[Title 14 CFR ]
[Code of Federal Regulations (annual edition) - January 1, 2004 Edition]
[From the U.S. Government Printing Office]
[[Page i]]
14
Parts 60 to 139
Revised as of January 1, 2004
Aeronautics and Space
Containing a codification of documents of general
applicability and future effect
As of January 1, 2004
With Ancillaries
Published by:
Office of the Federal Register
National Archives and Records
Administration
A Special Edition of the Federal Register
[[Page ii]]
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON : 2004
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[[Page iii]]
Table of Contents
Page
Explanation................................................. v
Title 14:
Chapter I--Federal Aviation Administration,
Department of Transportation (Continued) 3
Finding Aids:
Material Approved for Incorporation by Reference........ 851
Table of CFR Titles and Chapters........................ 853
Alphabetical List of Agencies Appearing in the CFR...... 871
List of CFR Sections Affected........................... 881
[[Page iv]]
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Cite this Code: CFR
To cite the regulations in
this volume use title,
part and section number.
Thus, 14 CFR 61.1 refers
to title 14, part 61,
section 1.
----------------------------
[[Page v]]
EXPLANATION
The Code of Federal Regulations is a codification of the general and
permanent rules published in the Federal Register by the Executive
departments and agencies of the Federal Government. The Code is divided
into 50 titles which represent broad areas subject to Federal
regulation. Each title is divided into chapters which usually bear the
name of the issuing agency. Each chapter is further subdivided into
parts covering specific regulatory areas.
Each volume of the Code is revised at least once each calendar year
and issued on a quarterly basis approximately as follows:
Title 1 through Title 16as of January 1...........
Title 17 through Title 27as of April 1............
Title 28 through Title 41as of July 1.............
Title 42 through Title 50as of October 1..........
The appropriate revision date is printed on the cover of each
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HOW TO USE THE CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS
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OMB CONTROL NUMBERS
The Paperwork Reduction Act of 1980 (Pub. L. 96-511) requires
Federal agencies to display an OMB control number with their information
collection request.
[[Page vi]]
Many agencies have begun publishing numerous OMB control numbers as
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OBSOLETE PROVISIONS
Provisions that become obsolete before the revision date stated on
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appropriate numerical list of sections affected. For the period before
January 1, 2001, consult either the List of CFR Sections Affected, 1949-
1963, 1964-1972, 1973-1985, or 1986-2000, published in 11 separate
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INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE
What is incorporation by reference? Incorporation by reference was
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This material, like any other properly issued regulation, has the force
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What is a proper incorporation by reference? The Director of the
Federal Register will approve an incorporation by reference only when
the requirements of 1 CFR part 51 are met. Some of the elements on which
approval is based are:
(a) The incorporation will substantially reduce the volume of
material published in the Federal Register.
(b) The matter incorporated is in fact available to the extent
necessary to afford fairness and uniformity in the administrative
process.
(c) The incorporating document is drafted and submitted for
publication in accordance with 1 CFR part 51.
Properly approved incorporations by reference in this volume are
listed in the Finding Aids at the end of this volume.
What if the material incorporated by reference cannot be found? If
you have any problem locating or obtaining a copy of material listed in
the Finding Aids of this volume as an approved incorporation by
reference, please contact the agency that issued the regulation
containing that incorporation. If, after contacting the agency, you find
the material is not available, please notify the Director of the Federal
Register, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington DC
20408, or call (202) 741-6010.
CFR INDEXES AND TABULAR GUIDES
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separate volume, revised annually as of January 1, entitled CFR Index
and Finding Aids. This volume contains the Parallel Table of Statutory
Authorities and Agency Rules (Table I). A list of CFR titles, chapters,
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The Federal Register Index is issued monthly in cumulative form.
This index is based on a consolidation of the ``Contents'' entries in
the daily Federal Register.
A List of CFR Sections Affected (LSA) is published monthly, keyed to
the revision dates of the 50 CFR titles.
[[Page vii]]
REPUBLICATION OF MATERIAL
There are no restrictions on the republication of material appearing
in the Code of Federal Regulations.
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Raymond A. Mosley,
Director,
Office of the Federal Register.
January 1, 2004.
[[Page ix]]
THIS TITLE
Title 14--Aeronautics and Space is composed of five volumes. The
parts in these volumes are arranged in the following order: parts 1-59,
60-139, 140-199, 200-1199, and part 1200-End. The first three volumes
containing parts 1-199 are comprised of chapter I--Federal Aviation
Administration, Department of Transportation (DOT). The fourth volume
containing parts 200-1199 is comprised of chapter II--Office of the
Secretary, DOT (Aviation Proceedings) and chapter III--Commercial Space
Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, DOT. The fifth volume
containing part 1200-End is comprised of chapter V--National Aeronautics
and Space Administration and chapter VI--Office of Management and
Budget. The contents of these volumes represent all current regulations
codified under this title of the CFR as of January 1, 2004.
