[House Hearing, 112 Congress]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
THE FUTURE OF
THE NATIONAL MALL
=======================================================================
OVERSIGHT HEARING
before the
SUBCOMMITTEE ON NATIONAL PARKS, FORESTS
AND PUBLIC LANDS
of the
COMMITTEE ON NATURAL RESOURCES
U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
ONE HUNDRED TWELFTH CONGRESS
SECOND SESSION
__________
Friday, June 1, 2012
__________
Serial No. 112-114
__________
Printed for the use of the Committee on Natural Resources
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or
Committee address: http://naturalresources.house.gov
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COMMITTEE ON NATURAL RESOURCES
DOC HASTINGS, WA, Chairman
EDWARD J. MARKEY, MA, Ranking Democratic Member
Don Young, AK Dale E. Kildee, MI
John J. Duncan, Jr., TN Peter A. DeFazio, OR
Louie Gohmert, TX Eni F.H. Faleomavaega, AS
Rob Bishop, UT Frank Pallone, Jr., NJ
Doug Lamborn, CO Grace F. Napolitano, CA
Robert J. Wittman, VA Rush D. Holt, NJ
Paul C. Broun, GA Raul M. Grijalva, AZ
John Fleming, LA Madeleine Z. Bordallo, GU
Mike Coffman, CO Jim Costa, CA
Tom McClintock, CA Dan Boren, OK
Glenn Thompson, PA Gregorio Kilili Camacho Sablan,
Jeff Denham, CA CNMI
Dan Benishek, MI Martin Heinrich, NM
David Rivera, FL Ben Ray Lujan, NM
Jeff Duncan, SC Betty Sutton, OH
Scott R. Tipton, CO Niki Tsongas, MA
Paul A. Gosar, AZ Pedro R. Pierluisi, PR
Raul R. Labrador, ID John Garamendi, CA
Kristi L. Noem, SD Colleen W. Hanabusa, HI
Steve Southerland II, FL Paul Tonko, NY
Bill Flores, TX Vacancy
Andy Harris, MD
Jeffrey M. Landry, LA
Jon Runyan, NJ
Bill Johnson, OH
Mark Amodei, NV
Todd Young, Chief of Staff
Lisa Pittman, Chief Counsel
Jeffrey Duncan, Democratic Staff Director
David Watkins, Democratic Chief Counsel
------
SUBCOMMITTEE ON NATIONAL PARKS, FORESTS AND PUBLIC LANDS
ROB BISHOP, UT, Chairman
RAUL M. GRIJALVA, AZ, Ranking Democratic Member
Don Young, AK Dale E. Kildee, MI
John J. Duncan, Jr., TN Peter A. DeFazio, OR
Doug Lamborn, CO Rush D. Holt, NJ
Paul C. Broun, GA Martin Heinrich, NM
Mike Coffman, CO Betty Sutton, OH
Tom McClintock, CA Niki Tsongas, MA
David Rivera, FL John Garamendi, CA
Scott R. Tipton, CO Vacancy
Raul R. Labrador, ID Edward J. Markey, MA, ex officio
Kristi L. Noem, SD
Mark Amodei, NV
Doc Hastings, WA, ex officio
------
CONTENTS
----------
Page
Hearing held on Friday, June 1, 2012............................. 1
Statement of Members:
Bishop, Hon. Rob, a Representative in Congress from the State
of Utah.................................................... 1
Prepared statement of.................................... 2
Grijalva, Hon. Raul M., a Representative in Congress from the
State of Arizona........................................... 3
Prepared statement of.................................... 4
Statement of Witnesses:
Bryant, L. Preston, Jr., Chairman, National Capital Planning
Commission................................................. 13
Prepared statement of.................................... 15
Luebke, Thomas E., Secretary, U.S. Commission of Fine Arts... 10
Prepared statement of.................................... 12
Shubow, Justin, President and Chairman, National Civic Art
Society.................................................... 16
Prepared statement of.................................... 18
View, Dr. Jenice L., Assistant Professor, George Mason
University................................................. 20
Prepared statement of.................................... 22
Whitesell, Stephen E., Regional Director, National Capital
Region, National Park Service, U.S. Department of the
Interior................................................... 5
Prepared statement of.................................... 7
Additional materials supplied:
Farr, Hon. Sam, a Representative in Congress from the State
of California, Statement submitted for the record.......... 36
OVERSIGHT HEARING ON ``THE FUTURE OF THE NATIONAL MALL.''
----------
Friday, June 1, 2012
U.S. House of Representatives
Subcommittee on National Parks, Forests and Public Lands
Committee on Natural Resources
Washington, D.C.
----------
The Subcommittee met, pursuant to notice, at 10:07 a.m. in
Room 1334, Longworth House Office Building, Hon. Rob Bishop
[Chairman of the Subcommittee] presiding.
Present: Representatives Bishop, Tipton, Noem, Grijalva.
Mr. Bishop. The Committee hearing will come to order. The
Chair notes the presence of a quorum plus.
The Subcommittee on National Parks, Forests and Public
Lands is meeting today to conduct an oversight hearing on the
future of the National Mall.
Under the rules, opening statements are limited to the
Chairman and Ranking Member. However, I ask unanimous consent
to include any other Members' opening statements in the hearing
record if submitted to the Clerk by the close of business
today.
Hearing no objection, it will be so ordered.
STATEMENT OF THE HON. ROB BISHOP, A REPRESENTATIVE IN CONGRESS
FROM THE STATE OF UTAH
Mr. Bishop. The National Mall is America's front yard.
Actually, it is the back yard. Our guides have to say we have
an East front and a West front, which is a nice way of saying
the steps are the East, the left side is the back, which means
when the Capitol was built, the East was the front because
everyone knew Washington, D.C. would grow to the East, which
means this Congress has been wrong from our very inception.
The National Mall is really our back yard but it stretches
from the Capitol to the Lincoln Memorial and is the home of the
Washington Monument, World War II and Vietnam Memorials, as
well as the Smithsonian Museums.
It also includes the area from the White House to the
Jefferson Memorial, and millions of Americans will visit these
historic sites every year, and it is essential that the beauty
and dignity of these grounds be protected and preserved for the
future.
Each year Congress has to consider potential changes and
additions to the Mall and deliberate on how each proposal would
affect this important resource and its finite capacity.
In recent months, we have seen exactly why it is important
to advance memorials with caution. The memorial to President
Eisenhower has gained significant attention, and in my opinion,
the process still has failed to achieve a design with a
consensus of support.
That particular situation has worked out. It is my hope
that we can learn from the process, what was done well, and
what we as a committee of jurisdiction can do to legislate a
better process in the future.
This Committee must also consider the pace at which new
memorials have proliferated in the past several decades.
We have to evaluate each proposal on its merits, and I
believe Congress has done that in the past.
However, taken on their own, there are probably thousands
of ideas that make sense. The Vietnam Memorial is very popular
and most people find it inspiring. I doubt at the time Congress
approved the Vietnam Memorial, they considered the fact that it
would lead to a Korean Memorial, subsequently to an enormous
World War II Memorial, and now that has been built, people are
asking why is there not a national World War I Memorial.
Again, it is not to say that each of these are not
meritorious on their own, but the Committee must take a broader
view and consider the future generations and their heroes and
their historical events that they want to be commemorated,
before we ever devour the remaining space in a zealous attempt
to immortalize our generation.
Where do we draw the line between elements that are
appropriate for the Mall and what has become almost a
Gettysburg National Battlefield.
This hearing will provide an opportunity to discuss what we
can do better when it comes to the future of our National Mall.
We have invited witnesses who should be able to provide us
with a perspective on the care and the planning of this iconic
landscape.
I would especially welcome insight and suggestions as to
what this Committee and this Congress can do better to preserve
the grandeur of our National Mall, and ensure that it continues
to be hallow grounds where the greatest heroes of our blessed
land are honored.
Every year, we have more and more proposals for additions.
We have to figure out the matrix on how we will go forward in
that area. For these reasons, I think it is our duty, and I am
sure all my colleagues will agree, that we have to preserve a
very prominent and fitting site on the Mall for the memorial to
Ronald Wilson Reagan.
With that, I conclude my statement. Mr. Grijalva?
[The prepared statement of Mr. Bishop follows:]
Statement of The Honorable Rob Bishop, Chairman,
Subcommittee on National Parks, Forests and Public Lands
The National Mall is America's front yard. It stretches from the
Capitol building to the Lincoln Memorial and is home to the Washington
Monument, the World War II and Vietnam Memorials, and the Smithsonian
Museums. We can also include the vast area from the White House to the
Jefferson Memorial. Millions of Americans visit these historic sites
every year and it is essential that the beauty and dignity of this
hallowed ground be protected and preserved as we plan for its future.
Each year Congress must consider potential changes and additions to
the Mall and deliberate how each proposal could affect this important
resource and its finite capacity. In recent months we have seen exactly
why it is important to advance memorials with caution. The memorial to
President Eisenhower has gained significant attention and in my
opinion, the process has failed to achieve a design with a consensus of
support. As that particular situation is worked out, it is my hope that
we can learn from that process, what was done well, and what we, as the
committee of jurisdiction, can do to legislate a better process in the
future.
This committee must also consider the pace at which new memorials
have proliferated in the past several decades. We have to evaluate each
proposal on its own merits, and I believe Congress has done that in the
past. However, taken on their own, there are probably thousands of
ideas that make sense. The Vietnam Memorial is very popular and most
people find it very inspiring. I doubt at the time Congress approved
the Vietnam Memorial, they considered the fact that it would lead to a
Korean War Memorial, and subsequently, that would be used as
justification for an enormous World War II Memorial. And now that all
those have been built, some have asked, `why isn't there a World War I
Memorial?'
Again, it isn't to say that each of these isn't meritorious on its
own, but this committee must take a broader view and consider the
future generations, and their heroes, and their historic events, that
they may want to commemorate, before we devour the remaining space in a
zealous attempt to immortalize our generation. Where do we draw to line
between elements appropriate for the Mall and what has become of
Gettysburg National Battlefield?
This hearing will provide an opportunity to discuss what we can do
better when it comes to the future of our National Mall. We have
invited witnesses who should be able to provide us with an inside
prospective to the care and planning for this iconic landscape. I would
especially welcome insights and suggestions as to what this committee
and this Congress can do better to preserve the grandeur of our
National Mall and ensure that it continues to be hallowed ground where
the greatest heroes of our blessed land our honored.
For all these reasons, it is our special duty, as I'm sure all my
colleagues will agree, to preserve a very prominent and fitting site on
the Mall for the memorial to President Ronald Wilson Reagan.
______
STATEMENT OF THE HON. RAUL GRIJALVA, A REPRESENTATIVE IN
CONGRESS FROM THE STATE OF ARIZONA
Mr. Grijalva. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Good morning. Good
morning to our guests. I want to thank all the witnesses for
taking the time to come and testify before us today.
Today's hearing's title is ``The Future of the National
Mall.'' I am glad my colleagues have decided to address this
topic. It is always good to revisit our previous successes.
There is a lot to talk about on this topic. I look forward
to this morning's conversation.
The National Mall is where we recognize our triumphs and
also our failures. It is a place to gather to remember the
fallen heroes of our nation, to celebrate culture, to recreate
and to learn.
The educational role of the Mall is often forgotten by
Congress, and I hope we can discuss that as well today.
Every year thousands of visitors including students from
across the country and international tourists travel to
Washington, D.C. to learn more about this great nation.
Often the stories and narratives they learn from our
memorials and public spaces are not entirely true. Some of our
memorials even perpetuate myths.
For example, Lincoln saved the nation. Jefferson created
the Declaration of Independence. Roosevelt brought the country
out of a great depression.
None of these are lies, only a one dimensional story
emerges, a story that idolizes a series of events rather than
acknowledges the humanity of the person.
The public space is not only where history is retold, but
where history actually happened.
The National Mall is a living, vibrant history book, where
tales are told and the power of the place moves us continuously
toward understanding the deeper side of our collective history
as a country.
A French-born surveyor designed a public space to signify
the Democratic birth of a country. Numerous soldiers camped on
the lawn to make a statement to lawmakers about their plight.
First ladies hosted an Easter morning outdoor concert. An
African American preacher speaking in front of the Lincoln
Memorial ignited a nation.
These stories are among the many that make up the story of
our country, where democracy survives and continues to thrive,
and our National Mall is a place where we can continue to learn
from the past and build for the future.
I look forward to hearing more from our witnesses about
their vision for our nation's back yard, and with that, I yield
back, Mr. Chairman.
[The prepared statement of Mr. Grijalva follows:]
Statement of The Honorable Raul M. Grijalva, Ranking Member,
Subcommittee on National Parks, Forests and Public Lands
Mr. Chairman, Good Morning to our guests and my fellow committee
Members. I want to thank our witnesses for testifying today.
Today's hearing title is the ``Future of the National Mall.'' I am
glad that my colleagues have broached this topic.
It is always good to revisit our previous successes. This topic has
numerous tentacles for conversation.
The National Mall is where we recognize our triumphs and failures.
It is a place to gather publicly, to remember the fallen heroes of
our nation, to celebrate culture, to play kickball, and to learn.
The last aspect of the Mall I highlighted, the educational one, is
often forgotten by Congress.
