[House Hearing, 110 Congress] [From the U.S. Government Publishing Office] DIVERSITY IN THE COAST GUARD, INCLUDING RECRUITMENT, PROMOTION, AND RETENTION OF MINORITY PERSONNEL ======================================================================= (110-165) HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON COAST GUARD AND MARITIME TRANSPORTATION OF THE COMMITTEE ON TRANSPORTATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ONE HUNDRED TENTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION __________ SEPTEMBER 10, 2008 __________ Printed for the use of the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 45-024 WASHINGTON : 2009 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512-1800; DC area (202) 512-1800 Fax: (202) 512-2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402-0001 COMMITTEE ON TRANSPORTATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE JAMES L. OBERSTAR, Minnesota, Chairman NICK J. RAHALL, II, West Virginia, JOHN L. MICA, Florida Vice Chair DON YOUNG, Alaska PETER A. DeFAZIO, Oregon THOMAS E. PETRI, Wisconsin JERRY F. COSTELLO, Illinois HOWARD COBLE, North Carolina ELEANOR HOLMES NORTON, District of JOHN J. DUNCAN, Jr., Tennessee Columbia WAYNE T. GILCHREST, Maryland JERROLD NADLER, New York VERNON J. EHLERS, Michigan CORRINE BROWN, Florida STEVEN C. LaTOURETTE, Ohio BOB FILNER, California FRANK A. LoBIONDO, New Jersey EDDIE BERNICE JOHNSON, Texas JERRY MORAN, Kansas GENE TAYLOR, Mississippi GARY G. MILLER, California ELIJAH E. CUMMINGS, Maryland ROBIN HAYES, North Carolina ELLEN O. TAUSCHER, California HENRY E. BROWN, Jr., South LEONARD L. BOSWELL, Iowa Carolina TIM HOLDEN, Pennsylvania TIMOTHY V. JOHNSON, Illinois BRIAN BAIRD, Washington TODD RUSSELL PLATTS, Pennsylvania RICK LARSEN, Washington SAM GRAVES, Missouri MICHAEL E. CAPUANO, Massachusetts BILL SHUSTER, Pennsylvania TIMOTHY H. BISHOP, New York JOHN BOOZMAN, Arkansas MICHAEL H. MICHAUD, Maine SHELLEY MOORE CAPITO, West BRIAN HIGGINS, New York Virginia RUSS CARNAHAN, Missouri JIM GERLACH, Pennsylvania JOHN T. SALAZAR, Colorado MARIO DIAZ-BALART, Florida GRACE F. NAPOLITANO, California CHARLES W. DENT, Pennsylvania DANIEL LIPINSKI, Illinois TED POE, Texas NICK LAMPSON, Texas DAVID G. REICHERT, Washington ZACHARY T. SPACE, Ohio CONNIE MACK, Florida MAZIE K. HIRONO, Hawaii JOHN R. `RANDY' KUHL, Jr., New BRUCE L. BRALEY, Iowa York JASON ALTMIRE, Pennsylvania LYNN A WESTMORELAND, Georgia TIMOTHY J. WALZ, Minnesota CHARLES W. BOUSTANY, Jr., HEATH SHULER, North Carolina Louisiana MICHAEL A. ARCURI, New York JEAN SCHMIDT, Ohio HARRY E. MITCHELL, Arizona CANDICE S. MILLER, Michigan CHRISTOPHER P. CARNEY, Pennsylvania THELMA D. DRAKE, Virginia JOHN J. HALL, New York MARY FALLIN, Oklahoma STEVE KAGEN, Wisconsin VERN BUCHANAN, Florida STEVE COHEN, Tennessee ROBERT E. LATTA, Ohio JERRY McNERNEY, California LAURA A. RICHARDSON, California ALBIO SIRES, New Jersey DONNA F. EDWARDS, Maryland (ii) SUBCOMMITTEE ON COAST GUARD AND MARITIME TRANSPORTATION ELIJAH E. CUMMINGS, Maryland, Chairman GENE TAYLOR, Mississippi STEVEN C. LaTOURETTE, Ohio RICK LARSEN, Washington DON YOUNG, Alaska CORRINE BROWN, Florida HOWARD COBLE, North Carolina BRIAN HIGGINS, New York WAYNE T. GILCHREST, Maryland BRIAN BAIRD, Washington FRANK A. LoBIONDO, New Jersey TIMOTHY H. BISHOP, New York, Vice TED POE, Texas Chair JOHN L. MICA, Florida LAURA A. RICHARDSON, California (Ex Officio) JAMES L. OBERSTAR, Minnesota (Ex Officio) (iii) CONTENTS Page Summary of Subject Matter........................................ vi TESTIMONY Breckenridge, Rear Admiral Jody A., Director, Strategic Transformation Team & Assistant Commandant for Human Resources. 4 Isherwood, Commander Master Chief Kevin D., Command Master Chief for Chief Of Staff, United States Coast Guard.................. 4 PREPARED STATEMENTS SUBMITTED BY MEMBERS OF CONGRESS Cummings, Hon. Elijah E., of Maryland............................ 42 Oberstar, Hon. James L., of Minnesota............................ 57 Thompson, Hon. Bennie G., of Mississippi......................... 59 PREPARED STATEMENTS SUBMITTED BY WITNESSES Breckenridge, Rear Admiral Jody A................................ 61 SUBMISSIONS FOR THE RECORD Breckenridge, Rear Admiral Jody A., Director, Strategic Transformation Team & Assistant Commandant for Human Resources: Response to request for information............................ 10 Response to request for information............................ 13 Response to request for information............................ 17 Response to request for information............................ 26 Response to request for information............................ 28 Response to request for information............................ 30 [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] 45024.001 [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] 45024.002 [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] 45024.003 [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] 45024.004 [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] 45024.005 [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] 45024.006 [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] 45024.007 [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] 45024.008 [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] 45024.009 [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] 45024.010 [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] 45024.011 [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] 45024.012 [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] 45024.013 [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] 45024.014 [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] 45024.015 HEARING ON DIVERSITY IN THE COAST GUARD INCLUDING RECRUITMENT, PROMOTION, AND RETENTION OF MINORITY PERSONNEL ---------- Wednesday, September 10, 2008, House of Representatives, Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, Subcommittee on Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation, Washington, DC. The Subcommittee met, pursuant to call, at 10:00 a.m., in Room 2167, Rayburn House Office Building, the Honorable Elijah E. Cummings [Chairman of the Subcommittee] presiding. Mr. Cummings. Good afternoon. Let me express my apologies. We are running a little bit late. The family of the late Stephanie Tubbs Jones was addressing a small group of us, wanting to express their appreciation for things we had done for the family, so that is why I am running a little late. This Subcommittee will come to order. Before we begin today's hearing, we pause to remember Lieutenant Commander Andrew Wischmeier, Aviation Survival Technician 1st Class David Skimin, and Aviation Maintenance Technician 2nd Class Joshua Nichols, who were killed when the helicopter in which they were conducting training exercises crashed last week near Honolulu. We also remember Commander Thomas Nelson, the Executive Officer of Air Station Bombers Point, who remains missing. Those who have died gave their lives in service to our great Nation, and their deaths remind us of the risks that all Coast Guard members face every day. Our prayers are with the families of those who have been lost to us and with their comrades throughout the Coast Guard and I ask that you join me in a moment of silence. [Pause.] Mr. Cummings. Today, I convene the Subcommittee to consider diversity in the Coast Guard, including the recruitment, promotion, and retention of minority personnel. In October of 2007, I visited the United States Coast Guard Academy to address the student body after a noose had been found in the effects of an African American cadet and in the office of an officer conducting diversity training. The discovery of the nooses was obviously shocking to the conscience and completely unacceptable at any Federal service academy. At that time, I emphasized to the Academy students that diversity and our mutual respect for each other are our greatest strengths as a Nation. Diversity is a promise that exists in every single individual, a promise that can only be cultivated and fully realized through our collective commitment to assure fair treatment to everyone. Yesterday, Congresswoman Sanchez, my colleague on the House Armed Services Committee, and I hosted a briefing conducted by the Rand Corporation at which Dr. Nelson Limb presented the options and recommendations that Rand had developed for leaders of the Department of Defense to assist them as they plan for diversity in all ranks of DOD services. I emphasized that expanding diversity is a challenge in all of the military services, not just in the Coast Guard and I think it is important for each service to learn from the successes and challenges in the other services. The key point the Rand Corporation made is the following: In order for any strategic plan for supporting diversity to be effective, leaders must define diversity and then they must also explain how they intend to measure progress toward greater diversity and how they will hold themselves and others accountable for their progress. While the Coast Guard is not a part of DOD, the lessons that Rand offered to the DOD are completely applicable to the Coast Guard. Under the leadership of Admiral Thad Allen, the Commandant of the Coast Guard, whom I know to be a man of the highest honor and integrity, the Coast Guard is taking steps to prioritize expansion of diversity. In July of this year, the Commandant indicated that the Coast Guard would ``redouble'' its commitment to creating a more diverse workforce and he announced new leadership in diversity initiatives the Coast Guard will now be pursuing. In August, the Commandant provided an update on the implementation of some of those initiatives in the form of a message issued to all members of the Coast Guard, commonly referred to as an All Coasts. The message described important steps the service is taking to expand this outreach. For example, the Commandant announced that Flag officers and Senior Executive Staff members would partner with minority-serving institutions, Hispanic-serving institutions, and Tribal Council institutions to raise the Coast Guard's visibility and to develop ongoing relationships. These are important initiatives and