[Title 50 CFR ]
[Code of Federal Regulations (annual edition) - October 1, 2024 Edition]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
[[Page i]]
Title 50
Wildlife and Fisheries
________________________
Parts 1 to 16
Revised as of October 1, 2024
Containing a codification of documents of general
applicability and future effect
As of October 1, 2024
Published by the Office of the Federal Register
National Archives and Records Administration as a
Special Edition of the Federal Register
[[Page ii]]
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[[Page iii]]
Table of Contents
Page
Explanation................................................. v
Title 50:
Chapter I--United States Fish and Wildlife Service,
Department of the Interior 3
Finding Aids:
Table of CFR Titles and Chapters........................ 141
Alphabetical List of Agencies Appearing in the CFR...... 161
List of CFR Sections Affected........................... 171
[[Page iv]]
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Cite this Code: CFR
To cite the regulations in
this volume use title,
part and section number.
Thus, 50 CFR 1.1 refers to
title 50, part 1, section
1.
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[[Page v]]
EXPLANATION
The Code of Federal Regulations is a codification of the general and
permanent rules published in the Federal Register by the Executive
departments and agencies of the Federal Government. The Code is divided
into 50 titles which represent broad areas subject to Federal
regulation. Each title is divided into chapters which usually bear the
name of the issuing agency. Each chapter is further subdivided into
parts covering specific regulatory areas.
Each volume of the Code is revised at least once each calendar year
and issued on a quarterly basis approximately as follows:
Title 1 through Title 16.................................as of January 1
Title 17 through Title 27..................................as of April 1
Title 28 through Title 41...................................as of July 1
Title 42 through Title 50................................as of October 1
The appropriate revision date is printed on the cover of each
volume.
LEGAL STATUS
The contents of the Federal Register are required to be judicially
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HOW TO USE THE CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS
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To determine whether a Code volume has been amended since its
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EFFECTIVE AND EXPIRATION DATES
Each volume of the Code contains amendments published in the Federal
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OMB CONTROL NUMBERS
The Paperwork Reduction Act of 1980 (Pub. L. 96-511) requires
Federal agencies to display an OMB control number with their information
collection request.
[[Page vi]]
Many agencies have begun publishing numerous OMB control numbers as
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PAST PROVISIONS OF THE CODE
Provisions of the Code that are no longer in force and effect as of
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``[RESERVED]'' TERMINOLOGY
The term ``[Reserved]'' is used as a place holder within the Code of
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INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE
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This material, like any other properly issued regulation, has the force
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(a) The incorporation will substantially reduce the volume of
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(b) The matter incorporated is in fact available to the extent
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(c) The incorporating document is drafted and submitted for
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What if the material incorporated by reference cannot be found? If
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that volume.
[[Page vii]]
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Oliver A. Potts,
Director,
Office of the Federal Register
October 1, 2024
[[Page ix]]
THIS TITLE
Title 50--Wildlife and Fisheries is composed of thirteen volumes.
The parts in these volumes are arranged in the following order: Parts 1-
16; part 17 (17.1 to 17.95(a)), part 17 (17.95(b)), part 17 (17.95(c) to
(e)), part 17 (17.95(f) to end of 17.95), part 17 (17.96 to 17.98), part
17 (17.99(a) to (h)), part 17 (17.99(i) to end of part 17), parts 18-
199, parts 200-227, parts 228-599, parts 600-659, and part 660 to end.
The first nine volumes consist of parts 1-16, part 17 (17.1 to
17.95(a)), part 17 (17.95(b)), part 17 (17.95(c) to (e)), part 17
(17.95(f) to end of 17.95), part 17 (17.96 to 17.98), part 17 (17.99(a)
to 17.99(h)), part 17 (17.99(i) to end of part 17), and parts 18-199 and
contain the current regulations issued under chapter I--United States
Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of the Interior. The tenth volume
(parts 200-227) contains the current regulations issued under chapter
II--National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, Department of Commerce. The eleventh volume (parts 228-
599) contains the remaining current regulations issued under chapter
II--National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, Department of Commerce; and the current regulations
issued under chapter III--International Fishing and Related Activities;
chapter IV--Joint Regulations (United States Fish and Wildlife Service,
Department of the Interior and National Marine Fisheries Service,
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of
Commerce); Endangered Species Committee regulations; and chapter V--
Marine Mammal Commission. The twelfth and thirteenth volumes (parts 600-
659 and part 660 to end) contain the current regulations issued under
chapter VI--Fishery Conservation and Management, National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce. The contents of
these volumes represent all current regulations codified under this
title of the CFR as of October 1, 2024.
Alphabetical listings of endangered and threatened wildlife and
plants appear in Sec. Sec. 17.11 and 17.12.
The OMB control numbers for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration appear in 15 CFR 902.1.
For this volume, Cheryl E. Sirofchuck was Chief Editor. The Code of
Federal Regulations publication program is under the direction of John
Hyrum Martinez, assisted by Stephen J. Frattini.
[[Page 1]]
TITLE 50--WILDLIFE AND FISHERIES
(This book contains parts 1 to 16)
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Part
chapter i--United States Fish and Wildlife Service,
Department of the Interior................................ 1
[[Page 3]]
CHAPTER I--UNITED STATES FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE
INTERIOR
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SUBCHAPTER A--GENERAL PROVISIONS
Part Page
1 Definitions................................. 5
2 Agency organization and locations........... 5
3 Nondiscrimination--contracts, permits, and
use of facilities....................... 7
SUBCHAPTER B--TAKING, POSSESSION, TRANSPORTATION, SALE, PURCHASE,
BARTER, EXPORTATION, AND IMPORTATION OF WILDLIFE AND PLANTS
10 General provisions.......................... 8
11 Civil procedures............................ 49
12 Seizure and forfeiture procedures........... 54
13 General permit procedures................... 68
14 Importation, exportation, and transportation
of wildlife............................. 82
15 Wild Bird Conservation Act.................. 113
16 Injurious wildlife.......................... 126
[[Page 5]]
SUBCHAPTER A_GENERAL PROVISIONS
PART 1_DEFINITIONS--Table of Contents
Sec.
1.1 Meaning of terms.
1.2 Authorized representative.
1.3 Service.
1.4 Director.
1.5 Officer in Charge.
1.6 Person.
1.7 Regional director.
1.8 Secretary.
Authority: 5 U.S.C. 301.
Source: 31 FR 16002, Dec. 15, 1966, unless otherwise noted.
Sec. 1.1 Meaning of terms.
As used in this chapter, unless separately defined, terms shall have
the meaning ascribed in this part.
Sec. 1.2 Authorized representative.
Authorized representative means the subordinate official to which a
principal official has delegated authority to act on a particular matter
or a class of matters. The Director, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is
frequently the authorized representative of the Secretary of the
Interior, as also may be a regional director or an officer in charge of
a Service field installation.
Sec. 1.3 Service.
Service means the United States Fish and Wildlife Service,
Department of the Interior.
Sec. 1.4 Director.
Director means the Director, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service or the
authorized representative of such official.
[48 FR 44833, Sept. 30, 1983]
Sec. 1.5 Officer in Charge.
Officer in Charge means any person in charge of a national fish
hatchery, national wildlife refuge, research center, or other U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service installation, or the authorized representative of
such official.
[48 FR 44833, Sept. 30, 1983]
Sec. 1.6 Person.
Person means an individual, club, association, partnership,
corporation, or private or public body, any one or all, as the context
requires.
Sec. 1.7 Regional director.
Regional director means the official in charge of a region of the
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service or the authorized representative of such
official.
[48 FR 44833, Sept. 30, 1983]
Sec. 1.8 Secretary.
Secretary means the Secretary of the Interior or the authorized
representative of such official.
[48 FR 44833, Sept. 30, 1983]
PART 2_AGENCY ORGANIZATION AND LOCATIONS--Table of Contents
Sec.
2.1 Headquarters.
2.2 Regional offices.
Authority: 5 U.S.C. 301.
Sec. 2.1 Headquarters.
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is composed of a main office in
the Washington, DC, area, referred to as ``Headquarters''; eight
regional offices, which are described in Sec. 2.2; and a variety of
field installations, a nationwide network of law enforcement agents, and
a number of field study teams for biological and ecological activities.
Headquarters includes the Office of the Director, as well as program
areas headed by Assistant Directors.
(a) The address for the Office of the Director is: Office of the
Director, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Main Interior, 1849 C Street
NW., Room 3331, Washington, DC 20240-0001.
(b) The address of Headquarters program areas is: U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service Headquarters, MS: [Insert appropriate Mail Stop from
table], 5275 Leesburg Pike, Falls Church, VA 22041-3803.
[[Page 6]]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Headquarters program Mail stop
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Business Management and Operations............. MS: BMO.
Budget, Planning and Human Capital, including:
Service's Information MS: BPHC.
Collection Clearance Officer.
External Affairs............................... MS: EA.
Ecological Services, Including:
Division of MS: ES.
Environmental Review.
Fish and Aquatic Conservation, including:
Division of Fish and MS: FAC.
Aquatic Conservation Programs.
International Affairs, including:
Division of Management MS: IA.
Authority.
Division of Scientific
Authority.
Information Resource and Technology Management. MS: IRTM.
Migratory Birds, including:
Division of Migratory MS: MB.
Bird Management.
Division of Bird Habitat
Conservation.
National Wildlife Refuge System................ MS: NWRS.
Office of Diversity and Inclusive Workforce MS: ODIWM.
Management.
Office of Law Enforcement...................... MS: OLE.
Science Applications........................... MS: SA.
Wildlife and Sport Fish Restoration............ MS: WSFR.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
[79 FR 43963, July 29, 2014]
Sec. 2.2 Regional offices.
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has eight regional offices that
are responsible for implementing national policies. Each Regional
Director has jurisdiction over Service activities performed by field
installations in the State(s) encompassed by the region. Field
installations include ecological services stations, endangered species
stations, fishery assistance offices, national fish hatcheries, national
wildlife refuges, research laboratories, and wildlife assistance
offices. Unless otherwise stated for a particular matter in the
regulations, all persons may secure from the regional offices
information or make submittals or requests, as well as obtain forms and
instructions as to the scope and contents of papers or reports required
of the public. The geographic jurisdictions and addresses of the U.S.
Fish and Wildlife regional offices are as follows:
(a) Pacific Regional Office (Region 1--comprising the States of
Hawaii, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington; the Commonwealth of the Northern
Mariana Islands; and American Samoa, Guam, and other Pacific
possessions), Eastside Federal Complex, 911 NE. 11th Avenue, Portland,
Oregon 97232.
(b) Southwest Regional Office (Region 2--comprising the States of
Arizona, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas), 500 Gold Avenue SW., Room
9018 (P.O. Box 1306), Albuquerque, New Mexico 87102.
(c) Midwest Regional Office (Region 3--comprising the States of
Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Ohio, and
Wisconsin), 5600 American Boulevard West, Suite 990, Bloomington,
Minnesota 55437.
(d) Southeast Regional Office (Region 4--comprising the States of
Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi,
North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee; the Commonwealth of
Puerto Rico; and the Virgin Islands and Caribbean possessions), 1875
Century Boulevard, Suite 400, Atlanta, Georgia 30345.
(e) Northeast Regional Office (Region 5--comprising the States of
Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire,
New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Virginia, and
West Virginia; and the District of Columbia), 300 Westgate Center Drive,
Hadley, Massachusetts 01035.
(f) Mountain-Prairie Regional Office (Region 6--comprising the
States of Colorado, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South
Dakota, Utah and Wyoming), 134 Union Boulevard (P.O. Box 25486),
Lakewood, Colorado 80228.
(g) Alaska Regional Office (Region 7--comprising the State of
Alaska), 1011 E. Tudor Road, Anchorage, Alaska 99503.
(h) Pacific Southwest Regional Office (Region 8--comprising the
States of California and Nevada), 2800 Cottage
[[Page 7]]
Way, Room W-2606, Sacramento, California 95825.
[78 FR 35151, June 12, 2013, as amended at 79 FR 43963, July 29, 2014]
PART 3_NONDISCRIMINATION_CONTRACTS, PERMITS, AND USE OF FACILITIES-
-Table of Contents
Sec.
3.1 Discrimination prohibited.
3.2 Federal financial assistance.
3.3 Discrimination by contractors and permittees prohibited.
Authority: 5 U.S.C. 301. Interpret or apply sec. 602, 78 Stat. 252;
42 U.S.C. 2000d-1; E.O. 10925, E.O. 11114.
Source: 31 FR 16002, Dec. 15, 1966, unless otherwise noted.
Sec. 3.1 Discrimination prohibited.
No person shall, on the ground of race, color, creed, or national
origin, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or
be otherwise subjected to any form of discrimination or segregation
under any program or activity, or in the use of any facility or
accommodation of the Service.
Sec. 3.2 Federal financial assistance.
The provisions of 43 CFR part 17, which implements title VI of the
Civil Rights Act of 1964, are applicable to any program or activity for
which Federal financial assistance is provided under any law
administered by the Service, including the programs and activities that
are federally assisted under the laws listed in Appendix A of 43 CFR
part 17.
Sec. 3.3 Discrimination by contractors and permittees prohibited.
The provisions of part III of Executive Order 10925 (3 CFR, 1959-
1963 Comp. p. 448) and the provisions of Executive Order 11114 (3 CFR,
1959-1963 Comp. p. 774), as they may be amended, and the regulations of
the President's Council on Equal Opportunity, the President's Committee
on Equal Employment Opportunity, contained in 41 CFR part 60, and the
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission are applicable to all
agreements, or modifications thereof, between the Service and any person
for supplies, services or facilities, or for the use of any Government
property, services or facilities.
(a) Any person who provides public accommodations, facilities,
services, or privileges upon any land under the control or
administration of the Service through a permit, contract, concession
contract, or other form of agreement with the Service is prohibited from
discriminating by segregation or otherwise against any person because of
race, color, creed, or national origin in the furnishing or refusing to
furnish such person any accommodation, facility, service, or privilege
which is offered to or enjoyed by the general public, and will agree to
abide by the prohibitions against discrimination contained in the
permit, contract, or agreement.
(b) Any person who uses, occupies, or possesses any land under the
administration or control of the Service through a permit, contract,
concession contract, or other form of agreement with the Bureau is
prohibited, in conjunction with the acts or activities authorized or
permitted by such permit, contract, or agreement, from discriminating
against any employee or applicant for employment or maintaining any
employment practice which discriminates in any manner because of race,
color, creed, or national origin, and will agree to abide by the
prohibitions against discrimination contained in the permit, contract,
or agreement.
[[Page 8]]
SUBCHAPTER B_TAKING, POSSESSION, TRANSPORTATION, SALE, PURCHASE, BARTER,
EXPORTATION, AND IMPORTATION OF WILDLIFE AND PLANTS
PART 10_GENERAL PROVISIONS--Table of Contents
Subpart A_Introduction
Sec.
10.1 Purpose of regulations.
10.2 Scope of regulations.
10.3 Other applicable laws.
10.4 When regulations apply.
Subpart B_Definitions
10.11 Scope of definitions.
10.12 Definitions.
10.13 List of Birds Protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act.
Subpart C_Addresses
10.21 Director.
10.22 Law enforcement offices.
Authority: 16 U.S.C. 668a-d, 703-712, 742a-j-l, 1361-1384, 1401-
1407, 1531-1543, 3371-3378; 18 U.S.C. 42; 19 U.S.C. 1202.
Source: 38 FR 22015, Aug. 15, 1973, unless otherwise noted.
Subpart A_Introduction
Sec. 10.1 Purpose of regulations.
The regulations of this Subchapter B are promulgated to implement
the following statutes enforced by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
which regulate the taking, possession, transportation, sale, purchase,
barter, exportation, and importation of wildlife:
Lacey Act, 18 U.S.C. 42.
Lacey Act Amendments of 1981, 16 U.S.C. 3371-3378.
Migratory Bird Treaty Act, 16 U.S.C. 703-712.
Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act, 16 U.S.C. 668a-668d.
Endangered Species Act of 1973, 16 U.S.C. 1531-1543.
Tariff Classification Act of 1962, 19 U.S.C. 1202, [Schedule 1, Part
15D, Headnote 2(d), T.S.U.S.].
Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956, 16 U.S.C. 742a-742j-l.
Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972, 16 U.S.C. 1361-1384, 1401-1407.
[38 FR 22015, Aug. 15, 1973, as amended at 53 FR 6649, Mar. 2, 1988]
Sec. 10.2 Scope of regulations.
The various parts of this subchapter B are interrelated, and
particular note should be taken that the parts must be construed with
reference to each other.
Sec. 10.3 Other applicable laws.
No statute or regulation of any State shall be construed to relieve
a person from the restrictions, conditions, and requirements contained
in this subchapter B. In addition, nothing in this subchapter B, nor any
permit issued under this subchapter B, shall be construed to relieve a
person from any other requirements imposed by a statute or regulation of
any State or of the United States, including any applicable health,
quarantine, agricultural, or customs laws or regulations, or other
Service enforced statutes or regulations.
Sec. 10.4 When regulations apply.
The regulations of this subchapter B shall apply to all matters
arising after the effective date of such regulations, with the following
exceptions:
(a) Civil penalty proceedings. Except as otherwise provided in Sec.
11.25, the civil penalty assessment procedures contained in this
subchapter B shall apply only to any proceeding instituted by notice of
violation dated subsequent to the effective date of these regulations,
regardless of when the act or omission which is the basis of a civil
penalty proceeding occurred.
(b) Permits. The regulations in this subchapter B shall apply to any
permit application received after the effective date of the appropriate
regulations in this subchapter B and, insofar as appropriate, to any
permit which is renewed after such effective date.
[38 FR 22015, Aug. 15, 1973, as amended at 39 FR 1159, Jan. 4, 1974]
[[Page 9]]
Subpart B_Definitions
Sec. 10.11 Scope of definitions.
In addition and subject to definitions contained in applicable
statutes and subsequent parts or sections of this subchapter B, words or
their variants shall have the meanings ascribed in this subpart.
Throughout this subchapter B words in the singular form shall include
the plural, words in the plural form shall include the singular, and
words in the masculine form shall include the feminine.
Sec. 10.12 Definitions.
Aircraft means any contrivance used for flight in the air.
Amphibians means a member of the class, Amphibia, including, but not
limited to, frogs, toads, and salamanders; including any part, product,
egg, or offspring thereof, or the dead body or parts thereof (excluding
fossils), whether or not included in a manufactured product or in a
processed food product.
Animal means an organism of the animal kingdom, as distinguished
from the plant kingdom; including any part, product, egg, or offspring
thereof, or the dead body or parts thereof (excluding fossils), whether
or not included in a manufactured product or in a processed food
product.
Birds means a member of the class, Aves; including any part,
product, egg, or offspring thereof, or the dead body or parts thereof
(excluding fossils), whether or not included in a manufactured product
or in a processed food product.
Country of exportation means the last country from which the animal
was exported before importation into the United States.
Country of origin means the country where the animal was taken from
the wild, or the country of natal origin of the animal.
Crustacean means a member of the class, Crustacea, including but not
limited to, crayfish, lobsters, shrimps, crabs, barnacles, and some
terrestrial forms; including any part, product, egg, or offspring
thereof, or the dead body or parts thereof (excluding fossils), whether
or not included in a manufactured product or in a processed food
product.
Director means the Director of the United States Fish and Wildlife
Service, Department of the Interior, or his authorized representative.
Endangered wildlife means any wildlife listed in Sec. 17.11 or
Sec. 17.12 of this subchapter.
Fish means a member of any of the following classes:
(1) Cyclostomata, including, but not limited to, hagfishes and
lampreys;
(2) Elasmobranchii, including but not limited to, sharks, skates,
and rays; and
(3) Pisces, including but not limited to trout, perch, bass,
minnows, and catfish; including any part, product, egg, or offspring
thereof, or the dead body or parts thereof (excluding fossils), whether
or not included in a manufactured product or in a processed food
product.
Fish or wildlife means any wild animal, whether alive or dead,
including without limitation any wild mammal, bird, reptile, amphibian,
fish, mollusk, crustacean, arthropod, coelenterate, or other
invertebrate, whether or not bred, hatched, or born in captivity, and
including any part, product, egg, or offspring thereof.
Foreign commerce includes, among other things, any transaction (1)
between persons within one foreign country, or (2) between persons in
two or more foreign countries, or (3) between a person within the United
States and a person in one or more foreign countries, or (4) between
persons within the United States, where the fish or wildlife in question
are moving in any country or countries outside the United States.
Fossil means the remains of an animal of past geological ages which
has been preserved in the earth's crust through mineralization of the
object.
Import means to land on, bring into, or introduce into, or attempt
to land on, bring into, or introduce into any place subject to the
jurisdiction of the United States, whether or not such landing,
bringing, or introduction constitutes an importation within the meaning
of the tariff laws of the United States.
[[Page 10]]
Injurious Wildlife means any wildlife for which a permit is required
under subpart B of part 16 of this subchapter before being imported into
or shipped between the continental United States, the District of
Columbia, Hawaii, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, or any possession of
the United States.
Mammal means a member of the class, Mammalia; including any part,
product, egg, or offspring, or the dead body or parts thereof (excluding
fossils), whether or not included in a manufactured product or in a
processed food product.
Migratory bird means any bird, whatever its origin and whether or
not raised in captivity, which belongs to a species listed in Sec.
10.13, or which is a mutation or a hybrid of any such species, including
any part, nest, or egg of any such bird, or any product, whether or not
manufactured, which consists, or is composed in whole or part, of any
such bird or any part, nest, or egg thereof.
Migratory game birds: See Sec. 20.11 of this subchapter.
Mollusk means a member of the phylum, Mollusca, including but not
limited to, snails, mussels, clams, oysters, scallops, abalone, squid,
and octopuses; including any part, product, egg, or offspring thereof,
or the dead body or parts thereof (excluding fossils), whether or not
included in a manufactured product or in a processed food product.
Permit means any document designated as a ``permit,'' ``license,''
``certificate,'' or any other document issued by the Service to
authorize, limit, or describe activity and signed by an authorized
official of the Service.
Person means any individual, firm, corporation, association,
partnership, club, or private body, any one or all, as the context
requires.
Plant means any member of the plant kingdom, including seeds, roots
and other parts thereof.
Possession means the detention and control, or the manual or ideal
custody of anything which may be the subject of property, for one's use
and enjoyment, either as owner or as the proprietor of a qualified right
in it, and either held personally or by another who exercises it in
one's place and name. Possession includes the act or state of possessing
and that condition of facts under which one can exercise his power over
a corporeal thing at his pleasure to the exclusion of all other persons.
Possession includes constructive possession which means not actual but
assumed to exist, where one claims to hold by virtue of some title,
without having actual custody.
Public as used in referring to museums, zoological parks, and
scientific or educational institutions, refers to such as are open to
the general public and are either established, maintained, and operated
as a governmental service or are privately endowed and organized but not
operated for profit.
Reptile means a member of the class, Reptilia, including but not
limited to, turtles, snakes, lizards, crocodiles, and alligators;
including any part, product, egg, or offspring thereof, or the dead body
or parts thereof, whether or not included in a manufactured product or
in a processed food product.
Secretary means the Secretary of the Interior or his authorized
representative.
Service means the United States Fish and Wildlife Service,
Department of the Interior.
Shellfish means an aquatic invertebrate animal having a shell,
including, but not limited to, (a) an oyster, clam, or other mollusk;
and (b) a lobster or other crustacean; or any part, product, egg, or
offspring thereof, or the dead body or parts thereof (excluding
fossils), whether or not included in a manufactured product or in a
processed food product.
State means any State of the United States, the District of
Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, American Samoa, the Virgin
Islands, and Guam.
Take means to pursue, hunt, shoot, wound, kill, trap, capture, or
collect, or attempt to pursue, hunt, shoot, wound, kill, trap, capture,
or collect. (With reference to marine mammals, see Part 18 of this
subchapter.)
Transportation means to ship, convey, carry or transport by any
means whatever, and deliver or receive for such shipment, conveyance,
carriage, or transportation.
United States means the several States of the United States of
America,
[[Page 11]]
District of Columbia, Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, American Samoa, U.S.
Virgin Islands, Guam, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands,
Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman
Reef, Midway Atoll, Navassa Island, Palmyra Atoll, and Wake Atoll, and
any other territory or possession under the jurisdiction of the United
States.
Whoever means the same as person.
Wildlife means the same as fish or wildlife.
[38 FR 22015, Aug. 15, 1973, as amended at 42 FR 32377, June 24, 1977;
42 FR 59358, Nov. 16, 1977; 45 FR 56673, Aug. 25, 1980; 50 FR 52889,
Dec. 26, 1985; 72 FR 48445, Aug. 23, 2007]
Sec. 10.13 List of Birds Protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act.
(a) Legal authority for this list. The legal authorities for this
list are the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA; 16 U.S.C. 703-712), the
Fish and Wildlife Improvement Act of 1978 (16 U.S.C. 742l), and the Fish
and Wildlife Act of 1956 (16 U.S.C. 742a-742j). The MBTA implements
Conventions between the United States and four neighboring countries for
the protection of migratory birds, as follows:
(1) Canada: Convention between the United States and Great Britain
[on behalf of Canada] for the Protection of Migratory Birds, August 16,
1916, 39 Stat. 1702 (T.S. No. 628), as amended;
(2) Mexico: Convention between the United States and Mexico for the
Protection of Migratory Birds and Game Mammals, February 7, 1936, 50
Stat. 1311 (T.S. No. 912), as amended;
(3) Japan: Convention between the Government of the United States of
America and the Government of Japan for the Protection of Migratory
Birds and Birds in Danger of Extinction, and Their Environment, March 4,
1972, 25 U.S.T. 3329 (T.I.A.S. No. 7990); and
(4) Russia: Convention between the United States of America and the
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Concerning the Conservation of
Migratory Birds and Their Environment, November 19, 1976, 20 U.S.T. 4647
(T.I.A.S. No. 9073).
(b) Purpose of this list. The purpose is to inform the public of the
species protected by regulations that enforce the terms of the MBTA.
These regulations, found in parts 10, 20, and 21 of this chapter, cover
most aspects of the taking, possession, transportation, sale, purchase,
barter, exportation, and importation of migratory birds.
(c) What species are protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act?
Species protected as migratory birds are listed in two formats to suit
the varying needs of the user: Alphabetically in paragraph (c)(1) of
this section and taxonomically in paragraph (c)(2) of this section.
Taxonomy and nomenclature generally follow the 7th edition of the
American Ornithologists' Union's (AOU, now recognized as American
Ornithological Society (AOS)) Checklist of North American birds (1998,
as amended through 2021). For species not treated by the AOS Checklist,
we generally follow Clements Checklist of Birds of the World (Clements
et al. 2007, as updated through 2021).
(1) Alphabetical listing. The table lists species alphabetically by
common (English) group names, with the scientific name of each species
following the common name.
Table 1 to Paragraph (c)(1)--Alphabetical Listing of Birds Protected by
the Migratory Bird Treaty Act
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Species scientific
Common name group Species common name name
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Accentor.................... Siberian Accentor... Prunella montanella.
'Akeke'e.................... 'Akeke'e............ Loxops
caeruleirostris.
'Akepa...................... Hawaii 'Akepa....... Loxops coccineus.
Maui 'Akepa......... Loxops ochraceus.
O'ahu 'Akepa........ Loxops
wolstenholmei.
'Akialoa.................... Kauai 'Akialoa...... Akialoa stejnegeri.
Maui Nui 'Akialoa... Akialoa lanaiensis.
O'ahu 'Akialoa...... Akialoa ellisiana.
'Akiapola'au................ 'Akiapola'au........ Hemignathus wilsoni.
'Akikiki.................... 'Akikiki............ Oreomystis bairdi.
'Akohekohe.................. 'Akohekohe.......... Palmeria dolei.
'Alauahio................... Maui 'Alauahio...... Paroreomyza montana.
O'ahu 'Alauahio..... Paroreomyza
maculata.
Albatross................... Black-browed Thalassarche
Albatross. melanophris.
[[Page 12]]
Black-footed Phoebastria
Albatross. nigripes.
Chatham Albatross... Thalassarche
eremita.
Laysan Albatross.... Phoebastria
immutabilis.
Light-mantled Phoebetria
Albatross. palpebrata.
Salvin's Albatross.. Thalassarche
salvini.
Short-tailed Phoebastria
Albatross. albatrus.
Wandering Albatross. Diomedea exulans.
White-capped Thalassarche cauta.
Albatross.
Yellow-nosed Thalassarche
Albatross. chlororhynchos.
'Amakihi.................... Hawaii 'Amakihi..... Chlorodrepanis
virens.
Kaua'i 'Amakihi..... Chlorodrepanis
stejnegeri.
O'ahu 'Amakihi...... Chlorodrepanis
flava.
Anhinga..................... Anhinga............. Anhinga anhinga.
Ani......................... Groove-billed Ani... Crotophaga
sulcirostris.
Smooth-billed Ani... Crotophaga ani.
'Anianiau................... 'Anianiau........... Magumma parva.
'Apapane.................... 'Apapane............ Himatione sanguinea.
Auklet...................... Cassin's Auklet..... Ptychoramphus
aleuticus.
Crested Auklet...... Aethia cristatella.
Least Auklet........ Aethia pusilla.
Parakeet Auklet..... Aethia psittacula.
Rhinoceros Auklet... Cerorhinca
monocerata.
Whiskered Auklet.... Aethia pygmaea.
Avocet...................... American Avocet..... Recurvirostra
americana.
Bananaquit.................. Bananaquit.......... Coereba flaveola.
Bean-Goose.................. Taiga Bean-Goose.... Anser fabalis.
Tundra Bean-Goose... Anser serrirostris.
Beardless-Tyrannulet........ Northern Beardless- Camptostoma imberbe.
Tyrannulet.
Becard...................... Gray-collared Becard Pachyramphus major.
Rose-throated Becard Pachyramphus
aglaiae.
Bittern..................... American Bittern.... Botaurus
lentiginosus.
Black Bittern....... Ixobrychus
flavicollis.
Least Bittern....... Ixobrychus exilis.
Schrenck's Bittern.. Ixobrychus
eurhythmus.
Yellow Bittern...... Ixobrychus sinensis.
Blackbird................... Brewer's Blackbird.. Euphagus
cyanocephalus.
Red-winged Blackbird Agelaius phoeniceus.
Rusty Blackbird..... Euphagus carolinus.
Tawny-shouldered Agelaius humeralis.
Blackbird.
Tricolored Blackbird Agelaius tricolor.
Yellow-headed Xanthocephalus
Blackbird. xanthocephalus.
Yellow-shouldered Agelaius xanthomus.
Blackbird.
Bluebird.................... Eastern Bluebird.... Sialia sialis.
Mountain Bluebird... Sialia currucoides.
Western Bluebird.... Sialia mexicana.
Bluetail.................... Red-flanked Bluetail Tarsiger cyanurus.
Bluethroat.................. Bluethroat.......... Cyanecula svecica.
Bobolink.................... Bobolink............ Dolichonyx
oryzivorus.
Boobook..................... Northern Boobook.... Ninox japonica.
Booby....................... Abbott's Booby...... Papasula abbotti.
Blue-footed Booby... Sula nebouxii.
Brown Booby......... Sula leucogaster.
Masked Booby........ Sula dactylatra.
Nazca Booby......... Sula granti.
Red-footed Booby.... Sula sula.
Brambling................... Brambling........... Fringilla
montifringilla.
Brant....................... Brant............... Branta bernicla.
Bufflehead.................. Bufflehead.......... Bucephala albeola.
Bullfinch................... Eurasian Bullfinch.. Pyrrhula pyrrhula.
Puerto Rican Melopyrrha
Bullfinch. portoricensis.
Bunting..................... Blue Bunting........ Cyanocompsa
parellina.
Gray Bunting........ Emberiza variabilis.
Indigo Bunting...... Passerina cyanea.
Lark Bunting........ Calamospiza
melanocorys.
Lazuli Bunting...... Passerina amoena.
Little Bunting...... Emberiza pusilla.
McKay's Bunting..... Plectrophenax
hyperboreus.
Painted Bunting..... Passerina ciris.
Pallas's Bunting.... Emberiza pallasi.
Pine Bunting........ Emberiza
leucocephalos.
Reed Bunting........ Emberiza
schoeniclus.
[[Page 13]]
Rustic Bunting...... Emberiza rustica.
Snow Bunting........ Plectrophenax
nivalis.
Varied Bunting...... Passerina
versicolor.
Yellow-breasted Emberiza aureola.
Bunting.
Yellow-browed Emberiza
Bunting. chrysophrys.
Yellow-throated Emberiza elegans.
Bunting.
Bushtit..................... Bushtit............. Psaltriparus
minimus.
Buzzard..................... Gray-faced Buzzard.. Butastur indicus.
Long-legged Buzzard. Buteo rufinus.
Canvasback.................. Canvasback.......... Aythya valisineria.
Caracara.................... Crested Caracara.... Caracara plancus.
Cardinal.................... Northern Cardinal... Cardinalis
cardinalis.
Carib....................... Green-throated Carib Eulampis
holosericeus.
Purple-throated Eulampis jugularis.
Carib.
Catbird..................... Black Catbird....... Melanoptila
glabrirostris.
Gray Catbird........ Dumetella
carolinensis.
Chaffinch................... Common Chaffinch.... Fringilla coelebs.
Chat........................ Yellow-breasted Chat Icteria virens.
Chickadee................... Black-capped Poecile
Chickadee. atricapillus.
Boreal Chickadee.... Poecile hudsonicus.
Carolina Chickadee.. Poecile
carolinensis.
Chestnut-backed Poecile rufescens.
Chickadee.
Gray-headed Poecile cinctus.
Chickadee.
Mexican Chickadee... Poecile sclateri.
Mountain Chickadee.. Poecile gambeli.
Chiffchaff.................. Common Chiffchaff... Phylloscopus
collybita.
Chuck-will's-widow.......... Chuck-will's-widow.. Antrostomus
carolinensis.
Condor...................... California Condor... Gymnogyps
californianus.
Coot........................ American Coot....... Fulica americana.
Eurasian Coot....... Fulica atra.
Hawaiian Coot....... Fulica alai.
Cormorant................... Brandt's Cormorant.. Urile penicillatus.
Double-crested Nannopterum auritum.
Cormorant.
Great Cormorant..... Phalacrocorax carbo.
Little Pied Microcarbo
Cormorant. melanoleucos.
Neotropic Cormorant. Nannopterum
brasilianum.
Pelagic Cormorant... Urile pelagicus.
Red-faced Cormorant. Urile urile.
Cowbird..................... Bronzed Cowbird..... Molothrus aeneus.
Brown-headed Cowbird Molothrus ater.
Shiny Cowbird....... Molothrus
bonariensis.
Crake....................... Corn Crake.......... Crex crex.
Paint-billed Crake.. Neocrex erythrops.
Spotless Crake...... Porzana tabuensis.
Yellow-breasted Hapalocrex
Crake. flaviventer.
Crane....................... Common Crane........ Grus grus.
Hooded Crane........ Grus monacha.
Sandhill Crane...... Antigone canadensis.
Whooping Crane...... Grus americana.
Creeper..................... Brown Creeper....... Certhia americana.
Hawaii Creeper...... Loxops mana.
Crossbill................... Cassia Crossbill.... Loxia sinesciuris.
Red Crossbill....... Loxia curvirostra.
White-winged Loxia leucoptera.
Crossbill.
Crow........................ American Crow....... Corvus
brachyrhynchos.
Fish Crow........... Corvus ossifragus.
Hawaiian Crow....... Corvus hawaiiensis.
Mariana Crow........ Corvus kubaryi.
Tamaulipas Crow..... Corvus imparatus.
White-necked Crow... Corvus
leucognaphalus.
Cuckoo...................... Black-billed Cuckoo. Coccyzus
erythropthalmus.
Chestnut-winged Clamator coromandus.
Cuckoo.
Common Cuckoo....... Cuculus canorus.
Dark-billed Cuckoo.. Coccyzus
melacoryphus.
Mangrove Cuckoo..... Coccyzus minor.
Oriental Cuckoo..... Cuculus optatus.
Yellow-billed Cuckoo Coccyzus americanus.
Curlew...................... Bristle-thighed Numenius
Curlew. tahitiensis.
Eskimo Curlew....... Numenius borealis.
Eurasian Curlew..... Numenius arquata.
Far Eastern Curlew.. Numenius
madagascariensis.
[[Page 14]]
Little Curlew....... Numenius minutus.
Long-billed Curlew.. Numenius americanus.
Dickcissel.................. Dickcissel.......... Spiza americana.
Dipper...................... American Dipper..... Cinclus mexicanus.
Dotterel.................... Eurasian Dotterel... Charadrius
morinellus.
Dove........................ Common Ground Dove.. Columbina passerina.
Inca Dove........... Columbina inca.
Mourning Dove....... Zenaida macroura.
Ruddy Ground Dove... Columbina talpacoti.
Shy Ground Dove..... Alopecoenas stairi.
White-throated Alopecoenas
Ground Dove. xanthonurus.
White-tipped Dove... Leptotila verreauxi.
White-winged Dove... Zenaida asiatica.
Zenaida Dove........ Zenaida aurita.
Dovekie..................... Dovekie............. Alle alle.
Dowitcher................... Long-billed Limnodromus
Dowitcher. scolopaceus.
Short-billed Limnodromus griseus.
Dowitcher.
Duck........................ American Black Duck. Anas rubripes.
Eastern Spot-billed Anas zonorhyncha.
Duck.
Falcated Duck....... Mareca falcata.
Harlequin Duck...... Histrionicus
histrionicus.
Hawaiian Duck....... Anas wyvilliana.
Laysan Duck......... Anas laysanensis.
Long-tailed Duck.... Clangula hyemalis.
Masked Duck......... Nomonyx dominicus.
Mexican Duck........ Anas diazi.
Mottled Duck........ Anas fulvigula.
Muscovy Duck........ Cairina moschata.
Pacific Black Duck.. Anas superciliosa.
Ring-necked Duck.... Aythya collaris.
Ruddy Duck.......... Oxyura jamaicensis.
Tufted Duck......... Aythya fuligula.
Wood Duck........... Aix sponsa.
Dunlin...................... Dunlin.............. Calidris alpina.
Eagle....................... Bald Eagle.......... Haliaeetus
leucocephalus.
Golden Eagle........ Aquila chrysaetos.
White-tailed Eagle.. Haliaeetus
albicilla.
Egret....................... Cattle Egret........ Bubulcus ibis.
Chinese Egret....... Egretta eulophotes.
Great Egret......... Ardea alba.
Intermediate Egret.. Ardea intermedia.
Little Egret........ Egretta garzetta.
Reddish Egret....... Egretta rufescens.
Snowy Egret......... Egretta thula.
Eider....................... Common Eider........ Somateria
mollissima.
King Eider.......... Somateria
spectabilis.
Spectacled Eider.... Somateria fischeri.
Steller's Eider..... Polysticta stelleri.
Elaenia..................... Caribbean Elaenia... Elaenia martinica.
Greenish Elaenia.... Myiopagis
viridicata.
Small-billed Elaenia Elaenia
parvirostris.
White-crested Elaenia albiceps.
Elaenia.
Emerald..................... Puerto Rican Emerald Riccordia maugaeus.
Euphonia.................... Antillean Euphonia.. Chlorophonia musica.
Falcon...................... Amur Falcon......... Falco amurensis.
Aplomado Falcon..... Falco femoralis.
Peregrine Falcon.... Falco peregrinus.
Prairie Falcon...... Falco mexicanus.
Red-footed Falcon... Falco vespertinus.
Fieldfare................... Fieldfare........... Turdus pilaris.
Finch....................... Cassin's Finch...... Haemorhous cassinii.
House Finch......... Haemorhous
mexicanus.
Laysan Finch........ Telespiza cantans.
Nihoa Finch......... Telespiza ultima.
Purple Finch........ Haemorhous
purpureus.
Flamingo.................... American Flamingo... Phoenicopterus
ruber.
Flicker..................... Gilded Flicker...... Colaptes chrysoides.
Northern Flicker.... Colaptes auratus.
Flycatcher.................. Acadian Flycatcher.. Empidonax virescens.
Alder Flycatcher.... Empidonax alnorum.
Ash-throated Myiarchus
Flycatcher. cinerascens.
[[Page 15]]
Asian Brown Muscicapa dauurica.
Flycatcher.
Brown-crested Myiarchus
Flycatcher. tyrannulus.
Buff-breasted Empidonax
Flycatcher. fulvifrons.
Cordilleran Empidonax
Flycatcher. occidentalis.
Crowned Slaty Empidonomus
Flycatcher. aurantioatrocristat
us.
Dark-sided Muscicapa sibirica.
Flycatcher.
Dusky Flycatcher.... Empidonax
oberholseri.
Dusky-capped Myiarchus
Flycatcher. tuberculifer.
Fork-tailed Tyrannus savana.
Flycatcher.
Gray Flycatcher..... Empidonax wrightii.
Gray-streaked Muscicapa
Flycatcher. griseisticta.
Great Crested Myiarchus crinitus.
Flycatcher.
Hammond's Flycatcher Empidonax hammondii.
La Sagra's Myiarchus sagrae.
Flycatcher.
Least Flycatcher.... Empidonax minimus.
Mugimaki Flycatcher. Ficedula mugimaki.
Narcissus Flycatcher Ficedula narcissina.
Nutting's Flycatcher Myiarchus nuttingi.
Olive-sided Contopus cooperi.
Flycatcher.
Pacific-slope Empidonax
Flycatcher. difficilis.
Pine Flycatcher..... Empidonax affinis.
Piratic Flycatcher.. Legatus leucophaius.
Puerto Rican Myiarchus
Flycatcher. antillarum.
Scissor-tailed Tyrannus forficatus.
Flycatcher.
Social Flycatcher... Myiozetetes similis.
Spotted Flycatcher.. Muscicapa striata.
Sulphur-bellied Myiodynastes
Flycatcher. luteiventris.
Taiga Flycatcher.... Ficedula albicilla.
Tufted Flycatcher... Mitrephanes
phaeocercus.
Variegated Empidonomus varius.
Flycatcher.
Vermilion Flycatcher Pyrocephalus
rubinus.
Willow Flycatcher... Empidonax traillii.
Yellow-bellied Empidonax
Flycatcher. flaviventris.
Forest-Falcon............... Collared Forest- Micrastur
Falcon. semitorquatus.
Frigatebird................. Great Frigatebird... Fregata minor.
Lesser Frigatebird.. Fregata ariel.
Magnificent Fregata magnificens.
Frigatebird.
Fruit-Dove.................. Crimson-crowned Ptilinopus
Fruit-Dove. porphyraceus.
Many-colored Fruit- Ptilinopus perousii.
Dove.
Mariana Fruit-Dove.. Ptilinopus
roseicapilla.
Fulmar...................... Northern Fulmar..... Fulmarus glacialis.
Gadwall..................... Gadwall............. Mareca strepera.
Gallinule................... Azure Gallinule..... Porphyrio
flavirostris.
Common Gallinule.... Gallinula galeata.
Purple Gallinule.... Porphyrio
martinicus.
Gannet...................... Northern Gannet..... Morus bassanus.
Garganey.................... Garganey............ Spatula querquedula.
Giant-Petrel................ Northern Giant- Macronectes halli.
Petrel.
Gnatcatcher................. Black-capped Polioptila
Gnatcatcher. nigriceps.
Black-tailed Polioptila melanura.
Gnatcatcher.
Blue-Gray Polioptila caerulea.
Gnatcatcher.
California Polioptila
Gnatcatcher. californica.
Godwit...................... Bar-tailed Godwit... Limosa lapponica.
Black-tailed Godwit. Limosa limosa.
Hudsonian Godwit.... Limosa haemastica.
Marbled Godwit...... Limosa fedoa.
Goldeneye................... Barrow's Goldeneye.. Bucephala islandica.
Common Goldeneye.... Bucephala clangula.
Golden-Plover............... American Golden- Pluvialis dominica.
Plover.
European Golden- Pluvialis apricaria.
Plover.
Pacific Golden- Pluvialis fulva.
Plover.
Goldfinch................... American Goldfinch.. Spinus tristis.
Lawrence's Goldfinch Spinus lawrencei.
Lesser Goldfinch.... Spinus psaltria.
Goose....................... Barnacle Goose...... Branta leucopsis.
Cackling Goose...... Branta hutchinsii.
Canada Goose........ Branta canadensis.
Emperor Goose....... Anser canagicus.
Greater White- Anser albifrons.
fronted Goose.
Hawaiian Goose...... Branta sandvicensis.
Lesser White-fronted Anser erythropus.
Goose.
[[Page 16]]
Pink-footed Goose... Anser
brachyrhynchus.
Ross's Goose........ Anser rossii.
Snow Goose.......... Anser caerulescens.
Goshawk..................... Northern Goshawk.... Accipiter gentilis.
Grackle..................... Boat-tailed Grackle. Quiscalus major.
Common Grackle...... Quiscalus quiscula.
Greater Antillean Quiscalus niger.
Grackle.
Great-tailed Grackle Quiscalus mexicanus.
Grassquit................... Black-faced Melanospiza bicolor.
Grassquit.
Yellow-faced Tiaris olivaceus.
Grassquit.
Grebe....................... Clark's Grebe....... Aechmophorus
clarkii.
Eared Grebe......... Podiceps
nigricollis.
Horned Grebe........ Podiceps auritus.
Least Grebe......... Tachybaptus
dominicus.
Pied-billed Grebe... Podilymbus podiceps.
Red-necked Grebe.... Podiceps grisegena.
Western Grebe....... Aechmophorus
occidentalis.
Greenfinch.................. Oriental Greenfinch. Chloris sinica.
Greenshank.................. Common Greenshank... Tringa nebularia.
Nordmann's Tringa guttifer.
Greenshank.
Grosbeak.................... Black-headed Pheucticus
Grosbeak. melanocephalus.
Blue Grosbeak....... Passerina caerulea.
Crimson-collared Rhodothraupis
Grosbeak. celaeno.
Evening Grosbeak.... Coccothraustes
vespertinus.
Pine Grosbeak....... Pinicola enucleator.
Rose-breasted Pheucticus
Grosbeak. ludovicianus.
Yellow Grosbeak..... Pheucticus
chrysopeplus.
Guillemot................... Black Guillemot..... Cepphus grylle.
Pigeon Guillemot.... Cepphus columba.
Gull........................ Belcher's Gull...... Larus belcheri.
Black-headed Gull... Chroicocephalus
ridibundus.
Black-tailed Gull... Larus crassirostris.
Bonaparte's Gull.... Chroicocephalus
philadelphia.
California Gull..... Larus californicus.
Common Gull......... Larus canus.
Franklin's Gull..... Leucophaeus
pipixcan.
Glaucous Gull....... Larus hyperboreus.
Glaucous-winged Gull Larus glaucescens.
Gray-hooded Gull.... Chroicocephalus
cirrocephalus.
Great Black-backed Larus marinus.
Gull.
Heermann's Gull..... Larus heermanni.
Herring Gull........ Larus argentatus.
Iceland Gull........ Larus glaucoides.
Ivory Gull.......... Pagophila eburnea.
Kelp Gull........... Larus dominicanus.
Laughing Gull....... Leucophaeus
atricilla.
Lesser Black-backed Larus fuscus.
Gull.
Little Gull......... Hydrocoloeus
minutus.
Pallas's Gull....... Ichthyaetus
ichthyaetus.
Ring-billed Gull.... Larus delawarensis.
Ross's Gull......... Rhodostethia rosea.
Sabine's Gull....... Xema sabini.
Short-billed Gull... Larus
brachyrhynchus.
Slaty-backed Gull... Larus schistisagus.
Swallow-tailed Gull. Creagrus furcatus.
Western Gull........ Larus occidentalis.
Yellow-footed Gull.. Larus livens.
Yellow-legged Gull.. Larus michahellis.
Gyrfalcon................... Gyrfalcon........... Falco rusticolus.
Harrier..................... Northern Harrier.... Circus hudsonius.
Hawfinch.................... Hawfinch............ Coccothraustes
coccothraustes.
Hawk........................ Broad-winged Hawk... Buteo platypterus.
Common Black Hawk... Buteogallus
anthracinus.
Cooper's Hawk....... Accipiter cooperii.
Crane Hawk.......... Geranospiza
caerulescens.
Ferruginous Hawk.... Buteo regalis.
Gray Hawk........... Buteo plagiatus.
Great Black Hawk.... Buteogallus
urubitinga.
Harris's Hawk....... Parabuteo
unicinctus.
Hawaiian Hawk....... Buteo solitarius.
Red-shouldered Hawk. Buteo lineatus.
[[Page 17]]
Red-tailed Hawk..... Buteo jamaicensis.
Roadside Hawk....... Rupornis
magnirostris.
Rough-legged Hawk... Buteo lagopus.
Sharp-shinned Hawk.. Accipiter striatus.
Short-tailed Hawk... Buteo brachyurus.
Swainson's Hawk..... Buteo swainsoni.
White-tailed Hawk... Geranoaetus
albicaudatus.
Zone-tailed Hawk.... Buteo albonotatus.
Hawk-Cuckoo................. Hodgson's Hawk- Hierococcyx
Cuckoo. nisicolor.
Heron....................... Gray Heron.......... Ardea cinerea.
Great Blue Heron.... Ardea herodias.
Green Heron......... Butorides virescens.
Little Blue Heron... Egretta caerulea.
Tricolored Heron.... Egretta tricolor.
Hobby....................... Eurasian Hobby...... Falco subbuteo.
Honeycreeper................ Laysan Honeycreeper. Himatione fraithii.
Red-legged Cyanerpes cyaneus.
Honeycreeper.
Hoopoe...................... Eurasian Hoopoe..... Upupa epops.
House-Martin................ Common House-Martin. Delichon urbicum.
Hummingbird................. Allen's Hummingbird. Selasphorus sasin.
Anna's Hummingbird.. Calypte anna.
Antillean Crested Orthorhyncus
Hummingbird. cristatus.
Berylline Saucerottia
Hummingbird. beryllina.
Black-chinned Archilochus
Hummingbird. alexandri.
Broad-billed Cynanthus
Hummingbird. latirostris.
Broad-tailed Selasphorus
Hummingbird. platycercus.
Buff-bellied Amazilia
Hummingbird. yucatanensis.
Bumblebee Selasphorus heloisa.
Hummingbird.
Calliope Hummingbird Selasphorus
calliope.
Cinnamon Hummingbird Amazilia rutila.
Costa's Hummingbird. Calypte costae.
Lucifer Hummingbird. Calothorax lucifer.
Rivoli's Hummingbird Eugenes fulgens.
Ruby-throated Archilochus
Hummingbird. colubris.
Rufous Hummingbird.. Selasphorus rufus.
Vervain Hummingbird. Mellisuga minima.
Violet-crowned Ramosomyia
Hummingbird. violiceps.
White-eared Basilinna leucotis.
Hummingbird.
Xantus's Hummingbird Basilinna xantusii.
Ibis........................ Glossy Ibis......... Plegadis
falcinellus.
Scarlet Ibis........ Eudocimus ruber.
White Ibis.......... Eudocimus albus.
White-faced Ibis.... Plegadis chihi.
'I'iwi...................... 'I'iwi.............. Drepanis coccinea.
Imperial-Pigeon............. Pacific Imperial- Ducula pacifica.
Pigeon.
Jabiru...................... Jabiru.............. Jabiru mycteria.
Jacana...................... Northern Jacana..... Jacana spinosa.
Jackdaw..................... Eurasian Jackdaw.... Corvus monedula.
Jaeger...................... Long-tailed Jaeger.. Stercorarius
longicaudus.