However, thousands of students travel for school field trips every
year and many Mall visitors try to learn something.
But, the stories float around that are not entirely true and our
memorials sometimes perpetuate myths.
For example; Lincoln saved the nation; Jefferson created the
Declaration of Independence; Roosevelt brought the country out of the
Great Depression.
While none of these are lies, only a one-dimensional story emerges:
A story that idolizes a series of events rather than acknowledges the
humanity of the person.
This public space is not only where history is retold, but where
history actually happened.
The National Mall is a living, vibrant history book, where tales
are told and the power of place moves us continuously towards
understanding a deeper side of our collective history.
A French-born surveyor designed a public space to signify the
democratic birth of a country.
Numerous soldiers camped on the lawn to make a statement to
lawmakers about their plight.
A first lady hosted an Easter morning outdoor concert for an
amazing contralto.
A black preacher ignited a nation speaking in front of the Lincoln
Memorial.
These stories are among the many that provide the story of our
country, where democracy survives and thrives as we move forward.
I look forward to hearing more from our witnesses about their
vision for our nation's backyard.
Thank you again for your testimony.
______
Mr. Bishop. Thank you, Mr. Grijalva.
Our panel of witnesses today include officials from the
agencies and commissions who are responsible for overseeing the
Mall, along with two distinguished private citizens who will
share their expertise with us.
On the panel is Mr. Stephen Whitesell, the Regional
Director for the National Capital Region of the National Park
Service.
We also have Mr. Tom Luebke, the Secretary of the U.S.
Commission of Fine Arts.
Mr. Preston Bryant, who is the Chairman of the National
Capital Planning Commission.
Mr. Justin Shubow, President and Chairman of the National
Civic Art Society, and Dr. Jenice View from Washington, D.C.
I hope I did not butcher those names too badly.
We appreciate you coming here. I think you have all been
here and know the drill. The lights in front of you and the
timer in front of you tells you how much you have.
We are asking you to confine your oral presentations to
five minutes, so the green light means everything is going.
When you hit the yellow light, it is like when you are driving
and you speed up very quickly so that when you hit the red
light, you stop.
With that, Mr. Whitesell, if you would like to start off,
we'd appreciate hearing your testimony.
STATEMENT OF STEPHEN E. WHITESELL, REGIONAL DIRECTOR, NATIONAL
CAPITAL REGION, NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
Mr. Whitesell. Mr. Chairman, it is my pleasure to appear
before you today to discuss the future of the National Mall.
I would like to summarize my statement and submit my full
testimony for the record.
The National Mall is a preeminent designed historical
landscape, and is home to some of the great symbols of our
country.
My summary will focus on the process for locating memorials
on the Mall and also on some current projects to improve the
Mall.
Proposals for new memorials in the District of Columbia are
governed by the Commemorative Works Act. The procedures, as set
forth in this law, are built on four basic tenets. One, it
delegates decision making of the siting and design of memorials
to those agencies already legislatively charged with planning
and urban design review authority.
Two, it precludes commemorations prior to 25 years from the
date of the death of an individual or the death of the last
surviving member of a group, or the occurrence of an event in
order to maintain the appropriate historical perspective.
Three, it limits commemoration of military subjects to
major conflicts or branches of Service with the intention that
most future military memorials would be placed on military
lands.
Four, it addresses where memorials can be built.
In 2003, Congress determined that the Mall is a completed
work of civic art and established the reserve, an area in which
no new memorials would be permitted.
At that time, there were 31 memorials already in place or
approved on the Mall. Congress has twice made exceptions to the
prohibition of new memorials, museums and visitor centers in
the reserve, in 2003, for the National Museum of African
American History and Culture, and in 2009, for a plaque
honoring Senator Robert Dole at the World War II Memorial.
In addition, the Vietnam Veterans Visitor Center was
authorized in the same law which established the reserve.
There are currently 12 bills before Congress to establish
eight new commemorative works. The National Capital Memorial
Advisory Commission has studied these bills as well over 70
other memorial bills introduced since 1986.
At various times, the Commission has recommended amendments
to the bills or locating the memorial on lands not covered by
the Commemorative Works Act or commemorating the subject in a
manner other than a traditional memorial.
Turning to operational matters, the demands on the National
Mall are constant and wide ranging. Each year there are over
3,000 applications for public gathering's, resulting in more
than 14,000 event days of use.
The resulting wear and tear damages turf and trees,
impacting the appearance of the historic landscape and
providing continual maintenance challenges.
The National Park Service is responsible for responding to
the ever increasing visitation with a more sustainable,
healthier landscape and improved facilities.
Towards this end, the National Park Service developed the
National Mall plan which lays out a blueprint to rehabilitate
the Mall, accommodate high levels of diverse use, protect the
historic symbolic landscape, improve energy efficiency in park
operations, and better meet the needs of millions of visitors.
Implementing the plan will require a reinvestment estimated
at $600- to $650 million, which we expect to achieve through a
combination of donations and public funding.
A major fund raising campaign is being undertaken by the
non-profit partner, the Trust for the National Mall.
Several projects have been funded through the American
Recovery and Reinvestment Act, including the D.C. War Memorial,
the Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool, the Thomas Jefferson
Memorial sea wall rehabilitation, and phase one of the Army
Corps of Engineers' Potomac Park levy project.
Other projects include phase one of the Mall turf
reconstruction project and a Constitution Avenue reconstruction
project, from 15th to 23rd Street.
The turf projects include drainage systems, water
collection systems, irrigation and replacing the turf with high
tech sod and compaction resistant soil with granite curbs.
Projects that are currently in the design stage include
additional phases of the Mall turf reconstruction project, the
Mall walkway study, the earthquake repairs to the Washington
Monument, the World War II Memorial slurry wall rehabilitation
to address leaks and prevent damages to the Memorial, and the
Washington Monument screening facility, and Thomas Jefferson
Memorial perimeter security study.
Most recently, the Trust sponsored a National Mall design
competition for three sites in the National Mall plan, the
Sylvan Theater, Constitution Gardens, and Union Square.
The NPS and Architect of the Capitol will use the ideas
generated in the competition to develop specific plans to
redevelop the sites.
The National Park Service has recently taken steps to
improve transportation for visitors, contracting with various
tour operators to provide services in and around Arlington
National Cemetery and the Mall.
In addition, the National Park Service is working with
Capital Bikeshare in the District of Columbia to increase
access to rental bicycles around the National Mall.
Mr. Chairman, this concludes my statement. I would be
pleased to respond to any questions you or other members of the
Subcommittee may have.
[The prepared statement of Mr. Whitesell follows:]
Statement of Stephen E. Whitesell, Regional Director, National Capital
Region, National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior
Mr. Chairman and members of the subcommittee, it is my pleasure to
appear before you today to discuss the future of the National Mall.
The National Mall is a preeminent designed historic landscape that
extends from the grounds of the United States Capitol west to the
Potomac River, and from the Jefferson Memorial north to Constitution
Avenue. It is home to some of the greatest symbols of our country: the
Washington Monument, the Lincoln Memorial, the Jefferson Memorial, the
Vietnam Veterans Memorial, the Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial, the
Korean War Veterans Memorial, and the World War II Memorial.
Authorizing a Memorial under the Commemorative Works Act
The Congress provided specific requirements for establishing
memorials on federal lands in the District of Columbia administered by
the National Park Service (NPS) and the General Services Administration
(GSA) through the Commemorative Works Act (CWA), which was initially
passed in 1986, and subsequently amended, most recently in 2003.
Typically, a group seeking to commemorate an individual, group, or
event, works with a member of Congress to pass legislation that
authorizes the memorial and designates a memorial sponsor, which would
be responsible for planning, fundraising, design, and construction of
the memorial. The CWA grants 7 years for the memorial sponsor to gain
all necessary approvals, raise full funding including an amount for
future catastrophic maintenance, and obtain a construction permit from
the NPS. This authority may be extended for three years by the NPS if
all design approvals have been granted and 75% of the necessary funding
has been raised, or by Congress enacting a law extending the authority
for a period set in that law.
Since the advent of the CWA, over 100 bills have been introduced
for memorials and 27 of those have been enacted. Of the 27 memorials,
17 have been completed, 5 are currently in progress, and 5 were not
established before their authorization lapsed.
The CWA has proven to be an effective means of evaluating memorial
proposals and directing the development of those memorials that are
authorized. The procedures and guidelines set forth in the CWA are
built on four basic tenets:
The CWA delegated decision-making of the siting and
design of memorials to those agencies already legislatively
charged with planning and urban design review authority--the
Secretary of the Interior (Secretary) or the GSA Administrator
(Administrator), the National Capital Planning Commission
(NCPC), and the Commission of Fine Arts (CFA). The CWA also
established the National Capital Memorial Advisory Commission
(NCMAC), which includes representatives of the NPS, the CFA,
the NCPC, the Mayor of the District of Columbia, GSA, the
American Battle Monuments Commission (ABMC), the Architect of
the Capitol (AOC), and the Department of Defense (DOD). The
NCMAC comments to the authorizing committees of Congress
regarding proposed memorials and legislation pertaining to
memorials, such as bills to extend a memorial's authorization,
and reviews site and design proposals for authorized memorials.
To maintain the appropriate perspective on the
historic importance of the subject of a memorial, the CWA
precludes commemorations prior to 25 years from the date of the
death of an individual, or the death of the last surviving
member of a group, or the occurrence of an historic event.
The CWA outlines the eligible subject areas for these
memorials to be sited on the lands covered by the CWA and
limits commemoration of military subjects to major conflicts or
branches of service with the intention that most future
military memorials would be placed on military lands. When
reviewing proposals for military memorials, the NCMAC advises
sponsors of the option to locate the memorial on lands under
the jurisdiction of the DOD. As a result, such memorials as the
National Memorial to Military Working Dogs and the Memorial to
Military Spouses have been directed to military properties.
The CWA addresses where memorials can be built.
Although it is called the Commemorative Works Act, Congress
provided that its purposes included the protection of the
historic L'Enfant and McMillan plans, ensuring continued public
use and enjoyment of open space and preserving, protecting and
maintaining this limited open space. In 2003, Congress
determined that the Mall is a ``completed work of civic art''
and established an area known as ``the Reserve,'' in which no
new memorials would be placed in addition to those already
authorized for this location. The Reserve is the core of the
great cross-axis of the National Mall.
Siting Memorials in the Reserve, Area I and Area II
Legislation to authorize a memorial grants authority to a named
sponsor to seek sites within Area II, which is the area of Washington,
DC and its Environs (which includes part of Virginia), outside of Area
I and the Reserve. The memorial sponsor may submit a request to the
Secretary or the Administrator, as appropriate, to be authorized to
consider sites in Area I. Area I, as defined by the CWA, is primarily
the portion of the District of Columbia in the immediate vicinity of
the National Mall. Its boundaries extend from the grounds of the United
States Capitol west across the Potomac River into Virginia and from the
Jefferson Memorial north to Lafayette Park. It is an area of deep
symbolic significance to the nation. The NCMAC will convene to evaluate
the request in a public forum. After discussion and testimony from the
public, memorial sponsors, professional witnesses and subject matter
experts, if the NCMAC concludes that the subject is of ``preeminent and
lasting historical significance to the history of the United States,''
the NCMAC will recommend that the Secretary seek legislation from
Congress to allow the memorial to be located within Area I. If the
Secretary concurs, the Secretary will notify Congress of this
recommendation for Area I placement.
If Congress acts on that request within 150 days and grants that
legislative authority, a site can be designated in either Area I or
Area II, following the CWA site approval process. Since 1986, of the 27
existing or planned memorials that have been authorized, only 7 have
been granted Area I placement.
When Congress established ``the Reserve'' in 2003, there were 31
memorials already in place or approved for siting on the Mall,
including the two memorials not yet built: the World War II Memorial
and the Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial. Congress exercised its
legislative prerogative to make exceptions to the prohibition on new
memorials, museums, or visitor centers in the Reserve for them, as well
as in 2003 for the National Museum of African American History and
Culture and in 2009 for a plaque honoring Senator Robert Dole at the
World War II Memorial. In the same law that established the Reserve,
Congress authorized the placement of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial
visitor center in the Reserve.
Locating and Designing Memorials under the Commemorative Works Act
The direction provided by Congress in the CWA has been highly
beneficial in guiding decision-making in determining both the location
and design of memorials. The process is rigorous and sometimes lengthy,
requiring multiple consultations and approvals on the site selection
and the design, as well as extensive environmental and historic
preservation compliance. It requires the active involvement of multiple
agencies and organizations. Under the CWA, design approval begins only
after site selection is completed. Construction can only occur after
that memorial's sponsor has satisfied the requirements of the CWA, up
to and including providing funds for future catastrophic maintenance
and obtaining the construction permit issued by the NPS.
When memorial legislation becomes law, the NPS works with the
memorial sponsor to investigate sites on lands eligible for placement
of new memorials. The NPS is involved because all the memorials that
have been established under the CWA to date were to be sited on
parkland or on lands that would be transferred to the NPS. The NPS
works closely with memorial sponsors to navigate a complicated series
of studies, reviews, design challenges, agency approvals, and
environmental compliance.