I am anxious to hear more about how the implementation is proceeding. However, drawing on the lessons presented by the Rand Corporation, it is imperative that the Coast Guard's diversity initiatives form a coherent tactical plan designed to implement the Coast Guard's specific diversity goals. Therefore, I also look forward to discussing today how the Coast Guard defines its goals and how it will measure progress toward the achievement of these goals. According to data from Defense Manpower Data Center, in 2007, 13.8 percent of the officer corps and 16.9 percent of the members of the enlisted ranks of the Coast Guard were minorities. About 14 percent of the students in the class of 2011 at the Coast Guard Academy are minorities, including individuals who self identify as being multiracial. These are strong numbers, but they can be stronger. Importantly, however--and this goes back to my earlier point--diversity should be defined to include not only the representation of certain groups, but their success and their effective inclusion in an entity. I firmly believe that the Coast Guard needs to bring the challenge of minority recruiting down to a personal basis. Each Flag officer and each commanding officer of an air station, sector, cutter, or buoy tender should be challenged to recruit one minority individual to apply to the Coast Guard Academy, the CSPI program, or to their officer candidate school. Current minority officers in the Coast Guard, as well as Coast Guard alumni, should be challenged to reach out to members of minority communities to present to them their firsthand knowledge of the opportunities associated with service in the Coast Guard. I strongly believe that recruiting minority service members cannot just be left to recruiters; it needs to be everyone's shared priority. Additionally, each service member must make it a priority to do all that he or she can do to create an atmosphere in which each individual feels his or her expertise and perspective are valued. With that, I look forward to hearing from Admiral Breckenridge and Master Chief Isherwood today as we examine the steps the Coast Guard is taking to ensure that our Nation's shield of freedom reflects the diversity that is truly one of the greatest sources of our Nation's strength. Now I recognize our distinguished Ranking Member, Mr. LaTourette. Mr. LaTourette. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, for the time and thank you for holding this hearing. Every day, more than 45,000 members, officers, and civilian employees carry out the Coast Guard's missions to safeguard life and property at sea. They perform these missions on the water, in the air, and at stations and units located throughout the Country. These men and women are the representatives of our Federal Government and the face of our Country in our ports and on the high seas. As such, it is important that the Coast Guard hire and retain the most qualified possible Coast Guard men and women, and not discriminate in hiring on the basis of ethnicity or gender. I look forward to hearing about some of the initiatives that are in place and those that are being planned to expand the diversity of the Coast Guard. I also would like to examine some of the circumstances which may be roadblocks to these initiatives. I am concerned about situations such as the lack of berthing space for female crew members aboard many of the Coast Guard's legacy vessels, which limits opportunities for Coast Guardsmen to build experience necessary for a successful career. I hope that the witnesses will discuss ways to enhance opportunities for young Coast Guardsmen to get this experience in the future. I want to thank our witnesses for coming here today and for their willingness to address these issues, and I look forward to their testimony and I yield back. Mr. Cummings. Thank you very much. Ms. Richardson? Mr. Coble? Very well. We will proceed with our hearing. The Chairman of the House Homeland Security Committee, Chairman Bennie Thompson, has prepared a statement for the record and, without objection, it will be included in the record and is so ordered. I want to thank Chairman Thompson for his leadership on this issue and look forward to working with him to ensure that we achieve our shared goals of expanding diversity in the Coast Guard. We will now hear from our two witness, our only witnesses. Rear Admiral Jody Breckenridge is the Assistant Commandant for Human Resources with the United States Coast Guard, and Master Chief Petty Officer Kevin D. Isherwood is the Command Master Chief for the Chief of Staff of the United States Coast Guard. We welcome your testimony and we will hear from you, Rear Admiral. TESTIMONY OF REAR ADMIRAL JODY A. BRECKENRIDGE, DIRECTOR, STRATEGIC TRANSFORMATION TEAM & ASSISTANT COMMANDANT FOR HUMAN RESOURCES; AND COMMANDER MASTER CHIEF KEVIN D. ISHERWOOD, COMMAND MASTER CHIEF FOR CHIEF OF STAFF, UNITED STATES COAST GUARD Admiral Breckenridge. Thank you and good afternoon, Mr. Chairman and distinguished Members of the Committee. As the Chair said, I am Rear Admiral Jody Breckenridge, the Coast Guard's Assistant Commandant for Human Resources. I am pleased today to be joined by Master Chief Isherwood, who will speak in just a moment, and also Mr. Curt Odum, our Deputy Director for Personnel Management, and Rear Admiral Dan May, who is our Chief of Reserve and Training. In addition to my human resource duties, I am also the Director for the Strategic Transformation Team, with responsibilities to synchronize our efforts to modernize the Coast Guard. I departed duty as Commander of the 11th Coast Guard District in California in the summer of 2007 to assume duties as the Director of the Team. Mr. Chairman, I request that my written statement be entered into the record. Mr. Taylor. [Presiding] Without objection. Admiral Breckenridge. Mr. Chairman, since assuming my duties as Assistant Commandant for Human Resources on 31 May of this year, one of my top priorities has been and remains our diversity action plan. I am personally involved in the strategic plan and the tactical execution of each of the initiatives. First, it is the right thing to do with the changing demographics of our Nation. We would like more citizens to know of the opportunities in the Coast Guard and to consider service in the Coast Guard, whether as part of our full-time military, our part-time military or reserve force, our civilian workforce, or our volunteer workforce, the Coast Guard Auxiliary. Second, we have a large stakeholder base, both domestically and internationally. We need to be able to interact effectively to achieve new safety and security standards for the maritime community. Mr. Chairman, I know you are aware of the concerns raised over our marine inspectors' and investigators' capacity and experience level. Quite frankly, we have good people, but we are too homogeneous in our sourcing. We tend to be predominantly Coast Guard bred and developed in that community. Third, the simple reality is heterogeneity offers ways to look at and solve problems that homogeneity does not. So what are we doing? We are looking across a career continuum. It is not enough to hire more people; we must also develop them and retain them. Within our plan we have addressed tangible, actionable steps that create a foundation to build on for sustainability. But, to be honest, our current plan is more focused on assessions at this time. We are doing better in our enlisted corps than our officer corps. We developed the Strategic Metropolitan Area and Recruiting Territory, known as our SMART program, which uses data to drive our recruiting efforts, focusing our efforts on high schools and regions with high minority populations. This effort, since its inception in 2003, when I was the commanding officer of the recruiting command, has resulted in 30 to 39 percent minority assession each year. We also have robust opportunities for enlisted to move into our officer corps from our enlisted corps. Through our officer candidate school, direct commission programs, enlisted to warrant, warrant to lieutenant, and to our Academy, a program we are re-emphasizing this year. A number of our minority enlisted, along with their majority counterparts, move from our enlisted ranks to the officer corps through these programs. Within our officer corps, we are challenged by our need for more than 47 percent of our officer annual assessions to have technical degrees: math, science, engineering, operations research, and computer majors. STEM, which stands for Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math, is a frequently used term to describe these fields. To meet that requirement, our Academy must produce 70 percent of their graduates with these degrees. To expand the base of under-represented students at the Academy, we are looking to expand their participation in our Academy Introduction Mission program, also known as AIM. We are seeking assistance from Congress, sir, and getting the word out for this opportunity. We are also more actively marketing our preparatory program, called Coast Guard Academy Scholars Program, both externally and internally. To assist Congress in understanding Academy requirements, we are currently advertising a position I am taking out of hide as a bridging strategy until I can get on budget to work with Congressional staffs to identify candidates or new affinity groups we should be engaged with. For our college student precommissioning initiative, we are looking at two-year schools to select participants whom the Coast Guard will pay for their last two years of school and then attend officer candidate school. We are also looking at two-year schools for the Coast Guard Academy to partner with, schools with strong STEM curricula to select students at the one-or two-year point to attend the Academy. As part of our outreach initiatives, our Flags and SES's are establishing relationships with minority-serving institutions. In some cases we are re-establishing relationships, such as those we previously had with Morgan State University. Mid-grade and junior officers are also being assigned as part of the outreach team. This alignment creates a mentoring chain