Parasitic Jaeger.... Stercorarius
parasiticus.
Pomarine Jaeger..... Stercorarius
pomarinus.
Jay......................... Blue Jay............ Cyanocitta cristata.
Brown Jay........... Psilorhinus morio.
Canada Jay.......... Perisoreus
canadensis.
Green Jay........... Cyanocorax yncas.
Mexican Jay......... Aphelocoma
wollweberi.
Pinyon Jay.......... Gymnorhinus
cyanocephalus.
Steller's Jay....... Cyanocitta stelleri.
Junco....................... Dark-eyed Junco..... Junco hyemalis.
Yellow-eyed Junco... Junco phaeonotus.
K[amacr]k[amacr]wahie....... K[amacr]k[amacr]wahi Paroreomyza flammea.
e.
K[amacr]ma'o................ K[amacr]ma'o........ Myadestes
myadestinus.
Kestrel..................... American Kestrel.... Falco sparverius.
Eurasian Kestrel.... Falco tinnunculus.
Killdeer.................... Killdeer............ Charadrius
vociferus.
Kingbird.................... Cassin's Kingbird... Tyrannus vociferans.
Couch's Kingbird.... Tyrannus couchii.
Eastern Kingbird.... Tyrannus tyrannus.
Gray Kingbird....... Tyrannus
dominicensis.
Loggerhead Kingbird. Tyrannus
caudifasciatus.
Thick-billed Tyrannus
Kingbird. crassirostris.
[[Page 18]]
Tropical Kingbird... Tyrannus
melancholicus.
Western Kingbird.... Tyrannus verticalis.
Kingfisher.................. Amazon Kingfisher... Chloroceryle
amazona.
Belted Kingfisher... Megaceryle alcyon.
Common Kingfisher... Alcedo atthis.
Green Kingfisher.... Chloroceryle
americana.
Guam Kingfisher..... Todiramphus
cinnamominus.
Mariana Kingfisher.. Todiramphus
albicilla.
Pacific Kingfisher.. Todiramphus sacer.
Ringed Kingfisher... Megaceryle torquata.
Kinglet..................... Golden-crowned Regulus satrapa.
Kinglet.
Ruby-crowned Kinglet Corthylio calendula.
Kiskadee.................... Great Kiskadee...... Pitangus
sulphuratus.
Kite........................ Black Kite.......... Milvus migrans.
Double-toothed Kite. Harpagus bidentatus.
Hook-billed Kite.... Chondrohierax
uncinatus.
Mississippi Kite.... Ictinia
mississippiensis.
Snail Kite.......... Rostrhamus
sociabilis.
Swallow-tailed Kite. Elanoides
forficatus.
White-tailed Kite... Elanus leucurus.
Kittiwake................... Black-legged Rissa tridactyla.
Kittiwake.
Red-legged Kittiwake Rissa brevirostris.
Knot........................ Great Knot.......... Calidris
tenuirostris.
Red Knot............ Calidris canutus.
Koel........................ Long-tailed Koel.... Urodynamis
taitensis.
Lapwing..................... Northern Lapwing.... Vanellus vanellus.
Lark........................ Horned Lark......... Eremophila
alpestris.
Limpkin..................... Limpkin............. Aramus guarauna.
Lizard-Cuckoo............... Puerto Rican Lizard- Coccyzus vieilloti.
Cuckoo.
Longspur.................... Chestnut-collared Calcarius ornatus.
Longspur.
Lapland Longspur.... Calcarius
lapponicus.
Smith's Longspur.... Calcarius pictus.
Thick-billed Rhynchophanes
Longspur. mccownii.
Loon........................ Arctic Loon......... Gavia arctica.
Common Loon......... Gavia immer.
Pacific Loon........ Gavia pacifica.
Red-throated Loon... Gavia stellata.
Yellow-billed Loon.. Gavia adamsii.
Magpie...................... Black-billed Magpie. Pica hudsonia.
Yellow-billed Magpie Pica nuttalli.
Mallard..................... Mallard............. Anas platyrhynchos.
Mango....................... Puerto Rican Mango.. Anthracothorax
aurulentus.
Green Mango......... Anthracothorax
viridis.
Green-breasted Mango Anthracothorax
prevostii.
Marsh-Harrier............... Eastern Marsh- Circus spilonotus.
Harrier.
Martin...................... Brown-chested Martin Progne tapera.
Caribbean Martin.... Progne dominicensis.
Cuban Martin........ Progne cryptoleuca.
Gray-breasted Martin Progne chalybea.
Purple Martin....... Progne subis.
Southern Martin..... Progne elegans.
Meadowlark.................. Chihuahuan Sturnella lilianae.
Meadowlark.
Eastern Meadowlark.. Sturnella magna.
Western Meadowlark.. Sturnella neglecta.
Merganser................... Common Merganser.... Mergus merganser.
Hooded Merganser.... Lophodytes
cucullatus.
Red-breasted Mergus serrator.
Merganser.
Merlin...................... Merlin.............. Falco columbarius.
Millerbird.................. Millerbird.......... Acrocephalus
familiaris.
Mockingbird................. Bahama Mockingbird.. Mimus gundlachii.
Blue Mockingbird.... Melanotis
caerulescens.
Northern Mockingbird Mimus polyglottos.
Moorhen..................... Eurasian Moorhen.... Gallinula chloropus.
Mountain-gem................ Amethyst-throated Lampornis
Mountain-gem. amethystinus.
Blue-throated Lampornis
Mountain-gem. clemenciae.
Murre....................... Common Murre........ Uria aalge.
Thick-billed Murre.. Uria lomvia.
Murrelet.................... Ancient Murrelet.... Synthliboramphus
antiquus.
Craveri's Murrelet.. Synthliboramphus
craveri.
Guadalupe Murrelet.. Synthliboramphus
hypoleucus.
Kittlitz's Murrelet. Brachyramphus
brevirostris.
[[Page 19]]
Long-billed Murrelet Brachyramphus
perdix.
Marbled Murrelet.... Brachyramphus
marmoratus.
Scripps's Murrelet.. Synthliboramphus
scrippsi.
Needletail.................. White-throated Hirundapus
Needletail. caudacutus.
Nighthawk................... Antillean Nighthawk. Chordeiles
gundlachii.
Common Nighthawk.... Chordeiles minor.
Lesser Nighthawk.... Chordeiles
acutipennis.
Night-Heron................. Black-crowned Night- Nycticorax
Heron. nycticorax.
Japanese Night-Heron Gorsachius goisagi.
Malayan Night-Heron. Gorsachius
melanolophus.
Nankeen Night-Heron. Nycticorax
caledonicus.
Yellow-crowned Night- Nyctanassa violacea.
Heron.
Nightingale-Thrush.......... Black-headed Catharus mexicanus.
Nightingale-Thrush.
Orange-billed Catharus
Nightingale-Thrush. aurantiirostris.
Nightjar.................... Buff-collared Antrostomus
Nightjar. ridgwayi.
Gray Nightjar....... Caprimulgus jotaka.
Puerto Rican Antrostomus
Nightjar. noctitherus.
White-tailed Hydropsalis
Nightjar. cayennensis.
Noddy....................... Black Noddy......... Anous minutus.
Blue-gray Noddy..... Anous ceruleus.
Brown Noddy......... Anous stolidus.
Nukupu'u.................... Kauai Nukupu'u...... Hemignathus
hanapepe.
Maui Nukupu'u....... Hemignathus affinis.
O'ahu Nukupu'u...... Hemignathus lucidus.
Nutcracker.................. Clark's Nutcracker.. Nucifraga
columbiana.
Nuthatch.................... Brown-headed Sitta pusilla.
Nuthatch.
Pygmy Nuthatch...... Sitta pygmaea.
Red-breasted Sitta canadensis.
Nuthatch.
White-breasted Sitta carolinensis.
Nuthatch.
Oloma'o..................... Oloma'o............. Myadestes
lanaiensis.
'[Omacr]ma'o................ '[Omacr]ma'o........ Myadestes obscurus.
Oriole...................... Altamira Oriole..... Icterus gularis.
Audubon's Oriole.... Icterus graduacauda.
Baltimore Oriole.... Icterus galbula.
Black-backed Oriole. Icterus abeillei.
Black-vented Oriole. Icterus wagleri.
Bullock's Oriole.... Icterus bullockii.
Hooded Oriole....... Icterus cucullatus.
Orchard Oriole...... Icterus spurius.
Puerto Rican Oriole. Icterus
portoricensis.
Scott's Oriole...... Icterus parisorum.
Streak-backed Oriole Icterus pustulatus.
Osprey...................... Osprey.............. Pandion haliaetus.
'[Omacr]'[umacr]............ '[Omacr]'[umacr].... Psittirostra
psittacea.
Ovenbird.................... Ovenbird............ Seiurus aurocapilla.
Owl......................... Barn Owl............ Tyto alba.
Barred Owl.......... Strix varia.
Boreal Owl.......... Aegolius funereus.
Burrowing Owl....... Athene cunicularia.
Elf Owl............. Micrathene whitneyi.
Flammulated Owl..... Psiloscops
flammeolus.
Great Gray Owl...... Strix nebulosa.
Great Horned Owl.... Bubo virginianus.
Long-eared Owl...... Asio otus.
Mottled Owl......... Strix virgata.
Northern Hawk Owl... Surnia ulula.
Northern Saw-whet Aegolius acadicus.
Owl.
Puerto Rican Owl.... Gymnasio nudipes.
Short-eared Owl..... Asio flammeus.
Snowy Owl........... Bubo scandiacus.
Spotted Owl......... Strix occidentalis.
Stygian Owl......... Asio stygius.
Oystercatcher............... American Haematopus
Oystercatcher. palliatus.
Black Oystercatcher. Haematopus bachmani.
Eurasian Haematopus
Oystercatcher. ostralegus.
Palila...................... Palila.............. Loxioides bailleui.
Palm-Swift.................. Antillean Palm-Swift Tachornis
phoenicobia.
Parrotbill.................. Maui Parrotbill..... Pseudonestor
xanthophrys.
Parula...................... Northern Parula..... Setophaga americana.
Tropical Parula..... Setophaga pitiayumi.
Pauraque.................... Common Pauraque..... Nyctidromus
albicollis.
[[Page 20]]
Pelican..................... American White Pelecanus
Pelican. erythrorhynchos.
Brown Pelican....... Pelecanus
occidentalis.
Petrel...................... Bermuda Petrel...... Pterodroma cahow.
Black-capped Petrel. Pterodroma hasitata.
Black-winged Petrel. Pterodroma
nigripennis.
Bonin Petrel........ Pterodroma
hypoleuca.
Bulwer's Petrel..... Bulweria bulwerii.
Cook's Petrel....... Pterodroma cookii.
Fea's Petrel........ Pterodroma feae.
Gould's Petrel...... Pterodroma
leucoptera.
Gray-faced Petrel... Pterodroma gouldi.
Hawaiian Petrel..... Pterodroma
sandwichensis.
Herald Petrel....... Pterodroma
heraldica.
Jouanin's Petrel.... Bulweria fallax.
Juan Fernandez Pterodroma externa.
Petrel.
Kermadec Petrel..... Pterodroma neglecta.
Mottled Petrel...... Pterodroma
inexpectata.
Murphy's Petrel..... Pterodroma ultima.
Parkinson's Petrel.. Procellaria
parkinsoni.
Phoenix Petrel...... Pterodroma alba.
Providence Petrel... Pterodroma solandri.
Stejneger's Petrel.. Pterodroma
longirostris.
Tahiti Petrel....... Pseudobulweria
rostrata.
Trindade Petrel..... Pterodroma
arminjoniana.
White-chinned Petrel Procellaria
aequinoctialis.
White-necked Petrel. Pterodroma
cervicalis.
Zino's Petrel....... Pterodroma madeira.
Pewee....................... Cuban Pewee......... Contopus caribaeus.
Greater Pewee....... Contopus pertinax.
Hispaniolan Pewee... Contopus
hispaniolensis.
Lesser Antillean Contopus
Pewee. latirostris.
Phainopepla................. Phainopepla......... Phainopepla nitens.
Phalarope................... Red Phalarope....... Phalaropus
fulicarius.
Red-necked Phalarope Phalaropus lobatus.
Wilson's Phalarope.. Phalaropus tricolor.
Phoebe...................... Black Phoebe........ Sayornis nigricans.
Eastern Phoebe...... Sayornis phoebe.
Say's Phoebe........ Sayornis saya.
Pigeon...................... Band-tailed Pigeon.. Patagioenas
fasciata.
Plain Pigeon........ Patagioenas
inornata.
Red-billed Pigeon... Patagioenas
flavirostris.
Scaly-naped Pigeon.. Patagioenas
squamosa.
White-crowned Pigeon Patagioenas
leucocephala.
Pintail..................... Northern Pintail.... Anas acuta.
White-cheeked Anas bahamensis.
Pintail.
Pipit....................... American Pipit...... Anthus rubescens.
Olive-backed Pipit.. Anthus hodgsoni.
Pechora Pipit....... Anthus gustavi.
Red-throated Pipit.. Anthus cervinus.
Sprague's Pipit..... Anthus spragueii.
Tree Pipit.......... Anthus trivialis.
Plover...................... Black-bellied Plover Pluvialis
squatarola.
Collared Plover..... Charadrius collaris.
Common Ringed Plover Charadrius
hiaticula.
Kentish Plover...... Charadrius
alexandrinus.
Little Ringed Plover Charadrius dubius.
Mountain Plover..... Charadrius montanus.
Piping Plover....... Charadrius melodus.
Semipalmated Plover. Charadrius
semipalmatus.
Snowy Plover........ Charadrius nivosus.
Wilson's Plover..... Charadrius wilsonia.
Pochard..................... Baer's Pochard...... Aythya baeri.
Common Pochard...... Aythya ferina.
Pond-Heron.................. Chinese Pond-Heron.. Ardeola bacchus.
Poorwill.................... Common Poorwill..... Phalaenoptilus
nuttallii.
Po'ouli..................... Po'ouli............. Melamprosops
phaeosoma.
Puaiohi..................... Puaiohi............. Myadestes palmeri.
Puffin...................... Atlantic Puffin..... Fratercula arctica.
Horned Puffin....... Fratercula
corniculata.
Tufted Puffin....... Fratercula cirrhata.
Pygmy-Owl................... Ferruginous Pygmy- Glaucidium
Owl. brasilianum.
[[Page 21]]
Northern Pygmy-Owl.. Glaucidium gnoma.
Pyrrhuloxia................. Pyrrhuloxia......... Cardinalis sinuatus.
Quail-Dove.................. Bridled Quail-Dove.. Geotrygon mystacea.
Key West Quail-Dove. Geotrygon chrysia.
Ruddy Quail-Dove.... Geotrygon montana.
Quetzal..................... Eared Quetzal....... Euptilotis neoxenus.
Rail........................ Black Rail.......... Laterallus
jamaicensis.
Buff-banded Rail.... Gallirallus
philippensis.
Clapper Rail........ Rallus crepitans.
Guam Rail........... Gallirallus owstoni.
King Rail........... Rallus elegans.
Ridgway's Rail...... Rallus obsoletus.
Spotted Rail........ Pardirallus
maculatus.
Virginia Rail....... Rallus limicola.
Yellow Rail......... Coturnicops
noveboracensis.
Raven....................... Chihuahuan Raven.... Corvus cryptoleucus.
Common Raven........ Corvus corax.
Razorbill................... Razorbill........... Alca torda.
Redhead..................... Redhead............. Aythya americana.
Redpoll..................... Common Redpoll...... Acanthis flammea.
Hoary Redpoll....... Acanthis hornemanni.
Redshank.................... Common Redshank..... Tringa totanus.
Spotted Redshank.... Tringa erythropus.
Redstart.................... American Redstart... Setophaga ruticilla.
Common Redstart..... Phoenicurus
phoenicurus.
Painted Redstart.... Myioborus pictus.
Slate-throated Myioborus miniatus.
Redstart.
Redwing..................... Redwing............. Turdus iliacus.
Reef-Heron.................. Pacific Reef-Heron.. Egretta sacra.
Western Reef-Heron.. Egretta gularis.
Roadrunner.................. Greater Roadrunner.. Geococcyx
californianus.
Robin....................... American Robin...... Turdus migratorius.
European Robin...... Erithacus rubecula.
Rufous-backed Robin. Turdus
rufopalliatus.
Rufous-tailed Robin. Larvivora sibilans.
Siberian Blue Robin. Larvivora cyane.
Rock-Thrush................. Blue Rock-Thrush.... Monticola
solitarius.
Rosefinch................... Common Rosefinch.... Carpodacus
erythrinus.
Pallas's Rosefinch.. Carpodacus roseus.
Rosy-Finch.................. Asian Rosy-Finch.... Leucosticte arctoa.
Black Rosy-Finch.... Leucosticte atrata.
Brown-capped Rosy- Leucosticte
Finch. australis.
Gray-crowned Rosy- Leucosticte
Finch. tephrocotis.
Rubythroat.................. Siberian Rubythroat. Calliope calliope.
Ruff........................ Ruff................ Calidris pugnax.
Sanderling.................. Sanderling.......... Calidris alba.
Sandpiper................... Baird's Sandpiper... Calidris bairdii.
Broad-billed Calidris
Sandpiper. falcinellus.
Buff-breasted Calidris
Sandpiper. subruficollis.
Common Sandpiper.... Actitis hypoleucos.
Curlew Sandpiper.... Calidris ferruginea.
Green Sandpiper..... Tringa ochropus.
Least Sandpiper..... Calidris minutilla.
Marsh Sandpiper..... Tringa stagnatilis.
Pectoral Sandpiper.. Calidris melanotos.
Purple Sandpiper.... Calidris maritima.
Rock Sandpiper...... Calidris
ptilocnemis.
Semipalmated Calidris pusilla.
Sandpiper.
Sharp-tailed Calidris acuminata.
Sandpiper.
Solitary Sandpiper.. Tringa solitaria.
Spoon-billed Calidris pygmea.
Sandpiper.
Spotted Sandpiper... Actitis macularius.
Stilt Sandpiper..... Calidris himantopus.
Terek Sandpiper..... Xenus cinereus.
Upland Sandpiper.... Bartramia
longicauda.
Western Sandpiper... Calidris mauri.
White-rumped Calidris
Sandpiper. fuscicollis.
Wood Sandpiper...... Tringa glareola.
Sand-Plover................. Greater Sand-Plover. Charadrius
leschenaultii.
Lesser Sand-Plover.. Charadrius mongolus.
Sapsucker................... Red-breasted Sphyrapicus ruber.
Sapsucker.
[[Page 22]]
Red-naped Sapsucker. Sphyrapicus
nuchalis.
Williamson's Sphyrapicus
Sapsucker. thyroideus.
Yellow-bellied Sphyrapicus varius.
Sapsucker.
Scaup....................... Greater Scaup....... Aythya marila.
Lesser Scaup........ Aythya affinis.
Scops-Owl................... Oriental Scops-Owl.. Otus sunia.
Scoter...................... Black Scoter........ Melanitta americana.
Common Scoter....... Melanitta nigra.
Stejneger's Scoter.. Melanitta stejneger.
Surf Scoter......... Melanitta
perspicillata.
White-winged Scoter. Melanitta deglandi.
Screech-Owl................. Eastern Screech-Owl. Megascops asio.
Western Screech-Owl. Megascops
kennicottii.
Whiskered Screech- Megascops
Owl. trichopsis.
Scrub-Jay................... California Scrub-Jay Aphelocoma
californica.
Florida Scrub-Jay... Aphelocoma
coerulescens.
Island Scrub-Jay.... Aphelocoma
insularis.
Woodhouse's Scrub- Aphelocoma
Jay. woodhouseii.
Sea-Eagle................... Steller's Sea-Eagle. Haliaeetus
pelagicus.
Seedeater................... Morelet's Seedeater. Sporophila
morelleti.
Shearwater.................. Audubon's Shearwater Puffinus
lherminieri.
Barolo Shearwater... Puffinus baroli.
Black-vented Puffinus
Shearwater. opisthomelas.
Bryan's Shearwater.. Puffinus bryani.
Buller's Shearwater. Ardenna bulleri.
Cape Verde Calonectris
Shearwater. edwardsii.
Christmas Shearwater Puffinus
nativitatis.
Cory's Shearwater... Calonectris
diomedea.
Flesh-footed Ardenna carneipes.
Shearwater.
Great Shearwater.... Ardenna gravis.
Manx Shearwater..... Puffinus puffinus.
Newell's Shearwater. Puffinus newelli.
Pink-footed Ardenna creatopus.
Shearwater.
Short-tailed Ardenna
Shearwater. tenuirostris.
Sooty Shearwater.... Ardenna grisea.
Streaked Shearwater. Calonectris
leucomelas.
Wedge-tailed Ardenna pacifica.
Shearwater.
Shoveler.................... Northern Shoveler... Spatula clypeata.
Shrike...................... Brown Shrike........ Lanius cristatus.
Loggerhead Shrike... Lanius ludovicianus.
Northern Shrike..... Lanius borealis.
Silky-Flycatcher............ Gray Silky- Ptiliogonys
Flycatcher. cinereus.
Siskin...................... Eurasian Siskin..... Spinus spinus.
Pine Siskin......... Spinus pinus.
Skimmer..................... Black Skimmer....... Rynchops niger.
Skua........................ Great Skua.......... Stercorarius skua.
South Polar Skua.... Stercorarius
maccormicki.
Skylark..................... Eurasian Skylark.... Alauda arvensis.
Smew........................ Smew................ Mergellus albellus.
Snipe....................... Common Snipe........ Gallinago gallinago.
Jack Snipe.......... Lymnocryptes
minimus.
Pin-tailed Snipe.... Gallinago stenura.
Solitary Snipe...... Gallinago solitaria.
Swinhoe's Snipe..... Gallinago megala.
Wilson's Snipe...... Gallinago delicata.
Solitaire................... Brown-backed Myadestes
Solitaire. occidentalis.
Townsend's Solitaire Myadestes townsendi.
Sora........................ Sora................ Porzana carolina.
Sparrow..................... American Tree Spizelloides
Sparrow. arborea.
Bachman's Sparrow... Peucaea aestivalis.
Baird's Sparrow..... Centronyx bairdii.
Bell's Sparrow...... Artemisiospiza
belli.
Black-chinned Spizella
Sparrow. atrogularis.
Black-throated Amphispiza
Sparrow. bilineata.
Botteri's Sparrow... Peucaea botterii.
Brewer's Sparrow.... Spizella breweri.
Cassin's Sparrow.... Peucaea cassinii.
Chipping Sparrow.... Spizella passerina.
Clay-colored Sparrow Spizella pallida.
Field Sparrow....... Spizella pusilla.
Five-striped Sparrow Amphispizopsis
quinquestriata.
[[Page 23]]
Fox Sparrow......... Passerella iliaca.
Golden-crowned Zonotrichia
Sparrow. atricapilla.
Grasshopper Sparrow. Ammodramus
savannarum.
Harris's Sparrow.... Zonotrichia querula.
Henslow's Sparrow... Centronyx henslowii.
Lark Sparrow........ Chondestes
grammacus.
LeConte's Sparrow... Ammospiza leconteii.
Lincoln's Sparrow... Melospiza lincolnii.
Nelson's Sparrow.... Ammospiza nelsoni.
Olive Sparrow....... Arremonops
rufivirgatus.
Rufous-crowned Aimophila ruficeps.
Sparrow.
Rufous-winged Peucaea carpalis.
Sparrow.
Sagebrush Sparrow... Artemisiospiza
nevadensis.
Saltmarsh Sparrow... Ammospiza caudacuta.
Savannah Sparrow.... Passerculus
sandwichensis.
Seaside Sparrow..... Ammospiza maritima.
Song Sparrow........ Melospiza melodia.
Swamp Sparrow....... Melospiza georgiana.
Vesper Sparrow...... Pooecetes gramineus.
White-crowned Zonotrichia
Sparrow. leucophrys.
White-throated Zonotrichia
Sparrow. albicollis.
Worthen's Sparrow... Spizella wortheni.
Sparrowhawk................. Chinese Sparrowhawk. Accipiter soloensis.
Japanese Sparrowhawk Accipiter gularis.
Spindalis................... Puerto Rican Spindalis
Spindalis. portoricensis.
Western Spindalis... Spindalis zena.
Spoonbill................... Roseate Spoonbill... Platalea ajaja.
Starling.................... Chestnut-cheeked Agropsar
Starling. philippensis.
White-cheeked Spodiopsar
Starling. cineraceus.
Starthroat.................. Plain-capped Heliomaster
Starthroat. constantii.
Stilt....................... Black-necked Stilt.. Himantopus
mexicanus.
Black-winged Stilt.. Himantopus
himantopus.
Stint....................... Little Stint........ Calidris minuta.
Long-toed Stint..... Calidris subminuta.
Red-necked Stint.... Calidris ruficollis.
Temminck's Stint.... Calidris temminckii.
Stonechat................... Asian Stonechat..... Saxicola maurus.
Stork....................... Wood Stork.......... Mycteria americana.
Storm-Petrel................ Ashy Storm-Petrel... Hydrobates
homochroa.
Band-rumped Storm- Hydrobates castro.
Petrel.
Black Storm-Petrel.. Hydrobates melania.
Black-bellied Storm- Fregetta tropica.
Petrel.
European Storm- Hydrobates
Petrel. pelagicus.
Fork-tailed Storm- Hydrobates furcatus.
Petrel.
Leach's Storm-Petrel Hydrobates
leucorhous.
Least Storm-Petrel.. Hydrobates
microsoma.
Matsudaira's Storm- Hydrobates
Petrel. matsudairae.
Polynesian Storm- Nesofregetta
Petrel. fuliginosa.
Ringed Storm-Petrel. Hydrobates hornbyi.
Swinhoe's Storm- Hydrobates monorhis.
Petrel.
Townsend's Storm- Hydrobates
Petrel. socorroensis.
Tristram's Storm- Hydrobates
Petrel. tristrami.
Wedge-rumped Storm- Hydrobates tethys.
Petrel.
White-bellied Storm- Fregetta grallaria.
Petrel.
White-faced Storm- Pelagodroma marina.
Petrel.
Wilson's Storm- Oceanites oceanicus.
Petrel.
Surfbird.................... Surfbird............ Calidris virgata.
Swallow..................... Bahama Swallow...... Tachycineta
cyaneoviridis.
Bank Swallow........ Riparia riparia.
Barn Swallow........ Hirundo rustica.
Blue-and-white Pygochelidon
Swallow. cyanoleuca.
Cave Swallow........ Petrochelidon fulva.
Cliff Swallow....... Petrochelidon
pyrrhonota.
Mangrove Swallow.... Tachycineta
albilinea.
Northern Rough- Stelgidopteryx
winged Swallow. serripennis.
Tree Swallow........ Tachycineta bicolor.
Violet-green Swallow Tachycineta
thalassina.
Swamphen.................... Purple Swamphen..... Porphyrio porphyrio.
Swan........................ Trumpeter Swan...... Cygnus buccinator.
Tundra Swan......... Cygnus columbianus.
Whooper Swan........ Cygnus cygnus.
[[Page 24]]
Swift....................... Alpine Swift........ Apus melba.
Black Swift......... Cypseloides niger.
Chimney Swift....... Chaetura pelagica.
Common Swift........ Apus apus.
Fork-tailed Swift... Apus pacificus.
Short-tailed Swift.. Chaetura brachyura.
Vaux's Swift........ Chaetura vauxi.
White-collared Swift Streptoprocne
zonaris.
White-throated Swift Aeronautes
saxatalis.
Swiftlet.................... Mariana Swiftlet.... Aerodramus bartschi.
White-rumped Aerodramus
Swiftlet. spodiopygius.
Tanager..................... Flame-colored Piranga bidentata.
Tanager.
Hepatic Tanager..... Piranga flava.
Puerto Rican Tanager Nesospingus
speculiferus.
Scarlet Tanager..... Piranga olivacea.
Summer Tanager...... Piranga rubra.
Western Tanager..... Piranga ludoviciana.
Tattler..................... Gray-tailed Tattler. Tringa brevipes.
Wandering Tattler... Tringa incana.
Teal........................ Baikal Teal......... Sibirionetta
formosa.
Blue-winged Teal.... Spatula discors.
Cinnamon Teal....... Spatula cyanoptera.
Green-winged Teal... Anas crecca.
Tern........................ Aleutian Tern....... Onychoprion
aleuticus.
Arctic Tern......... Sterna paradisaea.
Black Tern.......... Chlidonias niger.
Black-naped Tern.... Sterna sumatrana.
Bridled Tern........ Onychoprion
anaethetus.
Caspian Tern........ Hydroprogne caspia.
Common Tern......... Sterna hirundo.
Elegant Tern........ Thalasseus elegans.
Forster's Tern...... Sterna forsteri.
Gray-backed Tern.... Onychoprion lunatus.
Great Crested Tern.. Thalasseus bergii.
Gull-billed Tern.... Gelochelidon
nilotica.
Inca Tern........... Larosterna inca.
Large-billed Tern... Phaetusa simplex.
Least Tern.......... Sternula antillarum.
Little Tern......... Sternula albifrons.
Roseate Tern........ Sterna dougallii.
Royal Tern.......... Thalasseus maximus.
Sandwich Tern....... Thalasseus
sandvicensis.
Sooty Tern.......... Onychoprion
fuscatus.
Whiskered Tern...... Chlidonias hybrida.
White Tern.......... Gygis alba.
White-winged Tern... Chlidonias
leucopterus.
Thrasher.................... Bendire's Thrasher.. Toxostoma bendirei.
Brown Thrasher...... Toxostoma rufum.
California Thrasher. Toxostoma redivivum.
Crissal Thrasher.... Toxostoma crissale.
Curve-billed Toxostoma
Thrasher. curvirostre.
LeConte's Thrasher.. Toxostoma lecontei.
Long-billed Thrasher Toxostoma
longirostre.
Pearly-eyed Thrasher Margarops fuscatus.
Sage Thrasher....... Oreoscoptes
montanus.
Thrush...................... Aztec Thrush........ Ridgwayia pinicola.
Bicknell's Thrush... Catharus bicknelli.
Clay-colored Thrush. Turdus grayi.
Dusky Thrush........ Turdus eunomus.
Eyebrowed Thrush.... Turdus obscurus.
Gray-cheeked Thrush. Catharus minimus.
Hermit Thrush....... Catharus guttatus.
Naumann's Thrush.... Turdus naumanni.
Red-legged Thrush... Turdus plumbeus.
Swainson's Thrush... Catharus ustulatus.
Varied Thrush....... Ixoreus naevius.
White-throated Turdus assimilis.
Thrush.
Wood Thrush......... Hylocichla
mustelina.
Tiger-Heron................. Bare-throated Tiger- Tigrisoma mexicanum.
Heron.
Titmouse.................... Black-crested Baeolophus
Titmouse. atricristatus.
Bridled Titmouse.... Baeolophus
wollweberi.
[[Page 25]]
Juniper Titmouse.... Baeolophus ridgwayi.
Oak Titmouse........ Baeolophus
inornatus.
Tufted Titmouse..... Baeolophus bicolor.
Tityra...................... Masked Tityra....... Tityra semifasciata.
Towhee...................... Abert's Towhee...... Melozone aberti.
California Towhee... Melozone crissalis.
Canyon Towhee....... Melozone fusca.
Eastern Towhee...... Pipilo
erythrophthalmus.
Green-tailed Towhee. Pipilo chlorurus.
Spotted Towhee...... Pipilo maculatus.
Trogon...................... Elegant Trogon...... Trogon elegans.
Tropicbird.................. Red-billed Phaethon aethereus.
Tropicbird.
Red-tailed Phaethon rubricauda.
Tropicbird.
White-tailed Phaethon lepturus.
Tropicbird.
Turnstone................... Black Turnstone..... Arenaria
melanocephala.
Ruddy Turnstone..... Arenaria interpres.
Turtle-Dove................. Oriental Turtle-Dove Streptopelia
orientalis.
Veery....................... Veery............... Catharus fuscescens.
Verdin...................... Verdin.............. Auriparus flaviceps.
Violetear................... Mexican Violetear... Colibri thalassinus.
Vireo....................... Bell's Vireo........ Vireo bellii.
Black-capped Vireo.. Vireo atricapilla.
Black-whiskered Vireo altiloquus.
Vireo.
Blue-headed Vireo... Vireo solitarius.
Cassin's Vireo...... Vireo cassinii.
Cuban Vireo......... Vireo gundlachii.
Gray Vireo.......... Vireo vicinior.
Hutton's Vireo...... Vireo huttoni.
Philadelphia Vireo.. Vireo
philadelphicus.
Plumbeous Vireo..... Vireo plumbeus.
Puerto Rican Vireo.. Vireo latimeri.
Red-eyed Vireo...... Vireo olivaceus.
Thick-billed Vireo.. Vireo crassirostris.
Warbling Vireo...... Vireo gilvus.
White-eyed Vireo.... Vireo griseus.
Yellow-green Vireo.. Vireo flavoviridis.
Yellow-throated Vireo flavifrons.
Vireo.
Yucatan Vireo....... Vireo magister.
Vulture..................... Black Vulture....... Coragyps atratus.
Turkey Vulture...... Cathartes aura.
Wagtail..................... Citrine Wagtail..... Motacilla citreola.
Eastern Yellow Motacilla
Wagtail. tschutschensis.
Gray Wagtail........ Motacilla cinerea.
White Wagtail....... Motacilla alba.
Warbler..................... Adelaide's Warbler.. Setophaga adelaidae.
Aguiguan Reed Acrocephalus nijoi.
Warbler.
Arctic Warbler...... Phylloscopus
borealis.
Bachman's Warbler... Vermivora bachmanii.
Bay-breasted Warbler Setophaga castanea.
Black-and-white Mniotilta varia.
Warbler.
Blackburnian Warbler Setophaga fusca.
Blackpoll Warbler... Setophaga striata.
Black-throated Blue Setophaga
Warbler. caerulescens.
Black-throated Gray Setophaga
Warbler. nigrescens.
Black-throated Green Setophaga virens.
Warbler.
Blue-winged Warbler. Vermivora
cyanoptera.
Blyth's Reed Warbler Acrocephalus
dumetorum.
Canada Warbler...... Cardellina
canadensis.
Cape May Warbler.... Setophaga tigrina.
Cerulean Warbler.... Setophaga cerulea.
Chestnut-sided Setophaga
Warbler. pensylvanica.
Colima Warbler...... Leiothlypis
crissalis.
Connecticut Warbler. Oporornis agilis.
Crescent-chested Oreothlypis
Warbler. superciliosa.
Dusky Warbler....... Phylloscopus
fuscatus.
Elfin-woods Warbler. Setophaga angelae.
Fan-tailed Warbler.. Basileuterus
lachrymosus.
Golden-cheeked Setophaga
Warbler. chrysoparia.
Golden-crowned Basileuterus
Warbler. culicivorus.
Golden-winged Vermivora
Warbler. chrysoptera.
Grace's Warbler..... Setophaga graciae.
[[Page 26]]
Hermit Warbler...... Setophaga
occidentalis.
Hooded Warbler...... Setophaga citrina.
Kamchatka Leaf Phylloscopus
Warbler. examinandus.
Kentucky Warbler.... Geothlypis formosa.
Kirtland's Warbler.. Setophaga
kirtlandii.
Lanceolated Warbler. Locustella
lanceolata.
Lucy's Warbler...... Leiothlypis luciae.
MacGillivray's Geothlypis tolmiei.
Warbler.
Magnolia Warbler.... Setophaga magnolia.
Middendorff's Helopsaltes
Grasshopper Warbler. ochotensis.
Mourning Warbler.... Geothlypis
philadelphia.
Nashville Warbler... Leiothlypis
ruficapilla.
Nightingale Reed Acrocephalus
Warbler. luscinius.
Olive Warbler....... Peucedramus
taeniatus.
Orange-crowned Leiothlypis celata.
Warbler.
Pagan Reed Warbler.. Acrocephalus
yamashinae.
Pallas's Grasshopper Helopsaltes
Warbler. certhiola.
Pallas's Leaf Phylloscopus
Warbler. proregulus.
Palm Warbler........ Setophaga palmarum.
Pine Warbler........ Setophaga pinus.
Prairie Warbler..... Setophaga discolor.
Prothonotary Warbler Protonotaria citrea.
Red-faced Warbler... Cardellina
rubrifrons.
River Warbler....... Locustella
fluviatilis.
Rufous-capped Basileuterus
Warbler. rufifrons.
Saipan Reed Warbler. Acrocephalus hiwae.
Sedge Warbler....... Acrocephalus
schoenobaenus.
Swainson's Warbler.. Limnothlypis
swainsonii.
Tennessee Warbler... Leiothlypis
peregrina.
Thick-billed Warbler Arundinax aedon.
Townsend's Warbler.. Setophaga townsendi.
Virginia's Warbler.. Leiothlypis
virginiae.
Willow Warbler...... Phylloscopus
trochilus.
Wilson's Warbler.... Cardellina pusilla.
Wood Warbler........ Phylloscopus
sibilatrix.
Worm-eating Warbler. Helmitheros
vermivorum.
Yellow Warbler...... Setophaga petechia.
Yellow-browed Phylloscopus
Warbler. inornatus.
Yellow-rumped Setophaga coronata.
Warbler.
Yellow-throated Setophaga dominica.
Warbler.
Waterthrush................. Louisiana Parkesia motacilla.
Waterthrush.
Northern Waterthrush Parkesia
noveboracensis.
Waxwing..................... Bohemian Waxwing.... Bombycilla garrulus.
Cedar Waxwing....... Bombycilla cedrorum.
Wheatear.................... Northern Wheatear... Oenanthe oenanthe.
Pied Wheatear....... Oenanthe pleschanka.
Whimbrel.................... Whimbrel............ Numenius phaeopus.
Whip-poor-will.............. Eastern Whip-poor- Antrostomus
will. vociferus.
Mexican Whip-poor- Antrostomus
will. arizonae.
Whistling-Duck.............. Black-bellied Dendrocygna
Whistling-Duck. autumnalis.
Fulvous Whistling- Dendrocygna bicolor.
Duck.
West Indian Dendrocygna arborea.
Whistling-Duck.
Whitethroat................. Lesser Whitethroat.. Sylvia curruca.
Wigeon...................... American Wigeon..... Mareca americana.
Eurasian Wigeon..... Mareca penelope.
Willet...................... Willet.............. Tringa semipalmata.
Woodcock.................... American Woodcock... Scolopax minor.
Eurasian Woodcock... Scolopax rusticola.
Woodpecker.................. Acorn Woodpecker.... Melanerpes
formicivorus.
American Three-toed Picoides dorsalis.
Woodpecker.
Arizona Woodpecker.. Dryobates arizonae.
Black-backed Picoides arcticus.
Woodpecker.
Downy Woodpecker.... Dryobates pubescens.
Gila Woodpecker..... Melanerpes
uropygialis.
Golden-fronted Melanerpes
Woodpecker. aurifrons.
Great Spotted Dendrocopos major.
Woodpecker.
Hairy Woodpecker.... Dryobates villosus.
Ivory-billed Campephilus
Woodpecker. principalis.
Ladder-backed Dryobates scalaris.
Woodpecker.
Lewis's Woodpecker.. Melanerpes lewis.
Nuttall's Woodpecker Dryobates nuttallii.
[[Page 27]]
Pileated Woodpecker. Dryocopus pileatus.
Puerto Rican Melanerpes
Woodpecker. portoricensis.
Red-bellied Melanerpes
Woodpecker. carolinus.
Red-cockaded Dryobates borealis.
Woodpecker.
Red-headed Melanerpes
Woodpecker. erythrocephalus.
White-headed Dryobates
Woodpecker. albolarvatus.
Wood-Pewee.................. Eastern Wood-Pewee.. Contopus virens.
Western Wood-Pewee.. Contopus sordidulus.
Wood-Rail................... Rufous-necked Wood- Aramides axillaris.
Rail.
Woodstar.................... Bahama Woodstar..... Nesophlox evelynae.
Wren........................ Bewick's Wren....... Thryomanes bewickii.
Cactus Wren......... Campylorhynchus
brunneicapillus.
Canyon Wren......... Catherpes mexicanus.
Carolina Wren....... Thryothorus
ludovicianus.
House Wren.......... Troglodytes aedon.
Marsh Wren.......... Cistothorus
palustris.
Pacific Wren........ Troglodytes
pacificus.
Rock Wren........... Salpinctes
obsoletus.
Sedge Wren.......... Cistothorus
stellaris.
Sinaloa Wren........ Thryophilus sinaloa.
Winter Wren......... Troglodytes
hiemalis.
Wrentit..................... Wrentit............. Chamaea fasciata.
Wryneck..................... Eurasian Wryneck.... Jynx torquilla.
Yellowlegs.................. Greater Yellowlegs.. Tringa melanoleuca.
Lesser Yellowlegs... Tringa flavipes.
Yellowthroat................ Common Yellowthroat. Geothlypis trichas.
Gray-crowned Geothlypis
Yellowthroat. poliocephala.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(2) Taxonomic listing. The table lists species in phylogenetic
sequence by scientific name, with the common (English) name following
the scientific name. To help clarify species relationships, we also
provide the higher-level taxonomic categories of Order, Family, and
Subfamily.
Table 2 to Paragraph (c)(2)--Taxonomic Listing of Birds Protected by the
Migratory Bird Treaty Act
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Species scientific name Species common name
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(i) Order Anseriformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Family Anatidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Subfamily Dendrocygninae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dendrocygna autumnalis................. Black-bellied Whistling-Duck.
Dendrocygna arborea.................... West Indian Whistling-Duck.
Dendrocygna bicolor.................... Fulvous Whistling-Duck.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(2) Subfamily Anserinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Anser canagicus........................ Emperor Goose.
Anser caerulescens..................... Snow Goose.
Anser rossii........................... Ross's Goose.
Anser albifrons........................ Greater White-fronted Goose.
Anser erythropus....................... Lesser White-fronted Goose.
Anser fabalis.......................... Taiga Bean-Goose.
Anser serrirostris..................... Tundra Bean-Goose.
Anser brachyrhynchus................... Pink-footed Goose.
Branta bernicla........................ Brant.
Branta leucopsis....................... Barnacle Goose.
Branta hutchinsii...................... Cackling Goose.
Branta canadensis...................... Canada Goose.
Branta sandvicensis.................... Hawaiian Goose.
Cygnus buccinator...................... Trumpeter Swan.
Cygnus columbianus..................... Tundra Swan.
Cygnus cygnus.......................... Whooper Swan.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 28]]
(3) Subfamily Anatinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cairina moschata....................... Muscovy Duck.
Aix sponsa............................. Wood Duck.
Sibirionetta formosa................... Baikal Teal.
Spatula querquedula.................... Garganey.
Spatula discors........................ Blue-winged Teal.
Spatula cyanoptera..................... Cinnamon Teal.
Spatula clypeata....................... Northern Shoveler.
Mareca strepera........................ Gadwall.
Mareca falcata......................... Falcated Duck.
Mareca penelope........................ Eurasian Wigeon.
Mareca americana....................... American Wigeon.
Anas laysanensis....................... Laysan Duck
Anas wyvilliana........................ Hawaiian Duck.
Anas zonorhyncha....................... Eastern Spot-billed Duck.
Anas platyrhynchos..................... Mallard.
Anas diazi............................. Mexican Duck.
Anas rubripes.......................... American Black Duck.
Anas fulvigula......................... Mottled Duck.
Anas superciliosa...................... Pacific Black Duck.
Anas bahamensis........................ White-cheeked Pintail.
Anas acuta............................. Northern Pintail.
Anas crecca............................ Green-winged Teal.
Aythya valisineria..................... Canvasback.
Aythya americana....................... Redhead.
Aythya ferina.......................... Common Pochard.
Aythya baeri........................... Baer's Pochard.
Aythya collaris........................ Ring-necked Duck.
Aythya fuligula........................ Tufted Duck.
Aythya marila.......................... Greater Scaup.
Aythya affinis......................... Lesser Scaup.
Polysticta stelleri.................... Steller's Eider.
Somateria fischeri..................... Spectacled Eider.
Somateria spectabilis.................. King Eider.
Somateria mollissima................... Common Eider.
Histrionicus histrionicus.............. Harlequin Duck.
Melanitta perspicillata................ Surf Scoter.
Melanitta deglandi..................... White-winged Scoter.
Melanitta stejneger.................... Stejneger's Scoter.
Melanitta nigra........................ Common Scoter.
Melanitta americana.................... Black Scoter.
Clangula hyemalis...................... Long-tailed Duck.
Bucephala albeola...................... Bufflehead.
Bucephala clangula..................... Common Goldeneye.
Bucephala islandica.................... Barrow's Goldeneye.
Mergellus albellus..................... Smew.
Lophodytes cucullatus.................. Hooded Merganser.
Mergus merganser....................... Common Merganser.
Mergus serrator........................ Red-breasted Merganser.
Nomonyx dominicus...................... Masked Duck.
Oxyura jamaicensis..................... Ruddy Duck.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(ii) Order Phoenicopteriformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Family Phoenicopteridae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Phoenicopterus ruber................... American Flamingo.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(iii) Order Podicipediformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Family Podicipedidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tachybaptus dominicus.................. Least Grebe.
Podilymbus podiceps.................... Pied-billed Grebe.
Podiceps auritus....................... Horned Grebe.
Podiceps grisegena..................... Red-necked Grebe.
Podiceps nigricollis................... Eared Grebe.
Aechmophorus occidentalis.............. Western Grebe.
Aechmophorus clarkii................... Clark's Grebe.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 29]]
(iv) Order Columbiformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Family Columbidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Patagioenas squamosa................... Scaly-naped Pigeon.
Patagioenas leucocephala............... White-crowned Pigeon.
Patagioenas flavirostris............... Red-billed Pigeon.
Patagioenas inornata................... Plain Pigeon.
Patagioenas fasciata................... Band-tailed Pigeon.
Streptopelia orientalis................ Oriental Turtle-Dove.
Alopecoenas stairi..................... Shy Ground Dove.
Alopecoenas xanthonurus................ White-throated Ground Dove.
Columbina inca......................... Inca Dove.
Columbina passerina.................... Common Ground Dove.
Columbina talpacoti.................... Ruddy Ground Dove.
Geotrygon montana...................... Ruddy Quail-Dove.
Geotrygon chrysia...................... Key West Quail-Dove.
Geotrygon mystacea..................... Bridled Quail-Dove.
Leptotila verreauxi.................... White-tipped Dove.
Zenaida asiatica....................... White-winged Dove.
Zenaida aurita......................... Zenaida Dove.
Zenaida macroura....................... Mourning Dove.
Ptilinopus perousii.................... Many-colored Fruit-Dove.
Ptilinopus porphyraceus................ Crimson-crowned Fruit-Dove.
Ptilinopus roseicapilla................ Mariana Fruit-Dove.
Ducula pacifica........................ Pacific Imperial-Pigeon.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(v) Order Cuculiformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Family Cuculidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Subfamily Crotophaginae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Crotophaga ani......................... Smooth-billed Ani.
Crotophaga sulcirostris................ Groove-billed Ani.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(2) Subfamily Neomorphinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Geococcyx californianus................ Greater Roadrunner.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(3) Subfamily Cuculinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Urodynamis taitensis................... Long-tailed Koel.
Hierococcyx nisicolor.................. Hodgson's Hawk-Cuckoo.
Cuculus canorus........................ Common Cuckoo.
Cuculus optatus........................ Oriental Cuckoo.
Clamator coromandus.................... Chestnut-winged Cuckoo.
Coccyzus melacoryphus.................. Dark-billed Cuckoo.
Coccyzus americanus.................... Yellow-billed Cuckoo.
Coccyzus minor......................... Mangrove Cuckoo.
Coccyzus erythropthalmus............... Black-billed Cuckoo.
Coccyzus vieilloti..................... Puerto Rican Lizard-Cuckoo.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(vi) Order Caprimulgiformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Family Caprimulgidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Subfamily Chordeilinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chordeiles acutipennis................. Lesser Nighthawk.
Chordeiles minor....................... Common Nighthawk.
Chordeiles gundlachii.................. Antillean Nighthawk.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(2) Subfamily Caprimulginae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Nyctidromus albicollis................. Common Pauraque.
Phalaenoptilus nuttallii............... Common Poorwill.
Antrostomus carolinensis............... Chuck-will's-widow.
Antrostomus ridgwayi................... Buff-collared Nightjar.
Antrostomus vociferus.................. Eastern Whip-poor-will.
Antrostomus arizonae................... Mexican Whip-poor-will.
Antrostomus noctitherus................ Puerto Rican Nightjar.
[[Page 30]]
Hydropsalis cayennensis................ White-tailed Nightjar.
Caprimulgus jotaka..................... Gray Nightjar.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(vii) Order Apodiformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(A) Family Apodidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Subfamily Cypseloidinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cypseloides niger...................... Black Swift.
Streptoprocne zonaris.................. White-collared Swift.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(2) Subfamily Chaeturinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chaetura pelagica...................... Chimney Swift.
Chaetura vauxi......................... Vaux's Swift.
Chaetura brachyura..................... Short-tailed Swift.
Hirundapus caudacutus.................. White-throated Needletail.
Aerodramus spodiopygius................ White-rumped Swiftlet.
Aerodramus bartschi.................... Mariana Swiftlet.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(3) Subfamily Apodinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Apus apus.............................. Common Swift.
Apus pacificus......................... Fork-tailed Swift.
Apus melba............................. Alpine Swift.
Aeronautes saxatalis................... White-throated Swift.
Tachornis phoenicobia.................. Antillean Palm-Swift.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(B) Family Trochilidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subfamily Trochilinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Colibri thalassinus.................... Mexican Violetear.
Anthracothorax prevostii............... Green-breasted Mango.
Anthracothorax aurulentus.............. Puerto Rican Mango.
Anthracothorax viridis................. Green Mango.
Eulampis jugularis..................... Purple-throated Carib.
Eulampis holosericeus.................. Green-throated Carib.
Eugenes fulgens........................ Rivoli's Hummingbird.
Heliomaster constantii................. Plain-capped Starthroat.
Lampornis amethystinus................. Amethyst-throated Mountain-gem.
Lampornis clemenciae................... Blue-throated Mountain-gem.
Calothorax lucifer..................... Lucifer Hummingbird.
Archilochus colubris................... Ruby-throated Hummingbird.
Archilochus alexandri.................. Black-chinned Hummingbird.
Mellisuga minima....................... Vervain Hummingbird.
Nesophlox evelynae..................... Bahama Woodstar.
Calypte anna........................... Anna's Hummingbird.
Calypte costae......................... Costa's Hummingbird.
Selasphorus calliope................... Calliope Hummingbird.
Selasphorus rufus...................... Rufous Hummingbird.
Selasphorus sasin...................... Allen's Hummingbird.
Selasphorus platycercus................ Broad-tailed Hummingbird.
Selasphorus heloisa.................... Bumblebee Hummingbird.
Riccordia maugaeus..................... Puerto Rican Emerald.
Cynanthus latirostris.................. Broad-billed Hummingbird.
Basilinna leucotis..................... White-eared Hummingbird.
Basilinna xantusii..................... Xantus's Hummingbird.
Orthorhyncus cristatus................. Antillean Crested Hummingbird.
Ramosomyia violiceps................... Violet-crowned Hummingbird.
Saucerottia beryllina.................. Berylline Hummingbird.
Amazilia rutila........................ Cinnamon Hummingbird.
Amazilia yucatanensis.................. Buff-bellied Hummingbird.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(viii) Order Gruiformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(A) Family Rallidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Gallirallus philippensis............... Buff-banded Rail.
Gallirallus owstoni.................... Guam Rail.