The search for the site starts with consideration of the memorial's
subject and whether there are locations relevant to it. Sponsors
consult with NPS and review the 2001 Memorials and Museums Master Plan,
a comprehensive study of potential sites produced by the NCPC, the CFA,
the NCMAC and the NPS. Investigation typically involves the study of
those sites with the most potential for that memorial, consultation
with other agencies, the start of the environmental compliance process,
and consultation with the D.C. State Historic Preservation Office
(DCSHPO) and others. The site selection process concludes after NCMAC
has been consulted on potential sites and the CFA and the NCPC have
approved the preferred site.
In addition to commenting to Congress on proposed memorials and
legislation, the NCMAC is a consulting body to the memorial sponsors
regarding a memorial's location and design. This consultation takes
place in meetings that are open to the public following public notice.
Differing from the approval roles the CWA assigns to the Secretary, the
CFA and the NCPC, the role of NCMAC is advisory.
The CFA and the NCPC typically undertake the site selection and
design review process in parallel. The CFA reviews site selection and
design for each memorial and must approve both in order for the NPS to
issue a permit for construction. The site selection process can take
several reviews before a site is approved, and the CFA may apply design
guidelines developed with the NCPC. After a site is approved by the
CFA, the NCPC, and the Secretary, the CFA will review the design for
approval at two stages--concept and final. The CFA site and design
reviews takes place in public meetings.
The NCPC must also approve the memorial site and design. The NCPC
may apply joint guidelines developed with CFA or develop independent,
mitigation-related guidelines as part of the National Historic
Preservation Act (NHPA) Section 106 process, or the National
Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) process. After approval of the site by
CFA, NCPC, and the Secretary, the NCPC will review the design for
approval at two stages--preliminary and final. The NCPC requires
completion of the NPS's environmental and historic preservation
compliance prior to design approvals being granted. The NCPC site and
design reviews takes place in public meetings.
The DCSHPO is consulted during both the site selection and design
phases to determine whether the establishment of a memorial could have
an effect on historic properties and vistas. Should there be potential
for an adverse effect, then, pursuant to NHPA Section 106, the NPS
notifies the public and consults with interested parties, who may
include members of the public. This may result in a Memorandum of
Agreement between the NPS, the DCSHPO, the memorial sponsor, and the
Advisory Council on Historic Preservation and others, to mitigate
adverse effects.
The Effect of the Commemorative Works Act on Future Memorial Proposals
There are 12 bills currently before Congress to establish 8 new
commemorative works. The NCMAC studied these bills and over 70 other
memorial bills since 1986 and made recommendations to the committees of
Congress designated in the CWA. The NCMAC has recommended amendments,
and at times that proposed commemorations would be more appropriately
located on lands other than those covered by the CWA, or more
appropriately commemorated in a manner other than a traditional
memorial. The NCMAC also provides a forum in which memorial sponsors
and members of Congress can confer with experts from the NPS, CFA,
NCPC, AOC, the ABMC, the DOD, the GSA and District of Columbia
government. The NCMAC's discussions are informed by members of the
public, educational institutions, civic organizations, veterans groups,
foreign nations and subject matter experts advocating for or against
memorial proposals.
The NPS is honored to play a role in the establishment of
commemorative works in our nation's capital and we take very seriously
our role and duties in the process. The process for establishing
memorials in Washington, as directed by the Congress, has worked very
well to ensure that new memorials are thoughtfully considered,
appropriately located, and beautifully designed. We expect that all
memorials, by virtue of the public process by which they are being
established, will have all of these important characteristics and will
be a source of pride for our entire nation.
Present and Future Uses of the Mall
The demands on the National Mall are constant and wide-ranging.
Each year there are over 3,000 applications for public gatherings,
resulting in more than 14,000 event-days of use. The resulting wear and
tear damages trees and turf, creating a less-than-desirable appearance
of the historic landscape and providing continual maintenance
challenges.
It is the NPS's responsibility to manage the National Mall in a way
that responds to the ever-increasing visitation with a more sustainable
and healthier landscape and improved facilities to accommodate the
needs of our visitors. Toward this end, the NPS developed the National
Mall Plan (Plan), which was approved by the Secretary on November 9,
2010. The Plan is a blueprint to rehabilitate the National Mall,
accommodate high levels of diverse use, protect the historic symbolic
landscape, improve energy efficiency and park operations, and better
meet the needs of millions of visitors.
Implementing the Plan will require a significant reinvestment
estimated at $600-$650 million including deferred maintenance. We
expect to make this investment through a combination of donated funds,
goods, services and public funding. A major fundraising campaign is
being undertaken by the nonprofit partner, the Trust for the National
Mall (Trust). To date the Trust has raised funds for the new wayfinding
system, a mobile phone app, earthquake repairs to the Washington
Monument, recycling containers, maintenance equipment, LED lighting,
and educational programming.
Several other projects have been or will be completed using
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) funds. These include the
DC War Memorial ($4 million), the Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool ($40
million), the Thomas Jefferson Memorial Seawall Rehabilitation ($14
million), and Phase I of the Potomac Park Levee, an Army Corps of
Engineers flood control project to protect the downtown area of the
District of Columbia. Ongoing projects include Phase I of the Mall Turf
reconstruction project, establishing drainage systems, water collection
cisterns, irrigation, and replacing the turf with high-tech sod and
compaction-resistant soils with granite curbs. Phase I is expected to
be completed in December 2012 at the cost of $14 million. Additionally,
the Constitution Avenue Reconstruction project, from 15th Street to
23rd Streets, NW, is nearing completion at the cost of $10 million.
Projects under design include further phases of the Mall Turf
reconstruction project, the Mall Walkway Study for the sidewalks along
the National Mall, the earthquake repairs to the Washington Monument,
the World War II Memorial Slurry Wall Rehabilitation to address leaks
and prevent damage to the memorial, the Washington Monument Screening
Facility and the Thomas Jefferson Memorial Perimeter Security.
Most recently, the Trust sponsored a National Mall Design
Competition for three sites out for special treatment in the Plan--the
Sylvan Theatre, Constitution Gardens, and Union Square. The NPS will
use ideas generated in the competition to create plans to redevelop the
Sylvan Theatre and Constitution Gardens, with the Trust initiating a
major fundraising campaign chaired by former First Lady Laura Bush, to
execute them. The information and ideas for Union Square will be given
to the Architect of the Capitol, who now manages the site.
Transportation Issues on the National Mall
The NPS has recently improved the transportation for visitors
around the National Mall as it is not possible to provide parking for
all its visitors. In February 2012, the NPS contracted with ANC Tours
by Martz Gray Line for service in Arlington National Cemetery and for a
non-interpretive bus from Union Station to the Cemetery, with stops
along the National Mall. On April 5, 2012, the NPS signed a short-term
contract with Open Top Sightseeing for interpretive bus tours of
National Mall sites and to provide transfer points to its citywide
tours. In addition, the NPS is working with Capital Bikeshare and the
District of Columbia Department of Transportation to increase access to
rental bicycles on or near the National Mall, and 5 stations have
recently been added. The NPS is currently revising its regulations for
pedicabs to manage this mode of transportation.
Mr. Chairman, this concludes my statement. I would be pleased to
respond to any questions you or the other members of the subcommittee
may have.
______
Mr. Bishop. Thank you. I noticed on the Constitution
project, you have those cameras that catch you when you run a
red light. I think you just got a ticket.
Mr. Luebke, you are recognized for five minutes.
STATEMENT OF TOM LUEBKE, SECRETARY,
U.S. COMMISSION OF FINE ARTS
Mr. Luebke. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Good morning, Chairman
Bishop and members of the Subcommittee.
My name is Thomas Luebke and I am honored to serve as
Secretary to the U.S. Commission of Fine Arts.
The Commission thanks you for the invitation to testify
today and appreciates the opportunity to contribute to this
discussion on the future of the National Mall.
The Commission of Fine Arts was created by an Act of
Congress in 1910 as a result of the planning efforts of the
Senate Park Commission initiated by Senator James McMillan of
Michigan at the turn of the 20th Century.
Since then, the Commission of Fine Arts has played an
integral role in the creation and development of the National
Mall as we know it today.
The Commission is the principal Federal agency for
reviewing proposals for public and some private structures in
the nation's capital. The Commission provides advice on design
and aesthetics to Federal agencies, private individuals and
organizations, and the District of Columbia Government.
Comprised of seven Presidentially appointed members who are
selected for their expertise in the arts, the Commission has a
particular role in guiding the design of national commemorative
symbols, including monuments on the National Mall in the
nation's capital, oversees military cemeteries, or coins and
medals produced by the United States Mint. These need to be
worthy representations of our nation and our civic ideals.
The Commission has been actively engaged in realizing the
full potential of the Mall as the nation's public ceremonial
space as envisioned in the McMillan plan of 1902.
The Commission has reviewed all design and construction on
the Mall since 1910, including playing a key role in the siting
and design of the Lincoln Memorial almost 100 years ago.
Most recently, the Commission of Fine Arts has reviewed
such plans for additions at or near the National Mall landscape
such as the Veterans Memorial Center, the Martin Luther King,
Jr. National Memorial, the Disabled American Veterans Memorial,
and the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of African
American History and Culture.
In addition, the Commission contributes an important voice
in improving designs for many operational elements added to
National Mall sites. These would include security plans for the
Washington, Lincoln, and Jefferson Memorials, and Smithsonian
Institution Museums, the design of the Potomac Park levy gate
structure at 17th Street, N.W., and the current reconstruction
of the Reflecting Pool and Mall yard panels.
In its active role in reviewing new projects on the
National Mall, the Commission also works closely with many
public and private organizations having an interest in the
Mall, as well as with the National Park Service.
In addressing the future of this treasured landscape, the
Commission has cooperated with its Federal partners to
alleviate pressure of additional construction on the Mall.
It collaborated with the National Capital Planning
Commission, NCPC, as well as the National Capital Memorial
Advisory Commission on the memorials and museums' master plan
of 2001. Building on that plan is the goal to encourage
continued development of museums and commemorative works into
other areas of the city.
The Commission of Fine Arts and NCPC together created the
monumental core framework plan in 2009, which recommended the
extension of the commemorative landscape into key areas of the
surrounding city.
The Commission has also been an important consulting agency
in the development of the National Park Service's National Mall
plan. We are pleased to continue a very cooperative
relationship with the Park Service.
Included in the Commission's responsibilities is the
approval of sites and designs of memorials under the
Commemorative Works Act of 1986.
I am honored to represent the Commission of Fine Arts at
the National Capital Memorials Advisory Commission, this ex-
officio body, expressly established by Congress under the law,
to advise on questions of authorization, location, and design
of national memorials.
With this group of professionals who are involved so
closely in planning and design of the public realm, Congress
has an unique resource in considering and evaluating the often
competing interests for accommodating commemoration within the
monumental core of the city.
The Commission of Fine Arts, since its creation, is the
primary design review agency in the nation's capital, and has
been committed to encouraging the highest quality of design for
the development of the Mall as the nation's premiere civic
space.
We look forward to continuing our work with Congress, other
agencies, and the public to achieve the strongest vision
possible for the National Mall.
Mr. Chairman, that concludes my testimony and thank you for
inviting me to testify. We would be pleased to answer any
questions you might have.
[The prepared statement of Mr. Luebke follows:]
Statement of Thomas E. Luebke, Secretary, U.S. Commission of Fine Arts
Good morning, Chairman Bishop and Members of the Subcommittee. My
name is Thomas Luebke and I am honored to serve as Secretary to the
U.S. Commission of Fine Arts. The Commission thanks you for the
invitation to testify today and appreciates the opportunity to
contribute to the discussion on the future of the National Mall.
The Commission of Fine Arts was created by an act of Congress in
1910 as a result of the planning efforts of the Senate Park Commission,
initiated by Senator James McMillan of Michigan at the turn of the
twentieth century. Since then, the Commission of Fine Arts has played
an integral role in the creation and development of the National Mall
as we know it today. The Commission is the principal federal agency for
reviewing proposals for public and some private structures in the
Nation's Capital; the Commission provides advice on design and
aesthetics to Federal agencies, private individuals and organizations,
and the District of Columbia government. Comprised of seven
Presidentially appointed members selected for their expertise in the
arts, the Commission has a particular role in guiding the design of
national commemorative symbols--including monuments on the National
Mall in the Nation's capital, overseas military cemeteries, or coins
and medals produced by the United States Mint--as worthy
representations of our nation and its civic ideals.
The Commission has been actively engaged in realizing the full
potential of the Mall as the Nation's public ceremonial space as
envisioned in the McMillan Plan of 1902. The Commission has reviewed
all design and construction on the Mall since 1910--including playing a
key role in the siting and design of the Lincoln Memorial almost one
hundred years ago. Most recently, the Commission of Fine Arts has
reviewed plans for such additions at or near the National Mall
landscape as the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Center, the Martin Luther
King Jr. National Memorial, the Disabled Americans Veterans Memorial,
and the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of African American
History and Culture. In addition, the Commission has contributed an
important voice in improving designs for many operational elements
added to National Mall sites: security plans for the Washington,
Lincoln, and Jefferson Memorials and Smithsonian Institution museums;
the design of the Potomac levee gate structure at 17th Street, N.W.;
and the current reconstruction of the Reflecting Pool and Mall lawn
panels.
