughout the OSCE region and around
    the world. This spread of hatred has resulted not only in
    widespread attacks against Jewish communities, but in a
    proliferation of anti-Semitic propaganda, much of which is
    directed against the State of Israel.
        Tragically, the demonization and delegitimization of the
    Jewish state has become a daily occurrence, as Israel's enemies
    repeatedly accuse it of being a Nazi-like occupier and an
    apartheid state that disenfranchises the Palestinians.
    Falsehoods about Israel are repeated so often that they become
    widely accepted in the popular culture, and sometimes impact
    government policy.
        The effort by Israel's relentless critics to denigrate the
    Jewish state is not only evidence that anti-Semitism is alive
    and well 66 years after the Holocaust. This new variation of
    the world's oldest social illness actually poses a security
    threat to the Jewish state by intensifying its international
    isolation.
        Now, over the past decade, the OSCE, with the United States
    in the lead, has taken up the urgent struggle against rising
    anti-
    Semitism. While much has been done to fight anti-Semitism in
    that time, much work remains. The need for practical and
    effective strategies to combat and defeat this pathology is
    still crucial. To this end, the OSCE's Ministerial Council
    should formalize the scheduling of conferences on anti-Semitism
    and other forms of intolerance at regular intervals.
        Over the next few years, we'll have opportunities to mark
    the tenth anniversaries of landmark OSCE conferences in Vienna,
    Berlin and Cordoba. By scheduling review conferences at the
    appropriate junctures, we can take advantage of these
    anniversaries by challenging OSCE member states to follow
    through on their commitments. We should widely promote, within
    the OSCE, the EU Monitoring Center's comprehensive working
    definition of anti-
    Semitism.
        This document, whose principles have also been adopted by
    the U.S. State Department and the U.S. Civil Rights Commission,
    is tremendously useful in identifying current manifestations of
    anti-Semitism to those who might not otherwise recognize them.
    It should be disseminated as widely as possible among public
    officials, educators, and journalists, among others.
        We must enhance support for ODIHR's tolerance and
    nondiscrimination unit, which has now become a fixed and
    integral part of the OSCE's work. We must enable the TND unit
    to sustain and expand its critical activities, which currently
    include educational programs on anti-Semitism in 14 countries.
    At least two more countries may soon be added to that list. TND
    would like to adapt those materials to an online format to make
    them more readily accessible, but this will require increased
    support from member states.
        Security for Jewish communities must be enhanced. In some
    cases, additional money has been allocated to make this
    possible. But even where funding is not available, much can be
    done through the exchange of best practices facilitated by the
    OSCE. The U.S. has a critical role to play in ensuring that the
    OSCE maintains its focus on anti-Semitism as a distinct
    phenomenon, even as some of the remedies used to address anti-
    Semitism may have broader application.
        I hope that Secretary of State Clinton will attend the OSCE
    Ministerial Council in Vilnius next week as expected, and that
    when she does, she will specifically reference the problem of
    anti-
    Semitism and the importance of the work of the three personal
    representatives in ODIHR's tolerance and nondiscrimination
    unit. Her doing so will assist in keeping attention focused on
    anti-Semitism at the highest levels.
        Last summer, I had the opportunity to travel to Oslo with
    representatives of the Anti-Defamation League and the Simon
    Wiesenthal Center. In a meeting with leading Norwegian
    journalists, I confronted the editor of the daily paper
    Dagbladet with an editorial cartoon, which I have here, which
    I've entered into the record--an editorial cartoon that he had
    published, depicting former Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert
    as a concentration camp guard.
        His response was that the cartoon had provoked a healthy
    public debate. Three months later, he ran a second piece by the
    same cartoonist, this one depicting Gaza as an Israeli-run
    concentration camp. When asked in an interview why he had used
    the flawed and inherently anti-Semitic Nazi analogy twice, the
    cartoonist replied, because I think it fits.
        Mr. Chairman, I think of my eight-month-old son Emmanuel--
    and this is my final exhibit--I'm a new father, so please bear
    with me--and I imagine that he will graduate from college
    around the time that we mark the 100th anniversary of the
    Holocaust.
        With very few Holocaust survivors likely to be alive then,
    and with the lessons of history further faded, how much more
    difficult will it be for his generation to prevent such misuses
    of the Holocaust analogy, and to promote an understanding that
    these distortions heighten the isolation of the Jewish state
    and undermine the security of the Jewish people?
        The implacability of the Norwegian cartoonist and his
    editor is an unsettling reminder of the problem we continue to
    face, and an illustration of why Elie Wiesel has described
    anti-Semitism as the world's most durable ideology. As we gauge
    the OSCE's progress in the struggle against anti-Semitism, we
    can draw reassurance from the positive accomplishments of the
    past eight years, even as we commit ourselves to sustaining and
    intensifying our focus.
        Mr. Chairman, thank you for your unstinting commitment to
    this issue. B'nai B'rith pledges its ongoing cooperation as we
    all confront the challenge of combating anti-Semitism together.
    The history of European Jewry in the past century is a tragic
    one. Let us be mindful of that history. Let us speak out. Let
    us use our influence, and let us act now. History demands
    nothing less from us. Thank you.
        Mr. Smith. Mr. Fusfield, thank you very much. And I would
    just say that 20 years from now, that eight-year-old soon will
    be very proud of the leadership that his dad demonstrated
    throughout these very difficult years. So thank you so very
    much for that testimony and for your statement.
        Mr. Fusfield. Thank you.
        Mr. Smith. Mr. Engle, did you want to say something now
    or--
        Mr. Engle. I'll wait.
        Mr. Smith. Oh, you will. OK, fine. Ms. Burdett?

    STACY BURDETT, DIRECTOR, GOVERNMENT AND NATIONAL AFFAIRS, ANTI-
                           DEFAMATION LEAGUE

        Ms. Burdett. Thank you very much. Just, I'll quickly echo
    the thanks of the rest of the panel for your commitment and
    your partnership. And we hear a lot in the OSCE these days
    about fatigue--fatigue on the anti-Semitism issue on the part
    of the governments. And Mr. Chairman, when I look at the other
    members of the panel who are here, I know we meet that fatigue
    with tirelessness.
        And so your work really is an inspiration to us in the NGO
    community, and we're eager and ready to work with you on the
    next phase of this work. I want to ask that my full statement
    be submitted for the record.
        Mr. Smith. No objection, so ordered.
        Ms. Burdett. Thank you--and use my few minutes to take
    advantage of my position as the wrap-up guy, and do a little
    bit of stocktaking on some of the observations today that I
    hope can jumpstart a question-and-answer session.
        Now, nine years ago, almost to this day--it was December
    10th, Human Rights Day--we sat in a room in this building, all
    of us, and we were worried about three specific issues: a
    resurgent anti-Semitism, the broad denial by governments and
    their failure to act, and the lack of basic definitions and
    strategies and tools to even wrap our heads around the problem
    and to begin to think about how to respond.
        Now, on the first count, we've heard the threat persists.
    Middle East developments continue to fuel new forms of anti-
    Semitism. Some of the witnesses have talked about the Arab
    Spring. The Anti-Defamation League has released a new report on
    the Muslim Brotherhood and its political party, the Freedom and
    Justice Party, which is espousing virulent anti-Israel and
    anti-Semitic messages. So the trends continue along that path.
        On the second count, the governments still do not show the
    political will to fulfill the commitments that they've made.
    Each year, the Anti-Defamation League, in partnership with
    Human Rights First--we analyze the annual hate crime report of
    the OSCE, and we use that data to issue what the ODIHR is not
    in a position to do, but a real scorecard.
        And seven years after ministers stood in Berlin and pledged
    to do the most basic job of collecting data on anti-Semitic
    incidents, only three of the 56 governments bothered to give
    that information to ODIHR for this year's report. So there's a
    lot of work to be done--again, still big gaps in compliance.
        But what is different today is we do have a strategy. We do
    have a very serious arsenal of tools in place for any
    government that would make the choice to use them. So while
    states have stayed lagging and behind in their own compliance,
    the OSCE really is a focal point for progress, for fighting
    anti-Semitism and hate crime. So the ministerial decisions
    we've all talked about, the personal representative on anti-
    Semitism, the tolerance unit and its dedicated program and
    staff adviser on anti-Semitism have really carved out a focus
    in the OSCE, and a menu of tools and strategies.
        Now, we've been so immersed in the incremental development
    of these tools, I wanted to just sketch where we've come, and
    how far we've come. So the ODIHR fulfills its mandate, I think,
    in an expansive way. They start with a tasking that essentially
    is very passive in nature; they're supposed to serve as a
    collection point for anti-Semitic incidents and assist states
    in complying with their commitments. And they use that mandate
    and those reports to expose real failings and to respond to
    those with tools for any states that want to improve.
        So ODIHR reports have looked at key questions that we've
    asked in these rooms: How much hate crime is there? What are
    governments doing about it? What education approaches can deal
    with new forms of anti-Semitism? How do you commemorate the
    Holocaust? And how, in countries across this region, should
    governments and teachers be remembering the Holocaust in a way
    that deals with the fact that, as the special envoy said, anti-
    Semitism didn't die with Hitler?
        Now ODIHR has responded to their findings with some
    cutting-edge tools, and they focus on key target groups that
    have been talked about in our own collective recommendations
    and in ministerial decisions. So now teachers can have off-the-
    shelf teaching tools in 13 different languages that look at
    anti-Semitism in the context of the experience of students in
    different countries. There's another educators' guide that
    really walks teachers through: why teach about anti-Semitism,
    how to do it. That guide is being translated today into
    Turkish, and it exists in other languages. And there are guides
    for teachers and officials on preparing appropriate and
    meaningful Holocaust events.
        Now, governments also have a tool kit. There is a how-to
    guide on drafting hate crime laws and policies. There are
    trainings they can take advantage of for law enforcement
    officials and officials across the criminal justice system. Now
    we know that communities and NGOs fill these gaps that are left
    behind by the failed policies of governments, and they can
    receive training and support as well. And even in the far
    reaches of the region, there are downloadable tool kits for
    hate crime response and on anti-Semitism.
        And just like the U.S. was a major proponent of these
    programs and for progress on the anti-Semitism issue, we should
    be proud that American models and expertise have played a big
    role in their development. The Anti-Defamation League's been
    very gratified to be involved in helping develop the hate crime
    law guidelines and some of the trainings that are in the
    ODIHR's hate crime tool kit. And you have an appendix at the
    back of the testimony; it's a document we've looked over many
    times. But if you look at it and think about where we were in
    2002, the progress is really remarkable in terms of what are
    the resources.
        Now, the major challenge is, obviously, how to build more
    political will so governments will avail themselves of these
    tools. You know, back in 2002, we also called for the U.S. to
    do better in its own reporting, and we welcome all of your
    support and, Chairman Smith, your work to enact the Global
    Anti-Semitism Awareness Act.
        If you look at a chart that is on page seven of my
    testimony, I did a little snapshot of what's been happening
    since 2002 in the area of U.S. reporting. And if you look, the
    coverage of anti-
    Semitism in the State Department Country Reports on Human
    Rights has just about doubled. So in 2002, there were 30
    countries that included a chapter on anti-Semitism in their
    report; today that number is 62. And there is a similar
    doubling if you look just at OSCE-participating states. And the
    content of the reports that the State Department issues also do
    address what's the relationship between anti-Semitism and the
    public discourse, and also our primary trend that we're
    concerned about: how anti-Israel hatred impacts Jewish security
    and Jewish rights.
        And I'm confident that U.S. reporting can continue to
    improve, especially since the special envoy talked today about
    how she's instituted expanded training in the Foreign Service
    Institute. And ADL's been proud to partner with her in
    delivering some of those trainings. And it's incredibly
    important--as you know from your work on trafficking and
    international religious freedom, it's very important to give
    American diplomats practical tools so they can recognize
    indicators and understand the nature of anti-Semitism,
    especially now that they're required to report on it. So your
    support for a strong special envoy can really help ensure that
    these--the specialized focus that we've fought for inside of
    our own government, and the dedicated effort within other
    governments to mobilize their foreign policy tools, can
    continue.
        You know, even here in the U.S., the Jewish community
    enjoys such broad acceptance, but hate, violence and harassment
    is also a disturbing part of American Jewish life as well. The
    ADL's audit of anti-Semitic incidents has shown, the last few
    years, a continuous level of incidents. This year there was a
    slight increase; we found 1,232 incidents. And the FBI hate
    crime data--I've also provided as an appendix to my written
    statement--shows consistently that about two-thirds of hate
    violence that targets an individual based on their religion
    targets Jews. So this is proportionally very, very disturbing.
        And our own ADL survey of attitudes in the United States
    showed that about 15 percent of Americans, so that's about 35
    million people, have anti-Semitic views. So we're very
    concerned at home about the bullying and harassment of our
    children. And you talked, Mr. Chairman, a little bit about how
    on American campuses anti-Israel activity has sporadically been
    spilling over into anti-Semitism, and it has made campus life
    uncomfortable for some Jewish students.
        So we welcome important new guidance from the Department of
    Education Office of Civil Rights. And that guidance made clear
    that anti-Semitic harassment can be prohibited by federal law.
    I've attached a list of resources and links and recommendations
    on fighting bullying and hate crime. With that, I hope the
    Commission can consider, as a follow-on to this hearing--I'm
    very pleased to hear you say you're interested in convening
    another event, perhaps at Rutgers or somewhere else, on the
    issue of campus harassment and would be delighted to work with
    you on crafting that.
        I submitted a full list of recommendations, things that
    participating states can do, echoing a lot of what my
    colleagues have said, and recommendations for the U.S. And I
    wanted to just point out that some of what can be done is--some
    of the recommendations are easier to tackle than others. And I
    wanted to just note, of all the OSCE-participating states--they
    have all designated a national point of contact on hate crime.
        And ironically, the United States is the only country that
    has as our national point of contact someone in our OSCE
    mission. I think we should work together and think about
    shifting that designation to one of our hate crime experts, so
    we're putting forward our best expertise. This was an
    initiative that was driven a lot by American leadership, and we
    should put our best foot forward in that department.
        And the other thing I would add as a recommendation that
    may be easier than some of the others is, we have talked about
    ODIHR tools on law enforcement training and assistance, and I
    think we should take an initiative to look at the other areas
    of American training initiatives in law and justice areas. And
    let's look at anti-Semitism as a potential component of
    programs that are already ongoing.
        And then another--there's a meeting coming up of the
    Mediterranean partners. You know, we've all talked about--
    really, the incubator of some of the worst elements of anti-
    Semitism is coming from the Arab media, the Arab and Muslim
    world today. And the OSCE Mediterranean partners meeting comes
    around every December, and we know that this is a forum that
    could be better used to address anti-Semitism among civil
    society groups where it's needed, among governments where it's
    needed. So that's another recommendation I think we could
    follow up on, if not for this year, but look at it as a goal
    for next year.
        Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman.
        Mr. Smith. Ms. Burdett, thank you very much for that
    testimony, for the recommendations and for offering to work
    with us--which I know you would anyway, [chuckles] even if you
    didn't say today--on the upcoming hearing, probably at Rutgers
    or at some college venue. I would just note that George--
    Professor George Zilbergeld, professor of political science at
    Montclair State University, is here. And he has been very
    strongly promoting this issue of what is happening on our
    college campuses, and has met with me and my staff several
    times. And I want to thank him for those interventions.
        I know Mr. Engel wanted to make a statement, I believe.

    HON. ELIOT ENGEL (D-16), A MEMBER OF CONGRESS FROM THE STATE OF
                                NEW YORK

        Mr. Engel. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I'll be very brief. I
    have a hearing in Energy and Commerce Committee, so thank you
    for kind of jumping me ahead. First of all, I want to thank the
    witnesses for the testimony. I know all of them personally--or
    know of their work, certainly, and the work you all do, each of
    you collectively, and your organization is truly very, very
    important.
        I have often said in the 21st century--we're now one-tenth
    through the 21st century--who would have believed even 20 or 24
    years ago when I came to the Congress that we would actually be
    sitting in 2011--soon to be 2012--and talk about the very
    existence of the State of Israel, about whether or not the
    State of Israel can survive and then thrive. That was something
    that we thought we had put to bed a long time ago, certainly
    with the Holocaust not being very long ago and people already
    denying it, and the State of Israel, born out of the ashes of
    the Holocaust.
        I think that--and, by the way, when I say that I don't mean
    it was only born of the Holocaust--the Jewish ties to the
    Middle East and the Holy Land has been for thousands and
    thousands of years. But I think it's important that we not
    sweep it under the rug and we talk about it, and my colleague,
    Mr. Smith, the gentleman from New Jersey, has been in the
    forefront. He and I have talked many, many times throughout the
    years about this, and I want to publicly, Chris, say thank you
    for the job that you do, and Mr. Frankson, I have the honor of
    co-chairing the Israel Allies Caucus.
        And, you know, people who try to say they're not anti-
    Semitic; they're only anti-Zionist--we know what that is, and
    we know it's a phony and a fraud. If you deny the existence of
    the Jewish state, if you say the most vile things about Israel
    and about Jews, you're not anti-Zionist, you're also anti-
    Semitic. It's very, very clear--from the hate cartoons to the
    editorials to the nonsense on campuses and everything that is
    happening, and frankly, it's shameful that barely a generation
    after the Holocaust that we kind of see these exhibits of
    extreme anti-Semitism anywhere in the world, but certainly on a
    continent of Europe, where six million Jews perished--it's just
    absolutely unbelievable. And I point to the United Nations as
    being very culpable, quite frankly. Some like to sugarcoat it,
    but I don't. Durban was an absolute disgrace, and each time--
    Durban II, Durban III--compounds the absolute disgrace.
        So I want to thank all of you for doing the wonderful job
    that you do. It's important to keep talking about it, it's
    important to keep saying it. If people don't like it, it's too
    bad. It has to be said, and it has to be said by Jews and non-
    Jews alike--all people of goodwill--and that's why it's so
    important. That's why I talk about my colleagues here, who
    certainly have been in the forefront, and I just want to thank
    you, and I thank you very much.
        When I saw this was on the agenda today, I wanted very much
    to make it because I think it's important that we highlight it
    and not sweep it under the table, and I think it's also
    important that we say thank you to these people who are on the
    front lines day in and day out. I've traveled with some of
    you--Mr. Levin--and certainly met with some of you, and I want
    to just thank you.
        Mr. Smith. Mr. Engel, thank you very much for your
    leadership and friendship and partnership on this very critical
    issue. Thank you so much.
        I'll save my questions for last. I'd like to go to Mr.
    Frank, Chairman Franks.

       HON. TRENT FRANKS (R-8), A CONGRESSMAN FROM THE STATE OF
                                ARIZONA

        Mr. Franks. Well, thank you, Mr. Chairman, that's very
    kind.
        You know, I'm not a member of this Committee on a regular
    basis, but I admire so much the work of Chairman Smith and
    Congressman Wolf, and certainly Mr. Engel and I are good
    friends and have such great commonality on some of the issues
    that are before us here. And I just--from my heart--commend
    each one of you for being here.
        You remind me that there is still much to hope for with all
    of the challenges we face in the world, and I couldn't help but
    be especially struck by two particular thoughts that were
    brought up by your testimony, Dr. Samuels. Your point that it
    is critically important for people to respond to these anti-
    Semitic, virulent remarks by people like Mahmoud Ahmadinejad is
    so, so very important because we win or lose this battle in the
    long run, if we let our hearts grow cold to the evil that is
    perpetrated through some of these remarks, and it's very, very
    important that we stand up and are willing to repudiate it in
    the strongest possible terms.
        And I think I mentioned a quote that kind of puts it in
    perspective for me, but: The vice is an evil with so
    frightening a mien that to be hated needs only to be seen. But
    seen too often with its familiar face, first we endure, and
    then we pity, and then we embrace.
        And there is a great danger in allowing the free peoples of
    the world--the people that love Israel, people that love the
    humanity--growing kind of cold and indifferent. When you have
    an Ahmadinejad saying things that are just beyond
    comprehension, saying, well, Israel should be wiped off the map
    or Jews are vermin, after a while we get used to what a maniac
    he is, and we forget that we need to respond and repudiate this
    each time. So I want you to know I'm grateful for that point. I
    think that it may be singularly the most important one because
    that keeps this issue alive in the family of man to where we're
    responding to it as a collective group.
        And, Ms. Burdett, I thought your point was also very
    compelling, and that is the need for governments to have the
    resolve and the courage to stand up in these circumstances,
    when these situations occur across the world.
        So, my question is simply this--and I feel bad about
    throwing it out because it's always the most unfair one. You
    are pulled in many directions as a group--and I will assure you
    those of us on this panel are as well--and if you could say
    what the most important public policy to-do item would be for
    this Congress to combat anti-Semitism and to combat the
    diminishment of people of any faith or group, but in this
    particular context the anti-Semitic forces in the world.
        Let me just remind you, just as an aside, Israel and the
    Jewish people have been attacked for thousands of years. Most
    of their persecutors are gone. There is much to hope for in the
    future, but if we could do one thing in this Congress--could I
    just make a round with the panel and ask you to tell me one
    thing--not to diminish any other thing--but just the one most
    important priority that you'd put before us.
        Dr. Samuels, I'll start with you, and we'll leave the lady
    to close. [Chuckles.]
        Dr. Samuels. Thank you.
        That's probably the most difficult question I've heard in
    my career. I'm not an American, so I can't tell what the U.S.
    Congress to do. I did recommend that the U.S.--this Commission,
    which plays such an important role--continue to afflict its
    counterparts in Europe.
        So sessions such as this would not be held in the Parisien
    Senat or Assemblee Nationale. It has been held, due to you, in
    the Palace of Westminster.
        I think that, just on the parliamentary level, we have
    taken what you have done to the Parlatino, Latin American
    Parliament, which has its headquarters in Panama. We have a
    resolution regarding anti-Semitism, which is being discussed
    today--as we speak--in Panama at the Parlatino. That is
    basically the result of your initiative through us. And I would
    like to suggest that, maybe using us as vectors, we could work
    in different parliaments where we are around the world, and
    bring to bear the thoughts of this Commission, and perhaps hold
    another parliamentary assembly of the OSCE region in order to
    replicate what happened in the past, and to see how we take it
    forward. Thank you.
        Mr. Levin. Congressman, let me also reiterate, it's not the
    easiest question, but the one constant reminder--not just in
    combatting anti-Semitism, but in promoting human rights in the
    United States over the last thirty-plus years--has been the
    United States Congress. Without the support of all of you and
    your colleagues and the people who served in the past, we
    wouldn't have human rights being a fundamental part of U.S.
    foreign policy. We wouldn't have the focus on anti-Semitism
    that we have today. So for a very difficult question, I think
    my answer is to continue on, to not give up.
        You know, Congressman Smith and I, when we would--and
    Congressman Wolf, when we would confront the Soviets, the
    Soviets were convinced that the United States, whether our
    elected officials or Americans in general, would get bored. We
    would forget. We would move on to something else. And what I
    would try to tell the Soviet officials is that our community,
    as a whole, Americans as a whole, we're like water on a rock.
    Change may not take place quickly, but change will occur. And
    by speaking out, by taking legislative initiatives, we will
    defeat this problem. I don't know how long it will take, but as
    long as there are people of conscience working together and
    challenging those who engage in hate of others, they don't
    stand a chance.
        Mr. Smith. Yes, sir.
        Mr. Fusfield. There are specific recommendations where the
    United States can lead the OSCE in very practical ways, some of
    which I mentioned in my remarks. For example, the work of the
    ODIHR's tolerance and nondiscrimination unit--they're providing
    educational materials in anti-Semitism in 14 different
    countries. They want to expand that number; they want to take
    this program and move it online. The U.S. needs to generate
    support and provide support, generate support among other
    member states for ODIHR to continue this work and to expand
    this work.
        Also, there needs to be more security for Jewish
    communities abroad. And this is something--sometimes it costs
    money. The OSCE has allocated money in certain cases for
    upgrading security. But in other ways, it could just require an
    exchange of best practices which the OSCE can facilitate. And
    again, this is something that the U.S. can lead the way on.
    These are specific recommendations, but the broader picture is
    that U.S. leadership remains indispensable. U.S. leadership has
    always been indispensable to the OSCE's efforts in combating
    anti-Semitism.
        We scored some early successes in this effort. The Berlin
    Declaration in 2004 was a landmark declaration and can't really
    be improved upon very much as a document. But, the challenge
    since then has been in making those words come to life, making
    governments follow through in their commitments. And the U.S.
    could continue to be instrumental in encouraging other member
    states to do that, and also not just following through on
    commitments, but maintaining the focus on anti-Semitism as a
    distinct phenomenon--not just grouping it together with other
    forms of hatred and losing the distinct focus on it. There are
    remedies for anti-
    Semitism that can be applied to other forms of intolerance too,
    but anti-Semitism is a unique phenomenon, and we can't lose
    sight of that. And that's why I hope, when Secretary Clinton
    goes to Vilnius next week, she makes specific reference to
    anti-Semitism so we retain that sense of its distinctness.
        Finally, I would just say, speaking out whenever possible--
    Americans are faced with a challenge that's almost unique,
    because our speech laws are more liberal than almost any other
    democratic country in the world has. And it's our first
    amendment. We love it. We cherish it. We wouldn't have it any
    other way. But it does pose certain challenges for us in
    reining in hatred.
        And the way that we've done it in this country, sometimes
    to great effect, is to publicly stigmatize hate speech and make
    it clear from those people in positions of leadership,
    certainly elected officials but other people in positions of
    influence, that this is unacceptable. It needs to be
    identified. It needs to be decried and deplored for what it is.
    And in many other countries in the OSCE region, leaders, public
    officials have not done as good a job in this as U.S. officials
    have so many times. And I think U.S. officials can persuade
    their colleagues and other governments to do the same.
        Mr. Franks. Thank you. I hope that little boy grows up and
    follows in his dad's footsteps.
        Mr. Fusfield. That's very kind of you, thank you.
        Ms. Burdett. I'll add just one recommendation. You know,
    the best calling card the United States has in dealing with
    these problems is our example. It's been this way all along in
    the OSCE with respect to anti-Semitism. And, when you look at
    the incidents that some of my colleagues have talked about--of
    a list of incidents that I and others have provided, you'll
    see, last week, a 13-year-old girl in Belgium was beaten and
    called a dirty Jew. We know in Paris, a lot of the examples of
    incidents are young, young kids beaten senseless and being
    told, you'll pay for what your brothers did in Palestine.
        And I think we should start with the most vulnerable
    victims, the children. And, we hear the word bullying. We see
    it on TV. We see shows about it. Bullying targets Jewish
    children today in our communities. And it's painful. And the
    stories are painful.
        And I want to just tell one story. There is a young man--
    this isn't a Jewish young man, but I think it's a very powerful
    example of how we know hate violence works. And he was beaten
    up because he was a Mexican-American, beaten senseless. He had
    about 40 surgeries just to get back to normal.
        And he came and he sat at this table in the Judiciary
    Committee room, and told the Judiciary Committee that the
    system worked for him. The law worked in his home state of
    Texas. The police responded perfectly. The community poured out
    support for their family. Everything worked. He was a champ.
    And he came here triumphantly to talk about how the law worked
    for him. And about a year later, he went on a cruise with his
    family and he jumped off the second deck of the ship.
        And so I think about that boy, David Richardson [sp], and
    it reminds me, the only way to keep hate violence and anti-
    Semitism from scarring people is really to prevent it. It's
    really the single best thing we can do. And we have the Tyler
    Clementi Act pending in the House that addresses bullying. And
    it will help those Jewish kids and all kids who were bullied,
    because the best tack against anti-Semitism, as we've seen in
    the hate crime work in the OSCE, is sometimes putting in a
    system that will help all minority kids.
        Mr. Franks. Well, thank you, Mr. Chairman. It's very kind
    of you to let me go. You know, sometimes, those of us that love
    Israel and the Jewish people want to find some expression in
    this congressional environment to come up with policy that
    would really help. And that's why I asked the hard question.
    But thank you all very much. Thank you, sir.
        Mr. Smith. Chairman Franks, thank you very much for your
    leadership.
        I'd like to now yield to Frank Wolf. Frank Wolf, as you
    know, is co-chair of the Lantos Human Rights Commission, but
    also the Commerce, Justice, Science and Related Agencies
    Committee, and before that, State and Foreign Aid--Foreign Ops
    Committee.
        Just a little quick story: In the mid-1980s, Mr. Wolf and I
    went to a human rights conference in Zeeland, Holland. The
    procurator-general of all of the Soviet Union was there,
    bombastically and very arrogantly saying how they had nothing
    to hide, and any place that could--we asked the question--any
    place we wanted to go, Mr. Wolf, Chairman Wolf and I would be
    permitted to do. We said, Perm Camp 35; we want to meet Natan
    Sharansky. And he said yes.
        Two years later and one delay after another, Sharansky was
    out of that camp. There were still many other political
    prisoners and Jewish refuseniks still there. We got into that
    camp. We met with Lieutenant-Colonel Assen [ph], the KGB camp
    director who was a brute of a man, and his fellow torturers,
    but we videotaped every one of the prisoners. And eventually,
    because of glasnost and perestroika, that camp closed and all
    those people were released. But it was a privilege to join
    Congressman Wolf at that meeting. When Sharansky saw the
    videotape, he broke down and said, they were all my friends.
    And they were still left behind, of course. And he went on,
    obviously, and continues to do great things.
        But I'd like to yield to Chairman Wolf.