of sustainability with the institution. As Flags and SES's retire, they will be replaced. As the more junior officers become more senior, more junior officers will continue to be assigned. In the retention arena, we are working on mentoring and development of our mid-grade officers and enlisted, expanding requirements for individual development plans for lieutenants, lieutenant commanders, E-5s and E-6s. We believe in the networking and professional development opportunities offered by affinity groups, such as the National Naval Officers Association, and are increasing our participation at these venues. A few years ago, participation across the board in the National Naval Officers Association had waned, and it was through the efforts of then Captain Manson Brown, U.S. Coast Guard, now Rear Admiral Brown, that the organization was rejuvenated. We have an active diversity advisory group composed of members of all of our corps forces from across the Coast Guard. They meet with the Commandant to provide him and other senior managers with concerns and recommendations, and they participated in the development of our action plan. We also have a number of similar initiatives focused on our civilian workforce to bring in new perspectives and youth. We are leveraging new opportunities with modernization, including looking at virtual organizations and growth, such as the Marine Safety Program, to put new assession programs in place and to enhance workplace options to appeal to an even greater talent pool. Mr. Chairman, these are a few of our initiatives. I appreciate this opportunity. It is a topic I am passionate about and committed to. Our service has demonstrated success if you look at where women are in our service. We remain the only armed service where every career field is open to women, a standard we established in 1977. We are the only service where a woman has achieved the number two position in the service. We cannot say the same for continuity for our minorities. Today, 19.5 percent of the 41 of our Flag corps are women and minorities. One-third of our SES corps are minority and 44 percent are minority or women, a result that has occurred under Admiral Allen. We have some bright spots, but we still have much to do. I know that you, sir, are committed to assisting us in this journey, and we look forward to partnering with you and the other Members of Congress. I look forward to the questions in our discussion, sir. Mr. Cummings. [Presiding] Thank you very much, Commander. Chief Isherwood. Good afternoon, Mr. Chairman and distinguished Members of the Committee. I am Master Chief Kevin Isherwood, Command Master Chief for the Chief of Staff of the United States Coast Guard. I have served in the Coast Guard for 26 years and most recently served in the 11th District with Rear Admiral Breckenridge. I am happy to appear today alongside Admiral Breckenridge and Mr. Curt Odum to answer any questions that you may have on diversity in the United States Coast Guard. As the Command Master Chief, I am the senior enlisted advisor to the Chief of Staff and an integral member of Rear Admiral Breckenridge's staff. My main function is to provide a field reality check in all situations. One of the greatest values a command master chief offers is their relationship and understanding of the workforce issues. To remain credible and to prevent gaps from growing in these critical relationships, I spend a considerable amount of my time visiting and communicating with my units. I am a resource person who assists Coast Guard personnel and subordinate commands to work through local and national issues, including diversity, with the intent of resolving these issues at the lowest effective level. While I am not directly in the chain of command, I help strengthen the chain of command by working closely with the folks within the chain of command, providing personal experiences and ground truth feedback. This enhances communications and fosters a better understanding of the needs and viewpoints of all Coast Guard members and their families. In other words, my job is to balance workforce desires with mission requirements. The vision of the Command Master Chief Program is: proactively assist Coast Guard members to be ready today, preparing for tomorrow. Command master chiefs advise all team Coast Guard members on personnel policies, programs, ideas, and opportunities pertinent to their well-being, allowing them to focus on performing their mission and enhancing their careers. Additionally, by advising, consulting, and participating in high-level policy issues, command master chiefs play an important role in the continuous improvement of the Coast Guard with the goal of all Coast Guard members attaining their full potential. Again, thank you for the time and thank you for providing me an opportunity of a lifetime speaking before you on this important topic. Mr. Cummings. Thank you very much. Rear Admiral, let me go back to something you said. I think you mentioned a program that you had with Morgan State University at one time? Admiral Breckenridge. Mr. Chairman, we had a relationship with Morgan State University and it was predominantly for our college student precommissioning initiative program. But over time, for some reason, that relationship waned. I can't tell you why, but we are committed to reinitiating that relationship and reinvigorating it, particularly as we look at our requirements for STEM-oriented students, sir. Mr. Cummings. What did the program? Because Morgan State is in my district, that is why I am curious. Matter of fact, I am on the board of Morgan State also. Go ahead. Admiral Breckenridge. Yes, Mr. Chairman. Morgan State actually acted at one time as an advisor to the Coast Guard as we were looking at some of the challenges that we had with diversity, provided some insights into what we should be doing from program perspective, and then we also sought their advice on what we should be doing as we were looking at the CSPI program--it had a different name at the time--and how we should be seeking out minority students to avail them of the opportunities that were in that program, Mr. Chairman. Mr. Cummings. So you are looking at going back, is that what you said? Admiral Breckenridge. Yes, sir. Mr. Odum and I have been talking to the Dean of Engineering at Morgan State, and we have yet to get our schedules to work out to have a sit-down meeting, but we intend to go back up and sit down and talk with the dean to look at the engineering field and where we perhaps should be looking. Mr. Cummings. Thank you very much. Now let's go to another college, and that is the Coast Guard Academy. The Comprehensive Climate and Cultural Optimization Review effort conducted at the Academy, dated February 2007, found that ``The number of African American high school students who are academically ready for an Academy experience, eligible and interested in military services estimated at only 640 young people per year in the Nation.'' Where does this number come from and what is limiting this number? Is it academic qualification or interest in military service, or both? Admiral Breckenridge. Mr. Chairman, that was done for us by an independent contractor looking at an enrollment management scheme. It takes the full spectrum of academics, physical requirements, and across the board. It represents that one contractor's opinion, sir. As we look at the Academy, we are committed to the open access. As I noted, sir, in my statement, Mr. Chairman, our big challenge is looking at the propensity of students across this Nation to go into STEM majors. That is an absolute requirement for our workforce and, sir, as I noted, 70 percent of the Academy graduates is the target for them to produce with STEM degrees. Mr. Cummings. But students who are interested in military service, but perhaps not academically or physically prepared for the rigors of the Academy, the Academy can offer a placement in a preparatory school, is that right? Admiral Breckenridge. Mr. Chairman, we do have preparatory schools. We have two that we are focused on right now. That is the Coast Guard's Scholars Program. I don't think that has been a well advertised program, and we are working very hard right now on advertising it. If you go to the Coast Guard Academy website, it is advertised there. It is in every package that goes out. As we look at parents' packages, it is in all of their packages. But we are also marketing it inside the Coast Guard for those within our own workforce who might have the propensity to go to the Academy but might need an academic boost, Mr. Chairman. Mr. Cummings. So how many students does the Coast Guard send to these preparatory schools each year, do you know? Admiral Breckenridge. Sir, right now we are at 61 tabs, Mr. Chairman. Mr. Cummings. Sixty-one? Admiral Breckenridge. Yes, sir, which represents about 21 percent of our student population at the Academy, which compares with the other academies. If you look at their preparatory programs, their preparatory programs represent about 25 percent, Mr. Chairman. Mr. Cummings. And so what percentage of those students then come into the Academy? In other words, you have got a number going. That doesn't mean that all of them are going to end up-- a number going to the preparatory school. Admiral Breckenridge. Yes, sir. Mr. Cummings. I am just trying to figure out when everything filters out, how many of those then go on to the Coast Guard Academy. Admiral Breckenridge. Mr. Chairman, I would like to provide that for the record. To be honest, my memory is failing me right now. What I would like to offer you on that, though, is the Academy has focused not just on getting students into the Academy, but is really focused on retention once they are in. The goal of all of these programs is to produce individuals as they become commissioned officers who are positioned for success in our service. The Academy, as they have looked at the programs that they have and the focus that they have had on retention in recent years, has gone from 66 percent to a 75 percent retention rate. Mr. Cummings. Is that where we are right now, 75 percent? Admiral Breckenridge. Yes, Mr. Chairman, that is