In its active role in reviewing new projects on the National Mall,
the Commission of Fine Arts works closely with many public and private
organizations having an interest in the Mall, as well as with the
National Park Service (NPS). In addressing the future of this treasured
landscape, the Commission has cooperated with its Federal partners to
alleviate the pressure of additional construction on the Mall; it
collaborated with the National Capital Planning Commission (NCPC) and
the National Capital Memorial Advisory Commission (NCMAC) on the
Memorials and Museums Master Plan of 2001. Building on the plan's goal
to encourage the continued development of museums and commemorative
works in other areas of the city, the Commission of Fine Arts and NCPC
together created the Monumental Core Framework Plan in 2009,
recommending the extension of the commemorative landscape into key
areas of the surrounding city. The Commission has also been a key
consulting agency in the development of the NPS' National Mall Plan,
continuing a cooperative relationship with the NPS.
Included in the Commission's responsibilities is the approval of
sites and designs of memorials under the Commemorative Works Act of
1986. I represent the Commission of Fine Arts on the NCMAC, the ex-
officio body expressly established by Congress under this law to advise
on questions of authorization, location, and design of national
memorials. With this group of professionals who are involved so closely
in planning and design of the public realm, Congress has a unique
resource in considering and evaluating the often-competing interests
for accommodating commemoration within the monumental core of the city.
The Commission of Fine Arts, since its creation as the primary
design review agency in the Nation's Capital, has been committed to
encouraging the highest quality of design for the development of the
Mall as the Nation's premier civic space. We look forward to continuing
our work with Congress, other agencies, and the public to achieve the
strongest vision possible for the National Mall.
This concludes my testimony and thank you for inviting me to
testify. I would be pleased to respond to any questions you might have.
______
Mr. Bishop. Thank you very much.
Mr. Bryant?
STATEMENT OF PRESTON BRYANT, CHAIRMAN,
NATIONAL CAPITAL PLANNING COMMISSION
Mr. Bryant. Good morning, Mr. Chairman, and members of the
Subcommittee.
My name is Preston Bryant. I am the Chairman of the
National Capital Planning Commission. The National Capital
Planning Commission is the Federal Government's central
planning agency for the national capital region. We focus on
key planning issues that affect Federal lands and buildings.
Our activities include, for example, jointly authoring a
comprehensive plan for the national capital with the District
of Columbia, reviewing all Federal development projects in the
region, and addressing the unique planning issues of the
capital city.
I am pleased to have the opportunity to speak with you
about NCPC's role in the national memorial process and our
efforts to protect the historic open space and unique urban
design qualities that make Washington one of the most admired
capital cities in the world.
For each memorial project, NCPC strives to ensure that we
implement a process that is responsive and transparent. More
broadly our goal is three fold, first, to ensure that
Washington's commemorative landscape explores our diverse, rich
histories and stories of American history.
Second, to meet the expectations of millions of Americans
who visit the nation's capital, and third, as you said, Mr.
Chairman, to plan for the future generations to have excellent
locations for their memorial projects.
Under the Commemorative Works Act, NCPC approves the site
and design of each new commemorative work that Congress
authorizes.
NCPC works with a number of stakeholders, memorial
sponsors, the National Capital Memorial Advisory Commission,
the U.S. Commission of Fine Arts, and depending on the site or
location, either the National Park Service or the General
Services Administration.
The work of these stakeholders is to ensure the memorials
are located and designed in a manner that supports their
commemorative purpose and enhances their surroundings.
Because memorials are often integrated within some of
Washington's most prominent public settings, the staff works
closely with sponsors in either the National Park Service or
the GSA to ensure that each new project is designed to the
highest standards.
In addition to our projects' specific work, NCPC and its
agency partners develop studies. These studies are designed to
support the memorial process and plan for the next generation
of memorials throughout Washington.
In recent years, one of the central themes of our work has
been to protect the National Mall from over building. Over
building may diminish the distinctive openness of this symbolic
place.
In response to concerns to protect the Mall's unique urban
design character and its existing memorial landscape, the
National Capital Planning Commission and its agency partners
have developed two significant works.
One is the memorials and museums master plan, and second,
the monumental core framework plan. Let me say a word about
each of these.
The memorials and museums master plan achieved two
important goals. First, it identified a reserve area where no
new memorials may be built. Congress codified the reserve which
includes the cross axis of the Mall in the 2003 Commemorative
Works Clarification and Revision Act.
NCPC strongly supports the reserve policy which maintains
the Mall's open spaces and existing memorial landscapes that
are admired and enjoyed by Americans today.
The master plan significantly also identifies 100 potential
sites for future memorials and museums throughout Washington,
D.C. This strategy does a few things. It protects the Mall. It
helps sponsor visualized opportunities for projects, and it
introduces cultural destinations and neighborhoods in all four
quadrants of the city.
The master plan has successfully got six projects to other
locations off the Mall, including memorials honoring President
Eisenhower, the U.S. Air Force, Czechoslovakian President
Thomas Masaryk, the Victims of Communism, the Victims of
Manmade Ukrainian Famine, and American Veterans Disabled for
Life.
Let me speak to the monumental core framework plan. In
2009, NCPC and CFA published the monumental core framework
plan. This plan identifies strategies to extend civic qualities
of the National Mall and the vitality of the city into
Federally dominated precincts throughout the monumental core.
In doing so, the framework plan identifies several
strategies to make potential locations for new cultural
destinations located off the Mall more attractive to museum and
memorial sponsors.
Examples include precincts south of Independence Avenue,
including 10th Street, S.W., and Banneker Overlook.
New cultural projects in these areas can serve as anchors
that spark investment, add high quality public spaces and
buildings, and provide destinations that introduce visitors to
new parts of the city.
NCPC coordinated closely with the National Park Service to
ensure that the framework plan's goals and recommendations were
consistent with the National Park Service's National Mall plan.
These plans provide the long range vision memorial sponsors
need to consider areas beyond the National Mall.
Last, our most recent study called ``Washington as
Commemoration,'' provides an opportunity to look closely at
trends related to memorial content or location over time.
The NCPC study was conducted in partnership with the
National Park Service and includes the development of publicly
accessible catalogs of existing memorials on Federal land in
Washington, classified by subject matter, theme and location,
and you can see this as an interactive online map at NCPC.gov.
The study also includes analysis of how other capital
cities in the United States and abroad plan for memorials.
This information will better equip agencies and the public
to consider their critical policy and planning decisions
associated with memorial development today.
Thank you for inviting me and I am happy to answer
questions.
[The prepared statement of Mr. Bryant follows:]
Statement of L. Preston Bryant, Jr., Chairman,
National Capital Planning Commission
Good morning, Chairman Bishop and Members of the Subcommittee. My
name is Preston Bryant and I am the Chairman of the National Capital
Planning Commission (NCPC). NCPC is the federal government's central
planning agency for the National Capital Region, and we focus on key
planning issues that affect federal lands and buildings. Our activities
include: jointly authoring a Comprehensive Plan for the National
Capital with the District of Columbia, reviewing all federal
development projects in the region, and addressing the unique planning
issues of the capital city.
I am pleased to have the opportunity to speak with you about NCPC's
role in the national memorial process and our efforts to protect the
historic open space and unique urban design qualities that make
Washington one of the most admired capital cities in the world. For
each memorial project, NCPC strives to ensure that we implement a
process that is responsive and transparent. More broadly, our goal is
three-fold: to ensure that Washington's commemorative landscape
explores the diverse, rich stories of American history; to meet the
expectations of millions of Americans who visit our nation's capital;
and to plan for future generations to have excellent locations for
their memorial projects.
Under the Commemorative Works Act (CWA), NCPC approves the site and
design for each new commemorative work that Congress authorizes. NCPC
works with memorial sponsors; the National Capital Memorial Advisory
Commission (NCMAC); the U.S. Commission of Fine Arts (CFA); and,
depending on the site location, either the National Park Service (NPS)
or the General Services Administration (GSA), to ensure that memorials
are located and designed in a manner that supports their commemorative
purpose and enhances their surroundings. Because memorials are often
integrated within some of Washington's most prominent public settings,
staff works closely with sponsors and either the NPS or the GSA to
ensure that each new project is designed to the highest standards.
In addition to our project specific work, NCPC and its agency
partners develop studies designed to support the memorial process and
plan for the next generation of memorials throughout Washington. In
recent years, one of the central themes of our work has been to protect
the National Mall from overbuilding, which may diminish the distinctive
openness of this symbolic place. In response to concerns to protect the
Mall's unique urban design character and its existing memorial
landscape, NCPC and its agency partners developed the Memorials and
Museums Master Plan and the Monumental Core Framework Plan.
The Memorials and Museums Master Plan achieved two important goals.
First, it identified a Reserve area where no new memorials may be
built. Congress codified the Reserve, which includes the great cross-
axis of the Mall, in the 2003 Commemorative Works Clarification and
Revision Act. NCPC strongly supports the Reserve policy, which
maintains the Mall's open spaces and existing memorial landscapes that
are admired and enjoyed by Americans today.
The Master Plan also identifies 100 potential sites for future
memorials and museums throughout Washington, DC. This strategy protects
the Mall, helps sponsors visualize opportunities for their projects,
and introduces cultural destinations to neighborhoods in all four
quadrants of the city. The Master Plan has successfully guided six
projects to superb locations off the Mall, including memorials honoring
President Eisenhower, the U.S. Air Force, Czechoslovakian President
Thomas Masaryk, the Victims of Communism, the Victims of the Manmade
Ukrainian Famine, and American Veterans Disabled for Life.
In 2009, NCPC and CFA published the Monumental Core Framework Plan.
This plan identifies strategies to extend the civic qualities of the
National Mall and the vitality of the city into the federally-dominated
precincts throughout the monumental core. In doing so, the Framework
Plan identifies several strategies to make potential locations for new
cultural destinations located off of the National Mall more attractive
to museum and memorial sponsors. Examples include the precinct south of
Independence Avenue, including 10th Street, SW and its terminus at
Banneker Overlook. New cultural projects in these areas can serve as
anchors that spark investment; add high-quality public spaces and
buildings; and provide destinations that introduce visitors to new
parts of the city. NCPC coordinated closely with the National Park
Service (NPS) to ensure that the Framework Plan's goals and
recommendations were consistent with the NPS' National Mall Plan. These
plans provide the long-range vision memorial sponsors need to consider
areas beyond the National Mall.
Our most recent study--Washington as Commemoration--provides an
opportunity to look closely at trends related to memorial content and
location over time. This NCPC study was conducted in partnership with
NPS and includes the development of a publicly-accessible catalog of
existing memorials on federal land in Washington, classified by subject
matter, theme, and location. It is available as an interactive, online
map at www.ncpc.gov. The study also includes analyses of how other
capital cities in the United States and abroad plan for memorials. This
information will better equip the agencies and the public to consider
the critical policy and planning decisions associated with memorial
development today.
Thank you for inviting me to share NCPC's work on commemoration and
to brief you on our role in the process. I look forward to answering
any questions you may have.
______
Mr. Bishop. Thank you.
Mr. Shubow?
STATEMENT OF JUSTIN SHUBOW, PRESIDENT AND CHAIRMAN, NATIONAL
CIVIC ART SOCIETY
Mr. Shubow. Mr. Chairman, Ranking Member Grijalva, members
of the Subcommittee, I would like to thank you for inviting the
National Civic Art Society to speak today.
As an educational non-profit dedicated to the classical and
humanistic tradition in public art and architecture, we believe
in the importance of preserving and protecting the National
Mall and the L'Enfant and McMillan plans that created it as an
essential part of our country's heritage.
The Mall and the surrounding monumental core are arguably
the greatest work of civic art in the modern era. To highlight
this, we recently produced a documentary film on Washington,
D.C.'s classical heritage, which is available to watch on our
website, Civicart.org.
To envision the future of the Mall, we must understand its
past. The Mall as we know it is nearly--just over 100 years
old, yet it appears to have been there forever. It is hard to
imagine but at the turn of the 20th Century, there was no
breathtaking vista from the Capitol to the Potomac, no graceful
boulevard lined with noble edifices, but instead, a shabby
rambling park anchored on one end by a sooty train station and
on the other by a swamp.
This was hardly the vision President George Washington had
in mind when he directed Pierre L'Enfant to create a master
plan for a new capital worthy of a new nation, a grand scheme
of radiating avenues whose geometrical arrangement was
symbolically focused on the Capitol, White House, and future
Washington Monument.
To this day, these are the landmarks by which we orient
ourselves spatially and spiritually. Harmonious, luminous and
orderly, the L'Enfant plan and its most important structures
were to be classical in design, the physical manifestation of
our form of government and political aspirations.
This conscious decision connected the city to the ideals of
Republican Rome, Democratic Athens, and the Enlightenment.
As Thomas Jefferson emphasized, the classical tradition is
time-honored and timeless. In a letter to L'Enfant, he
expressed his personal desire for a capitol designed after
``one of the models of antiquity which would have the
approbation of thousands of years.''
To be clear, our founding architects no more slavishly
imitated European architecture any more than the founders
imitated other forms of government when they drafted the
Constitution. They created an unmistakably American style.
Alas, by 1900, the L'Enfant plan had largely been
forgotten. Thankfully, in 1901, Congress created the Senate
Park Commission led by Senator James McMillan.