    HON. FRANK WOLF (R-10), A MEMBER OF CONGRESS FROM THE STATE OF
                                VIRGINIA

        Mr. Wolf. Thank you, Chris. I want to thank you and thank
    the panel. I'll just make a comment. One, I want to thank
    particularly Chris for being a leader on these issues from the
    very beginning, during the beginning of the Reagan years, and
    probably has done more on human rights and religious freedom
    and anti-Semitism than, frankly, any other member of the
    Congress.
        I'm concerned that I see the trend going, probably in the
    wrong direction. And I may be an exception here. But we see the
    Arab Spring going south in Egypt. I was in Egypt in July, and I
    predicted what was taking place and what took place. We saw
    just the other day, you have the Muslim Brotherhood taking over
    now with a Salafist. The Sinai is wide open. Bad things are
    happening. There were anti-Semitic cartoons in the Egyptian
    press under Mubarak. I predict you're going to see things that
    you never thought you would see coming out of that.
        I think there's less interest here in Washington and in the
    Congress and, frankly, in this administration, than I have ever
    seen since I have been here since 1980. President Reagan said,
    the words in the Constitution were a covenant with the entire
    world, and Reagan advocated and pushed Secretary Shultz when he
    would go to Moscow, would meet with dissidents, or if they were
    imprisoned, would meet with their families. Our embassy was an
    island of freedom.
        That doesn't happen anymore. I see less interest up here,
    on the Hill, in both political parties. The religious freedom
    commission bill that Chris mentioned, we passed it here in the
    House months ago, months ago. I think it was a 400-to-something
    vote. A couple of senators have it blocked. They want to reduce
    the funding of it. And they will be successful in reducing the
    funding. And it's blocked. One or two senators have blocked it.
    And frankly, the faith community are saying very, very little
    about it.
        I also have a bill passed to create a special envoy to
    advocate, modeled after the special envoy for anti-Semitism, to
    model it after that, for religion minorities in the Middle
    East--the Coptic Christians. It passed the House
    overwhelmingly. Two senators have it blocked. I mean, the
    Coptic Christians in Egypt now are going to face--unbelievable.
    You're going to find that the numbers who want to come to the
    United States are soaring. And we have two senators who have it
    blocked.
        Thirdly, there are not the giants in this institution and
    this--in town that used to have--Chris is a giant. Henry Hyde
    was a giant. Tom Lantos was a giant. Scoop Jackson was a giant.
    Tell me, who was the Scoop Jackson in the United States Senate
    today? You don't have to say it for the record, but you just
    tell me what you're thinking of--name the two or three that
    really--this administration has been a failure. Cairo is a
    failure; they've done nothing with regard to what's taking
    place with regard to the Muslim Brotherhood over in Egypt.
        So my request to you is--and when you listen to the
    Republican debates, this issue never comes up. I don't blame
    the candidates; I blame the media. They don't think it's that
    important. It never comes up. Now, is it the economy? Is it--
    that we're going through high--I don't know. We've gone through
    high unemployment and 10 percent unemployment in the Reagan
    administration, and there was still a driving interest with
    regard to Secretary Shultz and President Reagan.
        So I would urge you, and those who care deeply in all the
    faith communities--anti-Semitism is particularly bad. I've been
    to Auschwitz. I've seen with Dachau, we speak out and make this
    an issue. Congressmen and senators ought to be forced to make
    decisions on these issues. There should be votes on these
    issues. People should go to their town meetings and ask him
    about it.
        But we got the religious freedom commission bill that's
    tied up in the Senate for three or four months--with what's
    taking place in the world today, and we can't move it, then I
    think there's a problem right here in River City.
        I think memory is diminishing and anti-Semitism on the
    college campuses--I watched the rally a while back where Amedi
    [ph]--what's this guy?--Alan Moody [sp] stands up in front of
    the White House, and says, I am Hamas. Do you hear that, White
    House? And the crowd cheers. I am Hezbollah, he says, and the
    crowd cheers. I have the tape. I saw the tape. And nobody says
    anything.
        And so I think I would urge you to make this an issue in
    the political process. All the candidates ought to be asked,
    what is your position on anti-Semitism? What do you think's
    taking place with the Coptic Christians in the Middle East?
    What do you think about the Gaza being--emptied out? What do
    you think about these things, and what is your plan? What will
    you do?
        And also, to put pressure on this administration--and I
    appreciate Chris Smith having this hearing. I want to urge you
    to go out and make this an issue, a political issue the same
    way that it was during the '80s with--remember Scoop Jackson,
    Jackson-Vanik? I mean, where would've the issue--what would've
    happened without Jackson-Vanik? Now, this Congress will give
    MFN to anybody for anything for trade or for business. I mean,
    that--man does not live by bread alone. And so that's what I
    would urge you, and that's what I wanted to comment on. Just
    take this issue out and make this an issue in every political
    race, every House race, every Senate race. Everyone ought to be
    asked what their position is on anti-Semitism, on the
    persecution of people of faith, on human rights.
        Bashir, the head of Sudan, is an indicted war criminal. Hu
    Jintao invited him to a red carpet treatment, a red carpet
    welcome in Beijing. And nobody said a word about it.
        Thanks for what you're doing. I particularly want to thank
    Chris Smith for what he does. Thank you. I yield back.
        Mr. Smith. Chairman Wolf, thank you for your outstanding
    statement and leadership for 30 years. [Chuckles.] Really do
    appreciate it. Would anyone want to respond to anything
    Chairman Wolf has said?
        Mr. Levin. Mr. Wolf, I think many of us at this table agree
    with much of what you had to say. But I want to answer one
    question. When you say, where are the giants, we're looking at
    two of the giants. I know you weren't looking for an
    unsolicited compliment, but you and Congressman Smith and other
    members of the Commission, whether it's Senator Cardin and
    others, are leading the way.
        I also would like to say that I agree with you that it's
    incumbent upon all of us to try to do more to reinvigorate our
    government, be it in the executive or the legislative, to the
    concern of global human rights. And at least you have my
    commitment that my organization and our members will do
    everything we can to try to remind people of the importance of
    looking out for our fellow men and women around the world.
        Mr. Fusfield. Mr. Chairman, I would echo what was just
    said. And I would add that we all represent nonpartisan NGOs.
    And I think it's fair to say, we all agree that human rights is
    a bipartisan issue if ever there was one.
        And I'll speak now for my organization: We believe that
    human rights should remain in the forefront of U.S. foreign
    policy. We feel that regardless of which party is in power,
    either in the executive branch or in Congress, the emphasis
    should remain the same.
        And, we do feel that leadership is being demonstrated in
    Congress today, particularly in this venue. The Helsinki
    Commission, the role it's played in identifying the problem of
    anti-Semitism, has been indispensable, and we're grateful for
    it.
        We all need to continue doing whatever we can on all fronts
    to spotlight these issues and to generate forward momentum.
        Mr. Wolf. [Off mic] --Well, I'll just ask you a question,
    and you don't have to answer. Is there a [inaudible] in this
    administration? Was there a [inaudible] in the Bush
    administration? Now, if I were asked to answer that, I would
    say no to both. We should have a [inaudible] in every
    administration. I say this administration has no [inaudible]. I
    say, for the last four years, the Bush administration--[off
    mic]--they had no [inaudible]. And every administration--[off
    mic]--[inaudible], and that's what I'm trying to say is
    diminishing because of that concern.
        Mr. Smith. Yes, Dr. Samuels?
        Dr. Samuels. I'd just like to answer you, Congressman, as a
    European, which today is a questionable description, self-
    description--we fear very greatly a weak America. A strong
    America is needed to ensure that Europe remains on the rails
    not only economically--politically. And I thank you very much
    for everything you've just said.
        Mr. Smith. Thank you, Chairman Wolf. I'll just conclude
    because you've been very patient. We'll have some questions
    I'll submit for the record. But very, very briefly: You know,
    Mr. Levin, you talked about privatizing, but you pointed out,
    in Russia, in your comments on specific countries, that more
    alarming is the fact that Russian human rights monitor groups
    have reported a steady rise over the last 10 years on the
    overall attacks by skinheads. You talked about the concern
    about violence but you also made the point that it's not state-
    sponsored.
        But I think, as Dr. Samuels pointed out, indifference--
    perhaps it's a distinction without a difference. When a
    government is indifferent--as far back as February of 1996,
    when I chaired a hearing called ``Worldwide Persecution of
    Jews,'' wearing my hat as human rights subcommittee chair, Paul
    Goble made a very important point. And he said, third and most
    important, anti-Semitism has been privatized, like much else in
    the region.
        That is to say, in contrast to Soviet times, when the
    government was in the position to decide how much anti-Semitism
    would be manifest and how much would be sponsored, now the
    governments are too weak to be in a position to do something
    about it. What has changed over those years is the ``too
    weak.'' The Russian government, and Putin et al, are all very
    strong. They could do much more. So would you be admonishing
    them to really take up this cause far more robustly than they
    have?
        Mr. Levin. Mr. Chairman, we try to do that on a regular
    basis. For a long time, the Russian Government diminished the
    role of the ultranationalist skinheads and neo-Nazis that have
    proliferated throughout Russia. And I think that the recent
    events over the last year and a half--at least some in the
    government have begun to change their mind, and have recognized
    that they have a serious problem on their hands.
        Now, what they're doing about it is a whole 'nother issue,
    and that's why we continue to press them, specifically, on the
    recommendations that we made. But at the very least, they have
    spoken out on certain specific incidents. And now we're saying
    that's a good first step. And in one or two cases, they
    actually, as I noted in my testimony--they did charge people
    with hate crimes, and those individuals were convicted and
    sentenced.
        But there's a lot more that has to be done. And as I also
    noted, when I say fortunately, I don't mean to diminish what's
    happening to other groups--but the attention of these groups
    have been focused on ethnic groups primarily from the Caucasus
    and Central Asia as those responsible for all the problems in
    Russia today.
        The attention has been diverted away from the Jewish
    minority, but we all know that it won't take much for a neo-
    Nazi or skinhead to turn his attention back toward the Jewish
    community. And the Jewish community in Russia has also been in
    the forefront of trying to get its government to recognize
    that, as a community, they have specific concerns, but there
    are also larger issues that need to be addressed.
        So you have our commitment that we're going to continue to
    press them.
        Mr. Smith. Would anyone else like to respond to----
        Ms. Burdett. I would just say that in all 56 of the
    participating states, the president, prime minister, and
    leadership have an opportunity to make the most significant and
    immediate difference in this problem. And there may be 56
    different agendas and different suggestions for what they could
    do, but no leader is too weak to not be able to move their
    country a little bit further forward in what they're doing.
        Mr. Smith. You know, Dr. Samuels--and Trent Franks did
    respond to this, and it jumped off the page to me as well--when
    you pointed out that Ahmadinejad stated the Holocaust is a lie,
    he was answered with a wave of international condemnation. And
    then you worked down to the point where he has repeated, Jews
    are vermin, a tumor--they're met with fatigue.
        And then you talked about Western timidity--tests the
    limits of Western timidity. Anti-Semitism is indifference. You
    also point out, last week, how 5,000 demonstrators in Cairo,
    screaming ``death to the Jews,'' created no global outrage.
    Would that also apply to us in Congress, and to the White House
    and to other Western capitals?
        Because I've been shocked by the--I mean, there needs to be
    a daily condemnation of this further erosion that's happening
    in Egypt, a huge, strategically important country. When the
    peace treaty was signed, it was a game-changer. And now we're
    in a situation of equally ominous events occurring as we meet
    here in this hearing.
        Dr. Samuels. In the aftermath of Cast Lead, the Gaza
    engagement, I was invited to anchor a BBC World Service phone-
    in program called ``The [sic] World Have Your Say.'' I asked if
    this was going to be a repeat of the anti-Israeli programs of
    the past, and I was ensured that no, this was going to look at
    the repercussions for Jewish communities in terms of anti-
    Semitic incidents.
        What it turned out to be was a one-hour program, and after
    40 minutes of fielded-in phone calls that showed only an
    interest in how opinion of Israel had deteriorated, I said that
    I have been taken in, abused, used, and I'm leaving this
    program. Now, what was the point of raising this?
        Media has created, among public opinion, a prejudice, an
    anti-
    Semitic prejudice that is new and goes beyond their own
    government's policy. In fact, it is endorsing government's
    policy. And here is a tremendous danger. Recently, the European
    Jewish press had a conference at which I presented a press
    charter for integrity on anti-Semitism, which was five points.
    I don't have it in front of me, but I'd be happy to send it.
        This charter, I think, can be reworked. It can be retooled
    according to the prevailing psycholinguistics and psycho-
    environment of each jurisdiction. However, I think it is most
    important to focus upon the media. And I know about First
    Amendment and I know that there are trans-Atlantic differences
    on this, but when we held a conference on the Internet as a
    vector for hate in Berlin, Louis Freeh, who was then the head
    of the FBI, came over and said, help us to help you.
        Not everything in the United States is protected. We all
    know the Wendell Jones famous statement. Therefore, I think
    that it's very important that Congress helps on the question of
    media, helps to point out to media--gently, certainly not by
    censorship. The dangers of what is happening in Europe, I
    think, is a paradigm that should be greatly avoided in this
    country. And by the same means, this country has a role to
    play. Thank you.
        Mr. Smith. Anyone else like to respond? Next week, I'm
    going to be chairing a hearing on--with an empty chair in this
    room--on Liu Xiaobo, the Nobel Peace Prize winner for last
    year. I'm one of those who nominated him, led a congressional
    effort. He's a great human rights activist in the People's
    Republic of China.
        And I raise that because it would appear that dictatorships
    and despots all over the world--and that includes in many of
    these Muslim countries, where, unfortunately, the radical side
    has gained the upper hand to the exclusion of the moderates--we
    don't raise the issue. I mean, this is just me now answering my
    own question, in a way.
        We don't raise human rights issues consistently, in a
    transparent fashion, so that the offending parties know, almost
    in an absolute predictable fashion, the United States of
    America will be on your case every time. No diminution of--or
    no gaps when it comes to this. When Hu Jintao came to the
    United States, he got a red-
    carpet treatment, and nary a word was said about human rights,
    including in the press conference with Hu Jintao and President
    Obama--a lost opportunity beyond words.
        Hannah Rosenthal is doing a great job. The individual-
    designated, very committed individuals who are not the
    president, not the top echelon--in the sense that we're not
    either; I haven't made this the priority that I believe it
    should be. And I hope we can get some game-changing going on
    here, or else we are in for a much worsened situation.
        If you could all respond very briefly to--Dr. Samuels, you
    made a very, very telling point, and it goes to that very point
    about consistency. You know, we should be saying the same thing
    in every venue, with intensity and with an understanding of the
    facts on the ground as it relates to anti-Semitism and every
    other human rights issue, but we don't.
        And you point out that at the meeting of states parties
    you're the same people we meet at Geneva in the U.N. Human
    Rights Commission; now the council. Yet here in the OSCE, the
    language is different. Why the two different messages, and what
    can we do to change that? We should make sure that we're not
    doing that as well.
        You know, when we're at the OSCE, everyone is really strong
    about affirming the three Ds that Natan Sharansky so eloquently
    talked about when he talked about, you know, disagree with
    Israel on a policy, but don't matriculate into anti-Semitism.
    Could you respond to that? I thought that was a very profound
    statement, Dr. Samuels, about the same diplomats, same country,
    same heads of state, different message.
        Dr. Samuels. Mr. Chairman, very, very briefly: I fear that
    OSCE may be going in the same direction as other international
    institutions. We are seeing this today in UNESCO. We are seeing
    it in other U.N. agencies, and unfortunately, unless you--this
    Commission--takes a stand, that may happen, even due to the
    Mediterranean partners and through them, in the OSCE. And I
    think we should be on our guard. Thank you.
        Mr. Smith. Yes. Stacy?
        Ms. Burdett. I think one of the main differences--again,
    the OSCE had a tradition of being flexible and taking on new
    human rights challenges. But I think when we first started this
    process, we were certainly told, sometimes on this side of the
    pond, that you cannot explicitly speak about anti-Semitism in
    the OSCE. And we did--we pressed for it--and the sky didn't
    fall. Governments didn't walk away from the institution.
        And I think there are a lot of countries who said it
    couldn't be done, and they themselves are talking about it, and
    talking about it in pretty forthright ways. And so I think it's
    a model. And we've had conversations, looking at other IGOs,
    where they may be trying to hold a hearing and then it gets
    cancelled, or it's not popular for some reason.
        I think it's a slow building. And we do have to really
    cling to and sustain that focus in the OSCE. If we look away
    for a minute, it can erode. But I think it's a model of just
    showing, yeah, we can talk about it. Now, you know, I mentioned
    one of these teaching tools is being translated into Turkish.
    That might have been something, in 2002, someone would have
    said would be a pipe dream.
        Mr. Fusfield. You know, one of the features of the OSCE
    known to all of us is that it's a consensus-driven
    organization, and this is in some ways a virtue, and in some
    ways the bane of the organization, because it can be so
    difficult to generate momentum and to mark accomplishments. But
    this is always the context in which we've been dealing in the
    OSCE.
        And again, I made this point several times, but it
    reinforces the importance of U.S. leadership within this
    environment. There has to be an engine. There has to be
    something driving forward progress. We have, as I said in my
    remarks earlier--we have the Berlin Declaration from 2004, and
    it's a document that's hard to improve on. The Berlin
    Declaration was actually a statement of the chair-in-office.
        It has never been incorporated into a ministerial
    declaration, which would be the highest--other than a summit
    statement, that would be the highest statement coming out of
    the OSCE. But were we to go that route, we would face a
    situation where some governments would want to dumb down what
    we already have, chip away at it. And that's the last thing we
    would want to see happen.
        So we have to be protective of what we've already
    achieved--at the same time, fight very hard to go beyond that,
    not just accept this kind of stasis and status quo, and move
    the ball forward. And, you know, we've always encountered
    resistance up till now, and we'll continue to. But we just have
    to keep pushing.
        Mr. Smith. Thank you.
        Mr. Levin. Mr. Chairman, I briefly want to remind you of
    three instances over the history of the Helsinki Commission,
    and why--the importance of the Helsinki Commission, your
    message to your colleagues, has to be expanded, but also to the
    executive branch. Because there has always been tension between
    Congress and the executive branch, and it didn't matter if it
    was a Republican or a Democratic administration.
        In 1977, Arthur Goldberg was the leader of the U.S.
    delegation of the first review conference, when it was the
    CSCE. And he had to fight, and if it wasn't for Dante Fascell
    and Robert Dole and Spencer Oliver insisting that names be
    named, the American delegation wasn't going to lead that
    effort. But through Goldberg and Fascell and others, names were
    named. In 1980, Max Kampelman was the leader of the U.S.
    delegation, and the same thing--going through from 1980 to
    1981, there was a reluctance to name names.
        But it happened, and it happened because of what started at
    this Commission and spread to members of Congress. In 1991, the
    word anti-Semitism never appeared in any OSCE or CSCE document.
    So it took 16 years. And why did the word anti-Semitism finally
    appear in the document? Well, I'd like to think, partly because
    my chairman at the time, Shoshana Cardin, was a public member
    to the U.S. delegation.
        But it was the U.S. delegation, and there was turmoil
    within the U.S. delegation even to push for that. And look how
    far we've come from 1991 to today. It doesn't mean that the
    challenges aren't still there. But what is required is the
    commitment, the ongoing commitment, of the United States
    Congress to ensure that when our government is represented at
    international conferences, that the right message is put
    forward.
        And that can only happen when there is a bipartisan message
    coming from Congress. And I think my colleague Eric mentioned
    it already, but it needs to be reinforced: Human rights are a
    bipartisan effort. And the success that we've enjoyed, as well
    as trying to meet ongoing challenges, will only continue if the
    bipartisanship on this issue continues.
        Mr. Smith. Yes, Dr. Samuels.
        Dr. Samuels. Question to you, Mr. Chairman. I don't know if
    anyone in Congress has recognized the fact that in the new
    government of Greece, which emerged out of what some thought
    was a Greek spring--as a hope for the economy of Greece--the
    minister for development and the minister for transport are
    representatives of not a neo-fascist, but a neo-Nazi party
    called LAOS, which has, through its leader, Plevris, has made
    pronouncements that are horrific--not only in denying the
    Holocaust, but speaking of the Jews in medieval ways.
        I wouldn't be surprised if no one in this Congress had
    noticed that. But certainly, in Europe, in the European
    Parliament, nobody is prepared to pronounce on that. And that
    is even more worrying.
        Mr. Smith. Thank you for that admonishment. We need to
    speak out. One final question--I have many, but we'll submit
    them for the record--Dr. Samuels, you mentioned Berlin II.
    Eric, you talked about implementation, and I think you rightly
    suggested that we be careful about what is reopened, because
    there will be an attempt to water down and weaken. But the
    implementation process, idea of a Berlin II, I think, as a
    minimal effort--is that something that all of you would agree
    with?
        Should we as a Commission make that recommendation to the
    administration and to other delegations--use our parliamentary
    assembly as a conduit to recommend that there be a full-scale
    effort to--because it seems to me that if there's not something
    we're shooting for, we lose our focus.
        But when there's a conference and there's accountability--
    at least, hopefully, some--it does add a measure of foreign
    ministers saying, what are we doing on anti-Semitism? And then
    that echoing throughout the chain of command to really be doing
    something. And that happens in our own State Department.
        Next week, I'm reintroducing the Global Online Freedom Act,
    a much-changed and much-improved bill. But in this room, in
    2006, when I had a hearing with Microsoft, Google, Yahoo, and
    Cisco, and had a draft that we circulated and shared with the
    State Department that included an office to combat global
    online freedom issues, they came and announced--not the--an
    equivalent of an office, which took the wind out of the sails
    of the bill right away. But it was fine.
        In other words, having to give an account led to some real
    movement where there had been none before. So I think a Berlin
    II, or a Vienna II, or a Cordoba--but certainly, Berlin would
    be--that was, I thought, the watershed meeting. Would all of
    you agree with that? And could you make, in addition to your
    many excellent recommendations proffered here, give us
    something that would show real solidarity for that initiative?
    Eric?
        Mr. Fusfield. Well, I'll start by expressing my immediate
    support for the idea. I think it's an excellent idea. I would
    love for the Commission to take this issue up. We had, at one
    point, in the OSCE, a kind of unwritten understanding that
    there would be high-level conferences at regular intervals. And
    at some point, the intervals became less regular, and the
    conferences became less high-level.
        But this is the perfect opportunity. I identified--the
    three conferences that took place in '03, '04, '05, and there
    could be a second installment of each of the three--but Berlin
    being the most important of the three. And if ever there were
    an occasion for a review conference, an opportunity to really
    hold member states accountable for their commitments--and we
    have the blueprint--it's the Berlin Declaration.
        But as with all of these OSCE gatherings, it won't happen
    unless there is a driving force behind the idea, a host who's
    willing to come forth and organize the thing. And in the case
    of a Berlin II conference, it might be the German government,
    but Berlin does not necessarily have to be the venue for Berlin
    II, but that remains to be decided. But it definitely needs
    support, and the idea should be circulated as broadly as
    possible. So thank you.
        Mr. Smith. Stacy?
        Ms. Burdett. I think it would be important for us to work
    together in moving forward a proposal, like we did before
    Vienna, because a high-level conference can signal momentum, as
    it has in Berlin. And if we do the legwork properly, it could.
    And if there's not enough buy-in at the ministers' level, or by
    a country--a group of countries--it can also signal flagging
    support. So I think it's important to do some planning and
    legwork in thinking about it together. I'd be glad to do that
    with you.
        Mr. Smith. Thank you.
        Mr. Levin. The issue hasn't gone away. And we heard that
    only three countries submitted any documentation in the last
    go-around. Now is the time to reconvene. And I don't think the
    place is less important than the purpose. And if there's a way
    to send that message beginning next week, then it should be
    done.
        Mr. Smith. Thank you.
        Dr. Samuels. Berlin in Dublin may not reflect Irish
    neutrality in World War II, but I think it would be a wonderful
    place to hold it. And I think it should be held as soon as
    possible, and not wait for the 10th anniversary of Berlin.
        Mr. Smith. Thank you. Anything else any of our
    distinguished witnesses would like to add? If not, thank you
    for your leadership, your moral courage, and for your patience
    as we went through all those votes on the floor today. The
    hearing's adjourned.
        [Whereupon, at 12 noon, the hearing was adjourned.]
                                A P P E N D I X

    =======================================================================

                              Prepared Statements

                                  ----------

                Prepared Statement of Hon. Christopher H. Smith

        Welcome and thanks to our witnesses, and to everyone, for joining
    us this morning.
        Almost a decade ago, in May 2002, I chaired a Helsinki Commission
    hearing focused on the horrifying spike in anti-Semitism making itself
    throughout much of the OSCE region. Many of our witnesses today
    testified at that hearing, which put the issue of combating anti-
    Semitism on the top of the OSCE's agenda, resulting in OSCE commitments
    on fighting anti-Semitism--and a series of high-level annual
    conferences on combating anti-Semitism--and even led to the creation of
    a global network of parliamentarians united against anti-Semitism, the
    Interparliamentary Coalition Combating Anti-Semitism, of which I am on
    the steering committee.
        A lot of good has come out of this--it's worth recalling some of
    the things we've done. Since that 2002 hearing, the OSCE Parliamentary
    Assembly has annually passed declarations addressing anti-Semitism and
    calling for concrete measures by all participating States and the OSCE.
    At the seminal High-Level Conference in Berlin in 2004, leaders from
    throughout the OSCE region met to focus specifically on combating anti-
    Semitism, leading the participating States to commit, at the Sofia
    Ministerial later that year, to collect and report hate crimes data.
        In that same year a Tolerance Unit with a focus on anti-Semitism
    was established within the OSCE's Office of Democratic Institutions and
    Human Rights or ODIHR and the OSCE appointed a Personal Representative
    on Combating Anti-Semitism. I am very pleased that Rabbi Andrew Baker,
    a critical force in the development of the Berlin conference and
    creation of this position, now fills this position and is able to join
    us today. Rabbi Baker, I was also very happy to have participated, at
    your invitation, in the OSCE meeting on anti-Semitism in public
    discourse, which you organized last March.
        The OSCE is now equipped with a toolbox to combat anti-Semitism,
    ranging from more than a dozen publications focused on addressing anti-
    Semitic hate crimes, Holocaust remembrance, and now has a new Training
    Against Hate Crimes for Law Enforcement program to assist participating
    States in their efforts. The Anti-Defamation League and other NGOs that
    fight to ensure that the human rights and dignity of Jews will always
    and everywhere be fully respected--they have been integral to this
    work. While the OSCE has the potential to contribute mightily to this
    fight, it is only truly effective when it works with these vital human
    rights defenders.
        Efforts in the U.S. Congress and other parliaments have
    complemented this work over the years. The Inter-parliamentary
    Coalition for Combating Anti-Semitism, which held its most recent major
    international conference in Ottawa last fall, has been a crucial forum
    for parliamentarians to work across national boundaries to address the
    common problem of anti-Semitism.
        In our own Congress, other members and I have worked to fight anti-
    Semitism through this Commission as well as the Congressional Anti-
    Semitism Taskforce, which I co-chair. It was a 2004 amendment of mine
    that created the State Department's Office to Monitor and Combat Anti-
    Semitism and the Special Envoy on Anti-Semitism--of course we are very
    pleased to have the current Special Envoy, Hannah Rosenthal, with us
    here today. Ms. Rosenthal is doing an excellent job--I got to know her
    last year in Ottawa--and of course her presence is a reminder of our
    government's commitment to the fight against anti-Semitism.
        Yet our work is far from done. Despite the efforts of many good
    people, mostly in courageous NGOs but also in our government and a few
    other governments--despite the conferences, commitments, laws,
    training, monitoring--the measure of our success is what happens on the
    ground. By most accounts, the despicable evil of anti-Semitism has
    decreased in most parts of the OSCE region in recent years--but it
    still remains at higher levels than in 2000. This is simply
    unacceptable, and it's why we're here today.
        I'd like to close with a word on the Combating Anti-Semitism Act of
    2010, legislation I introduced last fall, and which was taken as a
    model by the Ottawa conference of the ICCA. The purpose of that bill
    was to strengthen the State Department's--and Ms. Rosenthal's--efforts
    to combat global anti-Semitism. Today it is with the goal of
    introducing a new version of this bill, that I seek everyone's advice
    on two questions: what is the nature of the anti-Semitic danger today;
    and how do you think our government can more effectively lead the fight
    against this scourge?

                 Prepared Statement of Hon. Benjamin L. Cardin

        Mr. Chairman, I commend you for convening this hearing on an issue
    of long-standing importance to me personally and to this Commission.
        Just over 20 years ago, I had the opportunity to attend the 1989
    Copenhagen Conference on the Human Dimension as part of a Helsinki
    Commission Congressional delegation.
        Until that meeting, every effort to refer explicitly to the problem
    of anti-Semitism in an international document had been blocked by the
    Soviet Union. In Copenhagen, with the U.S. Delegation under the able
    leadership of Ambassador Max Kampelman, that finally changed. I feel
    privileged to have witnessed that historic meeting that produced an
    international agreement that broke new ground in so many areas and
    included an explicit condemnation of anti-Semitism.
        But as Ambassador Kampelman observed at a subsequent Helsinki
    Commission hearing, ``having accomplished the words in Copenhagen [we
    now have to see] how those words are being implemented.''
        That is exactly what today's hearing should do.
        With this in mind, I want to flag an issue that has been of
    particular concern to me and one that I hope our witnesses may be able
    to address: the continuing strength of extremist parties and movements.
    In a number of European parliamentary systems, these extremist parties
    (which often combine anti-Semitism with other forms of bigotry) can
    find themselves, by default, kingmakers.
        To be clear, the threat from these groups is not just because of
    the rhetoric they espouse, but because extremist views have a tendency
    to bleed over into the mainstream. In Hungary, for example, more than
    16 percent of the voters in the last elections cast their votes for a
    noxious extremist party, Jobbik--either as an intentional sign of
    support for its anti-Semitic platform or without regard for it.
    Following the elections, Peter Feldmajer, president of the Hungarian
    Jewish community, warned ``Today is a very dark time for modern Hungary
    . . . It is a very dangerous direction not just for Hungarian Jews, but
    for Hungarian democracy.''
        In the context of Jobbik's electoral success, I take particular
    note of the facts that

            1) President Pal Schmitt quoted from convicted war criminal
            Albert Wass in his August 2010 inaugural address.
            2) The Budapest City Council cut by one third the funds it
            provided for the annual Holocaust memorial event ``March for
            Life'' after Jobbik objected to the event.
            3) The new constitution adopted in April disavows Hungarian
            responsibility for war-time atrocities committed after March
            19, 1944 (the date of the German occupation), without regard
            for Hungarian complicity in the deportation of half a million
            Hungarian Jews, and
            4) Some Hungarian officials have asserted that the 1920 Treaty
            of Trianon was worse than the Holocaust, thereby trivializing
            the genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity of World
            War II.

        The ascension of the Dutch Freedom Party (PVV) to power purportedly
    following an agreement to pass anti-Muslim laws that ultimately led to
    Dutch efforts to ban the ritual slaughter of animals, impacting kosher
    practices, is yet another example of how extremist parties have hurt
    not only Jewish communities but also worked to undermine basic OSCE
    human rights and democratic principles. There are also many other
    examples of this phenomenon in the region.
        I commend the OSCE participating States for using the OSCE as a
    tool in the effort to combat anti-Semitism. There is much that the OSCE
    has to contribute in this regard. But the offices and institutions of
    the OSCE need to push on an open door. It is one thing to provide
    training for a country that genuinely seeks expertise and reform, but
    where a country lacks the political will to address these issues at the
    national level, then we have a different sort of challenge in front of
    us.
        Finally, I feel I would be remiss here if I did not make a few
    observations in connection with the High Level Conference on Tolerance
    the OSCE convened last year in Astana, under the Kazakhstani
    Chairmanship. We often speak of the critical role of civil society and
    I think the partnership with NGOs in this particular field has been
    exemplary.
        Thank you.