where we are. Mr. Cummings. How does that compare to the other academies? Admiral Breckenridge. The other academies--I would like to provide that for the record, sir. [Information follows:] [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] 45024.016 Mr. Cummings. All right. So it is 75 percent. And you are saying before this it was 61 percent? Admiral Breckenridge. That is correct, Mr. Chairman. Mr. Cummings. You know, a lot of young people, when they go into the academies--it is not just this academy, but I am also on the Board of Trustees of the Naval Academy. We have people who come in and maybe the military atmosphere is not something that is conducive with their personalities; others, academic problems, what have you. Certainly finance is not an issue here. But what do you find the reasons we are losing young people? Is there anything unique to the minority population we are losing, reasons why, as compared to the rest of the student body? Admiral Breckenridge. Mr. Chairman, I can't offer an insight at large that there is a distinctive difference between our minority students and the larger population. What I would offer, I think, is a good correlation and why we want to look at our AIM program. When we look at the students who go to the AIM program, there is a very high correlation to those who go and get access to what it would be like to attend an academy who then make a decision to attend the Academy and then successfully come out the other end to be a commissioned officer, Mr. Chairman. Mr. Cummings. First of all, I agree that it is not enough to admit students; we want to make sure that they do well and then go on to do what other students do, that is, to become leaders. So the retention program makes a lot of sense. I am just wondering what is entailed in that. What would somebody in that program get that somebody else might not get? Do you follow me? Admiral Breckenridge. Yes, sir. Mr. Cummings. In other words, the general population might not get what? Admiral Breckenridge. Mr. Chairman, is the question compared to the population---- Mr. Cummings. In other words, what is the retention---- Admiral Breckenridge.--in the civilian sector versus---- Mr. Cummings. In other words, what I am asking you is, is there something called a retention program? Is that true? Admiral Breckenridge. Mr. Chairman, we have retention initiatives and we look at retention rates. Mr. Cummings. Okay, fine. There are things that you do to try to make sure there is retention of these minority students, is that correct? Is that what you are saying? Admiral Breckenridge. As we look at the atmosphere at the Academy, Mr. Chairman, we are concerned that--or we want to ensure that all students feel that they are valued at the Academy and that they will have the opportunity to succeed. If we look at our academic population at the Academy, we are working on diversifying that so that, as students have issues, they feel comfortable having access to individuals that they feel they may need to address things with. We have also focused on the climate at the Academy so that, if there are issues, cadets feel that they can bring those issues to the attention of the chain of command so that they can be addressed. As you know, any academy, Mr. Chairman, has a mentorship program within the cadet or the student population itself, but on top of that, within our headquarters, we have an Office in Leadership and we have hired a new individual that is looking at our mentorship programs. In fact, we are linking junior officers who are out in the field up with cadets so that they know what it is like once they finish through the Academy, what is it going to be like joining the officer corps of the Coast Guard, Mr. Chairman. Mr. Cummings. Now, the February 2007 report also stated that approximately 7 percent of the Academy staff and faculty are minority, compared with about 24 percent of the Coast Guard workforce and 14 percent of the corps of cadets. I just want to ask how many African American teachers do you currently have at the Academy and how many Hispanics, and what are you doing to increase those numbers, going to the statement that you just made, by the way? Admiral Breckenridge. Mr. Chairman, I will provide the numbers for the record. There is a concerted effort as we look at each one of the vacancies that we have to make sure that we have a very broad outreach, so we diversify the pools of individuals that we are considering for each position that comes available. [Information follows:] [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] 45024.017 [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] 45024.018 Mr. Cummings. All right, thank you. Mr. LaTourette. Mr. LaTourette. Thank you very much. Thank you both for your testimony. Admiral, just a question before I talk about some of the other specifics. I was just talking to Mr. Rayfield, and a week from Saturday, in my district, we are going to have our military academy information day. Does the Coast Guard attend those on a regular basis or do you need to be invited? Admiral Breckenridge. We attend a number of those on a regular basis, sir. I won't say that we have visibility of every one of them, so we are always looking for new opportunities. Mr. LaTourette. Okay. I don't know how it is in the Chairman's district or other Members' districts, but when we go through the military screening, which we do in November, we often find that the Naval Academy is over-subscribed and we have more applicants than we can satisfy with nominations. I don't know how we can get it done, but I bet you could get more customers in more districts if we worked out a way, Chairman, to have the Coast Guard present at these military academy information days. Maybe a young man or a young woman that thinks the Navy is right for them, and it doesn't work out because of numbers in terms of what the Member nominates or the Senator nominates, perhaps could switch over and get into the competition for one of the slots at the Academy. So I guess the question is, is there any reason that the service wouldn't, if we sort of worked this out between us and sent a memo and asked the Command to participate, any impediment to doing that? Admiral Breckenridge. No sir, just number of events and people on a single night. But we would welcome that as a challenge. Mr. LaTourette. Okay. Just from my area, I think it would be a good idea, because I think, in this day and age, any young person that wants to serve their Country in the armed forces is a gift and I hate to turn them away. It becomes sort of a sad thing when you have people raring at the bit to go. And these are young people; these are the best and the brightest. I forget what the requirements are, but it is like a 3.5 average, and a lot of these people at 18 have done more than some people I have met in their 50s and 60s, quite frankly, in terms of Eagle Scout activities and other things. So I think those that don't make the cut, in terms of nomination, not because of anything else, I think the Coast Guard would be glad to have some of them. Admiral Breckenridge. Yes, sir. The resource that I was talking about that we intend to put on the Congressional Affairs Staff would be specifically to interact to make sure that people had visibility of the requirements of our Academy and also to make sure that we had full visibility of these opportunities and that we did show up. Mr. LaTourette. Okay. I thank you for that. The Coast Guard Academy is the only service academy, of course, that considers applicants on the merit of their qualifications and open competition, and not through the nomination by the President, the Vice President, or Members of Congress. I would ask you how does the open application process impact the size and quality of the applicant pool at the Academy? Admiral Breckenridge. Sir, we get a number of people who look at the Coast Guard Academy but, quite frankly, we are looking for a larger pool and we are looking for different composition within that pool. We do not have the visibility, the national visibility that our sister service academies have, nor, if you look at the alumni sheer numbers that they have and reach that they have through their alumni, as well as the histories of our services where minorities have served, I think there are some differences there that become challenges for us. Mr. LaTourette. Has the Coast Guard begun to look at what changes would be required to transition to the nomination-based system that is spelled out in the House-passed Coast Guard reauthorization bill? Admiral Breckenridge. We have started to look at that, sir, and, to be blunt, we do have some concerns about there being some potential barriers. Given the size of the population that actually is in an entering class at the Coast Guard Academy, it is less than 250 in a very strong year and can be less than 200 in other years. So given the small numbers and then just given--right now, anybody across the Country--we are not limited by any geographic boundaries that are in the nomination process; we can take 15 people from the same high school into the Academy. We think that is a plus, sir, but we need to change what is in the pool that we have right now. Mr. LaTourette. Have you or anybody at the service ever collected any data, aside from the question of diversity, on diversity in terms of geography? And by that I mean do most of the people that apply to your academy or seek to become in the enlisted corps come from the coasts and areas that border water, as opposed to the young fellow that is in Oklahoma or Nebraska? Admiral Breckenridge. Yes, sir, we have looked at the demographics, and there are six States that we are predominantly from. California is one of them. Not too surprisingly, the Northeast represents a large portion. We do get a number from Maryland, sir. So, yes, sir, we have looked at those demographics. Mr. LaTourette. And I would think Alaska too, probably? Admiral Breckenridge. I don't remember where Alaska was on the list, sir, but I would be happy to provide that. [Information follows:] [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] 45024.019 [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] 