[[Page x]]
[[Page 1]]
TITLE 14--AERONAUTICS AND SPACE
(This book contains parts 60 to 139)
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Part
chapter i--Federal Aviation Administration, Department of
Transportation (Continued)................................ 61
[[Page 3]]
CHAPTER I--FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
(CONTINUED)
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SUBCHAPTER D--AIRMEN
Part Page
60 [Reserved]
61 Certification: Pilots, flight instructors,
and ground instructors.................. 5
63 Certification: Flight crewmembers other than
pilots.................................. 98
65 Certification: Airmen other than flight
crewmembers............................. 117
67 Medical standards and certification......... 138
SUBCHAPTER E--AIRSPACE
71 Designation of class A, B, C, D, and E
airspace areas; Air traffic service;
routes; and reporting points............ 151
73 Special use airspace........................ 155
75 [Reserved]
77 Objects affecting navigable airspace........ 157
SUBCHAPTER F--AIR TRAFFIC AND GENERAL OPERATING RULES
91 General operating and flight rules.......... 171
93 Special air traffic rules................... 305
95 IFR altitudes............................... 331
97 Standard instrument approach procedures..... 339
99 Security control of air traffic............. 342
101 Moored balloons, kites, unmanned rockets and
unmanned free balloons.................. 346
103 Ultralight vehicles......................... 350
[[Page 4]]
105 Parachute Operations........................ 352
SUBCHAPTER G--AIR CARRIERS AND OPERATORS FOR COMPENSATION OR HIRE:
CERTIFICATION AND OPERATIONS
119 Certification: Air carriers and commercial
operators............................... 360
121 Operating requirements: Domestic, flag, and
supplemental operations................. 380
125 Certification and operations: Airplanes
having a seating capacity of 20 or more
passengers or a maximum payload capacity
of 6,000 pounds or more; and rules
governing persons on board such aircraft 618
129 Operations: Foreign air carriers and foreign
operators of U.S.-registered aircraft
engaged in common carriage.............. 682
133 Rotorcraft external-load operations......... 692
135 Operating requirements: Commuter and on
demand operations and rules governing
persons on board such aircraft.......... 699
136 National parks air tour management.......... 818
137 Agricultural aircraft operations............ 822
139 Certification and operations: Land airports
serving certain air carriers............ 829
[[Page 5]]
SUBCHAPTER D_AIRMEN
PART 60 [RESERVED]
PART 61_CERTIFICATION: PILOTS, FLIGHT INSTRUCTORS, AND GROUND INSTRUCTORS--Table of Contents
Special Federal Aviation Regulation No. 58 [Note]
Special Federal Aviation Regulation No. 73
Special Federal Aviation Regulation No. 93
Special Federal Aviation Regulation No. 100
Subpart A_General
Sec.
61.1 Applicability and definitions.
61.3 Requirement for certificates, ratings, and authorizations.
61.4 Qualification and approval of flight simulators and flight training
devices.
61.5 Certificates and ratings issued under this part.
61.7 Obsolete certificates and ratings.
61.9 [Reserved]
61.11 Expired pilot certificates and reissuance.
61.13 Issuance of airman certificates, ratings, and authorizations.
61.14 Refusal to submit to a drug or alcohol test.
61.15 Offenses involving alcohol or drugs.
61.16 Refusal to submit to an alcohol test or to furnish test results.
61.17 Temporary certificate.
61.18 Security disqualification.
61.19 Duration of pilot and instructor certificates.
61.21 Duration of a Category II and a Category III pilot authorization
(for other than part 121 and part 135 use).
61.23 Medical certificates: Requirement and duration.
61.25 Change of name.
61.27 Voluntary surrender or exchange of certificate.
61.29 Replacement of a lost or destroyed airman or medical certificate
or knowledge test report.
61.31 Type rating requirements, additional training, and authorization
requirements.
61.33 Tests: General procedure.
61.35 Knowledge test: Prerequisites and passing grades.
61.37 Knowledge tests: Cheating or other unauthorized conduct.
61.39 Prerequisites for practical tests.
61.41 Flight training received from flight instructors not certificated
by the FAA.
61.43 Practical tests: General procedures.
61.45 Practical tests: Required aircraft and equipment.
61.47 Status of an examiner who is authorized by the Administrator to
conduct practical tests.
61.49 Retesting after failure.
61.51 Pilot logbooks.
61.53 Prohibition on operations during medical deficiency.
61.55 Second-in-command qualifications.
61.56 Flight review.
61.57 Recent flight experience: Pilot in command.
61.58 Pilot-in-command proficiency check: Operation of aircraft
requiring more than one pilot flight crewmember.