Neocrex erythrops...................... Paint-billed Crake.
[[Page 31]]
Pardirallus maculatus.................. Spotted Rail.
Aramides axillaris..................... Rufous-necked Wood-Rail.
Rallus obsoletus....................... Ridgway's Rail.
Rallus elegans......................... King Rail.
Rallus crepitans....................... Clapper Rail.
Rallus limicola........................ Virginia Rail.
Crex crex.............................. Corn Crake.
Porzana carolina....................... Sora.
Gallinula galeata...................... Common Gallinule.
Gallinula chloropus.................... Eurasian Moorhen.
Fulica atra............................ Eurasian Coot.
Fulica alai............................ Hawaiian Coot.
Fulica americana....................... American Coot.
Porphyrio martinicus................... Purple Gallinule.
Porphyrio flavirostris................. Azure Gallinule.
Porphyrio porphyrio.................... Purple Swamphen.
Porzana tabuensis...................... Spotless Crake.
Coturnicops noveboracensis............. Yellow Rail.
Hapalocrex flaviventer................. Yellow-breasted Crake.
Laterallus jamaicensis................. Black Rail.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(B) Family Aramidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Aramus guarauna........................ Limpkin.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(C) Family Gruidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subfamily Gruinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Antigone canadensis.................... Sandhill Crane.
Grus grus.............................. Common Crane.
Grus monacha........................... Hooded Crane.
Grus americana......................... Whooping Crane.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(ix) Order Charadriiformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(A) Family Recurvirostridae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Himantopus himantopus.................. Black-winged Stilt.
Himantopus mexicanus................... Black-necked Stilt.
Recurvirostra americana................ American Avocet.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(B) Family Haematopodidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Haematopus ostralegus.................. Eurasian Oystercatcher.
Haematopus palliatus................... American Oystercatcher.
Haematopus bachmani.................... Black Oystercatcher.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(C) Family Charadriidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Subfamily Vanellinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Vanellus vanellus...................... Northern Lapwing.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(2) Subfamily Charadriinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pluvialis squatarola................... Black-bellied Plover.
Pluvialis apricaria.................... European Golden-Plover.
Pluvialis dominica..................... American Golden-Plover.
Pluvialis fulva........................ Pacific Golden-Plover.
Charadrius morinellus.................. Eurasian Dotterel.
Charadrius vociferus................... Killdeer.
Charadrius hiaticula................... Common Ringed Plover.
Charadrius semipalmatus................ Semipalmated Plover.
Charadrius melodus..................... Piping Plover.
Charadrius dubius...................... Little Ringed Plover.
Charadrius mongolus.................... Lesser Sand-Plover.
Charadrius leschenaultii............... Greater Sand-Plover.
Charadrius wilsonia.................... Wilson's Plover.
Charadrius collaris.................... Collared Plover.
Charadrius alexandrinus................ Kentish Plover.
Charadrius montanus.................... Mountain Plover.
[[Page 32]]
Charadrius nivosus..................... Snowy Plover.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(D) Family Jacanidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Jacana spinosa......................... Northern Jacana.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(E) Family Scolopacidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Subfamily Numeniinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bartramia longicauda................... Upland Sandpiper.
Numenius tahitiensis................... Bristle-thighed Curlew.
Numenius phaeopus...................... Whimbrel.
Numenius minutus....................... Little Curlew.
Numenius borealis...................... Eskimo Curlew.
Numenius americanus.................... Long-billed Curlew.
Numenius madagascariensis.............. Far Eastern Curlew.
Numenius arquata....................... Eurasian Curlew.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(2) Subfamily Limosinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Limosa lapponica....................... Bar-tailed Godwit.
Limosa limosa.......................... Black-tailed Godwit.
Limosa haemastica...................... Hudsonian Godwit.
Limosa fedoa........................... Marbled Godwit.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(3) Subfamily Arenariinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Arenaria interpres..................... Ruddy Turnstone.
Arenaria melanocephala................. Black Turnstone.
Calidris tenuirostris.................. Great Knot.
Calidris canutus....................... Red Knot.
Calidris virgata....................... Surfbird.
Calidris pugnax........................ Ruff.
Calidris falcinellus................... Broad-billed Sandpiper.
Calidris acuminata..................... Sharp-tailed Sandpiper.
Calidris himantopus.................... Stilt Sandpiper.
Calidris ferruginea.................... Curlew Sandpiper.
Calidris temminckii.................... Temminck's Stint.
Calidris subminuta..................... Long-toed Stint.
Calidris pygmea........................ Spoon-billed Sandpiper.
Calidris ruficollis.................... Red-necked Stint.
Calidris alba.......................... Sanderling.
Calidris alpina........................ Dunlin.
Calidris ptilocnemis................... Rock Sandpiper.
Calidris maritima...................... Purple Sandpiper.
Calidris bairdii....................... Baird's Sandpiper.
Calidris minuta........................ Little Stint.
Calidris minutilla..................... Least Sandpiper.
Calidris fuscicollis................... White-rumped Sandpiper.
Calidris subruficollis................. Buff-breasted Sandpiper.
Calidris melanotos..................... Pectoral Sandpiper.
Calidris pusilla....................... Semipalmated Sandpiper.
Calidris mauri......................... Western Sandpiper.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(4) Subfamily Scolopacinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Limnodromus griseus.................... Short-billed Dowitcher.
Limnodromus scolopaceus................ Long-billed Dowitcher.
Lymnocryptes minimus................... Jack Snipe.
Scolopax rusticola..................... Eurasian Woodcock.
Scolopax minor......................... American Woodcock.
Gallinago solitaria.................... Solitary Snipe.
Gallinago stenura...................... Pin-tailed Snipe.
Gallinago megala....................... Swinhoe's Snipe.
Gallinago gallinago.................... Common Snipe.
Gallinago delicata..................... Wilson's Snipe.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(5) Subfamily Tringinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Xenus cinereus......................... Terek Sandpiper.
Actitis hypoleucos..................... Common Sandpiper.
[[Page 33]]
Actitis macularius..................... Spotted Sandpiper.
Tringa ochropus........................ Green Sandpiper.
Tringa solitaria....................... Solitary Sandpiper.
Tringa brevipes........................ Gray-tailed Tattler.
Tringa incana.......................... Wandering Tattler.
Tringa flavipes........................ Lesser Yellowlegs.
Tringa semipalmata..................... Willet.
Tringa erythropus...................... Spotted Redshank.
Tringa nebularia....................... Common Greenshank.
Tringa guttifer........................ Nordmann's Greenshank.
Tringa melanoleuca..................... Greater Yellowlegs.
Tringa totanus......................... Common Redshank.
Tringa glareola........................ Wood Sandpiper.
Tringa stagnatilis..................... Marsh Sandpiper.
Phalaropus tricolor.................... Wilson's Phalarope.
Phalaropus lobatus..................... Red-necked Phalarope.
Phalaropus fulicarius.................. Red Phalarope.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(F) Family Stercorariidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Stercorarius skua...................... Great Skua.
Stercorarius maccormicki............... South Polar Skua.
Stercorarius pomarinus................. Pomarine Jaeger.
Stercorarius parasiticus............... Parasitic Jaeger.
Stercorarius longicaudus............... Long-tailed Jaeger.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(G) Family Alcidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Alle alle.............................. Dovekie.
Uria aalge............................. Common Murre.
Uria lomvia............................ Thick-billed Murre.
Alca torda............................. Razorbill.
Cepphus grylle......................... Black Guillemot.
Cepphus columba........................ Pigeon Guillemot.
Brachyramphus perdix................... Long-billed Murrelet.
Brachyramphus marmoratus............... Marbled Murrelet
Brachyramphus brevirostris............. Kittlitz's Murrelet.
Synthliboramphus scrippsi.............. Scripps's Murrelet.
Synthliboramphus hypoleucus............ Guadalupe Murrelet.
Synthliboramphus craveri............... Craveri's Murrelet.
Synthliboramphus antiquus.............. Ancient Murrelet.
Ptychoramphus aleuticus................ Cassin's Auklet.
Aethia psittacula...................... Parakeet Auklet.
Aethia pusilla......................... Least Auklet.
Aethia pygmaea......................... Whiskered Auklet.
Aethia cristatella..................... Crested Auklet.
Cerorhinca monocerata.................. Rhinoceros Auklet.
Fratercula arctica..................... Atlantic Puffin.
Fratercula corniculata................. Horned Puffin.
Fratercula cirrhata.................... Tufted Puffin.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(H) Family Laridae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Subfamily Larinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Creagrus furcatus...................... Swallow-tailed Gull.
Rissa tridactyla....................... Black-legged Kittiwake.
Rissa brevirostris..................... Red-legged Kittiwake.
Pagophila eburnea...................... Ivory Gull.
Xema sabini............................ Sabine's Gull.
Chroicocephalus philadelphia........... Bonaparte's Gull.
Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus.......... Gray-hooded Gull.
Chroicocephalus ridibundus............. Black-headed Gull.
Hydrocoloeus minutus................... Little Gull.
Rhodostethia rosea..................... Ross's Gull.
Leucophaeus atricilla.................. Laughing Gull.
Leucophaeus pipixcan................... Franklin's Gull.
Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus................ Pallas's Gull.
Larus belcheri......................... Belcher's Gull.
Larus crassirostris.................... Black-tailed Gull.
Larus heermanni........................ Heermann's Gull.
[[Page 34]]
Larus canus............................ Common Gull.
Larus brachyrhynchus................... Short-billed Gull.
Larus delawarensis..................... Ring-billed Gull.
Larus occidentalis..................... Western Gull.
Larus livens........................... Yellow-footed Gull.
Larus californicus..................... California Gull.
Larus argentatus....................... Herring Gull.
Larus michahellis...................... Yellow-legged Gull.
Larus glaucoides....................... Iceland Gull.
Larus fuscus........................... Lesser Black-backed Gull.
Larus schistisagus..................... Slaty-backed Gull.
Larus glaucescens...................... Glaucous-winged Gull.
Larus hyperboreus...................... Glaucous Gull.
Larus marinus.......................... Great Black-backed Gull.
Larus dominicanus...................... Kelp Gull.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(2) Subfamily Sterninae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Anous stolidus......................... Brown Noddy.
Anous minutus.......................... Black Noddy.
Anous ceruleus......................... Blue-gray Noddy.
Gygis alba............................. White Tern.
Onychoprion fuscatus................... Sooty Tern.
Onychoprion lunatus.................... Gray-backed Tern.
Onychoprion anaethetus................. Bridled Tern.
Onychoprion aleuticus.................. Aleutian Tern.
Sternula albifrons..................... Little Tern.
Sternula antillarum.................... Least Tern.
Phaetusa simplex....................... Large-billed Tern.
Gelochelidon nilotica.................. Gull-billed Tern.
Hydroprogne caspia..................... Caspian Tern.
Larosterna inca........................ Inca Tern.
Chlidonias niger....................... Black Tern.
Chlidonias leucopterus................. White-winged Tern.
Chlidonias hybrida..................... Whiskered Tern.
Sterna dougallii....................... Roseate Tern.
Sterna sumatrana....................... Black-naped Tern.
Sterna hirundo......................... Common Tern.
Sterna paradisaea...................... Arctic Tern.
Sterna forsteri........................ Forster's Tern.
Thalasseus maximus..................... Royal Tern.
Thalasseus bergii...................... Great Crested Tern.
Thalasseus sandvicensis................ Sandwich Tern.
Thalasseus elegans..................... Elegant Tern.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(3) Subfamily Rynchopinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Rynchops niger......................... Black Skimmer.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(x) Order Phaethontiformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Family Phaethontidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Phaethon lepturus...................... White-tailed Tropicbird.
Phaethon aethereus..................... Red-billed Tropicbird.
Phaethon rubricauda.................... Red-tailed Tropicbird.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(xi) Order Gaviiformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Family Gaviidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Gavia stellata......................... Red-throated Loon.
Gavia arctica.......................... Arctic Loon.
Gavia pacifica......................... Pacific Loon.
Gavia immer............................ Common Loon.
Gavia adamsii.......................... Yellow-billed Loon.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(xii) Order Procellariiformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(A) Family Diomedeidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Thalassarche chlororhynchos............ Yellow-nosed Albatross.
[[Page 35]]
Thalassarche cauta..................... White-capped Albatross.
Thalassarche eremita................... Chatham Albatross.
Thalassarche salvini................... Salvin's Albatross.
Thalassarche melanophris............... Black-browed Albatross.
Phoebetria palpebrata.................. Light-mantled Albatross.
Diomedea exulans....................... Wandering Albatross.
Phoebastria immutabilis................ Laysan Albatross.
Phoebastria nigripes................... Black-footed Albatross.
Phoebastria albatrus................... Short-tailed Albatross.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(B) Family Oceanitidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Family Phaethontidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Oceanites oceanicus.................... Wilson's Storm-Petrel.
Pelagodroma marina..................... White-faced Storm-Petrel.
Fregetta grallaria..................... White-bellied Storm-Petrel.
Fregetta tropica....................... Black-bellied Storm-Petrel.
Nesofregetta fuliginosa................ Polynesian Storm-Petrel.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(C) Family Hydrobatidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hydrobates pelagicus................... European Storm-Petrel.
Hydrobates furcatus.................... Fork-tailed Storm-Petrel.
Hydrobates hornbyi..................... Ringed Storm-Petrel.
Hydrobates monorhis.................... Swinhoe's Storm-Petrel.
Hydrobates leucorhous.................. Leach's Storm-Petrel.
Hydrobates socorroensis................ Townsend's Storm-Petrel.
Hydrobates homochroa................... Ashy Storm-Petrel.
Hydrobates castro...................... Band-rumped Storm-Petrel.
Hydrobates tethys...................... Wedge-rumped Storm-Petrel.
Hydrobates melania..................... Black Storm-Petrel.
Hydrobates matsudairae................. Matsudaira's Storm-Petrel.
Hydrobates tristrami................... Tristram's Storm-Petrel.
Hydrobates microsoma................... Least Storm-Petrel.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(D) Family Procellariidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Macronectes halli...................... Northern Giant-Petrel.
Fulmarus glacialis..................... Northern Fulmar.
Pterodroma gouldi...................... Gray-faced Petrel.
Pterodroma solandri.................... Providence Petrel.
Pterodroma neglecta.................... Kermadec Petrel.
Pterodroma arminjoniana................ Trindade Petrel.
Pterodroma heraldica................... Herald Petrel.
Pterodroma ultima...................... Murphy's Petrel.
Pterodroma inexpectata................. Mottled Petrel.
Pterodroma cahow....................... Bermuda Petrel.
Pterodroma hasitata.................... Black-capped Petrel.
Pterodroma externa..................... Juan Fernandez Petrel.
Pterodroma sandwichensis............... Hawaiian Petrel.
Pterodroma cervicalis.................. White-necked Petrel.
Pterodroma hypoleuca................... Bonin Petrel.
Pterodroma nigripennis................. Black-winged Petrel.
Pterodroma feae........................ Fea's Petrel.
Pterodroma madeira..................... Zino's Petrel.
Pterodroma cookii...................... Cook's Petrel.
Pterodroma leucoptera.................. Gould's Petrel.
Pterodroma longirostris................ Stejneger's Petrel.
Pterodroma alba........................ Phoenix Petrel.
Pseudobulweria rostrata................ Tahiti Petrel.
Bulweria bulwerii...................... Bulwer's Petrel.
Bulweria fallax........................ Jouanin's Petrel.
Procellaria aequinoctialis............. White-chinned Petrel.
Procellaria parkinsoni................. Parkinson's Petrel.
Calonectris leucomelas................. Streaked Shearwater.
Calonectris diomedea................... Cory's Shearwater.
Calonectris edwardsii.................. Cape Verde Shearwater.
Ardenna pacifica....................... Wedge-tailed Shearwater.
Ardenna bulleri........................ Buller's Shearwater.
Ardenna tenuirostris................... Short-tailed Shearwater.
[[Page 36]]
Ardenna grisea......................... Sooty Shearwater.
Ardenna gravis......................... Great Shearwater.
Ardenna creatopus...................... Pink-footed Shearwater.
Ardenna carneipes...................... Flesh-footed Shearwater.
Puffinus nativitatis................... Christmas Shearwater.
Puffinus puffinus...................... Manx Shearwater.
Puffinus newelli....................... Newell's Shearwater.
Puffinus bryani........................ Bryan's Shearwater.
Puffinus opisthomelas.................. Black-vented Shearwater.
Puffinus lherminieri................... Audubon's Shearwater.
Puffinus baroli........................ Barolo Shearwater.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(xiii) Order Ciconiiformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Family Ciconiidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Jabiru mycteria........................ Jabiru.
Mycteria americana..................... Wood Stork.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(xiv) Order Suliformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(A) Family Fregatidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Fregata ariel.......................... Lesser Frigatebird.
Fregata magnificens.................... Magnificent Frigatebird.
Fregata minor.......................... Great Frigatebird.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(B) Family Sulidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sula dactylatra........................ Masked Booby.
Sula granti............................ Nazca Booby.
Sula nebouxii.......................... Blue-footed Booby.
Sula leucogaster....................... Brown Booby.
Sula sula.............................. Red-footed Booby.
Papasula abbotti....................... Abbott's Booby.
Morus bassanus......................... Northern Gannet.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(C) Family Anhingidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Anhinga anhinga........................ Anhinga.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(D) Family Phalacrocoracidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Microcarbo melanoleucos................ Little Pied Cormorant.
Urile penicillatus..................... Brandt's Cormorant.
Urile urile............................ Red-faced Cormorant.
Urile pelagicus........................ Pelagic Cormorant.
Phalacrocorax carbo.................... Great Cormorant.
Nannopterum auritum.................... Double-crested Cormorant.
Nannopterum brasilianum................ Neotropic Cormorant.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(xv) Order Pelecaniformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(A) Family Pelecanidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pelecanus erythrorhynchos.............. American White Pelican.
Pelecanus occidentalis................. Brown Pelican.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(B) Family Ardeidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Botaurus lentiginosus.................. American Bittern.
Ixobrychus sinensis.................... Yellow Bittern.
Ixobrychus exilis...................... Least Bittern.
Ixobrychus eurhythmus.................. Schrenck's Bittern.
Ixobrychus flavicollis................. Black Bittern.
Tigrisoma mexicanum.................... Bare-throated Tiger-Heron.
Ardea herodias......................... Great Blue Heron.
Ardea cinerea.......................... Gray Heron.
Ardea alba............................. Great Egret.
Ardea intermedia....................... Intermediate Egret.
Egretta eulophotes..................... Chinese Egret.
Egretta garzetta....................... Little Egret.
[[Page 37]]
Egretta sacra.......................... Pacific Reef-Heron.
Egretta gularis........................ Western Reef-Heron.
Egretta thula.......................... Snowy Egret.
Egretta caerulea....................... Little Blue Heron.
Egretta tricolor....................... Tricolored Heron.
Egretta rufescens...................... Reddish Egret.
Bubulcus ibis.......................... Cattle Egret.
Ardeola bacchus........................ Chinese Pond-Heron.
Butorides virescens.................... Green Heron.
Nycticorax nycticorax.................. Black-crowned Night-Heron.
Nycticorax caledonicus................. Nankeen Night-Heron.
Nyctanassa violacea.................... Yellow-crowned Night-Heron.
Gorsachius goisagi..................... Japanese Night-Heron.
Gorsachius melanolophus................ Malayan Night-Heron.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(C) Family Threskiornithidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Subfamily Threskiornithinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Eudocimus albus........................ White Ibis.
Eudocimus ruber........................ Scarlet Ibis.
Plegadis falcinellus................... Glossy Ibis.
Plegadis chihi......................... White-faced Ibis.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(2) Subfamily Plataleinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Platalea ajaja......................... Roseate Spoonbill.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(xvi) Order Carthartiformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Family Cathartidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Gymnogyps californianus................ California Condor.
Coragyps atratus....................... Black Vulture.
Cathartes aura......................... Turkey Vulture.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(xvii) Order Accipitriformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(A) Family Pandionidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pandion haliaetus...................... Osprey.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(B) Family Accipitridae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Subfamily Elaninae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Elanus leucurus........................ White-tailed Kite.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(2) Subfamily Gypaetinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chondrohierax uncinatus................ Hook-billed Kite.
Elanoides forficatus................... Swallow-tailed Kite.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(3) Subfamily Accipitrinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Aquila chrysaetos...................... Golden Eagle.
Harpagus bidentatus.................... Double-toothed Kite.
Circus hudsonius....................... Northern Harrier.
Circus spilonotus...................... Eastern Marsh-Harrier.
Accipiter soloensis.................... Chinese Sparrowhawk.
Accipiter gularis...................... Japanese Sparrowhawk.
Accipiter striatus..................... Sharp-shinned Hawk.
Accipiter cooperii..................... Cooper's Hawk.
Accipiter gentilis..................... Northern Goshawk.
Milvus migrans......................... Black Kite.
Haliaeetus leucocephalus............... Bald Eagle.
Haliaeetus albicilla................... White-tailed Eagle.
Haliaeetus pelagicus................... Steller's Sea-Eagle.
Ictinia mississippiensis............... Mississippi Kite.
Butastur indicus....................... Gray-faced Buzzard.
Geranospiza caerulescens............... Crane Hawk.
Rostrhamus sociabilis.................. Snail Kite.
[[Page 38]]
Buteogallus anthracinus................ Common Black Hawk.
Buteogallus urubitinga................. Great Black Hawk.
Rupornis magnirostris.................. Roadside Hawk.
Parabuteo unicinctus................... Harris's Hawk.
Geranoaetus albicaudatus............... White-tailed Hawk.
Buteo plagiatus........................ Gray Hawk.
Buteo lineatus......................... Red-shouldered Hawk.
Buteo platypterus...................... Broad-winged Hawk.
Buteo solitarius....................... Hawaiian Hawk.
Buteo brachyurus....................... Short-tailed Hawk.
Buteo swainsoni........................ Swainson's Hawk.
Buteo albonotatus...................... Zone-tailed Hawk.
Buteo jamaicensis...................... Red-tailed Hawk.
Buteo lagopus.......................... Rough-legged Hawk.
Buteo regalis.......................... Ferruginous Hawk.
Buteo rufinus.......................... Long-legged Buzzard.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(xviii) Order Strigiformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(A) Family Tytonidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tyto alba.............................. Barn Owl.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(B) Family Strigidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Otus sunia............................. Oriental Scops-Owl.
Psiloscops flammeolus.................. Flammulated Owl.
Gymnasio nudipes....................... Puerto Rican Owl.
Megascops trichopsis................... Whiskered Screech-Owl.
Megascops kennicottii.................. Western Screech-Owl.
Megascops asio......................... Eastern Screech-Owl.
Bubo virginianus....................... Great Horned Owl.
Bubo scandiacus........................ Snowy Owl.
Surnia ulula........................... Northern Hawk Owl.
Glaucidium gnoma....................... Northern Pygmy-Owl.
Glaucidium brasilianum................. Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl.
Micrathene whitneyi.................... Elf Owl.
Athene cunicularia..................... Burrowing Owl.
Strix occidentalis..................... Spotted Owl.
Strix varia............................ Barred Owl.
Strix virgata.......................... Mottled Owl.
Strix nebulosa......................... Great Gray Owl.
Asio otus.............................. Long-eared Owl.
Asio stygius........................... Stygian Owl.
Asio flammeus.......................... Short-eared Owl.
Aegolius funereus...................... Boreal Owl.
Aegolius acadicus...................... Northern Saw-whet Owl.
Ninox japonica......................... Northern Boobook.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(xix) Order Trogoniformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Family Trogonidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subfamily Trogoninae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Trogon elegans......................... Elegant Trogon.
Euptilotis neoxenus.................... Eared Quetzal.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(xx) Order Upupiformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Family Upupidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Upupa epops............................ Eurasian Hoopoe.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(xxi) Order Coraciiformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Family Alcedinidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Subfamily Alcedininae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Alcedo atthis.......................... Common Kingfisher.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 39]]
(2) Subfamily Halcyoninae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Todiramphus sacer...................... Pacific Kingfisher.
Todiramphus cinnamominus............... Guam Kingfisher.
Todiramphus albicilla.................. Mariana Kingfisher.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(3) Subfamily Cerylinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Megaceryle torquata.................... Ringed Kingfisher.
Megaceryle alcyon...................... Belted Kingfisher.
Chloroceryle amazona................... Amazon Kingfisher.
Chloroceryle americana................. Green Kingfisher.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(xxii) Order Piciformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Family Picidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Subfamily Jynginae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Jynx torquilla......................... Eurasian Wryneck.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(2) Subfamily Picinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Melanerpes lewis....................... Lewis's Woodpecker.
Melanerpes portoricensis............... Puerto Rican Woodpecker.
Melanerpes erythrocephalus............. Red-headed Woodpecker.
Melanerpes formicivorus................ Acorn Woodpecker.
Melanerpes uropygialis................. Gila Woodpecker.
Melanerpes aurifrons................... Golden-fronted Woodpecker.
Melanerpes carolinus................... Red-bellied Woodpecker.
Sphyrapicus thyroideus................. Williamson's Sapsucker.
Sphyrapicus varius..................... Yellow-bellied Sapsucker.
Sphyrapicus nuchalis................... Red-naped Sapsucker.
Sphyrapicus ruber...................... Red-breasted Sapsucker.
Picoides dorsalis...................... American Three-toed Woodpecker.
Picoides arcticus...................... Black-backed Woodpecker.
Dendrocopos major...................... Great Spotted Woodpecker.
Dryobates pubescens.................... Downy Woodpecker.
Dryobates nuttallii.................... Nuttall's Woodpecker.
Dryobates scalaris..................... Ladder-backed Woodpecker.
Dryobates borealis..................... Red-cockaded Woodpecker.
Dryobates villosus..................... Hairy Woodpecker.
Dryobates albolarvatus................. White-headed Woodpecker.
Dryobates arizonae..................... Arizona Woodpecker.
Colaptes auratus....................... Northern Flicker.
Colaptes chrysoides.................... Gilded Flicker.
Dryocopus pileatus..................... Pileated Woodpecker.
Campephilus principalis................ Ivory-billed Woodpecker.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(xxiii) Order Falconiformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Family Falconidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Subfamily Herpetotherinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Micrastur semitorquatus................ Collared Forest-Falcon.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(2) Subfamily Falconinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Caracara plancus....................... Crested Caracara.
Falco tinnunculus...................... Eurasian Kestrel.
Falco sparverius....................... American Kestrel.
Falco vespertinus...................... Red-footed Falcon.
Falco amurensis........................ Amur Falcon.
Falco columbarius...................... Merlin.
Falco subbuteo......................... Eurasian Hobby.
Falco femoralis........................ Aplomado Falcon.
Falco rusticolus....................... Gyrfalcon.
Falco peregrinus....................... Peregrine Falcon.
Falco mexicanus........................ Prairie Falcon.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 40]]
(xxiv) Order Passeriformes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(A) Family Tityridae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tityra semifasciata.................... Masked Tityra.
Pachyramphus major..................... Gray-collared Becard.
Pachyramphus aglaiae................... Rose-throated Becard.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(B) Family Tyrannidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Subfamily Elaeniinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Camptostoma imberbe.................... Northern Beardless-Tyrannulet.
Myiopagis viridicata................... Greenish Elaenia.
Elaenia martinica...................... Caribbean Elaenia.
Elaenia albiceps....................... White-crested Elaenia.
Elaenia parvirostris................... Small-billed Elaenia.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(2) Subfamily Tyranninae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Myiarchus tuberculifer................. Dusky-capped Flycatcher.
Myiarchus cinerascens.................. Ash-throated Flycatcher.
Myiarchus nuttingi..................... Nutting's Flycatcher.
Myiarchus crinitus..................... Great Crested Flycatcher.
Myiarchus tyrannulus................... Brown-crested Flycatcher.
Myiarchus sagrae....................... La Sagra's Flycatcher.
Myiarchus antillarum................... Puerto Rican Flycatcher.
Pitangus sulphuratus................... Great Kiskadee.
Myiozetetes similis.................... Social Flycatcher.
Myiodynastes luteiventris.............. Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher.
Legatus leucophaius.................... Piratic Flycatcher.
Empidonomus varius..................... Variegated Flycatcher.
Empidonomus aurantioatrocristatus...... Crowned Slaty Flycatcher.
Tyrannus melancholicus................. Tropical Kingbird.
Tyrannus couchii....................... Couch's Kingbird.
Tyrannus vociferans.................... Cassin's Kingbird.
Tyrannus crassirostris................. Thick-billed Kingbird.
Tyrannus verticalis.................... Western Kingbird.
Tyrannus tyrannus...................... Eastern Kingbird.
Tyrannus dominicensis.................. Gray Kingbird.
Tyrannus caudifasciatus................ Loggerhead Kingbird.
Tyrannus forficatus.................... Scissor-tailed Flycatcher.
Tyrannus savana........................ Fork-tailed Flycatcher.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(3) Subfamily Fluvicolinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mitrephanes phaeocercus................ Tufted Flycatcher.
Contopus cooperi....................... Olive-sided Flycatcher.
Contopus pertinax...................... Greater Pewee.
Contopus sordidulus.................... Western Wood-Pewee.
Contopus virens........................ Eastern Wood-Pewee.
Contopus caribaeus..................... Cuban Pewee.
Contopus hispaniolensis................ Hispaniolan Pewee.
Contopus latirostris................... Lesser Antillean Pewee.
Empidonax flaviventris................. Yellow-bellied Flycatcher.
Empidonax virescens.................... Acadian Flycatcher.
Empidonax alnorum...................... Alder Flycatcher.
Empidonax traillii..................... Willow Flycatcher.
Empidonax minimus...................... Least Flycatcher.
Empidonax hammondii.................... Hammond's Flycatcher.
Empidonax wrightii..................... Gray Flycatcher.
Empidonax oberholseri.................. Dusky Flycatcher.
Empidonax affinis...................... Pine Flycatcher.
Empidonax difficilis................... Pacific-slope Flycatcher.
Empidonax occidentalis................. Cordilleran Flycatcher.
Empidonax fulvifrons................... Buff-breasted Flycatcher.
Sayornis nigricans..................... Black Phoebe.
Sayornis phoebe........................ Eastern Phoebe.
Sayornis saya.......................... Say's Phoebe.
Pyrocephalus rubinus................... Vermilion Flycatcher.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 41]]
(C) Family Vireonidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Vireo atricapilla...................... Black-capped Vireo.
Vireo griseus.......................... White-eyed Vireo.
Vireo crassirostris.................... Thick-billed Vireo.
Vireo gundlachii....................... Cuban Vireo.
Vireo latimeri......................... Puerto Rican Vireo.
Vireo bellii........................... Bell's Vireo.
Vireo vicinior......................... Gray Vireo.
Vireo huttoni.......................... Hutton's Vireo.
Vireo flavifrons....................... Yellow-throated Vireo.
Vireo cassinii......................... Cassin's Vireo.
Vireo solitarius....................... Blue-headed Vireo.
Vireo plumbeus......................... Plumbeous Vireo.
Vireo philadelphicus................... Philadelphia Vireo.
Vireo gilvus........................... Warbling Vireo.
Vireo olivaceus........................ Red-eyed Vireo.
Vireo flavoviridis..................... Yellow-green Vireo.
Vireo altiloquus....................... Black-whiskered Vireo.
Vireo magister......................... Yucatan Vireo.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(D) Family Laniidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lanius cristatus....................... Brown Shrike.
Lanius ludovicianus.................... Loggerhead Shrike.
Lanius borealis........................ Northern Shrike.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(E) Family Corvidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Perisoreus canadensis.................. Canada Jay.
Psilorhinus morio...................... Brown Jay.
Cyanocorax yncas....................... Green Jay.
Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus.............. Pinyon Jay.
Cyanocitta stelleri.................... Steller's Jay.
Cyanocitta cristata.................... Blue Jay.
Aphelocoma coerulescens................ Florida Scrub-Jay.
Aphelocoma insularis................... Island Scrub-Jay.
Aphelocoma californica................. California Scrub-Jay.
Aphelocoma woodhouseii................. Woodhouse's Scrub-Jay.
Aphelocoma wollweberi.................. Mexican Jay.
Nucifraga columbiana................... Clark's Nutcracker.
Pica hudsonia.......................... Black-billed Magpie.
Pica nuttalli.......................... Yellow-billed Magpie.
Corvus monedula........................ Eurasian Jackdaw.
Corvus kubaryi......................... Mariana Crow.
Corvus brachyrhynchos.................. American Crow.
Corvus leucognaphalus.................. White-necked Crow.
Corvus imparatus....................... Tamaulipas Crow.
Corvus ossifragus...................... Fish Crow.
Corvus hawaiiensis..................... Hawaiian Crow.
Corvus cryptoleucus.................... Chihuahuan Raven.
Corvus corax........................... Common Raven.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(F) Family Remizidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Auriparus flaviceps.................... Verdin.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(G) Family Paridae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Poecile carolinensis................... Carolina Chickadee.
Poecile atricapillus................... Black-capped Chickadee.
Poecile gambeli........................ Mountain Chickadee.
Poecile sclateri....................... Mexican Chickadee.
Poecile rufescens...................... Chestnut-backed Chickadee.
Poecile hudsonicus..................... Boreal Chickadee.
Poecile cinctus........................ Gray-headed Chickadee.
Baeolophus wollweberi.................. Bridled Titmouse.
Baeolophus inornatus................... Oak Titmouse.
Baeolophus ridgwayi.................... Juniper Titmouse.
Baeolophus bicolor..................... Tufted Titmouse.
Baeolophus atricristatus............... Black-crested Titmouse.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 42]]
(H) Family Alaudidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Alauda arvensis........................ Eurasian Skylark.
Eremophila alpestris................... Horned Lark.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(I) Family Acrocephalidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Arundinax aedon........................ Thick-billed Warbler.
Acrocephalus luscinius................. Nightingale Reed Warbler.
Acrocephalus hiwae..................... Saipan Reed Warbler.
Acrocephalus nijoi..................... Aguiguan Reed Warbler.
Acrocephalus yamashinae................ Pagan Reed Warbler.
Acrocephalus familiaris................ Millerbird.
Acrocephalus schoenobaenus............. Sedge Warbler.
Acrocephalus dumetorum................. Blyth's Reed Warbler.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(J) Family Locustellidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Helopsaltes certhiola.................. Pallas's Grasshopper Warbler.
Helopsaltes ochotensis................. Middendorff's Grasshopper
Warbler.
Locustella lanceolata.................. Lanceolated Warbler.
Locustella fluviatilis................. River Warbler.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(K) Family Hirundinidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subfamily Hirundininae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Riparia riparia........................ Bank Swallow.
Tachycineta bicolor.................... Tree Swallow.
Tachycineta cyaneoviridis.............. Bahama Swallow.
Tachycineta thalassina................. Violet-green Swallow.
Tachycineta albilinea.................. Mangrove Swallow.
Pygochelidon cyanoleuca................ Blue-and-white Swallow.
Stelgidopteryx serripennis............. Northern Rough-winged Swallow.
Progne tapera.......................... Brown-chested Martin.
Progne subis........................... Purple Martin.
Progne elegans......................... Southern Martin.
Progne chalybea........................ Gray-breasted Martin.
Progne cryptoleuca..................... Cuban Martin.
Progne dominicensis.................... Caribbean Martin.
Hirundo rustica........................ Barn Swallow.
Delichon urbicum....................... Common House-Martin.
Petrochelidon pyrrhonota............... Cliff Swallow.
Petrochelidon fulva.................... Cave Swallow.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(L) Family Aegithalidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Psaltriparus minimus................... Bushtit.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(M) Family Phylloscopidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Phylloscopus trochilus................. Willow Warbler.
Phylloscopus collybita................. Common Chiffchaff.
Phylloscopus sibilatrix................ Wood Warbler.
Phylloscopus fuscatus.................. Dusky Warbler.
Phylloscopus proregulus................ Pallas's Leaf Warbler.
Phylloscopus inornatus................. Yellow-browed Warbler.
Phylloscopus borealis.................. Arctic Warbler.
Phylloscopus examinandus............... Kamchatka Leaf Warbler.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(N) Family Sylviidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sylvia curruca......................... Lesser Whitethroat.
Chamaea fasciata....................... Wrentit.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(O) Family Regulidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Corthylio calendula.................... Ruby-crowned Kinglet.
Regulus satrapa........................ Golden-crowned Kinglet.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 43]]
(P) Family Bombycillidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bombycilla garrulus.................... Bohemian Waxwing.
Bombycilla cedrorum.................... Cedar Waxwing.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(Q) Family Ptiliogonatidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ptiliogonys cinereus................... Gray Silky-flycatcher.
Phainopepla nitens..................... Phainopepla.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(R) Family Sittidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subfamily Sittinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sitta canadensis....................... Red-breasted Nuthatch.
Sitta carolinensis..................... White-breasted Nuthatch.
Sitta pygmaea.......................... Pygmy Nuthatch.
Sitta pusilla.......................... Brown-headed Nuthatch.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(S) Family Certhiidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subfamily Certhiinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Certhia americana...................... Brown Creeper.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(T) Family Polioptilidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Polioptila caerulea.................... Blue-Gray Gnatcatcher.
Polioptila melanura.................... Black-tailed Gnatcatcher.
Polioptila californica................. California Gnatcatcher.
Polioptila nigriceps................... Black-capped Gnatcatcher.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(U) Family Troglodytidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Salpinctes obsoletus................... Rock Wren.
Catherpes mexicanus.................... Canyon Wren.
Thryophilus sinaloa.................... Sinaloa Wren.
Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus........ Cactus Wren.
Thryomanes bewickii.................... Bewick's Wren.
Thryothorus ludovicianus............... Carolina Wren.
Troglodytes aedon...................... House Wren.
Troglodytes pacificus.................. Pacific Wren.
Troglodytes hiemalis................... Winter Wren.
Cistothorus stellaris.................. Sedge Wren.
Cistothorus palustris.................. Marsh Wren.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(V) Family Mimidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Melanotis caerulescens................. Blue Mockingbird.
Melanoptila glabrirostris.............. Black Catbird.
Dumetella carolinensis................. Gray Catbird.
Margarops fuscatus..................... Pearly-eyed Thrasher.
Toxostoma curvirostre.................. Curve-billed Thrasher.
Toxostoma rufum........................ Brown Thrasher.
Toxostoma longirostre.................. Long-billed Thrasher.
Toxostoma bendirei..................... Bendire's Thrasher.
Toxostoma redivivum.................... California Thrasher.
Toxostoma lecontei..................... LeConte's Thrasher.
Toxostoma crissale..................... Crissal Thrasher.
Oreoscoptes montanus................... Sage Thrasher.
Mimus gundlachii....................... Bahama Mockingbird.
Mimus polyglottos...................... Northern Mockingbird.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(W) Family Sturnidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Agropsar philippensis.................. Chestnut-cheeked Starling.
Spodiopsar cineraceus.................. White-cheeked Starling.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(X) Family Cinclidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cinclus mexicanus...................... American Dipper.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 44]]
(Y) Family Turdidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sialia sialis.......................... Eastern Bluebird.
Sialia mexicana........................ Western Bluebird.
Sialia currucoides..................... Mountain Bluebird.
Myadestes townsendi.................... Townsend's Solitaire.
Myadestes occidentalis................. Brown-backed Solitaire.
Myadestes myadestinus.................. K[amacr]ma[revaps]o.
Myadestes lanaiensis................... Oloma[revaps]o.
Myadestes obscurus..................... '[Omacr]ma'o.
Myadestes palmeri...................... Puaiohi.
Catharus aurantiirostris............... Orange-billed Nightingale-
Thrush.
Catharus mexicanus..................... Black-headed Nightingale-
Thrush.
Catharus fuscescens.................... Veery.
Catharus minimus....................... Gray-cheeked Thrush.
Catharus bicknelli..................... Bicknell's Thrush.
Catharus ustulatus..................... Swainson's Thrush.
Catharus guttatus...................... Hermit Thrush.
Hylocichla mustelina................... Wood Thrush.
Turdus obscurus........................ Eyebrowed Thrush.
Turdus eunomus......................... Dusky Thrush.
Turdus naumanni........................ Naumann's Thrush.
Turdus pilaris......................... Fieldfare.
Turdus iliacus......................... Redwing.
Turdus grayi........................... Clay-colored Thrush.
Turdus assimilis....................... White-throated Thrush.
Turdus rufopalliatus................... Rufous-backed Robin.
Turdus migratorius..................... American Robin.
Turdus plumbeus........................ Red-legged Thrush.
Ixoreus naevius........................ Varied Thrush.
Ridgwayia pinicola..................... Aztec Thrush.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(Z) Family Muscicapidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Muscicapa griseisticta................. Gray-streaked Flycatcher.
Muscicapa dauurica..................... Asian Brown Flycatcher.
Muscicapa striata...................... Spotted Flycatcher.
Muscicapa sibirica..................... Dark-sided Flycatcher.
Erithacus rubecula..................... European Robin.
Larvivora cyane........................ Siberian Blue Robin.
Larvivora sibilans..................... Rufous-tailed Robin.
Cyanecula svecica...................... Bluethroat.
Calliope calliope...................... Siberian Rubythroat.
Tarsiger cyanurus...................... Red-flanked Bluetail.
Ficedula narcissina.................... Narcissus Flycatcher.
Ficedula mugimaki...................... Mugimaki Flycatcher.
Ficedula albicilla..................... Taiga Flycatcher.
Phoenicurus phoenicurus................ Common Redstart.
Saxicola maurus........................ Asian Stonechat.
Oenanthe oenanthe...................... Northern Wheatear.
Oenanthe pleschanka.................... Pied Wheatear.
Monticola solitarius................... Blue Rock-Thrush.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(AA) Family Peucedramidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Peucedramus taeniatus.................. Olive Warbler.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(BB) Family Prunellidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Prunella montanella.................... Siberian Accentor.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(CC) Family Motacillidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Motacilla tschutschensis............... Eastern Yellow Wagtail.
Motacilla citreola..................... Citrine Wagtail.
Motacilla cinerea...................... Gray Wagtail.
Motacilla alba......................... White Wagtail.
Anthus trivialis....................... Tree Pipit.
Anthus hodgsoni........................ Olive-backed Pipit.
Anthus gustavi......................... Pechora Pipit.
Anthus cervinus........................ Red-throated Pipit.
[[Page 45]]
Anthus rubescens....................... American Pipit.
Anthus spragueii....................... Sprague's Pipit.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(DD) Family Fringillidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Subfamily Fringillinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Fringilla coelebs...................... Common Chaffinch.
Fringilla montifringilla............... Brambling.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(2) Subfamily Euphoniinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chlorophonia musica.................... Antillean Euphonia.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(3) Subfamily Carduelinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Coccothraustes vespertinus............. Evening Grosbeak.
Coccothraustes coccothraustes.......... Hawfinch.
Carpodacus erythrinus.................. Common Rosefinch.
Carpodacus roseus...................... Pallas's Rosefinch.
Melamprosops phaeosoma................. Po[revaps]ouli.
Oreomystis bairdi...................... [revaps]Akikiki.
Paroreomyza maculata................... O[revaps]ahu [revaps]Alauahio.
Paroreomyza flammea.................... K[amacr]k[amacr]wahie.
Paroreomyza montana.................... Maui 'Alauahio.
Loxioides bailleui..................... Palila.
Telespiza cantans...................... Laysan Finch.
Telespiza ultima....................... Nihoa Finch.
Palmeria dolei......................... [revaps]Akohekohe.
Himatione fraithii..................... Laysan Honeycreeper.
Himatione sanguinea.................... [revaps]Apapane.
Drepanis coccinea...................... [revaps]I[revaps]iwi.
Psittirostra psittacea................. [revaps][Omacr][revaps][umacr].
Pseudonestor xanthophrys............... Maui Parrotbill.
Hemignathus hanapepe................... Kauai Nukupu[revaps]u.
Hemignathus lucidus.................... O[revaps]ahu Nukupu[revaps]u.
Hemignathus affinis.................... Maui Nukupu[revaps]u.
Hemignathus wilsoni.................... [revaps]Akiapola[revaps]au.
Akialoa stejnegeri..................... Kauai [revaps]Akialoa.
Akialoa ellisiana...................... O[revaps]ahu [revaps]Akialoa.
Akialoa lanaiensis..................... Maui Nui 'Akialoa.
Magumma parva.......................... [revaps]Anianiau.
Chlorodrepanis virens.................. Hawaii [revaps]Amakihi.
Chlorodrepanis flava................... O[revaps]ahu [revaps]Amakihi.
Chlorodrepanis stejnegeri.............. Kaua[revaps]i [revaps]Amakihi.
Loxops mana............................ Hawaii Creeper.
Loxops caeruleirostris................. [revaps]Akeke[revaps]e.
Loxops wolstenholmei................... O[revaps]ahu [revaps]Akepa.
Loxops ochraceus....................... Maui [revaps]Akepa.
Loxops coccineus....................... Hawaii [revaps]Akepa.
Pinicola enucleator.................... Pine Grosbeak.
Pyrrhula pyrrhula...................... Eurasian Bullfinch.
Leucosticte arctoa..................... Asian Rosy-Finch.
Leucosticte tephrocotis................ Gray-crowned Rosy-Finch.
Leucosticte atrata..................... Black Rosy-Finch.
Leucosticte australis.................. Brown-capped Rosy-Finch.
Haemorhous mexicanus................... House Finch.
Haemorhous purpureus................... Purple Finch.
Haemorhous cassinii.................... Cassin's Finch.
Chloris sinica......................... Oriental Greenfinch.
Acanthis flammea....................... Common Redpoll.
Acanthis hornemanni.................... Hoary Redpoll.
Loxia curvirostra...................... Red Crossbill.
Loxia sinesciuris...................... Cassia Crossbill.
Loxia leucoptera....................... White-winged Crossbill.
Spinus spinus.......................... Eurasian Siskin.
Spinus pinus........................... Pine Siskin.
Spinus psaltria........................ Lesser Goldfinch.
Spinus lawrencei....................... Lawrence's Goldfinch.
Spinus tristis......................... American Goldfinch.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 46]]
(EE) Family Calcariidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Calcarius lapponicus................... Lapland Longspur.
Calcarius ornatus...................... Chestnut-collared Longspur.
Calcarius pictus....................... Smith's Longspur.
Rhynchophanes mccownii................. Thick-billed Longspur.
Plectrophenax nivalis.................. Snow Bunting.
Plectrophenax hyperboreus.............. McKay's Bunting.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(FF) Family Emberizidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Emberiza leucocephalos................. Pine Bunting.
Emberiza chrysophrys................... Yellow-browed Bunting.
Emberiza pusilla....................... Little Bunting.
Emberiza rustica....................... Rustic Bunting.
Emberiza elegans....................... Yellow-throated Bunting.
Emberiza aureola....................... Yellow-breasted Bunting.
Emberiza variabilis.................... Gray Bunting.
Emberiza pallasi....................... Pallas's Bunting.
Emberiza schoeniclus................... Reed Bunting.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(GG) Family Passerellidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Peucaea carpalis....................... Rufous-winged Sparrow.
Peucaea botterii....................... Botteri's Sparrow.
Peucaea cassinii....................... Cassin's Sparrow.
Peucaea aestivalis..................... Bachman's Sparrow.
Ammodramus savannarum.................. Grasshopper Sparrow.
Arremonops rufivirgatus................ Olive Sparrow.
Amphispizopsis quinquestriata.......... Five-striped Sparrow.
Amphispiza bilineata................... Black-throated Sparrow.
Chondestes grammacus................... Lark Sparrow.
Calamospiza melanocorys................ Lark Bunting.
Spizella passerina..................... Chipping Sparrow.
Spizella pallida....................... Clay-colored Sparrow.
Spizella atrogularis................... Black-chinned Sparrow.
Spizella pusilla....................... Field Sparrow.
Spizella breweri....................... Brewer's Sparrow.
Spizella wortheni...................... Worthen's Sparrow.
Passerella iliaca...................... Fox Sparrow.
Spizelloides arborea................... American Tree Sparrow.
Junco hyemalis......................... Dark-eyed Junco.
Junco phaeonotus....................... Yellow-eyed Junco.
Zonotrichia leucophrys................. White-crowned Sparrow.
Zonotrichia atricapilla................ Golden-crowned Sparrow.
Zonotrichia querula.................... Harris's Sparrow.
Zonotrichia albicollis................. White-throated Sparrow.
Artemisiospiza nevadensis.............. Sagebrush Sparrow.
Artemisiospiza belli................... Bell's Sparrow.
Pooecetes gramineus.................... Vesper Sparrow.
Ammospiza leconteii.................... LeConte's Sparrow.
Ammospiza maritima..................... Seaside Sparrow.
Ammospiza nelsoni...................... Nelson's Sparrow.
Ammospiza caudacuta.................... Saltmarsh Sparrow.
Centronyx bairdii...................... Baird's Sparrow.
Centronyx henslowii.................... Henslow's Sparrow.
Passerculus sandwichensis.............. Savannah Sparrow.
Melospiza melodia...................... Song Sparrow.
Melospiza lincolnii.................... Lincoln's Sparrow.
Melospiza georgiana.................... Swamp Sparrow.
Melozone fusca......................... Canyon Towhee.
Melozone aberti........................ Abert's Towhee.
Melozone crissalis..................... California Towhee.
Aimophila ruficeps..................... Rufous-crowned Sparrow.
Pipilo chlorurus....................... Green-tailed Towhee.
Pipilo maculatus....................... Spotted Towhee.
Pipilo erythrophthalmus................ Eastern Towhee.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(HH) Family Nesospingidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Nesospingus speculiferus............... Puerto Rican Tanager.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 47]]
(II) Family Spindalidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Spindalis zena......................... Western Spindalis.
Spindalis portoricensis................ Puerto Rican Spindalis.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(JJ) Family Icteridae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Icteria virens......................... Yellow-breasted Chat.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Subfamily Xanthocephalinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus.......... Yellow-headed Blackbird.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(2) Subfamily Dolichonychinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dolichonyx oryzivorus.................. Bobolink.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(3) Subfamily Sturnellinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sturnella lilianae..................... Chihuahuan Meadowlark.
Sturnella magna........................ Eastern Meadowlark.
Sturnella neglecta..................... Western Meadowlark.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(4) Subfamily Icterinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Icterus portoricensis.................. Puerto Rican Oriole.
Icterus wagleri........................ Black-vented Oriole.
Icterus spurius........................ Orchard Oriole.
Icterus cucullatus..................... Hooded Oriole.
Icterus pustulatus..................... Streak-backed Oriole.
Icterus bullockii...................... Bullock's Oriole.
Icterus gularis........................ Altamira Oriole.
Icterus graduacauda.................... Audubon's Oriole.
Icterus galbula........................ Baltimore Oriole.
Icterus abeillei....................... Black-backed Oriole.
Icterus parisorum...................... Scott's Oriole.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(5) Subfamily Agelaiinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Agelaius phoeniceus.................... Red-winged Blackbird.
Agelaius tricolor...................... Tricolored Blackbird.
Agelaius humeralis..................... Tawny-shouldered Blackbird.
Agelaius xanthomus..................... Yellow-shouldered Blackbird.
Molothrus bonariensis.................. Shiny Cowbird.
Molothrus aeneus....................... Bronzed Cowbird.
Molothrus ater......................... Brown-headed Cowbird.
Euphagus carolinus..................... Rusty Blackbird.
Euphagus cyanocephalus................. Brewer's Blackbird.
Quiscalus quiscula..................... Common Grackle.
Quiscalus major........................ Boat-tailed Grackle.
Quiscalus mexicanus.................... Great-tailed Grackle.
Quiscalus niger........................ Greater Antillean Grackle.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(KK) Family Parulidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Seiurus aurocapilla.................... Ovenbird.