                     Prepared Statement of Hannah Rosenthal

        Chairman Smith, Co-chairman Cardin, Commissioners--thank you for
    the invitation to testify before you today. Since its founding in 1976,
    the U.S. Helsinki Commission has dedicated itself to addressing human
    rights issues, including anti-Semitism. And for the past three decades,
    Chairman Smith has provided unparalleled leadership in his efforts to
    combat anti-Semitism and promote human rights. As the Special Envoy to
    Monitor and Combat anti-Semitism, I am honored to present my findings
    on anti-Semitism in Europe.
        The Obama Administration is unwavering in its commitment to combat
    hate and promote tolerance in our world. The President began his
    Administration speaking out against intolerance as a global ill. In his
    historic speech in Cairo, he signaled a new path that embraces a vision
    of a world based on mutual interests and mutual respect; a world that
    honors the dignity of all human beings. He then went to Buchenwald
    concentration camp to remind the world of the horrors of the Holocaust
    and the ultimate lesson that the Holocaust represents the possible.
        President Obama and Secretary Clinton have honored me with this
    appointment, and have elevated my office and fully integrated it into
    the State Department.
        We are attempting--through traditional diplomacy, public diplomacy
    and grassroots programs all over the world--to confront and combat
    hatred in all its ugly forms, whether it is directed against people on
    account of their religion, ethnicity, race, sexual orientation or
    differences of political opinion or due to their country of origin.
    Anti-Semitism is one such form of hatred rooted in historical forces
    that go far beyond any current policy debate. If we want to change this
    trend, we need to stand together in our efforts to promote tolerance,
    acceptance and compassion.
        As a child of a Holocaust survivor, anti-Semitism is something very
    personal to me. My father was arrested--on Kristallnacht, the
    unofficial pogrom that many think started the Holocaust--and sent with
    many of his congregants to prison and then to Buchenwald. He was the
    lucky one--every other person in his family perished at Auschwitz. I
    have dedicated my life to eradicating anti-Semitism and intolerance
    with a sense of urgency and passion that only my father could give me.
        Since the murder of six million Jews in Europe, we have made some
    great strides as the countries of Europe have come together to denounce
    new and old forms of anti-Semitism and forcefully state in unison,
    ``Never Again.'' But we have also seen many setbacks within these very
    same countries that issued these statements and bore witness to the
    Holocaust seventy years ago. Over the past two years, my staff and I
    have diligently reported on anti-Semitic incidents throughout Europe,
    following and tracking developments in new and old cases. We have
    classified these incidents into six trends, which provide a
    comprehensive framework from which we can analyze anti-Semitism in
    Europe.
        First of all, anti-Semitism is not History, it is News. I run into
    people who think anti-Semitism ended when Hitler killed himself. More
    than six decades after the end of the Second World War, anti-Semitism
    is still alive and well, and evolving into new, contemporary forms of
    religious hatred, racism, and political, social and cultural bigotry.
    According to reports done by the governments of Norway, Germany, Italy,
    and the United Kingdom there is a disturbing increase in anti-Semitism.
        This stems from the fact that traditional forms of anti-Semitism
    are passed from one generation to the next, and sometimes updated to
    reflect current events. We are all familiar with hostile acts such as
    the defacing of property and the desecration of cemeteries with anti-
    Semitic graffiti. Since June, we have seen desecrations to Holocaust
    memorials, synagogues, and Jewish cemeteries in Croatia, Czech
    Republic, Greece, Lithuania, and Poland. The Holocaust memorial in
    Thessaloniki, Greece, was vandalized with a swastika and a statement
    denying the Holocaust on the day the City was to honor the 30 Holocaust
    survivors still living Thessaloniki. Swastikas and slogans such as
    ``Hitler was right'' were spray painted on the Holocaust memorial for
    the Ponary massacres in Lithuania; ``they were flammable,'' defaced the
    monument to the victims of the Jedwabne Pogrom in Poland during World
    War II. Although both governments immediately condemned the attack, the
    harm was already done. There are still some accusations of blood libel,
    which are morphing from the centuries-old accusations by the Catholic
    Church that Jews killed Christian children to use their blood for
    rituals, to accusations that Jews kidnap children to steal their
    organs.
        Conspiracy theories continue to have traction with some groups,
    such as supposed Jewish control of the U.S. media and the world banking
    system, or that Jews were involved in executing the September 11
    attacks. In July 2010, Vladimir Zhirinovsky's Liberal Democratic Party
    of Russia held a roundtable in the Duma ``On the Question of
    Recognizing the Genocide of the Russian People'' which produced a
    declaration blaming the ``international Zionist financial mafia for
    genocide against the Russian people.'' The old Czarist forgery, The
    Protocols of the Elders of Zion, can be found in parts of the OSCE
    region. In October 2011, the Simon Wiesenthal Center in Europe
    identified approximately 20 anti-Semitic texts on display at the
    prestigious 2011 Frankfurt Book Fair. The ``old fashioned'' anti-
    Semitism is alive and well.
        Physical violence is also a problem. Just last week in Belgium a
    13-year old girl was beaten by a group of girls shouting: ``Shut up,
    you dirty Jew, and return to your country.'' Instances like this are
    not isolated to Belgium. We praise the Belgium government for
    addressing this specific instance and, more so, for being proactive. As
    we speak, there is a conference going on in Brussels addressing ways to
    fight anti-Semitism.
        A second trend is Holocaust denial. It is being espoused by
    religious and political leaders, and is a standard on hateful websites
    and other media outlets. In August 2010, British Holocaust denier David
    Irving went on Iranian TV and declared that he thinks that Jews ``have
    overplayed their hand. They've over-used the Holocaust and this in
    turn, has tarnished the Zionist cause.'' Catholic Bishop Richard
    Williamson is another well known Holocaust denier and anti-Semite. Last
    year he was convicted of Holocaust denial in Germany, having claimed
    that Jews were not murdered in gas chambers and that only 300,000
    European Jews were killed in all. Just recently, this Holocaust-denying
    bishop reportedly blamed the Jews for deicide. And Holocaust denial
    still plays a role in our diplomatic engagements with countries that
    are trying to come to terms with their moral responsibility to
    prosecute Nazi war criminals and denounce the past crimes of their
    citizens. As the generation of Holocaust survivors and death camp
    liberators reaches their eighties and nineties, the window is closing
    on those able to provide eyewitness accounts and thus we have a
    heightened sense of urgency to promote Holocaust education, create
    museums and memorials, and carry the memory and lessons of the
    Holocaust forward. That is why I sponsored a program at the State
    Department honoring Father Patrick Desbois, who has made it his life's
    work to find, identify and honor almost 1000 previously unknown mass
    graves of Jews and Roma murdered in Ukraine, Belarus and Poland.
        A third, disturbing trend is Holocaust glorification, which can be
    seen in parades honoring soldiers who fought in the Waffen SS, which
    glorify Nazism under the guise of fighting the Soviets and obscures
    their roles in the Holocaust. Following a March 2011 commemoration in
    Latvia, a notorious neo-Nazi made blatantly anti-Semitic statements,
    including incitements to violence against Jews, on a television talk
    show. In Austria, Carinthian Freedom Party Councilor Gerry Leitmann
    resigned in May after his ``Blood and Honour'' tattoo, the motto of the
    Hitler Youth, was seen in public. And in the Netherlands in March,
    soccer fans in The Hague chanted, ``Hamas, Hamas, all Jews be gassed,''
    during a soccer match. No less, in August, London Regional Secretary
    Chris Hurst was expelled from the far-right British National Party for
    shouting ``sieg heil'' and giving the right-arm salute at a far-right
    rally in Hungary. Satellite TV is also a concern, as it is an
    accessible means for the propagation of anti-Semitic views. Some Middle
    Eastern satellite channels integrate anti-Semitic rhetoric into
    programming that reaches into Europe. Such broadcasts can have a
    negative impact on European citizens and residents who are already
    predisposed to anti-Semitic beliefs. Truly bone-chilling.
        A fourth concern is Holocaust relativism--where some governments,
    museums, academic research and the like are conflating the Holocaust
    with other terrible events that entailed great human suffering, like
    the Dirty War or the Soviet regime.
        No one, least of all myself, wants to weigh atrocities against each
    other, but to group these horrific chapters of history together is not
    only historically inaccurate, but also misses opportunities to learn
    important lessons from each of these historic events, even as we
    reflect on universal truths about the need to defend human rights and
    combat hatred in all of its forms.
        Other examples of trivializing the Holocaust and the Nazis, are
    examples of overuse and misuse of comparisons, for example spiteful
    politicians have compared their opponents to Hitler: In August, London
    Mayoral candidate Ken Livingstone said that next year's mayoral race,
    ``[is] a simple choice between good and evil--I don't think it's been
    so clear since the great struggle between Churchill and Hitler.'' And
    in September at a meeting of the EU's finance ministers, Austrian
    Finance Minister Maria Fekter compared criticism of the banking
    industry to the Nazis' persecution of Jews, a remark she later
    apologized for. History must be precise--it must instruct, it must
    warn, and it must inspire us to learn the particular and universal
    values as we prepare to mend this fractured world.
        The fifth trend is the blurring of the lines between opposition to
    the policies of the State of Israel and anti-Semitism. What I hear from
    our diplomatic missions, and from non-governmental organizations alike,
    is that this happens easily and often. I want to be clear--legitimate
    criticism of policies of the State of Israel is not anti-Semitism. We
    do record huge increases in anti-Semitic acts whenever there are
    hostilities in the Middle East. This form of anti-Semitism is more
    difficult for many to identify. But if all Jews are held responsible
    for the decisions of the sovereign State of Israel, this is not
    objecting to a policy--this is hatred of the collective Jew or anti-
    Semitism. It is anti-Semitism when a right-wing group distributes
    posters depicting a doll with peyote, a yarmulke, wrapped in an Israeli
    flag, and with an arrow through its head-as we saw in Switzerland in
    June of this year. It is anti-Semitism when posters say, ``Committed
    every war crime in the book yet the world remains silent, death to
    Israel,'' and ``Israel, your days are numbered,'' and ``For world peace
    Israel must be destroyed,''--as we saw during London's Al Quds rally in
    August of this year. When individual Jews are effectively banned or
    their conferences boycotted, or are held responsible for Israeli
    policy--this is not objecting to a policy--this is aimed at the
    collective Jew and is anti-Semitism.
        Natan Sharansky identified three cases that he believes cross the
    line: It is anti-Semitic when Israel is demonized, held to different
    standards or delegitimized.
        In June, the German Left Party issued a resolution which
    specifically excludes the 3-Ds from the definition of anti-Semitism.
    While condemning traditional forms and manifestations, this resolution
    ignores the E.U.'s working definition of anti-Semitism, which includes
    hatred of Israel. Similarly, in the United Kingdom, the University
    College Union recently passed a resolution claiming that the E.U.'s
    definition of anti-Semitism is used to prevent criticism of Israel. But
    demonization, delegitimization, and holding Israel to different
    standards is not mere criticism, it is, in my view, clearly anti-
    Semitism.
        The sixth trend is the growing nationalistic movements which target
    ``the other''--be they immigrants, or religious and ethnic minorities--
    in the name of protecting the identity and ``purity'' of nations.
        Extremist far-right parties have popular support throughout Europe.
    Far right groups have now entered parliaments in Austria, Bulgaria,
    France, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, and Switzerland. These
    extremist parties run and gain popular support through anti-immigration
    and racist platforms. In Germany, experts are concerned about the
    influence of these far-right ideologies on youth. In Hungary, the
    country's third largest party, Jobbik, mirrors the ideology of the
    Arrow Cross Party, which came to power at the end of World War II and
    collaborated with the Nazi regime in the Holocaust. And in Sweden, the
    extremist neo-Nazi ``Swedes Party,'' organized a camp this summer
    called ``Nordic Vision'' to attempt to spread its racist views.
    Although the neo-Nazi ``Swedes Party'' is not a member of parliament,
    their existence and assent is disturbing.
        When this fear or hatred of the ``other'' occurs or when people try
    to find a scapegoat for the instability around them, it is never good
    for the Jews, or for that matter, other traditionally discriminated
    against minorities. The history of Europe, with pogroms, Nazism, and
    ethnic cleansing, provides sufficient evidence. And when public figures
    talk about protecting a country's purity, we've seen that movie before.
        We appreciate, and indeed praise, the good work of the OSCE in
    focusing on issues of tolerance generally, and anti-Semitism
    specifically. The OSCE has repeatedly provided an excellent forum for
    discussing issues of religious tolerance including in June 2010 in
    Kazakhstan, in February 2011 in Vienna where Farrah Pandith and I made
    a presentation, and in March 2011 where the OSCE specifically focused
    on anti-Semitism in the public discourse.
        The State Department monitors these trends and activities and
    reports on them in all 198 countries and territories--in two major
    annual reports: The International Religious Freedom Report and the
    Human Rights Report. I am now involved in developing a major training
    initiative for State Department employees so they can better monitor
    what is happening in their countries, and be sensitized to the various
    forms of anti-Semitism. This will make our annual reports more
    comprehensive, and allow us to do an even better job of monitoring and
    confronting anti-Semitism in all its forms. These reports tell us that
    many countries are pushing hard to advance human rights and fight
    discrimination. It also tells us that there is so much more work to do.
    If we do not chronicle it, if we do not name it, we cannot fight it.
        Of course, it is not enough to study and monitor these deeply
    troubling trends. It is critical that we act to reverse them.
        My approach to combating anti-Semitism is not just to preach to the
    choir, so to speak, but to join in partnership with non-Jews in
    condemning it--government, civil society, international institutions,
    business leaders, labor unions, and media.
        Last summer, Secretary Clinton launched an initiative to strengthen
    civil society across the globe and she instructed all of us in the
    State Department and all our overseas posts to treat civil society
    organizations as strategic partners. Partnering with opinion leaders
    from civil society as well as government--and building bridges among
    ethnic and religious groups--is the way to change a culture from fear
    and negative stereotyping to acceptance and understanding, from narrow
    mindedness to an embrace of diversity and pluralism, from hate to
    tolerance.
        Educating our young is a priority--they are the future; their
    values and opinions form at a very early age.
        No government should produce materials that are intolerant of
    members of any religious, racial, or ethnic group, or teach such
    intolerance as part of its educational curriculum. The Department of
    State continues to focus on this important issue. We sponsor teacher
    training on the Holocaust through the OSCE--focusing on its uniqueness
    and its universal lessons.
        The United States provides training to foreign law enforcement
    officials, which covers crimes against vulnerable groups, including
    Jews, because these issues are of great concern to the U.S. We use old
    and new technologies to communicate with the public about human rights,
    tolerance and democracy. We strongly support the freedom for all people
    to express their views, even distasteful ones, both offline and
    online--but we also work to promote tolerance and to eradicate
    ignorance. We are enhancing our cultural and educational exchanges to
    showcase our civil society organizations, and to learn from the
    successes of other countries in confronting and combating hate in all
    of its forms.
        I want to note two examples of efforts I am engaged in to encourage
    Jews and non-Jews to take action against anti-Semitism.
        To combat Holocaust denial, I went with eight leading imams--two of
    whom had been deniers--to Dachau and Auschwitz last summer. My goal was
    to have them issue a statement condemning Holocaust denial.
        When we arrived at Dachau, Germany's first concentration camp, the
    imams were overcome with the pictures they saw and immediately went to
    the ground in prayer at the sculpture commemorating the six million
    Jews exterminated. At that moment, I knew I was watching history being
    made. All of the passers-by, tourists, and docents stopped in their
    tracks to witness the spontaneous prayer of these leading imams. And at
    Auschwitz, it was as overwhelming for them, and, for some,
    transformational. We were walking amidst ash and bone fragments from
    the 1.5 million Jews exterminated there--solely because of who they
    were. We were facing the fact that unfettered and unanswered hatred can
    indeed create an Auschwitz. The imams produced a statement strongly
    condemning Holocaust denial and all other forms of anti-Semitism.
        They are now urging colleagues and schools to join their statement.
    Some are planning to take their youth on the same trip, bear witness
    and bear the burden, to teach the destructive power of unanswered
    hatred, and the positive power that condemnation can have to stop
    hatred.
        At the February OSCE Parliamentary Assembly, my colleague Farah
    Pandith, the Special Representative to Muslim Communities, and I
    launched a virtual campaign called 2011 Hours Against Hate, using
    Facebook. We are asking young people around the world to pledge a
    number of hours to volunteer to help or serve someone who may look
    different, or pray differently or live differently. For example, a
    young Jew might volunteer time to read books at a Muslim pre-school, or
    a Russian Orthodox at a Jewish clinic, or a Muslim at a Baha'i food
    pantry. We want to encourage them to walk a mile in another person's
    shoes. And while our goal was to get 2011 hours pledged, we have
    already had over 16,000 hours pledged.
        Farah and I began meeting with hundreds of young people earlier
    this year--students and young professionals--in Turkey, Azerbaijan, and
    Spain--countries that in their histories celebrated Jews and Muslims
    co-existing and thriving together. They expressed strong interest in
    the campaign--and we have already surpassed our goal of 2011 hours
    pledged against hate. More recently, Farah and I met with youth and
    interfaith leaders in Saudi Arabia, Jordan, and Lebanon, discussing
    reaching out to others and increasing tolerance and understanding among
    different religious groups. In Malmo, Sweden a group called Young
    Muslims Against anti-Semitism is touring schools to teach tolerance and
    combat anti-Semitism. Really, we have just begun.
        So while I fight anti-Semitism, I am also aware that hate is hate.
    Nothing justifies it--not economic instability and not international
    events.
        When history records this chapter I hope it will reflect our
    efforts to build a peaceful, fair, just, free world where people defend
    universal human rights and dignity. This is not a vision to be
    dismissed as naive idealism--it is a real goal that should never be far
    from our thoughts.
        Since the beginning of humankind, hate has been around, but since
    then too, good people of all faiths and backgrounds have striven to
    combat it. The Jewish tradition tells us that ``you are not required to
    complete the task, but neither are you free to desist from it.''
        Together, we must confront and combat the many forms of hatred in
    our world today. Where there is hatred born of ignorance, we must teach
    and inspire. Where there is hatred born of blindness, we must expose
    people to a larger world of ideas and reach out, especially to youth,
    so they can see beyond their immediate circumstances. Where there is
    hatred whipped up by irresponsible leaders, we must call them out and
    answer with our full strength--and make their message totally
    unacceptable to all people of conscience.
        Thank you Mr. Chairman and members of the Commission for your
    efforts to do just that. Once more, I would like to thank you for the
    invitation to testify before you, and I look forward to our future
    collaboration. I am happy to answer any questions you may have.

        Hannah Rosenthal was sworn in as Special Envoy to Monitor and
    Combat Anti-Semitism on November 23, 2009. Sparked by the work and
    experience of her father, a rabbi and Holocaust survivor, and her own
    experience studying to become a rabbi, Hannah Rosenthal has led a life
    marked by activism and a passion for social justice.
        Before joining the State Department, Ms. Rosenthal was Executive
    Director of the Chicago Foundation for Women, where she led one of the
    largest women's funds in the world. Prior to that, she was Executive
    Director of the Jewish Council for Public Affairs for five years, where
    she worked on domestic and international policy for the organized
    Jewish community in North America.
        Ms. Rosenthal served as Midwest regional director of the U.S.
    Department of Health and Human Services during the Clinton
    Administration. She was involved in community organizing, and the
    antiwar and civil rights movements in the 1960s.
        Ms. Rosenthal attended graduate school for rabbinical studies at
    Hebrew Union College in Jerusalem and Los Angeles, and holds a
    bachelor's degree in religion from the University of Wisconsin. Ms.
    Rosenthal has two grown daughters who are busy mending the world with
    their mom.

                    Prepared Statement of Rabbi Andrew Baker

    Introduction

        At the outset, let me express my appreciation to the Chair of the
    Commission, Representative Chris Smith, and to the Co-Chair of the
    Commission, Senator Ben Cardin. Your long-standing attention to the
    problem of anti-Semitism has been unswerving and your leadership has
    been central to marshaling efforts to combat it both in the US and
    abroad. We thank you.
        A decade ago in the immediate aftermath of the ill-fated UN
    Conference in Durban, we sought effective means to alert the public to
    the resurgence of anti-Semitism in Europe, which included a dramatic
    increase in attacks on Jewish targets, frequently triggered by events
    in the Middle East. We also witnessed the beginnings of what would
    become a new problem of anti-Semitism in public discourse.
        And we turned to you.
        It was this Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe that
    pushed and prodded a reluctant diplomatic bureaucracy here in
    Washington to press the OSCE to take up the problem. And much to the
    surprise of some those skeptics, a first OSCE conference on anti-
    Semitism took place in Vienna in 2003, which led in turn to the seminal
    high level conference and declaration on anti-Semitism in Berlin in
    2004. It included a commitment by governments to monitor and collect
    data on anti-Semitic and other hate crimes, to promote Holocaust
    education and effective legislation. It was followed by the
    establishment of a department on tolerance and non-discrimination in
    ODIHR and further conferences and expert meetings including the March
    conference in Prague this year focused on anti-Semitism in public
    discourse.
        These efforts also included the appointment of a special envoy at
    the OSCE, a Personal Representative of the Chair-in-Office on Combating
    Anti-Semitism, a position which I now hold.
        My message to you today is a simple one: The problem remains and we
    still need your help.

    Anti-Semitism in Public Discourse

        The Prague Conference on anti-Semitism in public discourse was
    itself recognition of one of the most difficult current challenges we
    face. Opinion surveys in many European states reveal anti-Jewish
    sentiments are still held by significant numbers of the population.
    These percentages may fluctuate over time and are certainly not uniform
    from country to country. But the overall picture remains a distressing
    one, and it has direct and immediate consequences for Jewish
    communities.
        The Jewish population in OSCE participating states ranges from a
    high of two percent (in the United States) to fractions so small they
    barely register. And yet the presence of Jews is not the determining
    factor in the presence of anti-Semitism. For the most part popular
    attitudes toward Jews are not formed from personal encounters, which
    are rare, but rather from the images and rhetoric of public discourse--
    in mainstream media, in political debate and on the Internet.
    Conspiracy theories of Jewish world domination and economic prowess are
    no less evident today than they were a century ago. But a new
    phenomenon has been the identification of the State of Israel as a
    source for anti-Jewish prejudice. Frequently Jews and Israel are
    conflated, and those harboring antagonistic views of Israel ascribe the
    same attributes to Jews and local Jewish communities. The OSCE
    recognized this phenomenon in 2004, in its Berlin Declaration, which,
    ``declare[d] unambiguously that international developments or political
    issues, including those in Israel or elsewhere in the Middle East never
    justify anti-Semitism.''
        While governments still fall short in monitoring and reporting
    physical incidents of anti-Semitism, fewer still have any systematic
    process of monitoring and recording let alone responding to incidents
    on the Internet or in the media. Governments can and should do much
    more, and in the interim practical steps can be taken to help civil
    society groups develop the capacity to do their own monitoring.
        Because of constitutional protections, the United States especially
    recognizes that ways must be found to address this growing problem
    without constraining freedom of speech and the press. The laws in
    European states vary, with some countries having the ability to
    prosecute and punish hate speech. Such laws may serve to articulate an
    important societal value, but even this can be undercut when the
    prosecution is arbitrary or infrequent or when punishment is minimal or
    long-delayed. Participants in Prague stressed the importance of
    political and community leaders responding loudly and swiftly as a way
    of fostering a taboo culture when it comes to anti-Semitism.

    Holocaust Education

        Holocaust education has long been identified as an important
    contribution to combating anti-Semitism, and it is among the
    commitments that Participating States made at the OSCE Berlin
    Conference in 2004. We should bear in mind that even where the subject
    is included in the secondary school curriculum, that still may mean
    only a day or less over the course of the school year. There are also
    special challenges when teaching the subject. Some students from
    immigrant Arab and Muslim communities have voiced resentment or sought
    to bring the Middle East conflict into the discussion, which draws
    attention away from the subject itself and subverts its intention. Some
    governments have recognized this problem and sought ways to address it.
    One notable example is a project in the Netherlands that teams young
    Jewish and Arab peer teachers to present the subject in public school
    classrooms with a particular focus on vocational school students. In
    Germany the House of the Wansee Conference has developed special
    teaching materials aimed at students of Turkish descent.
        There are increasing calls to apply a ``human rights focus'' to
    Holocaust education, which in the process of drawing universal lessons
    may lose sight of the important particular one: This is where prejudice
    against Jews can lead. Recent efforts in some Eastern European
    countries to focus attention on the legacy of Communist oppression and
    to seek support for education and remembrance efforts have also caused
    confusion. Although a worthy endeavor in its own right, some proponents
    draw false equivalencies to the Holocaust.

    Muslim-Jewish Relations

        When the European Monitoring Centre (EUMC) conducted its survey on
    anti-Semitism in European Union countries in 2004, it learned that a
    new and growing source of anti-Semitic incidents could be traced to
    Arab and Muslim communities. This remains a matter of concern and is
    still reflected in the available data. In some cities or in some
    neighborhoods visibly identifiable Jews--i.e., those in Orthodox garb
    or wearing Jewish symbols--may be fearful of physical or verbal attack
    when they are on the streets. Enhanced security measures and more rapid
    and serious responses to complaints provide some relief to these
    problems. Some communities have helped foster Muslim-Jewish dialogues
    and cooperative projects. Although the actual numbers of individuals
    who participate in such activities may be small, they are symbolically
    important, and positive media coverage can help amplify their reach.
        More and more countries are developing educational programs to
    promote tolerance and combat racism and xenophobia. By and large such
    efforts are commendable and reflect the goals established by the OSCE
    and ODIHR. But in conversations with European Jewish leaders there are
    also some warnings. Such general programs do not necessarily address
    the problems of anti-Semitism stemming from individuals who themselves
    may also be the victims of racism.

    Demonization of Israel

        It has become almost commonplace to find mainstream media coverage
    of the Middle East conflict particularly in Western Europe demonizing
    the State of Israel. It is manifest in news, in cartoons and in
    commentary. Some observers have described this as a new form of anti-
    Semitism, but it also contributes to prejudice against Jews who are
    seen as Israel's friends, supporters or surrogates. We also see that
    the term ``Zionist'' is increasingly used in a pejorative way and
    frequently substitutes for ``Jew'' in written or oral discourse. This
    may at first appear to be accidental or just reflecting the growing
    tendency of conflating Jews and Israel in public rhetoric, while
    demeaning an honorable movement. But there may be more to it. French
    law, for example, has legal provisions for prosecuting certain hate
    speech directed at particular nationalities or ethnic groups. Thus, a
    verbal attack on ``Jews'' or a call to boycott ``Israelis'' could land
    someone in jail, but not so if the targets are ``Zionists'' which makes
    finding a solution to such changes in terminology particularly
    important.In 2005 the EUMC adopted a ``working definition'' of anti-
    Semitism, which offered examples of how anti-Semitism can manifest
    itself with regard to the State of Israel. It was endorsed by
    Parliamentary Conferences in London and Ottawa. The State Department
    Special Envoy has adopted it for her work and analysis. I share it and
    recommend its use when I travel in my OSCE capacity. But it still meets
    with some opposition including from the EUMC successor agency, and thus
    bears repeating wherever possible.

    Security

        Despite their small numbers, European Jewish communities have
    shouldered an outsized burden in providing security for their members
    and their institutions. From the 1970s some have been--and remain--the
    targets of international terrorism. The corrosive impact of increased
    anti-Semitic rhetoric in more recent years has meant that synagogues,
    religious schools, community centers and cemeteries face physical
    attacks ranging from graffiti to arson. Community leaders in turn must
    decide how much of their limited resources can be diverted from
    educational and religious needs to provide for their own protection. At
    its essence it restricts the Jewish community's ability to exercise the
    full freedom of religious practice, a bedrock principle of the OSCE.
        Governments approach this problem differently. Some have accepted
    the responsibility to assist, while others have not. During my country
    visit to Sweden in 2010 this problem was identified as a priority issue
    by the Jewish Community of Stockholm which was spending a quarter of
    its overall budget on security. In recent months the Swedish government
    has come forward with financial grants to assist the Jewish community
    to meet these security needs. It should be commended for this action,
    and I hope it will serve as a model for other states to follow.

    The Banning of Ritual Slaughter

        A growing number of countries have adopted laws which require the
    stunning of animals before they are slaughtered, thus effectively
    banning ritual (kosher) slaughter.
        Jewish communities have adapted by importing kosher meat. But
    discussions of this topic during OSCE visits this year to the
    Netherlands (where a law is pending) and in Switzerland (where a ban
    was imposed over a century ago) reveal a more troubling situation. The
    Dutch legislation is spearheaded by animal rights advocates and has
    received support from nationalist MPs who may believe--mistakenly as it
    turns out--that this law would also prohibit halal meat. Meanwhile,
    Dutch Jewish leaders are cautious in marshaling arguments in
    opposition. They are reluctant to assert the basic principles of
    religious freedom, which they believe would not have popular appeal.
    Instead they look to expert testimony that maintains there is no
    conclusive scientific evidence proving one method is more humane than
    the other.
        In Switzerland even government officials acknowledge that their law
    banning kosher slaughter, coming as it did in the wake of the Dreyfus
    trial in the 1890s, was anti-Semitic by intent. They say it is likely
    that an appeal to Swiss courts to overturn the law as a violation of
    religious freedom would succeed. But successive Jewish community
    leaders have decided not to do so. They long ago accommodated
    themselves to the ban with imported meat from France and believe that
    challenging it could generate an anti-Semitic backlash. Better then, to
    keep a low profile. This is understandable, but surely an outdated
    prescription for averting anti-Semitism.

    Role of the OSCE and the Helsinki Commission

        When the OSCE Permanent Council agreed to support a conference on
    anti-Semitism in June 2003, I am sure that some members imagined that
    this would be one event, one time and then attention could turn
    elsewhere. We remember how international declarations would frequently
    condemn a long litany of evils--``racism, xenophobia, prejudice,
    intolerance, racial discrimination, etc., etc.''--without ever actually
    uttering the word ``anti-Semitism.'' (It led one friend, a long-time
    senior staff member at the Council of Europe and a child survivor of
    the Holocaust to quip, ``Anti-Semitism is always left to the `et
    ceteras.' '')
        There has been significant progress in focusing the OSCE to address
    the problem of anti-Semitism and in educating people to its unique
    manifestations and its stubborn persistence. Monitors have generally
    recorded a decline in anti-Semitic incidents since early 2009, but we
    are still far, far higher than the baselines of previous years. We also
    know that turmoil in the Middle East could again trigger a new wave of
    incidents. And it is still far from clear what repercussions there
    might be if Europe's economic crisis still worsens.
        The U.S. and the Helsinki Commission have been the primary driving
    force to keep the OSCE focused on the problem of anti-Semitism, a
    necessary and constant reminder that it is still with us and that it
    can always again turn deadly.
        When Secretary of State Clinton and the U.S. Delegation take their
    seats at the OSCE Ministerial Meeting in Vilnius next week, I very much
    hope they will include this message in their remarks.

    Ambassador Stephan Minikes

        In closing let me also pay respects to Ambassador Steve Minikes who
    died earlier this autumn. He was the U.S. Ambassador to the OSCE during
    the critical period when we witnessed the resurgence in anti-Semitism
    in 2002. It was in significant measure due to his personal efforts that
    there was that first conference on anti-Semitism in 2003 and the
    following meetings in Berlin and Cordova, along with the various other
    measures that were adopted. Those of you here who worked with him knew
    of his dedication. I still vividly recall one evening at his residence
    in Vienna early on in this process when he showed me a postcard sent to
    him by his grandmother sixty years ago. It was a brief note written in
    pencil telling her grandson that everything was fine. But the postmark
    belied the message. It was sent from Therezienstadt, and only a short
    time afterward she was deported to Auschwitz. I understood then why
    this effort was personal and not just one concern among many in an
    ambassador's portfolio. We have all benefited as a result, and he will
    be missed.

    Rabbi Andrew Baker is Director of International Jewish Affairs for the
    American Jewish Committee. He has been a prominent figure in
    international efforts to combat anti-Semitism. In January 2009 he was
    first appointed the Personal Representative of the OSCE Chair-in-Office
    on Combating Anti-Semitism, and he was reappointed in 2010 and 2011.

    He has played an active role in confronting the legacy of the
    Holocaust. He is a Vice President of the Conference on Jewish Material
    Claims against Germany, the Jewish umbrella organization that has
    worked on restitution issues for half a century. In 2003 he was awarded
    the Officer's Cross of the Order of Merit (First Class) by the
    President of Germany for his work in German-Jewish relations. He was a
    member of Government Commissions in both the Czech Republic and
    Slovakia that were established to address the claims of Holocaust
    Victims.

    He was a founding member of the National Historical Commission of
    Lithuania and involved in restitution negotiations there. In 2006 the
    President of Lithuania presented him with the Officer's Cross of Merit
    for his work. For similar work he was awarded the Order of the Three
    Stars by the President of Latvia in 2007. He helped the Romanian
    Government establish a national commission to examine its Holocaust
    history and served as one of its founding members. For this work he was
    awarded the National Order of Merit (Commander) by the President of
    Romania in 2009.

    Rabbi Baker directed AJC efforts in the development and construction of
    the Belzec Memorial and Museum, a joint project of the AJC and the
    Polish Government on the site of the former Nazi death camp in
    Southeastern Poland. In May 2006 he was appointed by the Prime Minister
    of Poland to a six year term on the International Auschwitz Council,
    the official governmental body that oversees the work of the Auschwitz
    State Museum.

    A long-time resident of Washington, DC, Rabbi Baker has served as
    President of the Washington Board of Rabbis, President of the
    Interfaith Conference of Washington and Commissioner on the District of
    Columbia Human Rights Commission.

    A native of Worcester, Massachusetts, Rabbi Baker received a B.A. from
    Wesleyan University and a Masters Degree and Rabbinic Ordination from
    Hebrew Union
    College-Jewish Institute of Religion in New York City. He is the father
    of four children.