45024.020 [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] 45024.021 [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] 45024.022 [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] 45024.023 [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] 45024.024 [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] 45024.025 Mr. LaTourette. Okay. Then, lastly, two quick things. The Chairman mentioned Morgan State and he also mentioned our colleague who has recently passed, Stephanie Tubbs Jones. She has a great engineering school, Cleveland State University, in her district as well. One of the criticisms I get when you talk about outsourcing this, that, and the other thing, a lot of people coming out of that engineering program say that they can't find jobs; why are firms hiring engineers that are trained from other countries rather than American-made, born engineers. So is there in your strategy, aside from the Morgan States of the world, a plan to sort of reach out to, if the skill set that you are looking for are engineers or people with engineering training, to reach out to all of the engineering programs in the Country that might increase the diversity that we are talking about? Admiral Breckenridge. Yes, sir. We are in professional associations that look both at Naval engineering, civil engineering, and engineering in general, and that are affiliated with most of the institutions that produce engineers for this Country. We are trying to focus our effort, instead of going very broadly, which is something that we did in the past and we weren't able to sustain it. If we want relationships with schools, we are trying to start small and make sure that we understand what their requirements are and that we can produce results out of that, both for the school and for ourselves, that we can then build on and expand out. Mr. LaTourette. Now lastly, in my opening statement I talked about the observation that there may be some berthing shortages for women on some of the legacy vessels. Is the service addressing that and, if so, how? Admiral Breckenridge. It is being addressed, sir. It has been addressed on some of our legacy assets. It is certainly true that as we look at the women who serve, that there are sometimes constraints in individual assignment cycles, where a berth may not be available on a particular unit that they want to go to. But there is no class of vessels that is closed to them. And as we look at our new national security cutters coming out, they offer many more options in berthing spaces that allow us to look at more opportunities for women. Mr. LaTourette. Thank you very much. Admiral Breckenridge. Yes, sir. Mr. Cummings. Mr. Taylor. Mr. Taylor. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, for holding this hearing. It is certainly an eye opener to have the opportunity to look at the different academies and what percentages. It should not surprise anyone that the military academy leads the way in the greatest diversity. Ms. Breckenridge, I want to get to something the Chairman brought up. As a former Coastie, when Congressman Oberstar first proposed that Members of Congress should be allowed to nominate people, at first I was a little taken aback. And the more I thought about and the more I look around the House Floor, at the diversity on the House Floor where we are selected by 700,000 Americans all over the Country who pick a Congressman, and quite often Congressmen tend to nominate people that they are comfortable with, that they think would be good officers. My personal view, having thought about this, is that we would expand your pool of recruiters by 535, that the analogy that Mr. LaTourette was talking about, I see it every year. I have at least 20 great kids for 5 slots that I am promised, and I guarantee that if one of those great kids, if I said, you know what, the only slot I have open is the Coast Guard Academy, will you take it? I guarantee one of those 14 that are left out, or 15 that are left out, would jump at the opportunity. I think the Coast Guard Academy would get some great kids that didn't know of the opportunity or that you didn't get a chance to know just because of your limited resources. So having stated my opinion now on Mr. Oberstar's proposal, I am curious, what is the Commandant's opinion? Admiral Breckenridge. Sir, I would be happy to give you my opinion. Mr. Taylor. Okay. Admiral Breckenridge. I don't want to put words in the Commandant's mouth. Mr. Taylor. But it is obviously easier to pass something that regards the Coast Guard if the Commandant is in favor of it. Admiral Breckenridge. Yes, sir. The organization does feel that we see barriers in there, and the barriers are, first of all, it is an extended application process. In the environment in which you compete for youth today, anything that has multiple numbers of steps and takes a long period of time creates a barrier. And, quite frankly, there are students who won't apply. I think one of the reasons the other---- Mr. Taylor. Admiral, you haven't answered my question. Specifically to the Oberstar proposal to allow Members of Congress to nominate young people to the Coast Guard Academy, has the Coast Guard taken a position? Admiral Breckenridge. Our position is that we prefer the system that we have today, sir. Mr. Taylor. I am sorry to hear that, for all the reasons that I just outlined and for the reasons that the Chairman held this hearing. I happen to think, in retrospect, that Mr. Oberstar's proposal has a heck of a lot of merit. Admiral Breckenridge. Well, we hope, sir, that---- Mr. Taylor. And, by the way, works with the Merchant Marine Academy, which is about the same size as your academy. Admiral Breckenridge. Sir, we would be happy to provide for the record the statistics between the academies, because we don't believe the statistics show that, sir. [Information follows:] [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] 45024.026 Mr. Taylor. Well, okay, please correct me, because what I am looking at is the Merchant Marine Academy. Typical class is about 285. Coast Guard Academy, typical class around 200. That is not a whole lot of difference. I can see the difference between yourself and the Air Force Academy. Admiral Breckenridge. Yes, sir. Yes, sir, I think we are doing slightly better than the Merchant Marine Academy. If you look at African Americans, we are doing better than the Merchant Marine Academy. With Asians we are doing better than the Merchant Marine Academy. With Hispanics we are doing better than the Merchant Marine Academy. With Native Americans---- Mr. Taylor. Admiral, I thought your point was that, again, with 535 additional recruiters and the fact that you are only going to have about 200 to a class, that could complicate things, and I understand that. But apparently the Merchant Marine Academy handles that problem I guess at least to the satisfaction of most of the Members of Congress who are nominating people. Admiral Breckenridge. Sir, I can't speak to how Congress views that. I certainly respect that opinion. It would be our hope, sir, that since we do demonstrate that, at this point, with the system we have, that we are doing better, that working with Congress to look at the AIM program and expanding the understanding and opportunity that exists at the Academy, that we would do better than the other academies overall with the open system for competition that we have for the Academy. Mr. Taylor. I see the yellow light, so just for the heck of it, who serves on your selection committee now? How big a committee is it? What is the breakdown between active service and retirees? What is the breakdown by rank? Or does it fluctuate year from year? Admiral Breckenridge. I would be happy to provide that for the record, sir. Mr. Taylor. You don't know? Admiral Breckenridge. I don't have that at my fingertips, no, sir. Mr. Taylor. Could you give me a rough guess? Admiral Breckenridge. No, sir, I would not want to do that for the record. I would be happy to provide that, sir, for you. [Information follows:] [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] 45024.027 Mr. Taylor. Have you ever served on one of these boards? Admiral Breckenridge. I have not served on one of the boards. Mr. Taylor. How about you, Chief? Chief Isherwood. No, sir, I have not served on one of those boards. Mr. Taylor. Okay. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Mr. Cummings. Thank you very much. Mr. Coble. Mr. Coble. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Admiral, it is good to have you and the Master Chief with us. Admiral, you may have touched on this earlier, but let me ask you this question; and I am talking about specific numbers. Let me, first of all, define minority enrollment. I guess when we say minority enrollment, it probably applies to any applicant who is not a male Caucasian. Is that accurate? Admiral Breckenridge. Sir, we do not include women as a minority; we track women separately. Mr. Coble. All right, let me go back to my question. How does the U.S. Coast Guard Academy minority enrollment compare with other academies? I think you just, in response to Mr. Taylor, said it was favorable. Do you have specific numbers? If not, I would like for you to make those available to us. Admiral Breckenridge. I would be happy to provide those for the record. I do have the percentages in front of me, and what I will say is that when you look at women, for a number of years the Coast Guard has far exceeded any of the other academies. Mr. Coble. Now, do you all maintain separate numbers as to females, African American, Hispanics? Do you break it down that thoroughly? Admiral Breckenridge. Yes, sir, we can. [Information follows:] [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] 45024.028 Mr. Coble. And you can make those numbers available to us? Admiral Breckenridge. Yes, sir, we can. Mr. Coble. All right. You may have touched on this with Mr. LaTourette and Mr. Taylor. How does the current application process compare to those that are in place at the Merchant Marine Academy, which is comparable student body number-wise to you all, and the other service academies whose student bodies are probably more