Helmitheros vermivorum................. Worm-eating Warbler.
Parkesia motacilla..................... Louisiana Waterthrush.
Parkesia noveboracensis................ Northern Waterthrush.
Vermivora bachmanii.................... Bachman's Warbler.
Vermivora chrysoptera.................. Golden-winged Warbler.
Vermivora cyanoptera................... Blue-winged Warbler.
Mniotilta varia........................ Black-and-white Warbler.
Protonotaria citrea.................... Prothonotary Warbler.
Limnothlypis swainsonii................ Swainson's Warbler.
Oreothlypis superciliosa............... Crescent-chested Warbler.
Leiothlypis peregrina.................. Tennessee Warbler.
Leiothlypis celata..................... Orange-crowned Warbler.
Leiothlypis crissalis.................. Colima Warbler.
Leiothlypis luciae..................... Lucy's Warbler.
Leiothlypis ruficapilla................ Nashville Warbler.
Leiothlypis virginiae.................. Virginia's Warbler.
[[Page 48]]
Oporornis agilis....................... Connecticut Warbler.
Geothlypis poliocephala................ Gray-crowned Yellowthroat.
Geothlypis tolmiei..................... MacGillivray's Warbler.
Geothlypis philadelphia................ Mourning Warbler.
Geothlypis formosa..................... Kentucky Warbler.
Geothlypis trichas..................... Common Yellowthroat.
Setophaga angelae...................... Elfin-woods Warbler.
Setophaga citrina...................... Hooded Warbler.
Setophaga ruticilla.................... American Redstart.
Setophaga kirtlandii................... Kirtland's Warbler.
Setophaga tigrina...................... Cape May Warbler.
Setophaga cerulea...................... Cerulean Warbler.
Setophaga americana.................... Northern Parula.
Setophaga pitiayumi.................... Tropical Parula.
Setophaga magnolia..................... Magnolia Warbler.
Setophaga castanea..................... Bay-breasted Warbler.
Setophaga fusca........................ Blackburnian Warbler.
Setophaga petechia..................... Yellow Warbler.
Setophaga pensylvanica................. Chestnut-sided Warbler.
Setophaga striata...................... Blackpoll Warbler.
Setophaga caerulescens................. Black-throated Blue Warbler.
Setophaga palmarum..................... Palm Warbler.
Setophaga pinus........................ Pine Warbler.
Setophaga coronata..................... Yellow-rumped Warbler.
Setophaga dominica..................... Yellow-throated Warbler.
Setophaga discolor..................... Prairie Warbler.
Setophaga adelaidae.................... Adelaide's Warbler.
Setophaga graciae...................... Grace's Warbler.
Setophaga nigrescens................... Black-throated Gray Warbler.
Setophaga townsendi.................... Townsend's Warbler.
Setophaga occidentalis................. Hermit Warbler.
Setophaga chrysoparia.................. Golden-cheeked Warbler.
Setophaga virens....................... Black-throated Green Warbler.
Basileuterus lachrymosus............... Fan-tailed Warbler.
Basileuterus rufifrons................. Rufous-capped Warbler.
Basileuterus culicivorus............... Golden-crowned Warbler.
Cardellina canadensis.................. Canada Warbler.
Cardellina pusilla..................... Wilson's Warbler.
Cardellina rubrifrons.................. Red-faced Warbler.
Myioborus pictus....................... Painted Redstart.
Myioborus miniatus..................... Slate-throated Redstart.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(LL) Family Cardinalidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Piranga flava.......................... Hepatic Tanager.
Piranga rubra.......................... Summer Tanager.
Piranga olivacea....................... Scarlet Tanager.
Piranga ludoviciana.................... Western Tanager.
Piranga bidentata...................... Flame-colored Tanager.
Rhodothraupis celaeno.................. Crimson-collared Grosbeak.
Cardinalis cardinalis.................. Northern Cardinal.
Cardinalis sinuatus.................... Pyrrhuloxia.
Pheucticus chrysopeplus................ Yellow Grosbeak.
Pheucticus ludovicianus................ Rose-breasted Grosbeak.
Pheucticus melanocephalus.............. Black-headed Grosbeak.
Cyanocompsa parellina.................. Blue Bunting.
Passerina caerulea..................... Blue Grosbeak.
Passerina amoena....................... Lazuli Bunting.
Passerina cyanea....................... Indigo Bunting.
Passerina versicolor................... Varied Bunting.
Passerina ciris........................ Painted Bunting.
Spiza americana........................ Dickcissel.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(MM) Family Thraupidae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Subfamily Dacninae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cyanerpes cyaneus...................... Red-legged Honeycreeper.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(2) Subfamily Coerebinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Coereba flaveola....................... Bananaquit.
[[Page 49]]
Tiaris olivaceus....................... Yellow-faced Grassquit.
Melopyrrha portoricensis............... Puerto Rican Bullfinch.
Melanospiza bicolor.................... Black-faced Grassquit.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(3) Subfamily Sporophilinae
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sporophila morelleti................... Morelet's Seedeater.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
[78 FR 65850, Nov. 1, 2013, as amended at 85 FR 21290, Apr. 16, 2020; 88
FR 49317, July 31, 2023]
Subpart C_Addresses
Sec. 10.21 Director.
(a) Mail forwarded to the Director for law enforcement purposes
should be addressed to Chief, Office of Law Enforcement, at the address
provided at 50 CFR 2.1(b).
(b) Mail sent to the Director regarding permits for the Convention
on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Fauna
(CITES), injurious wildlife, Wild Bird Conservation Act species,
international movement of all ESA-listed endangered or threatened
species, and scientific research on, exhibition of, or interstate
commerce in nonnative ESA-listed endangered and threatened species
should be addressed to: Director, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
(Attention: Division of Management Authority), at the address provided
for the Division of Management Authority at 50 CFR 2.1(b). Address mail
for the following permits to the Regional Director. In the address
include one of the following: for import/export licenses and exception
to designated port permits (Attention: Import/export license); for
native endangered and threatened species (Attention: Endangered/
threatened species permit); and for migratory birds and eagles
(Attention: Migratory bird permit office). You can find addresses for
regional offices at 50 CFR 2.2.
[55 FR 48851, Nov. 23, 1990, as amended at 63 FR 52633, Oct. 1, 1998; 80
FR 26467, May 8, 2015]
Sec. 10.22 Law enforcement offices.
(a) Service law enforcement offices are located in Service regional
offices. Regional office addresses are provided at 50 CFR 2.2. Mail
should be addressed to ``Special Agent in Charge, Office of Law
Enforcement, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service'' at the appropriate
regional office address. Telephone numbers for Service law enforcement
offices follow:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Law enforcement
Region office telephone
number
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1................................................... 503-231-6125
2................................................... 505-248-7889
3................................................... 612-713-5320
4................................................... 404-679-7057
5................................................... 413-253-8274
6................................................... 303-236-7540
7................................................... 907-786-3311
8................................................... 916-414-6660
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(b) Any resident or official of a foreign country may contact the
Service's Headquarters Office of Law Enforcement at the address provided
at 50 CFR 2.1(b) or by telephone at 703-358-1949.
[78 FR 35151, June 12, 2013, as amended at 79 FR 43964, July 29, 2014]
PART 11_CIVIL PROCEDURES--Table of Contents
Subpart A_Introduction
Sec.
11.1 Purpose of regulations.
11.2 Scope of regulations.
11.3 Filing of documents.
Subpart B_Assessment Procedure
11.11 Notice of violation.
11.12 Petition for relief.
11.13 Decision by the Director.
11.14 Notice of assessment.
11.15 Request for a hearing.
11.16 Final administrative decision.
11.17 Payment of final assessment.
Subpart C_Hearing and Appeal Procedures
11.21 Commencement of hearing procedures.
[[Page 50]]
11.22 Appearance and practice.
11.23 Hearings.
11.24 Final administrative action.
11.25 Appeal.
11.26 Reporting service.
Subpart D_Civil Monetary Penalty Inflation Adjustments
11.31 Definitions.
11.32 Purpose and scope.
11.33 Adjustments to penalties.
11.34 Subsequent adjustments.
Authority: 16 U.S.C. 470aa-470mm, 470aaa-470aaa-11, 668-668d, 1361-
1384, 1401-1407, 1531-1544, 3371-3378, 4201-4245, 4901-4916, 5201-5207,
5301-5306; 18 U.S.C. 42-43; 25 U.S.C. 3001-3013; and Sec. 107, Pub. L.
114-74, 129 Stat. 599, unless otherwise noted.
Source: 39 FR 1159, Jan. 4, 1974, unless otherwise noted.
Editorial Note: Nomenclature changes to part 11 appear at 67 FR
38208, June 3, 2002.
Subpart A_Introduction
Sec. 11.1 Purpose of regulations.
The regulations contained in this part provide uniform rules and
procedures for the assessment of civil penalties in connection with
violations of certain laws and regulations enforced by the Service.
Sec. 11.2 Scope of regulations.
The regulations contained in this part apply only to actions arising
under the following laws and regulations issued thereunder:
(a) Lacey Act, 18 U.S.C. 42-43;
(b) Lacey Act Amendments of 1981, 16 U.S.C. 3371 et seq.;
(c) Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act, 16 U.S.C. 668-668d;
(d) Endangered Species Act of 1973, 16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.;
(e) Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972, 16 U.S.C. 1361 et seq.;
(f) African Elephant Conservation Act, 16 U.S.C. 4201 et seq.;
(g) Rhinoceros and Tiger Conservation Act, 16 U.S.C. 5301 et seq.;
(h) Archaeological Resources Protection Act, 16 U.S.C. 470aa et
seq.;
(i) Paleontological Resources Protection Act, 16 U.S.C. 470aaa et
seq.;
(j) The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act, 25
U.S.C. 3001 et seq.;
(k) Recreational Hunting Safety Act of 1994, 16 U.S.C. 5201 et seq.;
and
(l) Wild Bird Conservation Act, 16 U.S.C. 4901 et seq.
[81 FR 41865, June 28, 2016]
Sec. 11.3 Filing of documents.
(a) Whenever a document or other paper is required to be filed under
this part within a certain time, such document or paper will be
considered filed as of the date of the postmark if mailed, or the date
actually delivered to the office where filing is required. The time
periods set forth in this part shall begin to run as of the day
following the date of the document or other paper.
(b) If an oral or written application is made to the Director up to
10 calendar days after the expiration of a time period established in
this part for the required filing of documents or other papers, the
Director may permit a late filing within a fixed period where reasonable
grounds are found for an inability or failure to file within the time
period required. All such extensions shall be in writing. Except as
provided in this subsection, no other requests for an extension of time
may be granted.
Subpart B_Assessment Procedure
Sec. 11.11 Notice of violation.
(a) A notice of violation (hereinafter ``notice''), shall be issued
by the Director and served personally or by registered or certified
mail, return receipt requested, upon the person believed to be subject
to a civil penalty (the respondent). The notice shall contain: (1) A
concise statement of the facts believed to show a violation, (2) a
specific reference to the provisions of the statute or regulation
allegedly violated, and (3) the amount of penalty proposed to be
assessed. The notice may also contain an initial proposal for compromise
or settlement of the case. The notice shall also advise the respondent
of his right to file a petition for relief pursuant to Sec. 11.12, or
to await the Director's notice of assessment.
(b) The respondent shall have 45 days from the date of the notice of
violation
[[Page 51]]
in which to respond. During this time he may:
(1) Undertake informal discussions with the Director;
(2) Accept the proposed penalty, or the compromise, if any, offered
in the notice;
(3) File a petition for relief; or
(4) Take no action, and await the Director's decision, pursuant to
Sec. 11.13.
(c) Acceptance of the proposed penalty or the compromise shall be
deemed to be a waiver of the notice ef assessment required by Sec.
11.14, and of the opportunity for a hearing. Any counter offer of
settlement shall be deemed a rejection of the proposed offer of
compromise.
Sec. 11.12 Petition for relief.
If the respondent so chooses he may ask that no penalty be assessed
or that the amount be reduced, and he may admit or contest the legal
sufficiency of the charge and the Director's allegations of facts, by
filing a petition for relief (hereinafter ``petition'') with the
Director at the address specified in the notice within 45 days of the
date thereof. The petition shall be in writing and signed by the
respondent. If the respondent is a corporation, the petition must be
signed by an officer authorized to sign such documents. It must set
forth in full the legal or other reasons for the relief.
Sec. 11.13 Decision by the Director.
Upon expiration of the period required or granted for filing of a
petition for relief, the Director shall proceed to make an assessment of
a civil penalty, taking into consideration information available to him
and such showing as may have been made by the respondent, either
pursuant to Sec. 11.11 or Sec. 11.12, or upon further request of the
Director.
Sec. 11.14 Notice of assessment.
The Director shall notify the respondent by a written notice of
assessment, by personal service or by registered or certified mail,
return receipt requested, of his decision pursuant to Sec. 11.13. He
shall set forth therein the facts and conclusions upon which he decided
that the violation did occur and appropriateness of the penalty
assessed.
Sec. 11.15 Request for a hearing.
Except where a right to request a hearing is deemed to have been
waived as provided in Sec. 11.11, the respondent may, within 45
calendar days from the date of the notice of assessment referred to in
Sec. 11.14, file a dated, written request for a hearing with the
Departmental Cases Hearings Division, Office of Hearings and Appeals,
U.S. Department of the Interior, 351 South West Temple, Suite 6.300,
Salt Lake City, Utah 84101.
[81 FR 41865, June 28, 2016]
Sec. 11.16 Final administrative decision.
(a) Where no request for a hearing is filed as provided in Sec.
11.15 the Director's assessment shall become effective and shall
constitute the final administrative decision of the Secretary on the
45th calendar day from the date of the notice of assessment.
(b) If a request for a hearing is timely filed in accordance with
Sec. 11.15, the date of the final administrative decision in the matter
shall be as provided in subpart C of this part.
Sec. 11.17 Payment of final assessment.
When a final administrative decision becomes effective in accordance
with this part 11, the respondent shall have 20 calendar days from the
date of the final administrative decision within which to make full
payment of the penalty assessed. Payment will be timely only if received
in Office of the Director during normal business hours, on or before the
20th day. Upon a failure to pay the penalty, the Solicitor of the
Department may request the Attorney General to institute a civil action
in the U.S. District Court to collect the penalty.
Subpart C_Hearing and Appeal Procedures
Sec. 11.21 Commencement of hearing procedures.
Proceedings under this subpart are commenced upon the timely filing
with the Hearings Division of a request for a
[[Page 52]]
hearing, as provided in Sec. 11.15 of subpart B. Upon receipt of a
request for a hearing, the Hearings Division will assign an
administrative law judge to the case. Notice of assignment will be given
promptly to the parties, and thereafter, all pleadings, papers, and
other documents in the proceeding shall be filed directly with the
administrative law judge, with copies served on the opposing party.
Sec. 11.22 Appearance and practice.
(a) Subject to the provisions of 43 CFR 1.3, the respondent may
appear in person, by representative, or by counsel, and may participate
fully in these proceedings.
(b) Department counsel designated by the Solicitor of the Department
shall represent the Director in these proceedings. Upon notice to the
Director of the assignment of an administrative law judge to the case,
said counsel shall enter his appearance on behalf of the Director and
shall file all petitions and correspondence exchanged by the Director
and the respondent pursuant to subpart B of this part, which shall
become part of the hearing record. Thereinafter, service upon the
Director in these proceedings shall be made to his counsel.
Sec. 11.23 Hearings.
(a) The administrative law judge shall have all powers accorded by
law and necessary to preside over the parties and the proceedings and to
make decisions in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 554-557. Failure to appear at
the time set for hearing shall be deemed a waiver of the right to a
hearing and consent to the making of a decision on the record made at
the hearing. Copies of the transcript may be inspected or copied.
(b) The transcript of testimony, the exhibits, and all papers,
documents, and requests filed in the proceedings, shall constitute the
record for decision. The judge will render a written decision upon the
record, which shall set forth his findings of fact and conclusions of
law, and the reasons and basis therefor, and an assessment of a penalty,
if any.
Sec. 11.24 Final administrative action.
Unless a notice of request for an appeal is filed in accordance with
Sec. 11.25 of this subpart C, the administrative law judge's decision
shall constitute the final administrative determination of the Secretary
in the matter and shall become effective 30 calendar days from the date
of the decision.
Sec. 11.25 Appeal.
(a) Either the respondent or the Director may seek an appeal from
the decision of an administrative law judge rendered subsequent to
January 1, 1974, by the filing of a ``Notice of Request for Appeal''
with the Director, Office of Hearings and Appeals, U.S. Department of
the Interior, 351 South West Temple, Suite 6.300, Salt Lake City, Utah
84101, within 30 calendar days of the date of the administrative law
judge's decision. Such notice shall be accompanied by proof of service
on the administrative law judge and the opposing party.
(b) Upon receipt of such a request, the Director, Office of Hearings
and Appeals, shall appoint an ad hoc appeals board to determine whether
an appeal should be granted, and to hear and decide an appeal. To the
extent they are not inconsistent herewith, the provisions of subpart G
of the Department Hearings and Appeals Procedures in 43 CFR part 4 shall
apply to appeal proceedings under this subpart. The determination of the
board to grant or deny an appeal, as well as its decision on the merits
of an appeal, shall be in writing and become effective as the final
administrative determination of the Secretary in the proceeding on the
date it is rendered, unless otherwise specified therein.
[39 FR 1159, Jan. 4, 1974, as amended at 81 FR 41865, June 28, 2016]
Sec. 11.26 Reporting service.
Copies of decisions in civil penalty proceedings instituted under
statutes referred to in subpart A of this part and rendered subsequent
to June 3, 1970, may be obtained by letter of request addressed to the
Director, Office of Hearings and Appeals, U.S. Department of the
Interior, 351 South West Temple, Suite 6.300, Salt Lake City, Utah
84101. Fees for this service shall
[[Page 53]]
be as established by the Director of that Office.
[81 FR 41865, June 28, 2016]
Subpart D_Civil Monetary Penalty Inflation Adjustments
Source: 81 FR 41865, June 28, 2016, unless otherwise noted.
Sec. 11.31 Definitions.
(a) Civil monetary penalty means any penalty, fine, or other
sanction that:
(1)(i) Is for a specific monetary amount as provided by Federal law;
or
(ii) Has a maximum amount provided for by Federal law;
(2) Is assessed or enforced by an agency pursuant to Federal law;
and
(3) Is assessed or enforced pursuant to an administrative proceeding
or a civil action in the Federal courts.
(b) Inflation Adjustment Act means the Federal Civil Penalties
Inflation Adjustment Act Improvements Act of 2015 (Pub. L. 114-74,
November 2, 2015, 129 Stat. 584, 28 U.S.C. 2461 note).
Sec. 11.32 Purpose and scope.
The purpose of this part is to make the inflation adjustment,
described in and required by the Inflation Adjustment Act, of each civil
monetary penalty provided by law within the jurisdiction of the U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service.
Sec. 11.33 Adjustments to penalties.
The civil monetary penalties provided by law within the jurisdiction
of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service are adjusted as follows:
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Maximum
civil
Law Citation Type of violation monetary
penalty
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(a) African Elephant Conservation Act. 16 U.S.C. 4224(b).................. Any violation........... $12,799
(b) Bald and Golden Eagle Protection 16 U.S.C. 668(b)................... Any violation........... 16,170
Act.
(c) Endangered Species Act of 1973.... 16 U.S.C. 1540(a)(1)............... (1) Knowing violation of 63,991
section 1538.
(2) Other knowing 30,715
violation.
(3) Any other violation. 1,617
(d) Lacey Act Amendments of 1981...... 16 U.S.C. 3373(a).................. (1) Violations referred 32,341
to in 16 U.S.C.
3373(a)(1).
(2) Violations referred 808
to in 16 U.S.C.
3373(a)(2).
(e) Marine Mammal Protection Act of 16 U.S.C. 1375..................... Any violation........... 32,341
1972.
(f) Recreational Hunting Safety Act of 16 U.S.C. 5202(b).................. (1) Violation involving 20,579
1994. use of force or
violence or threatened
use of force or
violence.
(2) Any other violation. 10,289
(g) Rhinoceros and Tiger Conservation 16 U.S.C. 5305a(b)(2).............. Any violation........... 22,512
Act of 1998.
(h) Wild Bird Conservation Act........ 16 U.S.C. 4912(a)(1)............... (1) Violation of section 54,243
4910(a)(1), section
4910(a)(2), or any
permit issued under
section 4911.
(2) Violation of section 26,035
4910(a)(3).
(3) Any other violation. 1,086
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 54]]
[81 FR 41865, June 28, 2016, as amended at 82 FR 6308, Jan. 19, 2017; 83
FR 5951, Feb. 12, 2018; 84 FR 15526, Apr. 16, 2019; 85 FR 10311, Feb.
24, 2020; 86 FR 15428, Mar. 23, 2021; 87 FR 13949, Mar. 11, 2022; 88 FR
5797, Jan. 30, 2023; 89 FR 7296, Feb. 2, 2024]
Sec. 11.34 Subsequent adjustments.
The Secretary of the Interior or his or her designee will, every
year after August 1, 2016, make the inflation adjustment described in
and required by the Inflation Adjustment Act of each civil monetary
penalty provided by law and within the jurisdiction of the U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service. Each annual adjustment will be reflected in the table
in Sec. 11.33.
PART 12_SEIZURE AND FORFEITURE PROCEDURES--Table of Contents
Subpart A_General Provisions
Sec.
12.1 What is the purpose of the regulations in this part?
12.2 What is the scope of the regulations in this part?
12.3 What definitions do I need to know?
12.4 When and how must documents be filed or issued?
12.5 How does the Service handle seizures made by other agencies?
12.6 How does the Service release seized property under a bond?
Subpart B_Notification Requirements
12.11 How is personal notification of seizure and proposed forfeiture
provided?
12.12 How is public notification of seizure and proposed forfeiture
provided?
12.13 How is a declaration of forfeiture issued?
12.14 What happens if the required notification of seizure and proposed
forfeiture is not provided?
Subpart C_Forfeiture Proceedings
12.31 What are the basic types of forfeiture proceedings?
12.32 When may the Service or the Solicitor obtain administrative
forfeiture of my property?
12.33 How do I file a petition for remission of forfeiture requesting
the release of my property?
12.34 What are the standards for remission of forfeiture?
12.35 How will the Solicitor notify me of the decision on my petition
for remission?
12.36 How do I file a claim to get back my seized property?
12.37 Can I get my property back while the claim is pending?
12.38 What happens if my property is subject to civil judicial actions
to obtain forfeiture?
Subpart D_Abandonment Procedures
12.51 May I simply abandon my interest in the property?
12.52 Can I file a petition for remission for my abandoned property?
Subpart E_Disposal of Forfeited or Abandoned Property
12.61 What is the purpose of this subpart?
12.62 How does the Service keep track of forfeited or abandoned
property?
12.63 When may the Service return live fish, wildlife, or plants to the
wild?
12.64 How does forfeiture or abandonment affect the status of the
property?
12.65 How does the Service dispose of forfeited or abandoned property?
12.66 How does the Service dispose of seized injurious fish or wildlife?
12.67 When may the Service donate forfeited or abandoned property?
12.68 When may the Service loan forfeited or abandoned property?
12.69 When may the Service sell forfeited or abandoned property?
12.70 When may the Service destroy forfeited or abandoned property?
Subpart F_Recovery of Storage Costs and Return of Property
12.81 When can the Service assess fees for costs incurred by the
transfer, boarding, handling, or storage of property seized or
forfeited?
12.82 How will my property be returned if my petition or claim is
successful?
Authority: 16 U.S.C. 470aa et seq., 470aaa et seq., 668 et seq.,
668dd et seq., 703 et seq., 718a et seq., 742j-l, 1361 et seq., 1531 et
seq., 2401 et seq., 3371 et seq., 4201 et seq., and 5301 et seq.; 18
U.S.C. 42 and 981 et seq.; 19 U.S.C. 1602-1624; 28 U.S.C. 2465; 42
U.S.C. 1996; and E.O. 13751, 81 FR 88609, amending E.O. 13112, 64 FR
6183.
Source: 88 FR 47818, July 25, 2023, unless otherwise noted.
Subpart A_General Provisions
Sec. 12.1 What is the purpose of the regulations in this part?
These regulations provide procedures that govern the seizure and
administrative forfeiture or abandonment of property, as well as the
disposal of such property, and the recovery of costs associated with
handling and
[[Page 55]]
storage of seized property under various laws enforced by the Service.
Sec. 12.2 What is the scope of the regulations in this part?
(a) The regulations in this part apply to all property seized or
subject to administrative forfeiture under any of the following laws:
(1) The Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act, 16 U.S.C. 668 et seq.;
(2) The Airborne Hunting Act, 16 U.S.C. 742j-1;
(3) The Endangered Species Act, 16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.;
(4) The Lacey Act, 18 U.S.C. 42;
(5) The Lacey Act Amendments of 1981, 16 U.S.C. 3371 et seq.;
(6) The Rhinoceros and Tiger Conservation Act, 16 U.S.C. 5301 et
seq.;
(7) The Antarctic Conservation Act, 16 U.S.C. 2401 et seq.;
(8) The Paleontological Resources Protection Act, 16 U.S.C. 470aaa
et seq.; and
(9) The African Elephant Conservation Act, 16 U.S.C. 4201 et seq.
(b) These regulations apply to the disposal of any property
forfeited or abandoned to the United States under any of the following
laws:
(1) Any of the laws identified in paragraph (a) of this section;
(2) The National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act, 16
U.S.C. 668dd et seq.;
(3) The Migratory Bird Treaty Act, 16 U.S.C. 703 et seq. (MBTA);
(4) The Migratory Bird Hunting and Conservation Stamp Act, 16 U.S.C.
718 et seq.;
(5) The Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972, 16 U.S.C. 1361 et
seq.;
(6) The Archeological Resources Protection Act, 16 U.S.C. 470aa et
seq.; and
(7) The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act, 25
U.S.C. 3001 et seq.
(c) This part applies to all forfeitures administered by the Service
with the exception of seizures and forfeitures under the statutes listed
under 18 U.S.C. 983(i). The authority under this part to conduct
administrative forfeitures derives from the procedural provisions of the
Customs and Border Protection laws (19 U.S.C. 1602-1618) where those
provisions are incorporated by reference in the substantive forfeiture
statutes enforced by the Service.
Sec. 12.3 What definitions do I need to know?
In addition to the definitions contained in parts 10, 14, 17, and 23
of this chapter, as well as other applicable Federal laws and
regulations, in this part:
Abandon means to relinquish to the United States all legal right you
have to own, claim, or possess property and to forever give up any
right, title, and interest in the property and waive any further rights
or proceedings relative to the property other than whatever rights to
seek relief expressly were reserved in the abandonment document you
signed.
Administrative forfeiture means the process by which property may be
forfeited by a seizing agency rather than through a judicial proceeding.
Administrative forfeiture has the same meaning as nonjudicial
forfeiture, as that term is used in 18 U.S.C. 983.
Authorized officer means a person or entity who is acting as an
agent, trustee, partner, corporate officer, director, supervisory
employee, or any other representative designated to act on behalf of an
individual, corporation, partnership, or any other entity asserting that
they are an interested party.
Claim means a written declaration regarding property for which the
Service has proposed forfeiture and that meets the statutory
requirements of 18 U.S.C. 983(a)(2), including:
(1) Timely submission;
(2) Containing required information regarding identification of the
specific property being claimed;
(3) Stating the claimant's interest in the property;
(4) Requesting the initiation of judicial forfeiture proceedings;
and
(5) Made under oath subject to penalty of perjury.
Contraband means any fish, wildlife, or plant that either:
(1) Is inherently illegal to import, export, or possess; or
(2) Has been taken, possessed, bred, imported, exported, acquired,
transported, purchased, sold, or offered for sale or purchase contrary
to law.
[[Page 56]]
Declaration of forfeiture means a written declaration by the Service
or the Solicitor describing the property forfeited and stating the date,
time, place, and reason for forfeiture. The declaration will also
describe the date and manner in which notice of seizure and proposed
forfeiture was sent to the property owner. If notice was never
successfully delivered, the declaration will describe efforts made to
deliver any notice of seizure and proposed forfeiture.
Detention means the holding for further investigation of fish,
wildlife, or plants and any associated property that is neither
immediately released nor seized but is temporarily held by Service
officers under 50 CFR part 14.
Directed reexport means the prompt export at the expense of the
importer or consignee of imported shipments that have been refused entry
by the Service into the United States.
Director means the Director of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
Department of the Interior, or an authorized representative (as defined
in 50 CFR 10.12).
Interested party or parties means any person(s) who appears to be a
person having an interest in property based on the facts known to the
seizing agency before a declaration of forfeiture is entered.
Other property that is illegal to possess means any fish, wildlife,
or plant that may not be legally possessed or held due to extrinsic
circumstances.
Petition for remission is a request in an administrative forfeiture
proceeding for the Solicitor to exercise equitable discretion on behalf
of the Department and to release the property seized. Remission of
forfeiture is discretionary.
Property subject to administrative forfeiture means any property of
the kinds described in 19 U.S.C. 1607(a) to the extent not inconsistent
with the provisions of the incorporating wildlife laws (identified in
Sec. 12.2) pursuant to which forfeiture is sought.
Property subject to forfeiture means all property that Federal law
authorizes to be forfeited to the United States in any administrative
forfeiture proceeding, or in any civil judicial forfeiture, or in any
criminal forfeiture proceeding.
Solicitor means the Solicitor of the U.S. Department of the Interior
or an authorized representative or designee.
Value means the value of property as determined by the Service. For
property having a legal market in the United States, the Service will
use the reasonable declared value or the estimated market value at the
time and place of seizure, if such or similar property was freely
offered for sale between a willing seller and a willing buyer. For
property that may not be sold in the United States, the Service will use
other reasonable means, including, but not limited to, the Service's
knowledge of sale prices in illegal markets or the replacement cost.
We means the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
Sec. 12.4 When and how must documents be filed or issued?
(a) Whenever this part requires or allows you to file a document on
or before a certain date, you are responsible for submitting that
document so as to reach the Government office designated for receipt by
the time specified. You may use the U.S. Postal Service (USPS), a
commercial carrier, or electronic or facsimile transmission. We will
consider the document filed on the date on which the document is
received by the Government office designated for receipt. Acceptable
evidence to establish the time of receipt by the Government office
includes any official USPS receipt, commercial carrier signature log,
time/date stamp placed by the Government on the document, other
documentary evidence of receipt maintained by that Government office, or
oral testimony or statements of Government personnel.
(b) Whenever this part requires or allows the Government to issue or
file a document on or before a certain date, the document will be
considered to be issued or filed on the date on which the document was
placed in the USPS system, delivered to a commercial carrier, or sent by
electronic or facsimile transmission. Acceptable evidence to establish
the time of filing or issuance by the Government includes any official
USPS sender's receipt, commercial carrier receipt log, and time/date
stamp placed by the government office
[[Page 57]]
on the document, other documentary evidence of receipt maintained by
that office, or oral testimony or statements of Government personnel.
Sec. 12.5 How does the Service handle seizures made by other agencies?
(a) If an authorized employee or officer of another Federal or State
or local law enforcement agency seized your fish, wildlife, or plant or
other property under any of the laws listed in Sec. 12.2, the Service
may request the delivery of the seized property to the appropriate
Special Agent in Charge (SAC), Office of Law Enforcement, or to an
authorized designee. The addresses for SACs are listed in Sec. 2.2 of
this subchapter, and telephone numbers are listed in Sec. 10.22 of this
subchapter. The SAC or authorized designee will hold the seized fish,
wildlife, or plants or other property subject to forfeiture and arrange
for its proper handling and care. Forfeiture proceedings must be
initiated by notice to the interested parties within 90 days of the date
of seizure by the Federal, State, or local law enforcement agency.
(b) If you use any U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) form
(forms may be amended or superseded) to voluntarily abandon any fish,
wildlife, or plants or other property subject to forfeiture in lieu of
Service Form 3-2096, Fish and Wildlife Abandonment Form, the Service may
request that CBP transfer the property to the Service for final
disposition.
Sec. 12.6 How does the Service release seized property under a bond?
(a) When an administrative forfeiture is pending, the Service may at
its discretion accept an appearance bond or other security from you in
place of any property authorized for seizure by civil forfeiture under
any Act listed in Sec. 12.2. If you file a judicial claim, then early
release of property must be handled under the provisions of 18 U.S.C.
983(f).
(b) You may post an appearance bond or other security in place of
seized property only if the Service, at its discretion, authorizes the
acceptance of the bond or security and the following conditions are met:
(1) You must complete Service Form 3-2095, Cash Bond for Release of
Seized Property;
(2) The Service may release your seized property only to you (the
owner) or your designated representative; and
(3) Your possession of the property may not violate or undermine the
purpose or policy of any applicable law or regulation.
Subpart B_Notification Requirements
Sec. 12.11 How is personal notification of seizure and proposed
forfeiture provided?
An administrative forfeiture proceeding begins when notice is first
published in accordance with Sec. 12.12, or the first personal written
notice is sent in accordance with the regulations in this section,
whichever occurs first.
(a) Manner of providing notice. After seizing property subject to
administrative forfeiture, the Service or the Solicitor, in addition to
publishing notice of the seizure, will send personal written notice of
the seizure to each interested party in a manner reasonably calculated
to reach such parties. The notice of seizure and proposed forfeiture
will not be sent to any person who signed an abandonment form. The
notice of seizure and proposed forfeiture will be sent by U.S.
registered or certified mail, express mail, or commercial carrier, all
with proof of delivery and return receipt requested. The notice will be
sent to an address that has been provided on shipping or other documents
accompanying the property or on your permit or license application,
unless the Service or the Solicitor has actual notice of a different
address.
(b) Content of personal written notice. The personal written notice
sent by the Service or the Solicitor will contain the following
information:
(1) A description of the seized property;
(2) The name, title, and business address to whom any petition for
remission or claim for judicial proceedings must be filed, as well as a
seizure tag number;
(3) The date and place of seizure, and the estimated value of the
property as determined under Sec. 12.3;
[[Page 58]]
(4) A reference to provisions of law or regulations under which the
property is subject to forfeiture;
(5) A statement that the Service or the Solicitor intends to proceed
with administrative forfeiture proceedings;
(6) The date when the personal written notice is sent;
(7) The deadline for filing claims for judicial forfeiture
proceedings, which is 35 days after the personal written notice is sent,
as well as the deadline for filing petitions for remission; and
(8) A statement that any interested party may file a claim or
petition for remission by the deadline.
(c) Date of personal notice. Personal written notice is sent on the
date when the Service or the Solicitor places the notice in the mail,
delivers it to a commercial carrier, or otherwise sends it by means
reasonably calculated to reach the interested party.
(d) Timing of notification. The Service or the Solicitor will notify
you in writing of any seizure of your property as soon as practicable
and not more than 60 days after the date of seizure. If property is
detained at an international border or port of entry for the purpose of
examination, testing, inspection, obtaining documentation, or other
investigation relating to the importation or the exportation of the
property, the 60-day period will begin to run when the period of
detention ends, if the Service seizes the property for the purpose of
forfeiture to the United States.
(e) Exceptions to the 60-day notification requirement. The
exceptions in 18 U.S.C. 983(a)(1), including but not limited to the
exceptions listed in this paragraph (e), apply to the notice requirement
under paragraph (d) of this section.
(1) If the identity or interest of an interested party is determined
after the seizure of the property but before entering a declaration of
forfeiture, the Service or the Solicitor will send written notice to
such interested party under paragraph (a) of this section not more than
60 days after the date that the identity of the interested party or the
interested party's interest is determined.
(2) For the purposes of this section, we do not consider property
that has been refused entry, held for identification, held for an
investigation as evidence, or detained for less than 30 days under part
14 of this chapter, to be seized.
(3) If, before the time period for sending notice expires, the
Government files a civil judicial forfeiture action against the seized
property and provides notice of such action as required by law, personal
notice of administrative forfeiture is not required under paragraph (a)
of this section.
(4) If, before the time period for sending notice expires, the
Government does not file a civil judicial forfeiture action, but does
obtain a criminal indictment containing an allegation that the property
is subject to forfeiture, the Government will either:
(i) Send notice within the 60 days specified under paragraph (a) of
this section and continue the administrative civil forfeiture
proceeding; or
(ii) Terminate the administrative civil forfeiture proceeding and
take the steps necessary to preserve its right to maintain custody of
the property as provided in the applicable criminal forfeiture statute.
(f) Extensions to the 60-day notification requirement. The Director
may extend the 60-day deadline for sending personal written notice under
these regulations in a particular case one time, for a period not to
exceed 30 days, unless further extended by a court, only if the Director
determines that the notice may have an adverse result including
endangering the life or physical safety of an individual, flight from
prosecution, destruction of or tampering with evidence, intimidation of
potential witnesses, or otherwise seriously jeopardizing an
investigation or unduly delaying a trial.
Sec. 12.12 How is public notification of seizure and proposed forfeiture
provided?
(a) After seizing property subject to administrative forfeiture, the
Service will select from the following options a means of publication
reasonably calculated to notify potential claimants of the seizure and
the Service's intent to forfeit and sell or otherwise dispose of the
property:
(1) Publication once each week for at least 3 successive weeks in a
newspaper
[[Page 59]]
generally circulated in the judicial district where the property was
seized; or
(2) Posting a notice on the official government internet site at
http://www.fws.gov/fwsforfeiture/ for at least 30 consecutive days.
(b) The published notice will:
(1) Describe the seized property;
(2) State the date, statutory basis, and place of seizure;
(3) State the deadline for filing a claim when personal written
notice has not been received, which must be at least 30 days after the
date of final publication of the notice of seizure; and
(4) State the name, title, and business address to whom any petition
for remission or claim for judicial proceedings must be filed.
Sec. 12.13 How is a declaration of forfeiture issued?
(a) If the seizing agency commences a timely proceeding against
property subject to administrative forfeiture, and either no valid and
timely claim is filed or the seized property is not released in response
to a petition or supplemental petition for remission, the Service or the
Solicitor will declare the property forfeited to the United States for
disposition according to law. The declaration of forfeiture will have
the same force and effect as a final decree and order of forfeiture in a
Federal judicial forfeiture proceeding.
(b) The declaration of forfeiture will describe the property and
state the date, time, place, and reason for the seizure of the property.
The declaration of forfeiture will refer to the notice of seizure and
proposed forfeiture and describe the dates and manner in which the
notice of seizure and proposed forfeiture was sent to you. If we have no
proof of delivery to you of the notice of seizure and proposed
forfeiture, the declaration of forfeiture will describe the efforts made
to deliver the notice of seizure and proposed forfeiture to you.
Sec. 12.14 What happens if the required notification of seizure and
proposed forfeiture is not provided?
Under 18 U.S.C. 983(a)(1)(F), if the Service or the Solicitor does
not send notice of a seizure of property in accordance with that section
to the person from whom the property was seized, and no extension of
time was granted, the Government is required to return the property to
that person, unless the property is contraband or other property that is
illegal to possess. Any return of property under this section does not
prejudice the right of the Government to commence a forfeiture
proceeding at a later time.
Subpart C_Forfeiture Proceedings
Sec. 12.31 What are the basic types of forfeiture proceedings?
(a) Property seized for violations of the laws identified in Sec.
12.2 and subject to forfeiture may be forfeited, depending upon the
nature of the property and the law involved, through criminal forfeiture
proceedings, civil judicial procedures, or civil administrative
procedures.
(b) The process used also may be determined in certain circumstances
by the actions of an interested party. For example, a person claiming
property seized in an administrative civil forfeiture proceeding under a
civil forfeiture statute may choose to file a claim after the seizure
rather than to pursue administrative relief through a petition for
remission of forfeiture.
(c) A claim that is timely and contains the information required by
Sec. 12.36 will terminate the administrative proceeding and will cause
the Service, through the Solicitor, to refer the claim to the U.S.
Department of Justice with the request that a judicial forfeiture action
be instituted in Federal court.
Sec. 12.32 When may the Service or the Solicitor obtain administrative
forfeiture of my property?
If your fish, wildlife, plant or other property is subject to
forfeiture under any Act listed in Sec. 12.2, and it is also property
subject to administrative forfeiture, the Service or the Solicitor may
initiate an administrative forfeiture proceeding of the property under
the forfeiture procedures described in this subpart.
[[Page 60]]
Sec. 12.33 How do I file a petition for remission of forfeiture
requesting the release of my property?
(a) If you are an interested party, you may file a petition for
remission of forfeiture with the Service to return seized property that
is subject to administrative forfeiture. Upon receiving the petition,
the Service will refer the petition to the Solicitor to decide whether
to grant relief.
(b) You must file your petition for remission within 35 days from
the date of the delivery of the notice of seizure and proposed
forfeiture, if you or any interested party receives the notice of
seizure and proposed forfeiture. If you do not receive the notice of
seizure and proposed forfeiture, we must receive the petition for
remission that you file not later than 30 days from the date of last
posting of the public notice of the seizure of the property.
(c) Petitions for remission of forfeiture must be concise and
logically presented to facilitate review by the Solicitor. The Solicitor
may dismiss a petition for remission that fails to substantially comply
with any of the information required by this paragraph (c). The petition
for remission of forfeiture must contain the following:
(1) The name and address of the person claiming the interest in the
seized property who is seeking remission.
(2) The name of the seizing agency, the asset identifier number, and
the date and place of seizure.
(3) A complete description of the property.
(4) A description of the petitioner's interest in the property as
owner, lienholder, or otherwise, supported by original or certified
bills of sale, contracts, deeds, mortgages, or other documentary
evidence.
(5) A statement containing all of the facts and circumstances you
use to justify the remission of the forfeiture. If you rely on an
exemption or an exception to a prohibition under any Act listed in Sec.
12.2, you must demonstrate how that exemption or exception applies to
your particular situation.
(6) A statement containing all of the facts and circumstances you
contend support any innocent owner's defense allowed by 18 U.S.C 983(d)
that you are asserting. No person may assert an innocent owner's
interest in property that is contraband or other property that is
illegal to possess. A petitioner has the burden of proving by a
preponderance of the evidence that the petitioner is an ``innocent
owner'' as defined in 18 U.S.C 983(d).
(7) A statement that the information furnished is, to the best of
your knowledge and belief, complete, true, and correct and that you
recognize false statements may subject you to criminal penalties under
18 U.S.C 1001.
(d) In addition to the contents of the petition for remission
described in paragraph (c) of this section, upon request, the petitioner
must also furnish the agency with instruments executed by each known
party with an interest in the property releasing that interest.
(e) A petition for remission of property subject to administrative
forfeiture must be addressed to the appropriate office identified in the
notice of forfeiture.
(f) Your petition for remission must be signed by you or your
lawyer. If a lawyer files on behalf of the petitioner, the petition must
include a signed and sworn statement by the client-petitioner stating
that:
(1) The lawyer has the authority to represent you in the proceeding;
(2) You have fully reviewed the petition; and
(3) The petition is truthful and accurate in every respect to the
best of your knowledge and belief.
(g) If the petitioner is a corporation, the petition must be signed
by an authorized officer, supervisory employee of the corporation, or a
lawyer representing the corporation, and the corporate seal must be
properly affixed to the signature.
(h) If you file a claim to the property, as described in Sec.
12.36, the administrative proceeding will be terminated and the
Solicitor will no longer have the opportunity or authority to review or
rule on the petition for remission of the property.
Sec. 12.34 What are the standards for remission of forfeiture?
(a) A petition for remission must include evidence that either:
[[Page 61]]
(1) The petitioner is an interested party or owner as defined in
this part; or
(2) The knowledge and responsibilities of the petitioner's
representative, agent, or employee are ascribed to the petitioner where
the representative, agent, or employee was acting in the course of his
or her employment and in furtherance of the petitioner's business.
(b) The petitioner has the burden of establishing the basis for
granting a petition for remission of property and for granting a
reconsideration of a denial of such a petition. Failure to provide
information or documents or to submit to interviews, when requested by
the Solicitor, may result in a denial of the petition.
(c) The Solicitor will consider relevant information that you
submit, as well as other information available to the Solicitor relating
to the matter. The Solicitor will review the basis for the seizure, and
in the absence of evidence to the contrary, will presume a valid
seizure.
(d) Willful, materially false statements or information, made or
furnished by the petitioner in support of a petition for remission or
the reconsideration of a denial of any such petition, will be grounds
for denial of the petition and possible prosecution for filing of false
statements.
(e) The Solicitor will consider the following principles, if
applicable, when making a decision on a petition for remission:
(1) Remission is an equitable remedy and is discretionary with the
Solicitor.
(2) The Solicitor may grant remission of property if the Solicitor
determines that mitigating circumstances justify the remission and then
only under such terms and conditions as are reasonable and just.
(i) Mitigating factors that may be considered for the sole and
limited purpose of remission of forfeiture include, but are not limited
to, whether:
(A) The facts demonstrate your honest and good-faith intent and
effort to comply with the law;
(B) You did not have the ability to prevent the violation;
(C) No evidence exists that you have engaged in past conduct similar
to the violation;
(D) You have taken meaningful steps, including enforcement
mechanisms (e.g., contractual or monetary), to prevent any violations;
and
(E) The return of the property combined with imposition of monetary
and/or other conditions of mitigation in lieu of a complete forfeiture
will promote the interest of justice.
(ii) These factors are not intended to be all inclusive and do not
constitute authority in and of themselves.
(3) The Solicitor will make all remission decisions with due
consideration for the cumulative conservation impacts of the remission
including, but not limited to, whether:
(i) The species is listed in Appendix I, II, or III under the
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna
and Flora (CITES) (See Sec. 23.91 of this chapter);
(ii) The species is listed in part 17 of this chapter as
``threatened'' or ``endangered'' under the Endangered Species Act (16
U.S.C. 1531 et seq.);
(iii) The violation increased the regulatory burden on government
agencies; or
(iv) Remission may have an adverse effect on the integrity of any
applicable permitting system or may provide an incentive to third
parties to avoid meeting CITES requirements.
(4) The Solicitor has the discretion to condition a grant of
remission of the seized property, in whole or in part, on terms and
conditions that are reasonable and just. The Solicitor further has the
discretion to grant remission for the limited purpose of directed
reexport to the exporter of record provided that the reexport benefits
enforcement and administration of applicable wildlife laws. Any terms
and conditions of remission will be in writing and may include but are
not limited to payment of those costs and expenses that the United
States may, as a matter of applicable law, recover for the property.
(i) Shipment of any released property will be at your sole cost, and
the risk of loss from such shipment will be your risk.
[[Page 62]]
(ii) Property for which remission is granted will be released only
after successful completion of all terms and conditions of remission,
proper identification of the recipient of the property, and your
execution of a property receipt provided by the Solicitor or the Service
acknowledging receipt of the remitted property.
(5) Any decision to grant remission is separate from and does not
preclude or otherwise provide relief from civil enforcement against the
person or persons who committed the violations associated with the
seizure and proposed forfeiture of the property. To expedite the
resolution of any civil penalties that may be brought against you under
the ESA (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.), the Lacey Act Amendments of 1981 (16
U.S.C. 3371 et seq.), or the Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act (16
U.S.C. 668 et seq.) in connection with violations involving any wildlife
for which remission is to be granted, the Solicitor has the sole
discretion to give you the opportunity to completely or partially settle
the civil penalty claim at the same time that remission is granted by
executing a written agreement setting forth the terms and conditions of
the civil penalty settlement. Such an agreement may be included in the
written documentation of the terms and conditions of the parallel
remission of forfeiture provided that:
(i) The terms and conditions of the civil penalty settlement are
clearly delineated as relating separately and solely to any civil
penalty claims; and
(ii) The wildlife owner agrees in writing to waive any notice of
violation and notice of assessment required by part 11 of this
subchapter and the opportunity for a hearing as conditions of civil
penalty settlement.
Sec. 12.35 How will the Solicitor notify me of the decision on my
petition for remission?
(a) The Solicitor will notify you in writing of any decision to
grant or deny a petition for remission or to dismiss the petition for
failure to provide the information required in this part or to timely
file that petition. The notification will advise you of the reasons for
the decision made and the options, if any, available to you for
addressing the decision.
(b) In the event that the Solicitor denies your petition for
remission of forfeiture, you may file a supplemental petition for
reconsideration if you have information or evidence not previously
considered that is material to the basis for the denial or new
documentation clearly demonstrating that the denial was erroneous. A
supplemental petition must be received within 60 days from the date of
the Solicitor's notification denying the original petition. You may file
only one supplemental petition. The Solicitor's decision on your
petition for remission will be the decision for the Service.
Sec. 12.36 How do I file a claim to get back my seized property?
(a) If you receive a notice of seizure and proposed forfeiture, you
may file a claim to the property by the deadline stated in the notice of
seizure and proposed forfeiture. This deadline will be 35 days after the
notice is mailed.
(b) If you did not receive a notice of seizure and proposed
forfeiture, your claim must be received by the appropriate office not
later than 30 days from the last date of final publication of the notice
of the seizure of the property.
(c) A claim does not have to be in any particular form, but your
claim must: be in writing, identify the specific property being claimed,
state your interest in the specific property being claimed, and be made
under oath subject to penalty of perjury. We will make a claim form
available to you upon request.
(d) Your claim, by itself, will not entitle you or any other person
to possession of the property. No bond is required to make a claim for
judicial forfeiture proceedings. Rather, your claim will result in the
Service referring the case, through the Solicitor, to the Department of
Justice for civil judicial forfeiture. However, if you request
possession of the property pending an administrative forfeiture decision
under Sec. 12.6, you will be required to post a bond under Sec. 12.6
if your request is granted. This bond is only required to obtain interim
possession of the property.
[[Page 63]]
(e) Your claim must be made under oath by you as the claimant and
not by an attorney or agent.
(f) If you are an individual claimant, you must sign the claim.
(1) If the claimant is a corporation or a form of limited liability
business entity organized under a State law, an authorized officer or
supervisory employee of the entity must sign the claim.
(2) If the claimant is a partnership or limited partnership, any
general partner may sign the claim.
(3) If the claimant is a trust, estate, or fiduciary entity, such as
a person to whom property is entrusted, the chief officer authorized by
the trust, estate, or fiduciary entity must sign the claim.
Sec. 12.37 Can I get my property back while the claim is pending?
If you have filed a claim and you think that continued possession of
the property by the United States during the forfeiture proceeding will
cause you substantial hardship, you may request under 18 U.S.C. 983(f)
that the Service return the property to you pending the resolution of
the judicial forfeiture proceeding. In determining whether to grant or
deny your request, the Service will consider the factors set out in 18
U.S.C. 983(f). You must furnish evidence substantiating the hardship,
and that none of the conditions set forth in 18 U.S.C. 983(f)(8) apply;
for example, the property may not be contraband.
Sec. 12.38 What happens if my property is subject to civil judicial
actions to obtain forfeiture?
If a claim is filed in the forfeiture proceeding under Sec. 12.36,
the Solicitor will refer the case to the Department of Justice to
include in a civil forfeiture complaint or in a criminal indictment.
Subpart D_Abandonment Procedures
Sec. 12.51 May I simply abandon my interest in the property?
You may voluntarily abandon your interest in property to the United
States by signing Service Form 3-2096, Fish and Wildlife Abandonment
Form, or equivalent Federal, State, Tribal, or local form, or by signed
letter to the Service or the Solicitor containing substantially the same
information as Form 3-2096.
Sec. 12.52 Can I file a petition for remission for my abandoned
property?
You may file a petition for remission of abandoned property with the
Service and seek the return of property you had voluntarily abandoned,
within the time period described in Sec. 12.33. If you have agreed to
abandon property, your right to seek relief is limited to whatever
process expressly was reserved in the abandonment document you signed.