                    Prepared Statement of Dr. Shimon Samuels

        Mr. Chairman,
        I opened the European office of the Simon Wiesenthal Centre in
    Paris, in 1988, to focus on three challenges:
        1) In Western Europe, the second religion demographically was
    already Islam--inter-faith outreach was necessary--as was the
    monitoring of incipient extremism.
        2) tremors in Eastern Europe, since the fall of the Berlin Wall,
    signalled a neo-nationalism redolent of past phantoms--monitoring was
    required.
        3) flea markets across Europe sold under the counter floppy disks
    of neo-Nazi games (for Amiga and Commodore 64 proto-computers)--hate
    would advance exponentially with that technology and had to be
    monitored.
        By the Millennium, the year 2000: our first focus was now
    characterized by the Durban process, which in turn inspired a Jihadist
    antisemitism-terrorism nexus, with Middle East satellite television and
    website inculcation and recruitment in Europe.
        The second focus was marked by the EU enlargement. In April 2004, a
    Warsaw welcome party focussed on the challenges facing the East
    European new members. I was invited to speak on antisemitism in the
    West and scapegoating in the East, the latter as a result of painful
    withdrawal from the central Soviet to the capitalist market economy.
    That same month, the OSCE Berlin Declaration on Antisemitism was
    enunciated, setting a new threshold of standards for the region.
        I addressed the States Parties, noting that ``You are the same
    nations we meet at Geneva in the UN Human Rights Commission (now
    Council). Yet, here, at the OSCE, the language is different, perhaps
    due to the absence of the tyrannies and NGO's whose vested agenda is to
    perpetuate the Middle East conflict''.
        I viewed the OSCE as the answer to the stultification of the UN
    system, even today exemplified only last week by the appointment of
    Syria to a human rights role in UNESCO.
        What forms of antisemitism did the Berlin Declaration not foresee?
        That which, at the 2010 Astana OSCE High-level Meeting, I called
    supercessionism. Just as the early Church first viewed itself as
    ``Israel non in carne sed in spiritum'' (not in the flesh but in the
    spirit), so today, we witness an identity theft of the Jewish narrative
    among several OSCE parties.
        In Eastern Europe, the Baltics and Ukraine--a seemingly innocent
    conflation is made between the Holocaust and the atrocities of Stalin.
    It's political instrument, ``The Prague Declaration'' seeks, through
    the European Parliament, to replace the 27 January ``Holocaust
    Commemoration Day'' (Auschwitz liberation day) with a ``Double Genocide
    Day'' on 23 August (which marks the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact that
    resulted in the 1939-1941 Soviet occupation of the countries
    concerned).
        In Western Europe, the ongoing ``Durban process'' has redefined
    ``Holocaust'' as ``Naqba'' (the 1948 catastrophe of Israel's birth);
    antisemitism according to Teheran University, ``until 1948 victimized
    the Jew. Due to the victory of Zionism, since 1948 it targets the other
    Semite--the Arab. In Orwellian doublespeak, it concludes that `if
    antisemitism is Arabophobia then Zionism is antisemitism' ''.
        Add into the mix the terms ``apartheid'' and BDS (Boycott,
    Divestment, Sanction), which are misappropriated from South African
    victimology to castigate the State of Israel
        The Norwegian Foreign Minister specialises in Holocaust imagery to
    depict the Palestinian predicament. He does not appreciate the
    dangererous consequences of his allusions for, if Gaza is Auschwitz,
    then Auschwitz is but a lie.
        The antisemitic backlash in Europe to this historical gangrene, or
    gangreening of history, is to be exacerbated further via the World
    Heritage Committee of UNESCO. In that context, supercessionism aims to
    cut the Jewish link to the Holy Land.
        The Cave of the Patriarchs and Rachel's Tomb have been rebaptised
    as mosques. Now, laid out in the volume ``Buraq Wall''--which I
    purchased at the Frankfurt Book Fair--Islam contends that Buraq, the
    winged-steed, carried Muhammad from Mecca, via Jerusalem, on a night
    flight pilgrimage to heaven and back. The mount was tethered during the
    stopover at the Wailing or Western Wall of the Temple Mount. Hence,
    ``The Buraq Wall'' calls Judaism's holiest site: ``a Jewish heresy of
    aggression against a Muslim heritage shrine''.
        Last week, ``Travel Palestine'' (a film clip found on YouTube),
    funded by the UN Development Programme (UNDP), expunges all Jewish
    roots in the Holy Land.
        Jews also have a trinity: the People, the Book, the Land. Eliminate
    one leg of the triangle, delete all.
        Not perceived in the Berlin Declaration and even more dangerous, is
    the demonstration that ``the enemy of the good is indifference''--there
    we encounter a new phase of antisemitism--
        Ahmadinejad stated: ``the Holocaust is a lie'', and was answered by
    a wave of international condemnation.
        A little while later, he continued: ``Wipe Israel off the Map'',
    this passed with muted indignation.
        His repeated: ``Jews are vermin, bacilli, a tumour'' are met with
    fatigue.
        By a numbing-effect, he tests the limits of Western timidity.
    Voila, the ``antisemitism of indifference''.
        This week, 5,000 Tahrir Square demonstrators in Cairo, screeching
    ``Death to the Jews'', created no global expression of outrage.
        The bar has been raised on antisemitism.
        After eight assaults on the Rabbi of Malmo, Sweden--a community of
    700 Jews and 70,000 Muslims--the Wiesenthal Centre during a visit in
    January 2011, imposed a ``travel advisory'' on the city. Our campaign
    resulted in the Swedish government finally subsidizing community
    security. Faced with the Mayor's total indifference, the Rabbi was
    further subject to 15 assaults since our visit. Indeed, the Muslim
    community has now joined us in criticizing Malmo's inattentiveness to
    hate-crimes.
        Next month, January 20, we will mark the 70th anniversary of the
    Wannsee Protocol, which was drafted at a meeting of fifteen Nazi
    bureaucrats in Berlin, to coordinate the extermination of 11,000,000
    Jews as the final solution of the Jewish question. I stress that the
    Protocol lists 11,000,000.
        Six million were murdered--Eleven million were the intent.
        I have always respected the power of water, 30 miles of British
    Channel saved my family and the 330,000 Jews of England on that list.
        Today, 30 miles of Channel are as defensible as 3,000 miles of
    Atlantic waters. Zero! We are all tripwires criss-crossing the OSCE
    region.
        Recently discovered documentation of Nazi Germany's strategic
    designs on Persia's oil wealth, includes a Wannsee-style memorandum of
    Adolf Eichmann, the architect of the Holocaust: Therein he consigns up
    to 100,000 Iranian Jews to extermination. The current President of Iran
    persists in his intentions to finish the job.
        Simon Wiesenthal said, ``what starts with the Jews never ends with
    them''. On the Venezuelan coast, Iran is building a Shahab-3 missile
    base with a range of 2,000 miles facing these United States.
        Twice--in two World Wars--you have invoked the Monroe Doctrine to
    redress the balance of the Old World. Indeed, as we speak, under your
    inspiration, in Panama, the 28th General Assembly of the Latin American
    Parliament (PARLATINO) has adopted a Wiesenthal Centre drafted
    Resolution to Combat Antisemitism in the Americas: ``Conspiracy
    Theories, Holocaust Denial and Delegitimization of the Jewish
    Sovereignty are Contributing Factors to Antisemitism.''
        Mr. Chairman, through this Commission, which I consider an early-
    warning system, we call on the US government to maintain that balance
    in the OSCE region. For if antisemitism is indeed a benchmark, then
    this session must be replayed at a purpose-built High-Level OSCE
    meeting under the forthcoming Irish Presidency, perhaps to be called,
    ``Berlin II: Stocktaking and Counteracting Antisemitism in the OSCE
    Region''.
        Thank you, Mr. Chairman,

        Dr. Shimon Samuels was born in England. He came to Israel in 1963
    and received a B.A. in Political Science and History from the Hebrew
    University of Jerusalem, returning to England for his second degree, an
    M.Sc. (Econ.) in International Relations from the London School of
    Economics. He earned his doctorate in a combined program with the
    University of Pennsylvania and the Sorbonne, Paris, and then served as
    Deputy Director of the Leonard Davis Institute for International
    Relations at Hebrew University. Dr. Samuels then was appointed European
    Director of the Anti-Defamation League based in Paris, and later became
    Israel Director of the American Jewish Committee. He is the Director
    for International Liaison of the Simon Wiesenthal Center, based in
    Paris, and also serves as Honorary President of the
    Europe-Israel Forum.

    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

                      Prepared Statement of Mark B. Levin

        Good morning, Mr. Chairman, Senator Cardin, and Members of the
    Commission. My name is Mark Levin. I am the Executive Director of NCSJ:
    Advocates on behalf of Jews in Russia, Ukraine, the Baltic States &
    Eurasia. Since 1971, we have represented nearly 50 national Jewish
    organizations, including the Anti-Defamation League, B'nai B'rith
    International, Hadassah, and AIPAC, and hundreds of local Jewish
    community councils, committees, and Federations across the country,
    including a number partnering with the OSCE.
        Mr. Chairman, I welcome today's hearing on combating anti-Semitism.
    NCSJ has worked closely on this important issue for 40 years with
    officials and organizations in the United States, Europe, and the
    former Soviet Union, including OSCE.
        This is a good time to reflect on progress made on this issue.
    Seven years have passed since the Second OSCE Conference on Anti-
    Semitism in Berlin condemned all acts motivated by anti-Semitism and
    required participating states to take specific and practical
    countermeasures. Since then, we have seen an uneven response in the
    area that we cover: the former Soviet Union.
        I would like to give a brief overview of current anti-Semitism
    across the former Soviet states. Official, state-sponsored anti-
    Semitism is virtually non-existent, but popular anti-Semitism, both
    non-violent and violent, appears to be on the rise, and official
    response across the region has been inconsistent. Much has been done by
    national governments, but more work remains. My remarks will focus on
    Russia, Ukraine, Moldova, Belarus, and the Baltic states, traditional
    centers of Jewish life in the former USSR.
        I'll start with Russia, home to the world's fourth-largest Jewish
    community. Russians and Russian Jews share a long and complex history
    that includes both official and popular anti-Semitism. Since the last
    two mass emigrations in the 1970s and the 1990s, Jewish emigration from
    Russia has leveled off, and we have welcomed a renaissance of Jewish
    communities across Russia. The Russian Jewish community's relationship
    with the current Russian government under both Putin and Medvedev has
    been generally good and often better than the historical norm. However,
    we remain concerned both by the rise of popular anti-Semitism in Russia
    and by the inconsistent official response to this movement.
        Anti-Semitism in Russia today is most often political and street-
    level, and increasingly features a rising number of attacks by young
    skinheads and nationalists. Incidents most often involve vandalism
    against and firebomb attacks on synagogues, cemeteries, and Jewish
    community centers, but have also included outright physical assaults on
    Jews and attempted bombings of Jewish buildings.
        More alarming is the fact that Russian human rights monitoring
    groups have reported a steady rise over the last ten years in the
    number of overall attacks by skinheads and extremists on minorities,
    migrant workers, and foreigners across Russia. Leading Russian human
    rights groups estimate that Russian far-right extremists now number in
    the tens of thousands, and warn that nationalist movements are gaining
    strength across Russia. A Russian nationalist riot took place in
    central Moscow next to the Kremlin itself just one year ago, on
    December 11, 2010, and massive and widespread Russian nationalist
    rallies on Hitler's birthday on April 20th have become annual events.
        We are concerned by the strong potential for violence, including
    anti-Semitic violence, inherent in this movement, and urge the Russian
    government to strengthen its enforcement of existing commitments,
    including to the OSCE Charter, and to take stronger legal action
    against incitement of racial hatred and overt calls for violence.
        The Russian government has publicly denounced nationalist ideology
    and expressed support for legal action against anti-Semitic acts, but
    follow-through has been uneven. Some anti-Semitic attacks in recent
    years have in fact been successfully prosecuted as hate crimes, but
    many others continue to be dismissed as mere ``hooliganism'' or random
    violence. NCSJ will continue to engage the Russian government on this
    issue, and will continue to press for expanded prosecution of hate
    crimes against Jews and other targeted minorities in Russia, for
    enactment of more effective hate crime and hate speech legislation by
    Russian authorities, and for expansion of training programs to give
    Russian law enforcement the know-how to confront violent extremists.
        I next turn to Ukraine, home to another vibrant Jewish community,
    the second largest in the former Soviet Union. Although popular anti-
    Semitism has persisted in recent years, the Ukrainian government has
    demonstrated a strong commitment to combating this trend, and has in
    fact achieved some successes.
        Anti-Semitic vandalism and other incidents occur regularly, and
    have included physical assaults on Ukrainian Jews and visiting Israelis
    with at least two known fatalities, as well as firebomb attacks on and
    vandalism of synagogues and monuments, cemetery desecrations, and
    publication and distribution of anti-Semitic literature and leaflets.
    Inconsistent official response to many of these attacks showcases the
    reluctance of some local officials to prosecute racist and anti-Semitic
    crimes in Ukraine. Several prominent public figures, including
    Ukrainian parliamentarians and independent candidates for President,
    have also voiced anti-Semitic views in public venues in recent years.
        A positive step in Ukraine's fight against anti-Semitism has been
    the marginalization of the Interregional Academy of Personnel
    Management, better known by its Ukrainian acronym, MAUP. This is
    Ukraine's largest private university, with over 50,000 students and
    many campuses. Until recently, it was also one of the leading purveyors
    of anti-Semitic and xenophobic material in Ukraine, publishing a large
    volume of virulent anti-Semitic publications, and inviting white
    supremacist and former KKK leader David Duke to lecture at the
    university. Starting in 2006/2007, the Ukrainian government began to
    take concerted action against MAUP, in part due to the rising concern
    shown by the international community, including by NCSJ. I am happy to
    report that both MAUP's influence and anti-Semitic output seem to have
    been halted in recent years, a clear victory for the Ukrainian
    government and for international human rights organizations.
        Similarly, the Ukrainian government in 2011 has moved to toughen
    punishments for anti-Semitic acts, and has stepped up security for the
    annual pilgrimage by thousands of Hassidic Jews to Jewish sites for the
    High Holidays. Earlier, during President Yushchenko's administration,
    Ukraine's Security Service created a Special Operative Unit on Fighting
    Xenophobia, and the Ukrainian Foreign Ministry created the office of
    Special Ambassador on Racism, Xenophobia, and Discrimination. Likewise,
    deputies in the Ukrainian parliament introduced bills designed to
    punish hate crimes and displays of racial and religious intolerance,
    although actual implementation of this legislation has been slow. We
    welcome these efforts by Ukrainian authorities to recognize and
    confront the problems of extremism and anti-Semitism, and continue to
    work with the current government to build on this foundation and make
    progress on these issues.
        I next turn to Moldova, home to an estimated 30,000 Jews, but once
    hosting a much larger community that has been significantly reduced by
    the Holocaust and, more recently, by high rates of emigration. As in
    Russia and Ukraine, Moldova's Jewish community has been reborn in the
    last twenty years, with synagogues, schools, and community centers
    opening across the country. However, popular anti-Semitism continues
    there today, despite the government's condemnation of racial and
    religious intolerance.
        Jewish cemeteries and buildings have been vandalized, and Moldovan
    and Romanian nationalists regularly make anti-Semitic statements. Two
    years ago, in December 2009, a radical Orthodox priest led his
    congregants to tear down a menorah on public display in the capital
    city of Chisinau during Hanukkah, in a particularly egregious example
    of intolerance. He was later charged with a misdemeanor and was fined a
    small amount.
        The Moldovan government officially condemns anti-Semitism and has
    taken steps to combat it, including supporting Holocaust education in
    local schools and partnering with Jewish groups from Moldova and
    elsewhere in the former Soviet Union. NCSJ will continue working with
    the Moldovan government to craft a more systematic approach to
    combating anti-Semitism.
        Anti-Semitism is an especially complex issue in Belarus. Once at
    the center of Eastern European Jewry, the Belarusian Jewish community
    today numbers no more than 70,000. As in neighboring Ukraine and
    Russia, Belarusian Jews today have access to a wide range of religious,
    educational, and community resources and organizations. Belarus is also
    home to the only official Soviet-era Holocaust memorial in the former
    USSR, dedicated in 1946.
        Incidents of popular anti-Semitism, such as vandalism of synagogues
    and community buildings and cemetery and monument desecrations, have
    occurred. Openly anti-Semitic publications have also appeared in recent
    years, in local newspapers and in books published by local publishing
    houses affiliated with the Minsk Orthodox Diocese.
        Belarusian authorities have often shown themselves unresponsive to
    official complaints against anti-Semitic hate literature, and have
    inconsistently investigated or prosecuted perpetrators of anti-Semitic
    actions.
        President Lukashenko himself has made on the record anti-
    Semitic comments in the recent past, and members of his administration
    have published openly anti-Semitic books and articles. However,
    relations between the Belarus Jewish community and the Belarusian
    government are generally stable despite evidence of periodic official
    involvement in popular anti-Semitism and official support for policies
    insensitive toward Jews and other minorities. Since Belarus is a
    signatory to OSCE commitments, NCSJ will continue to engage the
    government in an attempt to promote a more positive official attitude
    towards religious and ethnic tolerance in that country. I note that
    instances of productive cooperation with local officials have been
    possible on the ground in Belarus in recent years, and we hope to build
    on these successes.
        Finally, I would like to address the situation with regard to anti-
    Semitism in the Baltic states. Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania are the
    most Westernized of the former Soviet states, and are to date the only
    post-Soviet countries accepted into NATO and the European Union.
    Despite this impressive achievement and despite the small size of their
    native Jewish communities--approximately 20,000 members in all three
    states--we have seen anti-Semitic episodes there as well. Especially in
    Latvia and Estonia, local nationalists and veterans of World War II-era
    Nazi-sponsored auxiliary units continue to generate anti-Semitic hate
    speech and stage annual marches with anti-Semitic and Nazi displays.
    The Prime Minister of Latvia stated last month that any member of his
    government attending these annual marches of Waffen SS veterans would
    be fired, which, while commendable, also highlights the persistence of
    these difficult World War II-era divisions in Baltic society.
        Perhaps most disturbing has been the shameful prosecution in recent
    years by Lithuanian authorities of several aged Jewish Holocaust
    survivors for their wartime anti-Nazi resistance activities as somehow
    anti-Lithuanian. Although it appears that prosecutors are no longer
    actively pursuing a case against these individuals, the instigation of
    their prosecution certainly sent a troubling signal.
        NCSJ and other leading Jewish organizations have maintained a
    steady, productive dialogue with Baltic officials on these issues of
    concern. We will continue to press for their resolution, and for the
    governments to address issues such as community restitution and
    Holocaust education.
        Mr. Chairman, the fight against anti-Semitism in the former Soviet
    Union today presents a complex picture, with both bright and dark
    spots, and requires a careful and calibrated approach. Unfortunately,
    anti-Semitic incidents continue across the region, and official
    response to these hate crimes is too often inconsistent. At the same
    time, all governments in the region officially oppose anti-Semitism,
    and local Jewish communities are in general far better organized,
    resourced, and internationally connected than at any time in the recent
    past.
        I would like to offer the following recommendations to all the
    governments in the former Soviet Union, in the spirit of the 2004 OSCE
    Berlin Declaration. All countries must:

        1) Strongly condemn hate: Incidents of anti-Semitism, political and
    religious leaders that polarize society, and media outlets which
    propagate intolerance, must be strongly condemned to send a clear
    message that incitement to and acts of ethnic, religious, and racial
    hatred will not be tolerated;

        2) Enact adequate hate crimes legislation: To create an environment
    in which Jews and other minorities can live without fear, the successor
    states must enact hate crime and hate speech legislation and enforce
    existing laws for all citizens, including elected officials;

        3) Train local law enforcement: To properly combat anti-Semitism
    and extremism, government must empower local police forces. Police must
    be able to delineate between ordinary hooliganism and a crime motivated
    by bias or hate. A well-trained police force will better follow through
    on hate crime enforcement and investigations, leading to an increase in
    prosecutions, data collections, and dealing more sensitively with
    victims;

        4) Monitor and catalogue incidents: Cataloguing and reporting anti-
    Semitic, xenophobic and bias-motivated activities enables prompt
    condemnation of such acts, increasing the chances that perpetrators
    will be apprehended swiftly.

        5) Implement region-wide programs on interethnic understanding and
    Holocaust education: This is the most effective way to combat the roots
    of popular or ``street'' anti-Semitism. Teaching children the values of
    tolerance and basic human rights from a very young age begins to stop
    the perpetuation of ignorance and negative stereotypes of Jews and
    other minorities.

        6) Reform the message of religious and media outlets throughout the
    region: Beyond the classroom and the government, the two other major
    sources of information in the FSU are the media and places of worship.
    Governments and non-governmental organizations need to work with
    leaders of these religious institutions and the editors of media
    outlets to ensure that they will spread a message of tolerance.

        NCSJ will keep engaging governments throughout this region strongly
    and persistently on these and other problematic areas in the human
    rights field. We will continue to make our position known in the United
    States, in the former Soviet Union, and in international fora.
        NCSJ and our member organizations are working hard to support the
    ongoing revival of former Soviet Jewish communities, and we look
    forward to continuing to work with Congress and the OSCE on these vital
    issues.
        Mr. Chairman, thank you for this opportunity and for the good work
    of this organization.

    Mark B. Levin, Executive Director of NCSJ: Advocates on behalf of Jews
    in Russia, Ukraine, the Baltic States & Eurasia since 1992, is one of
    the organized Jewish community's leading experts on national and
    international political and legislative issues. Mr. Levin travels
    extensively throughout the former Soviet region on a frequent basis.

    In 2008, Mr. Levin received the Soviet Jewry Freedom Award from the
    Russian Jewish Community Foundation, and the Order of Merit medal from
    Ukraine President Viktor Yushchenko. In 2006, Mr. Levin was honored for
    25 years of distinguished service with NCSJ.

    Mr. Levin has served three times as a Public Member of the U.S.
    Delegation to meetings of the Organization on Security and Co-operation
    in Europe (OSCE), and served as a Public Advisor for the U.S.
    Delegation to the 2004 Berlin Conference on Anti-Semitism. He has also
    represented NCSJ at Democratic and Republican National Conventions
    since 1980.

    Mr. Levin made his first trip to Russia in 1982, leading a
    Congressional delegation to meet with Soviet officials and Jewish
    activists. He organized the first International Parliamentary Spouses
    for Soviet Jews Conference in Washington, D.C. Mr. Levin was
    instrumental in creating the Congressional Coalition for Soviet Jews--
    one of the largest Congressional caucuses ever formed.

    In 1987, as a member of the Summit Task Force, Mr. Levin was a key
    figure in organizing the Washington Mobilization on behalf of Soviet
    Jews which brought more than 250,000 people to the nation's capital on
    for the December 6 ``Freedom Sunday'' rally. In 2002, he again worked
    closely with the Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish
    Organizations and other NCSJ member agencies to organize the massive
    April 15 ``National Rally for Israel.''

    From 1987 to 1989, Mr. Levin served as Director of the NCSJ's
    Washington office. He has been a member of the organization's
    professional staff since 1980. Prior to coming to NCSJ, he worked for
    the American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC). Mr. Levin is a
    graduate of the University of Maryland.

                      Prepared Statement of Eric Fusfield

        Mr. Chairman,
        I would like to thank you for the privilege and honor of addressing
    the Commission on behalf of B'nai B'rith International and its more
    than 200,000 members and supporters in over 50 countries, including
    many states in the OSCE region. B'nai B'rith would like to thank
    Chairman Smith, Co-Chairman Cardin, and the other Commissioners for
    convening this hearing and for their strong leadership in addressing
    the serious problem of anti-Semitism.
        It has been 11 years since the outbreak of the second intifada in
    the Middle East and, subsequently, the start of a new wave of anti-
    Semitism throughout the OSCE region and around the world. This spread
    of hatred has resulted not only in widespread attacks against Jewish
    communities, but in a proliferation of anti-Semitic propaganda, much of
    which is directed against the State of Israel.
        Tragically, the demonization and delegitimization of the Jewish
    state has become a daily occurrence, as Israel's enemies repeatedly
    accuse it of being a Nazi-like occupier and an apartheid state that
    disenfranchises the Palestinians. Falsehoods about Israel are repeated
    so often that they become widely accepted in the popular culture and
    sometimes impact government policy. The effort by Israel's relentless
    critics to denigrate the Jewish state is not only evidence that anti-
    Semitism is alive and well 66 years after the Holocaust--this new
    variation of the world's oldest social illness actually poses a
    security threat to the Jewish state by intensifying its international
    isolation.
        Over the past decade, the OSCE has taken up the urgent struggle
    against rising anti-Semitism. High-level conferences in Vienna in 2003
    and Berlin in 2004, as well as later conferences in Cordoba, Bucharest,
    Astana, and Prague have focused a needed spotlight on this and other
    forms of intolerance. One can feel encouraged by the many positive
    developments that have resulted from these gatherings, even though much
    more work remains to be done.
        The historic 2004 Berlin Declaration, which provided a series of
    important recommendations for governments to follow in combating anti-
    Semitism, specifically addressed the growing problem of anti-Semitic
    attacks being committed by opponents of Israel's policies. The passage
    stating that ``international developments or political issues,
    including those in Israel or elsewhere in the Middle East, never
    justify anti-Semitism'' still represents a crucial stance by the OSCE
    against attempts by opponents of Jews or Israel to rationalize their
    hatred.
        Permanent Council Decision No. 607, which preceded the Berlin
    Conference, and Ministerial Decisions Nos. 12-04 and 10-05, which
    followed it, represent vital affirmations of the OSCE's commitment to
    fight anti-Semitism and related forms of racism and xenophobia. That
    pact has been bolstered by the creation of ODIHR's indispensable
    tolerance and non-discrimination unit, which carries out this important
    work each day and which includes an expert advisor on anti-Semitism,
    and by the appointment of the Chairman-in-Office's three personal
    representatives on combating intolerance.
        While much has been done to fight anti-Semitism in the past decade,
    much work remains. The need for practical and effective strategies to
    combat and defeat this pathology is still crucial. To this end,

          The OSCE's Ministerial Council should formalize the
    scheduling of conferences on anti-Semitism and other forms of
    intolerance at regular intervals. Over the next few years, we will have
    opportunities to mark the 10th anniversaries of landmark OSCE
    conference in Vienna, Berlin, and Cordoba. By scheduling review
    conferences at the appropriate intervals, we can take advantage of
    these anniversaries by challenging OSCE member-states to follow through
    on their commitments.
          We should widely promote, within the OSCE, the European
    Union Fundamental Rights Agency's comprehensive working definition of
    anti-Semitism. This document, whose principles have also been adopted
    by the U.S. State Department and the U.S. Civil Rights Commission, is
    tremendously useful in identifying current manifestations of anti-
    Semitism to those who might not otherwise recognize them. It should be
    disseminated as widely as possible among public officials, educators,
    and journalists, among others.
          We must enhance the funding for ODIHR's Tolerance and
    Non-Discrimination unit, which has now become a fixed and integral part
    of the OSCE's work. We must enable the TND unit to sustain and expand
    its critical activities, which currently include educational programs
    on anti-Semitism in 14 countries. At least two more countries may soon
    be added to that list. TND would like to adapt those materials to an
    online format to make them more readily accessible, but this will
    require increased support from member-states.
          Security for Jewish communities must be enhanced. In some
    cases additional money has been allocated to make this possible. But
    even where funding is not available, much can be done through the
    exchange of best practices, facilitated by the OSCE.
          The U.S. has a critical role to play in ensuring that the
    OSCE maintains its focus on anti-Semitism as a distinct phenomenon,
    even as some of the remedies used to address anti-Semitism may have
    broader application. I hope that Secretary of State Clinton will attend
    the OSCE Ministerial Conference in Vilnius next week, as expected, and
    that when she does she will specifically reference the problem of anti-
    Semitism and the importance of the work of the three Personal
    Representatives and ODIHR's Tolerance and Non-Discrimination unit. Her
    doing so will illustrate the importance of keep attention focused on
    anti-Semitism at the highest levels.
          We must extend, for the foreseeable future, the terms of
    the three personal representatives on intolerance.
          Member-states must fulfill their reporting requirements
    with respect to hate crimes data. Fewer than 20 governments have done
    so until now.
          Finally, we must strongly reinforce the crucial principle
    declared at the Berlin Conference--That no political position, cause or
    grievance can ever justify anti-Semitism--and make clear that the
    demonization and delegitimization of the Jewish state is often none
    other than a pretext for the hatred of Jews themselves.

        Among the many recommendations and commitments by OSCE member-
    states that remained to be adequately implemented are government
    support for anti-hate programs; assistance in facilitating the
    prosecution of anti-Semitic crimes; and the promotion of academic
    exchange and educational programs. Furthermore, there must be follow-up
    in the areas of legislation; law enforcement; education; media; and
    general monitoring of anti-Semitic hate crimes. Progress in these
    spheres will require a continuation of the collaborative effort of
    friendly countries and NGOs in order for the promise of Berlin to be
    realized in a serious way. Education ministers and justice ministers,
    for example, should regularly meet in multilateral forums to develop an
    ongoing form of cooperation on matters related to anti-Semitism and
    hate crimes. And as OSCE member-states create legislation, they should
    increasingly call on the experience of NGOs to assist them in this
    effort.
        U.S. lawmakers have provided important leadership in these areas
    and their ongoing efforts should be strongly encouraged. The fact that
    we are joined at this hearing today by a U.S. Special Envoy for
    Monitoring and Combating Anti-Semitism is a positive result of the
    passage by Congress of the Global Anti-Semitism Review Act of 2004,
    which requires the State Department to report on acts of anti-Semitism
    around the world. Hannah Rosenthal is to be commended for her
    outstanding work in this post; Chairman Smith, Co-Chairman Cardin, and
    Representative Hastings should also be commended for their substantial
    contributions to the cause of combating global anti-Semitism through
    their participation in the OSCE process.
        Another significant development in this country occurred last year
    when the Department of Education issued a directive effectively
    applying Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to the protection of
    Jewish students from anti-Semitism on campuses. This sent an important
    signal that some forms of even Constitutionally protected speech can
    amount to harassment and, when they do, the rights of the victims must
    be safeguarded. This action came at a time when Jewish students in this
    country are facing increased hostility related to virulent anti-Israel
    activism on university campuses; too often, the response from
    administrators and educators has been mere passivity.
        Last summer I had the opportunity to travel to Oslo with
    representatives of the Anti-Defamation League and the Simon Wiesenthal
    Center. In a meeting with leading Norwegian journalists, I confronted
    the editor of the daily paper Dagbladet with an editorial cartoon he
    had published depicting former Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert as a
    concentration camp guard. His response was that the cartoon provoked a
    healthy public debate. Three months later, he ran a second piece by the
    same cartoonist, this one depicting Gaza as an Israeli-run
    concentration camp. When asked in an interview why he had used the
    flawed and inherently anti-Semitic Nazi analogy, the cartoonist
    replied, ``Because I think it fits.''
        Mr. Chairman, I think of my eight-month-old son Emanuel and imagine
    that he will graduate from college around the time that we mark the
    100th anniversary of the start of the Holocaust. With very few
    Holocaust survivors likely to be alive then, and with the lessons of
    history that much more faded, how much more difficult will it be for
    his generation to prevent such misuses of the Holocaust analogy and to
    promote an understanding that these distortions intensify the isolation
    of the Jewish state and undermine the security of the Jewish people?
        The implacability of the cartoonist and his editor is an unsettling
    reminder of the problem we continue to face and an illustration of why
    Elie Wiesel has described anti-Semitism as ``the world's most durable
    ideology.'' As we gauge the OSCE's progress in the struggle against
    anti-Semitism, we can draw reassurance from the positive accomplishment
    of the past eight years, even as we commit ourselves to sustaining and
    intensifying our focus.
        Mr. Chairman, thank you for your unstinting commitment to this
    issue. B'nai B'rith pledges its ongoing cooperation as we all confront
    the challenge of combating anti-Semitism together. The history of
    European Jewry in the past century is a tragic one. Let us be mindful
    of that history; let us speak out; let us use our influence; and let us
    act now. History demands nothing less from us.

        Eric Fusfield has served as Deputy Director of the B'nai B'rith
    Center for Human Rights and Public Policy since 2007 and as Director of
    Legislative Affairs for B'nai B'rith International since 2003. He is
    responsible for B'nai B'rith's policy advocacy and government
    relations, including formulating and promoting B'nai B'rith's agenda on
    Capitol Hill and representing the agency before Congress, the Executive
    branch, foreign governments, and international organizations. He also
    helps oversee B'nai B'rith's public policy operations in Washington,
    New York, Brussels, and its other offices abroad. He has met with
    numerous heads of government, foreign ministers, and ambassadors; has
    frequently been interviewed by radio programs and print publications;
    has testified before several government bodies in the United States and
    abroad; and has spoken at many conferences and other public events.
        Mr. Fusfield previously served as Assistant Director of European
    Affairs for the American Jewish Committee for five years. The
    international programs he coordinated in the agency's Washington, D.C.
    office involved diplomatic advocacy; outreach to international Jewish
    communities; research and analysis; and development of exchange
    programs. An attorney formerly in private practice, he holds degrees
    from Columbia University (B.A. in History), Oxford University (M.St. in
    Modern Jewish Studies), and American University (J.D./M.A. in Law and
    International Affairs). He also has studied in Sweden, Israel, and
    France. He has worked for several different law firms and Jewish
    organizations in Washington, and has written articles for various
    publications.
        Mr. Fusfield was born in Hamburg, Germany and raised in the
    Washington, D.C. area, where he still lives. In 1999 he was awarded a
    Nahum Goldman Fellowship by the Memorial Foundation for Jewish Culture
    and in 2005 was named a Young Leader by the Atlantik Bruecke Institute
    of Germany. He is a former President of Beth El House, Inc., a non-
    profit organization providing transitional housing for formerly
    homeless families in Northern Virginia.