than four times the enrollment at the Coast Guard Academy? Admiral Breckenridge. As we talked to the Merchant Marine Academy and look at their process, I think that we are able to do early acceptances, which although the other academies do, we can float our numbers with much more ease, and I think we move through the process much faster than they do. Mr. Coble. Now, to reiterate, Admiral, to make sure I am reading it correctly, you did say that the Coast Guard Academy compares favorably with all the other academies. Admiral Breckenridge. I was comparing the Coast Guard Academy, sir, to the Merchant Marine Academy. There is no question, if you look at some of the other academies, that in some arenas they are doing better than we are if you look at specific categories. Specifically, if you look at Hispanics, the Naval Academy is doing much better than all the other services right now. So it goes category by category, sir. Where the Coast Guard stands out is with women, sir. Mr. Coble. All right, how many minority officers have been advanced to Flag rank in the last three years? Admiral Breckenridge. Right now we have one African American Flag officer, sir, we have two Hispanics and we have five women. Mr. Coble. All right. Finally, Admiral, do you or the Master Chief have any accounts you can share with us regarding recruiting under-represented groups of officers, enlisted, civilians, reservists, et cetera, to share with the Committee? Admiral Breckenridge. Yes, sir. As I had mentioned, the AIM program certainly, I think as we look at our college scholarship programs we have, of which the CSPI, or the College Student Precommissioning Initiative opportunity that exists, I think that we don't have more people apply just simply because people don't know of the opportunities. We are a small service and our reach only goes so far, so I think that is one of our challenges and why we want to put a resource on the Hill to work with Congress to look at the opportunities that exist in your districts. The other opportunity that exists is as we look at the Coast Guard Academy, we have renewed the Board of Visitors that we have, which we have asked Members of Congress to serve on, and certainly through that venue we would look at Congress to help us with recruiting and leveraging opportunities without a formal nomination process. Mr. Coble. Thank you both. Mr. Chairman, with your permission, I have a Judiciary meeting I have to attend, but thank you again for having held this hearing. Mr. Cummings. Thank you very much. Rear Admiral, before we get to Congresswoman Richardson, let me just make sure I am clear on something. You said something that is going to keep me awake tonight. You said that you have 200 people, and you said that if you got 15 from the same high school, there is nothing wrong with that, pretty much. I see a lot wrong with that, when we have got hundreds of high schools. I mean, I probably have, in my one Congressional district, about 50. Hear me, now. And if there is nothing wrong with, out of a class of 200, 15 coming from the same high school, I mean, it should concern all of us. And let me tell you what is bothering me. When the proposal that Mr. Taylor was talking about was floated, we got a lot of response on that proposal, and a lot of those responses, it appeared--I am just telling you what I got--was a group of people who basically have legacy situations going on. You have a lot of people who love the Coast Guard. Don't get me wrong, there are a lot of wonderful people coming from wonderful States. But this can be the situation from now until I am in Heaven for 200 years. At some point, just because--I mean, if you have a few States that seem to be getting all the folks, we cannot use an excuse that it is a small situation. Taxpayers' dollars are paying every dime, every dime for that academy, and if it is small and we don't have the budget, we need to work together to make sure people know about the Academy and know about these opportunities. There is no excuse for us, all of us. And I am not knocking the Coast Guard, but it bothers me if somebody tells me that it would not bother them if, out of 200 kids, 15 of them came from that same high school, when I have 50 high schools in my district. Admiral Breckenridge. Mr. Chairman---- Mr. Cummings. And we have 435 districts. I would be so upset I wouldn't know what to do, if I were in your position. I am just curious, did I miss something? I am quiet; I want to hear it. Admiral Breckenridge. Mr. Chairman, if I may revise my answer. Mr. Cummings. Please. Admiral Breckenridge. The intent of my response, Mr. Chairman, was right now each Congressman and Congresswoman has a set number of nominations. If, from your district, sir, we were to have--and I heard one of the questions, that there was an over-subscribing for Naval Academy, too many apply for that. If, within that, those were the top candidates, there is no barrier for whatever portion of that over-subscription entering the Academy to enter the Coast Guard Academy. And, yes, sir, we would be concerned if we had 15 from one high school. I did talk about the fact that we are homogenous, and that represents a category of homogenous thinking coming out of any one institution. So, yes, we do want broader representation, Mr. Chairman. Mr. Cummings. I am sorry. Ms. Richardson, please. Ms. Richardson. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I am going to build upon what the Chairman was just saying, and also Mr. Taylor here. Ma'am, Rear Admiral, to say that you are doing better than some other academy, in my opinion, is not good enough, and let me tell you why. African Americans, you have 7 out of 206. That is 3.3 percent. I don't think you should be striving for being better than some other academy. You should be striving to do a good job. And whether that happens to be 10 points better than another academy or 20 points better, so be it. But you shouldn't set yourself to a standard that, in my opinion, is unacceptable. Total minorities, you have 29 out of 206. That is 14 percent. This Country right now is almost 50 percent minority. So for you saying you are proud about being 14 percent to us is not reflective of what this Nation is about. So when you just said you are happy to have top candidates, what makes a person a top candidate? Admiral Breckenridge. Ma'am, if I may go back to my opening statement, where I set the three cornerstones of why we think we need to be more diverse, I did address the issues. We are not satisfied with where we are right now, and I stated that emphatically in my oral statement. I don't think we should be bound by numbers. We are not reflective of the American public and we need to be reflective of the American public. We would like to be the best, the most diverse organization, because we think that will make us serve the American public and our Nation even better. So we are not satisfied with where we are. Ms. Richardson. So then your opening statement should be consistent with the answers to your questions, because the answer to the question was not consistent with that. Let me build upon, because you haven't answered my question yet, so let me drill down even further. Is it important to know how to swim to be in the Coast Guard? Admiral Breckenridge. We do have swimming requirements that come in at our assession programs, but we will teach people how to swim. Ms. Richardson. Okay. Let me tell you something about that. My district, my former city council district, I have one swimming pool. And kids fight to get into that swimming pool, literally fight to get into it. So you say, oh, we will teach people. Okay. So if a young person has an opportunity to choose between going into the Marines or West Point or wherever they are going to go, and they have got to come to the Coast Guard and learn how to swim, where they have never in their lives had an opportunity to swim, you are not comparing apples to apples here; and that is what some of my colleagues are talking about. When you talk about it is okay to get top candidates from whatever school, you know, Chadwick in California, where they might have a swimming pool on every corner, and then you come to my district, where maybe we might only have one or two swimming pools, it is difficult for that candidate pool to rise to the level. Let's talk about grades. In my district, Los Angeles Unified School District, the second largest school district in the Country, they speak over 200 languages. So to say Joe Blow kid has the same opportunity as someone else is not always the case. So what we are striving to help you understand is, by being Members of Congress, by being representative of our public, we have a good sense of what some of these challenges are and maybe some good suggestions of how we can work with you to better equalize the pool that you have. Admiral Breckenridge. Ma'am, we would welcome your insights. And if I don't appear receptive, then I am not communicating well, because I am receptive. We do want to broaden out. But the reality, if I can just talk about the Academy. It is not an entry requirement to be able to swim. I personally was not a strong swimmer. Had I been around water--I had seen water, I had been at the ocean, but I was not a swimmer when I entered the Coast Guard. In fact, at Officer Candidate School I was put in remedial swimming. It is a requirement, because we operate in and around the water, that I at least be able to save myself if something happened to me when I am in the water. Now, beyond that, for some of our ratings, our rescue swimmers obviously have to be very strong swimmers. To go specifically to the question that you asked about, what makes someone competitive, what we use at the Academy, what is called the whole person concept. It is true that we have a strong academic requirement. I talked about people having a strong foundation in math. Our first semester at the Academy, they have to take 21 hours. That is the most stringent of any of the academies. And we lose students at the end of the first year due to academics. We want to make sure that we are selecting people and preparing people to be successful. But it isn't just looking