Subpart E_Disposal of Forfeited or Abandoned Property
Sec. 12.61 What is the purpose of this subpart?
This subpart contains the provisions under which the Service will
dispose of any property forfeited or abandoned to the United States.
Sec. 12.62 How does the Service keep track of forfeited or abandoned
property?
The Service must account in official records for all property
forfeited or abandoned under this subpart. These records must include
the following information:
(a) A description of the property;
(b) The date and place of the seizure of the property, and, if
appropriate, the seizure tag number, and the date of forfeiture or
abandonment of the property;
(c) The investigative case file number associated with the property;
(d) The name of any person known to have or to have had an interest
in the property;
(e) The date, place, and manner of the disposal of the property;
(f) The name of the official responsible for the disposal of the
property; and
(g) The value of the property.
[[Page 64]]
Sec. 12.63 When may the Service return live fish, wildlife, or plants
to the wild?
(a) The Service may release any live member of a native species of
fish, wildlife, or plant that is capable of surviving in the wild into
suitable habitat within the historical range of the species in the
United States, with the permission of the landowner and the State,
unless that release poses an imminent danger to public health or safety,
or presents a known threat of disease transmission to other fish,
wildlife, or plants.
(b) The Service may transplant any live member of a native species
of plant that is capable of surviving into suitable habitat on Federal
or other protected lands within the historical range of the species in
the United States, with the permission of the appropriate land-
management agency.
(c)(1) The Service may not return to the wild any live member of an
exotic, nonnative species of fish, wildlife (including injurious
wildlife), or plant, within the United States. The Service may return
such live member that is capable of surviving in the wild to one of the
following countries for return to suitable habitat:
(i) The country of export, if known, after consultation with that
country; or
(ii) A country that is within the historical range of the species
and that is a party to CITES (Treaties and Other International Acts
Series, TIAS 8249) after consultation with that country.
(2) Any return of fish, wildlife, or plants under paragraph (c)(1)
of this section must comply with applicable laws, including CITES and
the domestic laws of that country.
(3) We may require that the return of fish, wildlife, or plants
under paragraph (c)(1) of this section be at the expense of that
country, the transporter, the violator, or others as provided by law.
Sec. 12.64 How does forfeiture or abandonment affect the status of
the property?
(a) After property has been forfeited or abandoned, the prior
illegal status of the property, due to violations of any Act listed in
Sec. 12.2 that led to the forfeiture or abandonment of the property, is
terminated. However, any subsequent holder or owner of the property must
comply with all prohibitions, restrictions, conditions, or requirements
that apply to a particular species of fish, wildlife, or plant under any
Act listed in Sec. 12.2, or any other applicable Federal, State,
Tribal, or foreign law or regulation.
(b) When releasing property under the provisions of this subpart,
the Service will prescribe the conditions under which the property may
be possessed and used and will reserve the right to resume possession of
the property if it is possessed or used in violation of those
conditions.
Sec. 12.65 How does the Service dispose of forfeited or abandoned
property?
(a) The Service will dispose of any fish, wildlife, or plant
forfeited or abandoned by one of the following means, unless the item is
the subject of a petition for remission of forfeiture under Sec. 12.33
or disposed of by court order (items will be disposed of in order of
priority listed below):
(1) Return to the wild, as described in Sec. 12.63(a);
(2) Transfer for use by the Service; transfer to the National Eagle
and Wildlife Property Repository; transfer to a Tribe, where the item is
credibly identified as an object of cultural patrimony; or transfer to
another government agency for official use;
(3) Donation or loan;
(4) Sale; or
(5) Destruction.
(b) The Service may use forfeited or abandoned fish, wildlife, or
plants or transfer them to another government agency, including foreign
government agencies, for official use including, but not limited to, one
or more of the following purposes:
(1) Training government officials to perform their official duties;
(2) Identifying protected fish, wildlife, or plants, including
forensic identification or research;
(3) Educating the public concerning the conservation of fish,
wildlife, or plants;
(4) Conducting law enforcement operations in performance of official
duties;
[[Page 65]]
(5) Enhancing the propagation or survival of a species or other
scientific purposes;
(6) Presenting as evidence in a legal proceeding involving the fish,
wildlife, or plants; or
(7) Returning the live fish, wildlife, or plants to the wild under
Sec. 12.63.
(c) The Service must document each transfer and the terms of each
transfer.
(d) A government agency, including a foreign government agency,
receiving the fish, wildlife, or plants may be required to pay all of
the costs of care, storage, and transportation in connection with the
transfer of the fish, wildlife, or plants, from the date of seizure,
refused entry, or detention to the date of delivery.
(e) The Service must dispose of forfeited or abandoned property,
other than fish, wildlife, or plants, including vehicles, vessels,
aircraft, cargo, guns, nets, traps, and other equipment, as allowed
under current Federal property management regulations.
(f) When disposing of property, the Service must follow these
guidelines:
(1) The Service may dispose of any live fish, wildlife, or plant
immediately upon order of forfeiture or abandonment of the property, if
the Service determines that the property is likely to perish,
deteriorate, decay, waste, or greatly decrease in value if maintained by
the Service, or if the expense of maintaining that property is
disproportionate to its value; or
(2) The Service may dispose of all other property no sooner than 30
days after an order of forfeiture or abandonment of the property.
(g) If the property is the subject of a pending petition for
remission of forfeiture under Sec. 12.35, the Service may not dispose
of the property until the Solicitor or the Attorney General, pursuant to
28 CFR part 9, makes a final decision regarding whether relief will be
granted.
Sec. 12.66 How does the Service dispose of seized injurious fish or
wildlife?
(a) The Service will order immediate reexport or destruction of any
seized injurious fish or wildlife imported or transported in violation
of our injurious species regulations in part 16 of this subchapter.
(b) The importer, exporter, or transporter will be responsible for
all costs associated with the reexport or destruction of any seized
injurious fish or wildlife imported, exported, or transported in
violation of our injurious species regulations in part 16 of this
subchapter.
(c) Any live or dead specimen, part, or product of any fish or
wildlife species listed as injurious under part 16 of this subchapter
will be disposed of in a manner that minimizes, to the greatest extent
practicable, the possibility that additional specimens will be imported
or transported in violation of our injurious species regulations in part
16 of this subchapter.
Sec. 12.67 When may the Service donate forfeited or abandoned property?
(a) The Service may donate forfeited or abandoned fish, wildlife, or
plants, for scientific, educational, or public display purposes, when
consistent with applicable law. The donation may be made to any person,
government agency (including foreign government agencies) or public
organization, as defined in Sec. 10.12 of this subchapter. The donee
must have the demonstrated ability to provide adequate care and security
for the fish, wildlife, or plants.
(b) A transfer document between the Service and the person,
government agency (foreign or domestic), or public organization
receiving the fish, wildlife, or plants, must be completed before any
donation of fish, wildlife, or plants takes place. Form SF-123, Transfer
Order Surplus Personal Property, should be used for transfers with
agencies or persons outside of the Department of the Interior, and Form
DI-104, Transfer of Property, should be used for transfers with agencies
within the Department of the Interior. The donation is subject to the
following conditions:
(1) The transfer document must state the purpose for which the fish,
wildlife, or plants will be used.
(2) Any attempt by the recipient to use the donation for any purpose
other than that specifically stated on the transfer document entitles
the Service to immediately repossess the fish, wildlife, or plants or
their offspring.
[[Page 66]]
(3) The recipient may be required to pay all of the costs associated
with the transfer of the fish, wildlife, or plants, or their offspring,
including the costs of care, storage, transportation, and return to the
Service, if applicable.
(4) The recipient may not sell the fish, wildlife, or plants, or
their offspring.
(5) The recipient may be required to show the Form SF-123, DI-104,
or any other transfer document that was received.
(6) The recipient is subject to the prohibitions, restrictions,
conditions, or requirements that may apply to a particular species of
fish, wildlife, or plant imposed by Federal, State, Tribal, or foreign
law or regulation.
(7) Any attempt to retransfer a donation without the prior
authorization of the Service entitles the Service to immediately
repossess the fish, wildlife, or plants, or their offspring.
(8) At all reasonable times, upon prior notice, the recipient must
provide authorized Service officers access to the location where the
donation is kept for the purposes of inspecting the donation and all
associated records pertaining to the donation.
(9) Any donation is subject to the conditions specified in the
transfer document, including, without limitation, any time periods, and
any violation of these specific conditions entitles the Service to
immediately repossess the fish, wildlife, or plants, or their offspring.
(c) The Service will not donate live fish, wildlife, or plants for
human consumption.
Sec. 12.68 When may the Service loan forfeited or abandoned property?
(a) The Service may loan forfeited or abandoned property, fish,
wildlife, or plants, for scientific, educational, or public display
purposes, when consistent with applicable law. The loan may be made to
any person, government agency (including foreign government agencies) or
public organization, as defined in Sec. 10.12 of this subchapter. The
recipient must have the demonstrated ability to provide adequate care
and security for the fish, wildlife, or plants.
(b) A transfer document between the Service and the person,
government agency (foreign or domestic), or public organization
receiving the fish, wildlife, or plants must be completed before any
loan of fish, wildlife, or plant takes place. Form SF-123, Transfer
Order Surplus Personal Property, should be used for transfers with
agencies or persons outside of the Department of the Interior, and Form
DI-104, Transfer of Property, should be used for transfers with agencies
within the Department of the Interior. The loan is subject to the
following conditions:
(1) The transfer document must state the purpose for which the fish,
wildlife, or plants will be used.
(2) Any attempt by the recipient to use the loan for any purpose
other than that specifically stated on the transfer document entitles
the Service to immediately repossess the fish, wildlife, or plants or
their offspring.
(3) The recipient may be required to pay all of the costs associated
with the transfer of the fish, wildlife, or plants, or their offspring,
including the costs of care, storage, transportation, and return to the
Service, if applicable.
(4) The recipient may not sell the fish, wildlife, or plants, or
their offspring.
(5) The recipient may be subject to a periodic accounting of the
care and use of the loaned fish, wildlife, or plants, or their
offspring.
(6) The recipient is subject to the prohibitions, restrictions,
conditions, or requirements that may apply to a particular species of
fish, wildlife, or plant imposed by Federal, State, Tribal, or foreign
law or regulation.
(7) Any attempt to retransfer a loan without the prior authorization
of the Service entitles the Service to immediately repossess the fish,
wildlife, or plants, or their offspring.
(8) At all reasonable times, upon prior notice, the recipient must
provide authorized Service officers access to the location where the
loan is kept for the purposes of inspecting the loan and all associated
records pertaining to the loan.
(9) Any loan is subject to the conditions specified in the transfer
document, including, without limitation, any time periods, and any
violation of
[[Page 67]]
these specific conditions entitles the Service to immediately repossess
the fish, wildlife, or plants, or their offspring.
(10) Any loan is in effect for an indefinite period of time unless
the transfer document specifies a date for returning the loan to the
Service.
(11) Any loan remains the property of the United States, and the
Service may demand the return of the loan at any time, and the recipient
cannot prevent that return.
Sec. 12.69 When may the Service sell forfeited or abandoned property?
(a) The Service may sell, or offer for sale, forfeited or abandoned
fish, wildlife, or plants, except any species, which at the time of sale
or offer for sale, is:
(1) Listed in part 10 of this subchapter as a migratory bird
protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (16 U.S.C. 703 et seq.);
(2) Protected under the Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act (16
U.S.C. 668 et seq.);
(3) Listed in Appendix I, or in Appendix II with an annotation
(limiting commercial use of specimens of the species or where specimens
of the species are treated as if listed in Appendix I), under the
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna
and Flora (CITES) (See Sec. 23.91 of this chapter);
(4) Listed in part 17 of this chapter as ``endangered'' or
``threatened'' under the Endangered Species Act (16 U.S.C. 1531 et
seq.);
(5) Protected under the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 (16
U.S.C. 1361 et seq.);
(6) Regulated as an injurious species under our injurious species
regulations in part 16 of this chapter;
(7) The African elephant (Loxodonta species);
(8) Protected under the Wild Bird Conservation Act, (16 U.S.C. 4901
et seq.); or
(9) Protected under the Rhinoceros and Tiger Conservation Act (16
U.S.C. 5301 et seq.);
(10) Protected under the Big Cat Public Safety Act (16 U.S.C.
3371(h), 3372(e), 117 Public Law 243, 136 Stat. 2336); or
(11) Any fish, wildlife, or plant that is prohibited for export by
the country of origin of the species.
(b) If the Service chooses to dispose of fish, wildlife, or plants
by sale, we must do so under current Federal property management
regulations or Customs laws and regulations, except that the Service may
sell any fish, wildlife, or plants immediately to the highest bidder
above the set minimum bid, if the Service determines that the fish,
wildlife, or plants are likely to perish, deteriorate, decay, waste, or
greatly decrease in value by keeping, or that the expense of keeping the
fish, wildlife, or plants is disproportionate to their value.
(c) The Service may transport fish, wildlife, or plants that may not
be possessed lawfully by purchasers under the laws of the State where
the fish, wildlife, or plants are held to a State where possession of
the fish, wildlife, or plants is lawful and the fish, wildlife, or
plants may be sold.
(d) Fish, wildlife, or plants purchased at sale are subject to the
prohibitions, restrictions, conditions, or requirements that apply to a
particular species of fish, wildlife or plant imposed by Federal, State,
or Tribal or foreign law or regulation.
Sec. 12.70 When may the Service destroy forfeited or abandoned property?
(a) The Service may destroy fish, wildlife, or plants under the
provisions set forth in Sec. Sec. 12.65 and 12.66.
(b) The Service official who performs the destruction of fish,
wildlife, or plants and a witness must certify the completion of the
destruction, the method of the destruction, the date of the destruction,
and the type and quantity of fish, wildlife, or plants destroyed.
(c) The Service will comply with all applicable laws regarding the
destruction of the fish, wildlife, or plants and regarding the disposal
of any residue or wastes resulting from the method of the destruction of
the fish, wildlife, or plants.
[[Page 68]]
Subpart F_Recovery of Storage Costs and Return of Property
Sec. 12.81 When can the Service assess fees for costs incurred by the
transfer, boarding, handling, or storage of property seized or forfeited?
(a) If any fish, wildlife, plant, or item of evidence is seized or
forfeited under the ESA (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.), you or any person
whose act or omission was the basis for the seizure will be charged a
reasonable fee for expenses to the United States connected with the
transfer, boarding, handling, or storage of the seized or forfeited
property. If any fish, wildlife, or plant is seized in connection with a
violation of the Lacey Act Amendments of 1981 (16 U.S.C. 3371 et seq.),
you or any person convicted or assessed a civil penalty for this
violation will be assessed a reasonable fee for expenses of the United
States connected with the storage, care, and maintenance of the
property.
(1) Within a reasonable time after seizure or forfeiture, the
Service may send by registered mail, certified mail, or private courier,
return receipt requested, a bill for this fee. The bill will contain an
itemized statement of the applicable costs, together with instructions
on the time and manner of payment.
(2) You must make payment under terms of the bill. If you fail to
pay, you may be subject to collection proceedings under the Federal
Claim Collection Act, 31 U.S.C. 3711 et seq., as well as the Federal
Debt Collection Act, 31 U.S.C. 3701 et seq., and the possible refusal of
clearance of future shipments, and disqualification from receiving or
exercising the privileges of any Service permit.
(b) If you object to the costs described in the bill, you may,
within 30 days of the date on which you received the bill, file written
objections with the SAC for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Office of
Law Enforcement in the region in which the seizure occurred. Upon
receipt of the written objections, the SAC will promptly review them
and, within 30 days, deliver in writing a final decision. In all cases,
the SAC's decision will constitute final administrative action on the
matter.
Sec. 12.82 How will my property be returned if my petition or claim
is successful?
If, at the conclusion of the appropriate proceedings, seized
property is to be returned to the owner or consignee, the Solicitor or
Service will issue a letter or other document authorizing its return.
This letter or other document will be delivered personally or sent by
registered or certified mail, return receipt requested, and will
identify the owner or consignee, the seized property, and, if
appropriate, the custodian of the seized property. It will also provide
that, upon presentation of the letter or other document and proper
identification, and the signing of a receipt provided by the Solicitor
or the Service, the seized property is authorized to be released,
provided it is properly marked in accordance with applicable State or
Federal requirements.
PART 13_GENERAL PERMIT PROCEDURES--Table of Contents
Subpart A_Introduction
Sec.
13.1 General.
13.2 Purpose of regulations.
13.3 Scope of regulations.
13.4 Emergency variation from requirements.
13.5 Information collection requirements.
Subpart B_Application for Permits
13.11 Application procedures.
13.12 General information requirements on applications for permits.
Subpart C_Permit Administration
13.21 Issuance of permits.
13.22 Renewal of permits.
13.23 Amendments of permits.
13.24 Rights of succession by certain persons.
13.25 Transfer of permits and scope of permit authorization.
13.26 Discontinuance of permit activity.
13.27 Permit suspension.
13.28 Permit revocation.
13.29 Review procedures.
Subpart D_Conditions
13.41 Humane conditions.
13.42 Permits are specific.
13.43 Alteration of permits.
13.44 Display of permit.
[[Page 69]]
13.45 Filing of reports.
13.46 Maintenance of records.
13.47 Inspection requirement.
13.48 Compliance with conditions of permit.
13.49 Surrender of permit.
13.50 Acceptance of liability.
Authority: 16 U.S.C. 668a, 704, 712, 742j-l, 1374(g), 1382, 1538(d),
1539, 1540(f), 3374, 4901-4916; 18 U.S.C. 42; 19 U.S.C. 1202; 31 U.S.C.
9701.
Source: 39 FR 1161, Jan. 4, 1974, unless otherwise noted.
Subpart A_Introduction
Sec. 13.1 General.
(a) A person must obtain a valid permit before commencing an
activity for which a permit is required by this subchapter, except as
provided in Sec. 23.53 of this subchapter for retrospective permits for
certain CITES shipments under very specific situations.
(b) A person must apply for such a permit under the general permit
procedures of this part and any other regulations in this subchapter
that apply to the proposed activity.
(1) The requirements of all applicable parts of this subchapter must
be met.
(2) A person may submit one application that includes the
information required in each part of this subchapter, and a single
permit will be issued if appropriate.
[72 FR 48445, Aug. 23, 2007]
Sec. 13.2 Purpose of regulations.
The regulations contained in this part provide uniform rules,
conditions, and procedures for the application for and the issuance,
denial, suspension, revocation, and general administration of all
permits issued pursuant to this subchapter B.
[54 FR 38147, Sept. 14, 1989]
Sec. 13.3 Scope of regulations.
The provisions in this part are in addition to, and are not in lieu
of, other permit regulations of this subchapter and apply to all permits
issued thereunder, including ``Importation, Exportation and
Transportation of Wildlife'' (part 14), ``Wild Bird Conservation Act''
(part 15), ``Injurious Wildlife'' (part 16), ``Endangered and Threatened
Wildlife and Plants'' (part 17), ``Marine Mammals'' (part 18),
``Migratory Bird Permits'' (part 21), ``Eagle Permits'' (part 22), and
`` Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna
and Flora (CITES)'' (part 23). As used in this part 13, the term
``permit'' will refer to a license, permit, certificate, letter of
authorization, or other document as the context may require, and to all
such documents issued by the Service or other authorized U.S. or foreign
government agencies.
[70 FR 18317, Apr. 11, 2005, as amended at 79 FR 30417, May 27, 2014]
Sec. 13.4 Emergency variation from requirements.
The Director may approve variations from the requirements of this
part when he finds that an emergency exists and that the proposed
variations will not hinder effective administration of this subchapter
B, and will not be unlawful.
Sec. 13.5 Information collection requirements.
The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) has approved the
information collection requirements contained in part 13 and assigned
OMB Control Numbers 1018-0022, 1018-0070, 1018-0092, 1018-0093, or 1018-
0167 (unless otherwise indicated). Federal agencies may not conduct or
sponsor, and a person is not required to respond to, a collection of
information unless it displays a currently valid OMB control number.
Direct comments regarding the burden estimates or any other aspect of
the information collection to the Service's Information Collection
Clearance Officer at the address provided at 50 CFR 2.1(b).
[89 FR 9956, Feb. 12, 2024]
Subpart B_Application for Permits
Sec. 13.11 Application procedures.
The Service may not issue a permit for any activity authorized by
this subchapter B unless you have filed an application under the
following procedures:
(a) Forms. Applications must be submitted in writing on a Federal
Fish
[[Page 70]]
and Wildlife License/Permit Application (Form 3-200) or as otherwise
specifically directed by the Service.
(b) Forwarding instructions. Applications for permits in the
following categories should be forwarded to the issuing office indicated
below.
(1) You may obtain applications for migratory bird banding permits
(50 CFR 21.70) by writing to: Bird Banding Laboratory, USGS Patuxent
Wildlife Research Center, 12100 Beech Forest Road, Laurel, Maryland
20708-4037. Submit completed permit applications to the same address.
(2) You may obtain applications for designated port exception
permits and import/export licenses (50 CFR 14) by writing to the Special
Agent in Charge (SAC) of the Region in which you reside (see 50 CFR 2.2
or the Service Web site, http://www.fws.gov, for addresses and
boundaries of the Regions). Submit completed permit applications to the
same address.
(3) You may obtain applications for Wild Bird Conservation Act
permits (50 CFR part 15); injurious wildlife permits (50 CFR part 16);
captive-bred wildlife registrations (50 CFR part 17); permits
authorizing import, export, or foreign commerce of endangered and
threatened species, and interstate commerce of nonnative endangered or
threatened species (50 CFR part 17); marine mammal permits (50 CFR part
18); and permits and certificates for import, export, and re-export of
species listed under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered
Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) (50 CFR part 23) from the
Service's permits Web page at http://www.fws.gov/permits/ or from the
Division of Management Authority at the address provided at 50 CFR
2.1(b). Submit completed permit applications to the same street address.
(4) You may obtain Endangered Species Act permit applications (50
CFR 17) for activities involving native endangered and threatened
species, including incidental take, scientific purposes, enhancement of
propagation or survival (i.e., recovery), and enhancement of survival by
writing to the Regional Director (Attention: Endangered Species Permits)
of the Region where the activity is to take place (see 50 CFR 2.2 or the
Service Web site, http://www.fws.gov, for addresses and boundaries of
the Regions). Submit completed applications to the same address (the
Regional office covering the area where the activity will take place).
Permit applications for interstate commerce for native endangered and
threatened species should be obtained by writing to the Regional
Director (Attention: Endangered Species Permits) of the Region that has
the lead for the particular species, rather than the Region where the
activity will take place. You can obtain information on the lead Region
via the Service's Endangered Species Program Web page (http://
endangered.fws.gov/wildlife.html) by entering the common or scientific
name of the listed species in the Regulatory Profile query box. Send
interstate commerce permit applications for native listed species to the
same Regional Office that has the lead for that species. Endangered
Species Act permit applications for the import or export of native
endangered and threatened species may be obtained from the Division of
Management Authority in accordance with paragraph (b)(3) of this
section.
(5) You may obtain applications for bald and golden eagle permits
(50 CFR part 22) and migratory bird permits (50 CFR part 21), except for
banding and marking permits, from, and you may submit completed
applications to, the ``Migratory Bird Permit Program Office'' in the
Region in which you reside. For addresses of the regional offices, see
50 CFR 2.2, or go to: http://www.fws.gov/migratorybirds/mbpermits/
Addresses.html.
(c) Time notice. The Service will process all applications as
quickly as possible. However, we cannot guarantee final action within
the time limit you request. You should ensure that applications for
permits for marine mammals and/or endangered and threatened species are
postmarked at least 90 calendar days prior to the requested effective
date. The time we require for processing of endangered and threatened
species incidental take permits will vary according to the project scope
and significance of effects. Submit applications for all other permits
to the issuing/reviewing office and ensure
[[Page 71]]
they are postmarked at least 60 calendar days prior to the requested
effective date. Our processing time may be increased by the procedural
requirements of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), the
requirement to publish a notice in the Federal Register requesting a 30-
day public comment period when we receive certain types of permit
applications, and/or the time required for extensive consultation within
the Service, with other Federal agencies, and/or State or foreign
governments. When applicable, we may require permit applicants to
provide additional information on the proposal and on its environmental
effects as may be necessary to satisfy the procedural requirements of
NEPA.
(d) Fees. (1) Unless otherwise exempted under this paragraph (d),
you must pay the required permit processing fee at the time that you
apply for issuance or amendment of a permit. You must pay in U.S.
dollars. If you submit a check or money order, it must be made payable
to the ``U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.'' The Service will not refund
any application fee under any circumstances if we have processed the
application. However, we may return the application fee if you withdraw
the application before we have significantly processed it.
(2) If regulations in this subchapter require more than one type of
permit for an activity and the permits are issued by the same office,
the issuing office may issue one consolidated permit authorizing take
caused by the activity in accordance with Sec. 13.1. You may submit a
single application in these cases, provided that the single application
contains all the information required by the separate applications for
each activity. Where more than one activity is consolidated into one
permit, the issuing office will charge the highest single fee for the
activity for which take is permitted. Administration fees are not
waived.
(3) Circumstances under which we will not charge a permit
application fee are as follows:
(i) We will not charge a permit application fee to any Federal,
Tribal, State, or local government agency or to any individual or
institution acting on behalf of that agency, except administration fees
for permits issued under subpart E of part 22 of this subchapter will
not be waived. If you fail to submit evidence of agency status with your
application, we will require the submission of all processing fees prior
to the acceptance of the application for processing, unless otherwise
authorized or waived.
(ii) As noted in paragraph (d)(4) of this section.
(iii) We may waive the fee on a case-by-case basis for extraordinary
extenuating circumstances provided that the issuing permit office and a
Regional or Assistant Director approves the waiver.
(4) User fees. The following table identifies specific fees for each
permit application or amendment to a current permit. If no fee is
identified under the Amendment Fee column, this particular permit either
cannot be amended and a new application, and application fee, would need
to be submitted or no fee will be charged for amending the permit
(please contact the issuing office for further information).
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Permit
Type of permit CFR Citation application fee Administration fee\1\ Amendment fee
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Migratory Bird Treaty Act
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Migratory Bird Import/Export 50 CFR part 21. 75.............
Migratory Bird Banding or 50 CFR part 21. No fee.........
Marking.
Migratory Bird Scientific 50 CFR part 21. 100............ ....................... 50
Collecting.
Migratory Bird Taxidermy.... 50 CFR part 21. 100............
Waterfowl Sale and Disposal. 50 CFR part 21. 75.............
Special Canada Goose........ 50 CFR part 21. No fee.........
Migratory Bird Special 50 CFR part 21. 75.............
Purpose/Education.
Migratory Bird Special 50 CFR part 21. 75.............
Purpose/Salvage.
Migratory Bird Special 50 CFR part 21. 75.............
Purpose/Game Bird
Propagation.
Migratory Bird Special 50 CFR part 21. 100............
Purpose/Miscellaneous.
[[Page 72]]
Raptor Propagation.......... 50 CFR part 21. 100............
Migratory Bird 50 CFR part 21. 50.............
Rehabilitation.
Migratory Bird Depredation.. 50 CFR part 21. 100............ ....................... 50
Migratory Bird Depredation/ 50 CFR part 21. 50.............
Homeowner.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Eagle Scientific Collecting. 50 CFR part 22. 100............
Eagle Exhibition............ 50 CFR part 22. 75.............
Eagle--Native American 50 CFR part 22. No fee.........
Religious Purposes.
Eagle Depredation Permit.... 50 CFR part 22. 100............
Golden Eagle Nest Take...... 50 CFR part 22. 100............ ....................... 50
Eagle Transport--Scientific 50 CFR part 22. 75.............
or Exhibition.
Eagle Transport--Native 50 CFR part 22. No fee.........
American Religious Purposes.
General Eagle Permit-- 50 CFR part 22. 100............
Disturbance Take.
Specific Eagle Permit-- 50 CFR part 22. Commercial--2,5 ....................... Commercial--500;
Disturbance Take. 00;. Noncommercial--150
Noncommercial--
500.
General Eagle Permit--Nest 50 CFR part 22. 100............
Take.
Specific Eagle Permit--Nest 50 CFR part 22. Commercial--2,5 ....................... Commercial--500;
Take (Single nest). 00; Noncommercial--150
Noncommercial-
-500.
Specific Eagle Permit Eagle-- 50 CFR part 22. 5,000.......... ....................... 500
Nest Take (Multiple nests).
General Eagle Permit-- 50 CFR part 22. 1,000.......... Non-Investor Owned--
Incidental Take (Power 2,500; Investor Owned--
lines). 10,000
General Eagle Permit-- 50 CFR part 22. 1,000.......... Distributed and
Incidental Take (Wind Community Scale--2,500;
energy). Utility Scale--10,000
Specific Eagle Permit-- 50 CFR part 22. Tier 1--18,000; 10,000 500
Incidental Take. Tier 2--26,000.
Eagle Take--Exempted under 50 CFR part 22. ............... No fee
ESA.
Transfer of a Subpart E 50 CFR part 22. 1,000..........
Eagle Permit.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Endangered Species Act/CITES/Lacey Act
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ESA Recovery................ 50 CFR part 17. 100............ ....................... 50
ESA Interstate Commerce..... 50 CFR part 17. 100............ ....................... 50
ESA Enhancement of Survival 50 CFR part 17. 50............. ....................... 25
(Safe Harbor Agreement).
ESA Enhancement of Survival 50 CFR part 17. 50............. ....................... 25
(Candidate Conservation
Agreement with Assurances).
ESA Incidental Take (Habitat 50 CFR part 17. 100............ ....................... 50
Conservation Plan).
ESA and CITES Import/Export 50 CFR part 17. 100............ ....................... 50
and Foreign Commerce.
ESA and CITES Museum 50 CFR part 17. 100............ ....................... 50
Exchange.
ESA Captive-bred Wildlife 50 CFR part 17. 200............ ....................... 100
Registration.
--Renewal of Captive-bred 50 CFR part 17. 100............
Wildlife Registration.
CITES Import (including 50 CFR parts 100............ ....................... 50
trophies under ESA and 17, 18, 23.
MMPA).
CITES Export................ 50 CFR part 23. 100............ ....................... 50
CITES Pre-Convention........ 50 CFR part 23. 75............. ....................... 40
CITES Certificate of Origin. 50 CFR part 23. 75............. ....................... 40
[[Page 73]]
CITES Re-export............. 50 CFR part 23. 75............. ....................... 40
CITES Personal Effects and 50 CFR part 23. 50.............
Pet Export/Re-export.
CITES Appendix II Export 50 CFR part 23. 100............ ....................... 50
(native furbearers and
alligators--excluding live
animals).
CITES Master File (includes 50 CFR part 23. 200............ ....................... 100
files for artificial
propagation, biomedical,
etc., and covers import,
export, and re-export
documents).
--Renewal of CITES Master 50 CFR part 23. 100............
File.
--Single-use permits issued 50 CFR part 23. 5 \2\..........
on Master File.
CITES Annual Program File... 50 CFR part 23. 50.............
--Single-use permits issued 50 CFR part 23. 5 \2\..........
under Annual Program.
CITES replacement documents 50 CFR part 23. 50............. ....................... 50
(lost, stolen, or damaged
documents).
CITES Passport for Traveling 50 CFR part 23. 75 \3\.........
Exhibitions and Pets.
CITES/ESA Passport for 50 CFR part 23. 100 \3\........
Traveling Exhibitions.
CITES Introduction from the 50 CFR part 23. 100............ ....................... 50
Sea.
CITES Participation in the 50 CFR part 23. No fee.........
Plant Rescue Center Program.
CITES Registration of 50 CFR part 23. 100............
Commercial Breeding
Operations for Appendix-I
Wildlife.
CITES Request for Approval 50 CFR part 23. No fee.........
of an Export Program for a
State or Tribe (American
Ginseng, Certain
Furbearers, and American
Alligator).
Import/Export License....... 50 CFR part 14. 100............ ....................... 50
Designated Port Exception... 50 CFR part 14. 100............ ....................... 50
Injurious Wildlife Permit... 50 CFR part 16. 100............ ....................... 50
--Transport Authorization 50 CFR part 16. 25.............
for Injurious Wildlife.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Wild Bird Conservation Act (WBCA)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Personal Pet Import......... 50 CFR part 15. 50.............
WBCA Scientific Research, 50 CFR part 15. 100............ ....................... 50
Zoological Breeding or
Display, Cooperative
Breeding.
WBCA Approval of Cooperative 50 CFR part 15. 200............ ....................... 100
Breeding Program.
--Renewal of a WBCA 50 CFR part 15. 50.............
Cooperative Breeding
Program.
WBCA Approval of a Foreign 50 CFR part 15. 250 \4\........
Breeding Facility.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Marine Mammal Protection Act
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Marine Mammal Public Display 50 CFR part 18. 300............ ....................... 150
Marine Mammal Scientific 50 CFR part 18. 150............ ....................... 75
Research/Enhancement/
Registered Agent or Tannery.
--Renewal of Marine Mammal 50 CFR part 18. 75............. .......................
Scientific Research/
Enhancement/Registered
Agent or Tannery.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ A reimbursable agreement may be required for specific eagle permits to cover the costs above estimated staff-
hours.
\2\ An administration fee will be assessed at the time of application, in addition to the application fee.
\3\ Per animal.
\4\ Per species.
(5) We will charge a fee for substantive amendments made to permits
within the time period that the permit is still valid. The fee is
generally half the original fee assessed at the time that the permit is
processed; see paragraph (d)(4) of this section for the exact amount.
Substantive amendments are
[[Page 74]]
those that pertain to the purpose and conditions of the permit and are
not purely administrative. Administrative changes, such as updating name
and address information, are required under 13.23(c), and we will not
charge a fee for such amendments.
(6) Except as specifically noted in paragraph (d)(4) of this
section, a permit renewal is an issuance of a new permit, and applicants
for permit renewal must pay the appropriate fee listed in paragraph
(d)(4) of this section.
(e) Abandoned or incomplete applications. If we receive an
incomplete or improperly executed application, or if you do not submit
the proper fees, the issuing office will notify you of the deficiency.
If you fail to supply the correct information to complete the
application or to pay the required fees within 45 calendar days of the
date of notification, we will consider the application abandoned. We
will not refund any fees for an abandoned application.
[70 FR 18317, Apr. 11, 2005, as amended at 72 FR 48445, Aug. 23, 2007;
73 FR 29083, May 20, 2008; 73 FR 42281, July 21, 2008; 74 FR 46875,
Sept. 11, 2009; 78 FR 35152, June 12, 2013; 78 FR 73723, Dec. 9, 2013;
79 FR 30417, May 27, 2014; 79 FR 43964, July 29, 2014; 81 FR 8002, Feb.
17, 2016; 82 FR 41177, Aug. 30, 2017; 87 FR 880, Jan. 7, 2022; 89 FR
9956, Feb. 12, 2024]
Sec. 13.12 General information requirements on applications for permits.
(a) General information required for all applications. All
applications must contain the following information:
(1) Applicant's full name and address (street address, city, county,
state, and zip code; and mailing address if different from street
address); home and work telephone numbers; and, if available, a fax
number and e-mail address, and:
(i) If the applicant resides or is located outside the United
States, an address in the United States, and, if conducting commercial
activities, the name and address of his or her agent that is located in
the United States; and
(ii) If the applicant is an individual, the date of birth,
occupation, and any business, agency, organizational, or institutional
affiliation associated with the wildlife or plants to be covered by the
license or permit; or
(iii) If the applicant is a business, corporation, public agency, or
institution, the tax identification number; description of the type of
business, corporation, agency, or institution; and the name and title of
the person responsible for the permit (such as president, principal
officer, or director);
(2) Location where the requested permitted activity is to occur or
be conducted;
(3) Reference to the part(s) and section(s) of this subchapter B as
listed in paragraph (b) of this section under which the application is
made for a permit or permits, together with any additional
justification, including supporting documentation as required by the
referenced part(s) and section(s);
(4) If the requested permitted activity involves the import or re-
export of wildlife or plants from or to any foreign country, and the
country of origin, or the country of export or re-export restricts the
taking, possession, transportation, exportation, or sale of wildlife or
plants, documentation as indicated in Sec. 14.52(c) of this subchapter
B;
(5) Certification in the following language:
I hereby certify that I have read and am familiar with the
regulations contained in title 50, part 13, of the Code of Federal
Regulations and the other applicable parts in subchapter B of chapter I
of title 50, Code of Federal Regulations, and I further certify that the
information submitted in this application for a permit is complete and
accurate to the best of my knowledge and belief. I understand that any
false statement herein may subject me to suspension or revocation of
this permit and to the criminal penalties of 18 U.S.C. 1001.
(6) Desired effective date of permit except where issuance date is
fixed by the part under which the permit is issued;
(7) Date;
(8) Signature of the applicant; and
(9) Such other information as the Director determines relevant to
the processing of the application, including, but not limited to,
information on the environmental effects of the activity consistent with
40 CFR 1506.5 and Departmental procedures at 516 DM 6, Appendix 1.3A.
[[Page 75]]
(b) Additional information required on permit applications. As
stated in paragraph (a)(3) of this section, certain additional
information is required on all permit applications. For CITES permit
applications, see part 23 of this subchapter. Additional information
required on applications for other types of permits may be found by
referring to the sections of this subchapter cited in the following
table:
Table 1 to Paragraph (b)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Type of permit Section
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Importation at nondesignated ports:
Scientific................................................ 14.31
Deterioration prevention.................................. 14.32
Economic hardship......................................... 14.33
Marking of package or container:
Symbol marking............................................ 14.83
Import/export license..................................... 14.93
Feather import quota: Importation or entry.................. 15.21
Injurious wildlife: Importation or shipment................. 16.22
Endangered wildlife and plant permits:
Similarity of appearance.................................. 17.52
Scientific, enhancement of propagation or survival, 17.22
incidental taking for wildlife...........................
Scientific, propagation, or survival for plants........... 17.62
Economic hardship for wildlife............................ 17.23
Economic hardship for plants.............................. 17.63
Threatened wildlife and plant permits:
Similarity of appearance.................................. 17.52
General for wildlife...................................... 17.32
General for plants........................................ 17.72
Marine mammals permits:
Scientific research....................................... 18.31
Public display............................................ 18.31
Migratory bird permits:
Taxidermist............................................... 21.63
Import and export......................................... 21.67
Banding or marking........................................ 21.70
Scientific collecting..................................... 21.73
Rehabilitation............................................ 21.76
Falconry.................................................. 21.82
Raptor propagation permit................................. 21.85
Waterfowl sale and disposal............................... 21.88
Special purpose........................................... 21.95
Depredation............................................... 21.100
Special Canada goose...................................... 21.120
Special double-crested cormorant.......................... 21.123
Eagle permits:
Scientific or exhibition.................................. 22.50.
Indian religious use...................................... 22.60.
Falconry purposes......................................... 22.70.
Depredation and protection of health and safety........... 22.100.
Permits for incidental take of eagles..................... 22.200 or
22.210.
Permits for incidental take of eagles by power lines...... 22.200 or
22.210.
Permits for disturbance take of eagles.................... 22.200 or
22.210.
Permits for nest take of eagle............................ 22.200 or
22.210.
Permits for golden eagle nest take for resource recovery 22.325.
operations...............................................
Permits for bald eagle take exempted under the Endangered 22.400.
Species Act..............................................
------------------------------------------------------------------------
[39 FR 1161, Jan. 4, 1974, as amended at 42 FR 10465, Feb. 22, 1977; 42
FR 32377, June 24, 1977; 44 FR 54006, Sept. 17, 1979; 44 FR 59083, Oct.
12, 1979; 45 FR 56673, Aug. 25, 1980; 45 FR 78154, Nov. 25, 1980; 46 FR
42680, Aug. 24, 1981; 48 FR 31607, July 8, 1983; 48 FR 57300, Dec. 29,
1983; 50 FR 39687, Sept. 30, 1985; 50 FR 45408, Oct. 31, 1985; 54 FR
38147, Sept. 14, 1989; 70 FR 18319, Apr. 11, 2005; 72 FR 48446, Aug. 23,
2007; 73 FR 29083, May 20, 2008; 74 FR 46876, Sept. 11, 2009; 79 FR
30417, May 27, 2014; 87 FR 880, Jan. 7, 2022; 89 FR 9957, Feb. 12, 2024]
Subpart C_Permit Administration
Sec. 13.21 Issuance of permits.
(a) No permit may be issued prior to the receipt of a written
application therefor, unless a written variation from the requirements,
as authorized by Sec. 13.4, is inserted into the official file of the
Bureau. An oral or written representation of an employee or agent of the
United States Government, or an action of such employee or agent, shall
not be construed as a permit unless it meets the requirements of a
permit as defined in 50 CFR 10.12.
(b) Upon receipt of a properly executed application for a permit,
the Director shall issue the appropriate permit unless:
(1) The applicant has been assessed a civil penalty or convicted of
any criminal provision of any statute or regulation relating to the
activity for which the application is filed, if such assessment or
conviction evidences a lack of responsibility.
(2) The applicant has failed to disclose material information
required, or has made false statements as to any material fact, in
connection with his application;
(3) The applicant has failed to demonstrate a valid justification
for the permit and a showing of responsibility;
(4) The authorization requested potentially threatens a wildlife or
plant population, or
(5) The Director finds through further inquiry or investigation, or
otherwise, that the applicant is not qualified.
(c) Disqualifying factors. Any one of the following will disqualify
a person from receiving permits issued under this part.
(1) A conviction, or entry of a plea of guilty or nolo contendere,
for a felony
[[Page 76]]
violation of the Lacey Act, the Migratory Bird Treaty Act, or the Bald
and Golden Eagle Protection Act disqualifies any such person from
receiving or exercising the privileges of a permit, unless such
disqualification has been expressly waived by the Director in response
to a written petition.
(2) The revocation of a permit for reasons found in Sec. 13.28
(a)(1) or (a)(2) disqualifies any such person from receiving or
exercising the privileges of a similar permit for a period of five years
from the date of the final agency decision on such revocation.
(3) The failure to pay any required fees or assessed costs and
penalties, whether or not reduced to judgement disqualifies such person
from receiving or exercising the privileges of a permit as long as such
moneys are owed to the United States. This requirement shall not apply
to any civil penalty presently subject to administrative or judicial
appeal; provided that the pendency of a collection action brought by the
United States or its assignees shall not constitute an appeal within the
meaning of this subsection.
(4) The failure to submit timely, accurate, or valid reports as
required may disqualify such person from receiving or exercising the
privileges of a permit as long as the deficiency exists.
(d) Use of supplemental information. The issuing officer, in making
a determination under this subsection, may use any information available
that is relevant to the issue. This may include any prior conviction, or
entry of a plea of guilty or nolo contendere, or assessment of civil or
criminal penalty for a violation of any Federal or State law or
regulation governing the permitted activity. It may also include any
prior permit revocations or suspensions, or any reports of State or
local officials. The issuing officer shall consider all relevant facts
or information available, and may make independent inquiry or
investigation to verify information or substantiate qualifications
asserted by the applicant.
(e) Conditions of issuance and acceptance--(1) Conditions of
issuance and acceptance. Any permit automatically incorporates within
its terms the conditions and requirements of subpart D of this part and
of any part(s) or section(s) specifically authorizing or governing the
activity for which the permit is issued, as well as any other conditions
deemed appropriate and included on the face of the permit at the
discretion of the Director.
(2) Any person accepting and holding a permit under this subchapter
B acknowledges the necessity for close regulation and monitoring of the
permitted activity by the Government. By accepting such permit, the
permittee consents to and shall allow entry by agents or employees of
the Service upon premises where the permitted activity is conducted at
any reasonable hour. Service agents or employees may enter such premises
to inspect the location; any books, records, or permits required to be
kept by this subchapter B; and any wildlife or plants kept under
authority of the permit.
(f) Term of permit. Unless otherwise modified, a permit is valid
during the period specified on the face of the permit. Such period shall
include the effective date and the date of expiration.
(g) Denial. The issuing officer may deny a permit to any applicant
who fails to meet the issuance criteria set forth in this section or in
the part(s) or section(s) specifically governing the activity for which
the permit is requested.
[39 FR 1161, Jan. 4, 1974, as amended at 42 FR 32377, June 24, 1977; 47
FR 30785, July 15, 1982; 54 FR 38148, Sept. 14, 1989; 70 FR 18319, Apr.
11, 2005]
Sec. 13.22 Renewal of permits.
(a) Application for renewal. Applicants for renewal of a permit must
submit a written application at least 30 days prior to the expiration
date of the permit. Applicants must certify in the form required by
Sec. 13.12(a)(5) that all statements and information in the original
application remain current and correct, unless previously changed or
corrected. If such information is no longer current or correct, the
applicant must provide corrected information.
(b) Renewal criteria. The Service shall issue a renewal of a permit
if the applicant meets the criteria for issuance in Sec. 13.21(b) and
is not disqualified under Sec. 13.21(c).
(c) Continuation of permitted activity. Any person holding a valid,
renewable
[[Page 77]]
permit may continue the activities authorized by the expired permit
until the Service acts on the application for renewal if all of the
following conditions are met:
(1) The permit is currently in force and not suspended or revoked;
(2) The person has complied with this section; and
(3) The permit is not a CITES document that was issued under part 23
of this subchapter (because the CITES document is void upon expiration).
(d) Denial. The issuing officer may deny renewal of a permit to any
applicant who fails to meet the issuance criteria set forth in Sec.
13.21 of this part, or in the part(s) or section(s) specifically
governing the activity for which the renewal is requested.
[54 FR 38148, Sept. 14, 1989, as amended at 72 FR 48446, Aug. 23, 2007]
Sec. 13.23 Amendments of permits.
(a) Permittee's request. Where circumstances have changed so that a
permittee desires to have any condition of his permit modified, such
permittee must submit a full written justification and supporting
information in conformity with this part and the part under which the
permit was issued.
(b) Service amendment. The Service reserves the right to amend any
permit for just cause at any time during its term, upon written finding
of necessity, provided that the amendment of a permit issued under Sec.
17.22(b) or (c) of this subchapter will be consistent with the
requirements of Sec. 17.22(b)(5) or (c)(5) of this subchapter and
amendment of a permit issued under Sec. 17.32(b) or (c) of this
subchapter will be consistent with the requirements of Sec. 17.32(b)(5)
or (c)(5) of this subchapter.
(c) Change of name or address. A permittee is not required to obtain
a new permit if there is a change in the legal individual or business
name, or in the mailing address of the permittee. A permittee is
required to notify the issuing office within 10 calendar days of such
change. This provision does not authorize any change in location of the
conduct of the permitted activity when approval of the location is a
qualifying condition of the permit.
[54 FR 38148, Sept. 14, 1989, as amended at 64 FR 32711, June 17, 1999;
89 FR 26093, Apr. 12, 2024]
Sec. 13.24 Rights of succession by certain persons.
(a) Certain persons other than the permittee are authorized to carry
on a permitted activity for the remainder of the term of a current
permit, provided they comply with the provisions of paragraph (b) of
this section. Such persons are the following:
(1) The surviving spouse, child, executor, administrator, or other
legal representative of a deceased permittee; or
(2) A receiver or trustee in bankruptcy or a court designated
assignee for the benefit of creditors.
(b) In order to qualify for the authorization provided in this
section, the person or persons desiring to continue the activity shall
furnish the permit to the issuing officer for endorsement within 90 days
from the date the successor begins to carry on the activity.
(c) In the case of permits issued under the regulations in this
subchapter in Sec. 17.22(b) and (c), Sec. 17.32(b) and (c), or 50 CFR
part 22, the successor's authorization under the permit is also subject
to our determination that:
(1) The successor meets all of the qualifications under this part
for holding a permit;
(2) The successor has provided adequate written assurances that it
will provide sufficient funding for any applicable conservation
measures, conservation plan, or Agreement and will implement the
relevant terms and conditions of the permit, including any outstanding
minimization and mitigation requirements; and
(3) The successor has provided such other information as we
determine is relevant to the processing of the request.
[64 FR 32711, June 17, 1999, as amended at 78 FR 73725, Dec. 9, 2013; 87
FR 880, Jan. 5, 2022; 89 FR 9957, Feb. 12, 2024; 89 FR 26093, Apr. 12,
2024]
[[Page 78]]
Sec. 13.25 Transfer of permits and scope of permit authorization.
(a) Except as otherwise provided for in this section, permits issued
under this part are not transferable or assignable.
(b) Permits issued under the regulations in this subchapter in Sec.
17.22(b) and (c), Sec. 17.32(b) and (c), or 50 CFR part 22 may be
transferred to a successor subject to our determination that the
proposed transferee:
(1) Meets all of the qualifications under this part for holding a
permit;
(2) Has provided adequate written assurances of sufficient funding
for the conservation measures, conservation plan, or conservation
benefit agreement, and will implement the relevant terms and conditions
of the permit, including any outstanding minimization and mitigation
requirements; and
(3) Has provided other information that we determine is relevant to
the processing of the submission.
(c) In the case of the transfer of property subject to an agreement
and permit issued under Sec. 17.22(c) or Sec. 17.32(c) of this
subchapter, the Service will transfer the permit to the new owner if the
new owner agrees in writing to become a party to the original agreement
and permit.
(d) Except as otherwise stated on the face of the permit, any person
who is under the direct control of the permittee, or who is employed by
or under contract to the permittee for purposes authorized by the
permit, may carry out the activity authorized by the permit.
(e) In the case of permits issued under Sec. 17.22(b) and (c) or
Sec. 17.32(b) and (c) of this subchapter to a State, Tribal, or local
government entity, a person is under the direct control of the permittee
where:
(1) The person is under the jurisdiction of the permittee and the
permit provides that such person(s) may carry out the authorized
activity; or
(2) The person has been issued a permit by the governmental entity
or has executed a written instrument with the governmental entity,
pursuant to the terms of the implementing agreement.
(f) In the case of permits issued under part 22, subpart E, of this
subchapter to a Federal, State, tribal, or local governmental entity, a
person is under the direct control of the permittee if the person is
under the jurisdiction of the permittee, provided the permittee has the
regulatory authority to require the person to comply with the terms and
conditions of the permit and the permit provides that such person(s) may
carry out the authorized activity.
[64 FR 32711, June 17, 1999, as amended at 64 FR 52676, Sept. 30, 1999;
69 FR 24092, May 3, 2004; 78 FR 73725, Dec. 9, 2013; 87 FR 880, Jan. 7,
2022; 89 FR 9957, Feb. 12, 2024; 89 FR 26093, Apr. 12, 2024]
Sec. 13.26 Discontinuance of permit activity.
When a permittee, or any successor to a permittee as provided for by
Sec. 13.24, discontinues activities authorized by a permit, the
permittee shall within 30 calendar days of the discontinuance return the
permit to the issuing office together with a written statement
surrendering the permit for cancellation. The permit shall be deemed
void and cancelled upon its receipt by the issuing office. No refund of
any fees paid for issuance of the permit or for any other fees or costs
associated with a permitted activity shall be made when a permit is
surrendered for cancellation for any reason prior to the expiration date
stated on the face of the permit.
[54 FR 38149, Sept. 14, 1989]
Sec. 13.27 Permit suspension.
(a) Criteria for suspension. The privileges of exercising some or
all of the permit authority may be suspended at any time if the
permittee is not in compliance with the conditions of the permit, or
with any applicable laws or regulations governing the conduct of the
permitted activity. The issuing officer may also suspend all or part of
the privileges authorized by a permit if the permittee fails to pay any
fees, penalties or costs owed to the Government. Such suspension shall
remain in effect until the issuing officer determines that the permittee
has corrected the deficiencies.