Serving on that Commission were some of the greatest
architects and artists of their time, all of whom worked within
the classical tradition.
They not only revived the L'Enfant plan, they perfected it.
They extended the main axis of the Mall to the Lincoln Memorial
site. They also cleared trees and leveled the ground to create
one of the greatest manmade vistas and public spaces in the
world.
The McMillan plan created a symbol and site of national
unity, one that still stands as the physical embodiment of our
collective ideals.
Yet, beginning after the First World War, some avant-garde
architects abandoned that spirit, beholden to an ideology that
rejected the past, they asserted that classical buildings, such
as the Capitol, were musky piles that stunk of ideas and ideals
whose time had passed.
Indeed, these architectural radicals opposed the designs
for the Lincoln and Jefferson Memorials.
After World War II, the avant-gardist hegemony was
complete. As a result, the Mall came to be vandalized by such
buildings as the Hirshhorn Museum, which looks like an alien
spacecraft or a gun turret looming over the public, as well as
the brutalist FBI Building which looks like the Ministry of
Fear.
Today, we find ourselves in a predicament like that of the
McMillan Commission. The classical vision for the city and its
monumental core has once again been forgotten, ignored, and
violated.
Sadly, the National Park Service and other agencies charged
with preserving the Mall have been neglecting their mission.
If any district deserves the stringent protections of a
national landmark, it is the Mall as created by the L'Enfant
and McMillan plans. Yet, when giving official approval to the
design of the Eisenhower Memorial, a post-modern eye sore that
clashes with our tradition of Presidential memorials, the Park
Service did not even bother to consider the design's cultural
and historical impact on the Mall and other protected sites.
The good news is there is a solution. The future is rooted
in the past. What we need is a plan for the District of
Columbia that carries on the brilliant vision of our founders,
a McMillan plan for our time that would preserve and extend the
best of our capital city into a third century.
It was none other than President Franklin Delano Roosevelt
who made sure that the Jefferson Memorial was built over the
objections of out-of-touch elites. He explicitly paralleled the
importance of continuity in architecture to that in government,
``The principles of harmony and of necessity require that the
building of a new structure shall blend with the essential
lines of the old. It is this combination of the old and the new
that marks orderly, peaceful progress, not only in buildings,
but in building government itself.''
It is that sort of leadership which is willing to stand up
to architects who think they know better than the American
people that Washington sorely needs today.
Thank you.
[The prepared statement of Mr. Shubow follows:]
Statement of Justin Shubow, President and Chairman,
The National Civic Art Society
Mr. Chairman, Ranking Member Grijalva, members of the Subcommittee,
I would like to thank you for inviting the National Civic Art Society
to speak today. As an educational nonprofit dedicated to the classical
and humanistic tradition in public art and architecture, we believe in
the importance of preserving and protecting the National Mall, and the
L'Enfant and McMillan Plans that defined it, as an essential part of
our country's heritage and future. The Mall and the surrounding
Monumental Core are arguably the greatest work of civic art in the
modern era. We recently produced a documentary film on Washington,
D.C.'s classical heritage, which is available to watch on our website,
Civicart.org.
To envision the future of the Mall, we must first understand its
past. The Mall, as we know it, is just slightly over 100 years old. Yet
it appears to have been there for many centuries. It is hard to
imagine, but at the turn of the 20th century there was no breathtaking
vista from the Capitol building to the Potomac, no graceful boulevard
of trees and paths lined with noble edifices, but instead a shabby
rambling park, anchored at one end by a sooty train station and on the
other by a malarial swamp. It was abutted by flophouses and squalor.
This was hardly the vision for the city that President George
Washington had in mind when he directed Pierre L'Enfant to create a
master plan for a new capital worthy of a new republic: a grand scheme
of radiating streets and avenues whose geometrical arrangement is
hierarchically focused on the Capitol, White House, and future
Washington Monument. To this day, these are the landmarks by which we
orient ourselves spatially and spiritually. Harmonious, luminous, and
orderly, the urbanism of the L'Enfant plan and the architecture of its
most important structures were to be classical in design, reflecting in
physical form our political philosophy. This conscious decision
connected the city to the ideals of republican Rome and democratic
Athens, as well as to the Age of Reason later called the Enlightenment.
The classical tradition, of which Washington, D.C. is part, time-
honored and timeless. In a letter to L'Enfant, Thomas Jefferson
expressed his personal desire for a capitol designed after ``one of the
models of antiquity, which have had the approbation of thousands of
years.'' To be clear, the Founding Architects did not slavishly imitate
past or then-contemporary European architecture, no more than the
Founders slavishly imitated any political structure when they wrote the
Constitution. They created an unmistakably American idiom. Who would
confuse the White House or Capitol for a building in a foreign country?
The Founders consciously connected their modern time with the two
millennia-long tradition of classicism. They recognized its dignity,
its aspiration to beauty, its harmony with the natural world and human
perception, and its capability of expressing hierarchy and meaning to
the citizens it serves. They were Founders and Framers not just in
government but in architecture. They took the wisdom of the past and
adapted and improved on it. Why should we be any different today?
Alas, by 1900 the L'Enfant plan for our national capital was
largely forgotten. It had been compromised by commercial pressures and
aesthetic confusion. Thankfully, in 1901 Congress created the famous
Senate Park Commission led by Senator James McMillan of Michigan.
Serving on the McMillan Commission were some of the greatest
architects, landscape designers, and sculptors of their time, all of
whom worked within the classical tradition as did L'Enfant and his
contemporaries before them. Influenced by the City Beautiful movement,
they not just revived the L'Enfant Plan, they perfected it. Among their
achievements, they extended the main axis of the Mall to the Lincoln
Memorial site. They also cleared trees and leveled the ground to create
one of the greatest man-made vistas in the world. It is transfixing.
Empty space in and of itself is made electric, with the Washington
Monument as the lightening rod. There is no official rule that the
American people must congregate there for our most historic events and
communal gatherings, though they do so nonetheless. They are drawn in
by Mall's power, which is welcoming and uplifting, not oppressive. It
is a vista of optimism and promise.
The McMillan Plan managed to create a symbol and place of national
unity, one that even today stands as the visible manifestation of our
collective ideals. The classical L'Enfant and McMillan Plans, together
with such masterpieces as the Lincoln and Jefferson Memorials, are what
have endowed us with the eternal capital of an eternal republic.
Yet beginning after the First World War, some avant-garde
architects and theorists wished to replace the eternal with the
putative spirit of the times. Beholden to an ideology that rejected the
past, an ideology that had become fashionable in a crumbling Europe,
they asserted that classicism had become passe; it was a death-mask no
longer capable of expressing the soul of America. To these individuals,
buildings such as the Capitol were musty piles stinking of ideas and
ideals whose time had passed. Indeed, these architectural radicals
opposed the design for the Lincoln and Jefferson Memorials. Frank Lloyd
Wright called the Lincoln Memorial the ``most asinine miscarriage of
building materials that ever happened.'' The dean of the Harvard School
of design proclaimed that the National Gallery of Art was a ``pink
marble whorehouse.'' After World War II, the avant-guardist hegemony
was complete.
It is due to this total rejection of our national heritage that the
Mall came to be vandalized by the Hirshhorn Museum, an alien spacecraft
or gun turret looming over the public. This elitist movement gave us
the urban-planning disaster of L'Enfant Plaza was constructed, as well
as the Brutalist FBI Building, which looks like the Ministry of Fear.
Do the citizens of America and government employees who visit and work
in these buildings enjoy and take pride in them equaling the National
Archives or the Federal Triangle?
Today we find ourselves in a predicament like that of the McMillan
Commission: the guiding classical vision for city and its Monumental
Core has once again been forgotten, ignored, and violated by accretions
of discordant art and architecture.
Sadly, the National Park Service and other agencies charged with
preserving the Mall have been neglecting their mission. If any district
deserves the stringent protections of a national landmark, it is the
Mall as created by the L'Enfant and McMillan Plans. Yet when giving
official approval to the design of the Eisenhower Memorial--which is
entirely inharmonious with our greatest presidential memorials--the
Park Service did not even bother to consider its cultural and
historical impact on the Mall and other protected sites in the area.
Stylistic harmony, dignity, and perhaps even beauty, are of no concern
to them. It is as if the National Park Service did not care whether an
invasive weed was to be planted in a natural park of evergreens.
Not only are the National Park Service and others not preserving
what must be preserved, they are acting to preserve what is unworthy of
preservation. Although difficult for average man to imagine, in the
process of approving the Eisenhower Memorial, the National Park
Service, General Services Administration, and others lavished praise on
the adjacent Department of Education Building and are now seeking to
place it on the National Register of Historic Places. Can one imagine a
more sterile, soulless building? It conjures not education but faceless
bureaucracy, with all the character and warmth of a computer punch
card. Who would miss it if it were demolished? The aesthetic and
cultural confusion demonstrated by these sorts of agency decisions is
astounding.
The good news is there is a solution; the future is written in the
past. What the country needs is a plan for Washington, D.C. that
carries on the vision set by our Founders and their architects: a
McMillan Plan for our time that would in equal measure preserve and
extend the best of our capital city into a third century. Doing so will
ensure that the nation's capital remains the physical embodiment of our
political identity and our national aspirations.
It was none other the President Franklin Delano Roosevelt who made
sure the magnificent Jefferson Memorial was built over the objections
of out-of-touch elites. He explicitly paralleled the importance of
continuity of tradition in architecture to that in government:
[T]he principles of harmony and of necessity require that the
building of a new structure shall blend with the essential
lines of the old. It is this combination of the old and the new
that marks orderly peaceful progress, not only in buildings but
in building government itself. . ..
It is that sort of leadership, which is willing to stand up to
architects who think they know better than the American people, that
Washington sorely needs today. We believe your vision can equal that of
our Founders, and that this bodes well for the future of our nation's
capital.
Thank you.
______
Mr. Bishop. Thank you.
Dr. View?
STATEMENT OF DR. JENICE VIEW, WASHINGTON, D.C., ASSISTANT
PROFESSOR, GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY
Dr. View. Mr. Chairman and members of the Committee, thank
you for the opportunity to address the future of the National
Mall, a place that is dear to me as a native Washingtonian and
in my role as a history educator for practicing classroom
teachers.
All of us here believe in the importance of teaching
history, and for the sake of today's discussion, let me suggest
that good history instruction connects the learner to the story
being told and to the significance of continuing to tell the
story for many years.
One instructional method builds historical thinking that
encourages teachers to share with students their passion for
the subject matter through immersion and exploration
perspectives taking, and informed debate.
Today's teachers face considerable challenges in helping
students engage in historical thinking. Most teachers,
including history majors, generally receive poor instruction
from their K-12 teachers as well as from their university
instructors.
Many teachers feel restricted by standardized tests and in
the absence of strong professional development, classroom
teachers tend to use methods that are familiar and approved
rather than those that are more engaging.
With the Federal funding of the Teaching American History
Grants phasing out, there are even fewer opportunities for
teachers to deepen their professional practice.
Yet, the creative history teacher can still help students
understand and appreciate history.
One way is through field visits to historic sites. The
National Mall, with its wealth of memorials, monuments, museums
and historic sites is considered the gold standard for history
story telling, welcoming over 24 million visitors each year.
It is not enough to drive eighth graders 1,000 miles to
stand at the base of a monument and say kids, this is important
because it is here.
The thing that makes historic sites and memorials
educational is the question why is this still here?
Public memorials and monuments can spark edifying public
debate. Memorials might offer the most interesting venues for
engaging classroom students in historical thinking through the
use of wise interpretation that embraces effective
technologies, partnerships, and a posture of humility.
If we truly want to honor the people and events from our
history, we must do more than create solitary pieces of stone
that largely serve as resting places for migratory birds.
A person or event worthy of representation is also worthy
of interpretation that brings the stones alive and places it in
a context for understanding by future generations.
The habits of democracy must be engineered into our
memorials and monuments using whatever technologies are most
effective.
A simple technology involves chalk and paper for rubbing
headstones. Another example is teaching with historic places
websites, which allows virtual visits to the National Mall
before, after or instead of a trip to Washington.
Whatever the technology, it should support the tasks of
taking multiple perspectives, asking hard questions, and
engaging in meaningful debates.
Effective partnerships between the classroom teacher and
the on-site interpreter can be arranged beforehand. However,
skilled educational professionals are always ready for a
spontaneous moment of insight and know how to support one
another with age appropriate extensions for student learning.
The permanence of monuments can create embarrassing errors.
One recent and costly example was the poor editing of a quote
on the Dr. Martin Luther King Memorial regarding his posture as
a drum major for justice.
This kind of error argues the general need for humility in
commemorating and interpreting the past.
A recent interview with a Vietnam war veteran focused on
the memorial known as ``The Wall.'' Mr. Hatton is certain that
without historical context, his eight grandchildren would not
have even a fraction of his emotional response if they were to
simply visit The Wall.
He would want them to get more than a pamphlet. Instead, he
would want them to engage with audio and visual material that
offer the context for the war, to talk honestly with a
knowledgeable interpreter and so on.
In addition, thinking about The Wall provoked questions for
him, such as, is the existence of The Wall a reflection of the
social unrest at the time? Why was it erected before the World
War II Memorial?