61.59 Falsification, reproduction, or alteration of applications,
certificates, logbooks, reports, or records.
61.60 Change of address.
Subpart B_Aircraft Ratings and Pilot Authorizations
61.61 Applicability.
61.63 Additional aircraft ratings (other than on an airline transport
pilot certificate).
61.64 [Reserved]
61.65 Instrument rating requirements.
61.67 Category II pilot authorization requirements.
61.68 Category III pilot authorization requirements.
61.69 Glider towing: Experience and training requirements.
61.71 Graduates of an approved training program other than under this
part: Special rules.
61.73 Military pilots or former military pilots: Special rules.
61.75 Private pilot certificate issued on the basis of a foreign pilot
license.
61.77 Special purpose pilot authorization: Operation of U.S.-registered
civil aircraft leased by a person who is not a U.S. citizen.
Subpart C_Student Pilots
61.81 Applicability.
61.83 Eligibility requirements for student pilots.
61.85 Application.
61.87 Solo requirements for student pilots.
61.89 General limitations.
61.91 [Reserved]
61.93 Solo cross-country flight requirements.
61.95 Operations in Class B airspace and at airports located within
Class B airspace.
[[Page 6]]
Subpart D_Recreational Pilots
61.96 Applicability and eligibility requirements: General.
61.97 Aeronautical knowledge.
61.98 Flight proficiency.
61.99 Aeronautical experience.
61.100 Pilots based on small islands.
61.101 Recreational pilot privileges and limitations.
Subpart E_Private Pilots
61.102 Applicability.
61.103 Eligibility requirements: General.
61.105 Aeronautical knowledge.
61.107 Flight proficiency.
61.109 Aeronautical experience.
61.110 Night flying exceptions.
61.111 Cross-country flights: Pilots based on small islands.
61.113 Private pilot privileges and limitations: Pilot in command.
61.115 Balloon rating: Limitations.
61.117 Private pilot privileges and limitations: Second in command of
aircraft requiring more than one pilot.
61.118-61.120 [Reserved]
Subpart F_Commercial Pilots
61.121 Applicability.
61.123 Eligibility requirements: General.
61.125 Aeronautical knowledge.
61.127 Flight proficiency.
61.129 Aeronautical experience.
61.131 Exceptions to the night flying requirements.
61.133 Commercial pilot privileges and limitations.
61.135-61.141 [Reserved]
Subpart G_Airline Transport Pilots
61.151 Applicability.
61.153 Eligibility requirements: General.
61.155 Aeronautical knowledge.
61.157 Flight proficiency.
61.158 [Reserved]
61.159 Aeronautical experience: Airplane category rating.
61.161 Aeronautical experience: Rotorcraft category and helicopter class
rating.
61.163 Aeronautical experience: Powered-lift category rating.
61.165 Additional aircraft category and class ratings.
61.167 Privileges.
61.169-61.171 [Reserved]
Subpart H_Flight Instructors
61.181 Applicability.
61.183 Eligibility requirements.
61.185 Aeronautical knowledge.
61.187 Flight proficiency.
61.189 Flight instructor records.
61.191 Additional flight instructor ratings.
61.193 Flight instructor privileges.
61.195 Flight instructor limitations and qualifications.
61.197 Renewal of flight instructor certificates.
61.199 Expired flight instructor certificates and ratings.
61.201 [Reserved]
Subpart I_Ground Instructors
61.211 Applicability.
61.213 Eligibility requirements.
61.215 Ground instructor privileges.
61.217 Recent experience requirements.
Authority: 49 U.S.C. 106(g), 40113, 44701-44703, 44707, 44709-44711,
45102-45103, 45301-45302.
Source: Docket No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, unless
otherwise noted.
Special Federal Aviation Regulation No. 58
Editorial Note: For the text of SFAR No. 58, see part 121 of this
chapter.
Special Federal Aviation Regulation No. 73--Robinson R-22/R-44 Special
Training and Experience Requirements
Sections
1. Applicability.
2. Required training, aeronautical experience, endorsements, and
flight review.
3. Expiration date.
1. Applicability. Under the procedures prescribed herein, this SFAR
applies to all persons who seek to manipulate the controls or act as
pilot in command of a Robinson model R-22 or R-44 helicopter. The
requirements stated in this SFAR are in addition to the current
requirements of part 61.
2. Required training, aeronautical experience, endorsements, and
flight review.
(a) Awareness Training:
(1) Except as provided in paragraph (a)(2) of this section, no
person may manipulate the controls of a Robinson model R-22 or R-44
helicopter after March 27, 1995, for the purpose of flight unless the
awareness training specified in paragraph (a)(3) of this section is
completed and the person's logbook has been endorsed by a certified
flight instructor authorized under paragraph (b)(5) of this section.