(b) Procedure for suspension. (1) When the issuing officer believes
there are valid grounds for suspending a permit
[[Page 79]]
the permittee shall be notified in writing of the proposed suspension by
certified or registered mail. This notice shall identify the permit to
be suspended, the reason(s) for such suspension, the actions necessary
to correct the deficiencies, and inform the permittee of the right to
object to the proposed suspension. The issuing officer may amend any
notice of suspension at any time.
(2) Upon receipt of a notice of proposed suspension the permittee
may file a written objection to the proposed action. Such objection must
be in writing, must be filed within 45 calendar days of the date of the
notice of proposal, must state the reasons why the permittee objects to
the proposed suspension, and may include supporting documentation.
(3) A decision on the suspension shall be made within 45 days after
the end of the objection period. The issuing officer shall notify the
permittee in writing of the Service's decision and the reasons
therefore. The issuing officer shall also provide the applicant with the
information concerning the right to request reconsideration of the
decision under Sec. 13.29 of this part and the procedures for
requesting reconsideration.
[54 FR 38149, Sept. 14, 1989]
Sec. 13.28 Permit revocation.
(a) Criteria for revocation. A permit may be revoked for any of the
following reasons:
(1) The permittee willfully violates any Federal or State statute or
regulation, or any Indian tribal law or regulation, or any law or
regulation of any foreign country, which involves a violation of the
conditions of the permit or of the laws or regulations governing the
permitted activity; or
(2) The permittee fails within 60 days to correct deficiencies that
were the cause of a permit suspension; or
(3) The permittee becomes disqualified under Sec. 13.21(c) of this
part; or
(4) A change occurs in the statute or regulation authorizing the
permit that prohibits the continuation of a permit issued by the
Service; or
(5) Except for permits issued under Sec. 17.22(b) and (c) or Sec.
17.32(b) and (c) of this subchapter, the population(s) of the wildlife
or plant that is the subject of the permit declines to the extent that
continuation of the permitted activity would be detrimental to
maintenance or recovery of the affected population.
(b) Procedure for revocation. (1) When the issuing officer believes
there are valid grounds for revoking a permit, the permittee shall be
notified in writing of the proposed revocation by certified or
registered mail. This notice shall identify the permit to be revoked,
the reason(s) for such revocation, the proposed disposition of the
wildlife, if any, and inform the permittee of the right to object to the
proposed revocation. The issuing officer may amend any notice of
revocation at any time.
(2) Upon receipt of a notice of proposed revocation the permittee
may file a written objection to the proposed action. Such objection must
be in writing, must be filed within 45 calendar days of the date of the
notice of proposal, must state the reasons why the permittee objects to
the proposed revocation, and may include supporting documentation.
(3) A decision on the revocation shall be made within 45 days after
the end of the objection period. The issuing officer shall notify the
permittee in writing of the Service's decision and the reasons
therefore, together with the information concerning the right to request
and the procedures for requesting reconsideration.
(4) Unless a permittee files a timely request for reconsideration,
any wildlife held under authority of a permit that is revoked must be
disposed of in accordance with instructions of the issuing officer. If a
permittee files a timely request for reconsideration of a proposed
revocation, such permittee may retain possession of any wildlife held
under authority of the permit until final disposition of the appeal
process.
[54 FR 38149, Sept. 14, 1989, as amended at 64 FR 32711, June 17, 1999;
89 FR 26094, Apr. 12, 2024]
Sec. 13.29 Review procedures.
(a) Request for reconsideration. Any person may request
reconsideration of an action under this part if that person is one of
the following:
[[Page 80]]
(1) An applicant for a permit who has received written notice of
denial;
(2) An applicant for renewal who has received written notice that a
renewal is denied;
(3) A permittee who has a permit amended, suspended, or revoked,
except for those actions which are required by changes in statutes or
regulations, or are emergency changes of limited applicability for which
an expiration date is set within 90 days of the permit change; or
(4) A permittee who has a permit issued or renewed but has not been
granted authority by the permit to perform all activities requested in
the application, except when the activity requested is one for which
there is no lawful authority to issue a permit.
(b) Method of requesting reconsideration. Any person requesting
reconsideration of an action under this part must comply with the
following criteria:
(1) Any request for reconsideration must be in writing, signed by
the person requesting reconsideration or by the legal representative of
that person, and must be submitted to the issuing officer.
(2) The request for reconsideration must be received by the issuing
officer within 45 calendar days of the date of notification of the
decision for which reconsideration is being requested.
(3) The request for reconsideration shall state the decision for
which reconsideration is being requested and shall state the reason(s)
for the reconsideration, including presenting any new information or
facts pertinent to the issue(s) raised by the request for
reconsideration.
(4) The request for reconsideration shall contain a certification in
substantially the same form as that provided by Sec. 13.12(a)(5). If a
request for reconsideration does not contain such certification, but is
otherwise timely and appropriate, it shall be held and the person
submitting the request shall be given written notice of the need to
submit the certification within 15 calendar days. Failure to submit
certification shall result in the request being rejected as insufficient
in form and content.
(c) Inquiry by the Service. The Service may institute a separate
inquiry into the matter under consideration.
(d) Determination of grant or denial of a request for
reconsideration. The issuing officer shall notify the permittee of the
Service's decision within 45 days of the receipt of the request for
reconsideration. This notification shall be in writing, shall state the
reasons for the decision, and shall contain a description of the
evidence which was relied upon by the issuing officer. The notification
shall also provide information concerning the right to appeal, the
official to whom an appeal may be addressed, and the procedures for
making an appeal.
(e) Appeal. A person who has received an adverse decision following
submission of a request for reconsideration may submit a written appeal
to the Regional Director for the region in which the issuing office is
located, or to the Director for offices which report directly to the
Director. An appeal must be submitted within 45 days of the date of the
notification of the decision on the request for reconsideration. The
appeal shall state the reason(s) and issue(s) upon which the appeal is
based and may contain any additional evidence or arguments to support
the appeal.
(f) Decision on appeal. (1) Before a decision is made concerning the
appeal the appellant may present oral arguments before the Regional
Director or the Director, as appropriate, if such official judges oral
arguments are necessary to clarify issues raised in the written record.
(2) The Service shall notify the appellant in writing of its
decision within 45 calendar days of receipt of the appeal, unless
extended for good cause and the appellant notified of the extension.
(3) The decision of the Regional Director or the Director shall
constitute the final administrative decision of the Department of the
Interior.
[54 FR 38149, Sept. 14, 1989]
[[Page 81]]
Subpart D_Conditions
Sec. 13.41 Humane conditions.
Any live wildlife possessed under a permit must be maintained under
humane and healthful conditions.
[54 FR 38150, Sept. 14, 1989]
Sec. 13.42 Permits are specific.
The authorizations on the face of a permit that set forth specific
times, dates, places, methods of taking or carrying out the permitted
activities, numbers and kinds of wildlife or plants, location of
activity, and associated activities that must be carried out; describe
certain circumscribed transactions; or otherwise allow a specifically
limited matter, are to be strictly interpreted and will not be
interpreted to permit similar or related matters outside the scope of
strict construction.
[70 FR 18320, Apr. 11, 2005]
Sec. 13.43 Alteration of permits.
Permits shall not be altered, erased, or mutilated, and any permit
which has been altered, erased, or mutilated shall immediately become
invalid. Unless specifically permitted on the face thereof, no permit
shall be copied, nor shall any copy of a permit issued pursuant to this
subchapter B be displayed, offered for inspection, or otherwise used for
any official purpose for which the permit was issued.
Sec. 13.44 Display of permit.
Any permit issued under this part shall be displayed for inspection
upon request to the Director or his agent, or to any other person
relying upon its existence.
Sec. 13.45 Filing of reports.
Permittees may be required to file reports of the activities
conducted under the permit. Any such reports shall be filed not later
than March 31 for the preceding calendar year ending December 31, or any
portion thereof, during which a permit was in force, unless the
regulations of this subchapter B or the provisions of the permit set
forth other reporting requirements.
Sec. 13.46 Maintenance of records.
From the date of issuance of the permit, the permittee shall
maintain complete and accurate records of any taking, possession,
transportation, sale, purchase, barter, exportation, or importation of
plants obtained from the wild (excluding seeds) or wildlife pursuant to
such permit. Such records shall be kept current and shall include names
and addresses of persons with whom any plant obtained from the wild
(excluding seeds) or wildlife has been purchased, sold, bartered, or
otherwise transferred, and the date of such transaction, and such other
information as may be required or appropriate. Such records shall be
legibly written or reproducible in English and shall be maintained for
five years from the date of expiration of the permit. Permittees who
reside or are located in the United States and permittees conducting
commercial activities in the United States who reside or are located
outside the United States must maintain records at a location in the
United States where the records are available for inspection.
[39 FR 1161, Jan. 4, 1974, as amended at 42 FR 32377, June 24, 1977; 54
FR 38150, Sept. 14, 1989; 72 FR 48446, Aug. 23, 2007]
Sec. 13.47 Inspection requirement.
Any person holding a permit under this subchapter B shall allow the
Director's agent to enter his premises at any reasonable hour to inspect
any wildlife or plant held or to inspect, audit, or copy any permits,
books, or records required to be kept by regulations of this subchapter
B.
[39 FR 1161, Jan. 4, 1974, as amended at 42 FR 32377, June 24, 1977]
Sec. 13.48 Compliance with conditions of permit.
Any person holding a permit under subchapter B and any person acting
under authority of such permit must comply with all conditions of the
permit and with all appllicable laws and regulations governing the
permitted activity.
[54 FR 38150, Sept. 14, 1989]
[[Page 82]]
Sec. 13.49 Surrender of permit.
Any person holding a permit under subchapter B shall surrender such
permit to the issuing officer upon notification that the permit has been
suspended or revoked by the Service, and all appeal procedures have been
exhausted.
[54 FR 38150, Sept. 14, 1989]
Sec. 13.50 Acceptance of liability.
Except as otherwise limited in the case of permits described in
Sec. 13.25(d), any person holding a permit under this subchapter B
assumes all liability and responsibility for the conduct of any activity
conducted under the authority of such permit.
[64 FR 32711, June 17, 1999]
PART 14_IMPORTATION, EXPORTATION, AND TRANSPORTATION OF WILDLIFE-
-Table of Contents
Subpart A_Introduction
Sec.
14.1 Purpose of regulations.
14.2 Scope of regulations.
14.3 Information collection requirements.
14.4 What terms do I have to understand?
Subpart B_Importation and Exportation at Designated Ports
14.11 General restrictions.
14.12 Designated ports.
14.13 Emergency diversion.
14.14 In-transit shipments.
14.15 Personal baggage and household effects.
14.16 Border ports.
14.17 Personally owned pet birds.
14.18 Marine mammals.
14.19 Special ports.
14.20 Exceptions by permit.
14.21 Shellfish and fishery products.
14.22 Certain antique articles.
14.23 Live farm-raised fish and farm-raised fish eggs.
14.24 Scientific specimens.
Subpart C_Designated Port Exception Permits
14.31 Permits to import or export wildlife at nondesignated port for
scientific purposes.
14.32 Permits to import or export wildlife at nondesignated port to
minimize deterioration or loss.
14.33 Permits to import or export wildlife at nondesignated port to
alleviate undue economic hardship.
Subpart D [Reserved]
Subpart E_Inspection and Clearance of Wildlife
14.51 Inspection of wildlife.
14.52 Clearance of imported wildlife.
14.53 Detention and refusal of clearance.
14.54 Unavailability of Service officers.
14.55 Exceptions to clearance requirements.
Subpart F_Wildlife Declarations
14.61 Import declaration requirements.
14.62 Exceptions to import declaration requirements.
14.63 Export declaration requirements.
14.64 Exceptions to export declaration requirements.
Subpart G [Reserved]
Subpart H_Marking of Containers or Packages
14.81 Marking requirement.
14.82 Alternatives and exceptions to the marking requirement.
Subpart I_Import/Export Licenses and Inspection Fees
14.91 When do I need an import/export license?
14.92 What are the exemptions to the import/export license requirement?
14.93 How do I apply for an import/export license?
14.94 What fees apply to me?
Subpart J_Standards for the Humane and Healthful Transport of Wild
Mammals and Birds to the United States
14.101 Purposes.
14.102 Definitions.
14.103 Prohibitions.
14.104 Translations.
14.105 Consignment to carrier.
14.106 Primary enclosures.
14.107 Conveyance.
14.108 Food and water.
14.109 Care in transit.
14.110 Terminal facilities.
14.111 Handling.
14.112 Other applicable provisions.
Specifications for Nonhuman Primates
14.121 Primary enclosures.
14.122 Food and water.
14.123 Care in transit.
[[Page 83]]
Specifications for Marine Mammals (Cetaceans, Sirenians, Sea Otters,
Pinnipeds, and Polar Bears)
14.131 Primary enclosures.
14.132 Food and water.
14.133 Care in transit.
Specifications for Elephants and Ungulates
14.141 Consignment to carrier.
14.142 Primary enclosures.
Specifications for Sloths, Bats, and Flying Lemurs (Cynocephalidae)
14.151 Primary enclosures.
Specifications for Other Terrestrial Mammals
14.161 Primary enclosures.
Specifications for Birds
14.171 Consignment to carrier.
14.172 Primary enclosures.
Subpart K_Captive Wildlife Safety Act as Amended by the Big Cat Public
Safety Act
14.250 What is the purpose of the regulations in this subpart?
14.251 What other regulations may apply?
14.252 What definitions do I need to know?
14.253 What are the restrictions contained in the regulations in this
subpart?
14.254 What are the requirements for a licensed entity or registered
Federal facility?
14.255 What are the requirements for a registered pre-BCPSA owner?
14.256 What are the requirements for a wildlife sanctuary?
14.257 Are there any exceptions to the restrictions contained in the
regulations in this subpart?
Authority: 16 U.S.C. 668, 704, 712, 1382, 1538(d)-(f), 1540(f),
3371-3378, 4223-4244, and 4901-4916; 18 U.S.C. 42; 31 U.S.C. 9701; Pub.
L. 115-334, 132 Stat. 4490.
Source: 45 FR 56673, Aug. 25, 1980, unless otherwise noted.
Subpart A_Introduction
Sec. 14.1 Purpose of regulations.
The regulations contained in this part provide uniform rules and
procedures for the importation, exportation, and transportation of
wildlife.
Sec. 14.2 Scope of regulations.
The provisions in this part are in addition to, and do not supersede
other regulations of this subchapter B which may require a permit or
prescribe additional restrictions or conditions for the importation,
exportation, and transportation of wildlife.
Sec. 14.3 Information collection requirements.
The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) has approved the
information collection requirements contained in this part under 44
U.S.C. 3507 and assigned OMB Control Numbers 1018-0012, 1018-0092, and
1018-0192. The Service may not conduct or sponsor and you are not
required to respond to a collection of information unless it displays a
currently valid OMB control number. You may direct comments regarding
these information collection requirements to the Service's Information
Collection Clearance Officer at the address provided at 50 CFR 2.1(b).
[88 FR 38372, June 12, 2023]
Sec. 14.4 What terms do I have to understand?
In addition to definitions contained in part 10 of this subchapter,
in this part:
Accompanying personal baggage means all hand-carried items and all
checked baggage of a person entering into or departing from the United
States.
Accredited scientist means any individual associated with, employed
by, or under contract to and accredited by an accredited scientific
institution for the purpose of conducting biological or medical
research, and whose research activities are approved and sponsored by
the scientific institution granting accreditation.
Accredited scientific institutions means any public museum, public
zoological park, accredited institution of higher education, accredited
member of the American Zoo and Aquarium Association, accredited member
of the American Association of Systematic Collections, or any State or
Federal government agency that conducts biological or medical research.
Commercial means related to the offering for sale or resale,
purchase, trade, barter, or the actual or intended transfer in the
pursuit of gain or profit, of any item of wildlife and includes the use
of any wildlife article as an exhibit for the purpose of soliciting
sales,
[[Page 84]]
without regard to quantity or weight. There is a presumption that eight
or more similar unused items are for commercial use. The Service or the
importer/exporter/owner may rebut this presumption based upon the
particular facts and circumstances of each case.
Domesticated animals includes, but is not limited to, the following
domesticated animals that are exempted from the requirements of this
subchapter B (except for species obtained from wild populations).
Mammals: Alpaca--Lama alpaca; Camel--Camelus dromedarius; Camel
(Boghdi)--Camelus bactrianus; Cat (domestic)--Felis domesticus; Cattle--
Bos taurus; Dog (domestic)--Canis familiaris; European rabbit--
Ortyctolagus cuniculus; Ferret (domestic)--Mustela putorius; Goat--Capra
hircus; Horse--Equus caballus; Llama--Lama glama; Pig--Sus scrofa;
Sheep--Ovis aries; Water buffalo--Bubalus bubalus; White lab mice--Mus
musculus; White lab rate--Rattus norvegicus.
Fish (For export purposes only): Carp (koi)--Cyprinus carpio;
Goldfish--Carassius auratus.
Birds: Chicken--Gallus domesticus; Ducks & geese--domesticated
varieties; Guinea fowl--Numida meleagris; Peafowl--Pavo cristatus;
Pigeons (domesticated)--Columba livia domestrica; Turkey--Meleagris
gallopavo; Domesticated or Barnyard Mallards include: Pekin; Aylesbury;
Bouen; Cayuga; Gray Call; White Call; East Indian; Crested; Swedish;
Buff Orpington; Indian Runner; Campbell; Duclair; Merchtem; Termonde;
Magpie; Chinese; Khaki Campbell.
Insects: Crickets, mealworms, honeybees (not to include Africanized
varieties), and similar insects that are routinely farm raised.
Other Invertebrates: Earthworms and similar invertebrates that are
routinely farm raised.
Export means to depart from, to send from, to ship from, or to carry
out of, or attempt to depart from, to send from, to ship from, or to
carry out of, or to consign to a carrier in any place subject to the
jurisdiction of the United States with an intended destination of any
place not subject to the jurisdiction of the United States, whether or
not such departure, sending, or carrying, or shipping constitutes an
exportation within the meaning of the Custom laws of the United States.
When a passenger leaving the jurisdiction of the United States enters
the designated international area of embarkation of an airport, all
accompanying personal hand-carried items and checked baggage will be
regarded as exports.
Import means to land on, bring into, or introduce into, or attempt
to land on, bring into, or introduce into any place subject to the
jurisdiction of the United States, whether or not such landing,
bringing, or introduction constitutes an importation within the meaning
of the tariff laws of the United States.
We means Fish and Wildlife Service or Service.
You means licensee, or importer/exporter of record.
[61 FR 31868, June 21, 1996, as amended at 64 FR 23025, Apr. 29, 1999]
Subpart B_Importation and Exportation at Designated Ports
Sec. 14.11 General restrictions.
Except as otherwise provided in this part, no person may import or
export any wildlife at any place other than a Customs port of entry
designated in Sec. 14.12.
[45 FR 56673, Aug. 25, 1980; 45 FR 64953, Oct. 1, 1980]
Sec. 14.12 Designated ports.
The following ports of entry are designated for the importation and
exportation of wildlife and wildlife products and are referred to
hereafter as ``designated ports'':
(a) Anchorage, Alaska.
(b) Atlanta, Georgia.
(c) Baltimore, Maryland.
(d) Boston, Massachusetts.
(e) Chicago, Illinois.
(f) Dallas/Fort Worth, Texas.
(g) Honolulu, Hawaii.
(h) Houston, Texas.
(i) Los Angeles, California.
(j) Louisville, Kentucky.
(k) Memphis, Tennessee.
(l) Miami, Florida.
(m) New Orleans, Louisiana.
(n) New York, New York.
[[Page 85]]
(o) Portland, Oregon.
(p) San Francisco, California.
(q) Seattle, Washington.
[69 FR 70382, Dec. 6, 2004]
Sec. 14.13 Emergency diversion.
Wildlife which has been imported into the United States at any port
or place other than a designated port solely as a result of a diversion
due to an aircraft or vessel emergency must proceed as an in-transit
shipment under Customs bond to a designated port, or to any port where a
permit or other provision of this part provides for lawful importation.
Sec. 14.14 In-transit shipments.
(a) Wildlife destined for a point within the United States may be
imported into the United States at any port if such wildlife proceeds as
an in-transit shipment under Customs bond to a designated port, or to
any port where a permit or other provision of this part provides for
lawful importation.
(b) Wildlife moving in-transit through the United States from one
foreign country to another foreign country is exempt from the designated
port requirements of this part, if such wildlife is not unloaded within
the United States.
Sec. 14.15 Personal baggage and household effects.
(a) Any person may import into or export from the United States at
any Customs port wildlife products or manufactured articles that are not
intended for commercial use and are used as clothing or contained in
accompanying personal baggage. However, this exception to the designated
port requirement does not apply to any raw or dressed fur; raw, salted,
or crusted hide or skin; game trophy; or to wildlife requiring a permit
pursuant to part 16, 17, 18, 21, or 23 of this subchapter B.
(b) Wildlife products or manufactured articles, including mounted
game trophies or tanned hides, which are not intended for sale and are
part of a shipment of the household effects of persons moving their
residence to or from the United States may be imported or exported at
any Customs port of entry. However, this exception to the designated
port requirement does not apply to any raw fur; raw, salted, or crusted
hide or skin; or to wildlife requiring a permit pursuant to part 16, 17,
18, 21, or 23 of this subchapter B.
[45 FR 56673, Aug. 25, 1980, as amended at 61 FR 31868, June 21, 1996]
Sec. 14.16 Border ports.
(a) Except for wildlife requiring a permit pursuant to part 16, 17,
18, 21, or 23 of this subchapter B, wildlife whose country of origin is
Canada or the United States may be imported or exported at any of the
following Customs ports of entry:
(1) Alaska--Alcan;
(2) Idaho--Eastport;
(3) Maine--Calais, Houlton, Jackman;
(4) Massachusetts--Boston;
(5) Michigan--Detroit, Port Huron, Sault Sainte Marie;
(6) Minnesota--Grand Portage, International Falls, Minneapolis-St.
Paul;
(7) Montana--Raymond, Sweetgrass;
(8) New York--Buffalo-Niagara Falls, Champlain;
(9) North Dakota--Dunseith, Pembina, Portal;
(10) Ohio--Cleveland;
(11) Vermont--Derby Line, Highgate Springs; and
(12) Washington--Blaine, Sumas.
(b) Except for wildlife requiring a permit pursuant to part 16, 17,
18, 21, or 23 of this subchapter B, wildlife whose country of origin is
Mexico or the United States may be imported or exported at any of the
following Customs ports of entry:
(1) Arizona--Lukeville, Nogales;
(2) California--Calexico, San Diego-San Ysidro; and
(3) Texas--Brownsville, El Paso, Laredo.
(c) Except for wildlife requiring a permit pursuant to part 16, 17,
18, or 21 of this subchapter B, wildlife lawfully taken by U.S.
residents in the United States, Canada, or Mexico and imported or
exported for noncommercial purposes, may be imported or exported at any
Customs port of entry.
Sec. 14.17 Personally owned pet birds.
Any person may import a personally owned pet bird at any port
designated under, and in accordance with, 9 CFR part 92.
[[Page 86]]
Sec. 14.18 Marine mammals.
Any person subject to the jurisdiction of the United States who has
lawfully taken a marine mammal on the high seas and who is authorized to
import such marine mammal in accordance with the Marine Mammal
Protection Act of 1972 and implementing regulations (50 CFR parts 18 and
216) may import such marine mammal at any port or place.
Sec. 14.19 Special ports.
(a) Except for wildlife requiring a permit pursuant to part 16, 17,
18, 21, or 23 of this subchapter B, wildlife which is imported for final
destination in Alaska, Puerto Rico, or the Virgin Islands, may be
imported through those Customs ports of entry named hereafter for the
respective State or Territory of final destination:
(1) Alaska--Alcan, Anchorage, Fairbanks, Juneau;
(2) Puerto Rico--San Juan; and
(3) Virgin Islands--San Juan, Puerto Rico.
(b) Except for wildlife requiring a permit pursuant to part 16, 17,
18, 21, or 23 of this subchapter B, wildlife which originates in Alaska,
Puerto Rico, or the Virgin Islands, may be exported through the
following Customs ports for the respective State or Territory:
(1) Alaska--Alcan, Anchorage, Fairbanks, Juneau;
(2) Puerto Rico--San Juan; and
(3) Virgin Islands--San Juan, Puerto Rico.
(c) Except for wildlife requiring a permit pursuant to part 16, 17,
18, 21, or 23 of this subchapter B, wildlife which has a final
destination of Guam or which originates in Guam may be imported or
exported, as appropriate, through the port of Agana, Guam.
Sec. 14.20 Exceptions by permit.
Wildlife may be imported into or exported from the United States at
any Customs port of entry designated in the terms of a valid permit
issued pursuant to subpart C of this part.
Sec. 14.21 Shellfish and fishery products.
(a)(1) General. Except for wildlife requiring a permit pursuant to
part 17 or 23 of this subchapter, shellfish and fishery products
imported or exported for purposes of human or animal consumption or
taken in waters under the jurisdiction of the United States or on the
high seas for recreational purposes may enter or exit at any Customs
port.
(2) Except for wildlife requiring a permit pursuant to part 17 or
part 23 of this subchapter, live aquatic invertebrates of the Class
Pelecypoda (commonly known as oysters, clams, mussels, and scallops) and
the eggs, larvae, or juvenile forms thereof may be exported for purposes
of propagation, or research related to propagation, at any Customs port.
(b) Pearls. Except for wildlife requiring a permit pursuant to part
17 or 23 of this subchapter, pearls imported or exported for commercial
purposes may enter or exit the United States at any Customs port of
entry. For the purposes of this part, all references to the term
shellfish and fishery products will include pearls.
[61 FR 31868, June 21, 1996]
Sec. 14.22 Certain antique articles.
Any person may import at any Customs Service port designated for
such purpose, any article (other than scrimshaw, defined in 16 U.S.C
1539(f)(1)(B) and 50 CFR 217.12 as any art form that involves the
etching or engraving of designs upon, or the carving of figures,
patterns, or designs from, any bone or tooth of any marine mammal of the
order Cetacea) that is at least 100 years old, is composed in whole or
in part of any endangered or threatened species listed under Sec. 17.11
or Sec. 17.12 of this subchapter, and has not been repaired or modified
with any part of any endangered or threatened species on or after
December 28, 1973.
[61 FR 31868, June 21, 1996]
Sec. 14.23 Live farm-raised fish and farm-raised fish eggs.
Live farm-raised fish and farm-raised fish eggs meet the definition
of ``bred in captivity'' as stated in 50 CFR 17.3. Except for wildlife
requiring a permit pursuant to parts 17 or 23 of this subchapter, live
farm-raised fish and farm-raised fish eggs may be exported from any U.S.
Customs port.
[59 FR 41714, Aug. 15, 1994]
[[Page 87]]
Sec. 14.24 Scientific specimens.
Except for wildlife requiring a permit pursuant to parts 16, 17, 18,
21, 22 or 23 of this subchapter, dead, preserved, dried, or embedded
scientific specimens or parts thereof, imported or exported by
accredited scientists or accredited scientific institutions for
taxonomic or systematic research purposes may enter or exit through any
U.S. Customs port, or may be shipped through the international mail
system. Provided, that this exception will not apply to any specimens or
parts thereof taken as a result of sport hunting.
[61 FR 31869, June 21, 1996]
Subpart C_Designated Port Exception Permits
Sec. 14.31 Permits to import or export wildlife at nondesignated
port for scientific purposes.
(a) General. The Director may, upon receipt of an application
submitted in accordance with the provisions of this section and
Sec. Sec. 13.11 and 13.12 of this subchapter, and in accordance with
the issuance criteria of this section, issue a permit authorizing
importation or exportation of wildlife for scientific purposes at one or
more named Customs port(s) of entry not otherwise authorized by subpart
B. Such permits may authorize a single importation or exportation, a
series of importations or exportations, or importation or exportation
during a specified period of time.
(b) Application procedure. Applications for permits to import or
export wildlife at a nondesignated port for scientific purposes must be
submitted to the Director. Each application must contain the general
information and certification required by Sec. 13.12(a) of this
subchapter, plus the following additional information:
(1) The scientific purpose or uses of the wildlife to be imported or
exported;
(2) The number and kinds of wildlife described by scientific and
common names to be imported or exported where such number and kinds can
be determined;
(3) The country or place in which the wildlife was removed from the
wild (if known), or where born in captivity;
(4) The port(s) of entry where importation or exportation is
requested, and the reasons why importation or exportation should be
allowed at the requested port(s) of entry rather than at a designated
port; and
(5) A statement as to whether the exception is being requested for a
single shipment, a series of shipments, or shipments over a specified
period of time and the date(s) involved.
(c) Additional permit conditions. In addition to the general
conditions set forth in part 13 of this subchapter B, permits to import
or export wildlife at a nondesignated port issued under this section are
subject to the following condition: Permittee shall file such reports as
specified on the permit, if any.
(d) Issuance criteria. The Director shall consider the following in
determining whether to issue a permit under this section:
(1) Benefit to a bona fide scientific research project, other
scientific purpose, or facilitation of the exchange of preserved museum
specimens;
(2) The kind of wildlife involved and its place of origin;
(3) The reasons why the exception is requested; and
(4) Availability of a Service officer.
(e) Duration of permits. Any permit issued under this section
expires on the date designated on the face of the permit. In no case
will the permit be valid for more than 2 years from the date of
issuance.
Sec. 14.32 Permits to import or export wildlife at nondesignated
port to minimize deterioration or loss.
(a) General. The Director may, upon receipt of an application
submitted in accordance with the provisions of this section and
Sec. Sec. 13.11 and 13.12 of this subchapter, and in accordance with
the issuance criteria of this section, issue a permit authorizing
importation or exportation of wildlife, in order to minimize
deterioration or loss, at one or more named Customs port(s) of entry not
otherwise authorized by subpart B. Such permits may authorize a single
importation or exportation, a series of importations or exportations, or
importation or exportation during a specified period of time.
[[Page 88]]
(b) Application procedure. Applications for permits to import or
export wildlife at a nondesignated port to minimize deterioration or
loss must be submitted to the Director. Each application must contain
the general information and certification required in Sec. 13.12(a) of
this subchapter, plus the following additional information:
(1) The number and kinds of wildlife described by scientific and
common names to be imported or exported where such number and kinds can
be determined;
(2) The country or place in which the wildlife was removed from the
wild (if known), or where born in captivity;
(3) The port(s) of entry where importation or exportation is
requested, and the reasons why importation or exportation should be
allowed at the requested port(s) of entry rather than at a designated
port (information must be included to show that an importation or
exportation at a designated port would result in a substantial
deterioration or loss of the wildlife); and
(4) A statement as to whether the exception is being requested for a
single shipment, a series of shipments, or shipments over a specified
period of time and the date(s) involved.
(c) Additional permit conditions. In addition to the general
conditions set forth in part 13 of this subchapter B, permits to import
or export wildlife at a nondesignated port issued under this section are
to be subject to the following conditions:
(1) Permittee shall file such reports as may be specified on the
permit, if any; and
(2) Permittee must pay fees in accordance with Sec. 14.94.
(d) Issuance criteria. The Director shall consider the following in
determining whether to issue a permit under this section:
(1) Likelihood of a substantial deterioration or loss of the
wildlife involved;
(2) The kind of wildlife involved and its place of origin; and
(3) Availability of a Service officer.
(e) Duration of permits. Any permit issued under this section
expires on the date designated on the face of the permit. In no case
will the permit be valid more than 2 years from the date of issuance.
[45 FR 56673, Aug. 25, 1980; 45 FR 64953, Oct. 1, 1980, as amended at 61
FR 31869, June 21, 1996]
Sec. 14.33 Permits to import or export wildlife at nondesignated
port to alleviate undue economic hardship.
(a) General. The Director may, upon receipt of an application
submitted in accordance with the provisions of this section and
Sec. Sec. 13.11 and 13.12 of this subchapter, and in accordance with
the issuance criteria of this section, issue a permit authorizing
importation or exportation of wildlife in order to alleviate undue
economic hardship at one or more named Customs port(s) of entry not
otherwise authorized by subpart B. Such permits may authorize a single
importation or exportation, a series of importations or exportations, or
importation or exportation during a specified period of time.
(b) Application procedure. Applications for permits to import or
export wildlife at a nondesignated port to alleviate undue economic
hardship must be submitted to the Director. Each application must
contain the general information and certification required in Sec.
13.12(a) of this subchapter, plus the following additional information:
(1) The number and kinds of wildlife described by scientific and
common names to be imported or exported, where such number and kinds can
be determined, and a description of the form in which it is to be
imported, such as ``live,'' ``frozen,'' ``raw hides,'' or a full
description of any manufactured product;
(2) The country or place in which the wildlife was removed from the
wild (if known), or where born in captivity;
(3) The name and address of the supplier or consignee;
(4) The port(s) of entry where importation or exportation is
requested, and the reasons why importation or exportation should be
allowed at the requested port(s) of entry rather than at a designated
port (information must be included to show the monetary difference
between the cost of importation or exportation at the port requested and
the lowest cost of importation or exportation at the port through
[[Page 89]]
which importation or exportation is authorized by subpart B without a
permit); and
(5) A statement as to whether the exception is being requested for a
single shipment, a series of shipments, or shipments over a specified
period of time and the date(s) involved.
(c) Additional permit conditions. In addition to the general
conditions set forth in part 13 of this subchapter B, permits to import
or export wildlife at a nondesignated port issued under this section are
subject to the following conditions:
(1) Permittee shall file such reports as specified on the permit, if
any; and
(2) Permittee must pay fees in accordance with Sec. 14.94.
(d) Issuance criteria. The Director shall consider the following in
determining whether to issue a permit under this section:
(1) The difference between the cost of importing or exporting the
wildlife at the port requested and the lowest cost of importing or
exporting such wildlife at a port authorized by these regulations
without a permit;
(2) The severity of the economic hardship that likely would result
should the permit not be issued;
(3) The kind of wildlife involved, including its form and place of
origin; and
(4) Availability of a Service officer.
(e) Duration of permits. Any permit issued under this section
expires on the date designated on the face of the permit. In no case
will the permit be valid for more than 2 years from the date of
issuance.
[45 FR 56673, Aug. 25, 1980; 45 FR 64953, Oct. 1, 1980, as amended at 61
FR 31869, June 21, 1996]
Subpart D [Reserved]
Subpart E_Inspection and Clearance of Wildlife
Sec. 14.51 Inspection of wildlife.
Subject to applicable limitations of law, Service officers and
Customs officers may detain for inspection and inspect any package,
crate, or other container, including its contents, and all accompanying
documents, upon importation or exportation. The Director may charge
reasonable fees, including salary, overtime, transportation and per diem
of Service officers, for wildlife import or export inspections specially
requested by the importer or exporter at times other than regular work
hours or locations other than usual for such inspections at the port.
[45 FR 56673, Aug. 25, 1980; 45 FR 64953, Oct. 1, 1980, as amended at 50
FR 52889, Dec. 26, 1985]
Sec. 14.52 Clearance of imported wildlife.
(a) Except as otherwise provided by this subpart, a Service officer
must clear all wildlife imported into the United States prior to release
from detention by Customs officers. A Service officer must clear all
wildlife to be exported from the United States prior to the physical
loading of the merchandise on a vehicle or aircraft, or the
containerization or palletizing of such merchandise for export, unless a
Service officer expressly authorizes otherwise. Such clearance does not
constitute a certification of the legality of an importation or
exportation under the laws or regulations of the United States.
(b) An importer/exporter or his/her agent may obtain clearance by a
Service officer only at designated ports (Sec. 14.12), at border ports
(Sec. 14.16), at special ports (Sec. 14.19), or at a port where
importation or exportation is authorized by a permit issued under
subpart C of this part. An importer/exporter must return forthwith any
wildlife released without a Service officer's clearance or clearance by
Customs for the Service under authority of Sec. 14.54 to a port where
clearance may be obtained pursuant to this subpart.
(c) To obtain clearance, the importer, exporter, or the importer's
or exporter's agent will make available to a Service officer or a
Customs officer acting under Sec. 14.54:
(1) All shipping documents (including bills of lading, waybills and
packing lists or invoices);
(2) All permits, licenses or other documents required by the laws or
regulations of the United States;
(3) All permits or other documents required by the laws or
regulations of any foreign country;
[[Page 90]]
(4) The wildlife being imported or exported; and
(5) Any documents and permits required by the country of export or
re-export for the wildlife.
[45 FR 56673, Aug. 25, 1980; 45 FR 64953, Oct. 1, 1980, as amended at 50
FR 52889, Dec. 26, 1985; 61 FR 31869, June 21, 1996]
Sec. 14.53 Detention and refusal of clearance.
(a) Detention. Any Service officer, or Customs officer acting under
Sec. 14.54, may detain imported or exported wildlife and any associated
property. As soon as practicable following the importation or
exportation and decision to detain, the Service will mail a notice of
detention by registered or certified mail, return receipt requested, to
the importer or consignee, or exporter, if known or easily
ascertainable. Such notice must describe the detained wildlife or other
property, indicate the reason for the detention, describe the general
nature of the tests or inquiries to be conducted, and indicate that if
the releasability of the wildlife has not been determined within 30 days
after the date of the notice, or a longer period if specifically stated,
that the Service will deem the wildlife to be seized and will issue no
further notification of seizure.
(b) Refusal of clearance. Any Service officer may refuse clearance
of imported or exported wildlife and any Customs officer acting under
Sec. 14.54 may refuse clearance of imported wildlife when there are
responsible grounds to believe that:
(1) A Federal law or regulation has been violated;
(2) The correct identity and country of origin of the wildlife has
not been established (in such cases, the burden is upon the owner,
importer, exporter, consignor, or consignee to establish such identity
by scientific name to the species level or, if any subspecies is
protected by the laws of this country or the country of origin to the
subspecies level);
(3) Any permit, license, or other documentation required for
clearance of such wildlife is not available, is not currently valid, has
been suspended or revoked, or is not authentic;
(4) The importer, exporter, or the importer's or exporter's agent
has filed an incorrect or incomplete declaration for importation or
exportation as provided in Sec. 14.61 or Sec. 14.63; or
(5) The importer, exporter, or the importer's or exporter's agent
has not paid any fee or portion of balance due for inspection fees
required by Sec. 14.93 or Sec. 14.94, or penalties assessed against
the importer or exporter under 50 CFR part 11. This paragraph does not
apply to penalty assessments on appeal in accordance with the provisions
of part 11.
[61 FR 31869, June 21, 1996]
Sec. 14.54 Unavailability of Service officers.
(a) Designated ports. All wildlife arriving at a designated port
must be cleared by a Service officer prior to Customs clearance and
release. When importers or their agents expect live or perishable
shipments of wildlife or wildlife products or request inspection at the
time of arrival, they must notify the Service at least 48 hours prior to
the estimated time of arrival. However, where a Service officer is not
available within a reasonable time, Customs Officers may clear live or
perishable wildlife subject to post-clearance inspection and
investigation by the Service.
(b) Border and special ports. Wildlife lawfully imported at Canadian
or Mexican border ports under Sec. 14.16, or into Alaska, Puerto Rico,
or the Virgin Islands, under Sec. 14.19, may, if a Service officer is
not available within a reasonable time, be cleared by Customs officers,
subject to post-clearance inspection and investigation by the Service.
(c) Permit imports. Wildlife imported at a nondesignated port in
accordance with the terms of a valid permit issued under subpart C of
this part, may, if a Service officer is not available within a
reasonable time, be cleared by Customs officers, subject to post-
clearance inspection and investigation by the Service.
(d) Personal baggage and household effects. Wildlife lawfully
imported at any port of entry under Sec. 14.15, may, if a Service
officer is not available within a reasonable time, be cleared by Customs
officers, subject to post-clearance inspection and investigation by the
Service.
[[Page 91]]
(e) Personally owned pet birds. Personally owned pet birds lawfully
imported at a port of entry under Sec. 14.17, may, if a Service officer
is not available within a reasonable time, be cleared by Customs
officers, subject to post-clearance inspection and investigation by the
Service.
(f) Exports. Exporters or their agents must notify the Service and
make the shipment available for inspection at least 48 hours prior to
the estimated time of exportation of any wildlife.
[45 FR 56673, Aug. 25, 1980, as amended at 61 FR 31869, June 21, 1996]
Sec. 14.55 Exceptions to clearance requirements.
Except for wildlife requiring a permit pursuant to part 17 or 23 of
this subchapter B, clearance is not required for the importation of the
following wildlife:
(a) Shellfish and fishery products imported for purposes of human or
animal consumption or taken in waters under the jurisdiction of the
United States or on the high seas for recreational purposes;
(b) Marine mammals lawfully taken on the high seas by United States
residents and imported directly into the United States; and
(c) Certain antique articles as specified in Sec. 14.22 which have
been released from custody by Customs officers under 19 U.S.C. 1499.
(d) Dead, preserved, dried, or embedded scientific specimens or
parts thereof, imported or exported by accredited scientists or
accredited scientific institutions for taxonomic or systematic research
purposes. Except: That this exception will not apply to any specimens or
parts thereof taken as a result of sport hunting.
[45 FR 56673, Aug. 25, 1980, as amended at 61 FR 31869, June 21, 1996]
Subpart F_Wildlife Declarations
Sec. 14.61 Import declaration requirements.
Except as otherwise provided by the regulations of this subpart,
importers or their agents must file with the Service a completed
Declaration for Importation or Exportation of Fish or Wildlife (Form 3-
177), signed by the importer or the importer's agent, upon the
importation of any wildlife at the place where Service clearance under
Sec. 14.52 is requested. However, wildlife may be transshipped under
bond to a different port for release from custody by Customs Service
officers under 19 U.S.C. 1499. For certain antique articles as specified
in Sec. 14.22, importers or their agents must file a Form 3-177 with
the District Director of Customs at the port of entry prior to release
from Customs custody. Importers or their agents must furnish all
applicable information requested on the Form 3-177 and the importer, or
the importer's agent, must certify that the information furnished is
true and complete to the best of his/her knowledge and belief.
[61 FR 49980, Sept. 24, 1996]
Sec. 14.62 Exceptions to import declaration requirements.
(a) Except for wildlife requiring a permit pursuant to part 17 or 23
of this subchapter B, an importer or his/her agent does not have to file
a Declaration for Importation or Exportation of Fish or Wildlife (Form
3-177) for importation of shellfish and fishery products imported for
purposes of human or animal consumption, or taken in waters under the
jurisdiction of the United States or on the high seas for recreational
purposes;
(b) Except for wildlife requiring a permit pursuant to part 16, 17,
18, 21, or 23 of this subchapter B, a Declaration for Importation or
Exportation of Fish or Wildlife (Form 3-177) does not have to be filed
for importation of the following:
(1) Fish taken for recreational purposes in Canada or Mexico;
(2) Wildlife products or manufactured articles that are not intended
for commercial use and are used as clothing or contained in accompanying
personal baggage, except that an importer or his/her agent must file a
Form 3-177 for raw or dressed furs; for raw, salted, or crusted hides or
skins; and for game or game trophies; and
[[Page 92]]
(3) Wildlife products or manufactured articles that are not intended
for commercial use and are a part of a shipment of the household effects
of persons moving their residence to the United States, except that an
importer or his/her agent must file a declaration for raw or dressed
furs and for raw, salted, or crusted hides or skins.
(c) General declarations for certain specimens. Notwithstanding the
provisions of 14.61 and except for wildlife included in paragraph (d) of
this section, an importer or his/her agent may describe in general terms
on a Declaration for the Importation or Exportation of Fish or Wildlife
(Form 3-177) scientific specimens imported for scientific institutions
for taxonomic, systematic research, or faunal survey purposes. An
importer or his/her agent must file an amended Form 3-177 within 180
days after filing of the general declaration with the Service. The
declaration must identify specimens to the most accurate taxonomic
classification reasonably practicable using the best available taxonomic
information. The Director may grant extensions of the 180-day period.
(d) Except for wildlife requiring a permit pursuant to part 16, 17,
18, 21, 22 or 23 of this subchapter, an importer or his/her agent does
not have to file a Declaration for the Importation or Exportation of
Fish or Wildlife (Form 3-177) at the time of importation for shipments
of dead, preserved, dried, or embedded scientific specimens or parts
thereof, imported by accredited scientists or accredited scientific
institutions for taxonomic or systematic research purposes. An importer
or his/her agent must file a Form 3-177 within 180 days of importation
with the appropriate Assistant Regional Director--Law Enforcement in the
Region where the importation occurs. The declaration must identify the
specimens to the most accurate taxonomic classification reasonably
practicable using the best available taxonomic information, and must
declare the country of origin. Except: That this exception will not
apply to any specimens or parts thereof taken as a result of sport
hunting.
[45 FR 56673, Aug. 25, 1980; 45 FR 64953, Oct. 1, 1980, as amended at 61
FR 31870, June 21, 1996]
Sec. 14.63 Export declaration requirements.
Except as otherwise provided by the regulations of this subpart, a
completed Declaration for Importation or Exportation of Fish or Wildlife
(Form 3-177) signed by the exporter, or the exporter's agent, shall be
filed with the Service prior to the export of any wildlife at the port
of exportation as authorized in subpart B of this part. All applicable
information requested on the Form 3-177 shall be furnished, and the
exporter or the exporter's agent shall certify that the information
furnished is true and complete to the best of his/her knowledge and
belief.
Sec. 14.64 Exceptions to export declaration requirements.
(a) Except for wildlife requiring a permit pursuant to part 17 or 23
of this subchapter B, an exporter or his/her agent does not have to file
a Declaration for Importation or Exportation of Fish or Wildlife (Form
3-177) for the exportation of shellfish and fishery products exported
for purposes of human or animal consumption or taken in waters under the
jurisdiction of the United States or on the high seas for recreational
purposes, and does not have to file for the exportation of live aquatic
invertebrates of the Class Pelecypoda (commonly known as oysters,
claims, mussels, and scallops) and the eggs, larvae, or juvenile forms
thereof exported for purposes of propagation, or research related to
propagation.
(b) Except for wildlife requiring a permit pursuant to part 16, 17,
18, 21, or 23 of this subchapter B, a Declaration for the Importation or
Exportation of Fish or Wildlife (Form 3-177) does not have to be filed
for the exportation of the following:
(1) Wildlife that is not intended for commercial use where the value
of such wildlife is under $250;
(2) Wildlife products or manufactured articles, including game
trophies, that are not intended for commercial use and are used as
clothing or contained in accompanying personal baggage or are part of a
shipment of the household effects of persons moving their residence from
the United States; and
[[Page 93]]
(3) Shipments of dead, preserved, dried, or embedded scientific
specimens or parts thereof, exported by accredited scientists or
accredited scientific institutions for taxonomic or systematic research
purposes. An exporter or his/her agent must file a Form 3-177 within 180
days of exportation with the appropriate Assistant Regional Director--
Law Enforcement in the Region where the exportation occurs. The
declaration must identify the specimens to the most accurate taxonomic
classification reasonably practicable using the best available taxonomic
information, and must declare the country of origin. Except: That this
exception will not apply to any specimens or parts thereof taken as a
result of sport hunting.
(c) Except for wildlife requiring a period pursuant to parts 17 or
23 of this subchapter, a Declaration for the Importation or Exportation
of Fish or Wildlife (Form 3-177) does not have to be filed for the
exportation of live farm-raised fish and farm-raised fish eggs as
defined in Sec. 14.23.
[45 FR 56673, Aug. 25, 1980, as amended at 59 FR 41714, Aug. 15, 1994;
61 FR 31870, June 21, 1996]
Subpart G [Reserved]
Subpart H_Marking of Containers or Packages
Source: 52 FR 45341, Nov. 27, 1987, unless otherwise noted.
Sec. 14.81 Marking requirement.
Except as otherwise provided in this subpart, no person may import,
export, or transport in interstate commerce any container or package
containing any fish or wildlife (including shellfish and fishery
products) unless he/she marks each container or package conspicuously on
the outside with both the name and address of the shipper and consignee.
An accurate and legible list of its contents by species scientific name
and the number of each species and whether or not the listed species are
venomous must accompany the entire shipment.
[61 FR 31870, June 21, 1996]
Sec. 14.82 Alternatives and exceptions to the marking requirement.
(a) The requirements of Sec. 14.81 may be met by complying with one
of the following alternatives to the marking requirement:
(1)(i) Conspicuously marking the outside of each container or
package containing fish or wildlife with the word ``fish'' or
``wildlife'' as appropriate for its contents, or with the common name of
its contents by species, and
(ii) Including an invoice, packing list, bill of lading, or similar
document to accompany the shipment which accurately states the name and
address of the shipper and consignee, states the total number of
packages or containers in the shipment, and for each species in the
shipment specifies:
(A) The common name that identifies the species (examples include:
Chinook (or king) salmon; bluefin tuna; and whitetail deer) and whether
or not the listed species is venomous; and
(B) The number of that species (or other appropriate measure of
quantity such as gross or net weight).
The invoice, packing list, bill of lading, or equivalent document must
be securely attached to the outside of one container or package in the
shipment or otherwise physically accompany the shipment in a manner
which makes it readily accessible for inspection; or
(2) Affixing the shipper's wildlife import/export license number
preceded by the three letters ``FWS'' on the outside of each container
or package containing fish or wildlife, if the shipper has valid
wildlife import/export license issued under authority of 50 CFR part 14.
For each shipment marked in accordance with this paragraph, the records
maintained under Sec. 14.93(c) must include a copy of the invoice,
packing list, bill of lading, or other similar document that accurately
states the information required by paragraph (a)(1)(ii) of this section.
(3) In the case of subcontainers or packages within a larger packing
container, only the outermost container must be marked in accordance
with this section. Except, that for live fish or
[[Page 94]]
wildlife that are packed in subcontainers within a larger packing
container, if the subcontainers are numbered or labeled, the packing
list, invoice, bill or lading, or other similar document, must reflect
that number or label. However, each subcontainer containing a venomous
species must be clearly marked as venomous.
(4) A conveyance (truck, plane, boat, etc.) is not considered a
container for purposes of requiring specific marking of the conveyance
itself, provided that:
(i) The fish or wildlife within the conveyance is carried loosely or
is readily identifiable, and is accompanied by the document required by
paragraph (a)(1)(ii) of this section, or
(ii) The fish or wildlife is otherwise packaged and marked in
accordance with this subpart.
(b) The requirements of Sec. 14.81 do not apply to containers or
packages containing--
(1) Fox, nutria, rabbit, mink, chinchilla, marten, fisher, muskrat,
and karakul that have been bred and born in captivity, or their
products, if a signed statement certifying that the animals were bred
and born in captivity accompanies the shipping documents;
(2) Fish or shellfish contained in retail consumer packages labeled
pursuant to the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, 21 U.S.C. 301 et seq.; or
(3) Fish or shellfish that are landed by, and offloaded from, a
fishing vessel (whether or not the catch has been carried by the fishing
vessel interstate), as long as the fish or shellfish remain at the place
where first offloaded.
(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under control number
1018-0022)
[52 FR 45341, Nov. 27, 1987, as amended at 61 FR 31871, June 21, 1996]
Subpart I_Import/Export Licenses and Inspection Fees
Source: 73 FR 74628, Dec. 9, 2008, unless otherwise noted.
Sec. 14.91 When do I need an import/export license?
(a) The Endangered Species Act (16 U.S.C. 1538(d)(1)) makes it
unlawful for any person to engage in business as an importer or exporter
of certain fish or wildlife without first having obtained permission
from the Secretary. For the purposes of this subchapter, engage in
business means to import or export wildlife for commercial purposes.
(b) Except as provided in Sec. 14.92, if you engage in the business
of importing or exporting wildlife for commercial purposes (see Sec.