                      Prepared Statement of Stacy Burdett

        Let me offer special thanks on behalf of the Anti-Defamation League
    and its National Director, Abraham Foxman, to Chairman Smith and all of
    the Commissioners for holding this hearing today and for the many
    hearings, letters, and rallying cries that have kept this issue front
    and center. Your commitment to the fight against anti-Semitism and your
    determination to move from concern to action, inspires and energizes
    all of us.
        The history of the Jewish people in the OSCE Region is fraught with
    examples of the worst violations of human rights--forced conversions,
    expulsions, inquisitions, pogroms, and genocide. The struggle against
    the persecution of Jews was a touchstone for the creation of some of
    the foundational human rights instruments and treaties as well as the
    development of OSCE human dimension mechanisms.
        We focus today on anti-Semitism but we are mindful that in
    advancing the fight against anti-Semitism, we elevate the duty of
    governments to comply with broader human dimension commitments and to
    support ODIHR and its efforts. That is the core of ADL's mission: to
    secure justice and fair treatment for Jews in tandem with safeguarding
    the rights of all oppressed groups.
        Anti-Semitism is a primary concern for the Anti-Defamation League--
    not just because we are a Jewish community organization, but because
    anti-Semitism, the oldest and most persistent form of prejudice,
    threatens security and democracy, and poisons the health of a society
    as a whole. The Anti-Defamation League was established in 1913 with its
    core mission to combat the then horrific discrimination against Jews in
    all facets of American life and the growth of anti-Jewish movements and
    organizations peddling their hate around the world. Over nearly a
    century, as part of the fight against anti-Semitism and all forms of
    bigotry, we have been at the forefront of the campaign to secure
    historic civil rights achievements, pioneered the development of model
    hate crimes laws, and developed anti-bias education models to address
    all forms of prejudice and to prepare each succeeding generation to
    live in an increasingly diverse society.
        As we have learned: where anti-Semitism flourishes, no minority
    group is safe.

        Nine years ago, we assembled in this hearing room and focused on
    three goals:

    1. Identifying and calling attention to a stunning resurgence of anti-
    Semitism.

    2. Exposing the broad denial and inaction of too many Participating
    States.

    3. Calling for measures to overcome the lack of awareness and to
    identify basic tools for the US and OSCE to respond.

        We came away from that hearing charged with re-engaging the
    Copenhagen Concluding Document's call for governments to confront a
    21st century anti-Semitism that crossed the globe in an instant. This
    hatred wore new masks and unfolded in a new era where taboos against
    anti-Semitism that existed after the Holocaust were eroded.
        You will hear today that the threat persists and follows the broad
    contours of the assessments in 2002. What we called then an ``upsurge''
    proved to be more than a wave of incidents requiring emergency action,
    but an enduring reality that requires a comprehensive,
    institutionalized, and ongoing response.
        You will also hear today that the lack of political will by
    governments to take seriously their obligations is the single largest
    obstacle to progress.
        But the arsenal of tools to respond is starkly different than it
    was then. Think back to how we remarked that, in too many parts of the
    region, in the face of anti-Semitism, there was nowhere to call and no
    understanding of the problem. The gaps in the readiness and capability
    to quantify and to respond on the part of the OSCE institutions and---
    even the US Government---were stunning.
        Terms like ``hate crime'' and ``data collection'' had hardly been
    uttered on the international stage until the 2003 Vienna conference on
    anti-Semitism, and they were incorporated into the Maastricht
    Ministerial Council Decision that year. Through that prism, the
    progress has been swift and the difference that nine years of continued
    advancement has made is very welcome.

    OSCE: A Model IGO Approach to Fighting Anti-Semitism and Hate Crime

        When we first were confronted by the surge of anti-Semitic hate
    violence in the OSCE region, we were a community still scarred by the
    United Nations World Conference Against Racism in Durban and the
    realization that many in the international community did not view anti-
    Semitism as a legitimate human rights issue. For Jewish communities
    targeted in ways they had not seen in decades, there was no one to
    call, no focal point of responsibility, and an international community
    largely in denial. Our groups came to Congress, and to the
    Administration with a simple request: if international bodies such as
    the U.N. could not address the human rights violation that is anti-
    Semitism, let the OSCE, the largest regional security organization,
    with a body of commitments to fight anti-Semitism, convene a conference
    to address the racism and discrimination that is anti-Semitism.
        Since then, while progress in other international forums has been
    lagging and incremental, the OSCE has become a center of activity and
    progress. The OSCE has been a forum for forthright recognition of, and
    response to, anti-Semitism in what continues to be a poisonous and
    politicized environment. Key achievements include:

          Groundbreaking Ministerial Council Decisions,
    Parliamentary Assembly Resolutions and tolerance conferences recognized
    anti-Semitism and secured commitments for action by Participating
    States and for the OSCE institutions.

          The appointment by the Chair in Office of Personal
    Representatives on anti-Semitism, on Xenophobia and on Discrimination
    against Muslims has added political muscle to OSCE efforts to raise the
    profile of these issues.

          The creation of a specialized unit on tolerance which
    included a dedicated staff advisor on anti-Semitism

    ODIHR Tools and Responses

        ODIHR has used the decisions and taskings in an expansive way to
    address challenges and expose gaps. ODIHR reports have examined
    critical questions:

          What are governments doing to combat hate crime? Where
    are the gaps?

          What are effective educational approaches to deal with
    anti-Semitism?

          How is the Holocaust commemorated across the Region?

          What role can governments, parliamentarians and public
    officials play in getting the most out of these commemorations?

        ODIHR has used its mandate and the findings of its reports to
    develop innovative approaches to fill those gaps. Today there is an
    impressive body of cutting edge program activity underway as part of
    the Tolerance and non-Discrimination program. The ODIHR's Toolbox for
    Combatting Hate Crime [Appendix I] is an impressive menu of tools that
    addresses directly precisely the problems, the policies, the target
    groups that we have identified repeatedly. Participating States can
    avail themselves of tools to:

    1. Educate students about anti-Semitism, its past and present

          ODIHR teaching materials are adapted and customized to
    relate to the history, language and experience of students in nine
    countries--with four more versions under development now.

          Addressing Anti-Semitism: Why and How? A Guide for
    Educators givesteachers definitions and strategies they can use to
    tackle anti-Semitism in the classroom. It is available in 9 languages
    and currently being translated into Turkish.

          Make Holocaust education mandates and Holocaust Memorial
    Days an opportunity to recognize and address the reality that anti-
    Semitism did not die with Hitler. Preparing Holocaust Memorial Days:
    Suggestions for Educators guides teachers on how to use remembrance
    days to address anti-Semitism today and underscore that anti-Semitism
    did not die with Hitler. It is available in 13 languages.

    2. Help Governments Fulfill Commitments to Address Hate Crime

          The annual report on hate crime--Incidents and
    Responses--highlights the prevalence of hate and notes how governments
    and civil society are responding;

          Guide Participating States in drafting effective hate
    crime laws. Hate Crime Laws: A Practical Guide provides practical
    advice for lawmakers, community organizations and law enforcement for
    responding to bias crimes. Developed with input from an international
    team of judges, prosecutors, human rights officials, representatives of
    international non-governmental organizations, including ADL, the guide
    has already been used by ODIHR as the basis for legislative reviews and
    training sessions and has been translated into several languages.

          Train to build the capacity of Participating States'
    criminal justice systems and the law-enforcement officials, prosecutors
    and judges that staff them;

          Partner with and empower communities to respond and
    prevent hate crime. ADL was proud to work with OSCE's ODIHR in creating
    a resource guide for communities---``Preventing and Responding to Hate
    Crimes.'' The guide provides a menu of tools to help non-governmental
    organizations respond to hate crimes and to serve as a bridge between
    officials and the communities they serve.

          Support practical initiatives by civil society to monitor
    and report hate crimes and fill in the gap left by the unmet
    commitments of governments.

        So now, in the face of hate, there is a place to call, a locus for
    action, an intergovernmental partnership with civil society to
    spotlight and combat this problem. Institutions, including those of the
    United Nations, are partnering with ODIHR and using OSCE materials in
    areas like Holocaust remembrance and education.
        This is a model for how, in the relatively brief time of seven
    years, an organization can transcend a reticence to address the problem
    and catalyze a serious IGO initiative to combat not just anti-Semitism
    but also hate crimes and discrimination on a comprehensive basis.
        Through our engagement with the Helsinki Commission and the State
    Department and with ODIHR, the Anti-Defamation League has been
    gratified to be involved in putting the fight against anti-Semitism
    squarely on the OSCE human dimension agenda and to putting our
    experience to work in helping the OSCE develop a toolkit to fight anti-
    Semitism that holds incredible promise and potential.
        The major challenge today is how to build more political will at a
    high level, so more governments are willing to use these tools to help
    meet their commitments.

    What is Anti-Semitism?

        Anti-Semitism is a form of hatred, mistrust, and contempt for Jews
    based on a variety of stereotypes and myths, and often invokes the
    belief that Jews have extraordinary influence with which they conspire
    to harm or control society. It can target Jews as individuals, as a
    group or a people, or it can target Israel as a Jewish entity.
    Criticism of Israel or Zionism is anti-Semitic when it uses anti-Jewish
    stereotypes or invokes anti-Semitic symbols and images, or holds Jews
    collectively responsible for actions of the State of Israel. I have
    appended to my statement a brief description of anti-Semitism and the
    manifestations we are seeing today.

    What is the Nature and Magnitude of the Problem?

        Appendix II of this statement notes the key themes of contemporary
    anti-Semitism, and Appendix III outlines select incidents that
    exemplify some of the trends discussed below. As a practical matter,
    anti-Semitism manifests itself in two primary areas: public discourse
    and incidents of harassment, vandalism and hate violence. As such,
    while anti-Semitism can require distinct responses, a number of the
    recommendations we have to fight anti-Semitism are also components of a
    comprehensive hate crimes response strategy.

    The Data Deficit

        The first question you should have is: what is the scope and
    magnitude of anti-Semitism today? The answer to that question points to
    a key obstacle. There is a massive data deficit across dozens of
    countries that do not monitor or document anti-Semitic incidents.
        The obstacles to comprehensive data collection by police--and the
    disincentives to reporting for victims of these crimes--are
    significant. Some of the most likely targets of hate violence are the
    least likely to report these crimes to the police. But we have focused
    on data collection, because it is the essential jumping off point for
    prevention and response. Counting these crimes requires defining anti-
    Semitic hate crimes and training police to recognize and understand
    them. Where there is data, there is awareness; where thhere is
    awareness, there is action.
        We first called for data collection on anti-Semitism in this room.
    Those calls, amplified by then New York Mayor Rudolph Giuliani at the
    first OSCE conference on anti-Semitism in Vienna in 2003, culminated
    that same year in ODIHR being tasked by the Maastricht Ministerial
    Council with serving as a ``collection point'' for incidents of anti-
    Semitism and responses.

    What ODIHR's Report Shows

        ODIHR has done a great service by fulfilling a charge that is
    essentially passive in nature and using it to highlight challenges and
    create tools advocates can use to urge progress.
        The annual report, Hate Crimes in the OSCE: Incidents and
    Responses, is a straightforward presentation of available information
    on anti-Semitic incidents and the actions governments are taking in
    response. While compiling available data on incidents provides only a
    limited view of the actual prevalence of anti-Semitism, presenting hard
    information about current government policies and actions is a useful
    measure of how governments are responding and how seriously they are
    addressing problems.
        The ODIHR report lays bare for us to see which countries are
    fulfilling their commitments, beginning with the first step of
    monitoring anti-Semitism in their country. The report documents whether
    and how their laws and policies address crimes motivated by anti-
    Semitism and which governments share this information with ODIHR and
    with the public.
        While the ODIHR effort is not aimed at judging governments and
    their performance, it lifts the veil on what governments are doing and
    allows advocates to make their own assessment. For the last three
    years, the Anti-Defamation League has partnered with Human Rights First
    to convert ODIHR's information into a scorecard which rates the
    performance of OSCE Participating States in specific areas of
    monitoring and addressing hate crimes. The report assesses the
    performance of Participating States not based on where incidents occur,
    but by the policies and procedures they use to respond---for which they
    have direct responsibility.
        This is an important barometer by which we measure the performance
    of governments. So, seven years after Ministers stood in Berlin with
    great fanfare and committed to gather data on anti-Semitism and hate
    crime, only four of the 56 OSCE Participating States actually submitted
    information to ODIHR on anti-Semitic incidents for this year's hate
    crime report.
        While monitoring efforts by non-governmental organizations may only
    provide a limited picture, it is meaningful that the ODIHR augments the
    government-supplied data with information provided from NGOs and
    documented in the media. So the ODIHR report makes clear that the
    absence of official data certainly does not signify a lack of anti--
    Semitic incidents in a given country. The ODIHR report noted that, in
    26 of the countries where no data on anti-Semitism was submitted, a
    number of anti-Semitic incidents were reported by media, Jewish
    communities, or other non-governmental sources like the Tel Aviv
    University's Stephen Roth Institute.

    The Increase of US Reporting

        We worked together, Congress and NGOs, to strengthen US reporting
    to fill the data deficit, because we understood that, regardless of
    What the OSCE and other governments might do, US reporting on anti-
    Semitism as a human rights and religious freedom issue is an
    indispensable tool in spotlighting the problem and a tool for US
    diplomacy. As with any reporting which originates in embassies around
    the world, US reporting on anti-Semitism has varied from place to
    place. We were enthusiastic about the introduction of the Global Anti-
    Semitism Awareness Act of 2004 to call for State Department efforts to
    improve their reporting and their engagement.
        As a result of the enactment of the law, first introduced by
    Chairman Smith and others, US embassies are mandated to seek out
    information on trends in anti-Semitism as part of their core human
    rights and religious freedom monitoring function. The increased
    reporting is accompanied by increased awareness and enhanced engagement
    by America's diplomats.
        The impact of this routinized and required scrutiny is evident in
    the reports themselves. The number of countries in which the State
    Department is documenting incidents of anti-Semitism has more than
    doubled. You see a similar jump in reporting when you look just at OSCE
    Participating States as a group.

    ------------------------------------------------------------------------
                     Country Reports
    Country Reports   Citing  Anti-     Incidents of        Anti-Semitism
       on  Human     Semitism or its   Anti- Semitism     Reported in  OSCE
         Rights          Absence          Reported      Participating States
    ------------------------------------------------------------------------
          2002               30                30                  30
    ------------------------------------------------------------------------
          2010              192                62                  38
    ------------------------------------------------------------------------

        But mandating reporting is not sufficient to make a difference. The
    reports are only one indicator of how the issue of anti-Semitism has
    growing recognition and presence across the private and public
    diplomacy instruments in the State Department. The Special Envoy
    position, also created by the law, provides an invaluable platform to
    strengthen the reporting as well as the US response. ADL has
    consistently pressed for the fight against anti-Semitism to be a part
    of US policy and for the response to employ the full array of US policy
    and diplomacy mechanisms. Continued support for a strong Special Envoy
    will ensure that the US maintains a specialized focus on anti-Semitism
    and a dedicated effort to mobilize the arsenal of US diplomatic tools
    to respond.
        The Special Envoy has instituted expanded training on anti-Semitism
    in the State Department's Foreign Service Institute to give diplomats
    the understanding and tools to recognize anti-Semitism and the
    contemporary forms it takes. The Foreign Service Institute course on
    ``Promoting Human Rights and Democracy'' now includes training, led by
    ADL and the Special Envoy which is being integrated into the Foreign
    Service Institute's future courses, including in a new curriculum on
    religious freedom launched this summer. The ability to integrate
    training on the ODIHR definition, how to spot anti-Semitism and what
    the indicators mean for American diplomats serving in places as diverse
    as Saudi Arabia, Khartoum, Oslo, Kigali, Bogota, Tbilisi, Madrid, and
    Jakarta is a very meaningful step.
        ADL has been proud to partner with the State Department to share
    our training and subject matter expertise. This program models the best
    of what a public-private partnership can achieve.
        Indeed, the growth of the reporting reflects a greater awareness of
    what anti-Semitism is and how it threatens human rights. The State
    Department Country Reports on Human Rights have been increasingly
    attentive to the issue of how anti-Semitism in the public discourse
    puts Jews at risk, as well as how hostility toward Israel and Jews is
    intertwined. The importance of this kind of reporting also demonstrates
    the need for sustained FSI training on what is a delicate and nuanced
    issue.
        The enactment of the Global Anti-Semitism Awareness Act did more
    than create a position or ask for a report. It launched a process that
    is dynamic and evolving.
        For NGOs and communities, the Special Envoy and her staff have
    established their office as a real listening post and a focal point for
    bringing issues forward for high-level attention by Regional Bureaus or
    the Secretary herself. At a very practical level, the Envoy's office is
    a hub for information and advocacy inside the State Department and for
    Jewish communities as well through quarterly NGO strategy meetings and
    the regular flow of information back and forth through the Envoy's
    newsletter and new media tools.

    Overview and Trends

        Violence against Jews and Jewish institutions has been documented
    mostly in Western Europe and North America--with large concentrations
    of reported incidents in the UK, France, the US, and Canada. These are
    also countries with large Jewish communities and also better government
    and NGO monitoring.

    Everyday Insecurity, Harassment, Vulnerability

        The Anti-Defamation League is deeply involved in fighting
    discrimination today and, during our century of work, discrimination
    had been a major barrier for Jewish participation in the life of the
    countries in which they live, including the United States.
        Today, overt anti-Jewish discrimination is not the law of the land
    anywhere in the OSCE Region, nor is it the chief barrier to the full
    realization of the rights of Jews. Today, a Jew's right to live in
    security with dignity and freedom to express his/her identity is
    threatened by an atmosphere of intimidation and ugly acts of hatred. It
    manifests in the form of violent hate crimes, which target Jews and
    visible Jewish sites such as schools, synagogues, and cemeteries. It is
    the everyday harassment that prevents Jews in so many places from being
    able to express who they are, to freely wear yarmulkes, Stars of David,
    or even T-shirts bearing Hebrew lettering or slogans. Rabbis, parents,
    and students live with the knowledge that walking the streets bearing
    an identifiable Jewish symbol could put you at risk of violence,
    intimidation, and harassment. This is the unwritten rule many Jews are
    forced to live by.
        Stroll through some Jewish neighborhoods around Brussels and you
    will find bearded Jewish men wearing baseball caps instead of
    yarmulkes. Ask yourself what it would mean if in Baltimore or in
    Elizabeth NJ, your Orthodox Jewish constituents were forced to hide
    their traditional religious garb or symbols just to avoid harassment
    that has become commonplace.
        In so many communities, when we ask Jewish leaders about the nature
    and levels of threats, they discount stunning incidents of bias or
    harassment as simply a fixture of the landscape in which they live.
    Incidents and situations that would be scandalous in any American city
    often go unreported or are ignored.
        In Latvia, for example, during an interview in March on a major TV
    station, a neo-Nazi called for Jews to be shot and hanged from
    lampposts. The police opened an investigation, but inexplicably closed
    it several months later without bringing any charges.
        Just last week in Belgium, a 13 year-old Jewish girl was attacked
    and severely beaten by five schoolmates of Moroccan origin, who
    repeatedly called her a ``dirty Jew'' and told her to ``go back to her
    country.'' According to the Central Council of Jewish Organizations of
    Belgium, the police did not consider it an anti-Semitic incident.
    Except for one Jewish member of parliament, no public figure condemned
    the attack.
        This is part of the routine calculus of trepidation and caution
    that Jews must navigate. This is impossible to measure, but it is
    possible, indeed vital, to address. Governments must meet their
    commitment to keep Jews and all their inhabitants safe from
    discrimination and hate violence.
    Anti-Semitic Hate Linked to Demonization of Israel
        Expressing disagreement with Israeli action through violence
    against one's Jewish neighbor or the Jewish community is untenable and
    a violation of rights. Yet, successive reports by both Inter-
    Governmental and Non-Governmental Organizations note that there is a
    direct link between flares of Israeli-Palestinian tensions and a spike
    in anti-Semitic hate violence.
        When Israel has taken action to defend its citizens from attacks
    from Gaza or Lebanon, we have witnessed Jews around the world also
    coming under attack. Following events like Operation Cast Lead in Gaza,
    we saw anti-Israel rallies and demonstrations in Europe and the US
    become scenes of anti-Semitic rhetoric and imagery. Jews were beaten on
    the street. Synagogues were fire-bombed. The OSCE's Office for
    Democratic Institutions and Human Rights first documented this
    phenomenon during the 2006 conflict between Israel and Hezbollah:
    ``Analyses and investigations of these incidents show that the
    projection of anti-Israel sentiment onto Jewish communities throughout
    Europe was a widespread pattern in 2006, with the conflict between
    Israel and Hezbollah frequently being used as a justification for anti-
    Semitism.''

    Anti-Zionism as a Mask for Anti-Semitism

        Not only are events in the Middle East a catalyst for anti-Semitic
    incidents, but anti-Zionism and anti-Israel animus are used as a thin
    disguise for anti-Semitism. The European Union's Fundamental Rights
    Agency in its Working Paper on anti-Semitism (April 2011) notes ``the
    use of anti-Zionism as a way to circumvent prevailing taboos that still
    exists around using old anti-Semitism.'' \1\ This follows on other FRA
    reports like one in 2008 that observed: ``Anti-Semitic activity since
    2000 is increasingly attributed to a `new anti-Semitism' characterized
    primarily by the vilification of Israel as the Jewish collective, and
    perpetrated primarily by members of Europe's Muslim population.'' \2\
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        \1\  European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, Antisemitism,
    Summary Overview of the situation in the European Union from 2001-2010,
    Apri1 2011, page 4.
        \2\  European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, Antisemitism,
    Summary Overview of the situation in the European Union from 2001-2007,
    Jan. 2008, page 19.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        A prime example of this is playing out in Sweden where, in January
    2009, Malmo's mayor Ilmar Reepalu said ``we accept neither Zionism nor
    antisemitism'' in Malmo and that the Jewish community could help reduce
    tensions in the city by condemning Israeli actions. He then criticized
    the Jewish community for organizing a pro-Israel demonstration, since
    that ``could send out the wrong signals.'' \3\
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        \3\  Cnaan Lipshiz, Swedish mayor calls both Anti-Semitism and
    Zionism forms of'unacceptable extremism', Ha'aretz, Jan. 29,2010,
    http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spagcs/1146123.html.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        These incidents are more than just one day stories. Two and a half
    years after the Malmo incident--just this week--ADL received a report
    from the Swedish Committee Against Anti-Semitism (SKMA) that
    Palestinians continue to harass Swedish Jews in front of Malmo's
    synagogue. According to SKMA, neither the police nor the politicians
    have reacted adequately.
        Rabbi Menno ten Brink of Amsterdam summed up this sentiment:
    ``Their reasoning goes something like this: Israelis are Jews,
    Palestinians are Arabs, so we Moroccan `Arabs' in the Netherlands are
    going to take on Dutch Jews.'' \4\
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        \4\  Karel Berkhout, Anti-Semitism on the rise in Amsterdam, NRC
    Handelsblad (Netherlands), Jan. 26, 2010,http://www.nrc.nl/
    international/article2468489.ece/Anti-
    Semitism_on_the_rise_in_Amsterdam.

    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Equating Israel with Nazism and Jews with Nazis

        The use of Nazi imagery to portray the Jewish state is a perversion
    of memory, an insult to those who perished in the Holocaust, an affront
    to those who survived the horrors of Nazi Germany and to those who
    fought to defeat the Nazis.
        This widespread use of Holocaust and Nazi analogies goes well
    beyond legitimate criticism of Israel. Particularly dangerous and
    disturbing is the use of Nazi imagery to depict Israelis and
    comparisons of Israel's actions to the absolute evil perpetrated by the
    Nazis in the Holocaust. These comparisons and imagery are modern
    incarnations of the age-old myths of Jews as a satanic and conniving
    force which endeavors to take over the world.
        Caricatures that depict Israelis as Nazis appear with alarming
    frequency in the Arab press, on the web, and even in some mainstream
    European newspapers. ODIHR first documented this in its 2006 report
    which noted that, as part of organized and spontaneous anti-Semitic
    violence, ``direct reference to the Third Reich was often made, with
    Holocaust imagery being used as a rhetorical device to threaten Jews or
    to equate them with the perpetrators of the Holocaust.'' \5\
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        \5\  OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights, Hate
    Crimes in the OSCE Region: Incidentsand Responses, Sept. 18, 2007,
    http://www,osce.org/publications/odihr/2007/09/26296_931_en.pdf.

    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        European media have also included clearly anti-Semitic caricatures.

          In Norway, one of the largest mainstream dailies,
    Dagbladet, published a cartoon in October that compared Gaza and
    Buchenwald.

          In Belgium, a major Flemish paper, De Morgen, published a
    cartoon of a Jew carrying two suitcases bursting with cash and the
    caption, ``Switzerland, the Promised Land.''

    (See illustrations on following pages.)

    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

    Conspiracy Theories Gaining Acceptability in Public Discourse

        One of the constant themes of anti-Semitism is that, in every
    generation, conspiracy theories emerge that appeal to people from the
    fringes of society to the mainstream. In Sweden in 2009, a false and
    malicious report in a Swedish newspaper that Israeli soldiers abducted
    and killed Palestinians, including children, to harvest their internal
    organs mushroomed into a global conspiracy theory. Within months, the
    story generated several conspiracy theories about Jewish plots to
    harvest organs from victims around the globe, including from kidnapped
    Algerian and Ukrainian children and from Haitians pulled from the
    rubble of the earthquake that devastated their nation.
        The false conspiracy theory related to the Israeli rescue teams in
    Haiti reached all the way to the British House of Lords, where Baroness
    Jenny Tonge called on Israel to launch an investigation into the
    conduct of its military in Haiti. Tonge made the comment after an
    English-language Palestinian newspaper, The Palestine Telegraph,
    published an article that cited a report by Hezbollah's Al-Manar TV
    regarding the organ trafficking allegations. The Palestinian paper
    lists Tonge as one of two members of a ``board of patrons.'' Following
    the story, Tonge apologized. However, Nick Clegg, the leader of the
    Liberal Democrat party, called Tonge's comment ``unacceptable'' and he
    subsequently removed her from her position as party spokeswoman on
    health issues.
        The conspiracy theories have been reported as fact by Iranian and
    Arab media, including Syrian TV, Press TV, a state-funded Iranian TV
    news channel, and leading pan-Arab satellite news networks Al Jazeera
    and Al-Arabiya. In addition, newspapers in Jordan, Oman, Qatar, and
    other Arab countries published a series of editorial cartoons that
    depicted Israelis as vicious butchers who were gleefully cutting off
    the body parts of Arabs and trading in Palestinian organs.

    Anti-Semitism in Politics and Political Discourse

        Of great concern is the return of political anti-Semitism in
    Hungary and Ukraine, home to two large Jewish communities. Jobbik is a
    major Hungarian party, Which won over 15 percent of the vote in the
    2010 parliamentary election. Its leaders have a long history of anti-
    Semitic statements and used anti-Semitic campaign materials. In
    Ukraine, the anti-Semitic Svoboda party came in first place with 30-40%
    of the vote in the last regional elections in three western oblasts--
    Lvov, lvano-Frankivsk, and Ternopil. In September, Svoboda's leaders
    organized an anti-Jewish protest, ``Uman without Hasidim,'' against the
    annual Rosh Hashanah pilgrimage of Hasidic Jews from around the world
    to a famous rabbi's grave in city of Uman.
        Complacency in the face of anti-Semitism by politicians is another
    concern. In Belgium, Laurent Louis, a member of parliament from the
    small MLD party, said that the Parti Populaire (PP) ought to change its
    name to ``PJB'' for ``Parti Juif de Belgique'' (Jewish Party of
    Belgium) for having Jewish members and for its support of Israel. Louis
    has stated on many occasions that Israel is no different from the Nazi
    regime. No major political figure denounced Louis' statement. Last
    year, European Union's Trade Commissioner Karel de Gucht, a former
    Belgian Foreign Minister, said in a radio interview, ``It is not easy,
    even with a moderate Jew, to have a rational conversation.'' The
    European Commission only said that it was a personal comment and took
    no action against de Gucht. He remains a member of the EU's highest
    political body.
        In Greece, the anti-Semitic LAOS party was invited into the current
    coalition government, despite past statements by its leaders that
    denied the Holocaust, blamed 9/11 on the Jews, and asserted that ``Jews
    have no legitimacy to speak in Greece and provoke the political
    world.''

    Anti-Semitic Incidents in the US

        The good news is that we in the United States have continued to
    enjoy a period of relative calm, where the overall numbers are mostly
    unchanged and the incidents are isolated. But the bad news is that for
    all our efforts to educate, to raise awareness, and to legislate, anti-
    Jewish incidents remain a disturbing part of the American Jewish
    experience.
        The FBI's just released annual report Hate Crime Statistics 2010,
    found that in 2010, the number of reported anti-Jewish crimes decreased
    slightly, from 931 in 2009 to 887 in 2010. However, the data revealed a
    very disturbing and persistent fact: two-thirds of the reported
    religion-based crimes in 2010 were directed against Jews and Jewish
    institutions--consistent with data over the past decade. The report
    details hate crimes by states, cities, towns, and colleges and
    universities. A chart which compiles and compares the FBI data from
    2010 to 2000 is included as Appendix IV at the end of this statement.
        Reporting is a challenge in the US as well. Eighty of the largest
    cities in the United States--all over 100,000 in population--either did
    not report data to the FBI in 2010 or affirmatively reported zero hate
    crimes to the FBI in 2010. The fact that law enforcement agencies in 80
    major cities either did not report hate crime data or affirmatively
    reported zero hate crimes in their jurisdiction should prompt questions
    and/or concern about the seriousness of their response to hate
    violence.
        The ADL Audit of Anti-Semitic Incidents, released last month, found
    that the number of anti-Semitic incidents increased slightly in 2010,
    to a total of 1,239 incidents, compared to 1,211 incidents reported in
    2009. This is the first increase reported by ADL since the numbers hit
    a record high in 2004, when the U.S. experienced 1,821 incidents of
    anti-Semitism. Since 2004, the total number of anti-Jewish incidents
    had declined incrementally each year.
        The 2010 Audit comprises data from 45 states and the District of
    Columbia, including official crime statistics as well as information
    provided to ADL's Regional Offices by victims, law enforcement
    officers, and community leaders and members. The Audit encompasses
    criminal acts, such as vandalism, violence and threats of violence, as
    well as non-criminal incidents of harassment and intimidation.
        Continuing a longtime trend, the states with the highest totals
    were those with large Jewish populations. The top four states were
    California, with 297 incidents in 2010, up from 275 in 2009; New York,
    with 205 incidents, down from 209; New Jersey, with 130 incidents, down
    from 132; and Florida, with 116 incidents, up from 90.
        According to the Audit, other states with double-digit totals in
    2010 include Massachusetts (64, up from 55 in 2009); Pennsylvania (42,
    down from 65 in 2009); Colorado (38, up from 14); Connecticut (38, up
    from 24); and Texas (37, up from 28).

    Addressing Anti-Semitism and Anti-Israel Activity on College Campuses

        As both a civil rights and Jewish community organization, the Anti-
    Defamation League works to address anti-Semitism and anti-Israel
    activity on American college campuses in a nuanced and thoughtful
    manner. The rights to free speech and academic freedom are sacred and
    deserve protection. At the same time, when anti-Israel activity crosses
    the line into anti-Semitism and expressions of support for terrorism,
    or when the Israel activity is so pervasive and severe that it creates
    a hostile environment for Jewish students, it is imperative to expose
    these incidents, speak out strongly in opposition, and urge university
    officials to issue condemnations. ADL also works with Hillel
    professionals and students to address these issues.
        ADL strongly welcomed the October 26, 2010 Dear Colleague
    guidelines issued by the U.S. Department of Education's Office for
    Civil Rights (OCR) to address bullying in schools.
        We believe members of the Helsinki Commission should be aware that
    the OCR Dear Colleague letter made clear that anti-Semitic harassment
    on campus can be prohibited by federal civil rights law. ADL had called
    for clarification of this issue in a March 2010 letter that the League
    helped coordinate with 12 other Jewish organizations. That letter
    called on the Department to interpret Title VI of the Civil Rights Act
    of 1964 to protect Jewish students from anti-Semitic harassment,
    intimidation and discrimination--including anti-Israel and anti-Zionist
    sentiment that crosses the line into anti-Semitism.
        Specifically, the OCR guidance makes clear that Title VI of the
    Civil Rights Act of 1964--which bars schools receiving federal dollars
    from discriminating based on ``race, color or national origin''--
    protects Jewish students from anti-Semitism on campuses ``on the basis
    of actual or perceived shared ancestry or ethnic characteristics.'' The
    OCR guidance defines Title VI coverage as follows:

            While Title VI does not cover discrimination based solely on
            religion, groups that face discrimination on the basis of
            actual or perceived shared ancestry or ethnic characteristics
            may not be denied protection under Title VI on the ground that
            they also share a common faith. These principles apply not just
            to Jewish students, but also to students from any discrete
            religious group that shares, or is perceived to share, ancestry
            or ethnic characteristics (e.g. Muslims or Sikhs).