(2) A person who holds a rotorcraft category and helicopter class
rating on that person's pilot certificate and meets the experience
requirements of paragraph (b)(1) or paragraph (b)(2) of this section may
not manipulate the controls of a Robinson model R-22 or R-44 helicopter
for the purpose of flight after April 26, 1995, unless the awareness
[[Page 7]]
training specified in paragraph (a)(3) of this section is completed and
the person's logbook has been endorsed by a certified flight instructor
authorized under paragraph (b)(5) of this section.
(3) Awareness training must be conducted by a certified flight
instructor who has been endorsed under paragraph (b)(5) of this section
and consists of instruction in the following general subject areas:
(i) Energy management;
(ii) Mast bumping;
(iii) Low rotor RPM (blade stall);
(iv) Low G hazards; and
(v) Rotor RPM decay.
(4) A person who can show satisfactory completion of the
manufacturer's safety course after January 1, 1994, may obtain an
endorsement from an FAA aviation safety inspector in lieu of completing
the awareness training required in paragraphs (a)(1) and (a)(2) of this
section.
(b) Aeronautical Experience:
(1) No person may act as pilot in command of a Robinson model R-22
unless that person:
(i) Has had at least 200 flight hours in helicopters, at least 50
flight hours of which were in the Robinson R-22; or
(ii) Has had at least 10 hours dual instruction in the Robinson R-22
and has received an endorsement from a certified flight instructor
authorized under paragraph (b)(5) of this section that the individual
has been given the training required by this paragraph and is proficient
to act as pilot in command of an R-22. Beginning 12 calendar months
after the date of the endorsement, the individual may not act as pilot
in command unless the individual has completed a flight review in an R-
22 within the preceding 12 calendar months and obtained an endorsement
for that flight review. The dual instruction must include at least the
following abnormal and emergency procedures flight training:
(A) Enhanced training in autorotation procedures,
(B) Engine rotor RPM control without the use of the governor,
(C) Low rotor RPM recognition and recovery, and
(D) Effects of low G maneuvers and proper recovery procedures.
(2) No person may act as pilot in command of a Robinson R-44 unless
that person--
(i) Has had at least 200 flight hours in helicopters, at least 50
flight hours of which were in the Robinson R-44. The pilot in command
may credit up to 25 flight hours in the Robinson R-22 toward the 50 hour
requirement in the Robinson R-44; or
(ii) Has had at least 10 hours dual instruction in a Robinson
helicopter, at least 5 hours of which must have been accomplished in the
Robinson R-44 helicopter and has received an endorsement from a
certified flight instructor authorized under paragraph (b)(5) of this
section that the individual has been given the training required by this
paragraph and is proficient to act as pilot in command of an R-44.
Beginning 12 calendar months after the date of the endorsement, the
individual may not act as pilot in command unless the individual has
completed a flight review in a Robinson R-44 within the preceding 12
calendar months and obtained an endorsement for that flight review. The
dual instruction must include at least the following abnormal and
emergency procedures flight training--
(A) Enhanced training in autorotation procedures;
(B) Engine rotor RPM control without the use of the governor;
(C) Low rotor RPM recognition and recovery; and
(D) Effects of low G maneuvers and proper recovery procedures.
(3) A person who does not hold a rotorcraft category and helicopter
class rating must have had at least 20 hours of dual instruction in a
Robinson R-22 helicopter prior to operating it in solo flight. In
addition, the person must obtain an endorsement from a certified flight
instructor authorized under paragraph (b)(5) of this section that
instruction has been given in those maneuvers and procedures, and the
instructor has found the applicant proficient to solo a Robinson R-22.
This endorsement is valid for a period of 90 days. The dual instruction
must include at least the following abnormal and emergency procedures
flight training:
(i) Enhanced training in autorotation procedures,
(ii) Engine rotor RPM control without the use of the governor,
(iii) Low rotor RPM recognition and recovery, and
(iv) Effects of low G maneuvers and proper recovery procedures.
(4) A person who does not hold a rotorcraft category and helicopter
class rating must have had at least 20 hours of dual instruction in a
Robinson R-44 helicopter prior to operating it in solo flight. In
addition, the person must obtain an endorsement from a certified flight
instructor authorized under paragraph (b)(5) of this section that
instruction has been given in those maneuvers and procedures, and the
instructor has found the applicant proficient to solo a Robinson R-44.
This endorsement is valid for a period of 90 days. The dual instruction
must include at least the following abnormal and emergency procedures
flight training:
(i) Enhanced training in autorotation procedures,
(ii) Engine rotor RPM control without the use of the governor,
(iii) Low rotor RPM recognition and recovery, and
(iv) Effects of low G maneuvers and proper recovery procedures.