14.4), you must obtain an import/export license prior to importing or
exporting your wildlife shipment.
(c) The following table includes some examples of when an import/
export license is required:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
If I import into the United States or . . . do I need an import/
export from the United States export license?
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Wildlife in the form of products such Yes.
as garments, bags, shoes, boots,
jewelry, rugs, trophies, or curios for
commercial purposes.
(2) Wildlife in the form of hides, furs, Yes.
or skins for commercial purposes.
(3) Wildlife in the form of food for Yes.
commercial purposes.
(4) As an animal dealer, animal broker, Yes.
pet dealer, or pet or laboratory
supplier.
(5) As an individual owner of a No.
personally owned live wildlife pet for
personal use.
(6) As a collector or hobbyist for No.
personal use.
(7) As a collector or hobbyist for Yes.
commercial purposes, including sale,
trade or barter.
(8) As a laboratory researcher or Yes.
biomedical supplier for commercial
purposes.
(9) As a customs broker or freight No.
forwarder engaged in business as a
dispatcher, handler, consolidator, or
transporter of wildlife or if I file
documents with the Service on behalf of
others.
(10) As a common carrier engaged in No.
business as a transporter of wildlife.
(11) As a taxidermist, outfitter, or Yes.
guide importing or exporting my own
hunting trophies for commercial purposes.
(12) As a taxidermist, outfitter, or No.
guide transporting or shipping hunting
trophies for clients or customers.
(13) As a U.S. taxidermist receiving a No.
U.S. client's personal hunting trophies
after import clearance for processing.
(14) As a U.S. taxidermist importing Yes.
wildlife from or exporting wildlife to
foreign owners who are requesting my
services.
(15) As a foreign owner of wildlife No.
exporting my personal hunting trophies
from the United States to my home.
(16) As a circus for exhibition or resale Yes.
purposes.
(17) As a Federal, State, municipal, or No.
tribal agency.
[[Page 95]]
(18) As a public museum, or public No.
scientific or educational institution
for noncommercial research or
educational purposes.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sec. 14.92 What are the exemptions to the import/export license
requirement?
(a) Certain wildlife. Any person may engage in business as an
importer or exporter of the following types of wildlife without
obtaining an import/export license:
(1) Shellfish (see Sec. 10.12 of this chapter) and nonliving
fishery products that do not require a permit under parts 16, 17, or 23
of this subchapter, and are imported or exported for purposes of human
or animal consumption or taken in waters under the jurisdiction of the
United States or on the high seas for recreational purposes;
(2) Live farm-raised fish and farm-raised fish eggs of species that
do not require a permit under parts 16, 17, or 23 of this subchapter,
that meet the definition of ``bred-in-captivity'' as stated in Sec.
17.3 of this subchapter and that are for export only; and
(3) Live aquatic invertebrates of the Class Pelecypoda, commonly
known as oysters, clams, mussels, and scallops, and their eggs, larvae,
or juvenile forms, that do not require a permit under parts 16, 17, or
23 of this subchapter, and are exported only for the purposes of
propagation or research related to propagation; and
(4) Pearls that do not require a permit under parts 16, 17, or 23 of
this subchapter.
(5)(i) Except as provided in paragraphs (a)(5)(ii) and (iii) of this
section, green sea urchins, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, including
any products of that species, that:
(A) Do not require a permit under part 16, 17, or 23 of this
subchapter;
(B) Are taken in waters under the jurisdiction of the United States
or are imported into the United States for processing pursuant to the
licensing requirements of Sec. 14.91; and
(C) Are exported for purposes of human or animal consumption.
(ii) The exemption in paragraph (a)(5)(i) of this section does not
apply to any person who has been convicted of one or more violations of
a Federal law relating to the importation, transportation, or
exportation of wildlife during the previous 5 years.
(iii) The exemption in paragraph (a)(5)(i) of this section does not
apply in any State that does not annually provide ``conservation and
management'' data, as defined in section 3 of the Magnuson-Stevens
Fishery Conservation and Management Act (16 U.S.C. 1802), to the
applicable Marine Fisheries Commission, or, if the State does provide
the ``conservation and management'' data, and the applicable Marine
Fisheries Commission determines, in consultation with the primary
research agency of such Commission, after notice and an opportunity to
comment, that the data fails to prove that the State agency or official
is engaged in conservation and management of the green sea urchin.
(b) Certain persons. (1) The following persons may import or export
wildlife without obtaining an import/export license, provided that these
persons keep records that will fully and correctly describe each
importation or exportation of wildlife made by them and the subsequent
disposition made by them with respect to the wildlife.
(i) Public museums, or other public, scientific, or educational
institutions, importing or exporting wildlife for noncommercial research
or educational purposes; and
(ii) Federal, State, tribal, or municipal agencies.
(2) Subject to applicable limitations of law, duly authorized
Service officers at all reasonable times will, upon notice, be given
access to these persons' places of business, an opportunity to examine
their inventory of imported wildlife or the wildlife to be exported, the
records described in paragraph (1) of this section, and an opportunity
to copy those records.
[73 FR 74628, Dec. 9, 2008, as amended at 84 FR 29808, June 25, 2019]
Sec. 14.93 How do I apply for an import/export license?
(a) Application form. You must submit a completed FWS Form 3-200-3,
including the certification found on the form and in Sec. 13.12(a) of
this subchapter, to the appropriate regional Special Agent
[[Page 96]]
in Charge under the provisions of this subpart and part 13 of this
subchapter.
(b) Import/export license conditions. In addition to the general
permit conditions in part 13 of this subchapter, you must comply with
the following conditions:
(1) You must comply with all requirements of this part, all other
applicable parts of this subchapter, and any specific conditions or
authorizations described on the face of, or on an annex to, the import/
export license;
(2) You must pay all applicable license and inspection fees as
required in Sec. 14.94;
(3) You are responsible for providing current contact information to
us, including a mailing address where you will receive all official
notices the Service sends;
(4) You must keep, in a U.S. location, the following records that
completely and correctly describe each import or export of wildlife that
you made under the import/export license and, if applicable, any
subsequent disposition that you made of the wildlife, for a period of 5
years:
(i) A general description of the wildlife, such as ``live,'' ``raw
hides,'' ``fur garments,'' ``leather goods,'' ``footwear,'' or
``jewelry'';
(ii) The quantity of the wildlife, in numbers, weight, or other
appropriate measure;
(iii) The common and scientific names of the wildlife;
(iv) The country of origin of the wildlife, if known, as defined in
Sec. 10.12 of this subchapter;
(v) The date and place the wildlife was imported or exported;
(vi) The date of the subsequent disposition, if applicable, of the
wildlife and the manner of the subsequent disposition, whether by sale,
barter, consignment, loan, delivery, destruction, or other means;
(vii) The name, address, telephone, and e-mail address, if known, of
the person or business who received the wildlife;
(viii) Copies of all permits required by the laws and regulations of
the United States; and
(ix) Copies of all permits required by the laws of any country of
export, re-export, or origin of the wildlife.
(5) You must, upon notice, provide authorized Service officers with
access to your place(s) of business at all reasonable times and give us
an opportunity to examine your inventory of imported wildlife or the
wildlife to be exported, the records required to be kept by paragraph
(b)(4) of this section, and an opportunity to copy these records subject
to applicable limitations of the law;
(6) You must submit a report containing the information you must
keep in paragraph (b)(4) of this section within 30 days of receiving a
written request from us; and
(7) An import/export license gives you general permission to engage
in business as an importer or exporter of wildlife. An import/export
license is in addition to, and does not supersede, any other license,
permit, or requirement established by Federal, State, or tribal law for
the import or export of wildlife.
(c) Duration of import/export license. Any import/export license
issued under this section expires on the date shown on the face of the
import/export license. In no case will the import/export license be
valid for more than 1 year after the date of issuance.
(d) Issuance, denial, suspension, revocation, or renewal of import/
export license. We may deny, suspend, revoke, restrict, or deny renewal
of an import/export license to any person named as the holder, or a
principal officer or agent of the holder, under any of the criteria
described in part 13 of this chapter or under the following criteria:
(1) Failure to pay fees, penalties, or costs required by this part;
(2) You repeatedly fail to notify our Service officers at the
appropriate port at least 48 hours prior to the estimated time of
arrival of a live or perishable wildlife shipment under Sec. 14.54(a)
or at least 48 hours prior to the estimated time of exportation of any
wildlife under Sec. 14.54(f);
(3) You repeatedly import or export certain types of wildlife
without meeting the requirements of this part or other applicable parts
of this subchapter.
[[Page 97]]
Sec. 14.94 What fees apply to me?
(a) Import/export license application fees. You must pay the
application and amendment fees, as defined in Sec. 13.11(d)(4), for any
required import/export license processed under Sec. 14.93 and part 13
of this subchapter.
(b) Designated port exception permit application fees. You must pay
the application and amendment fees, as defined in Sec. 13.11(d)(4), for
any required designated port exception permit processed under subpart C
of this part.
(c) Designated port base inspection fees. Except as provided in
paragraph (k) of this section, an import/export license holder must pay
a base inspection fee, as defined in Sec. 14.94(h)(1), for each
wildlife shipment imported or exported at a designated port or a port
acting as a designated port. You can find a list of designated ports in
Sec. 14.12 and the criteria that allow certain ports to act as
designated ports in Sec. Sec. 14.16-14.19, Sec. 14.22, and Sec. 14.24
of this part.
(d) Staffed nondesignated port base inspection fees. You must pay a
nondesignated port base inspection fee, as defined in Sec. 14.94(h)(2),
for each wildlife shipment imported or exported at a staffed
nondesignated port, using a designated port exception permit issued
under subpart C of this part. This fee is in place of, not in addition
to, the designated port base fee.
(e) Nonstaffed, nondesignated port base inspection fees. You must
pay a nondesignated port base inspection fee, as defined in Sec.
14.94(h)(3), for each wildlife shipment imported or exported at a
nonstaffed, nondesignated port using a designated port exception permit
issued under subpart C of this part. You must also pay all travel,
transportation, and per diem costs associated with inspection of the
shipment. These fees are in place of, not in addition to, the designated
port base fee. The Service will prorate charges for travel,
transportation, and per diem costs if multiple importers or exporters
require inspection at the same time at the same location. All applicable
base and premium fees apply to each shipment.
(f) Premium inspection fees. You must pay a premium inspection fee
in addition to any base inspection fees required in paragraphs (c), (d),
and (e) of this section, as defined in Sec. 14.94(h)(4), for the
following types of shipments:
(1) Except as provided in paragraph (k) of this section, any
shipment containing live or protected species, as defined in Sec.
14.94(h)(4), imported or exported by an import/export license holder at
a designated port or a port acting as a designated port. You can find a
list of designated ports in Sec. 14.12 and the criteria that allow
certain ports to act as designated ports in Sec. Sec. 14.16-14.19,
Sec. 14.22, and Sec. 14.24;
(2) Any shipment containing live or protected species, as defined in
Sec. 14.94(h)(4), imported or exported via air, ocean, rail, or truck
cargo, by persons not requiring an import/export license under Sec.
14.91, at a designated port or a port acting as a designated port. You
can find a list of designated ports in Sec. 14.12 and the criteria that
allow certain ports to act as designated ports in Sec. Sec. 14.16-
14.19, Sec. 14.22, and Sec. 14.24;
(3) Any shipment containing live or protected species, as defined in
Sec. 14.94(h)(4), imported or exported at a nondesignated port using a
designated port exception permit issued under subpart C of this part.
(4) You must pay two premium inspection fees in addition to any base
inspection fees required in paragraphs (c), (d), and (e) of this
section, as defined in Sec. 14.94(h)(4), if your wildlife shipment
contains live and protected species.
(g) Overtime fees. You must pay fees for any inspections, including
travel time, that begin before normal working hours, that extend beyond
normal working hours, or are on a Federal holiday, Saturday, or Sunday.
(1) Overtime fees are in addition to any base inspection fees or
premium inspection fees required for each shipment. We will charge these
fees regardless of whether or not you have an import/export license.
(2) Our ability to perform inspections during overtime hours will
depend upon the availability of Service personnel. If we cannot perform
an inspection during normal working hours, we may give you the option of
requesting an overtime inspection.
(3) The overtime fee is calculated using a 2-hour minimum plus any
actual time in excess of the minimum. It
[[Page 98]]
incorporates the actual time to conduct an inspection and the travel
time to and from the inspection location.
(4) The Service will charge any overtime, including travel time, in
excess of the minimum in quarter-hour increments of the hourly rate. The
Service will round up an inspection time of 10 minutes or more beyond a
quarter-hour increment to the next quarter-hour and will disregard any
time over a quarter-hour increment that is less than 10 minutes.
(5) The Service will charge only one overtime fee when multiple
shipments are consigned to or are to be exported by the same importer or
exporter and we inspect all at the same time at one location. The
overtime fee will consist of one 2-hour minimum or the actual time for
inspection of all the applicable shipments, whichever is greater. All
applicable base and premium fees will apply to each shipment.
(6) We will charge 1 hour of time at 1\1/2\ times the hourly labor
rate for inspections beginning less than 1 hour before normal working
hours.
(7) We will charge a minimum of 2 hours of time at an hourly rate of
1\1/2\ times the average hourly labor rate for inspections outside
normal working hours, except for inspections performed on a Federal
holiday.
(8) We will charge a minimum of 2 hours of time at an hourly rate of
2 times the average hourly labor rate for inspections performed on a
Federal holiday.
(h) Fee schedule.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Fee cost per shipment per year
Inspection fee schedule --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 and beyond
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Designated port base inspection $85................... $87................... $89.................. $91.................. $93.
fee (see Sec. 14.94 (c)).
(2) Staffed nondesignated port base $133.................. $136.................. $139................. $142................. $145.
inspection fee (see Sec.
14.94(d)).
(3) Nonstaffed nondesignated port $133.................. $136.................. $139................. $142................. $145.
base inspection fee (see Sec.
14.94(e)).
(4) Premium inspection fee at any
port (see Sec. 14.94 (f)):
(i) Protected species. Any $19................... $37................... $56.................. $74.................. $93.
species that requires a permit
under parts 15, 16, 17, 18,
21, 22, or 23 of this chapter;.
(ii) Live species. Any live $19................... $37................... $56.................. $74.................. $93.
wildlife, including live
viable eggs and live pupae.
(5) Overtime inspection fee (see
Sec. 14.94(g)):
(i) Inspections beginning less $48................... $49................... $51.................. $52.................. $53.
than 1 hour before normal work
hours.
(ii) Inspections after normal $96 min. + $48/hr..... $98 min. + $49/hr..... $101 min. + $51/hr... $103 min. + $52/hr... $105 min. + $53/hr.
work hours, including Saturday
and Sunday. (2 hour minimum
charge plus fee for additional
time).
(iii) Inspections on Federal $128 min. + $64/hr.... $131 min.+ $65/hr..... $133 min. + $67/hr... $136 min. + $68/hr... $139 min. + $70/hr.
holidays. (2 hour minimum
charge plus fee for additional
time).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(i) The Service will not refund any fee or any portion of any
license or inspection fee or excuse payment of any fee because
importation, exportation, or clearance of a wildlife shipment is refused
for any reason.
(j) All base inspection fees, premium inspection fees, and overtime
fees will apply regardless of whether or not a physical inspection of
your wildlife shipment is performed, and no fees will be prorated except
as provided in paragraphs (e) and (g)(5) of this section.
(k) Exemptions to inspection fees--(1) Certain North American-origin
wild mammal furs or skins. Wildlife shipments that meet all of the
following criteria are exempt from the designated port base inspection
fee (however, these shipments are not exempt from the designated port
overtime fees or the import/export license application fee):
[[Page 99]]
(i) The wildlife is a raw fur; raw, salted, or crusted hide or skin;
or a separate fur or skin part, lawfully taken from the wild in the
United States, Canada, or Mexico that does not require permits under
parts 17, 18, or 23 of this chapter; and
(ii) You, as the importer or exporter, or a member of your immediate
family, such as your spouse, parents, siblings, and children, took the
wildlife from the wild and are shipping the wildlife between the United
States and Canada or Mexico; and
(iii) You have not previously bought or sold the wildlife described
in paragraph (k)(1)(i) of this section, and the shipment does not exceed
100 raw furs; raw, salted, or crusted hides or skins; or fur or skin
parts; and
(iv) You certify on Form 3-177, Declaration for Importation or
Exportation of Fish or Wildlife, that your shipment meets all the
criteria in this section.
(2) You do not have to pay base inspection fees, premium inspection
fees, or overtime fees if you are importing or exporting wildlife that
is exempt from import/export license requirements as defined in Sec.
14.92(a) or you are importing or exporting wildlife as a government
agency as defined in Sec. 14.92(b)(1)(ii).
(3) You do not have to pay base inspection fees, premium inspection
fees, or overtime fees if you are importing or exporting wildlife that
meets the criteria for ``domesticated animals'' as defined in Sec.
14.4.
(4) Fee exemption program for low-risk importations and
exportations--(i) Program criteria. Businesses that require an import/
export license under Sec. 14.93 may be exempt from the designated port
base inspection fee as set forth in this paragraph (k)(4)(i). To
participate in this program, you, the U.S. importer or exporter, must
continue to pay the overtime fees, the nondesignated port base fees, or
the import/export license and nondesignated port application fees, and
your business must meet all of the following conditions:
(A) Each shipment does not contain live wildlife.
(B) Each shipment does not contain wildlife that requires a permit
or certificate under parts 15, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, or 23 of this chapter
or is listed under part 16 of this chapter.
(C) Each shipment contains 25 or fewer wildlife parts and products
containing wildlife.
(D) Each wildlife shipment is valued at $5,000 or less.
(E) Your business has not been assessed a civil penalty, issued a
violation notice, or convicted of any misdemeanor or felony violations
involving the import or export of wildlife.
(F) Your business has had two or fewer wildlife shipments that were
refused clearance in the 5 years prior to the receipt of your request by
the Service.
(G) Your business has not previously participated in the program and
been removed for failure to meet the criteria.
(ii) Program participation. To participate in the fee exemption
program for low-risk importations and exportations, you must use the
Service's electronic declaration filing system (eDecs) and take the
following actions:
(A) You must certify that you will exclusively import and export
wildlife shipments that meet all the criteria in paragraph (k)(4)(i) of
this section and renew this certification annually. Upon completion of
the certification and review of the criteria by the Service, eDecs will
notify you if you have been approved to participate in the program.
(B) You must continue to meet the criteria in paragraph (k)(4)(i) of
this section while participating in the program. If you fail to meet the
criteria after approval, you will be removed from the program and must
pay all applicable fees.
(C) If approved to participate in the program you must file FWS Form
3-177 and all required accompanying documents electronically using eDecs
for each shipment and meet all other requirements of this part.
[73 FR 74628, Dec. 9, 2008, as amended at 77 FR 65326, Oct. 26, 2012]
[[Page 100]]
Subpart J_Standards for the Humane and Healthful Transport of Wild
Mammals and Birds to the United States
Source: 57 FR 27108, June 17, 1992, unless otherwise noted.
Sec. 14.101 Purposes.
The purpose of this subpart is to prescribe requirements necessary
to ensure that live wild mammals and birds shipped to the United States
arrive alive, healthy, and uninjured, and that transportation of such
animals occurs under humane and healthful conditions. These regulations
implement section 9(d) of the Lacey Act Amendments of 1981.
Sec. 14.102 Definitions.
In addition to the definitions contained in part 10 of subchapter B
of this chapter, in this subpart--
Ambient air temperature means the temperature of the air surrounding
a primary enclosure containing a wild mammal or bird.
Auxiliary ventilation means cooling or air circulation provided by
such means as vents, fans, blowers, or air conditioning.
Carrier means any person operating an airline, railroad, motor
carrier, shipping line, or other enterprise engaged in the business of
transporting any wild mammal or bird for any purpose including
exhibition and for any person, including itself.
Communicable disease means any contagious, infectious, or
transmissible disease of wild mammals or birds.
Conveyance means any vehicle, vessel, or aircraft employed to
transport an animal between its origin and destination.
Do not tip means do not excessively rock or otherwise move from a
vertical to a slanting position, knock over, or upset.
Handle means feed, manipulate, crate, shift, transfer, immobilize,
restrain, treat, or otherwise control the movement or activities of any
wild mammal or bird.
Holding area means a designated area at or within a terminal
facility that has been specially prepared to provide shelter and other
requirements of wild mammals or birds being transported to the United
States and in which such mammals or birds are maintained prior to,
during, or following such shipment.
Kept clean means maintained free from dirt, trash, refuse, excreta,
remains from other cargo, and impurities of any type.
Marine mammal means an individual of a species of the orders
Cetacea, Pinnipedia, or Sirenia, or a polar bear (Ursus maritimus) or
sea otter (Enhydra lutris).
Noncompatible means not capable of existing together in harmony.
Nonhuman primate means any nonhuman member of the order Primates.
Normal rigors of transportation means the stress that a wild animal
can be expected to experience as a result of exposure to unaccustomed
surroundings, unfamiliar confinement, caging, unfamiliar sounds, motion,
and other conditions commonly encountered during transport.
Primary enclosure means any structure used to restrict a mammal or
bird to a limited amount of space, such as a cage, room, pen, run,
stall, pool, or hutch.
Professionally accepted standards means a level of practice
established as acceptable by a body of qualified persons of the
veterinary medical profession.
Psychological trauma means an episode of exposure to stressful
conditions resulting in significant behavioral abnormality including,
but not limited to, manifestations of unaccustomed aggressiveness, self-
mutilation, or refusal of food or water.
Raptor means a live migratory bird of the order Falconiformes or the
order Strigiformes.
Sanitize means to make physically clean and, as far as possible,
free of toxic or infectious agents injurious to the health of wild
mammals or birds.
Scheduled departure time means the time listed on a timetable of
departures and arrivals or, in the absence of a timetable, the time of
departure agreed to by a carrier and shipper.
Shipper means any person, other than a carrier, involved in the
transport of
[[Page 101]]
wild animals to the United States regardless of the purpose of such
transport; e.g., exporter, importer, or agent.
Terrestrial mammals means mammals other than marine mammals.
Transport means to move, convey, carry, or ship by any means, or to
deliver or receive for the purpose of movement, carriage, or shipment,
by air, land, or sea.
Transporting device means any vehicle or device used to transport an
animal between a conveyance and a terminal facility, in and around a
terminal facility of a carrier, or within a conveyance.
Unweaned means a bird or mammal incapable of feeding itself
independently.
Wild means the same as fish or wildlife, as defined in Sec. 10.12
of this chapter.
Sec. 14.103 Prohibitions.
Unless the requirements of this subpart are fully satisfied and all
other legal requirements are met, it is unlawful for any person to
transport to the United States, cause to be transported to the United
States, or allow to be transported to the United States any live wild
mammal or bird. It shall be unlawful for any person to import, to
transport, or to cause or permit to be transported to the United States
any wild mammal or bird under inhumane or unhealthful conditions or in
violation of this subpart J.
Sec. 14.104 Translations.
Any certificate or document required by this subpart to accompany a
mammal or bird transported to the United States and written in a foreign
language must be accompanied by an accurate English translation.
Sec. 14.105 Consignment to carrier.
(a) No carrier shall accept any live wild mammal or bird for
transport to the United States that has not been examined within 10 days
prior to commencement of transport to the United States by a
veterinarian certified as qualified by the national government of the
initial country from which the mammal or bird is being exported. If the
national government of such country does not certify veterinarians, then
the veterinarian must be certified or licensed by a local government
authority designated by the national government as authorized to certify
veterinarians.
(b)(1) A certificate of veterinary medical inspection, signed by the
examining veterinarian, stating that the animal has been examined, is
healthy, appears to be free of any communicable disease, and is able to
withstand the normal rigors of transport must accompany the mammal or
bird; the certificate should include the veterinarian's license number,
certification number, or equivalent. A mammal in the last third of its
pregnancy, if this is detectable using professionally accepted
standards, shall not be accepted for transport to the United States
except for medical treatment and unless the examining veterinarian
certifies in writing that the animal has been examined, the state of
pregnancy has been evaluated, and that, despite the medical condition
requiring treatment, the animal is physically able to withstand the
normal rigors of transportation to the United States.
(2) A nursing mother with young, an unweaned mammal unaccompanied by
its mother, or an unweaned bird shall be transported only if the primary
purpose is for needed medical treatment and upon certification in
writing by the examining veterinarian that the treatment is necessary
and the animal is able to withstand the normal rigors of transport. Such
an unweaned mammal or bird shall not be transported to the United States
for medical treatment unless it is accompanied at all times by and
completely accessible to a veterinary attendant.
(c) A sick or injured wild mammal or bird shall be permitted
transport to the United States only if the primary purpose of such
transport is for needed medical treatment and upon certification in
writing by the examining veterinarian that the treatment is necessary
and the animal is able to withstand the normal rigors of travel in its
present condition. A sick or injured animal shall be accompanied at all
times throughout the transport process by a veterinary attendant
qualified to care for and treat it, with continuous access to the
animal. This individual shall be in possession of or have ready
[[Page 102]]
access to all medications to be administered during the transport.
(d) No carrier shall accept any wild mammal or bird for transport to
the United States presented by the shipper less than 2 hours or more
than 6 hours prior to the scheduled departure of the conveyance on which
it is to be transported. The carrier shall notify the crew of the
presence of live animal shipments.
Sec. 14.106 Primary enclosures.
No carrier shall accept for transport to the United States any live
wild mammal or bird in a primary enclosure that does not conform to the
following requirements:
(a) The Container Requirements of the Live Animal Regulations (LAR),
20th edition, October 1, 1993, published by the International Air
Transport Association (IATA) shall be complied with by all parties
transporting wild mammals or birds to the United States. The
incorporation by reference of the LAR was approved by the Director of
the Federal Register in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part
51. Copies may be obtained from IATA, 2000 Peel St., Montreal, Quebec,
Canada H3A 2R4. Copies may be inspected at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service Headquarters (see 50 CFR 2.1(b) for address) or at the National
Archives and Records Administration (NARA). For information on the
availability of this material at NARA, call 202-741-6030, or go to:
http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/code_of_federal_regulations/
ibr_locations.html.
(b) A primary enclosure shall be constructed so that--
(1) The strength of the enclosure is sufficient to contain the
mammal or bird and to withstand the normal effects of transport;
(2) The interior of the enclosure is free from any protrusion that
could be injurious to the mammal or bird within;
(3) No part of the animal can extend or protrude outside of the
primary enclosure which may result in injury to the contained animal, to
nearby persons or animals, or to handlers of the primary enclosure;
(4) Access to the primary enclosure is closed and secured with an
animal-proof device designed to prevent accidental opening and release
of the mammal or bird;
(5) The opening of the enclosure is easily accessible for either
emergency removal or inspection of the mammal or bird by authorized
personnel without the risk of escape of the mammal or bird;
(6) The enclosure has sufficient openings to ensure adequate
circulation of air at all times.
(7) The material of which the primary enclosure is constructed is
not treated with any paint, preservative, or other chemical that is
injurious or otherwise harmful to the health or well-being of mammals
and birds.
(c) Unless the enclosure is permanently affixed in the conveyance or
has an open top for certain large mammals, spacer bars allowing
circulation of air around the enclosure shall be fitted to the exterior
of its top, sides, and base. Spacer bars on an enclosure need extend no
more than 6 inches (15 centimeters) from the surface of the enclosure.
Within this 6 inch limit, the spacers on an enclosure containing one
animal shall extend a distance equal to at least 10 percent of the
longer dimension of the surface to which they are attached, and the
spacers on an enclosure containing more than one animal shall extend a
distance equal to at least 20 percent of the longer dimension of the
surface to which they are attached. Hand-holds may serve as spacer bars
for the sides of the enclosure to which they are attached. A primary
enclosure constructed with one or more slanted or curved walls
containing ventilation openings need not be fitted with spacer bars on
such walls.
(d) An enclosure that is not permanently affixed within the
conveyance shall have adequate hand-holds or other devices for lifting
by hand or to facilitate lifting and carrying by machine. Such hand-
holds or other devices shall be made an integral part of the enclosure,
shall enable it to be lifted without excessive tipping, and shall be
designed so that the person handling the enclosure will not come in
contact with the animals contained therein.
[[Page 103]]
(e) An enclosure shall have a solid, leak-proof bottom or removable,
leak-proof collection tray under a slatted or wire mesh floor. The
slatted or wire mesh floor shall be designed and constructed so that the
spaces between the slats or the holes in the mesh cannot trap the limbs
of animals contained within the enclosure. An enclosure for mammals
shall contain unused absorbent litter on the solid bottom or in the
leak-proof tray in sufficient quantity to absorb and cover excreta. This
litter shall be safe and nontoxic and shall not resemble food normally
consumed by the mammals. An enclosure used to transport marine mammals
in water, in a waterproof enclosure, a sling, or on foam is exempt from
the requirement to contain litter. An enclosure used to transport birds
shall not contain litter, unless it is specified in writing by the
examining veterinarian as medically necessary.
(f) If an enclosure has been previously used to transport or store
wild mammals or birds, it shall have been cleaned and sanitized in a
manner that will destroy pathogenic agents and pests injurious to the
health of mammals and birds before the enclosure can be re-used.
(g) An enclosure that is not permanently affixed in the conveyance
shall be clearly marked in English on the outside of the top and one or
more sides of the enclosure, in letters not less than 2.5 centimeters (1
inch) in height, ``Live Animals'' or ``Wild Animals'', ``Do Not Tip,''
``Only Authorized Personnel May Open Container,'' and other appropriate
or required instructions. All enclosure sides shall also be
conspicuously marked on the outside with arrows to indicate the correct
upright position of the enclosure. These arrows should extend up the
sides of the enclosure so that the point of the arrow is visible and
clearly indicates the top of the enclosure.
(h) Food and water instructions as specified in Sec. 14.108,
information regarding what constitutes obvious signs of stress in the
species being transported, and information about any drugs or medication
to be administered by the accompanying veterinary attendant shall be
securely attached to each enclosure. Copies of shipping documents
accompanying the shipment shall also be securely attached to the primary
enclosure. Original documents shall be carried in the carrier's pouch or
manifest container or by the shipper's attendant accompanying the wild
mammal or bird.
(i) Any food and water troughs shall be securely attached to the
interior of the enclosure in such a manner that the troughs can be
filled from outside the enclosure. Any opening providing access to a
trough shall be capable of being securely closed with an animal-proof
device. A water trough in an enclosure containing birds shall contain a
foam or sponge insert, a perforated wooden block, or other suitable
device to prevent spillage or drowning.
(j) When a primary enclosure is permanently affixed within a
conveyance so that its front opening is the only source of ventilation,
the opening shall face the outside of the conveyance or an unobstructed
aisle or passageway within the conveyance. Such an aisle or passageway
shall be at least 12 inches (30 centimeters) wide. The opening in the
primary enclosure shall occupy at least 90 percent of the total surface
area of the front wall of the enclosure and be covered with bars or wire
mesh.
[57 FR 27108, June 17, 1992, as amended at 59 FR 36719, July 19, 1994;
69 FR 18803, Apr. 9, 2004; 79 FR 43964, July 29, 2014]
Sec. 14.107 Conveyance.
(a) The animal cargo space of a conveyance used to transport wild
mammals or birds to the United States shall be designed, constructed,
and maintained so as to ensure the humane and healthful transport of the
animals.
(b) The cargo space shall be constructed and maintained so as to
prevent the harmful ingress of engine exhaust fumes and gases produced
by the conveyance.
(c) No wild mammal or bird shall be placed in a cargo space of a
conveyance that does not provide sufficient air for it to breathe
normally. Primary enclosures shall be positioned in a cargo space in
such a manner that each animal has access to sufficient air for normal
breathing.
[[Page 104]]
(d) The interior of an animal cargo space shall be kept clean of
disease-causing agents.
(e) A wild mammal or bird shall not be transported in a cargo space
that contains any material, substance, or device that may reasonably be
expected to result in inhumane conditions or be injurious to the
animal's health unless all reasonable precautions are taken to prevent
such conditions or injury.
Sec. 14.108 Food and water.
(a) No carrier shall accept any wild mammal or bird for transport to
the United States unless written instructions from the shipper
concerning the animal's food and water requirements are securely affixed
to the outside of its primary enclosure. Such instructions shall be
consistent with professionally accepted standards of care and include
specifically the quantity of water required, the amount and type of food
required, and the frequency of feeding and watering necessary to ensure
that the animal is transported humanely and healthfully.
(b) A mammal or bird requiring drinking water shall have
uncontaminated water suitable for drinking made available to it at all
times prior to commencement of transport to the United States, during
intermediate stopovers, and upon arrival in the United States, or as
directed by the shipper's written instructions.
(c) A mammal or bird that obtains moisture from fruits or other food
shall be provided such food prior to commencement of transport to the
United States, during stopovers, and upon arrival in the United States,
or as directed by the shipper's written instructions.
(d) During a stopover or while still in the custody of the carrier
after arrival in the United States, a mammal or bird in transit shall be
observed no less frequently than once every four hours and given food
and water according to the instructions required by Sec. 14.108(a).
(e) Suitable and sufficient food shall be made available during
transport.
(f) Additional requirements for feeding and watering particular
kinds of animals are found below in the specifications for the various
groups.
Sec. 14.109 Care in transit.
(a) During transportation to the United States, including any
stopovers during transport, the carrier shall visually inspect each
primary enclosure not less than once every 4 hours, or in the case of
air transport, every 4 hours whenever the cargo hold is accessible.
During such inspections, the carrier shall verify that the ambient air
temperature is within allowable limits (see Sec. 14.109(b)), that
enclosures have not been damaged, that adequate ventilation is being
provided, and when transport is by air, that air pressure suitable to
support live animals is maintained within the cargo area (pressure
equivalent to a maximum altitude of 8000 feet). During these
observations the carrier shall also determine whether any animals are in
obvious distress as described in documents attached to the enclosure.
The absence of such a document or the absence of information as to signs
of distress shall not remove this responsibility. The carrier shall
attempt to correct any condition causing distress and shall consult the
shipper concerning any possible need for veterinary care if no
veterinary attendant is traveling with the shipment; if the shipper
cannot be reached in the case of an emergency, qualified veterinary care
should be provided. A veterinarian or qualified attendant traveling with
the shipment shall be provided access to the animal.
(b) Unless otherwise specified in writing by the examining
veterinarian the ambient air temperature in a holding area, transporting
device, conveyance or terminal facility containing mammals or birds
shall not be allowed to fall below 12.8 degrees C (55 degrees F) nor to
exceed 26.7 degrees C (80 degrees F). Auxiliary ventilation shall be
provided when the ambient air temperature is 23.9 degrees C (75 degrees
F) or higher. In the case of penguins and auks, the ambient air
temperature shall not be allowed to exceed 18.3 degrees C (65 degrees F)
at any time, and auxiliary ventilation shall be provided when the
ambient air temperature exceeds 15.6 degrees C (60 degrees F). In the
case of polar bears and sea otters, ambient air temperature shall not be
allowed to exceed 10 degrees C (50 degrees F).
[[Page 105]]
Sec. 14.110 Terminal facilities.
(a) Any terminal facility used for wild mammal or bird transport in
the country of export, stopover countries, or the United States shall
contain an animal holding area or areas. No carrier or shipper shall co-
mingle live animal shipments with inanimate cargo in an animal holding
area.
(b) A carrier or shipper holding any wild mammal or bird in a
terminal facility shall provide the following:
(1) A holding area cleaned and sanitized so as to destroy pathogenic
agents, maintained so that there is no accumulation of debris or
excreta, and in which vermin infestation is minimized;
(2) An effective program for the control of insects, ectoparasites,
and pests of mammals or birds;
(3) Sufficient fresh air to allow the animals to breathe normally
with ventilation maintained so as to minimize drafts, odors, and
moisture condensation;
(4) Ambient air temperatures maintained within prescribed limits as
specified in Sec. 14.109(b).
Sec. 14.111 Handling.
(a) Care shall be exercised to avoid handling the primary enclosure
in a manner likely to cause physical or psychological trauma to the
mammal or bird.
(b) A primary enclosure used to move any mammal or bird shall not be
dropped, tipped excessively, or otherwise mishandled, and shall not be
stacked or placed in a manner that may reasonably be expected to result
in its falling or being tipped.
(c) Animals incompatible with one another shall not be crated
together or held in close proximity.
(d) Transport of mammals or birds to the United States shall be
accomplished by the carrier in the most expeditious manner, with the
fewest stopovers possible, and without unnecessary delays.
(e) Consistent with other procedures and requirements of the
carrier, live wild mammals or birds shall be last loaded and first
unloaded from a conveyance.
(f) A carrier shall not allow mammals or birds to remain for
extended periods of time outside a holding area and shall move them
between a holding area and a conveyance as expeditiously as possible. A
carrier or shipper maintaining mammals or birds in a holding area, or
transporting them to or from a holding area or between a holding area
and a conveyance, shall provide the following:
(1) Shelter from sunlight. When sunlight is likely to cause
overheating or discomfort, sufficient shade shall be provided to protect
animals from the direct rays of the sun.
(2) Shelter from precipitation. Animals shall be provided protection
so that they remain dry during rain, snow, or other forms of
precipitation.
(3) Shelter from cold. Animals shall be provided protection from
cold. Protection shall include, but not be limited to, that provided by
covering and/or heating of transporting devices, holding areas,
conveyances or terminal facilities.
(4) Protection from harassment. Animals shall be protected from
disturbances, including, but not limited to, harassment by humans, other
animals, or machinery that makes noise, emits fumes, heat, or light, or
causes vibration.
Sec. 14.112 Other applicable provisions.
In addition to the provisions of Sec. Sec. 14.101-14.111, the
requirements of Sec. Sec. 14.121-14.172 applicable for particular
groups of animals shall be met for all shipments of wild mammals and
birds covered by this part.
Specifications for Nonhuman Primates
Sec. 14.121 Primary enclosures.
(a) No more than one primate shall be transported in a primary
enclosure. However, a mother and her nursing young being transported to
the United States for medical treatment, an established male-female
pair, a family group, a pair of juvenile animals that have not reached
puberty, or other pairs of animals that have been habitually housed
together may be shipped in the same primary enclosure. Primates of
different species shall not be shipped together in the same enclosure.
[[Page 106]]
(b) A primary enclosure used to transport a primate shall be large
enough to ensure that the animal has sufficient space to turn around
freely in a normal manner, lie down, stand up (as appropriate for the
species), and sit in a normal upright position without its head touching
the top of the enclosure. However, a primate may be restricted in its
movements according to professionally accepted standards of care when
greater freedom of movement would constitute a danger to the primate or
to its handler or other persons.
(c) Except as provided in Sec. 14.106(j), ventilation openings must
be located on at least two walls of a primary enclosure. When the
required ventilation openings are located on two opposite walls of the
primary enclosure, these ventilation openings shall comprise at least 30
percent of the total surface area of the ventilated wall and be situated
above the midline of the enclosure. If ventilation openings are located
on all four walls of the enclosure, the openings on each wall shall
comprise at least 20 percent of the total surface area of the wall and
be situated above the midline of the primary enclosure.
Sec. 14.122 Food and water.
(a) A nonhuman primate shall be provided water suitable for drinking
within 4 hours prior to commencement of transport to the United States
unless the shipper's written instructions direct otherwise. A carrier
shall provide suitable drinking water to any primate at least every 12
hours after acceptance for transport to the United States, unless
instructed in writing to do so more frequently by the shipper.
(b) After acceptance for transport, and unless otherwise instructed
in writing by the shipper, a carrier shall provide suitable food to any
nonhuman primate at least once every 12 hours.
Sec. 14.123 Care in transit.
(a) A primate shall be observed for signs of distress and given food
and water according to the shipper's instructions during any
intermediate stop that lasts more than 4 hours.
(b) Care shall be taken to keep enclosures containing primates
sufficiently separated in the conveyance or holding area to minimize the
risk of spread of disease from one species or shipment to another.
Specifications for Marine Mammals (Cetaceans, Sirenians, Sea Otters,
Pinnipeds, and Polar Bears)
Sec. 14.131 Primary enclosures.
(a) A primary enclosure that is not open on top shall have air
inlets situated at heights that provide cross ventilation at all levels
and that are located on all four sides of the enclosure. Such
ventilation openings shall comprise not less than 20 percent of the
total surface area of each side of the enclosure.
(b) Straps, slings, harnesses, or other such devices used for body
support or restraint when transporting marine mammals such as cetaceans
or sirenians shall meet the following requirements:
(1) The devices shall not prevent attendants from having access to
the mammal to administer care during transportation;
(2) The devices shall be equipped with sufficient padding to prevent
trauma or injury at points of contact with the mammal's body;
(3) Slings or harnesses shall allow free movement of flippers
outside of the harness or sling;
(4) The devices shall be capable of preventing the mammal from
thrashing about and causing injury to itself, handlers, or other
persons, but shall be designed so as not to cause injury to the mammal.
(c) A primary enclosure used to transport marine mammals shall be
large enough to assure the following:
(1) A sea otter or polar bear has sufficient space to turn about
freely with all four feet on the floor and to sit in an upright
position, stand, or lie in a natural position;
(2) A pinniped has sufficient space to lie in a natural position;
(3) If a sling, harness, or other supporting device is used, there
are at least 3 inches (7.5 centimeters) of clearance between any body
part and the primary enclosure;
(d) A marine mammal may be restricted in its movements according to
[[Page 107]]
professionally accepted standards of care when freedom of movement would
constitute a danger to the animal or to handlers or other persons.
(e) All marine mammals contained in a given primary enclosure shall
be of the same species and be maintained in compatible groups. A marine
mammal that has not reached puberty shall not be transported in the same
primary enclosure with an adult marine mammal other than its mother.
Socially dependent animals (e.g., siblings, mother, and offspring)
transported in the same conveyance shall be allowed visual and, when
appropriate for the species, olfactory contact. A female marine mammal
shall not be transported in the same primary enclosure with any mature
male marine mammal.
Sec. 14.132 Food and water.
A marine mammal shall not be transported for more than a period of
36 hours without being offered suitable food unless the shipper's
written instructions or the shipper's attendant travelling with the
mammal direct otherwise. After feeding, a marine mammal shall be rested
for 6 hours prior to resuming transport.
Sec. 14.133 Care in transit.
(a) Any marine mammal shall be accompanied, in the same conveyance,
by the shipper or an authorized representative of the shipper
knowledgeable in marine mammal care to provide for the animal's health
and well-being. The shipper or representative shall observe such marine
mammals to determine whether or not they need veterinary care and shall
provide or obtain any needed veterinary care as soon as possible. Care
during transport shall include the following (on a species-specific
basis):
(1) Keeping the skin moist or preventing the drying of the skin by
such methods as covering with wet cloths, spraying it with water or
applying a nontoxic emollient;
(2) Assuring that the pectoral flippers (when applicable) are
allowed freedom of movement at all times;
(3) Making adjustments in the position of the mammal when necessary
to prevent necrosis of the skin at weight pressure points; and
(4) Calming the mammal to prevent struggling, thrashing, and other
activity that may cause overheating or physical trauma.
(b) Unless otherwise directed by a shipper or authorized
representative, at least one-half of the floor area in a primary
enclosure used to transport sea otters to the United States shall
contain sufficient crushed ice or ice water to provide each otter with
moisture necessary to maintain its hair coat by preventing it from
drying and to minimize soiling of the hair coat with urine and fecal
material.
(c) A marine mammal exhibiting excited or otherwise dangerous
behavior shall not be taken from its primary enclosure except under
extreme emergency conditions and then only by the shipper or other
authorized individual who is capable of handling the animal safely.
Specifications for Elephants and Ungulates
Sec. 14.141 Consignment to carrier.
Species that grow antlers shall not be accepted for transport unless
the antlers have been shed or surgically removed.
Sec. 14.142 Primary enclosures.
(a) Except as provided in Sec. 14.106(j), ventilation openings must
be located on at least two walls of a primary enclosure. When the
required ventilation openings are located on two opposite walls of the
primary enclosure, these ventilation openings shall comprise at least 16
percent of the total surface area of each ventilated wall. When
ventilation openings are located on all four walls of the primary
enclosure, the openings shall comprise at least 8 percent of the total
surface area of each wall. At least one-third of the minimum area
required for ventilation shall be located on the lower one-half of the
primary enclosure and at least one-third of the total minimum area
required for ventilation shall be located on the upper one-half of the
primary enclosure.
(b) No more than one elephant or ungulate shall be transported in a
primary enclosure, except that: a mother and nursing young may be
shipped in
[[Page 108]]
the same primary enclosure if the shipment complies with the provisions
of Sec. 14.105(b); in the case of land or sea transport, a pair of
juvenile elephants or ungulates or other pairs that have been habitually
housed together may be shipped in the same primary enclosure.
(c) A primary enclosure used to transport an elephant or ungulate
shall be large enough to allow the animal to lie or stand in a natural
upright position with the head extended, but not large enough for the
animal to roll over.
(d) A primary enclosure used to transport an elephant or ungulate
with horns or tusks shall be designed and constructed to prevent the
horns or tusks from becoming trapped or injuring the animal itself,
other animals nearby, attendants, or cargo handlers.
(e) A primary enclosure for an elephant or ungulate shall be
equipped with a removable water trough that can be securely hung within
the enclosure above the floor and can be filled from outside the
enclosure.
Specifications for Sloths, Bats, and Flying Lemurs (Cynocephalidae)
Sec. 14.151 Primary enclosures.
(a) Except as provided in Sec. 14.106(j), ventilation openings must
be located on at least two walls of a primary enclosure. When the
required ventilation openings are located on two opposite walls of the
primary enclosure, these ventilation openings shall comprise at least 16
percent of the total surface area of the ventilated wall. When
ventilation openings are located on all four walls, the openings shall
comprise at least 8 percent of the total surface area of each wall. At
least one-third of the total minimum area required for ventilation of
the primary enclosure shall be located on the upper one-half of the
primary enclosure.
(b) No more than one sloth, bat, or flying lemur (Cynocephalidae)
shall be transported in a primary enclosure. However, a mother and her
nursing young being transported for medical reasons, an established
male-female pair, a family group, a pair of juvenile animals that have
not reached puberty, or other small groups of animals that have been
habitually housed together may be shipped in the same primary enclosure.
(c) A primary enclosure used to transport sloths, bats, or flying
lemurs shall be large enough to ensure that each animal has sufficient
space to move freely and in a normal manner and shall have a wide perch,
bar, or mesh of suitable strength fitted under the top of the enclosure
and spaced from it in such a way that the animals may hang from it
freely in a natural position.
Specifications for Other Terrestrial Mammals
Sec. 14.161 Primary enclosures.
(a) Except as provided in Sec. 14.106(j), ventilation openings must
be located on at least two walls of a primary enclosure. When the
required ventilation openings are located on two opposite walls of the
primary enclosure, these ventilation openings shall comprise at least 16
percent of the total surface area of each ventilated wall. When openings
are located on all four walls of the enclosure, the openings shall
comprise at least 8 percent of the total surface area of each wall. At
least one-third of the minimum area required for ventilation shall be
located on the lower one-half of the enclosure, and at least one-third
of the total minimum area required for ventilation shall be located on
the upper one-half of the enclosure.
(b) No more than one terrestrial mammal (other than rodents) shall
be transported in a primary enclosure. However, a mother and her nursing
young may be shipped in the same primary enclosure if the shipment
complies with the provisions of Sec. 14.105(b).
(c) More than one rodent may be transported in the same primary
enclosure if they are members of the same species and are maintained in
compatible groups. Rodents that are incompatible shall be transported in
individual primary enclosures that are stored and transported so they
are visually separated. A female with young being transported for
medical reasons shall not be placed in a primary enclosure with other
animals. The following chart specifies maximum densities
[[Page 109]]
minimum space for transporting rodents that fall within the specified
weight limitations. Max. No. refers to maximum number per primary
enclosure; Space/animal refers to minimum area of floor space per
animals. Rodents weighing more than 5,000 grams shall be transported in
individual enclosures.
Density Guidelines for Rodents
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Space/Animal Ht. of
Max. ---------------- Box
No. ---------
cm \2\ in \2\ cm in
------------------------------------------------------------------------
wt. in grams of rodent:
220 or less............................ 20 194 30 15 6
220-450................................ 12 388 60 20 8
450-1000............................... 6 770 120 25 10
1,000-5,000............................ 2 2,310 360 30 12
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(d) A primary enclosure used to transport terrestrial mammals shall
be large enough to ensure that each animal has sufficient space to turn
around freely in a normal manner. The height of the primary enclosure
shall provide adequate space for the animal to stand upright in a normal
posture with space above its head. The length of the primary enclosure
shall be great enough to enable the animal to lie in a full prone
position.
Specifications for Birds
Sec. 14.171 Consignment to carrier.
(a) A personally owned pet bird originally transported from the
United States and being returned to this country with its original
United States certificate of veterinary inspection within 60 days of
departure may be accepted by a carrier without a new veterinary
examination.
(b) No carrier shall accept for transport to the United States any
bird that was captured in the wild unless a qualified veterinarian,
authorized by the national government of the country from which the bird
is being exported, certifies that the bird has been held in captivity
for at least 14 days.
Sec. 14.172 Primary enclosures.
(a) A primary enclosure for birds shall have ventilation openings on
two vertical sides that comprise at least 16 percent of the surface area
of each side and are positioned so as to decrease the likelihood of
creating a draft.
(b) Perches shall be provided for birds that rest by perching. The
diameter of the perch shall be sufficient to permit the birds to
maintain a firm, comfortable grip. Perches shall be placed so that
droppings do not fall into food or water troughs or onto other perched
birds. There shall be enough head room to allow the birds to move onto
and off the perches without touching the top of the enclosure.
(c) An enclosure used to transport one or more birds that rest by
perching shall be large enough to ensure that sufficient perch space is
available for all birds to perch comfortably at the same time. No more
than 50 birds that rest by perching shall be transported in one primary
enclosure, with the exception of large birds (longer than 23 cm, or 9
inches), which are limited to a maximum of 25 per primary enclosure.
(d) A primary enclosure used to transport a raptorial bird shall be
large enough to transport the bird comfortably and to permit it to turn
around without stretching its wings to the fullest extent. Only one
raptorial bird shall be contained in a primary enclosure.
(e) A primary enclosure containing nonraptorial birds that do not
rest by perching shall be large enough for the birds to turn around, to
lie down, to stand erect, and to change posture in a normal manner.
(f) Nectar-feeding birds shall either be transported in a primary
enclosure equipped with feeding bottles accessible from outside the
enclosure for replenishment or hand-carried and fed in accordance with
the written instructions of the shipper.
(g) Birds transported in the same primary enclosure shall be of the
same species and be compatible with one another. Birds that are
incompatible shall be placed in individual primary enclosures and these
enclosures shall not be stored or transported in visual proximity to one
another.
[[Page 110]]
Subpart K_Captive Wildlife Safety Act as Amended by the Big Cat Public
Safety Act
Source: 88 FR 38372, June 12, 2023, unless otherwise noted.
Sec. 14.250 What is the purpose of the regulations in this subpart?
The regulations in this subpart implement the Big Cat Public Safety
Act (BCPSA), 136 Stat. 2336, which amended the Captive Wildlife Safety
Act (CWSA), 117 Stat. 2871, which amended the Lacey Act Amendments of
1981, 16 U.S.C. 3371-3378.
Sec. 14.251 What other regulations may apply?
The provisions of this subpart are in addition to, and are not in
place of, other regulations of this subchapter, or other Federal, State,
Tribal, or territorial laws or regulations, that may require a permit or
describe additional restrictions or conditions for the importation,
exportation, transportation, sale, receipt, acquisition, or purchase of
any prohibited wildlife species in interstate or foreign commerce, or in
a manner substantially affecting interstate or foreign commerce, or
breeding of any prohibited wildlife species, or possessing of any
prohibited wildlife species.