at SAT scores, ACT scores, or what high school they come from. We look at what kinds of activities are they in. We look at the leadership opportunities that they have looked at. And when we compare what high schools they come from, as I am sure you aware, ma'am, there are a number of normative skills that allow you to look across high schools. What we are really looking for is if they have the foundation, because we want them to be successful. If they don't, if it doesn't look like that at the start, to get right in the Academy, we talk to them about our preparatory programs and whether they would be interested in those opportunities. Ms. Richardson. Excuse me. I am 35 seconds over, so let me close with this point. I am not suggesting that members of the Coast Guard don't need to know how to swim. Clearly, they do. What I am trying to explain to you is I am a good movie buff. For example, I saw The Guardian. And if I am a kid who doesn't know how to swim or has limited swimming ability, that kid may hesitate to go to your academy, versus another one, just from what they have seen and what they have watched. And what we are trying to explain to you is that by having a greater degree of outreach, by having a greater degree of involvement of your Members of Congress, if we--Mr. Taylor asked you, point blank, would you be supportive of us being involved in your process in terms of applications and the answer was no. So my point to you is what we are trying to convey to you is by our involvement, we can help you from an outreach perspective to help young people to understand what they can do to prepare so they will be open to consider your academy and to be better applicants when they do apply. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Mr. Cummings. Thank you. Admiral Breckenridge. Mr. Chairman, may I respond? Mr. Cummings. Yes. Admiral Breckenridge. I appreciate that very much and we welcome your assistance. We welcome applicants through the Members of Congress. I think where we have a difference is whether it has to be through a nomination process to make the difference that we are talking about. I believe we all have the same goal of opening these opportunities up to find every American out there who aspires to become a member of any part of our services, that we afford the visibility of those opportunities and the opportunity to access those opportunities. So we welcome that. Ms. Richardson. Do you have an urban recruitment plan? Admiral Breckenridge. That is our SMART program, ma'am. Ms. Richardson. You do. I would like to see some info about it. Thank you. Mr. Cummings. How much money do you have in your budget for recruitment, do you know? Admiral Breckenridge. I don't have the Academy figures right in front of me, but it is $18 million for our recruiting command. That is what is in their budget. Mr. Cummings. So, in other words, $18 million to recruit 200 people? Admiral Breckenridge. No, sir. That is our total requirements across--that is predominantly for our enlisted and our non-Academy sources, both officer, enlisted, and civilian, sir. Mr. Cummings. All right. One of the things, as we get to Mr. Gilchrest, you know, I know that you have concerns about the proposal that Mr. Oberstar and I submitted, but I want you to understand. You said something a moment ago about how you would hope that the Congress would have some effect with regard to sitting on the board and what have you. And that may be true, but let me tell you what happens here, say, for example, in my district. I am able to reach people that you will never reach. Hello? Admiral Breckenridge. Yes, Mr. Chairman. We agree with that. Mr. Cummings. I am just telling you I am able to reach people that you will never reach. I don't care how much money you have, you will never reach them. And so what congress people are able to do is reach into a neighbor like the one I live in, in the inner city of Baltimore, and see that little fellow and actually almost recruit him for, say, the Naval Academy or what have you. So if you have 435 of us, plus, reaching and pulling folks that might not even normally even consider the Coast Guard, that is very, very significant, and I don't think that that needs to be downplayed, because it is very serious. Now, the money that you have, $18 million, I realize that is supposed to be spread amongst a lot of responsibilities, but, again, I think, just to kind of pooh-pooh the proposal which is similar to the one that we use for the Naval Academy, the Army, and all the other academies, I think we need to be very careful with that because, again, what we want is a very diverse corps of leaders. We live in a diverse Country, so it makes sense for the morale of the institution. But it makes sense for something else: It makes sense to make sure that somebody has something that they can even dream about. Basically what you have said here, to some degree, is that they don't even have it to dream about because they don't know about it. Admiral Breckenridge. I concur, Mr. Chairman. And we do want those---- Mr. Cummings. I am sorry? Admiral Breckenridge. I concur, Mr. Chairman. We do want those individuals to have dreams. Mr. Cummings. And I don't even know your story. I don't know your story, but I am sure that at some point somebody introduced the Coast Guard to you, or you would not be the great officer that you are today. Somebody had to give that to a young 18 year old who may not have even been thinking about military. I don't know. Admiral Breckenridge. Yes, sir. Mr. Cummings. But you are here today. Admiral Breckenridge. I am. Mr. Cummings. But the problem that I have is that if we don't open up and show people things, and show young people things, they will go a lifetime not developing into a rear admiral and, therefore, depriving themselves of certain development and depriving us as a Country and the world of the gifts that they bring. Admiral Breckenridge. Yes, Mr. Chairman, or not even considering the opportunity that might exist. Mr. Cummings. That is right. Admiral Breckenridge. And, again, we welcome the partnership. We would like the candidates from Members of Congress. Mr. Cummings. I got you. Admiral Breckenridge. Our view is whether it has to be at the point of a nomination. Could we not take it up to that point and use a different process? Does it have to be the nomination for Congress to reach out and help us provide that visibility? And, if I may, Mr. Chairman, beyond just the Academy, remember, the Academy, although it is more significant than the other services, is only 50 percent of our officer corps; the rest of it comes from within our workforce and the seven other programs that we have that go to collegiate institutions. The reason the 70 percent is so high or is at 70 percent for the Academy is because we don't compete as well. We get some very fine individuals who do have dreams and want to join the Coast Guard, and they are successful with that. But we are not getting the diversity that we need from those institutions, or from the pools that we are getting, not just the institutions--it is not their fault. And when we look at the scholarship programs that we offer to students at the two-year point through our CSPI program, where we will pay the remainder of their college for them and they will go directly to the Officer Candidate School, we would love to have some assistance finding some additional candidates for all of those programs, so not just the Academy. Also, our enlisted force. While we are doing well, 30 to 39 percent, should we be satisfied with that? Absolutely not. So we would welcome any increase across any part of our workforce, including our civilian workforce. Mr. Cummings. Mr. Gilchrest. Mr. Taylor. Mr. Chairman, could I ask what I hope would be a timely follow-up? Mr. Cummings. Mr. Taylor, yes. Mr. Taylor. Admiral, I am going to throw four names at you: Commandant Mundy, CNO Mike Border, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs Colin Powell, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs Shali Kashvili. All got to the top of their careers through sources other than their respective academies. I am curious, in the Coast Guard, your last three commandants, were they all Academy grads? Admiral Breckenridge. Yes, sir, I believe they were. Mr. Taylor. The point is, Mr. Chairman, is an opportunity to be an officer about to get to the top---- Admiral Breckenridge. I would point out that Vice Admiral Cray is not. Mr. Taylor. Okay. Admiral Breckenridge. Nor am I, sir. Mr. Taylor. Okay, thank you very much. Mr. Cummings. Mr. Gilchrest, I want to thank you for your patience. Mr. Gilchrest. That is the Eastern shore, Elijah. We are patient over there. We wait for the sun to come up before we milk those cows. And Mr. Cummings publicly announced his assumption that he is going to Heaven, so I just wanted all of us to recognize that. [Laughter.] Mr. Gilchrest. That is confidence, Elijah. I will say I keep in touch with the people I served with in Vietnam. I was in the Marine Corps, and I remember the swimming classes were not very pleasant back then, but we learned how to swim. The people from all across the Country--urban, rural, suburban--they put you in those cattle cars, ran you down to the pool and they threw you in with all your gear on. But the fellow I was talking to, Sergeant Bathurst, he stayed in the Marine Corps for 36 years, retired as a colonel. This is a travesty, I suppose, to say if there is any old jarheads in the room, but he and I both agree that if we had it to start all over again, we would have gone into the Coast Guard. And what he is doing to his grandchildren is encouraging them, if they have the proclivity or the motivation to go into a military service, is to go into the Coast Guard, because we remember as former Marines 40 years ago, we used to train and train and train. And we went to Vietnam, we went to the Dominican Republic, we did these other things, but you spend months sometimes just training. The Coast Guard, when they train, they are out there on the high seas and they are enforcing fishing laws, they are saving lives. By the way, I know the Chairman mentioned this about the Coast Guard people