[[Page 8]]
(5) No certificated flight instructor may provide instruction or
conduct a flight review in a Robinson R-22 or R-44 unless that
instructor--
(i) Completes the awareness training in paragraph 2(a) of this SFAR.
(ii) For the Robinson R-22, has had at least 200 flight hours in
helicopters, at least 50 flight hours of which were in the Robinson R-
22, or for the Robinson R-44, has had at least 200 flight hours in
helicopters, 50 flight hours of which were in Robinson helicopters. Up
to 25 flight hours of Robinson R-22 flight time may be credited toward
the 50 hour requirement.
(iii) Has completed flight training in a Robinson R-22, R-44, or
both, on the following abnormal and emergency procedures--
(A) Enhanced training in autorotation procedures;
(B) Engine rotor RPM control without the use of the governor;
(C) Low rotor RPM recognition and recovery; and
(D) Effects of low G maneuvers and proper recovery procedures.
(iv) Has been authorized by endorsement from an FAA aviation safety
inspector or authorized designated examiner that the instructor has
completed the appropriate training, meets the experience requirements
and has satisfactorily demonstrated an ability to provide instruction on
the general subject areas of paragraph 2(a)(3) of this SFAR, and the
flight training identified in paragraph 2(b)(5)(iii) of this SFAR.
(c) Flight Review:
(1) No flight review completed to satisfy Sec. 61.56 by an
individual after becoming eligible to function as pilot in command in a
Robinson R-22 helicopter shall be valid for the operation of R-22
helicopter unless that flight review was taken in an R-22.
(2) No flight review completed to satisfy Sec. 61.56 by individual
after becoming eligible to function as pilot in command in a Robinson R-
44 helicopter shall be valid for the operation of R-44 helicopter unless
that flight review was taken in the R-44.
(3) The flight review will include a review of the awareness
training subject areas of paragraph 2(a)(3) of this SFAR and the flight
training identified in paragraph 2(b) of this SFAR.
(d) Currency Requirements: No person may act as pilot in command of
a Robinson model R-22 or R-44 helicopter carrying passengers unless the
pilot in command has met the recency of flight experience requirements
of Sec. 61.57 in an R-22 or R-44, as appropriate.
3. Expiration date. This SFAR terminates on March 31, 2008, unless
sooner superceded or rescinded.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as amended by SFAR 73-1, 63
FR 666, Jan. 7, 1998; 68 FR 43, Jan. 2, 2003]
Special Federal Aviation Regulation No. 93--Temporary Extension of Time
To Allow for Certain Training and Testing
1. Applicability. This SFAR applies to all part 121 and 135 check
airmen (simulator) and flight instructors (simulator), part 121 aircraft
dispatchers, and part 142 training center instructors who were required
to complete qualification requirements, an inflight line observation
program, or operating familiarization in September 2001 to become
qualified, or remain qualified, to perform their assigned duties. It
also applies to persons who have satisfactorily accomplished the part 61
aeronautical knowledge test or the part 63 written test, either one of
which has an expiration date of September 2001 for pilot, flight
instructor, or flight engineer certification.
2. Special Qualification Requirements. The sections of 14 CFR that
prescribes these requirements are sections 61.39(a)(1); 63.35(d);
121.411(f); 121.412(f); 121.463(a)(2); 121.463(c); 135.337(f);
135.338(f); 142.53(b)(2) and (b)(3).
3. Extension of Time to Fulfill Certain Qualification Requirements.
Persons identified in paragraph 1 of this SFAR who had until the end of
September 2001 to complete the specified qualification requirements in
September 2001 will be deemed to have completed those requirements in
September 2001 provided they satisfactorily complete those requirements
by November 30, 2001. For those persons identified in paragraph 1, who
are qualifying for the first time to be a check airmen (simulator),
flight instructor (simulator), aircraft dispatcher, or training center
instructor, they must fulfill the applicable qualification requirements
before they may serve as a check airmen (simulator), flight instructor
(simulator), aircraft dispatcher, or training center instructor, as
appropriate. This extension does not change the 12-calendar-month
requirement for aircraft dispatchers or the anniversary month for check
airmen, flight instructors and training center instructors. Therefore,
if you were due for qualification in September 2001 you will be due for
qualification September 2002, regardless of this extension for 2001.
4. Termination Date. This Special Federal Aviation Regulation
expires November 30, 2001.
[Doc. No. FAA-2001-10797, 66 FR 52279, Oct. 12, 2001]
[[Page 9]]
Special Federal Aviation Regulation No. 100--Relief for U.S. Military
and Civilian Personnel Who Are Assigned Outside the United States in
Support of U.S. Armed Forces Operations
1. Applicability. Flight Standards District Offices are authorized
to accept from an eligible person, as described in paragraph 2 of this
SFAR, the following:
(a) An expired flight instructor certificate to show eligibility for
renewal of a flight instructor certificate under Sec. 61.197, or an
expired written test report to show eligibility under part 61 to take a
practical test;
(b) An expired written test report to show eligibility under
Sec. Sec. 63.33 and 63.57 to take a practical test; and
(c) An expired written test report to show eligibility to take a
practical test required under part 65 or an expired inspection
authorization to show eligibility for renewal under Sec. 65.93.