These are the kinds of questions that are part of
historical thinking and which can be answered through humble
interpretation, effective instructional technologies, and
partnerships between schools and sites, for the Vietnam
veteran, his eight grandchildren, and any visitors 100 years
from now seeking to understand the V shaped black granite wall
on the National Mall.
All of the stories, the ugly, the beautiful, the bitter and
the bold, all of the stories of the United States deserve
telling, and the National Mall is one of the most important
sites for this sharing.
To be instructive, there must be something to the stories
following once upon a time there was a person, place or thing.
I attempt to argue here that a humble interpretation that
uses effective technologies and classroom/site partnerships
helps to complete the story.
Thank you.
[The prepared statement of Dr. View follows:]
Statement of Dr. Jenice L. View, Assistant Professor,
George Mason University
Thank you for the opportunity to address the future of the National
Mall, a place that is near and dear to me as a native Washingtonian and
in my role as a history educator for practicing classroom teachers.
I will elaborate on four points in this testimony: the importance
of teaching history; the challenges facing contemporary history and
social studies classroom teachers; the value of historic sites and
memorials; and the urgent need for informed interpretation of historic
sites and memorials.
The Importance Of Teaching History
We are all here today because we believe in the importance of
teaching history, as a way of reflecting on our collective past, as a
way of understanding where we are today and how we got here, and as a
springboard for entering our collective future. While few would argue
the value of teaching history, there is considerable debate about what
it means to teach history well. For the sake of today's discussion, let
us posit that good history instruction helps the learner to feel
connected to the story being told and to understand the significance of
continuing to tell the story many years after the fact.
One method of offering this kind of instruction is by engaging in
historical thinking. The current scholarship on historical thinking
identifies five core components to evaluating historical meaning,
including multiple accounts and perspectives, analysis of primary
documents, sourcing, understanding historical context, and establishing
claim-evidence connections (Historical Thinking Matters, 2011; Martin,
2011; National Center for History in the Schools, 2011). In addition,
critical scholars suggest that it is important for students to
understand that history is not set in concrete but rather is an
evolving understanding of the past that includes their own histories
and that necessarily engages them in the practice of changing the world
(Aguilar, 2010; Freire, 1970/2000). What this means for history and
social studies teachers is to share with students their passion and
knowledge of the subject matter through lengthy immersion and
exploration, perspective taking, informed debate, and hard questioning.
Contemporary History and Social Studies Classroom Teachers
Contemporary history and social studies classroom teachers face
considerable challenges in providing opportunities for students to
engage in any kind of meaningful historical thinking.
Among history teachers in the U.S., few have learned much history
content and fewer than half majored or minored in history in college
(Ravitch, 2000; Finn, in Ravitch, 2004). U.S. teachers express poor
perceptions and behaviors in teaching American history, particularly
when it comes to teaching students to read and understand subtext, and
to understand cultural assumptions and moral ambiguity (Liu, Warren &
Cowart, 2006). A 2000 study by Levstik indicates that teachers and
teacher candidates, particularly those who are ``white,'' are often
more reluctant to teach ``negative'' histories than are their students
to learn about the complexities of the past, particularly students of
color who identify personally with an unsanitized, multicultural view
of history (Epstein, 2009; Levstik, 2000). Teachers expressed a
preference for upholding the silences and the politeness of imperfect
curricula and non-combative classrooms (Levstik, 2000, p. 297).
Teachers belonging to social or racial groups that differ from their
students face the challenge of being sufficiently self-reflective about
their own positionality to effectively reach/teach students in the
teaching of multicultural histories (Gruber, 2006). Yet, Cess-Newsome
(2002) and Palardy & Rumberger (2008) are among the researchers that
demonstrate that regardless of race or class, a teacher's background
impacts instruction. In pre-service, certification, and in-service
professional development programs, it is possible for teachers to learn
methods of subject matter instruction that augment their own histories
and background.
However, most pre-service teachers take history methods courses
that either fail to address the instructional purposes of history
education (Barton & Levstik, 2004), or fail to merge effectively the
history discipline with the teaching methods offered in schools of
education (McDiarmid & Vinten-Johansen, 2000; Hall & Scott, 2007), or
both (Van Sledright, 2011). In addition, pre-service teachers'
understanding of history, and their use of the lessons from history, is
limited by the range of materials, perspectives, and critical thinking
tools at their disposal (Van Sledright, 1995; Edmonds, Hull, Janik &
Rylance, 2005; Maestri, 2006). Most college students, including history
majors, are exposed to teaching methods that fail to utilize what is
known about how best to teach history; generally they have received
poor instruction from their K-12 teachers, as well as from their
university instructors (Ragland, 2007; Waters, 2005).
For most in-service classroom teachers the goal of promoting
historical understanding and thinking historically is severely
constrained by professional training, time and insight (Morton, 2000).
Once in the classroom, history instruction suffers from poor teacher
preparation (Stearns, Seixas & Wineburg, 2000) biased or poorly written
textbooks (Ravitch, 2004; Ravitch, 2003; Apple, 2000), and a pedagogy
that is driven as much by the demands of principals for an orderly
school setting as by the desires of academic historians (Brophy & Van
Sledright, 1997). In addition, classroom teachers often feel restricted
by standardized tests believing that they are forbidden to teach
multiple perspectives or that their students' achievement will suffer
from a broader or more complex historical understanding.
The ``stories'' contained within the teaching and learning of
history are often highly contested (for example, Biggers, 2012; Cooper,
2010; FoxNews.com), poorly learned (for example, Gaudelli, 2002), and
poorly taught (for example, De La Paz, Malkus, Monte-Sano, & Montanaro,
2011; Van Sledright, 2011; Van Hover, 2008;). In the presence of high-
stakes standardized tests for the dominant subjects of language arts
and mathematics, and in the absence of strong professional development
and community support for the development of historical thinking
(Barton, 2008; Levstik & Barton, 2008), P-12 classroom history and
social studies teachers--particularly in public schools--typically use
materials and methods that are familiar and approved.
Strong professional development would help classroom teachers
overcome these challenges. However, finding appropriate professional
development experiences is particularly problematic for teachers of
history and social studies. From 1986 to 2001, an annual national
assessment of student achievement in history consistently revealed that
U.S. students lacked the ability to recall basic historical facts or to
demonstrate higher order historical thinking. In response, the U.S.
Department of Education created the Teaching American History (TAH)
program to improve teacher content knowledge of and instructional
strategies for U.S. history. A 2005 evaluation of the program revealed
that most of the U.S. Department of Education Teaching American History
projects were located in school districts serving large numbers of
students of color, those with limited English proficiency, and students
from low-income families. While many of the participating TAH teachers
had post-secondary degrees in history, as opposed to the majority of
history teachers who are most in need of professional development, even
they demonstrated weak skills in historical analysis and
interpretation. (Humphrey, Chang-Ross, Donnelly, Hersh, & Skolnik,
2005). With the recent failure to fund TAH grants in the 2012 federal
budget, there will be even fewer opportunities for history and social
studies teachers to deepen their practice.
These are the realities under which teachers work. Prescriptive
teaching practices are enforced in diverse ways in different
localities, but dampen teachers' individual approaches to the classroom
and innovative teaching content and methods. Nevertheless, teachers
within the existing context can offer their students age-appropriate
ways to interrogate collective memory, and investigate the various
truths contained within multiple historical narratives. One method for
doing so is through field studies using historic sites, memorials, and
monuments as primary sources. The National Mall--with its wealth of
memorials, monuments, museums, and historic sites--is considered the
gold standard against which all other public lands are measured,
welcoming over 24 million visitors from around the world each year
(National Park Service, http://www.nps.gov/mall/faqs.htm). But, to what
extent does the Mall offer explicit instructional value to classroom
students and teachers? Is it sufficient to bus 8th grade students 800
miles to stand at the base of a monument and say, ``Kids, this is
important because it is here?''
The Educational Value of Historic Sites and Memorials
All public sites of history are interpreted in some way by the
entities that elect to preserve them (Young 1993). Memorials are
different from the childhood home of an historic figure or a
battlefield, because they tend to be symbolic and stylized
representations of a person or event rather than the authentic physical
places of history (National atlas.gov, 2012). Unlike a museum that may
include a variety of objects and potentially contradictory information
about the history being referenced, a memorial tends to take a
singular--usually positive--perspective (Lowenthal 1985). Regardless of
the type of historic site, the very existence and preservation of the
site suggests a collective (if not universal) statement of its
historical significance, and its lasting value in the telling of the
story of a community or a nation. By their very existence, these sites
invite the question, ``Why is this [still] here?'' It is this
question--``why? ``- that makes historic sites and memorials
intrinsically educational.
Field studies at historic sites provide the classroom teacher and
K-12 students another way of interrogating the past using historical
thinking skills. Such field studies address the emotions that are
likely to emerge from the very act of placing oneself into the physical
space where historical actors lived, worked, worshiped, died, and/or
are celebrated (Vascellaro, 2011). Field studies incorporate the
powerful ways that a visit to historic places ``give concrete meaning
to our history and our lives as no spoken or written word alone can do
(Horton, 2000)'' and help visitors ``feel connected to the past. .
.because authentic artifacts seem to transport them straight back to
the times when history was being made. (Rosenzweig & Thelen, 1998, p.
12).
A teacher who takes seriously the task of linking the teaching of
U.S. national history to student democratic practices within and
outside of the classroom (Deardorff, Mvusi, McLemore, & Kolnick, 2005,
p. 23) will embrace any and every opportunity to visit historic sites,
memorials, and museums in their local community, region, and the
National Mall.
The Need for Informed Interpretation of Historic Sites and Memorials.
This section focuses on memorials and monuments. I want to argue
that the mere existence of a memorial is not the triumphant end of a
given historical story, but rather the beginning. In a sense, public
memorials and monuments have the ability to offer public debate that is
well reasoned, articulate, and edifying. Through interpretation,
effective technologies, partnerships, and humility, memorials might
offer a more challenging, and also more interesting, venue for engaging
classroom students in historical thinking than, perhaps, a museum
(apologies to the Smithsonian Institution museums, all personal
favorites).
Interpretation. If a person or event is worthy of representation,
it is worthy of good and active interpretation as well. People and
events of historical significance must be placed in a context for
understanding, and perhaps appreciation, for future generations. If we
truly want to honor the people and events that shaped our present and
which may serve as guides to our collective future, we must offer
representations that are more than resting places for migratory birds.
Effective Technologies. If democracy has value, and we want to
instill in children and youth the habits of democracy, we cannot leave
this to chance; the habits must be part of the design and engineering
of our memorials and monuments using whatever communications and
instructional technologies are available and, most importantly, are
effective. One example is the National Park Service website, Teaching
with Historic Places (http://www.nps.gov/nr/twhp/), which allows people
to access the National Mall using virtual technology before, after, or
instead of a visit to Washington DC.
Partnerships. As a teacher prepares students for a field study, the
teacher has three important roles: to identify students' prior
knowledge and important vocabulary that will help students understand
what they might see and experience; to act as an observer on-site; and
to help students engage in post-visit interpretation and meaning-
making. Similarly, the on-site interpreter must be knowledgeable about
the historical significance of the site, the controversies concerning
the history that is being represented, the value of age-appropriate
responses to student queries, and follow-up resources for classroom
use. Effective partnerships can be formal and arranged prior to a field
study. However, education professionals know to be ready for
spontaneous moments of insight and how to support one another with age-
appropriate extensions for student learning.
Humility. The permanence of monuments can create embarrassing
anachronisms and errors; one recent (and costly) example is the public
outrage following the poor and misleading editing of a quote from Dr.
Martin Luther King on the King Memorial that implies that he boastfully
perceived himself to be a drum major for justice, rather than a humble
servant of the people's desires for justice. Therefore, some questions
to discuss with a class could be: Who can make mistakes? How do we
correct the mistakes that we make as individuals, as leaders, as
governments? How do we avoid hurting people before we make big
mistakes?
Two examples of how interpretation, effective technologies,
partnerships, and humility can work together to create historical
thinking opportunities for classroom teachers and students are the
National World War II Memorial and the Vietnam Memorial.
The National World War II Memorial is potentially an all-
encompassing memorial to all of the U.S heroes of the War. In his
opening statement, to the 105th Congress concerning the Commemorative
Works Act, Sen. Craig Thomas, R-WY stated: ``To my knowledge, no one
objects to a World War II Memorial. That is not the issue. The issue is
the process and the location. These are legitimate public questions
because they affect not only history and the military, but specifically
they are also place on public lands and should have the input of any
interested public party.'' (Commemorative Works Act, 105th Congress).
Fierce debate ensued up to and beyond its opening in 2004
concerning its process and location, its design and its omissions
(Shea, 2001; Benton-Short, 2006). In an American University graduate
anthropology classes on memory and remembrance, two students created a
video of the interpretations and emotions of adult visitors to the
World War II memorial to explore the ``missing memories'' (Schafft,
2010). Using this background information, a colleague and I explored
the memorial with an eye toward how an elementary classroom teacher
might bring students to the memorial and engage in historical thinking.