        This clarification is particularly welcome in conjunction with
    ADL's continuing work to combat anti-Semitic bullying, harassment and
    bigotry on campus--including anti--Semitic intimidation of pro-Israel
    activists. At times, anti-Semitic conduct amounting to intimidation,
    harassment, and discrimination is manifested not by overt anti-Semitic
    expression, but instead by anti-Israel and anti-Zionist sentiment that
    crosses the line into anti-Semitism. The OCR guidance covers harassment
    that is ``sufficiently serious that it creates a hostile environment
    and . . . is encouraged, tolerated, not adequately addressed or ignored
    by school employees.''
        While a complete examination of the parameters of the Title VI
    coverage of anti-Semitic, anti-Israel, or anti-Zionist activities on
    campus is beyond the scope of this statement, it is critically
    important to distinguish between anti-Semitic activities on campus and
    anti-Israel activities. We certainly do not believe that every anti-
    Israel action is a manifestation of anti-Semitism. But the League is,
    obviously, concerned about organized anti-Israel activity which can
    create an atmosphere in which Jewish students or faculty members feel
    isolated and intimidated.
        In addition, importantly, in recent years both the US Commission on
    Civil Rights (USCCR) and the State Department have tailored their own
    responses to the spread of this new stream of anti-Semitism that
    manifests itself as vilification of Israel. Both use definitions
    similar to the EUMC Working Definition of Antisemitism.
        In its short April 2006 ``Finding and Recommendations of the United
    States Commission on Civil Rights Regarding Campus Anti-Semitism,'' the
    USCCR stated:

            On many campuses, anti-Israeli or anti-Zionist propaganda has
            been disseminated that includes traditional anti-Semitic
            elements, including age-old anti-Jewish stereotypes and
            defamation. This has included, for example, anti-Israel
            literature that perpetuates the medieval anti-Semitic blood
            libel of Jews slaughtering children for ritual purpose, as well
            as anti-Zionist propaganda that exploits ancient stereotypes of
            Jews as greedy, aggressive, overly powerful, or conspiratorial.
            Such propaganda should be distinguished from legitimate
            discourse regarding foreign policy. Anti-Semitic bigotry is no
            less morally deplorable when camouflaged as anti-lsraelism or
            anti-Zionism.

        As previously mentioned, ADL recognizes that much vehemently anti-
    Israel and anti-Semitic speech can--and should--be protected First
    Amendment activity. This is as it should be in a nation that values
    freedom of speech. There is a high bar before any speech or conduct can
    amount to legally actionable harassment. Nevertheless, conduct that
    threatens, harasses, or intimidates particular Jewish students to the
    point that their ability to participate in and benefit from their
    college experience is impaired should not be deemed unactionable simply
    because that conduct is couched as ``anti-Israel'' or ``anti-Zionist.''
    It is also the case that harassment or intimidation that holds Jewish
    students responsible for the acts of other Jews, or of Israel, is
    better understood as ethnic or ``national origin'' discrimination than
    as religious discrimination.
        Here are four examples of campuses on which a climate of persistent
    anti-Israel activity is concerning:

    University of California--Irvine

        In recent years UC Irvine has become a center for anti-Semitic
    activity, much of it organized by the Muslim Student Union (MSU) which
    has been responsible for staging large events every spring featuring
    virulently anti-Semitic speakers. One such speaker, Amir Abdul Malik
    Ali, gave a speech in May 2010 titled ``Death to Apartheid'' in which
    he compared Jews to Nazis, expressed support for Hamas, Hezbollah, and
    Islamic Jihad (groups designated as Foreign Terrorist Organization by
    the United States Department of State) and called for the destruction
    of the ``apartheid state of Israel.'' MSU has also distributed radical
    and anti-Semitic literature through Al Kalima, UCI's Muslim student
    paper. This activity has created an environment in which many Jewish
    students do not feel safe to openly express their Jewish identity on
    campus. ADL has worked closely with UCI Chancellor Michael Drake to
    address this situation and create a more inclusive environment on
    campus, with moderate success so far.

    Evergreen State College, Washington

        Jewish students and faculty have reported, both to ADL and to the
    media, that Evergreen State College does not always feel like a safe
    place for Jewish students. A November 2010 news article on
    MyNorthwest.com quoted Josh Levine (then president of the campus Hillel
    Foundation) saying, ``There are days I feel uncomfortable walking
    across campus alone because I wear a yarmulke on my head.'' In 2008-
    2009, a pro-Israel organization was created that was almost immediately
    met with opposition, including students who set up ``mock checkpoints''
    designed to imitate the Israel Defense Forces and forced students to
    show identification in order to continue onto campus. Five Jewish
    students reportedly left the college at the end of the school year
    because of this and other related harassment. Akiva Tor, Israel's
    Consul-General for the Pacific-Northwest region, has expressed his
    concern about this situation, noting that pro-Israel students do not
    feel comfortable expressing their opinion ``without being harassed.''
    In May 2010, graffiti featuring hate messages and ``depicting the Star
    of David . . . and epithets and a Nazi `SS' symbol,'' were found near
    the school's library, according to the university's Bias Incident
    Response Team. The college notified ADL of the incident. In June, the
    student body passed a resolution supporting divestment from companies
    that profit from Israel. The decision passed with 79.5% of the vote.

    Hampshire College, Massachusetts

        In the last several years, students at Hampshire College have
    reached out to the ADL to express their fears about the climate on
    campus. They have reported feelings of intimidation and of being
    silenced. In 2007-2008 when Jewish students on campus declined to sign
    a petition calling for divestment from the State of Israel, they were
    shouted at and called ``killers'' and ``murder lovers.'' In 2009,
    students reported feeling consistently intimidated, marginalized, and
    unwelcome on campus. Former College President Ralph Hexter was fairly
    responsive to the concerns of the Jewish students on campus. In
    February 2009 he attended a discussion with Jewish students to provide
    a forum for them to share their concerns and the following September,
    the ADL conducted a training for the administration on how to create
    and support an open environment on campus that is safe for all
    individuals and points of view. When President Hexter stepped down from
    his position in the fall of 2010, ADL again began to receive reports of
    students being harassed, bullied, and silenced on campus, including one
    student who received an anonymous death threat via e-mail. Following
    these incidents, ADL has continued to work with the university
    administration to address the situation.

    Rutgers University, New Jersey

        Over the past couple years, allegations of a hostile environment
    for Jewish students at Rutgers have been raised. We believe university
    officials have been insufficiently attentive to this issue to date. For
    example, since May 2011, the Anti-Defamation League has been
    corresponding with Rutgers President Richard L. McCormick concerning
    anti-Semitic remarks attributed to a staff member. In December, 2010,
    this individual posted a comment on Facebook in response to a column
    written by a student in the student newspaper. In her Facebook posting,
    the staff member referred to the student as a ``Zionist pig'' and
    encouraged others to post comments on Facebook and write letters to the
    student newspaper. We believe that it is simply unacceptable for a
    university employee to publicly use such hurtful, derogatory, and
    poisonous language when referring to a student. We had called on
    President McCormick to initiate an investigation and pursue appropriate
    disciplinary action if the allegations are verified. To our knowledge,
    neither action has been taken. We are not aware of any investigation or
    follow up. In fact, it is our understanding that university officials
    have yet to interview the student involved or even attempted to contact
    him about the posting and its impact on him.

    Incubator, Broadcaster: The Arab and Muslim World

        For decades, the Anti-Defamation League has focused on monitoring
    and exposing the anti-Semitism that has pervaded the Arab and Muslim
    print media. Since this Commission met in 2002 to examine the
    resurgence of anti-Semitism, there has been a growing awareness and
    understanding of the role that demonizing Israel and Zionism plays in
    fomenting hatred of and violence against Jews. This section focuses on
    examples of more traditional anti-Semitism but it is vital to recognize
    that anti-Zionism and the vitriolic hatred of Israel promoted in the
    Arab world draws on traditional anti-Semitic themes, fosters hatred of
    Jews and often veers into anti-Semitism itself.
        Our particular monitoring focus has been editorial cartoons, where
    we have found that the exaggerations intrinsic to caricatures all too
    often propagate age-old anti-Jewish stereotypes and myths.
        In Arabic newspapers across the Middle East one can find a steady
    stream of images depicting Jews and Israelis drawing on a series of
    incendiary themes:

          Jews and Israelis as stooped, hook-nosed and money-
    hungry, as snakes (a particularly nefarious figure in the Arab world)
    bent on world domination.

          Israeli leaders are regularly depicted as Nazis, at the
    same time that other articles deny or diminish the Holocaust.

          Jewish caricatures shown manipulating the United States
    government, as the puppeteers behind the President, the Secretary of
    State and Congress.

          Other caricatures show the US and Israel as partners
    plotting to dominate the world, the United Nations, the Arabs, the
    Palestinians.

          Anti-Jewish conspiracies blaming Jews and Israel for
    things like the H1N1 virus outbreak, criminal organ harvesting from
    Palestinians, Algerians and Haitians (depending on the conspiracy
    theory).

          Jews are subtly scapegoated, depicted as fomenting and
    benefiting from internal conflict in the Arab world.

        Anti-Semitism is also broadcast on television across the Arab and
    Muslim world. Among the most infamous examples are two dramatic, multi-
    part, mini-series which were broadcast during the Muslim holy month of
    Ramadan--the major ``sweeps'' period for Arab television. The Egyptian-
    produced Horseman Without a Horse--aired on Egyptian state television
    in 2002, and the Syrian-produced Ash-Shatat--aired in 2003 on the
    Hezbollah owned Al-Manar satellite network. \6\
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        \6\  Al-Manar has a long record of incendiary anti-Jewish, anti-
    Israel and anti-American programming. It appears to be the source of
    the conspiracy theory that claimed that 4,000 Israelis were absent from
    their jobs at the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001, thereby
    implying that Israel was in some way behind the attack. The story was
    posted on its Web site on September 17, 2001 and picked up by
    extremists around the world. It has been banned from broadcasting
    several European countries and the United States.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        Horseman featured base stereotypical depictions of Jews living in
    nineteenth century Egypt plotting to take over Palestine, the Middle
    East, and the entire world, guided by the infamous anti-Semitic
    forgery, The Protocols of the Elders of Zion. Ash Shatat was saturated
    with horrifying stereotypes of Jews, references to the Protocols, and
    included a shocking dramatization of a rabbi slitting a Christian
    child's throat to drain blood to make matzah. In both dramas, Jews were
    presented as conspiring, violent, evil, and manipulative characters who
    would quickly betray their native country and even their community for
    their own interest.
        Organizations monitoring major Arab satellite and state-run
    television networks and television stations affiliated with the
    Palestinian Authority and Hamas, have documented anti-Jewish statements
    and characterizations permeating news programs, religious broadcasts
    and documentaries. Recent examples include:

          Iranian television regularly broadcast speeches by
    Iranian leaders, such as President Ahmadinejad, questioning the
    Holocaust, and talk shows featuring infamous Holocaust deniers.

          MEMRI (The Middle East Media Research Institute) released
    video of a January 2010 program on Syrian Television alleging that
    Israeli rescue workers in Haiti were harvesting the organs of
    earthquake victims for trafficking. In the panel discussion, Dr. Jassem
    Zakariya, Professor of International Relations, Damascus University,
    states:
            ``Of course, when we watch the scenes in this fine report,
    Shakespeare immediately comes to mind . . .
            Moderator: Shylock . . .
            Dr. Jassem Zakariya: Shylock, yes. As we see, the Jew has not
    changed--especially the Zionist Jews, who are now gathered in the so-
    called `Israel,' which is the largest concentration in history of war
    criminals, who committed crimes against humanity. This is how they will
    be remembered if they continue with this.'' \7\
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        \7\  The Middle East Media Research Institute, Syrian TV and Organ
    Transplant Experts: Israel Reminiscent of Shylock, Engages in Organ
    Trafficking in Haiti and Worldwide, Jan. 27, 2010, http://
    www.memritv.orglclip/en/2370.htm.

          Al Aqsa TV, the Hamas-run television station, incites
    hatred of Jews and Israelis. The station, directed by Palestinian
    Legislative Council member Fathi Ahmad Hammad, began broadcasting in
    the Gaza Strip in January 2006. Much of Al Aqsa TV programming that
    glorifies violence is geared towards children, including music videos.
    In April 2007, the show ``Tomorrow's Pioneers'' featured a Mickey
    Mouse-like character, Farfour, promoting a message of radical Islam,
    anti-Semitism and hatred for the West. Farfour encouraged comments from
    children such as a call to ``annihilate the Jews.'' On April 3, 2009,
    Hamas' Al Aqsa TV broadcast a play that included the ancient blood
    libel of Jews using blood for religious rituals. The play, ``The House
    of Sheikh Yassin'' was performed at the Hamas-affiliated Islamic
    University in Gaza City, featured the character of an ultra-orthodox
    Jewish father. According to a translation by the Intelligence and
    Terrorism Information Center at the Israel Intelligence Heritage &
    Commemoration Center, the father declares: ``We Jews hate Muslims. We
    like to kill Muslims. We Jews drink the blood of Muslims and Arabs.''
    He then turns to the audience and asks, ``Are you Arabs? Are you
    Muslims? I hate you. I hate you for the sake of [our] God's will.''
    Later, the father says to his son, ``Shimon, I want to teach you some
    things: first of all, you have to hate Muslims.'' Shimon answers, ``I
    don't like them, I hate them.'' The father continues, ``You have to
    drink Muslim blood. We have to wash our hands in Muslim blood'' [in the
    context of Jewish ritual hand washing before prayer], and adds, ``We
    have to conspire against Arabs and Muslims to satisfy God. We will
    destroy the Arabs and the Muslims.'' \8\
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        \8\  Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center at the Israel
    Intelligence Heritage & Commemoration Center, Thehate industry: Hamas
    incorporates crude anti-Semitism into its battle for hearts and minds,
    Apr. 8, 2009, http://www.terrorism-info.org.il/malam_multimedia/
    English/eng_n/html/hamas_e069.htm

          Sermons by Muslim clerics broadcast on stations across
    the region are peppered with anti-Semitic accusations and references.
    For example, a MEMRI transcript of a speech by Egyptian cleric, Ahmad
    'Eid Mihna, broadcast in January 2010 on Egypt's Al-Shabab TV in which
    he stated: ``The history of the Jews shows that they are against any
    reform movement in the world. Any reformer,
    Muslim or not, will be attacked by the Jews. The Jews are like that.
    They thrive only on civil strife, on the selling of arms, on usury, on
    whorehouses, and so on . . . Jews will be Jews--everywhere and always.
    Their innate characteristics include lying, deceiving, the practice of
    usury, and the selling of arms.
    Even when it comes to our brothers in Hamas--may Allah grant them
    victory--their number one source of weapons is the Jews. They buy
    weapons from Jewish traitors.'' \9\
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        \9\  The Middle East Media Research Institute, Egyptian Cleric
    Ahmad 'Eid Mihna: The Jews Are Behind Misery, Hardship, Usury, and
    Whorehouses, Jan. 10,2010, ht1Jl://www.memritv.org/clip/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/
    2409.htm.

          The most recent State Department Country Report on Human
    Rights in Saudi Arabia noted the anti-Semitism propagated by imams like
    the broadcast on Al Jazeera of Saudi cleric Khaled Al-Khlewi referring
    to Jews as ``treacherous, disloyal, deceitful, and belligerent by
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    nature.''

    The Arab Spring Climate

        The impact of decades of these demonizing depictions on generations
    of Arabs cannot be discounted. While reading the morning newspapers or
    watching television with their family, many in the region have only
    encountered Jews as images of evil, threatening, subhuman figures to be
    feared, hated and fought against.
        Compounding this problem is the instantaneous, global transmission
    of these images via the internet and satellite television, from the
    Middle East to Europe, Africa, Asia, and the United States, reaching
    and potentially radicalizing a much larger audience.
        In the era of the ``Arab Spring,'' we have seen new manifestations
    of anti-Jewish demonization. In Egypt, the Muslim Brotherhood, and its
    political party, the Freedom and Justice Party, which is expected to
    play a major role in the country's political future, has espoused
    militant anti-Semitic and anti-Israel messages at political rallies,
    and in their media. For example, a November 24, 2011 article in in the
    Brotherhood's Arabic language newspaper, Risalat al Ikhwan reads:
    ``[Muhammad] held treaty after treaty with the Jews . . . which the
    prophet and the Muslims adhered to faithfully, while the Jews breached
    all treaties. Then began the epic stories of jihad and fighting to
    protect the message [Islam] from the enemies . . . ''
        Anecdotally, we have heard of Western journalists being physically
    attacked on Cairo streets and accused of being Jews and Israelis.
        We know well the connection between charged rhetoric and violent
    action. Incitement can create an environment conducive to, and
    accepting of, violence and terrorism. We have also seen that where Jews
    are scapegoated and demonized, incendiary anti-American rhetoric
    flourishes as well, inviting extremists to step in with violent action.
        An Egyptian born in 1979 at the time of the signing of the Camp
    David Accord, the peace treaty between Israel and Egypt, and going to
    the polls this week, has lived an entire life in the era of peace
    between Israel and Egypt. Yet, given the images in the media and other
    influences in society, it is more likely than not that this Egyptian
    has incorporated the age-old anti-Semitic canards about Jews and
    Judaism into his or her world view. He or she has also been educated to
    believe anti-Semitic conspiracy theories--told that Jews introduced
    AIDS to Egypt; that Israel developed a special gum sold in Egypt that
    promotes promiscuity among young Egyptian girls; even a claim in the
    Egyptian weekly Al-Usbu' that Israel was responsible for a tsunami as a
    result of an Israeli nuclear underground test that was conducted in the
    Indian Ocean. Given these ingrained prejudices, this Egyptian, more
    likely than not, does not understand or support Egypt's diplomatic
    relationship with the Jewish state, which has brought stability to the
    region, and great benefits to both countries. Particularly at this time
    of turmoil and transition in Egypt, when rejecting the peace treaty
    with Israel has become an obligatory political position and the
    messages from the dominant political force, the Muslim Brotherhood,
    demonize Jews and Israel, these attitudes will undoubtedly have great
    consequences Egypt's policies towards, Israel and the United States,
    and thus on regional stability.

    Official Responses Across OSCE: Fear, Denial, and Ambiguity

        As a community, we have had meaningful access and opportunity to
    raise the issues with leaders at the highest levels in most places
    where Jews are targeted and there are examples of leadership that have
    made a difference. In both France and the UK, anti-Semitic attacks
    reached all-time highs in 2009, yet we commended both governments for
    their serious and sustained responses, including unambiguous
    condemnations by President Nicolas Sarkozy and then-Prime Minister
    Gordon Brown. However, all too often, even where there are documented
    cases or examples of systemic public incitement, leaders at the highest
    levels of government often dismiss them as ``isolated.'' Other times,
    when a case is being investigated, we are told that since a process is
    underway, the leadership must not comment on an ongoing investigation
    or trial. While prosecution of anti-Semitic crimes is vital, the
    minority of cases that make it to prosecution are resolved many months
    or even years after the community has suffered the impact of the
    incident. Further, even where there are such laws, the lack of faith of
    targeted groups in the police or judicial system makes victims reticent
    to even initiate action.
        In many places there are laws prohibiting anti-Semitic violence or
    discrimination, but a law is not enough if the political leadership
    does not lay down a marker affirming that anti-Semitic accusations and
    conspiracy theories have no place in a country that respects Jewish
    rights, minority rights, human rights. We in the U.S. attach great
    importance to the value of leaders condemning anti-Semitic hate speech
    and believe that it can help protect vulnerable communities more than
    some legal remedies available in other countries.
        Even where hate speech is prohibited by law, judicial remedies in
    no way substitute for a swift statement from a political leader that
    sends an unequivocal message to extremists, reassuring the community
    that they are a valued part of their country, and that their rights
    enjoy the support and backing of the government.
        The key is to overcome the denial and defensiveness that prevents
    solution
    -oriented action. Time and again, governments respond to ADL reports
    and even our polling data with one reflexive response: ``The data is
    flawed because my country is not an anti-Semitic country.'' We remind
    governments that the real measure of a society is not the presence of
    anti-Semitic attitudes or the documentation of incidents but rather how
    robust a response and prevention mechanism is in place to help the
    victims, to ensure that these incidents are investigated and
    prosecuted, and that the attitudes and rhetoric are rejected by the
    leaders.

    Recommendations for Action:

        Governments bear the primary responsibility to ensure that Jews are
    afforded the same rights as others to live in security and with dignity
    in their communities. If, in the past, the challenge was to combat
    state-supported anti-Semitism, the challenge now lies in the need for
    states to make good on their pledges to fight anti-Semitism, by
    mobilizing political will and utilizing the human rights and anti-
    discrimination instruments related to anti-Semitism and intolerance.
        Below are recommendations for governments to institutionalize a
    systemic, comprehensive strategy.

    What OSCE Participating States Can Do

        Start by using your own bully pulpit to speak out. Political
    leaders have the most immediate and significant opportunity to set the
    tone of a national response to an anti-Semitic incident. Nothing gives
    a greater sense of security than seeing anti-Semitism publicly
    rejected. This signals that the government takes seriously the right to
    live free of harassment. Even without hate crimes laws, where there is
    political will, where the police know anti-Semitism when they see it,
    when local and national officials marginalize and reject it, people are
    more secure.

        Lead by example and set a tone of civility. Political leaders
    should lead by examplein their own country and must never engage in
    divisive appeals that demonize any member of society based on race,
    ethnicity, sexual orientation, gender, gender identity, or religion.
    When political leaders are determined to build consensus across party
    lines to demonstrate that some behaviors are beyond the pale, we see
    real change. We know in our own country the power that words have to
    shape, not just our political debate, but the environment in which
    targeted communities live.

        Zero tolerance for anti-Semitism in international forums. The
    action in the OSCE has shown that leaders can use international forums
    to marginalize instead of to ``tolerate'' anti-Semitism.

        Support the reappointment of the Personal Representative of the CiO
    on Anti-Semitism.

        Support ODIHR focus on anti-Semitism and ask for other countries to
    join the effort. The US should support the specialized work of the OSCE
    Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR) Tolerance
    and non-Discrimination Unit. But what does it say when most governments
    will come to an OSCE conference to condemn anti-Semitism, yet only the
    same two or three delegations come forward each time with support for
    education programs and other tools to combat anti-Semitism and hate
    crime?

        Enact inclusive hate crimes laws. The OSCE has developed guidance
    to establish a common framework for improving responses to hate crimes.

        Partner with communities and empower them to help address hate
    crime.

        Educate about anti-Semitism and empower students to reject and
    combat it. Anti-bias lessons which focus on the specific nature of
    anti-Semitism should be integrated into the curriculum and into after-
    school activities. Education ministries should establish anti-bias
    teaching standards and model policies to protect students from school-
    based anti-Semitic incidents and harassment. Schools should adopt
    formal written policies governing how teachers, administrators and
    security professionals identify and respond effectively to bias-
    motivated bullying, violence, and harassment. The policy should include
    formal reporting and complaint procedures and facilitate cooperation
    between educators and law enforcement officials.

        Promote effective Holocaust remembrance and education. There is
    increased recognition that Holocaust education alone does not counter
    anti-Semitism and that effective programs must also address
    contemporary anti-Semitism as a separate subject.

        Utilize parliamentary forums. Many of the initiatives we have
    described were the product of Congressional hearings and inquiries like
    this one. The OSCE Parliamentary Assembly has mobilized some of the
    OSCE efforts. The All-Party Parliamentary Inquiry Into Antisemitism in
    the UK is also a model other parliaments could follow. Parliamentarians
    from different countries gathered in London in February 2009 for the
    founding Conference and Summit of the Inter-parliamentary Coalition for
    Combating Antisemitism, issued a ``London Declaration on Combating
    Antisemitism'' which any parliamentarian can endorse. A follow-up
    conference was held in Ottawa in November 2010, which led to the Ottawa
    Protocol on Combating Antisemitism of September 2011.

    What the US Can Do

        Prioritize combating anti-Semitism on bilateral agendas. The US
    should let our allies know that addressing anti-Semitism and hate crime
    is part of our bilateral agenda. Special Envoy Rosenthal can play a
    role in putting a country's lack of compliance on the US agenda.
    Congress has a central role to play in promoting this emphasis both
    within the State Department and in your own bilateral contacts and
    outreach to foreign officials.

        Sustain support for the Office of Special Envoy. One of the primary
    reasons it is so important that Presidents Bush and Obama appointed
    Special Envoys to Monitor and Combat Anti-Semitism is because anti-
    Semitism is a continuously mutating phenomenon that is not always easy
    to discern. As this testimony has set out, it sometimes must be
    addressed in unique ways and it requires the attention of someone
    experienced to have a particular focus on crafting a strategy to
    address it.

        Congress and the Administration should have visible contact with
    Jewish communities. While many embassies have deep and longstanding
    relationships with Jewish community activists, there are many
    communities which have never had contact with their local US mission.
    Outreach to Jewish communities is one way to facilitate data collection
    and connect Jewish communities with US resources and efforts.
        Elevate the Role of the US National Point of Contact on Hate Crime.
    The US is well poised to lend expertise and put forward programming
    initiatives as part of the OSCE discussion on hate crime. But that
    effort should engage hate crime experts who can put forward practical
    tools and initiatives. Although the US drove the creation of the OSCE
    hate crime initiative, the current list of the 56 National Points of
    Contact shows that the US is the only country that has designated an
    officer of its OSCE mission as its National Point of Contact on hate
    crime. While diplomats play a vital role in safeguarding and advancing
    our agenda on a day-to-day basis in Vienna, there is no question that
    the US would be well served by putting our best hate crime experts into
    this mix as so many of the other countries do.

        Combating anti-Semitism should be part of the full array of human
    rights and democracy programming, funding, and public diplomacy
    efforts. For example, the State Department's International Visitor
    Programs and other US-funded exchange and public diplomacy programs
    should reflect the growing US and international recognition of anti-
    Semitism and of the problem of hate crime broadly. US assistance
    programs should fund prevention as well as response efforts. While part
    of the challenge is to institute legal norms and protections for
    victims of anti-Semitism, we also know that prevention efforts can head
    off tension, conflict, and violence that can erupt when anti-Semitism
    goes unanswered. US assistance programs could focus on public education
    campaigns to promote tolerance.

        The US must not demur from addressing anti-Semitism with Muslim and
    Arab leaders. In his Cairo speech, President Obama spoke directly to
    the Arab World about the centuries of persecution and anti-Semitism
    endured by the Jewish people. The President understood the challenge,
    that hatred of Jews is deeply rooted there and is poised to be part of
    the landscape for generations if it is not addressed. The instruments
    of US public diplomacy and President Obama's emissary to the
    Organization of the Islamic Conference should actualize the spirit of
    the President's statement in Cairo and seek ways to address the issue
    of anti-Semitism where it is needed most.

        Provide training and assistance to improve the policing and
    prosecution of anti-Semitism. US training and technical assistance
    programs, such as rule of law and judicial assistance programs and
    police training delivered through US International Law Enforcement
    Academies, are prime vehicles to reach governmental and law enforcement
    audiences around the world. We should not miss an opportunity to
    provide training on hate crime response, including legal tools, model
    policies, and training on investigating and prosecuting anti-Semitic
    crimes.

        Strengthen the fight against anti-Semitism and intolerance at home.
    Congress has been instrumental in advancing the fight against global
    anti-Semitism on the international stage. As legislators, each of you
    has the ability to also strengthen America's efforts to address and
    prevent anti-Semitism and hate crime here at home. The federal
    government has an essential role to play in helping law enforcement,
    communities, and schools implement effective hate crimes prevention
    programs and activities. We know of no federal anti-bias or hate crimes
    education and prevention programming that is currently addressing youth
    hate violence. Members of Congress should authorize federal anti-bias
    and hate crimes education programs to help schools and communities
    address violent bigotry.

    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

                      Appendix II: What is Anti-Semitism?
    Anti-Semitism is a form of hatred, mistrust, and contempt for Jews
    based on stereotypes and myths. It can invoke the belief that Jews have
    extraordinary influence with which they conspire to harm or control
    society. It can target Jews as individuals, as a group or a people, or
    it can target Israel as a Jewish entity. Criticism of Israel or Zionism
    is anti-Semitic when it invokes anti-Jewish stereotypes, symbols and
    images, or holds Jews collectively responsible for actions of the State
    of Israel.

    Anti-Semitism has existed over many centuries and the negative
    stereotypes it draws on have taken hold in the popular culture and
    thought of many societies. It can take the form of hate speech,
    discrimination, or violence against people or property. It may target
    individuals or communities on small or large scales. The most extreme
    example of this was the Nazi's organized plan to exterminate the Jews
    through the Holocaust.

    Various forms of intolerance--racism, xenophobia, anti-Semitism--share
    many elements in common. Stereotyping, seeing the victim as the other,
    are among these common elements. On the other hand, there are core
    characteristics unique to each type of hatred. In the case of anti-
    Semitism, it resides in a matrix of three beliefs about Jews:

        1. They have almost mythical, overwhelming power;

        2. They are more loyal to an outside party than they are to their
    own country;

        3. They approach work or involvements, not merely as individuals,
    but rather in a cabal, in a conspiracy to achieve some sinister,
    Jewish-centric end.

    This matrix is insidious and provides the fuel for a lethal form of
    hatred, political anti-Semitism. This belief system, when running
    rampant, created the justification for large-scale murders of Jews on
    the grounds that Jews were so poisonous that society had a right to
    defend itself in any way against this poison.

    There is sometimes confusion around the term ``Semitic,'' which
    historically has referred to a language group that includes Arabic,
    Amharic, and Hebrew. ``Semite'' was a term that described a person who
    spoke one of these languages. Notwithstanding the traditional meaning
    of the word ``Semite,'' anti-Semitism in conventional English refers
    specifically to hatred of Jews.

    The word ``anti-Semitism'' is generally attributed to Wilhelm Marr, who
    used the German term ``Antisemitismus'' in a book entitled ``The Way to
    Victory of Germanicism over `Judaism,' '' in 1879. Marr claimed that
    ``scientific'' research into the characteristics of the Jewish ``race''
    justified hatred for Jews. The same year his book was published, Marr
    founded a political party, ``The League of Antisemites,'' which
    campaigned for the expulsion of Jews from Germany. Just over half a
    century later, Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party took this racial hatred
    for Jews a deadly step further when they exterminated six million Jews
    in what they called ``The Final Solution.''

    There are two key points to understanding the origins of the word
    ``anti-Semitism.'' The first is that ``anti-Semitism'' was popularized
    as a term not by Jews themselves, but by individuals and political
    groups who openly proclaimed hatred of the Jewish people. The second is
    that ``anti-Semitism'' in modern English refers solely to hatred
    directed against Jews. Some who express prejudice or hatred toward the
    Jewish people claim that they cannot be anti-Semites because they too,
    as speakers of a Semitic language, are technically ``Semites.'' This
    semantic argument that a speaker of a certain language cannot by
    definition hold prejudice against Jews detracts from the real issue and
    undercuts the potential for dialogue about ways to end hatred of all
    kinds.

    Today, it is all too common to find anti-Semitism under the guise of
    extreme criticism of Israel or of Zionism, the founding nationalist
    ideology of the Jewish state. In these cases, criticism of Israel
    crosses the line into anti-Semitism when such criticism invokes age-old
    anti-Jewish stereotypes, or when Israel is singularly demonized.

    Holocaust denial is a form of anti-Semitism that minimizes or denies
    the Nazi regime's systematic mass murder of six million Jews in Europe
    during World War II. Holocaust deniers suggest that Jews pulled off a
    scam of monumental proportions, compelling governments, media, and
    academia around the world to acknowledge a catastrophe that never
    really happened.

    The most vexing issue raised by anti-Semitism is its constant presence
    throughout history, across different societies and cultures, as well as
    its continued existence in our own time. It's important to note that
    the presence of a substantial Jewish community is not a necessary
    condition for anti-Semitism to emerge. An anti-Semitic campaign
    launched by Poland's communist regime in the late 1960s was described
    by one scholar as ``anti-Semitism without Jews,'' because Poland's
    Jewish community, which numbered over 3 million before World War II,
    had already been decimated by the Nazi Holocaust and further depleted
    by the emigration of survivors. Today, the Arab and Islamic world is a
    major incubator of anti-Semitism towards Jews individually or as a
    collective, even though the Jewish population in these countries is
    nearly invisible.