Sec. 14.252 What definitions do I need to know?
In addition to the definitions contained in part 10 of this
subchapter, and unless the context otherwise requires, in this subpart:
Breed means to facilitate propagation or reproduction (whether
intentionally or negligently) or to fail to prevent propagation or
reproduction.
Date of enactment of the BCPSA means December 20, 2022.
Direct contact or direct physical contact means any situation in
which any individual may potentially touch or otherwise come into
physical contact with any live specimen of the prohibited wildlife
species.
Licensed entity means any individual, facility, agency, or other
entity that holds a valid Class ``C'' license from and is inspected by
the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection
Service (APHIS) under the Animal Welfare Act (AWA) (7 U.S.C. 2131 et
seq.) (See definition of ``Class ``C'' licensee (exhibitor)'' in 9 CFR
1.1.), holds such license in good standing, and meets the requirements
in Sec. 14.254.
Prohibited wildlife species (also referred to as ``big cats'') means
a specimen of any of the following eight species: lion (Panthera leo),
tiger (Panthera tigris), leopard (Panthera pardus), snow leopard (Uncia
uncia), clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa), jaguar (Panthera onca),
cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus), and cougar (Puma concolor) or any hybrids
resulting from the breeding of any of these species, for example, a
liger (a male lion and a female tiger) or a tiglon (a male tiger and a
female lion), whether naturally or artificially produced.
Propagation or reproduction means to allow or facilitate the
production of offspring of any of the prohibited wildlife species, by
any means.
Public contact means the same as direct contact.
Registered pre-BCPSA owner (also referred to as ``registrant'')
means an entity or individual that at the date of enactment of the BCPSA
was in possession of any prohibited wildlife species that was born
before the date of enactment of the BCPSA and that meets the
requirements in Sec. 14.255.
Registered Federal facility means any Federal facility that exhibits
animals and is registered with and inspected by APHIS under the AWA (See
definition of ``registrant'' in 9 CFR 1.1.), holds such registration in
good standing, and meets the requirements in Sec. 14.254.
Wildlife sanctuary means a facility that cares for live specimens of
one or more of the prohibited wildlife species, is a corporation that is
exempt from taxation under section 501(a) of the Internal Revenue Code
of 1986 and described in sections 501(c)(3) and 170(b)(1)(A)(vi) of such
Code, and meets the requirements of Sec. 14.256.
Sec. 14.253 What are the restrictions contained in the regulations
in this subpart?
Except as provided in Sec. 14.257, it is unlawful for any person
to:
[[Page 111]]
(a) Import, export, transport, sell, receive, acquire, or purchase,
in interstate or foreign commerce, or in a manner substantially
affecting interstate or foreign commerce, any live prohibited wildlife
species;
(b) Breed any live prohibited wildlife species;
(c) Possess any live prohibited wildlife species; or
(d) Attempt to commit any act described in paragraphs (a) through
(c) of this section.
Sec. 14.254 What are the requirements for a licensed entity or
registered Federal facility?
To qualify for an exception in Sec. 14.257, a licensed entity or a
registered Federal facility must meet all of the requirements of this
section.
(a) A licensed entity or a registered Federal facility must not
allow any individual to come into direct physical contact with a
prohibited wildlife species, unless that individual is a:
(1) Trained professional employee or contractor of the licensed
entity or registered Federal facility (or an accompanying employee
receiving professional training);
(2) Licensed veterinarian (or a veterinary student accompanying such
a veterinarian); or
(3) Person who is directly supporting conservation programs of the
licensed entity or registered Federal facility, the direct contact is
not in the course of commercial activity (which may be evidenced by
advertisement or promotion of such activity or other relevant evidence),
and the direct contact is incidental to humane husbandry conducted
pursuant to a species-specific, publicly available, peer-edited
population management and care plan that has been provided to the
Service with justifications that the plan--
(i) Reflects established conservation science principles;
(ii) Incorporates genetic and demographic analysis of a multi-
institution population of animals covered by the plan; and
(iii) Promotes animal welfare by ensuring that the frequency of
breeding is appropriate for the species.
(b) A licensed entity or a registered Federal facility must ensure
that during public exhibition of any lion (Panthera leo), tiger
(Panthera tigris), leopard (Panthera pardus), snow leopard (Uncia
uncia), jaguar (Panthera onca), cougar (Puma concolor), or any hybrid
resulting from the breeding of any of these species, whether naturally
or artificially produced, the animal is at least 15 feet from members of
the public unless there is a permanent barrier sufficient to prevent
public contact.
(c) A licensed entity or a registered Federal facility must maintain
complete and accurate records of any possession, breeding,
transportation, acquisition, receipt, purchase, sale, disposition,
importation, or exportation of prohibited wildlife species.
(1) The records required by this paragraph (c) must be up to date
and include the names and addresses of persons to or from whom any
prohibited wildlife species has been acquired, received, imported,
exported, purchased, sold, or otherwise transferred (including loans for
exhibition, breeding, or otherwise), and the dates of these
transactions.
(2) The licensed entity or registered Federal facility must maintain
the records required by this paragraph (c) for the lifespan of each
prohibited wildlife species and for 5 years after its death or
disposition and must copy these records for Service officials, if
requested.
(3) The licensed entity or registered Federal facility must make the
records required by this paragraph (c) available and allow access to its
facilities and its prohibited wildlife specimens for inspection by
Service officials at reasonable hours.
Sec. 14.255 What are the requirements for a registered pre-BCPSA owner?
To be a registered pre-BCPSA owner (also referred to as a
``registrant'') and qualify for an exception in Sec. 14.257, an entity
or individual must meet all of the requirements of this section.
(a) A registered pre-BCPSA owner must register each individual
prohibited wildlife species in their possession with the Service's BCPSA
registration form (Form Number 3-200-11) by no later than 180 days after
the date of enactment of the BCPSA (i.e., no later than June 18, 2023).
Each individual
[[Page 112]]
prohibited wildlife species in the registrant's possession must:
(1) Have been born:
(i) Before the date of enactment of the BCPSA; or
(ii) On or after the date of enactment of the BCPSA from breeding
that occurred before the date of enactment of the BCPSA, only if the
registrant provides documentation to the Service on the BCPSA
registration form (Form Number 3-200-11) to prove the individual
prohibited wildlife species was born on or after the date of enactment
of the BCPSA from breeding that occurred before the date of enactment of
the BCPSA;
(2) Not have been acquired by the registrant after the date of
enactment of the BCPSA (i.e., legally in the registrant's possession on
or before the date of enactment of the BCPSA and have remained
continually in the registrant's possession); and
(3) Be marked with a unique identifier that is either a tattoo or a
microchip.
(b) A registered pre-BCPSA owner must not:
(1) Breed, acquire, or sell any prohibited wildlife species after
the date of the enactment of the BCPSA (This requirement applies
regardless of whether the activity is intrastate, interstate, or
international); or
(2) Allow direct contact between the public and any prohibited
wildlife species after the date of the enactment of the BCPSA.
(c) A registered pre-BCPSA owner must provide the Service with
detailed information for each individual prohibited wildlife species as
required by the Service in the BCPSA registration form (Form Number 3-
200-11), including:
(1) Common name of prohibited wildlife species;
(2) Name given to individual prohibited wildlife species, if
applicable;
(3) Genus, species, and subspecies;
(4) Birthdate and date of acquisition, including supporting
documentation;
(5) Unique identifier information (i.e., microchip or tattoo);
(6) Sex;
(7) Description (e.g., eye color, scars, ear tags);
(8) Photographs of individual prohibited wildlife species;
(9) Physical location of individual prohibited wildlife species (if
different from registrant's contact information);
(10) Protocols taken to prevent breeding;
(11) Protocols taken to prevent direct contact between the public
and the prohibited wildlife species; and
(12) Copies of all local, State, or Federal licenses held in
relation to the prohibited wildlife species, if applicable.
(d) Within 10 calendar days as required by the Service in the BCPSA
registration form (Form Number 3-200-11), a registered pre-BCPSA owner
must update the registration with the Service when a prohibited wildlife
species dies or any of the following information changes: The location
where the prohibited wildlife species is housed; the protocols taken to
prevent breeding; the protocols taken to prevent direct contact between
the public and big cat; ownership; or a unique identifier.
(e) A registered pre-BCPSA owner must maintain complete and accurate
records of information for each individual prohibited wildlife species
in their possession as required by the Service in the BCPSA registration
form (Form Number 3-200-11) for the lifespan of each individual
prohibited wildlife species and for 5 years after its death or
disposition and must copy these records for Service officials, if
requested.
(1) While the pre-BCPSA owner may not sell or otherwise engage in
commerce with prohibited wildlife species, if the pre-BCPSA owner is no
longer able to continue to possess their prohibited wildlife species,
the pre-BCPSA owner may make arrangements to donate the prohibited
wildlife species to a licensed entity, registered Federal facility,
State college, State university, State agency, State-licensed
veterinarian, or a wildlife sanctuary, or may make arrangements to
abandon the prohibited wildlife species to the Federal Government. The
disposition must not be reasonably likely to result in the registered
pre-BCPSA owner's economic use, gain, or benefit, including,
[[Page 113]]
but not limited to, profit (whether in cash or in kind).
(2) The records required by this paragraph (e) must be up to date,
and the registered pre-BCPSA owner must make these records available and
allow access to their facilities and prohibited wildlife specimens for
inspection by Service officials at reasonable hours.
Sec. 14.256 What are the requirements for a wildlife sanctuary?
To qualify for an exception in Sec. 14.257, a wildlife sanctuary
must meet all of the requirements of this section.
(a) A wildlife sanctuary must not:
(1) Commercially trade in any prohibited wildlife species, including
offspring, parts, and byproducts of such animals;
(2) Breed any prohibited wildlife species;
(3) Allow direct contact between the public and any prohibited
wildlife species; or
(4) Allow the transportation and display of any prohibited wildlife
species offsite.
(b) A wildlife sanctuary must maintain complete and accurate records
of any possession, transportation, acquisition, receipt, disposition,
importation, or exportation of prohibited wildlife species.
(1) The records required by this paragraph (b) must be up to date
and must include the names and addresses of persons to or from whom any
prohibited wildlife species has been acquired, received, imported,
exported, or otherwise transferred, and the dates of these transactions.
(2) The wildlife sanctuary must maintain the records required by
this paragraph (b) for the lifespan of each prohibited wildlife species
and for 5 years after its death or disposition and must copy these
records for Service officials, if requested.
(3) The wildlife sanctuary must make the records required by this
paragraph (b) available and allow access to its facilities and its
prohibited wildlife specimens for inspection by Service officials at
reasonable hours.
Sec. 14.257 Are there any exceptions to the restrictions contained in
the regulations in this subpart?
(a) The prohibitions of Sec. 14.253 do not apply to:
(1) A licensed entity or registered Federal facility that meets all
of the requirements of Sec. 14.254;
(2) A State college, State university, or State agency;
(3) A State-licensed veterinarian;
(4) A wildlife sanctuary that meets all of the requirements of Sec.
14.256; or
(5) A person who:
(i) Can produce documentation showing that they are transporting
live prohibited wildlife species solely for the purpose of expeditiously
transporting the prohibited wildlife species between individuals or
entities that are excepted from the prohibitions in Sec. 14.253; and
(ii) Has no financial interest (whether in cash or in kind) in the
prohibited wildlife species other than payment received for transporting
them.
(b) The prohibition on possession in Sec. 14.253 does not apply to
a registered pre-BCPSA owner who is in possession of any prohibited
wildlife species that was:
(1) Born and possessed by the registered pre-BCPSA owner before the
date of enactment of the BCPSA and meets all of the requirements of
Sec. 14.255 for each of the prohibited wildlife species in their
possession; or
(2) Bred before and born on or after the date of enactment of the
BCPSA, to a prohibited wildlife species possessed by the registered pre-
BCPSA owner before the date of enactment of the BCPSA, if the registered
pre-BCPSA owner provides documentation demonstrating that the breeding
occurred before the date of enactment of the BCPSA and meets all of the
requirements of Sec. 14.255 for each of the prohibited wildlife species
in their possession.
PART 15_WILD BIRD CONSERVATION ACT--Table of Contents
Subpart A_Introduction and General Provisions
Sec.
15.1 Purpose of regulations.
[[Page 114]]
15.2 Scope of regulations.
15.3 Definitions.
15.4 Information collection requirements.
Subpart B_Prohibitions and Requirements
15.11 Prohibitions.
15.12 Requirements.
Subpart C_Permits and Approval of Cooperative Breeding Programs
15.21 General application procedures.
15.22 Permits for scientific research.
15.23 Permits for zoological breeding or display programs.
15.24 Permits for cooperative breeding.
15.25 Permits for personal pets.
15.26 Approval of cooperative breeding programs.
Subpart D_Approved List of Species Listed in the Appendices to the
Convention
15.31 Criteria for including species in the approved list for captive-
bred species.
15.32 Criteria for including species in the approved list for non-
captive-bred species.
15.33 Species included in the approved list.
Subpart E_Qualifying Facilities Breeding Exotic Birds in Captivity
15.41 Criteria for including facilities as qualifying for imports.
[Reserved]
15.42 List of foreign qualifying breeding facilities. [Reserved]
Subpart F_List of Prohibited Species Not Listed in the Appendices to the
Convention
15.51 Criteria for including species and countries in the prohibited
list. [Reserved]
15.52 Species included in the prohibited list. [Reserved]
15.53 Countries of export included in the prohibited list. [Reserved]
Authority: 16 U.S.C. 4901-4916.
Source: 58 FR 60536, Nov. 16, 1993, unless otherwise noted.
Subpart A_Introduction and General Provisions
Sec. 15.1 Purpose of regulations.
The regulations in this part implement the Wild Bird Conservation
Act of 1992, Pub. L. 102-440, 16 U.S.C. 4901-4916.
Sec. 15.2 Scope of regulations.
(a) The regulations in this part apply to all species of exotic
birds, as defined in section 15.3.
(b) The provisions in this part are in addition to, and are not in
lieu of, other regulations of this subchapter B that may require a
permit or prescribe additional restrictions or conditions for the
import, export, reexport, and transportation of wildlife.
Sec. 15.3 Definitions.
In addition to the definitions contained in parts 10 and 23 of this
subchapter B, and unless the context requires otherwise, in this part:
Documentation means a description of how scientific information was
collected, including the methodologies used; names and institutions of
individuals conducting the work; dates and locations of any study; and
any published results or reports from the work.
Exotic bird means any live or dead member of the Class Aves that is
not indigenous to the 50 States or the District of Columbia, including
any egg or offspring thereof, but does not include domestic poultry,
dead sport-hunted birds, dead museum specimens, dead scientific
specimens, products manufactured from such birds, or birds in any of the
following families: Phasianidae. Numididae, Cracidae, Meleagrididae,
Megapodiidae, Anatidae, Struthionidae Rheidae, Dromaiinae, and Gruidae.
Indigenous means a species that is naturally occurring, not
introduced as a result of human activity, and that currently regularly
inhabits or breeds in the 50 States or the District of Columbia.
Life cycle means the annual processes involved with breeding,
migration, and all other non-breeding activities.
Person means an individual, corporation, partnership, trust,
association, or any other private entity; or any officer, employee,
agent, department, or instrumentality of the Federal Government, of any
State, municipality, or political subdivision of a State, or of any
foreign government; any State, municipality, or political subdivision of
a State; or any other entity subject to the jurisdiction of the United
States.
[[Page 115]]
Species means any species, any subspecies, or any district
population segment of a species or subspecies, and includes hybrids of
any species or subspecies. Hybrids will be treated according to the more
restrictive appendix or category in which either parental species is
listed.
Status means a qualitative measure of the vulnerability to
extinction or extirpation of a population at a given time (e.g.,
endangered, threatened, vulnerable, non-threatened, or insufficiently
known).
Sustainable use means the use of a species in a manner and at a
level such that populations of the species are maintained at
biologically viable levels for the long term and involves a
determination of the productive capacity of the species and its
ecosystem, in order to ensure that utilization does not exceed those
capacities or the ability of the population to reproduce, maintain
itself and perform its role or function in its ecosystem.
Trend means a long-term assessment of any change in the absolute or
relative size of a species' population or habitat over time (e.g.,
increasing, decreasing, at equilibrium, insufficiently known).
United States means the 50 States, the District of Columbia, the
Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, American Samoa, the Virgin Islands, Guam,
the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, and the Trust
Territory of the Pacific Islands.
[58 FR 60536, Nov. 16, 1993, as amended at 61 FR 2091, Jan. 24, 1996]
Sec. 15.4 Information collection requirements.
(a) The Office of Management and Budget approved the information
collection requirements contained in this part 15 under 44 U.S.C. 3507
and assigned OMB Control Number 1018-0093. The Service may not conduct
or sponsor, and you are not required to respond, to a collection of
information unless it displays a currently valid OMB control number. We
are collecting this information to provide information necessary to
evaluate permit applications. We will use this information to review
permit applications and make decisions, according to criteria
established in various Federal wildlife conservation statutes and
regulations, on the issuance, suspension, revocation, or denial of
permits. You must respond to obtain or retain a permit.
(b) We estimate the public reporting burden for these reporting
requirements to vary from 1 to 4 hours per response, with an average of
2 hours per response, including time for reviewing instructions,
gathering and maintaining data, and completing and reviewing the forms.
Direct comments regarding the burden estimate or any other aspect of
these reporting requirements to the Service's Information Collection
Clearance Officer at the address provided at 50 CFR 2.1(b).
[63 FR 52634, Oct. 1, 1998, as amended at 79 FR 43964, July 29, 2014]
Subpart B_Prohibitions and Requirements
Sec. 15.11 Prohibitions.
(a) Except as provided under a permit issued pursuant to subpart C
of this part, it is unlawful for any person subject to the jurisdiction
of the United States to commit, attempt to commit, to solicit another to
commit, or to cause to be committed, any of the acts described in
paragraphs (b) through (f) of this section in regard to any exotic bird.
(b) It is unlawful to import into the United States any exotic bird
species listed in the Appendices to the Convention that is not included
in the approved list of species, pursuant to subpart D of this part,
except that this paragraph (b) does not apply to any exotic bird that
was bred in a foreign breeding facility listed as qualifying pursuant to
subpart E of this part.
(c) It is unlawful to import into the United States any exotic bird
species not listed in the Appendices to the Convention that is listed in
the prohibited species list, pursuant to subpart F of this part.
(d) It is unlawful to import into the United States any exotic bird
species from any country included in the prohibited country list,
pursuant to subpart F of this part.
(e) It is unlawful to import into the United States any exotic bird
species
[[Page 116]]
from a qualifying facility breeding exotic birds in captivity, listed
pursuant to subpart E of this part, if the exotic bird was not captive-
bred at the listed facility.
(f) It is unlawful for any person subject to the jurisdiction of the
United States to engage in any activity with an exotic bird imported
under a permit issued pursuant to this part that violates a condition of
said permit.
[58 FR 60536, Nov. 16, 1993, as amended at 59 FR 62255, Dec. 2, 1994]
Sec. 15.12 Requirements.
(a) No person shall import into the United States any exotic bird
except as may be permitted under the terms of a valid permit issued
pursuant to the provisions of subpart C of this part and 50 CFR part 13,
or in accordance with the provisions of subparts D-F of this part 15, or
in accordance with the provisions of paragraph (b) of this section.
(b) Any exotic bird can be imported to the United States if it was
legally exported from the United States with a permit issued by the
Service's Office of Management Authority, provided that the import is by
the same person who exported the bird, the import is accompanied by a
copy of the cleared CITES export permit or certificate issued by the
Service that was used to export the exotic bird, and the Service is
satisfied that the same bird is being imported as is indicted on the
aforementioned permit or certificate.
Subpart C_Permits and Approval of Cooperative Breeding Programs
Sec. 15.21 General application procedures.
(a) The Director may issue a permit authorizing the importation of
exotic birds otherwise prohibited by Sec. 15.11, in accordance with the
issuance criteria of this subpart, for the following purposes only:
Scientific research; zoological breeding or display programs;
cooperative breeding programs designed to promote the conservation and
maintenance of the species in the wild; or personally owned pets
accompanying persons returning to the United States after being out of
the country for more than 1 year.
(b) Additional requirements as indicated in parts 13, 14, 17, 21,
and 23 of this subchapter must also be met.
(c) A person wishing to obtain a permit under this subpart or
approval of cooperative breeding programs under this subpart submits an
application to the attention of the Director, U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, at the address listed for the Division of Management Authority
at 50 CFR 2.1(b). Each application must contain the general information
and certification required in Sec. 13.12(a) of this subchapter, and all
of the information specified in the applicable section Sec. Sec. 15.22
through 15.26.
[58 FR 60536, Nov. 16, 1993, as amended at 63 FR 52634, Oct. 1, 1998; 79
FR 43964, July 29, 2014]
Sec. 15.22 Permits for scientific research.
(a) Application requirements for permits for scientific research.
Each application shall provide the following information and such other
information that the Director may require:
(1) A description of the exotic bird(s) to be imported, including:
(i) The common and scientific names of the species, number, age or
age class, and, when known, sex; and
(ii) A statement as to whether, at the time of the application, the
exotic bird is still in the wild, has already been removed from the
wild, or was bred in captivity;
(2) If the exotic bird is in the wild or was taken from the wild,
include:
(i) The country and region where the removal will occur or occurred;
(ii) A description of the status of the species in the region of
removal; and
(iii) A copy of any foreign collecting permit or authorizing letter,
if applicable;
(3) If the exotic bird was bred in captivity, include:
(i) Documents or other evidence that the bird was bred in captivity,
including the name and address of the breeder, and when known, hatch
date and identity of the parental birds; and
(ii) If the applicant is not the breeder, documentation showing the
bird was acquired from a breeder and a history of multiple transactions,
if applicable:
[[Page 117]]
(4) A statement of the reasons the applicant is justified in
obtaining a permit, and a complete description of the scientific
research to be conducted on the exotic bird requested, including:
(i) Formal research protocol with timetable;
(ii) The relationship of such research to the conservation of the
species in the wild;
(iii) A discussion of possible alternatives and efforts to obtain
birds from other sources; and
(iv) Plans for disposition of the exotic birds and any progeny upon
completion of the research project;
(5) Qualifications of the scientific personnel conducting the
proposed research, including applicable experience and a description of
relevant past research conducted;
(6) A description of the care and maintenance of the exotic bird,
and how the facility meets professionally recognized standards,
including;
(i) The name and address of the facility where the exotic bird will
be maintained;
(ii) Dimensions of existing enclosures for the birds to be imported
and number of birds to be housed in each; and
(iii) Husbandry practices.
(b) Issuance criteria. Upon receiving an application completed in
accordance with paragraph (a) of this section, the Director will decide
whether or not a permit should be issued. In making this decision, the
Director shall consider, in addition to the general criteria in part 13
of this subchapter, the following factors;
(1) Whether the purpose of the scientific research is adequate to
justify removing the exotic bird from the wild or otherwise changing its
status;
(2) Whether the proposed import would be detrimental to the survival
of the exotic bird species in the wild, including whether the exotic
bird was bred in captivity or was (or will be) taken from the wild,
taking into consideration the conservation status of the species in the
wild;
(3) Whether the permit, if issued, would conflict with any known
program intended to enhance the survival of the population from which
the exotic bird was or would be removed;
(4) Whether the research for which the permit is required has
scientific merit;
(5) Whether the expertise, facilities, or other resources available
to the applicant appear adequate for proper care and maintenance of the
exotic bird and to successfully accomplish the research objectives
stated in the application.
(c) Permit conditions. In addition to the general conditions set
forth in part 13 of this subchapter, every permit issued under this
section shall be subject to special conditions as the Director may deem
appropriate.
(d) Duration of permits. The duration of the import permits issued
under this section shall be designated on the face of the permit, but in
no case will these permits be valid for longer than one year.
Sec. 15.23 Permits for zoological breeding or display programs.
(a) Application requirements for permits for zoological breeding or
display programs. Each application shall provide the following
information and such other information that the Director may require:
(1) A description of the exotic bird(s) to be imported, including:
(i) The common and scientific names of the species, number, age or
age class, and, when known, sex; and
(ii) A statement as to whether, at the time of the application, the
exotic bird is still in the wild, has already been removed from the
wild, or was bred in captivity;
(2) If the exotic bird is in the wild or was taken from the wild
include:
(i) The country and region where the removal will occur or occurred;
(ii) A description of the status of the species in the region of
removal; and
(iii) A copy of any foreign collecting permit or authorizing letter,
if applicable;
(3) If the exotic bird was bred in captivity, include:
(i) Documents or other evidence that the bird was bred in captivity,
including the name and address of the breeder, and when known, identity
of the parental birds, and hatch date; and
(ii) If the applicant is not the breeder, documentation showing the
bird
[[Page 118]]
was acquired from a breeder and a history of multiple transactions, if
applicable;
(4) A statement of the reasons the applicant is justified in
obtaining a permit, and a complete description of the breeding or
display program to be conducted with the exotic bird requested,
including:
(i) A breeding or education protocol that provides information on
educational materials on the ecology and/or conservation status of the
species provided to the general public;
(ii) Plans, if any, for developing or maintaining a self-sustaining
population of the exotic bird species in captivity;
(iii) A statement on efforts to obtain birds from alternative
sources or sources within the United States;
(iv) The relationship of such a breeding or display program to the
conservation of the species in the wild; and
(v) Plans for disposition of the exotic birds and any progeny.
(5) A description of the care and maintenance of the exotic bird,
and how the facility meets professionally recognized standards of the
public display community, including:
(i) The name and address of the facility where the exotic bird will
be maintained;
(ii) Dimensions of existing enclosures for the birds to be imported
and number of birds to be housed in each;
(iii) Husbandry practices;
(6) A history of the zoological facility's breeding programs with
the same or similar species, including:
(i) Participation in any cooperative breeding programs;
(ii) Breeding and inventory records for the last two years,
including hatching, survival, and mortality records; and
(iii) Causes of any mortalities and efforts made to correct any
problems.
(b) Issuance criteria. Upon receiving an application completed in
accordance with paragraph (a) of this section, the Director will decide
whether or not a permit should be issued. In making this decision, the
Director shall consider, in addition to the general criteria in part 13
of this subchapter, the following factors:
(1) Whether the zoological breeding or display program is adequate
to justify removing the exotic bird from the wild or otherwise changing
its status;
(2) Whether the proposed import would be detrimental to the survival
of the exotic bird species in the wild, including whether the exotic
bird was bred in captivity or was (or will be) taken from the wild,
taking into consideration the conservation status of the species in the
wild;
(3) Whether the permit, if issued, would conflict with any known
program intended to enhance the survival of the population from which
the exotic bird was or would be removed;
(4) Whether the breeding or display program for which the permit is
required has conservation merit; and
(5) Whether the expertise, facilities or other resources available
to the applicant appear adequate for proper care and maintenance of the
exotic bird and to successfully accomplish the zoological breeding or
display objectives stated in the application.
(c) Permit conditions. In addition to the general conditions set
forth in part 13 of this subchapter, every permit issued under this
section shall be subject to special conditions as the Director may deem
appropriate.
(d) Duration of permits. The duration of the import permits issued
under this section shall be designated on the face of the permit, but in
no case will these permits be valid for longer than one year.
Sec. 15.24 Permits for cooperative breeding.
(a) Application requirements for permits for cooperative breeding.
Each application shall provide the following information and such other
information that the Director may require:
(1) A description of the exotic bird(s) to be imported, including:
(i) The common and scientific names of the species, number, age or
age class, and, when known, sex; and
(ii) A statement as to whether, at the time of the application, the
exotic bird is still in the wild, has already been removed from the
wild, or was bred in captivity;
[[Page 119]]
(2) If the exotic bird is still in the wild or was taken from the
wild include;
(i) The country and region where the removal will occur or occurred;
(ii) A description of the status of the species in the region of
removal; and
(iii) A copy of any foreign collecting permit or authorizing letter,
if applicable;
(3) If the exotic bird was bred in captivity, include;
(i) Documents or other evidence that the bird was bred in captivity,
including the name and address of the breeder, when known, the identity
of the parental birds and hatch date; and
(ii) If the applicant is not the breeder, documentation showing the
bird was acquired from the breeder and a history of multiple
transactions, if applicable;
(4) A statement of the reasons the applicant is justified in
obtaining a permit, and a statement detailing the applicant's
participation in a cooperative breeding program approved under section
15.26 of this chapter, including;
(i) Copies of any signed agreements or protocols with the monitoring
avicultural, conservation, or zoological organization overseeing the
program; and
(ii) Applicable records of the cooperative breeding program of any
other birds imported, their progeny, and their disposition;
(5) A complete description of the relationship of the exotic bird to
the approved cooperative breeding program, including;
(i) A statement of the role of the exotic bird in a breeding
protocol;
(ii) A plan for maintaining a self-sustaining captive population of
the exotic bird species;
(iii) Details on recordkeeping; and
(iv) Plans for disposition of the exotic birds and any progeny
produced during the course of this program.
(6) A statement outlining the applicant's attempts to obtain the
exotic bird in a manner that would not cause its removal from the wild,
and attempts to obtain the specimens of the exotic bird species from
stock available in the United States;
(7) A description of the care and maintenance of the exotic bird,
and how the facility meets professionally recognized standards,
including;
(i) The name and address of the facility where the exotic bird will
be maintained;
(ii) Dimensions of existing enclosures for birds to be imported and
number of birds to be housed in each; and
(iii) Husbandry practices;
(8) A history of the applicant's past participation in cooperative
breeding programs with the same or similar species, including;
(i) Breeding and inventory records for at least the last two years;
(ii) Hatching, survival, and mortality records;
(iii) Causes of any mortalities and efforts made to correct any
problems.
(b) Issuance criteria. Upon receiving an application completed in
accordance with paragraph (a) of this section, the Director will decide
whether or not a permit should be issued. In making this decision, the
Director shall consider, in addition to the general criteria in part 13
of this subchapter, the following factors;
(1) Whether the cooperative breeding program is adequate to justify
removing the exotic bird from the wild or otherwise changing its status;
(2) Whether the proposed import would be detrimental to the survival
of the exotic bird species in the wild, including whether the exotic
bird was bred in captivity or was (or will be) taken from the wild,
taking into consideration the conservation status of the species in the
wild;
(3) Whether the cooperative breeding program for which the permit is
required would be likely to enhance or promote the conservation of the
exotic bird species in the wild or result in a self-sustaining
population of the exotic bird species in captivity; and
(4) Whether the expertise, facilities, or other resources available
to the applicant appear adequate for proper care and maintenance of the
exotic birds and to successfully accomplish the cooperative breeding
objectives stated in the application.
(c) Permit conditions. In addition to the general conditions set
forth in part 13 of this subchapter, every permit
[[Page 120]]
issued under this section shall be subject to special conditions as the
Director may deem appropriate.
(d) Duration of permits. The duration of the import permits issued
under this section shall be designated on the face of the permit, but in
no case will these permits be valid for longer than one year.
Sec. 15.25 Permits for personal pets.
(a) Application requirements for personal pets not intended for
sale. No individual may import more than two exotic birds as pets in any
year. Each application shall provide the following information and such
other information that the Director may require:
(1) A description of the exotic bird to be imported, including;
(i) The common and scientific names, number, age, and, when known,
sex;
(ii) A band number, house name, or any other unique identifying
feature; and
(iii) A statement as to whether the exotic bird was bred in
captivity or taken from the wild;
(2) A statement of the reasons the applicant is justified in
obtaining a permit;
(3) Documentation showing that the applicant has continually resided
outside of the United States for a minimum of one year;
(4) A statement of the number of exotic birds imported during the
previous 12 months as personal pets by the applicant;
(5) Information on the origin of the exotic bird, including;
(i) Country of origin; and
(ii) A description and documentation of how the exotic bird was
acquired, including a copy of any Convention permit under which the bird
was re-exported or exported. If there is no such permit, a sales receipt
or signed statement from seller with name and address of seller, date of
sale, species, and other identifying information on the bird or signed
breeder's certificate or statement with name and address of breeder,
date of sale or transfer, species and hatch date.
(b) Issuance criteria. Upon receiving an application completed in
accordance with paragraph (a) of this section, the Director will decide
whether or not a permit should be issued. In making this decision, the
Director shall consider, in addition to the general criteria in part 13
of this subchapter, the following factors:
(1) Whether the proposed import would be detrimental to the survival
of the exotic bird species in the wild;
(2) Whether the exotic bird to be imported is a personal pet owned
by the applicant, who has continuously resided outside the United States
for a minimum of one year, and who has no intention to sell the bird;
and
(3) Whether the number of exotic birds imported in the previous 12
months by the applicant does not exceed two.
(c) Permit conditions. In addition to the general conditions set
forth in part 13 of this subchapter, every permit issued under this
section shall be subject to special conditions that no individual may
import more than two exotic birds as personal pets in any year, the
exotic birds cannot be sold after importation into the United States,
and any other conditions as the Director may deem appropriate.
(d) Duration of permits. The duration of the import permits issued
under this section shall be designated on the face of the permit.
Sec. 15.26 Approval of cooperative breeding programs.
Upon receipt of a complete application, the Director may approve
cooperative breeding programs. Such approval will allow individuals to
import exotic birds otherwise prohibited by section 15.11, with permits
under section 15.24. Such approval for cooperative breeding programs
shall be granted in accordance with the issuance criteria of this
section.
(a) Application requirements for approval of cooperative breeding
programs. Each application shall provide the following information and
such other information that the Director may require:
(1) A description of the exotic bird(s) to be imported or to be
covered under the program, including the common and scientific names of
the species, number, sex ratio (if applicable), and age class;
[[Page 121]]
(2) A statement of the reasons the applicant is justified in
obtaining this approval, and a description of the cooperative breeding
program requested for the exotic bird species, including:
(i) A breeding protocol, including a genetic management plan and
breeding methods;
(ii) A statement on the plans for developing and maintaining a self-
sustaining population in captivity of the exotic bird species;
(iii) Details on the system of recordkeeping and tracking of birds
and their progeny, including how individual specimens will be marked or
otherwise identified;
(iv) A statement on the relationship of such a breeding program to
the conservation of the exotic bird species in the world;
(v) Details on the funding of this program; and
(vi) Plans for disposition of the exotic birds and any progeny;
(3) A qualification statement for each individual who will be
overseeing the cooperative breeding program. This statement should
include information on the individual's prior experience with the same
or similar bird species. Individuals overseeing the program will be
required to demonstrate an affiliation with an avicultural,
conservation, or zoological organization;
(4) A statement of the oversight of the program by the avicultural,
zoological, or conservation organization, including their monitoring of
participation in the program, criteria for acceptance of individuals
into the program, and the relationship of the cooperative breeding
program to enhancing the propagation and survival of the species; and
(5) A history of the cooperative breeding program, including an
annual report for the last 3 years (if applicable), mortality records,
breeding records, and a studbook if one has been developed for the
species.
(b) Issuance criteria. Upon receiving an application completed in
accordance with paragraph (a) of this section, the Director will decide
whether or not a cooperative breeding program should be approved. In
making this decision, the Director shall consider, in addition to the
general criteria in part 13 of this subchapter, the following factors:
(1) Whether the cooperative breeding program for which the approval
is requested is adequate to justify removing the exotic bird from the
wild or otherwise changing its status;
(2) Whether the granting of this approval would be detrimental to
the survival of the exotic bird species in the wild, including whether
the exotic birds were bred in captivity or will be taken from the wild,
taking into consideration the conservation status of the species in the
wild;
(3) Whether the granting of this approval would conflict with any
known program intended to enhance the survival of the population from
which the exotic bird species was or would be removed;
(4) Whether the cooperative breeding program for which the permit is
requested would be likely to enhance or promote the conservation of the
exotic bird species in the wild or result in a self-sustaining
population of the exotic bird species in captivity; and
(5) Whether the expertise or other resources available to the
program appear adequate to successfully accomplish the objectives stated
in the application.
(c) Publication in the Federal Register. The Director shall publish
notice in the Federal Register of each application submitted under Sec.
15.26(a). Each notice shall invite the submission from interested
parties of written data, views, or arguments with respect to the
application. The Director shall publish periodically a notice as
appropriate in the Federal Register of the list of approved cooperative
breeding programs.
(d) Approval conditions. In addition to the general conditions set
forth in part 13 of this subchapter, every approval issued under this
paragraph shall be subject to the special condition that the cooperative
breeding program shall maintain records of all birds imported under
permits issued under this subpart and their progeny, including their
sale or transfer, death, or escape, and breeding success. These records
shall be made available to the Service on request and when renewing an
approval.
[[Page 122]]
(e) Duration of approval. Cooperative breeding programs shall be
approved for two years, at which time applicants may apply to the
Service for renewal of a program's approval. Applications for renewal of
approval shall comply with the general conditions set forth in part 13
of this subchapter.
Subpart D_Approved List of Species Listed in the Appendices to the
Convention
Source: 59 FR 62262, Dec. 2, 1994, unless otherwise noted.
Sec. 15.31 Criteria for including species in the approved list for
captive-bred species.
The Director will periodically review the list of captive-bred
exotic bird species in paragraph 15.33(a), for which importation into
the United States is approved. Any exotic bird species listed in
paragraph 15.33(a) pursuant to this section must meet all of the
following criteria:
(a) All specimens of the species known to be in trade (legal or
illegal) are captive-bred;
(b) No specimens of the species are known to be removed from the
wild for commercial purposes;
(c) Any importation of specimens of the species would not be
detrimental to the survival of the species in the wild; and
(d) Adequate enforcement controls are in place to ensure compliance
with paragraphs (a) through (c) of this section.
Sec. 15.32 Criteria for including species in the approved list for
non-captive-bred species.
Upon receipt of a completed sustainable use management plan for a
country of export, the Director may approve a species listed in
Appendices II or III of the Convention for importation from that
country. Such approval shall be granted in accordance with the issuance
criteria of this section. All approved species and countries of export
will be listed in section 15.33.
(a) Requirements for scientifically-based sustainable use management
plans. Sustainable use management plans developed by the country of
export should be submitted for species which breed in the country of
export. If the species does not breed in the country of export, the
Service will consider sustainable use management plans only when the
plan is scientifically valid and nesting (breeding) information can be
provided from countries in which the species breeds. Sustainable use
management plans shall include the following information, and any other
information that may be appropriate:
(1) Background information, including the following:
(i) The scientific and common name of the species;
(ii) Letters from the country of export's Management and Scientific
Authorities transmitting the management plan of this species;
(iii) A summary of the country of export's legislation related to
this species and legislation implementing the Convention, and, where
appropriate, a summary of implementing regulations;
(iv) A summary, from the country of export's Management Authority,
of the country's infrastructure and law enforcement and monitoring
mechanisms designed to ensure both enforcement of and compliance with
the requirements of the management plan, and that the number of birds
removed from the wild or exported will be consistent with the management
plan;
(v) Recent information on the distribution of the species within the
country of export, including scientific references and maps, and
historical information on distributions, if relevant; and
(vi) The species' status and its current population trend in the
country of export, including scientific references and copies of the
most recent non-detriment findings made by the exporting country's
Scientific Authority.
(2) Habitat information, including:
(i) A general description of habitats used by the species for each
portion of the life cycle completed within the country of export;
(ii) Recent information on the size and distribution of these
habitats throughout the country of export and in each area or region of
take, including scientific references and maps. The approximate location
of any reserves that provide protection for this species
[[Page 123]]
should be indicated on the accompanying map(s), along with a brief
description of how reserves are protected and how that protection is
enforced;
(iii) Status and trends of the important habitats used by the
species in the country of export as a whole whenever available and
within each area or region of take, including scientific references;
(iv) Factors, including management activities, favoring or
threatening the species' habitat in the foreseeable future within each
area or region of take, and throughout the country of export whenever
available, including scientific references; and
(v) A list of management plans that have been or are being planned,
developed, or implemented for the species' important habitats, if any.
(3) Information on the role of the species in its ecosystem,
including:
(i) A description of the part(s) of the species' life cycle
completed within the country of export;
(ii) A description of nest sites and/or plant communities that are
most frequently used for placement of nests and, if applicable, nesting
habits;
(iii) A general description of the species' diet and where the
species forages (aerial feeder, tree canopy, tree trunk, midstory,
understory, open water or other), and seasonal changes in foraging
habits, including, when available, scientific references; and
(iv) Information on any species or plant community which is
dependent on the occurrence of the exotic bird species.
(4) Population dynamics of the species, including:
(i) Recent population data for the population of the species in the
country of export, as derived from indices of relative abundance or
population estimates, along with documentation for each estimate;
(ii) Within each area or region of take, documentation for recent
population data or estimates, conducted for at least 3 separate years or
1 year with a description of survey plans for future years. These
population assessments should have been conducted during the same season
(breeding or non-breeding) of each year for which documentation is
submitted (i.e., be methodologically comparable--both temporally and
spatially);
(iii) Within each area or region of take, a scientific assessment
(with documentation) of recent reproductive (nesting) success. This
assessment should include information on the number of young produced
per egg-laying female per year or per nesting pair, or if scientifically
appropriate for the species to be exported, estimates on the number of
young produced per year from pre-breeding and post-breeding surveys
conducted within the same annual cycle;
(iv) Within each area or region of take, estimation (with
documentation) of annual mortality or loss including natural mortality
and take for subsistence use, export trade, and domestic trade in each
area of take; or
(v) When appropriate, information (with documentation) on the number
of young which can be taken from the area, as a result of a conservation
enhancement program.
(5) Determination of biologically sustainable use:
(i) Estimation of the number exported from the country during the
past 2 years, and the number of birds removed from the wild for export,
domestic trade, illegal trade, subsistence use, and other purposes
(specify) for the country of export during the past 2 years;
(ii) The estimated number of birds that will be removed from the
wild from each area of take each year for all purposes (export trade,
domestic trade, illegal trade, and subsistence use), including a
description of age-classes (nestlings, fledglings, sub-adults, adults,
all classes), when applicable;
(iii) For the projected take addressed in the management plan, a
description of the removal process, including, but not limited to,
locations, time of year, capture methods, means of transport, and pre-
export conditioning;
(iv) Documentation of how each projected level of take was
determined;
(v) Explanation of infrastructure and law enforcement and monitoring
mechanisms that ensure compliance with the methodology in the management
plan and that the species will be removed at a level that ensures
sustainable use; and
[[Page 124]]
(vi) Description of how species in each area or region of take will
be monitored in order to determine whether the number and age classes of
birds taken is sustainable.
(6)(i) For species that are considered ``pests'' in the country of
origin: documentation that such a species is a pest, including a
description of the type of pest,--e.g., agricultural, disease carrier; a
description of the damage the pest species causes to its ecosystem; and
a description of how the sustainable use management plan controls
population levels of the pest species.
(ii) For non-pest species: A description of how the sustainable use
management plan promotes the value of the species and its habitats.
Incentives for conservation may be generated by environmental education,
cooperative efforts or projects, development of cooperative management
units, and/or activities involving local communities.
(7) Additional factors:
(i) Description of any existing enhancement activities developed for
the species, including, but not limited to, annual banding programs,
nest watching/guarding, and nest improvement; and
(ii) Description, including photographs or diagrams, of the shipping
methods and enclosures proposed to be used to transport the exotic
birds, including but not limited to feeding and care during transport,
densities of birds in shipping enclosures, and estimated consignment
sizes.
(b) Approval criteria. Upon receiving a sustainable use management
plan in accordance with paragraph (a) of this section, the Director will
decide whether or not an exotic bird species should be listed as an
approved species for importation from the country of export, under
section 15.33. In making this decision, the Director shall consider in
addition to the general criteria in part 13 of this subchapter, all of
the following factors for the species:
(1) Whether the country of export is effectively implementing the
Convention, particularly with respect to:
(i) Establishment of a functioning Scientific Authority;
(ii) The requirements of Article IV of the Convention;
(iii) Remedial measures recommended by the Parties to the Convention
with respect to this and similar species, including recommendations of
permanent committees of the Convention; and
(iv) Article VIII of the Convention, including but not limited to
establishment of legislation and infrastructure necessary to enforce the
Convention, and submission of annual reports to the Convention's
Secretariat;
(2) Whether the country of export has developed a scientifically-
based management plan for the species that:
(i) Provides for the conservation of the species and its habitat(s);
(ii) Includes incentives for conservation unless the species is a
documented pest species;
(iii) Is adequately implemented and enforced;
(iv) Ensures that the use of the species is:
(A) Sustainable;
(B) Maintained throughout its range at a level that is consistent
with the species' role in its ecosystem; and
(C) Is well above the level at which the species might become
threatened;
(v) Addresses illegal trade, domestic trade, subsistence use,
disease, and habitat loss; and
(vi) Ensures that the methods of capture, transport, and maintenance
of the species minimize the risk of injury, damage to health, and
inhumane treatment; and
(3) If the species has a multi-national distribution:
(i) Whether populations of the species in other countries in which
it occurs will not be detrimentally affected by exports of the species
from the country requesting approval;
(ii) Whether factors affecting conservation of the species,
including export from other countries, illegal trade, domestic use, or
subsistence use are regulated throughout the range of the species so
that recruitment and/or breeding stocks of the species will not be
detrimentally affected by the proposed export;
(iii) Whether the projected take and export will not detrimentally
affect breeding populations; and
[[Page 125]]
(iv) Whether the projected take and export will not detrimentally
affect existing enhancement activities, conservation programs, or
enforcement efforts throughout the species' range.
(4) For purposes of applying the criterion in paragraph (b)(2)(iv)
of this section, the Director may give positive consideration to plans
wherein very conservative capture and export quotas are implemented
prior to being able to obtain all of the biological information
necessary for a more large-scale management plan, if the country can
demonstrate that such conservative capture and export quotas are non-
detrimental to the species survival in the wild under the criterion in
paragraph (b)(2)(iv) of this section.
(c) Publication in the Federal Register. The Director shall publish
notice in the Federal Register of the availability of each complete
sustainable use management plan received under paragraph (a) of this
section. Each notice shall invite the submission from interested parties
of written data, views, or arguments with respect to the proposed
approval.
(d) Duration of approval. A species and country of export listed in
section 15.33 as approved shall be approved for 3 years, at which time
renewal of approval shall be considered by the Service.
[61 FR 2091, Jan. 24, 1996]
Sec. 15.33 Species included in the approved list.
(a) Captive-bred species. The list in this paragraph includes
species of captive-bred exotic birds for which importation into the
United States is not prohibited by section 15.11. The species are
grouped taxonomically by order.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Species Common name
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Order Falconiiformes:
Buteo buteo........................ Common European buzzard.
Order Columbiformes:
Columba livia...................... Rock dove.
Order Psittaciformes:
Agapornis personata................ Masked lovebird.
Agapornis roseicollis.............. Peach-faced lovebird.
Aratinga jandaya................... Jendaya conure.
Barnardius barnardi................ Mallee ringneck parrot.
Bolborhynchus lineola (blue form).. Lineolated parakeet (blue
form).
Bolborhynchus lineola (yellow form) Lineolated parakeet (yellow
form).
Bolborhynchus lineola (white form). Lineolated parakeet (white
form).
Cyanoramphus auriceps.............. Yellow-fronted Parakeet.
Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae........ Red-fronted parakeet.
Forpus coelestis (lutino form)..... Pacific parrotlet (lutino
form).
Forpus coelestis (yellow form)..... Pacific parrotlet (yellow
form).
Forpus coelestis (blue form)....... Pacific parrotlet (blue form).
Forpus coelestis (cinnamon form)... Pacific parrotlet (cinnamon
form).
Melopsittacus undulatus............ Budgerigar.
Neophema bourkii................... Bourke's parrot.
Neophema chrysostoma............... Blue-winged Parrot.
Neophema elegans................... Elegant Parrot.
Neophema pulchella................. Turquoise parrot.
Neophema splendida................. Scarlet-chested parrot.
Nymphicus hollandicus.............. Cockatiel.
Platycercus adelaide............... Adelaide rosella.
Platycercus adscitus............... Pale-headed rosella.
Platycercus elegans................ Crimson rosella.
Platycercus eximius................ Eastern rosella
Platycercus icterotis.............. Western (stanley) rosella.
Platycercus venustus............... Northern rosella.
Polytelis alexandrae............... Princess parrot.
Polytelis anthopeplus.............. Regent parrot.
Polytelis swainsonii............... Superb parrot.
Psephotus chrysopterygius \1\...... Golden-shouldered parakeet.
Psephotus haematonotus............. Red-rumped parakeet.
Psephotus varius................... Mulga parakeet.
Psittacula eupatria (blue form).... Alexandrine parakeet (blue
form).
Psittacula eupatria (lutino form).. Alexandrine parakeet (lutino
form).
Psittacula krameri manillensis..... Indian ringneck parakeet.
Purpureicephalus spurius........... Red-capped parrot.
Trichoglossus chlorolepidotus...... Scaly-breasted lorikeet.
Order Passeriformes:
Aegintha temporalis................ Red-browed Finch.
[[Page 126]]
Aidemosyne modesta................. Cherry Finch.
Chloebia gouldiae.................. Gouldian finch.
Emblema guttata.................... Diamond Sparrow.
Emblema picta...................... Painted finch.
Lonchura castaneothorax............ Chestnut-breasted finch.
Lonchura domestica................. Society (=Bengalese) finch.
Lonchura pectoralis................ Pictorella finch.
Neochmia ruficauda................. Star finch.
Poephila acuticauda................ Long-tailed grassfinch.
Poephila bichenovii................ Double-barred finch.
Poephila cincta.................... Parson finch.
Poephila guttata................... Zebra finch.
Poephila personata................. Masked finch.
Serinus canaria.................... Common Canary.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Note: Permits are still required for this species under part 17 of
this chapter.
(b) Non-captive-bred species. The list in this paragraph includes
species of non-captive-bred exotic birds and countries for which
importation into the United States is not prohibited by section 15.11.
The species are grouped taxonomically by order, and may only be imported
from the approved country, except as provided under a permit issued
pursuant to subpart C of this part.
[59 FR 62262, Dec. 2, 1994, as amended at 61 FR 2093, Jan. 24, 1996; 82
FR 16540, Apr. 5, 2017]
Subpart E_Qualifying Facilities Breeding Exotic Birds in Captivity
Sec. 15.41 Criteria for including facilities as qualifying for imports.
[Reserved]
Sec. 15.42 List of foreign qualifying breeding facilities. [Reserved]
Subpart F_List of Prohibited Species Not Listed in the Appendices to the
Convention
Sec. 15.51 Criteria for including species and countries in the prohibited list.
[Reserved]
Sec. 15.52 Species included in the prohibited list.
[Reserved]
Sec. 15.53 Countries of export included in the prohibited list.
[Reserved]
PART 16_INJURIOUS WILDLIFE--Table of Contents
Subpart A_Introduction
Sec.
16.1 Purpose of regulations.
16.2 Scope of regulations.
16.3 General restrictions.
Subpart B_Importation or Shipment of Injurious Wildlife
16.11 Importation of live wild mammals.
16.12 Importation of live wild birds or their eggs.
16.13 Importation of live or dead fish, mollusks, and crustaceans, or
their eggs.
16.14 Importation of live or dead amphibians or their eggs.
16.15 Importation of live reptiles or their eggs.
[[Page 127]]
Subpart C_Permits
16.22 Injurious wildlife permits.
Subpart D_Additional Exemptions
16.32 Importation by Federal agencies.
16.33 Importation of natural-history specimens.
Authority: 18 U.S.C. 42.
Source: 39 FR 1169, Jan. 4, 1974, unless otherwise noted.
Subpart A_Introduction