We used the basic technology of observation, pen and paper note
taking, and close review of the bas reliefs and symbols to ask each
other questions about the size, construction, and ``message'' of the
Memorial. We joined a National Park Service ranger-led tour. Once his
formal talk ended, the ranger conceded that, ``No one had ever brought
up the lack of diversity at the memorial before'' our probing. No, the
implied battles did not include the annihilation of Nagasaki and
Hiroshima; yes, the soldiers all tend to look Caucasian; no, the
Russians are not listed among our allies. When asked how he would share
the memorial with elementary school students, he mentioned two stories
that ``always capture the attention of students'' regarding Maidenform
bras, hot airplane seats and underwear. In the process of asking hard
questions, we were sensitive to the fact that we were not conforming,
that we were creating discomfort, and that ``no one '' questions war
memorials because it is, at best rude, and at worst unpatriotic. If a
classroom teacher of questioning elementary students were to face the
same discomfort, would there be room for the teacher and the
interpreter to create a partnership to transform the experience into an
exercise in age-appropriate critical historical thinking?
Among the things to see, think and wonder about the memorial,
students may observe the absence of the former Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics among the Allies; the absence of Tuskegee Airmen
and the presence of the majority of enlisted African Americans and
women doing menial work below their capabilities; and the absence of
American Indian, Asian (especially Japanese) American and Latino
enlisted persons. A follow-up activity could be to create plaques of
forgotten people and places, including the Los Alamos site of nuclear
weapons test site.
A critical question to explore with students might be why war
memorials exist (Trofanenko, 2010). Is the purpose of commemorating
wars to create a general cemetery when there are no specific remains;
or to observe the national decision about how and why a war was
declared? To explore these questions with young children is entirely
age-appropriate, as they regularly perceive history as predominately
violent, and identify historical people as those ``dying in a famous
way'' (Levstik, 2008b, p. 54).
In a recent Memorial Day interview with Howard Hatton, a Vietnam
War veteran, we discussed the memorial known as The Wall. Following his
16-month tour of duty in Danang, Mr. Hatton returned home to California
alive and uninjured, to a loving family, and a successful career. Three
years later, he visited The Wall, identifying several of his friends
and comrades among the casualties. It was an emotional experience and
he has not visited it in subsequent trips to Washington. Mr. Hatton has
8 grandchildren, ages 2--21 and predicts that they would not have even
a fraction of his emotional response by visiting the Wall, absent any
historical context. As their tour guide, he would share his
observations that low-income Blacks and Latinos were more often placed
on the front lines in Vietnam and died and were injured in
disproportionate numbers; and the experiences of African Americans in
prior wars (for example, his uncle did not want to return to the States
following his experience in the Korean War due to his experience of
racism in the U.S.).
On such a field visit, he would want his grandchildren to get more
than printed literature: instead, he would want them to engage with
audio and video material that offer the context for the war; to have an
opportunity to talk honestly with a knowledgeable interpreter who knows
something about the history of the Vietnam War, and about the nature of
war in general; to grasp the magnitude of the casualties by taking in
all the names; and so on.
In addition, the Wall provokes lingering questions for Mr. Hatton.
He wonders if the existence of the Wall is a reflection of the social
unrest of the time? Why was it erected before the World War II
memorial? Was it because we ``won'' World War II?
These are the kinds of questions that are part of historical
thinking and which can be answered through humble interpretation,
effective instructional technologies, and partnerships between schools
and sites, for a Vietnam veteran, his 8 grandchildren, and any school
visitors 100 years from now who seek understanding of the v-shaped
black granite wall on the National Mall.
All of the stories--the ugly, the beautiful, the bitter and the
bold--all of the stories of the formation, democratization, evolution
and hopes for the United States deserve to be told. The National Mall
is one of the most important sites for the telling of these stories. To
be satisfying and instructive, the stories must come to resolution
following the initial, ``Once upon a time, there was a (person, place
or thing) that occupied this spot.'' I attempt to argue here that a
humble offering of interpretation, effective technologies, and
partnerships completes the story.
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______
Mr. Bishop. Thank you. I appreciate all of you giving your
oral testimony as well as the written testimony that is part of
the record.
We will now turn to the Committee for questions. Mr.
Grijalva, if you would like to start off.
Mr. Grijalva. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Let me start with
Dr. View, welcome, let me extend the welcome to your parents
that accompanied you as well.
In your written testimony, you discuss memorials as
sometimes only telling the rosy side of the story of history.
How do you feel we can better deal with this issue as a nation
of diverse people that we are?
Dr. View. In the written testimony, I state that memorials
tend to be more static than museums that have rolling exhibits,
and they continue to rethink the nature of the story the museum
is trying to tell. A memorial tends to be a stone that is sort
of carved in stone.
Through interpretation, by committing to having people
available to help interpret what people are seeing when they
come to that memorial, it helps to broaden the story.
As we learn more as historians, gather more data, as the
kids at a memorial ask the hard questions, it provokes a
dialogue, it promotes a debate, and helps to broaden our
understanding of why someone decided 50 years ago it was
important to put this memorial here, why it continues to stand,
and what its historical significance is for the future.
Mr. Grijalva. You mentioned as well the changing role.
Explain the changing role of informal education in these public
spaces and places that we have.
Dr. View. I think I mentioned in my testimony the need for
humility. When we design and commit to a memorial, we might
have one vision of its importance, and then as we learn more
about that part of history or that person in history, we might
discover new information that needs to be told.
I do not think we should think of memorials as sort of
triumphant statements of a story that has ended. It is the
beginning of a story. That is part of how historians approach
the nature of their academic work, and certainly educators,
continuing to learn more information that they share with young
people.
I think as builders of memorials and monuments and museums,
we should be more humble, too, in terms of how we design them,
how we expect to interpret them, how we share them with future
generations.
Mr. Grijalva. Last question, Doctor. It is part of the
discussion and conversation today--design. Does the design
impact the ability to broaden the conversation about a
memorial, to make it as you said more than stone?
Dr. View. Necessarily so. I think to the extent we can
build into the design the kind of interpretation that we are
talking about, the kinds of educational opportunities I am
talking about, that makes sense.
Technologies change, so then we revisit the design, or if
we are stuck with a bad design, that begins a conversation as
well. That begins a debate as well. Why was this designed the
way it was designed, how could it better represent the history
that we are trying to tell?
It is all part of an ongoing conversation. I do not think
we should ever see any of these things as permanent and static
and immovable, lacking any opportunity of deepening our
understanding.
Mr. Grijalva. Yes, possibly do not get trapped in one
cookie cutter?
Dr. View. Exactly.
Mr. Grijalva. Thank you. Mr. Luebke, the Trust for the
National Mall is preparing all this extensive work on the Mall,
on the grounds itself. How is your organization engaged so that
there is a smooth process that occurs during this work?
Mr. Luebke. I am sorry. I missed the key phrase. Could you
repeat the question?
Mr. Grijalva. The extensive amount of work on the Mall that
we are preparing for, how are you engaged to ensure there is
going to be a smooth process?
Mr. Luebke. The Commission of Fine Arts, of course, reviews
these projects as they come to us through our review process.
We also participate extensively with the Park Service and
other agencies in discussing all these projects in some minute
detail all the way through, well before it actually even comes
before the Commission for review.
With our partners such as NCPC, the District of Columbia's
Historic Preservation Office, a lot of issues are actually
vetted in terms of historical preservation values,
environmental impact.
I think generally we are trying to assess, the Commission
of Fine Arts perhaps more so, how these elements fit into a
larger continuity of design of the national capital,
particularly the Mall.
I guess the answer is everything that is being proposed is
eventually going to be coming through fairly close scrutiny in
all steps of the process.
Mr. Grijalva. Thank you. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
Mr. Bishop. I have a few questions as well. Mr. Whitesell,
once again, we welcome you here. You are the representative of
the National Park Service, so in some respects, you are going
to have to pay for the sins of your agency.
In April 2009, I requested documents that related to the
operations of the Grand Canyon National Park. Subsequently, the
Administration withheld 399 pages from us, erroneously citing a
FOIA exemption.
I along with Chairman Hastings requested those same 399
pages last month and requested they be delivered today.
Do you have the 399 pages we requested three years ago?
Mr. Whitesell. I do not, sir. I understand the Department
has received the request and they are in the process of
reviewing it.
Mr. Bishop. Is it another three years we are waiting then?
We only have two year terms here.
Mr. Whitesell. I understand.
Mr. Bishop. On April 5 of this year, I sent a written
request as a follow up to our hearing on the Eisenhower
Memorial. When am I going to receive a response to those
questions?
Mr. Whitesell. I will check and will be happy to get back
to you, sir.
Mr. Bishop. Once again, we only have two year terms. Let me
ask another question that deals with the Commemorative Works
Act.
What are the risks of exempting the CWA in the process of
Mall proposals?
Mr. Whitesell. I am sorry?
Mr. Bishop. What are the risks of exempting CWA in the
process of reviewing Mall proposals?
Mr. Whitesell. I think we would be in a position where
Congress would be asked to have to evaluate these without the
benefit of having the input of the Commission of Fine Arts and
National Capital Planning Commission.
The result would be, I suspect, tying up Congress in
endless number of hearings and comments that are currently
handled through administrative processes.
Mr. Bishop. Let me follow up on that with Mr. Bryant at the
same time. Could you just elaborate on the significance of the
reserve and why the 2003 amendment to the CWA was important to
the future of the Mall?
Mr. Bryant. Reflecting on your own comments, Mr. Chairman,
you found it important that for the National Mall, not only
that we reserve the open space and respect the nature of it
from past generations but we also look to reserve for future
generations and their memorials.
In our process, building on what Mr. Whitesell said, when a
project comes before us, under the law, under CWA, there is
mandated an early consultation process with stakeholders. You
have to do that.
When a project comes before the National Capital Planning
Commission, it is a multi-tiered process. First, they come to
us with a conceptual design where they get feedback and the
public can also respond.
They come back months later with a refined concept for
preliminary approval, where the public gets to respond and
provide feedback as well.
Perhaps months later, they come back to us a third time for
a final approval.
Each step along the way, they get feedback. We have a staff
of 45 architects, engineers, planners, historic preservation
specialists and others.
Following up on Mr. Whitesell's comment, what is at risk is
perhaps you not having that level of expertise and months and
months of months of technical interaction.
Mr. Bishop. How long does that process usually take? I know
we are talking about longer than two year terms, are we not?
Mr. Bryant. Yes, four times that. The average for a
memorial to be approved is about eight years. Of course, that
depends on a number of factors, how complex it is, how big it
is, how controversial it might be, as well as funding, mix of
public versus private funding.
If there is a significant amount of private funding, you
get into fund raising and anything can impact that.
Mr. Bishop. Mr. Luebke, can I ask the basic general
question to you as well on the CWA process, how can exemptions
from that Act have unintended consequences?
Mr. Luebke. I think it is an excellent question, Mr.
Chairman. The Commemorative Works Act establishes sort of a
litany test and a process for all applicants to go through. The
proposal is actually measured against that law.
The Memorial Advisory Commission considers each of these
and then returns to Congress with advice.
The danger is, I think, it probably is best described as a
hazard of precedent setting that undermines the very intent of
the law, to control and be very careful about what is
authorized and gets placed in this incredibly important
national setting.
The issue is it may feel cumbersome. It is trying to be a
one-size-fits-all process for a range of memorials, which might
go from a plaque to a huge national war memorial.
It has some flexibility to accommodate this kind of change
in scope.
I think really the issue is running around an existing body
of regulations makes it very difficult to enforce it later.
Mr. Bishop. Thank you. I appreciate that. I have some other
questions but my time has expired. I will come back again.
Mr. Grijalva?
Mr. Grijalva. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
Mr. Shubow, you seem to be ignoring the National Capital
Planning Commission, the Commission of Fine Arts, in your
recognition and your comments regarding the Mall.
Can you give me some of the reasons for your plan to ignore
the work of these other organizations?
Mr. Shubow. I do not intend to ignore them at all. In fact,
I would rely on some of their great successes in the past, and
in its earliest years, the Commission of Fine Arts was the main
institution stewarding the McMillan plan.
In fact, one of their great successes was opposing the
first design for the Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial, which
were 150 foot concrete slabs that looked like instant stone
hedge.
At the time, the Commission of Fine Arts still understood
the importance of the classical tradition in D.C., and we
believe they could do so again.
Mr. Grijalva. Presently, you feel they do not?
Mr. Shubow. It is a mixed bag. Sometimes they weigh in
appropriately and sometimes I think they ignore that classical
tradition. This is representative of unfortunately some
fashionable trends in the world of art and architecture.
Just think of how you go to an art museum and you see a
shark in formaldehyde. There is something similar going on in
the world of architecture and the Commission of Fine Arts
sometimes reflects that unfortunate mainstream.
Mr. Grijalva. Running the risk of being out of touch, let
me ask another question. Some of the monuments that you propose
in this retro classic style that you think is the only way to
go, how are these inclusive and how do they tell the story of
America today?
I understand when you memorialize someone, it is admiration
and a level of hero worship.
How do we see the complexity of these people? The issue of
style and design, how do we deal with those two questions, to
be more inclusive and to deal with the complexity of what we
are trying to memorialize and keep as part of our nation's
legacy here on this Mall?
Mr. Shubow. I would note that the classical tradition is
extremely inclusive. Examples of this are the African American
Civil War Memorial, the Statute of Freedom at the top of the
Capitol Dome, which is inspired by Native American tradition.
Likewise, the Crazy Horse Monument.