    The existence of anti-Semitism in societies where there are few or no
    Jews, and its evolution throughout history, demonstrates how deeply
    embedded anti-Semitism has been across different cultures and also why
    persecution has been a constant fear in Jewish life for centuries.
    Anti-Semitism has been compared to a virus which adapts to different
    conditions. As with a virus, when it comes to anti-Semitism, it is
    possible to identify both consistent elements and elements which, while
    borrowing from previous eruptions, are updated to suit a particular
    environment. Many of these elements--conspiracy theories, myths, mob
    violence and much else--recur throughout the history.

    Raul Hilberg, an eminent historian of the Holocaust, telescoped the
    history of anti-Semitism like this: ``The missionaries of Christianity
    had said in effect: You have no right to live among us as Jews. The
    secular rulers who followed had proclaimed: You have no right to live
    among us. The German Nazis at last decreed: You have no right to live.
    The German Nazis, then, did not discard the past; they built upon it.
    They did not begin a development; they completed it.''
       Appendix III: Examples of Anti-Semitic Incidents Across the OSCE
                               Region, 2010--2011
    2010 Incidents
    Austria
        July 30, 2010--Villach--Five teenagers between 17 and 19 years old
    vandalized a memorial for Nazi victims. The five were known by police
    to be members of a neo-Nazi group. The memorial, with the names of
    residents who were killed by the Nazis, has been repeatedly damaged
    since it was unveiled in 1999.
        March 5, 2010--Upper Austria--Vandals defaced the walls of the
    former Nazi concentration camp Mauthausen with anti-Jewish and anti-
    Turkish slurs.
    Belgium
        May 21, 2010--Brussels--An identifiably Jewish rabbi was walking
    down the street when a bucket of water was dumped on him from an
    apartment balcony.
        April 13, 2010--Brussels--A Molotov cocktail was thrown at a
    synagogue in the Anderlecht neighborhood. Neighbors put out the fire,
    resulting in only superficial damage.
        April 5, 2010--Antwerp--According to a complaint to the police,
    three women around 20 years old and of Arab descent yelled insults at
    Jewish pedestrians from a car. One woman reportedly got out of the car,
    grabbed a young Jewish girl by the throat, and threatened to kill her.
    When a young man tried to separate them, the other two women got out of
    the car, shouting anti-Semitic insults, and one hit the young man. The
    police arrived and restored order.
        April 1, 2010--Antwerp--A visibly identifiable Jew was accosted as
    he approached his car, parked on a street near a mosque, and told ``If
    we see you again, we'll kill you.''
        January 15, 2010--Antwerp--A Molotov cocktail was thrown at the
    main entrance of the Bouwmeester synagogue. Some burn marks were left
    on the wall near the door, but no other damage was reported. Police are
    investigating.
    Bulgaria
        May 14, 2010--Sofia--A memorial to Soviet World War II soldiers was
    spray-painted with Stars of David and the phrase ``Occupiers from
    distant lands.''
    Canada
        April 5, 2010--Gatineau, Quebec--Two students at Carleton
    University, including the vice-president of the Carleton University
    Students' Association, were allegedly harassed and chased by a group of
    men brandishing a machete and screaming anti-Semitic remarks in English
    and Arabic. The victims said they were assaulted outside of a bar by a
    group of ten men, who threatened and hit them. After running to a
    nearby parking lot, the assailants allegedly reappeared in a car,
    calling the students ``F***ing Jews'' and wielding a machete. As the
    students ran from the parking lot, one of the attackers threw the
    machete, narrowly missing them.
    Czech Republic
        August 30, 2010--Prague--A swastika was drawn on the front stoop of
    the Jubilee Synagogue.
    Denmark
        June 15, 2010-- Copenhagen--Tombstones were broken in the Jewish
    cemetery.
    France
        October 11, 2010--Paris--A Jewish high school student had a sticker
    put on his back that read, ``I boycott the Israeli occupier.''
        October 3, 2010--Strasbourg--Swastikas and anti-Semitic graffiti
    were painted on the house of a Jewish doctor.
        September 29, 2010--Aubervilliers--A Jewish teenager on his way to
    a synagogue was attacked and robbed by several individuals, who said
    ``Dirty Jew, I'm going to take out my knife'' and ``We Algerians are
    going to kill you.''
        September 13, 2010--Toulouse--A synagogue in a suburb of Toulouse
    was burglarized and ``dirty Jews'' was written on the ark housing the
    Torahs.
        August 24, 2010--Paris--An anonymous letter with a death threat and
    nine bullets was sent to the synagogue in Draney (a suburb of Paris
    where the Vichy government established a transit camp and from where
    65,000 Jews were deported to death camps). The death threat read,
    ``dirty Jew, we're going to put nine bullets in each of you.''
    According to reports, the letter also contained a swastika and an
    allusion to the Gaza flotilla, and a similar letter was received by a
    synagogue in Stains, another Paris suburb.
        August 17, 2010--Toulouse--A Jewish woman was accosted on a plaza
    by two men, who reproached her for buying food and not respecting the
    Ramadan fast. When the woman responded that she was Jewish, the two men
    called her a ``dirty Jew'' and hit her in the head, causing her to fall
    to the ground. A security guard who was present did not intervene. When
    police investigators later asked the guard why he did nothing, he
    responded that he was in a hurry to get home to break the Ramadan fast
    at sundown. The attack reportedly occurred at 7:30 p.m. Sundown on that
    day was at 8:55 p.m.
        August 3, 2010--Marmande--A Holocaust memorial in the town of
    Marmande, near Bordeaux, was vandalized. The monument, which lists the
    names of camps to which French Jews were deported, was spray-painted
    with ``lies,'' ``Zionism,'' and dollar signs. Nearby the same red paint
    was used to draw swastikas and ``France for the French!''
        July 29, 2010--Paris--Swastikas were spray-painted on several
    kosher shops and a Jewish school in the center of Paris.
        July 22, 2010--Melun--Anti-Semitic graffiti and swastikas were
    spray-painted on the front of the town's only synagogue and over the
    entire surrounding wall. The public prosecutor of the town, southeast
    of Paris, said that highest priority would be given to the
    investigation, as this was the first such attack in Melun.
        July 21, 2010--Wolfisheim--Twenty-seven graves were desecrated at a
    Jewish cemetery near Strasbourg.
        June 13, 2010--Nice--A group of young men of North African descent
    threw rocks at a Chabad rabbi while shouting, ``Jew murderers.''
        June 7, 2010--Paris--A man of North African origin walked up the
    aisle of a train, shouting, ``Are you a Jew? Are you a Jew?'' When he
    came upon a man whom he took for a Jew, he shouted, ``I don't like
    Jews! I'm going to beat you. Did you see what your cousins did in
    Gaza?'' He punched him in the face and threw him to the ground. The
    victim was hospitalized.
        June 4, 2010--Paris--Five students, ages 14 to 21, were subjected
    to anti-Semitic taunts and threats at a subway station in the Paris
    suburb of Bruney. Two men reportedly insulted them, yelled ``Death to
    you,'' ``Jews, we'll kill you all,'' and ``Fofana, Fofana'' (the name
    of the leader of the Gang of Barbarians who tortured and murdered llan
    Halimi in 2006). One reportedly showed a knife and made a sign of
    throat-cutting. After a student called the police, the men were
    arrested in a nearby supermarket.
        June 7, 2010--Metz--A Molotov cocktail was thrown at a Jewish elder
    care home; no damage was reported.
        June 6, 2010--Nice--A rabbi was insulted on the street and rocks
    were thrown at him, injuring his leg.
        April 30, 2010--Nimes--Three men, described as being of Arab
    descent, assaulted an 80-year-old Jewish man with tear gas in front of
    the town's synagogue and spray-painted ``F----the Jews'' on the wall.
    As of May 5, police have one suspect in custody and are searching for
    the two others. The attack was widely condemned, including by the
    Muslim Council of France.
        March 18, 2010--Marseille--``Jews are whores'' was spray-painted on
    the Ohel Yaacov synagogue.
        January 26, 2010--Strasbourg--Swastikas and anti-Semitic phrases
    such as ``Juden Raus'' (Jews out) were painted on more than 30
    headstones in a local Jewish cemetery. Some of the headstones were also
    damaged or overturned.
    Germany
        August 28, 2010--Dresden--The door of a Jewish funeral home was set
    on fire, but quickly extinguished by firefighters after being alerted
    by a passing cyclist.
        August 4, 2010--Bocholt--Ten gravestones were vandalized at a
    Jewish cemetery with swastikas and other anti-Semitic slogans.
        June 22, 2010--Sahlkamp, Hanover--Members of a Jewish dance troupe
    were forced off stage during a neighborhood street festival, after a
    group of children and teenagers pelted the dancers with stones and used
    a bullhorn to scream anti-Semitic remarks. One of the dancers was
    injured. The dance group of the Liberal Jewish Congregation in Hanover
    ended their performance. The assailants were reportedly of Lebanese,
    Palestinian, Iraqi, Iranian and Turkish origin. Politicians and local
    associations responded in outrage and disbelief to the incident.
        June 15, 2010--Babenhausen--Swastikas were spray-painted on
    tombstones in the town's Jewish cemetery.
        June 1, 2010--Hessen--``Free Gaza--long live global intifada'' and
    ``Stop the offense against the Gaza-flotilla'' were spray-painted on
    the door of the Jewish Council.
        May 16, 2010--Worms--A synagogue was doused with flammable liquid
    and set on fire during the night, resulting in a blackened exterior but
    no major damage. Police found eight copies of a note that stated, ``So
    long as you do not give the Palestinians peace, we are not going to
    give you peace.'' Kurt Beck, premier of the German state of Rhineland-
    Palatinate, said, ``The perpetrator should know that such an act
    against a Jewish house of God is a travesty that we will pursue with
    all legal means.''
        March 26, 2010--Berlin--A man and two women, all in their 20's,
    were beaten on a subway station platform. The three were approached by
    a man who asked if they were Jewish. He reportedly returned some time
    later with a group of youths who attacked the three, physically beating
    and kicking them and hitting them over the head with beer bottles.
    Greece
        June 22, 2010--Athens--Red swastikas were painted on the walls of
    the Jewish Museum of Greece.
        June 13, 2010--KavaIa--``Jews Murderers'' was spray-painted on a
    wall of the local Jewish cemetery.
        June 6, 2010--Komotini--A man was arrested after he allegedly
    spray-painted a swastika on a Holocaust Memorial.
        May 17, 2010--Rhodes--The Holocaust monument on the island of
    Rhodes was vandalized. A heavy object was used to damage the granite
    facade in several places.
        May 13, 2010--Thessaloniki--Gasoline-soaked rags and were used to
    set fire to a tomb in the Jewish cemetery. Swastikas and anti-Semitic
    graffiti reading ``Fire to the Jews'' and ``Juden raus'' appeared on a
    number of tombstones and on the wall of the cemetery. Three Greek neo-
    Nazi activists were arrested on suspicion of writing Nazi slogans on
    the cemetery walls. The Greek Government strongly condemned the
    vandalisms.
        January 6, 2010--Crete---Unknown vandals broke into the island's
    only synagogue and set fire to the building using an improvised
    firebomb. The perpetrators also threw a bar of soap at the building, to
    illustrate the common Greek anti-Semitic expression ``I'll make you
    into a bar of soap.'' The building sustained significant water and
    smoke damage.
    Italy
        August15, 2010--Trani--``Juden Raus'' (Jews out) and a swastika
    were spray-painted on the exterior wall of an apartment building in
    Trani, a town of 50,000 in southern Italy.
        May 13, 2010--Rome--Graffiti mocking Anne Frank and a swastika were
    spray-painted on a wall near an old fort where Nazis shot anti-fascists
    during World War II and which in 2009 was dedicated to victims of
    Nazism and fascism. The graffiti used a play on words in Italian to
    read, ``Anne Frank didn't get away with it.'' Rome Mayor Gianni
    Alemanno denounced the incident as ``obscene and shameful.''
    Kyrgyzstan
        September 8, 2010--Bishkek--A pipe bomb was thrown at the synagogue
    an hour before services began for the Jewish New Year.
    Latvia
        December 7, 2010--Riga--Swastikas were spray-painted on more than
    100 tombstones at the New Jewish Cemetery. At a news conference,
    Latvian President Valdis Zatlers said, ``We absolutely condemn
    vandalism in Jewish cemeteries and call for everything to be done to
    find those responsible and repair the damage.''
    Lithuania
        August 21, 2010--Kaunas--A pig's head, costumed with a hat and
    sidelocks, was placed outside a synagogue.
        January 20, 2010--Vilnius--A statue commemorating Dr. Tsemakh
    Shabad, a near-legendary figure in Vilna Jewish lore, was defaced with
    paint.
    Poland
        July 15, 2010--Warsaw--Vandals desecrated the grave of a Polish
    woman who saved about 2,500 Jewish children from death during World War
    II. The words "Jews out" were spray--painted on the Warsaw grave of
    Irena Sendler, who was recognized as one of the Righteous Among the
    Nations by the Yad Vashem Holocaust Museum in Israel.
        May 8, 2010--Rzeszow--During a soccer match fans of a local team
    displayed a large banner showing a caricature of a hook-nosed
    stereotypical Jew with a blue and white yarmulke---the colors of the
    opposing team---and the phrase, ``Death to the Crooked Noses.''
        March 13, 2010--Krakow--A former concentration camp, Plaszow, was
    defaced with anti--Semitic slogans such as ``Juden Raus'' (Jews out)
    and ``Hitler Good.'' The vandalism was discovered on the 67th
    anniversary of the Nazi liquidation of the Krakow ghetto.
    Romania
        April 2010--Miercurea Ciuc-Three young ethnic Hungarians were
    arrested in a Transylvanian town for placing a poster on the wall of a
    supermarket that said, "Be ashamed. You have bought from Jews again."
    The three are members of the local Hungarian Guard that is affiliated
    with the radical Jobbik party in Hungary. The phrase on the poster was
    used in Hungary during World War II.
    Russia
        October 6, 2010--Barnaul--``The Holocaust is a myth,'' ``Adolf was
    right'' and ``Death to the Jews'' were spray-painted on the city's
    synagogue.
        June 21, 2010--Tver--A homemade bomb exploded outside a Russian
    synagogue, causing property damage. Police officials have characterized
    the incident as ``malicious hooliganism,'' and believe it was motivated
    by anti-Semitism. Terrorism experts from the Moscow office of the
    Federal Security Service have begun a criminal investigation.
        March 17, 2010--Tver--Leaflets with photos of Russia's Chief Rabbi
    Berl Lazar were hung on lampposts with the phrases: ``Remember, our
    main enemy is the Jew. If you see him, beat him!''
    Spain
        June 16, 2010--Torremolinos--A swastika was spray-painted near the
    local synagogue.
        February 1, 2010--Madrid--A young Hasidic Jew was stopped on the
    street in the center of Madrid by a woman who slapped him and
    repeatedly hurled insults, including ``Dirty Jew,'' ``You Jews are
    responsible for all the evil in the world,'' and ``You Jews are
    thieves.'' Bystanders called the police, who arrived while the woman
    was still there and are investigating.
    Sweden
        October 10, 2010--Malmo--About 10 teenagers threw eggs and trash
    cans at building where a weekend retreat for Jewish children was taking
    place. The teenagers also reportedly shouted, ``Heil Hitler'' and
    ``Jewish pigs'' during the attack.
        July 23, 2010--Malmo--A small explosion early in the morning
    blackened the entrance to the synagogue and broke three windows. A note
    with a bomb threat had been put on the synagogue door the day before.
        July 7, 2010--Stockholm--A rabbi was walking home from Stockholm's
    central train station when four young rnen of Arab descent yelled,
    ``You will die, f---- Israeli, f----- killer, you will be beaten.'' The
    four then ran towards the rabbi, who escaped by jumping into a nearby
    taxi.
        June 2, 2010--Stockholm--A bomb threat was made when someone called
    the Jewish community center in and said, ``the Jewish center will blow
    up today.''
        March 14, 2010--Stockholm--Rocks were thrown at the Jewish
    community center, breaking a window.
    Turkey
        June 25, 2010--Istanbul--Police arrested a man on suspicion of
    planning to murder rabbis in Istanbul. According to media reports, the
    20-year old had sent an anonymous threat to a synagogue in Istanbul.
    Ukraine
        October 27, 2010--Evpatoria--``Die dirty kikes'' and swastikas were
    spray-painted on a synagogue.
        April 21, 2010--Kyiv--``Death to the Jews'' and ``The Holocaust
    Continues'' were painted on walls of a Jewish school.
        April 19, 2010--Ternopil--Twenty-six graves in the town's old
    Jewish cemetery were vandalized with anti-Semitic and other graffiti.
    United States
        Illinois: Two suspicious packages, later determined to be explosive
    devices, that were intercepted on cargo planes were addressed to
    Chicago-area Jewish institutions. The packages were thought to have
    originated in Yemen as part of a terror plot by Al Qaeda on the Arabian
    Peninsula.
        California: At a high school party in someone's home, one boy said
    to another, ``you kike'' and punched him in the face, breaking his jaw.
        New York: A man was approached by another man on the street who
    pushed him and yelled ``Go back to Aushwitz.''
        Florida: On the day before Yom Kippur, a group of students said to
    a Jewish student, ``Jews starve themselves because they hate G-d.'' The
    victim was struck six or seven times in the head and suffered a
    concussion.
        New Jersey: Two identifiably Jewish individuals were walking down a
    street when a pick-up truck drove past them and approximately five
    paintballs were fired from the driver-side window.
        Indiana: One campus saw a spate of incidents where a rock was
    thrown into the window of a Jewish facility, a menorah was vandalized,
    a display case in the Jewish studies department was smashed and several
    Hebrew-language texts (including some sacred texts) were stolen and
    were urinated on.
        California: Vandals spray painted anti-Semitic graffiti on the wall
    of a Jewish institution's parking lot. Vandalism included a swastika
    with ``88,'' which is a commonly used number symbol meaning ``Heil
    Hitler.''
        Massachusetts: A 10th grade student found a swastika, ``F--- the
    Jews'' and ``Hitler was right'' written on a bathroom stall.
        Connecticut: Graffiti written on stone in Jewish section of a
    cemetery, stating ``Damn right you kikes aren't gonna forget,'' with a
    swastika below the words.
        New York: Eight posts were defaced with blue magic marker reading:
    ``Down with Jews (3 times)... ,'' ``Down with the racist Jews,
    exterminate them all the world will be a cleaner place,'' and ``Down
    with racist Jews.''
        Georgia: Someone posted ``stupid Jewish bitch'' on a teenager's
    social networking page.
        Florida: A cantor received a threatening phone call that said, ``Be
    careful Hitler's behind you, and he's going to put an axe in your
    neck.''
        Colorado: 3 Boulder Jewish communal organizations had their
    websites hacked and language including ``Jews are terrorists. Child
    Organ Smugglers. F--- The Jews! and F--- Israel'' was posted.
        New Jersey: A father and 12-year-old son, both identifiably Jewish,
    were walking to synagogue when a driver stopped and shouted anti-
    Semitic comments.
        New York: Slips of paper with the words ``kill Jews'' were found
    scattered across New York City and Nassau County.
        California: Complainant received an anonymous letter at her work
    address that said ``F--- you kike, too bad Hitler didn't finish the
    job.''
    2011 Incidents
    Belgium
        November, 2011--13 year-old Jewish girl was attacked and severely
    beaten by five schoolmates of Moroccan origin, who repeatedly called
    her a ``dirty Jew'' and told her to ``go back to her country.''
        February 22, 2011--Antwerp--A Jewish man riding a bicycle was
    punched in the face. When he asked the attacker why he hit him, the
    assailant said, ``Because you're a Jew.''
        March 1, 2011--Antwerp--When three Orthodox Jews entered a cafe,
    the barman shouted at them, ``No Jews.'' When they insisted that he
    repeat his comment, he said the cafe was closed, despite numerous
    clients being served.
    Canada
        August 4, 2011--Toronto--A swastika with the words ``Islam will
    rule'' was spray painted on the exterior of the Beth Tikvah synagogue.
        January 15, 2011--Montreal--Vandals hurled rocks through the
    windows of five synagogues and a Jewish day school.
    France
        June 20, 2011--Paris--A 40-year-old Jewish man was attacked by two
    assailants who grabbed his bag with his tallit (prayer shawl) and
    tefillin (phylacteries). The attackers punched and kicked him in the
    head and body, while shouting anti-Semitic insults. The victim suffered
    deep bruises on his face, head lacerations that required suturing, and
    a fractured wrist.
        June 18, 2011--Villeurbane--A 21-year-old identifiably Jewish man
    was assaulted in a suburb of Lyon. He was accosted by an individual who
    said, ``turn around and go back, you son-of-a-bitch Jew.'' The attacker
    left, then returned with a hammer and hit the victim on the head. A
    dozen other assailants joined in, kicking the victim and hitting him
    with a nightstick. The victim was hospitalized with head and other
    injuries.
        May 7, 2011--Marseilles--An 11-year-old Jewish girl on her way to a
    synagogue was accosted by a teenager who demanded to know if she was
    Jewish. The assailant threatened the girl with a knife and reportedly
    said, ``You are going to dirty meeting.'' Another teenager rescued the
    girl, who took refuge inside the synagogue.
        May 7, 2011--Marseilles--Three Jewish boys were beaten during a
    soccer match by a dozen attackers, who shouted ``dirty Jews, we're
    going to f--- your corpses.'' One boy sustained a serious eye injury;
    the other two were only slightly injured.
        May 7, 2011--Nancy--A Jewish school was vandalized with anti-
    Semitic slogans and, evidence at the scene suggested, attempted arson.
    Minister of Education Luc Chatel denounced the attack as an attack on
    France.
        April 7, 2011--Lyon--A 21-year-old Jewish student was shot four
    times with a pellet gun in an attack involving two unidentified
    assailants. The incident started when one of the perpetrators asked the
    student's name. After he responded, the perpetrator reportedly said,
    ``You don't look like an Antoine, you look like a Jew, you're
    definitely a Jew.'' When the victim confirmed he was Jewish, one of the
    assailants shot him. The student was also beaten on his head and body
    with the butt of the gun. He was hospitalized with wounds to the head,
    neck, abdomen, and arm.
        March 19, 2011--Garges-les-Gonesse--A rock was thrown through a
    window of a synagogue during an evening Purim celebration.
        March 17, 2011--Pont de Heruy--A 15-year-old Jewish boy was beaten
    by a group of about a dozen teenagers. The attackers threw him to the
    ground and beat him while yelling anti-Semitic insults.
    Germany
        March 30, 2011--Aachen--A swastika was spray-painted on the
    synagogue.
        January 24, 2011--Goshen--A country house owned by an identifiably
    Jewish man was the target of an arson attack. A Star of David had been
    painted on the wall, together with the word ``Out,'' and police found
    evidence of arson.
    Greece
        May 15, 2011--Volos--``Jews you will die'' and ``Jewish
    (expletive), the gallows are coming'' were among numerous anti-Semitic
    threats scrawled on the Volos synagogue and Jewish community center.
    Ultra-nationalist slogans, ``Greece,'' and crosses were also spray-
    painted on the synagogue's exterior walls.
        February 8, 2011--Athens--Mikis Theodorakis, the composer of
    ``Zorba the Greek,'' said in a television interview that he is an
    ``anti-Semite and anti-Zionist.''
    Hungary
        January 23, 2011--Marcali--Three teenagers toppled 75 tombstones in
    a Jewish cemetery and admitted to police that they were ``showing off''
    for one another. Prime Minister Orban's spokesman condemned the
    incident, saying, ``vandalism triggered by anti-Semitism'' is
    ``offensive to the Hungarian Jewish community and to all Hungarians.''
    He added that ``the government condemns vandalism and will punish such
    acts.''
    Netherlands
        May 14, 2011--Leek--``C18,'' a neo-Nazi slogan, and a swastika were
    spray-painted on the door of a Jewish school, which also houses a
    museum to the Jews of Leek who were deported and murdered during the
    Holocaust.
        February 10, 2011--Amsterdam--During an interfaith walk by two
    rabbis, two Muslim scholars, a bishop and a pastor in an area where
    several anti-Semitic incidents have occurred, a young man made a Hitler
    salute and yelled, ``Cancerous Jews.''
    Poland
        August 10, 2011--Orla--``Jews to the gas,'' ``Jude raus,'' ``All of
    Poland for the Poles,'' and ``White power'' were spray-painted on a
    historic synagogue.
    Russia
        July 11, 2011--Moscow--Following the conviction of 12 neo-Nazis for
    murdering at least 20 non-Slavic people (mostly from Central Asia and
    the Caucasus), six Molotov cocktails were thrown at a Moscow synagogue.
    The synagogue did not catch fire and no one was injured.
        January 31, 2011--St. Petersburg--Swastikas, anti-Semitic slogans,
    and threats were spray-painted on the gate and wall of the Jewish
    community center. The logo of a neo-Nazi group, NSWP, was also drawn.
    Serbia
        February 28, 2011--Belgrade--On a popular reality TV show, Serbian
    pop star Maja Nikolic said, ``I don't like Jews.'' The Minister of
    Justice denounced the hate speech and the Public Prosecutor has opened
    an investigation.
    Switzerland
        February 23, 2011--Lausanne--Upon leaving a synagogue, a rabbi's
    assistant was attacked by three individuals. The assailants asked if he
    was Jewish. When he responded positively, the three shouted anti-
    Semitic epithets, beat him with their fists and kicked him. Passers by
    intervened and called the police, who managed to arrest two of the
    assailants.
    UK
        January 29, 2011--Manchester--The head of the National Union of
    Students had to be led to safety by police from a tuition fees rally he
    had been due to address after being surrounded by protesters chanting
    anti-Semitic insults at him.

    Compiled by the Anti-Defamation League's Washington Office: More
    information about ADL's resources on hate crimes can be found at the
    League's Web site: http://www.adl.org and http://
    www.partnersaqainsthate.org/

    c 2011 Anti-Defamation League

    [GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]

          Selected Resources on Hate Crime Response and Counteraction

    Anti-Defamation League
    Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act (HCPA):
    What You Need to Know: http://www.adl.org/combating_hate/What-you-need-
    to-know-about-HCPA.pdf
    This document provides an outline of HCPA--why it was needed and how
    the law works to protect the rights of all citizens.

    An Introduction to Hate Crime Laws: http://www.adl.org/combating_hate/
    Introduction-to-Hate-Crime-Laws.pdf
    A primer on the purpose and utility of federal and state hate crime
    laws.

    How to Combat Bias and Hate Crimes: an ADL Blueprint for Action: http:/
    /www.adl.org/blueprint.pdf
    A compilation of the best ADL resources, programs, and education
    initiatives designed to combat bias and hate crimes.

    Hate Crime Laws: http://www.adl.org/99hatecrime/intro.asp
    A comprehensive overview of the history of hate crime legislation,
    including the ADL Model Hate Crime Law and an interactive map of the
    nation's state hate crime laws.

    Hate Crime Laws: Punishment to Fit the Crime: http://
    www.dissentmagazine.org/article/?article=3278
    A robust defense of hate crime laws by the League's Washington Counsel.

    Bullying/Cyberbullying Prevention Law: Model Statute and Advocacy
    Toolkit: http://www.adl.org/civil_rights/Anti-
    Bullying%20Law%20Toolkit_2009.pdf
    This resource includes ADL's Model anti-bullying law and an online
    chart of the nation's existing anti-bullying statutes.

    http://www.adl.org/Civil Rights/letter_bullying_cyberbullying_201O.asp
    The League's recommendations for anti-bullying policies and programs,
    sent in advance of the August, 2010 Federal Bullying Summit in
    Washington, DC
    FBI
    Hate Crime Statistics, 2010: http:1/www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/hate-
    crime/2010
    The FBI's most recent annual hate crime report, with data collected
    from more than 13,000 state and local police departments.

    Hate Crime Data Collection Guidelines: http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/
    cjis/ucr/hate-crime/hcguidelinesdc99. pdf
    The FBI's guidelines for law enforcement agencies regarding the
    classification and collection of hate crime data.

    Hate Crime Data Collection Training Guide: http://www.fbi.goviabout-us/
    cjis/ucr/hate-crime/trainguidedc99.pdf
    The FBI's training manual for law enforcement agencies, with model
    reporting procedures and training examples.
    Department of Education
    Preventing Youth Hate Crime: http://www.ed.gov/pubs/HateCrime/
    start.html
    A resource that describes effective school-based hate crime prevention
    programs.

    Department of Education Office of Civil Rights October 26, 2010
    Guidance on School Bullying andHarassment: http://www.ed.gov/news/
    press-releases/guidance-targeting-harassment-outlines-local-and-
    federal-responsibility
    Department of Education/National Association of Attorneys General
    Protecting Students from Harassment and Hate Crime: http://www.ed.gov/
    offlces/OCR/archlves/Harassmentlharassment.pdf
    A detailed guide designed to help schools develop a comprehensive
    approach to protecting students from harassment and hate-motivated
    violence.
    Department of Justice
    Addressing Hate Crimes: Six Initiatives That Are Enhancing the Efforts
    of Criminal Justice Practitioner: http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/bja/
    179559.pdf
    This Bureau of Justice Assistance report highlights six Innovative law
    enforcement Initiatives to respond to violent hate crime.

    Hate Crime Training: Core Curriculum for Patrol Officers, Detectives,
    and Command Officers: http://www.usdoj.govlcrs/pubs/hct.pdf
    A comprehensive hate crime training curriculum prepared by the
    International Association of Directors of Law Enforcement Standards and
    Training, the National Association of Attorneys General, the Justice
    Department, and the Treasury Department.

    A Policymaker's Guide to Hate Crimes: http://
    www.ncjrs.govlpdfflles11bja/162304.pdf
    This resource highlights the use of hate crime laws and problems that
    impede reporting hate crime Incidents.
    National District Attorneys Association
    A Local Prosecutor's Guide for Responding to Hate Crimes:
    http:llwww.ndaa.org/pdflhate_crimes.pdf
    The single best resource designed to assist local prosecutors handling
    hate crime Investigations and prosecutions.
    Organization of Chinese Americans
    Responding to Hate Crimes: A Community Action Guide, 2nd Edition:
    http://www.ocanatlonal.orgl/images/stories/docscenter/
    ocahatecrlme2006.pdf
    The best guidebook for community organizing and response to hate
    violence, with step-by step guidelines, checklists, internet resources,
    and best practices.

         Selected Resources on Bullying, Cyberbullying, and Harassment

    ADL
    1) Educational Strategies To Respond To Bullying And Cyberbullying
    ADL Curriculum Connection: ``Cyberbullying: Understanding and
    Addressing Online Cruelty'': http://www.adl.org/educatlon/
    currlculum_connections/cyberbullying/default.asp

    ADL Tools for Responding to Cyberbullying: http://www.adl.org/
    combatbullying/

    Committing to Respect: Lessons for Students to Address Bias: http://
    www.adl.org/educatlon/9-11_committing_to_respect.pdf

    Words That Heal: Using Children's Literature to Address Bullying:
    http://www.adl.org/educatlon/currlculum_connections/winter_2005

    Understanding and Addressing Cyberbullying: half-day or full-day
    training programs for middle and high school educators, Administrators
    and youth service providers: http://www.adl.org/education/
    cyberbullying/workshops.asp
    http://www.adl.org/education/cyberbullying/program-cyberbullying-
    flyer.pdf

    CyberALLyTM: a half or full-day Interactive training for
    middle and high school students: http://www.adl.org/education/
    cyberbullylng/cyberally-student-flyer.pdf

    What Can Be Done About Name-Calling: http://www.adl.org/combatbullying/
    pdf/what-can-be-done-bullying-handout.pdf

    Take a Stand: A Student's Guide to Stopping Name-Calling and Bullying:
    http://www.adl.org/combatbullying/pdf/taking-a-stand-bullying-quide.pdf

    Internet Safety Strategies for Students: http://www.adl.org/education/
    curriculum_connections/cyberbullying/
    internet%20Safety%20Strategies%20for%20Students.pdf

    Confronting Hate Speech Online: http://www.adl.org/main_internet/
    hatespeechonline2008.htm
    2) Advocacy Resources To Prevent And Respond To Bullying And
            Cyberbullying
    ADL Bullying/Cyberbullying Advocacy Toolkit for state anti-bullying
    laws: http://www.adl.org/civil_rights/Anti-Bullying%20Law%20Toolkit
    2009.pdf

    Responding to Cyberhate: Toolkit for Action: http://www.adl.org/
    internet/Binder_final.pdf

    In advance of the August 11-12 Federal Bullying Summit, ADL submitted
    to a trio of federal agencies (Health and Human Services, Department of
    Education, Department of Justice) recommendations for programs,
    training initiatives, and researchproposals: http://www.adl.org/
    Civil_Rights/letter_bullying_cyberbullying_2010.asp
    ADL statement at the May 13 2011 United States Commission on Civil
    Rights briefing on Federal Enforcement of Civil Rights Laws to Protect
    Students Against Bullying, Violence and Harassment: http://www.adl.org/
    combatbullying/ADL-USCCR-statement-on-bullying-prevention.pdf

    Updated November 2011

        Stacy Burdett is ADL's Washington Director and heads the Government
    and National Affairs Office which represents the Anti-Defamation
    League(ADL) to the Federal government and foreign embassies on the full
    range of policy issues on ADL's agenda.