2. Eligibility. A person is eligible for the relief described in
paragraph 1 of this SFAR if:
(a) The person served in a U.S. military or civilian capacity
outside the United States in support of the U.S. Armed Forces' operation
during some period of time from September 11, 2001, to June 20, 2005;
(b) The person's flight instructor certificate, airman written test
report, or inspection authorization expired some time between September
11, 2001, and 6 calendar months after returning to the United States, or
June 20, 2005, whichever is earlier; and
(c) The person complies with Sec. 61.197 or Sec. 65.93 of this
chapter, as appropriate, or completes the appropriate practical test
within 6 calendar months after returning to the United States, or June
20, 2005, whichever is earlier.
3. Required documents. The person must send the Airman Certificate
and/or Rating Application (FAA Form 8710-1) to the appropriate Flight
Standards District Office. The person must include with the application
one of the following documents, which must show the date of assignment
outside the United States and the date of return to the United States:
(a) An official U.S. Government notification of personnel action, or
equivalent document, showing the person was a civilian on official duty
for the U.S. Government outside the United States and was assigned to a
U.S. Armed Forces' operation some time between September 11, 2001, and
June 20, 2005;
(b) Military orders showing the person was assigned to duty outside
the United States and was assigned to a U.S. Armed Forces' operation
some time between September 11, 2001, and June 20, 2005; or
(c) A letter from the person's military commander or civilian
supervisor providing the dates during which the person served outside
the United States and was assigned to a U.S. Armed Forces' operation
some time between September 11, 2001, and June 20, 2005.
4. Expiration date. This Special Federal Aviation Regulation No. 100
expires June 20, 2005, unless sooner superseded or rescinded.
[Doc. No. FAA-2003-15431, 68 FR 36905, June 20, 2003]
Effective Date Note: By Doc. No. FAA-2003-15431, 68 FR 36905, June
20, 2003, SFAR No. 100 was added, effective June 20, 2003, through June
20, 2005.
Subpart A_General
Sec. 61.1 Applicability and definitions.
(a) This part prescribes:
(1) The requirements for issuing pilot, flight instructor, and
ground instructor certificates and ratings; the conditions under which
those certificates and ratings are necessary; and the privileges and
limitations of those certificates and ratings.
(2) The requirements for issuing pilot, flight instructor, and
ground instructor authorizations; the conditions under which those
authorizations are necessary; and the privileges and limitations of
those authorizations.
(3) The requirements for issuing pilot, flight instructor, and
ground instructor certificates and ratings for persons who have taken
courses approved by the Administrator under other parts of this chapter.
(b) For the purpose of this part:
(1) Aeronautical experience means pilot time obtained in an
aircraft, flight simulator, or flight training device for meeting the
appropriate training and flight time requirements for an airman
certificate, rating, flight review, or recency of flight experience
requirements of this part.
(2) Authorized instructor means--
(i) A person who holds a valid ground instructor certificate issued
under part 61 or part 143 of this chapter when conducting ground
training in accordance with the privileges and limitations of his or her
ground instructor certificate;
(ii) A person who holds a current flight instructor certificate
issued under part 61 of this chapter when conducting ground training or
flight training in accordance with the privileges
[[Page 10]]
and limitations of his or her flight instructor certificate; or
(iii) A person authorized by the Administrator to provide ground
training or flight training under SFAR No. 58, or part 61, 121, 135, or
142 of this chapter when conducting ground training or flight training
in accordance with that authority.
(3) Cross-country time means--
(i) Except as provided in paragraphs (b)(3) (ii), (iii), (iv), and
(v) of this section, time acquired during a flight--
(A) Conducted by a person who holds a pilot certificate;
(B) Conducted in an aircraft;
(C) That includes a landing at a point other than the point of
departure; and
(D) That involves the use of dead reckoning, pilotage, electronic
navigation aids, radio aids, or other navigation systems to navigate to
the landing point.
(ii) For the purpose of meeting the aeronautical experience
requirements (except for a rotorcraft category rating), for a private
pilot certificate, a commercial pilot certificate, or an instrument
rating, or for the purpose of exercising recreational pilot privileges
(except in a rotorcraft) under Sec. 61.101(c), time acquired during a
flight--
(A) Conducted in an appropriate aircraft;
(B) That includes a point of landing that was at least a straight-
line distance of more than 50 nautical miles from the original point of
departure; and
(C) That involves the use of dead reckoning, pilotage, electronic
navigation aids, radio aids, or other navigation systems to navigate to
the landing point.