All of these speak to our ideals, and I would say our
tradition is the best one for memorializing our greatest
figures.
In contrast to what Dr. View said, I would think that for
certain figures, such as Lincoln, Washington, Jefferson,
Eisenhower, we do not want too much disagreement in our
memorials. We want to say a few simple things, that we should
honor them and reflect on what they did for us.
What we do not want to see is the so-called ``brown bag
memorial'' where every visitor brings whatever interpretation
they want to it.
Mr. Grijalva. This debate is endless. I yield back.
Mr. Bishop. Let me follow up on it, if I could, Mr. Shubow.
The Commemorative Works Act does not require classicism. Do you
believe the Act should be amended to do that?
Mr. Shubow. Well, first I would say it does require
classicism. In fact, one thing that has not been mentioned by
the other panelists is the implicit purpose of the
Commemorative Works Act, if I may quote, ``The purpose of this
chapter is to preserve the integrity of the comprehensive
design of the L'Enfant and McMillan plans for the nation's
capital.''
Since those designs are classical, there is no doubt that
the Commemorative Works Act requires future buildings to be
classical.
Mr. Bishop. Thank you. Dr. View, this is almost a flippant
question. You made a good point when you said the question was
why was Vietnam done before World War II.
Mr. Grijalva and I both have no answer to that. Do you have
an answer to it?
Dr. View. I am afraid I do not.
Mr. Bishop. Darn good question. Thank you. Let me go back
if I could to Mr. Bryant just for a second.
As you know, the design for the Eisenhower Memorial, for
example, is becoming increasingly controversial.
In the CWA process, it requires or uses the term
``consensus'' and the concept of what is durable.
Can you make some observations that can help Congress to
improve its authorizing process in the future based on the
lessons we have learned from this controversy?
Mr. Bryant. Yes. It does encourage consensus, and we as a
commission have constantly been concerned about the consensus,
and encouraging consensus among the parties.
We have been pleased that the dialogue has continued. At
one point, the Eisenhower Memorial application may have been
before us several months ago, but has been delayed so the
parties could continuing talking.
You are correct that part of the Commemorative Works Act
has us look at the durability of materials, and that is one
question that I personally had, as to how these materials will
stand up in a life cycle analysis and over the test of decades.
The architects are continuing to work and to test the
materials to answer those questions.
The last part of your question is what can we learn from
this process and how can it be perhaps improved. There has been
a Joint Task Force on Memorials. It worked from 2000 to 2002 to
answer or review that very question, how can the process be
continually improved.
One of the recommendations coming out of that task force
was indeed to create a reserve. We are concerned about over
building on the Mall, create the reserve where no additional
monuments can be built.
That was an example of the process improving from the task
force.
I would submit that if you are looking for a vehicle to
construct a dialogue about continuing to improve the process,
that task force may be a good vehicle to do so.
Mr. Bishop. Realizing I am running out of time, are there
additional suggestions of that task force that have not been
implemented?
Mr. Bryant. I would have to get back to you on that.
Mr. Bishop. If you would, I would appreciate it.
Let me follow up, Mr. Luebke, on the point you made earlier
about the concept of durability. How indeed does one measure
durability as required by the CWA?
Mr. Luebke. Well, that is a question that is fundamentally
a technical one, which would be answered through materials
studies. If you are referring to the Eisenhower Memorial, of
course, this kind of thing is being undertaken.
It is less of an issue when you are talking about building
with solid masonry, for example, as opposed to other materials,
glass, other metals, et cetera.
I did want to make a point that the Commission does not
actually determine the style of what comes before it. It is a
review agency. Therefore, it is not in a position--I do not
think the Commission considers itself as imposing a style,
although it does defend the resources that we have, many of
which are classical.
The other point, Mr. Chairman, that I think is very
important to make, and I know it is unpleasant sometimes, but
all these national memorials, almost all, are incredibly
controversial, usually involving years of debate.
This is true of the Lincoln Memorial. President Roosevelt
had intervened on the Jefferson Memorial. Roosevelt's own
memorial took 38 years to come to a successful completion.
We are sort of used to the idea that there is going to be a
debate, and in some ways I think the debate is probably healthy
for our democracy.
Mr. Bishop. I would agree with that last statement, it
probably is healthy.
Mr. Grijalva has no more questions. Let me just go over my
time limit here and ask a couple more and then we can probably
conclude this.
Mr. Shubow, if I could follow up on that as far as the
question about the process, especially when you consider the
Eisenhower project, have you all determined where in the
process a change could be made to trigger a more desirable
design outcome? I do not know if that makes sense to you.
Procedurally, has your group procedurally said we are in
the process, we could make some kind of change to trigger those
changes?
Mr. Shubow. Sure. There are a few cases where that could
take place. The Commission of Fine Arts could follow its noble
tradition and find that the memorial is discordant with the
best of Washington's monuments. They have done so repeatedly in
the past and they can do so again.
There is no way you could describe this post-modern design
as fitting in with the rest of the National Mall.
Another way that this process could be resolved happily is
for the National Capital Planning Commission or the Commission
of Fine Arts to find that the memorial's materials are not
permanent, as is required by the statute authorizing a
memorial.
One of the main if not the main feature of the memorial is
an enormous steel screen. Steel is not as permanent as say
stone, and even the architects and the Eisenhower Memorial
Commission, who were behind it, have said they are doing
testing to ensure that the screen lasts 100 years.
Well, 100 years is far short of permanent. In addition, the
screen will acquire extensive maintenance to make sure it is
durable throughout the ages.
Mr. Bishop. Let me try to zero in just a little bit more on
that question. I only have a couple more for Mr. Whitesell and
I will be done.
Where in the path of making the decisions, leading up to
those decisions, could have been a time when you could impose a
change in the process so you could have changed the direction
the design process was going? I am asking a procedural question
here.
Mr. Shubow. I would say if you go all the way back to the
original statute authorizing the memorial, and in fact, when
Congress authorized the FDR Memorial, they specifically said it
must be harmonious with the Lincoln, Jefferson, and Washington
Monuments.
Something like that would have solved these problems.
Mr. Bishop. Thank you. I realize I am asking a convoluted
question and I am not stating it very well. I appreciate your
response to that.
Mr. Whitesell, I have two last questions for you. The first
one deals with the work you are doing on the Mall right now. I
realize you are doing considerable work on the Mall turf, which
has had an unusually detrimental impact on my softball season
this year.
[Laughter.]
Mr. Bishop. I would simply like to know when it is going to
be completed and actually will it benefit the games in the
future.
Mr. Whitesell. The current work on the Mall turf is only a
portion of that envisioned for that project. The piece that is
underway right now is from 3rd to 7th Street. That is supposed
to be completed by the end of this calendar year.
As to how it will affect your softball game, I cannot say,
sir.
Mr. Bishop. At my age, nothing can improve my game.
[Laughter.]
Mr. Bishop. The playing conditions are the significant
part. Could you just give us a brief update on previously
authorized Mall programs?
Mr. Whitesell. In terms of construction projects?
Mr. Bishop. Where they are in the process.
Mr. Whitesell. For instance, the Reflecting Pool is under
reconstruction right now, and should be completed by the first
week in August, according to the engineers on that project.
We are in the process of developing the plans for the
restoration and rehabilitation of the Washington Monument,
which of course was damaged by last year's earthquake.
Those are the two principal ones that are underway.
Mr. Bishop. Ms. Noem, I appreciate you joining us here. Did
you have any questions?
Mrs. Noem. No, thank you, Mr. Chairman.
Mr. Bishop. Thank you for being part of this hearing.
I want to thank the witnesses for their testimony. I ask
all the witnesses to be prepared to respond in writing to any
questions that may be submitted by members of the Subcommittee
in a timely fashion.
I further ask--I do not further ask because we do not have
that part in my agenda--we are done here.
Without objection and without further questions or further
business, this Committee stands adjourned.
[Whereupon, at 11:08 a.m., the Subcommittee was adjourned.]
[Additional material submitted for the record follows:]
Statement submitted for the record by Representative Sam Farr (CA-17),
Returned Peace Corps Volunteer, Colombia, 1964-66
Thank you to Chairman Bishop and Ranking Member Grijalva for the
opportunity to submit my testimony in support of H.R. 854, the Peace
Corps Commemorative legislation. I represent California's 17th District
and I was a Peace Corps Volunteer in Medellin, Colombia. I introduced
this bill with Returned Peace Corps Volunteer Members of Congress
Representatives Thomas Petri (WI-6) who served in Somalia, Mike Honda
(CA-15) who served in El Salvador, and John Garamendi (CA-10) who
served in Ethiopia.
The Peace Corps Commemorative legislation is a cost-free,
bipartisan bill that authorizes the non-profit Peace Corps
Commemorative Foundation to establish a modest commemorative on Federal
land in our nation's capital to honor the formation of the Peace Corps
and the ideals of world peace and friendship upon which it was founded.
The founding of the Peace Corps was a seminal moment in American
history that deserves recognition in our nation's capital.
The historic L'Enfant and McMillan Plans for the nation's capital
provided a blueprint for the City of Washington to evolve as an
enduring symbol of American identity. Peace Corps is the great American
idea of the 20th century that truly reflects what it means to be an
American--in service to our nation for the betterment of humankind. It
is an important component of our national identity that reflects our
highest value of peace. This ideal deserves to be honored here in the
capital of the United States, and passage of H.R. 854 would make that
possible.
Fifty-one years ago, President Kennedy ushered in a new era of
American service when he signed the Executive Order establishing the
Peace Corps: ``Our Peace Corps is not designed as an instrument of
diplomacy or propaganda or ideological conflict. It is designed to
permit our people to exercise more fully their responsibilities in the
great common cause of world development.'' While the international
community was fractured by Cold War tensions, the founding of the Peace
Corps marked a moment in time that reflected the best of what America
had to offer the world: service to others in the common cause of global
peace, mutual understanding, grassroots development, and prosperity.
With the creation of the Peace Corps, America showed the world that we
are a partner for progress, a new kind of force in the world guided by
peace and goodwill. Our country has never been the same and the world
was changed--for the good--forever.
As historian Doris Kearns Goodwin noted, the founding of the Peace
Corps ``has produced an enduring legacy of service in the cause of
peace, a timeless symbol of America's most honorable ideals and
aspirations.'' Over the past 51 years, through war and conflict, nearly
a quarter million Americans from all 50 states have served in 139
developing countries, embodying the timeless American ideals of
goodwill, friendship, prosperity, and progress. Today, the 9,095 Peace
Corps Volunteers serving in 75 developing countries continue to live
out these ideals and demonstrate the enduring significance of Peace
Corps' founding. A modest commemorative on Federal land is an
appropriate way to mark the moment that America formally established
its commitment to service in the cause of peace.
Peace Corps was profoundly meaningful in my life as well. It gave
me purpose; it focused my heart and mind on the problems associated
with the culture of poverty, abroad and here at home. But it will not
just be the 200,000 Returned Volunteers or the millions of family
members and friends of Peace Corps Volunteers who will be able to
reflect on this great American idea with this commemorative. Peace
Corps Volunteers have partnered with tens of millions of individuals
around the world, and this commemorative honors the moment in American
history when those important partnerships and bonds of friendship first
began.
As President Kennedy said in his last State of the Union address,
``Nothing carries the spirit of American idealism and expresses our
hopes better and more effectively to the far corners of the earth than
the Peace Corps.'' It is now time that we have that idealism expressed
in our nation's Capital as well.
This legislation has robust support both inside and outside of
Congress. H.R. 854 has 156 bipartisan cosponsors; over a third of the
House of Representatives wants to see this legislation enacted. But
this legislation has also been favorably reviewed by the National
Capital Memorial Advisory Commission. In addition, on October 4, 2011,
at this Subcommittee's hearing on H.R. 854, Stephen Whitesell, National
Capital Region Regional Director for the National Park Service (NPS),
stated in his testimony: ``We [NPS] share the [National Capital
Memorial Advisory] Commission's support for the idea of commemorating
volunteerism and international cooperation as worthy ideals and
practice of the Peace Corps.''
In addition, S. 1421, similar bipartisan legislation introduced by
Senators Portman and Mark Udall, passed the Senate Energy and Natural
Resources Committee by voice vote on November 11, 2011. Clearly, there
is robust bicameral, bipartisan support for passage of this
legislation.
As you may know, this bill is a re-introduction of H.R. 4195, which
passed out of the Natural Resources Committee by unanimous consent and
passed the full House of Representatives by voice vote in the 111th
Congress. The only modifications to this bill in the 112th Congress are
the inclusion of a Findings Section and the addition of ``ideals of
world peace and friendship'' to reflect the National Capital Memorial
Advisory Commission's suggestion that the legislation specify the
ideals that the commemorative honor. At this Subcommittee's October
4th, 2011 hearing, NPS noted that the changes further strengthened the
legislation. This bill is in compliance with the Commemorative Works
Act, and Congress has the power to enact this legislation pursuant to
Article I, Section 8, and Article IV, Section 3 of the United States
Constitution.
Now is an opportune time to honor and recognize on the National
Mall the enduring ideals of world peace and friendship embodied in the
founding of Peace Corps. I respectfully request the Subcommittee's
support of this legislation to honor America's enduring commitment to
world peace and friendship.
Thank you.