        As the lead lobbyist on international issues, Ms. Burdett reaches
    out to Congress, the Administration and foreign diplomats to mobilize
    leadership and support on issues such as global anti-Semitism, securing
    fair treatment for Israel, and broader human rights issues like
    international religious freedom. Stacy is also the ADL's point person
    on advocacy for comprehensive immigration reform and the fight against
    anti-immigrant bigotry.

        During her 18 years of service at ADL, Stacy has led efforts to
    advance the fight against anti-Semitism in international human rights
    fora such as the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe
    and the United Nations. She has testified before the US Congress and
    represented the Anti-Defamation League at numerous inter-governmental
    conferences to share ADL's experience and strategies for countering
    anti-Semitism and hate crime, and for promoting anti-bias and Holocaust
    education.
                            M A T E R I A L    F O R

                              T H E    R E C O R D

    =======================================================================

           ODIHR Backgrounder on Anti-Semitism Activities--Hate Crime

    Hate Crime Report--Information received from participating States and
            civil society
        Information from participating States submitted to ODIHR from 2008
    to 2010 demonstrates that anti-Semitic crimes and incidents continue to
    occur across the OSCE region undermining personal, neighbourhood and
    regional security. These incidents include attacks against Jews or
    Jewish institutions and attacks against Jewish property, including the
    vandalism of Jewish cemeteries and synagogues.
        In 2010, twenty States reported to ODIHR that they collect data on
    anti-Semitic hate crimes. These include Austria, Belgium, Canada,
    Croatia, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy,
    Liechtenstein, Moldova, Netherlands, Poland, Serbia, Spain, Sweden,
    Switzerland, United Kingdom and the United States. However, out of this
    number only three, namely France, Germany and the United Kingdom
    provided data in 2010. Data for the United States was released in
    November and documented 921 anti-Semitic offenses in 2010.

          France reported 125 convictions for crimes committed with
    an anti-Semitic motive. French authorities also reported on an
    individual case that involved an attempted homicide resulting in
    serious injury, in which the perpetrator admitted that the motive was
    anti-Semitic. The crime was categorized as ``racial, ethnic or
    religious''; the court case is still pending.
          In Germany, there were 1,268 anti-Semitic hate crimes, of
    which 37 were categorized as violent. The non violent crimes reported
    by the German authorities refer to the production and dissemination of
    anti-Semitic speech, including Holocaust denial. The German officials
    reported two instances of arson, one at a synagogue and one at a Jewish
    cemetery.
          In the United Kingdom, official figures recorded 488
    anti-Semitic hate crimes in England, Wales and Northern Ireland.

        Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Italy, Sweden, United Kingdom
    provided data for 2008 and 2009. Additionally, Belgium and France
    submitted data for 2008; meaning that that eight States submitted
    information to ODIHR in 2009 and six in 2008.
        The lack of data on anti-Semitic crimes remains a serious issue
    throughout the region. Additional efforts need to be invested to ensure
    that clear, reliable and detailed data are available on anti-Semitic
    crimes as they can enable States to assess the extent of hate crimes
    and to develop appropriate policies to address them. While in 2010,
    eight participating States provided information on new activities
    launched to combat hate crimes, none of these initiatives had a
    particular emphasis on anti-Semitism.
        Data on hate incidents are a significant source of information for
    ODIHR. In 2010, 21 civil society organizations from 31 participating
    States reported anti-Semitic incidents. Information from civil society
    included assaults, and damage or desecration of property, including
    places of worship, cemeteries, schools, the buildings of Jewish
    organizations and private homes.
    Hate Crime Report--activities in 2012
        ODIHR is currently developing a web-based interface to present the
    data and information on hate crimes submitted by governments and civil
    society. This web presentation will be user friendly, allowing users to
    upload easily the data submitted in previous years, on specific target
    groups or in selected countries. This will in particular respond to one
    of the shortcomings of the current Hate Crime Report: participating
    States with comprehensive data collection systems such as the United
    States or Canada have a different reporting cycle than ODIHR and thus
    relevant data is not published in the annual report. Given the fact
    that this is a pilot project for ODIHR and the sensitive nature of the
    data, the exact date of the publication of the web interface can not be
    determined with certainty. ODIHR expects a completion within the next
    12 to 24 months. The development of the interface will include
    consultation with key actors, including representatives of
    participating States.
    Activities to improve government response to hate crimes
        Legislation--ODIHR continues to distribute the publication Hate
    Crime Laws: A Practical Guide. Approximately 5,500 copies of the Guide
    have been distributed so far. It is available in x languages.
        Police training--Following the independent evaluation of the Law
    Enforcement Officers Programme (LEOP), ODIHR reviewed the methodology
    of the programme and revised the content of its curriculum. The review
    process included the consultation of a broad group of police experts
    from throughout the OSCE region in May 2011. The methodology and the
    curriculum of the programme, renamed Training against Hate Crime for
    Law Enforcement (TAHCLE), are finalized. It is currently being piloted
    in Kosovo with the support of the OSCE Mission.
        TAHCLE is a short, compact and flexible training. It is designed to
    be integrated with other training efforts, drawing on existing
    resources and curricula of police training institutions. TAHCLE can be
    delivered as a training for police or as a training of trainers (ToT)
    for pre-service or in-service training. It can be delivered to
    commanders, police cadets/trainees, uniformed officers and
    investigators. TAHCLE is tailored to the needs and experiences of each
    country or region in which it is adopted.
        In order to address identified shortcomings in the evaluation,
    ODIHR defined TAHCLE's methodological principles as follow:

    Interactive and motivational
          The training is interactive because learning by doing is
    more effective.
          The training is motivational as hate crime training
    should focus simultaneously on: acquiring technical skills and
    knowledge, as well as recognizing the adverse impact prejudice has on
    society and motivating police to address the issue.

    Human rights based
          The programme endorses a rights-based approach because
    the promotion and respect of fundamental human rights principles, such
    as the right to equality, are essential elements to guaranteeing the
    security of individuals and communities.

    Experts oriented
          The training team is composed of professional trainers
    and police, as well as prosecution experts, with comprehensive
    experience dealing with hate crimes. Ideally, experts will have
    understanding and experience with the local context.

    Inclusive
          Consultation with civil society and community
    representatives is crucial: they offer significant intelligence and
    information in relation to the nature of hate crime and are important
    partners in effective responses to hate crime.

    Transparent and Accountable
          The programme's implementation is monitored in order to
    identify difficulties that need to be overcome, to recognize good
    practices that can be replicated and to help authorities make informed
    decisions on the next steps.
          The programme is evaluated upon its completion to ensure
    its sustainability, and to integrate this initiative in comprehensive
    policy efforts aimed to address hate crimes.
    Activities to improve government response to hate crimes--2012
        The predecessor of TAHCLE was delivered in Poland and Croatia and
    has been used since then in the national police academies. In Poland
    20,000 police officers were trained. Authorities in both countries
    expressed interest in a delivery of TAHCLE to their police trainers to
    give them the opportunity to refresh their skills and to amend the
    national curriculum as they see fit. ODIHR will present the TAHCLE
    curriculum in Poland and Croatia and seek the opportunity to gather
    informed feedback.
        Following the signature of a Memorandum of Understanding in
    Bulgaria in 2011, the implementation of TAHCLE will start in March
    2012. The implementation plan includes the delivery of a training of
    trainers, the inclusion of TACHLE in the national curriculum for police
    cadets and for investigators. A crucial part of ODIHR's role in the
    implementation of the programme includes providing support to the
    authorities to identify, develop and enforce policies necessary for
    police to use the skills acquired during the training. The
    implementation of this multi-year programme includes monitoring the
    delivery of training and evaluating the impact of the training
    programme.
        Additional five participating States have manifested interest in
    implementing TAHCLE. ODIHR will seek to sign a Memorandum of
    Understanding with at least two of them in 2012.

        Prosecutors --ODIHR is currently developing a Practical Guide for
    Prosecutors on Hate Crimes in close cooperation with the International
    Association of Prosecutors. The publication of the Guide is foreseen in
    the first half of 2012. The dissemination of the Guide is accompanied
    with the delivery of workshops for prosecutors on how to use
    legislation to prosecute hate crimes. Pilot seminars for prosecutors
    are being held in Kosovo and in Ukraine (Crimea) in December 2011.

    Activities to Combat Anti-Semitism and to Promote Holocaust Remembrance
            and Education
        Participating States have committed to support programmes on
    education on anti-Semitism and on education of the Holocaust.
    Participating States have also committed to promote remembrance of the
    Holocaust. In this regard, participating States were encouraged to draw
    on ODIHR's expertise. ODIHR has developed technical-assistance
    programmes in co-operation with a number of partners, including the
    Task Force for International Cooperation on Holocaust Education,
    Remembrance and Research, the Yad Vashem International School of
    Holocaust Studies in Israel, and Anne Frank House in Amsterdam.

        The following materials have been prepared by ODIHR:

          Teaching Materials to Combat Anti-Semitism--developed in
    co-operation with the Anne Frank House; they aim to raise awareness
    among students on stereotypes and prejudices against Jews. (available
    at http://tandis.odihr.pl/?p=ki-as,tm);
          The Guide Addressing Anti-Semitism: Why and How? A Guide
    for Educators, developed with Yad Vashem; the Guide provides educators
    with facts, background information and good practices regarding how to
    address anti-Semitism in the classroom. (available at http://
    www.osce.org/odihr/70295);
          Preparing Holocaust Memorial Days: Suggestions for
    Educators is a set of recommendations for teachers on how to plan
    commemoration activities connected with annual Holocaust Remembrance
    Days. The Guide will be updated in 2012 (available at http://
    www.osce.org/odihr/17827).

        The following is the overview of education activities on combating
    anti-Semitism:

          In Austria, ODIHR's main implementing partner is the
    organization Erinnern associated with the Austrian Federal Ministry for
    Education. Educational materials have been translated and are currently
    being tested on focus groups in youth clubs and schools. The Guide on
    addressing anti-Semitism and publication on preparing Holocaust
    Memorial Days are translated and disseminated.
          In Croatia, education authorities adapted, tested and
    implemented the teaching materials. Approximately, 7,500 copies have
    been printed in 2008 and 2009. Dissemination of materials is carried
    out during teacher training seminars and online. In 2010, Croatia
    translated a teachers' guide that assists teachers in lesson delivery.
    The Guide on addressing anti-Semitism and publication on preparing
    Holocaust Memorial Days are translated and disseminated.
          Denmark is implementing and conducting training of
    teachers. In 2009, Danish education authorities organized six teachers
    seminars were organized about materials to combat anti-Semitism and 18
    seminars on teaching about Holocaust and other genocides.
          In Germany, approximately 12,000 copies of the teaching
    materials have been distributed during teachers' seminars or through
    online orders. Almost 600 teachers have been trained and more than 40
    seminars organized. The Guide on addressing anti-Semitism and
    publication on preparing Holocaust Memorial Days are translated and
    disseminated.
          The teaching materials have been prepared and translated
    in Hungary. A teacher training is planned in December.
          In Lithuania, more than 6,000 copies of the teaching
    materials have been printed. Around 50 teachers have been trained
    during three seminars organized in 2008 and 2009. The Guide on
    addressing anti-Semitism and publication on preparing Holocaust
    Memorial Days are translated and disseminated.
          Anne Frank House organized eight training seminars and
    trained approximately 200 teachers on the use of materials in the
    Netherlands. The materials were printed in 15,000 copies. The
    publication on preparing Holocaust Memorial Days is translated and
    disseminated.
          In Poland, 22 training seminars were organized in 2008
    and 2009 with a total of 450 teachers. Materials were printed in 9,000
    copies. The Guide on addressing anti-Semitism and publication on
    preparing Holocaust Memorial Days are translated and disseminated.
          In the Slovak Republic, teaching materials were printed
    in 7,000 copies were distributed to approximately 125 schools in 2008
    and 2009. Approximately, 5,000 students have been exposed to the
    materials. The Guide on addressing anti-Semitism is translated and
    disseminated.
          In Spain, materials are currently being translated. The
    main implementing partner is the organization Casa Sefarad.
          Sweden is implementing and conducting training of
    teachers. Main partners include Swedish Committee against Anti-Semitism
    and Living History Forum. In 2010, Sweden organized a training seminar
    for teachers.
          In Ukraine, more than 250 teachers have been trained in
    2010. Two additional training seminars are planned to take place in
    December. Ukrainian Centre for Holocaust Studies printed approximately
    9,000 copies of the teaching materials. The Guide on addressing anti-
    Semitism is translated and disseminated.
    Holocaust Memorial Days
          In 2010, ODIHR published a report ``Holocaust Memorial
    Days in the OSCE Region.'' It provides a country-by-country overview of
    the official commemorative activities that take place in OSCE
    participating States on Holocaust remembrance days.
          The data shows that 21 States commemorate 21 January (the
    date Liberation of the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp). These
    include: Belgium, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,
    Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Monaco,
    Norway, Portugal, Serbia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the
    United Kingdom. Canada and the United States commemorate Yom Hashoah --
    Beginning of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising in 1943, while Austria,
    Bulgaria, France, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands, Poland,
    Romania, Slovakia commemorate special dates from their history.
          The updated version of the publication will be available
    on 19 April 2012.
    Activities in 2012
          ODIHR seeks to improve the visibility and the
    accessibility of the teaching materials. To this end, a web version of
    the teaching materials will be developed and the existing national
    versions will be uploaded on TANDIS and the websites of partner
    institutions.
          The Latvian version of the teaching materials will be
    finalized. ODIHR is currently discussing with two additional
    participating States the possibility of adapting the teaching
    materials.
          ODIHR will continue supporting training of teachers upon
    availability of resources.

      8The Osce High Level Meeting On Confronting Anti-Semitism In Public
                          Discourse (23-24 March 2011)

    Introduction and Background
        The OSCE high level meeting ``Confronting Anti-Semitism in Public
    Discourse'' was held in Prague on 23-24 March 2011. \1\ The meeting was
    co-organized by the OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human
    Rights (ODIHR) and the OSCE Chairmanship-in-Office and was hosted by
    the Foreign Ministry of the Czech Republic. A total of 164 participants
    registered, including 51 civil society representatives. Participants
    came from 36 participating States.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        \1\  For a copy of the final meeting report, please refer to http:/
    /www.osce.org/odihr/77450
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        The meeting took place in the framework of the OSCE's ongoing
    efforts to promote international co-operation to combat anti-Semitism.
    Ministerial Council Decisions in Maastricht and Sofia, \2\ among
    others, established a broad set of commitments aimed at preventing and
    responding to anti-Semitism and other forms of intolerance.
    Participating States have also equipped the Organization with tools to
    address the problem of anti-Semitism and there has been considerable
    progress in combating anti-Semitism in the OSCE area, and in particular
    in response to hate crimes. Despite these efforts, expressions of anti-
    Semitism in public discourse remain a serious issue of concern in the
    OSCE region.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        \2\  Maastricht Ministerial Council decision 4/03 on Tolerance and
    Non-Discrimination (2003); Sofia Ministerial Council Decision 12/04 on
    Tolerance and Non-Discrimination and Annex to Decision 12/04 on
    Combating Anti-Semitism (2004).
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Key Themes and Discussions
        The meeting was organized into three working sessions, focused on:

          Traditional anti-Semitic themes and practices (Session
    I);
          International developments as a new factor related to
    manifestations of anti-Semitism (Session II); and
          Effective practices in combating anti-Semitism in public
    discourse (Session III).

        Session I explored the distinction between `traditional' or
    historic forms and contemporary forms of anti-Semitism. During
    subsequent discussions, there was an overwhelming focus on hate speech
    regulation and in particular the challenges in new or transitioning
    states to combat such discourse. While there was a divergence of
    opinion about the role of the state in prohibiting and/or regulating
    hate speech, there was overwhelming agreement on the need to build the
    capacity of media professionals to report on interfaith and tolerance
    related issues in a professional and impartial manner.
        Session II provided meeting participants with an opportunity to
    explore how international developments can spark manifestations of
    anti-Semitism. In particular, panelists and participants discussed how
    events in the Middle East and negative perceptions of Israeli policies
    have been followed by spikes in anti-Semitic hate crimes. Other modern
    forms of anti-Semitism were also raised, including manifestations on
    the Internet.
        The focus of Session III was to share good practices and gather a
    set of recommendations on how to prevent and respond to anti-Semitism
    in public discourse. The value of coalition building--both within
    parliaments through cross party alliances and more broadly--emerged as
    a good practice. Education was also stressed for its positive value,
    both within the formal education sector and non-formal sector.
    Holocaust, peace and tolerance education, and the use of social
    networks and creative campaigns targeting youth were provided as
    examples. Finally, capacity building and professional development for
    journalists were favoured as strategies rather than prohibitive
    sanctions.
    Key Recommendations
    The following recommendations represent some of the key recommendations
    which were proposed during the high level meeting and are addressed to
    OSCE participating States. A full list of recommendations targeting
    different stakeholders, including members of the media and OSCE
    institutions, can be found in the meeting report. \3\
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        \3\  For a copy of the final meeting report, please refer to http:/
    /www.osce.org/odihr/77450

          Participating States should implement OSCE commitments on
    monitoring and reporting of hate crimes and should enact laws that
    establish hate crimes as specific offenses or provide enhanced
    penalties for bias-motivated violent crimes. When collecting and
    publicizing data on hate crimes, participating States should produce
    disaggregated statistics in order to be able to distinguish anti-
    Semitic hate crimes from other hate crimes.
          Participating States should fulfill their obligations to
    provide security to vulnerable communities and invest the necessary
    resources to protect vulnerable community institutions and places of
    worship, including synagogues, cemeteries, and faith based schools.
          Parliaments should consider establishing all-party
    parliamentary committees against anti-Semitism.
          Governments should consistently and publicly denounce all
    forms of intolerant speech, and condemn the use of foreign conflicts to
    inflame domestic inter-communal tension. Politicians should counter
    hate speech and Holocaust denial with truthful and informative
    responses and should increase the use of the Internet and online forums
    in addition to traditional media sources when communicating these
    messages to the public.
          Participating States should create specialized law
    enforcement units to monitor and investigate cyber hate speech and
    should strengthen transnational networks and partnerships that monitor
    and investigate hate speech on the Internet.
          Participating States should invest in educational
    initiatives that confront prejudice and stereotypes related to anti-
    Semitism and should invest in teacher training programs on human rights
    norms and principles.
          Participating States should invest in professional
    training programs for members of the media to develop their skills and
    capacity to report about issues facing different religious and cultural
    groups, including the Jewish community. These programs should focus on
    the role of the media in exacerbating and/or decreasing inter-ethnic
    tension and violence and explore issues relating to professional ethics
    and responsibility.

    Summary of Ministerial Council Taskings Given to the ODIHR in the Area
                      of Tolerance and Non-Discrimination

    Ministerial Council Decision No. 4 (Maastricht MC 2003)
    -- Encourages all participating States to collect and keep records on
    reliable information and statistics on hate crimes, including on forms
    of violent manifestations of racism, xenophobia, discrimination, and
    anti-Semitism, as discussed and recommended in the above-mentioned
    conferences. Recognizing the importance of legislation to combat hate
    crimes, participating States will inform the ODIHR about existing
    legislation regarding crimes fuelled by intolerance and discrimination,
    and, where appropriate, seek the ODIHR's assistance in the drafting and
    review of such legislation;

    -- Tasks the ODIHR, in full co-operation, inter alia, with the United
    Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (UNCERD),
    the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) and the
    European Monitoring Center on Racism and Xenophobia (EUMC), as well as
    relevant NGOs, with serving as a collection point for information and
    statistics collected by participating States, and with reporting
    regularly on these issues, including in the format of the Human
    Dimension Implementation Meeting, as a basis for deciding on priorities
    for future work.

    -- The ODIHR will, inter alia, promote best practices and disseminate
    lessons learned in the fight against intolerance and discrimination;

    -- Encourages the participating States to seek the assistance of the
    ODIHR and its Panel of Experts on Freedom of Religion or Belief.

    -- Undertakes to combat discrimination against migrant workers. Further
    undertakes to facilitate the integration of migrant workers into the
    societies in which they are legally residing. Calls on the ODIHR to
    reinforce its activities in this respect;

    -- Undertakes, in this context, to combat, subject to national
    legislation and international commitments, discrimination, where
    existing, against asylum seekers and refugees, and calls on the ODIHR
    to reinforce its activities in this respect;

    -- Tasks the Permanent Council, the ODIHR, the HCNM and the RFoM, in
    close co-operation with the Chairmanship-in-Office, with ensuring an
    effective follow-up to the relevant provisions of the present decision,
    and requests the Permanent Council to address the operational and
    funding modalities for the implementation of this decision.
    Ministerial Council Decision No. 12 (Sofia MC 2004)
    PC Decision 601 on Combating Anti-Semitism Tasks participating States
            to:

    -- Collect and maintain reliable information and statistics about anti-
    Semitic crimes, and other hate crimes, committed within their
    territory, report such information periodically to the OSCE Office for
    Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR), and make this
    information available to the public;

    -- Endeavour to provide the ODIHR with the appropriate resources to
    accomplish the tasks agreed upon in the Maastricht Ministerial Decision
    on Tolerance and Non-Discrimination;
    Tasks the ODIHR to:
    -- Follow closely, in full co-operation with other OSCE institutions as
    well as the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial
    Discrimination (UNCERD), the European Commission against Racism and
    Intolerance (ECRI), the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and
    Xenophobia (EUMC) and other relevant international institutions and
    NGOs, anti-Semitic incidents in the OSCE area making use of all
    reliable information available;

    -- Report its findings to the Permanent Council and to the Human
    Dimension Implementation Meeting and make these findings public. These
    reports should also be taken into account in deciding on priorities for
    the work of the OSCE in the area of intolerance;

    -- Systematically collect and disseminate information throughout the
    OSCE area on best practices for preventing and responding to anti-
    Semitism and, if requested, offer advice to participating States in
    their efforts to fight anti-Semitism;
    PC Decision 621 on Tolerance and the Fight against Racism, Xenophobia
            and Discrimination Tasks participating States to:

    -- Collect and maintain reliable information and statistics about hate
    crimes motivated by racism, xenophobia and related discrimination and
    intolerance, committed within their territory, report such information
    periodically to the OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human
    Rights (ODIHR) and make this information available to the public;

    -- Endeavour to provide the ODIHR with the appropriate resources to
    accomplish the tasks agreed upon in the Maastricht Ministerial Decision
    on Tolerance and Non-Discrimination;
    Tasks the ODIHR to:
    -- Follow closely, in full co-operation with other OSCE institutions as
    well as the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial
    Discrimination (UNCERD), the United Nations Office of the High
    Commissioner for Human Rights (UNHCHR), the European Commission against
    Racism and Intolerance (ECRI), the European Monitoring Centre on Racism
    and Xenophobia (EUMC) and other relevant international institutions and
    NGOs, incidents motivated by racism, xenophobia, or related
    intolerance, including against Muslims, and anti-Semitism in the OSCE
    area making use of all reliable information available;

    -- Report its findings to the Permanent Council and to the Human
    Dimension Implementation Meeting and make these findings public. These
    reports should also be taken into account in deciding on priorities for
    the work of the OSCE in the area of intolerance;

    -- Systematically collect and disseminate information throughout the
    OSCE area on best practices for preventing and responding to racism,
    xenophobia and discrimination and, if requested, offer advice to
    participating States in their efforts to fight racism, xenophobia and
    discrimination;

    -- Support the ability of civil society and the development of
    partnerships to address racism, xenophobia, discrimination or related
    intolerance, including against Muslims, and anti-Semitism;
    Ljubljana Ministerial Decision No. 11 on the promotion of human rights
            education and training in the OSCE area (Ljubljana MC 2005)
            Tasks the ODIHR:
    -- To produce a compendium of best practices for participating States
    on enhancing the promotion of human rights education and training,
    including the promotion of tolerance, mutual respect and understanding,
    and non-discrimination in the OSCE area.
    Ljubljana Ministerial Decision No. 10 on Tolerance and Non-
            Discrimination: Promoting Mutual Respect and Understanding
            (Ljubljana MC 2005) Commits participating States to:
    -- Strengthen efforts to provide public officials, and in particular
    law enforcement officers, with appropriate training on responding to
    and preventing hate crimes, and in this regard, to consider setting up
    programmes that provide such training, and to consider drawing on ODIHR
    expertise in this field and to share best practices;

    -- Encourage public and private educational programmes that promote
    tolerance and non-discrimination, and raise public awareness of the
    existence and the unacceptability of intolerance and discrimination,
    and in this regard, to consider drawing on ODIHR expertise and
    assistance in order to develop methods and curricula for tolerance
    education in general, including:
            -- Fighting racial prejudice and hatred, xenophobia and
            discrimination;
            -- Education on and remembrance of the Holocaust, as well as
            other genocides, recognized as such in accordance with the 1948
            Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of
            Genocide, and crimes against humanity;
            -- Education on anti-Semitism in order to ensure a systematic
            approach to education, including curricula related to
            contemporary forms of anti-Semitism in participating States;
            -- Fighting prejudice, intolerance and discrimination against
            Christians, Muslims and members of other religions;

    -- Strengthen efforts to collect and maintain reliable information and
    statistics on hate crimes and legislation within their territories, to
    report such information periodically to the ODIHR, and to make this
    information available to the public and to consider drawing on ODIHR
    assistance in this field, and in this regard, to consider nominating
    national points of contact on hate crimes to the ODIHR;
    Tasks to the Secretary General:
    -- The Secretary General, drawing on the expertise of the OSCE
    structures and institutions, in particular the ODIHR, to provide in co-
    operation with participating States an OSCE contribution to the
    ``Alliance of Civilizations'' initiative and to bring it to the
    attention of the Alliance of Civilizations High-Level Group by the end
    of June 2006.
    Tasks the ODIHR to:
    -- Assist participating States upon their request in developing
    appropriate methodologies and capacities for collecting and maintaining
    reliable information and statistics about hate crimes and violent
    manifestations of intolerance and discrimination, with a view to
    helping them to collect comparable data and statistics;

    -- Continue its co-operation with other OSCE structures and
    institutions, as well as with the United Nations Committee on the
    Elimination of Racial Discrimination (UNCERD), the United Nations
    Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (UNHCHR), the European
    Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI), the European
    Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia (EUMC), the Task Force for
    International Co-operation on Holocaust Education, Remembrance and
    Research, and with other relevant institutions and civil society,
    including non-governmental organizations;

    -- Through its Advisory Panel of Experts on Freedom of Religion or
    Belief, to continue providing support to the participating States, upon
    their request, in their efforts to promote freedom of religion or
    belief, and to share the Panel's conclusions and opinions with OSCE
    participating States, both bilaterally and at relevant OSCE conferences
    and events;
    Brussels Ministerial Decision No. 13 on Combating Intolerance and
            Discrimination and Promoting Mutual Respect and Understanding
            (Brussels MC 2006) Encourages the ODIHR, based on existing
            commitments, including through co-operation with relevant OSCE
            executive structures to:
    -- Further strengthen the work of its Tolerance and Non-Discrimination
    Programme, in particular its assistance programmes, in order to assist
    participating States upon their request in implementing their
    commitments;

    -- Further strengthen the work of the ODIHR's Advisory Panel of Experts
    on Freedom of Religion or Belief in providing support and expert
    assistance to participating States;

    -- Continue its close co-operation with other relevant inter-
    governmental agencies and civil society working in the field of
    promoting mutual respect and understanding and combating intolerance
    and discrimination, including through hate crime data collection;

    -- Continue to serve as a collection point for information and
    statistics on hate crimes and relevant legislation provided by
    participating States and to make this information publicly available
    through its Tolerance and Non-Discrimination Information System and its
    report on Challenges and Responses to Hate-Motivated Incidents in the
    OSCE Region;

    -- Strengthen, within existing resources, its early warning function to
    identify, report and raise awareness on hate-motivated incidents and
    trends and to provide recommendations and assistance to participating
    States, upon their request, in areas where more adequate responses are
    needed;
    Madrid Ministerial Decision No. 10/07 on Tolerance and Non-
            Discrimination: Promoting Mutual Respect and Understanding
    The Decision:

    -- Calls for continued efforts by political representatives, including
    parliamentarians, strongly to reject and condemn manifestations of
    racism, xenophobia, anti-Semitism, discrimination and intolerance,
    including against Christians, Jews, Muslims and members of other
    religions, as well as violent manifestations of extremism associated
    with aggressive nationalism and neo-Nazism, while continuing to respect
    freedom of expression;

    -- Underlines the continued need for participating States to collect
    and maintain reliable data and statistics on hate crimes and incidents,
    to train relevant law enforcement officers and to strengthen co-
    operation with civil society;

    -- Encourages the promotion of educational programmes in the
    participating States in order to raise awareness among youth of the
    value of mutual respect and understanding;

    -- Calls on participating States to increase their efforts, in co-
    operation with civil society to counter the incitement to imminent
    violence and hate crimes, including through the Internet, within the
    framework of their national legislation, while respecting freedom of
    expression, and underlines at the same time that the opportunities
    offered by the Internet for the promotion of democracy, human rights
    and tolerance education should be fully exploited.
    Athens Ministerial Decision No. 9/09 on Combating Hate Crimes
    Calls on the participating States to:
    -- Collect, maintain and make public, reliable data and statistics in
    sufficient detail on hate crimes and violent manifestations of
    intolerance, including the numbers of cases reported to law
    enforcement, the numbers prosecuted and the sentences imposed. Where
    data-protection laws restrict collection of data on victims, States
    should consider methods for collecting data in compliance with such
    laws;

    -- Enact, where appropriate, specific, tailored legislation to combat
    hate crimes,

    -- providing for effective penalties that take into account the gravity
    of such crimes;

    -- Take appropriate measures to encourage victims to report hate
    crimes, recognizing that under-reporting of hate crimes prevents States
    from devising efficient policies. In this regard, explore, as
    complementary measures, methods for facilitating, the contribution of
    civil society to combat hate crimes;

    -- Introduce or further develop professional training and capacity-
    building ativities for law-enforcement, prosecution and judicial
    officials dealing with hate crimes;

    -- In co-operation with relevant actors, explore ways to provide
    victims of hate crimes with access to counselling, legal and consular
    assistance as well as effective access to justice;

    -- Promptly investigate hate crimes and ensure that the motives of
    those convicted of hate crimes are acknowledged and publicly condemned
    by the relevant authorities and by the political leadership;

    -- Ensure co-operation, where appropriate, at the national and
    international levels, including with relevant international bodies and
    between police forces, to combat violent organized hate crime;

    -- Conduct awareness raising and education efforts, particularly with
    law enforcement authorities, directed towards communities and civil
    society groups that assist victims of hate crimes;

    -- Nominate, if they have not yet done so, a national point of contact
    on hate crimes to periodically report to the ODIHR reliable information
    and statistics on hate crimes;

    -- Consider drawing on resources developed by the ODIHR in the area of
    education, training and awareness raising to ensure a comprehensive
    approach to the tackling of hate crimes;

    -- To seek opportunities to co-operate and thereby address the
    increasing use of the Internet to advocate views constituting an
    incitement to bias-motivated violence including hate crimes and, in so
    doing, to reduce the harm caused by the dissemination of such material,
    while ensuring that any relevant measures taken are in line with OSCE
    commitments, in particular with regard to freedom of expression.
    ODIHR
    -- Invites the Director of the ODIHR to keep the participating States
    informed about the ODIHR's work in assisting the participating States
    to combat hate crimes during his or her regular reporting to the
    Permanent Council.

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