that were lost in the Pacific, and I just wanted to add my condolences to them and to the Coast Guard service for all of that. One other quick comment, though, to the Master Chief. You said that this was a once in a lifetime opportunity to testify before Congress. Am I missing something? You don't have enough opportunities? Should you go down to the Antarctic and get on that icebreaker? You needed to come to the--I am just kidding. I am in a rare mood this afternoon. Chief Isherwood. I would like to answer that, sir. Mr. Gilchrest. Yes, sir. Chief Isherwood. If you can get me on an icebreaker in Antarctica, I would take it right today. Mr. Gilchrest. Okay. Chief Isherwood. Going further, I didn't say once in a lifetime, I said an opportunity of a lifetime. Mr. Gilchrest. Oh, all right. Okay. I agree. But the point is what we are trying to do here, what the Committee is trying to do is to figure out, and you are trying to figure out, how we can enhance the diversity, a reflection of this great Country, which is in essence, to quote Walt Whitman, our Country is the race of races. We represent the diversity of the world, and it is that diversity that makes us who we are as a Nation and can actually reflect, I think, and enhance the bounty of ingenuity, courage, intellect, and initiative of any branch of service. I experienced that when I was in the service. So if you could just ponder, and maybe answer it now or think about it and come back to us later, other than all of the various methods that you are trying to use to find those young people in inner cities that don't know how to swim and are afraid of water, but maybe make great Coast Guard officers, is there a way to sort of think out of the box for some hybrid nomination process for the Coast Guard that this Congress that is willing to move forward on this would like to help you out with? Admiral Breckenridge. Sir, we have actually provided some drafting assistance with some language on a hybrid, should that be the desire of Congress. Mr. Gilchrest. Thank you very much. Admiral Breckenridge. If I may, sir, the question you asked or the comment you made about opportunities for individuals, and particularly in the inner city, I would like to point out that we could also use assistance with our civilian workforce. As we look at opportunities that exist, much of the conversation here has focused on the military component. We have 7,500, and growing, civilians in our population who don't have to go to sea. Now, some of them, certainly, we have contractors who go to sea and support; sometimes they go out in a support mode and do in fact deploy with our units. But we have many, many different kinds of opportunities and we could certainly use enhanced diversity in that population also, sir. Mr. Gilchrest. Well, thank you very much for your service and your informative testimony, both of you. Admiral Breckenridge. Thank you very much, sir. Mr. Gilchrest. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Mr. Cummings. Thank you. Tell me, what are your specific objectives? You know, you talked a lot about the CSPI program and we have gotten a number of memos from the Coast Guard generally talking about what they wanted to do as far as reaching out. Do you have some goals? I mean, there is not a lot that I agreed with Ronald Reagan about, but he did say how do you say something and verify? I want to make sure that if there is--that there should be some kind of accountability. I am trying to figure out where we are going with all of this. Do you follow me? Admiral Breckenridge. I am not following your question, Mr. Chairman. Mr. Cummings. In other words, what I am saying to you is that what are the specific objectives that are to be achieved through the partnering of a Flag officer or SES staff member with a minority-serving, Hispanic-serving, or Tribal Council institution? The Navy challenges their senior officers not just to visit minority schools, but to recruit minority officers for their service. What is the Coast Guard doing to challenge each Flag officer and commanding officer of your major units, such as air stations, sectors, cutters, buoy tenders, et cetera? Private corporations, in many instances, part of their promotion scheme is they look to see how diverse their managers are, how their managers are doing with regard to diversity and promotions and what have you. I am just wondering do you have objectives. I mean, are we just sort of flying by the seat of our pants or do we have some objectives here? Admiral Breckenridge. Sir, as we look at this outreach initiative, it is building on some of the past experiences that we have had in working with minority-serving institutions. Our initial goal is to go in at the senior level of the institution and begin working with them down through the deans to make sure that they are aware of opportunities within the Coast Guard, especially our scholarship programs. We think we have something to offer these institutions and we are looking for opportunities for the institutions to work with and help us as we look at the diversity, and opportunities to help those young people you were describing, Mr. Chairman, to look at their dreams and see whether the Coast Guard is part of their dream and if we can help make that dream a reality. With that, quite frankly, our Flags and SESes are all very nice people, very smart people, but we are not relevant to a student population. So in addition to the Flag and SES, we are going to have mid-grade and junior officers linked up for relevancy to that workforce or to that student population that can answer their questions, that can avail them of the opportunities that exist, that can mentor them or invite them to visit our units and so forth. We are going to focus initially on two-year institutions. We have a list of schools that we are looking to work at for the reorientation of our CSPI program, Mr. Chairman, as well as we are very much focused on two-year institutions as a feeder to our Coast Guard Academy, which we believe no other academy has a program like that; that they will go in and set up a relationship with a two-year school that at the one-year point we would select students. We tried it with four-year institutions and, quite understandably, they are interested in those students continuing and graduating from their schools. At a two-year institution, those institutions are looking for their student populations to go on to a four-year college and complete their degrees, hopefully, or they will go out into the workforce. We would like to afford the opportunity for some portion of that population to understand the opportunities that exist at the Coast Guard Academy and, after one year, go to the Coast Guard Academy and complete their degree there, Mr. Chairman. Mr. Cummings. Let me conclude this hearing by saying this, that one of the things that I think as you get older and you begin to face your own mortality and you begin to look at people who had been on the battlefield of civil rights for a long time and then they die. They die. They fight, they fight and fight, and then they die. And then a new group of soldiers comes along to fight the fight. What I am getting at is the reason why I asked about goals is because we can be sitting here 30 years from now making these same arguments. I won't be here, I will be gone. In some kind of way I think it helps to have something. I mean, we can talk from now until forever, but the question is, what are we doing or what do we have in place to measure what we are doing so that we know that there is progress being made? What are the specific programs? I understand that there are some things that people will benefit from perhaps some things the Coast Guard may do and they may not end up in the Coast Guard. I understand that. But at the same time our goal is to get more people, get a more diverse force. So I don't know how you do that without having some type of measuring tool. I just don't. Admiral Breckenridge. Yes, Mr. Chairman. Mr. Cummings. And so far--I am going to be very frank with you--I have not, maybe I missed it, maybe I wasn't listening carefully, but I haven't heard anything about a measuring tool out of everything you have said, every syllable. I think you have been very forceful. I think you have carried the weight for the Coast Guard very nicely, and I have tried to be polite. I am not usually this polite in other hearings. Admiral Breckenridge. I appreciate this, Mr. Chairman. Mr. Cummings. But, to be honest with you, I am getting a little frustrated because I don't feel--I guess I don't want to waste my time and I don't want to waste yours, nor do I want to waste the Committee's time, but I just feel like we have gotten a lot, you have said a lot, but I don't know where we are going with it and how we measure it. All right? Admiral Breckenridge. Mr. Chairman, if I may, let me provide you some tangible numbers. Mr. Cummings. Sure. Admiral Breckenridge. We have 61 tabs for our College Student Precommissioning Initiative. That is not as diverse a pool as we want. I was very involved in that when I was at the Recruiting Command and, in fact, I was responsible for expanding it to its current definition. It is now yielding an outcome. While we get some very good people, it is not getting us into those very neighborhoods and that very exposure, sir, that you talked to us about. So I look at the CSPI program, I want that more than 50 percent. In fact, my goal is to get it up to 60 to 75 percent. If I look at the tabs that we are currently using for the preparatory program for the Coast Guard Academy, I believe that we should be at least at 70 to 75 percent of those being other than white males, sir. So is that specific enough for you, Mr. Chairman? Mr. Cummings. That is better. That is much better. And if you have anything else--we are going to have to end this hearing. I am going to have to end the hearing, but I may follow up with a few questions. But thank you all very much. Admiral Breckenridge. Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman. And thank you to the Committee. Mr. Cummings. This ends the hearing. Thank you. 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