(iii) For the purpose of meeting the aeronautical experience
requirements for any pilot certificate with a rotorcraft category rating
or an instrument-helicopter rating, or for the purpose of exercising
recreational pilot privileges, in a rotorcraft, under Sec. 61.101(c),
time acquired during a flight--
(A) Conducted in an appropriate aircraft;
(B) That includes a point of landing that was at least a straight-
line distance of more than 25 nautical miles from the original point of
departure; and
(C) That involves the use of dead reckoning, pilotage, electronic
navigation aids, radio aids, or other navigation systems to navigate to
the landing point.
(iv) For the purpose of meeting the aeronautical experience
requirements for an airline transport pilot certificate (except with a
rotorcraft category rating), time acquired during a flight--
(A) Conducted in an appropriate aircraft;
(B) That is at least a straight-line distance of more than 50
nautical miles from the original point of departure; and
(C) That involves the use of dead reckoning, pilotage, electronic
navigation aids, radio aids, or other navigation systems.
(v) For a military pilot who qualifies for a commercial pilot
certificate (except with a rotorcraft category rating) under Sec. 61.73
of this part, time acquired during a flight--
(A) Conducted in an appropriate aircraft;
(B) That is at least a straight-line distance of more than 50
nautical miles from the original point of departure; and
(C) That involves the use of dead reckoning, pilotage, electronic
navigation aids, radio aids, or other navigation systems.
(4) Examiner means any person who is authorized by the Administrator
to conduct a pilot proficiency test or a practical test for an airman
certificate or rating issued under this part, or a person who is
authorized to conduct a knowledge test under this part.
(5) Flight simulator means a device that--
(i) Is a full-size aircraft cockpit replica of a specific type of
aircraft, or make, model, and series of aircraft;
(ii) Includes the hardware and software necessary to represent the
aircraft in ground operations and flight operations;
(iii) Uses a force cueing system that provides cues at least
equivalent to those cues provided by a 3 degree freedom of motion
system;
(iv) Uses a visual system that provides at least a 45 degree
horizontal field of view and a 30 degree vertical
[[Page 11]]
field of view simultaneously for each pilot; and
(v) Has been evaluated, qualified, and approved by the
Administrator.
(6) Flight training means that training, other than ground training,
received from an authorized instructor in flight in an aircraft.
(7) Flight training device means a device that--
(i) Is a full-size replica of the instruments, equipment, panels,
and controls of an aircraft, or set of aircraft, in an open flight deck
area or in an enclosed cockpit, including the hardware and software for
the systems installed, that is necessary to simulate the aircraft in
ground and flight operations;
(ii) Need not have a force (motion) cueing or visual system; and
(iii) Has been evaluated, qualified, and approved by the
Administrator.
(8) Ground training means that training, other than flight training,
received from an authorized instructor.
(9) Instrument approach means an approach procedure defined in part
97 of this chapter.
(10) Instrument training means that time in which instrument
training is received from an authorized instructor under actual or
simulated instrument conditions.
(11) Knowledge test means a test on the aeronautical knowledge areas
required for an airman certificate or rating that can be administered in
written form or by a computer.
(12) Pilot time means that time in which a person--
(i) Serves as a required pilot flight crewmember;
(ii) Receives training from an authorized instructor in an aircraft,
flight simulator, or flight training device; or
(iii) Gives training as an authorized instructor in an aircraft,
flight simulator, or flight training device.
(13) Practical test means a test on the areas of operations for an
airman certificate, rating, or authorization that is conducted by having
the applicant respond to questions and demonstrate maneuvers in flight,
in a flight simulator, or in a flight training device.
(14) Set of aircraft means aircraft that share similar performance
characteristics, such as similar airspeed and altitude operating
envelopes, similar handling characteristics, and the same number and
type of propulsion systems.
(15) Training time means training received--
(i) In flight from an authorized instructor;
(ii) On the ground from an authorized instructor; or
(iii) In a flight simulator or flight training device from an
authorized instructor.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61-103, 62 FR 40893,
July 30, 1997]
Sec. 61.3 Requirement for certificates, ratings, and authorizations.
(a) Pilot certificate. A person may not act as pilot in command or
in any other capacity as a required pilot flight crewmember of a civil
aircraft of U.S. registry, unless that person--
(1) Has a valid pilot certificate or special purpose pilot
authorization issued under this part in that person's physical
possession or readily accessible in the aircraft when exercising the
privileges of that pilot certificate or authorization. However, when the
aircraft is operated within a foreign country, a current pilot license
issued by the country in which the aircraft is operated may be used; and
(2) Has a photo identification that is in that person's physical
possession or readily accessible in the aircraft when exercising the
privileges of that pilot certificate or authorization. The photo
identification must be a:
(i) Valid driver's license issued by a State, the District of
Columbia, or territory or possession of the United States;
(ii) Government identification card issued by the Federal
government, a State, the District of Columbia, or a territory or
possession of the United States;
(iii) U.S. Armed Forces' identification card;
(iv) Official passport;
(v) Credential that authorizes unescorted access to a security
identification display area at an airport regulated under 49 CFR part
1542; or
(vi) Other form of identification that the Administrator finds
acceptable.
[[Page 12]]
(b) Required pilot certificate for operating a foreign-registered
aircraft. A person may not act as pilot in command or in any other
capacity as a required pilot flight crewmember of a civil aircraft of
foreign registry within the United States, unless that person's pilot
certificate:
(1) Is valid and in that person's physical possession, or readily
accessible in the aircraft when exercising the privileges of that pilot
certificate; and
(2) Has been issued under this part, or has been issued or validated
by the country in which the aircraft is registered.
(c) Medical certificate. (1) Except as provided for in paragraph
(c)(2) of this section, a person may not act as pilot in command or in
any other capacity as a required pilot flight crewmember of an aircraft,
under a certificate issued to that person under this part, unless that
person has a current and appropriate medical certificate that has been
issued under part 67 of this chapter, or other documentation acceptable
to the Administrator, which is in that person's physical possession or
readily accessible in the aircraft.
(2) A person is not required to meet the requirements of paragraph
(c)(1) of this section if that person--
(i) Is exercising the privileges of a student pilot certificate
while seeking a pilot certificate with a glider category rating or
balloon class rating;
(ii) Is holding a pilot certificate with a balloon class rating and
is piloting or providing training in a balloon as appropriate;
(iii) Is holding a pilot certificate or a flight instructor
certificate with a glider category rating, and is piloting or providing
training in a glider, as appropriate;
(iv) Except as provided in paragraph (c)(2)(iii) of this section, is
exercising the privileges of a flight instructor certificate, provided
the person is not acting as pilot in command or as a required pilot
flight crewmember;
(v) Is exercising the privileges of a ground instructor certificate;
(vi) Is operating an aircraft within a foreign country using a pilot
license issued by that country and possesses evidence of current medical
qualification for that license; or
(vii) Is operating an aircraft with a U.S. pilot certificate, issued
on the basis of a foreign pilot license, issued under Sec. 61.75 of
this part, and holds a current medical certificate issued by the foreign
country that issued the foreign pilot license, which is in that person's
physical possession or readily accessible in the aircraft when
exercising the privileges of that airman certificate.
(d) Flight instructor certificate. (1) A person who holds a flight
instructor certificate issued under this part must have that
certificate, or other documentation acceptable to the Administrator, in
that person's physical possession or readily accessible in the aircraft
when exercising the privileges of that flight instructor certificate.
(2) Except as provided in paragraph (d)(3) of this section, no
person other than the holder of a flight instructor certificate issued
under this part with the appropriate rating on that certificate may--
(i) Give training required to qualify a person for solo flight and
solo cross-country flight;
(ii) Endorse an applicant for a--
(A) Pilot certificate or rating issued under this part;
(B) Flight instructor certificate or rating issued under this part;
or
(C) Ground instructor certificate or rating issued under this part;
(iii) Endorse a pilot logbook to show training given; or
(iv) Endorse a student pilot certificate and logbook for solo
operating privileges.
(3) A flight instructor certificate issued under this part is not
necessary--
(i) Under paragraph (d)(2) of this section, if the training is given
by the holder of a commercial pilot certificate with a lighter-than-air
rating, provided the training is given in accordance with the privileges
of the certificate in a lighter-than-air aircraft;
(ii) Under paragraph (d)(2) of this section, if the training is
given by the holder of an airline transport pilot certificate with a
rating appropriate to the aircraft in which the training is given,
provided the training is given in accordance with the privileges of the
[[Page 13]]
certificate and conducted in accordance with an approved air carrier
training program approved under part 121 or part 135 of this chapter;
(iii) Under paragraph (d)(2) of this section, if the training is
given by a person who is qualified in accordance with subpart C of part
142 of this chapter, provided the training is conducted in accordance
with an approved part 142 training program;
(iv) Under paragraphs (d)(2)(i), (d)(2)(ii)(C), and (d)(2)(iii) of
this section, if the training is given by the holder of a ground
instructor certificate in accordance with the privileges of the
certificate; or
(v) Under paragraph (d)(2)(iii) of this section, if the training is
given by an authorized flight instructor under Sec. 61.41 of this part.
(e) Instrument rating. No person may act as pilot in command of a
civil aircraft under IFR or in weather conditions less than the minimums
prescribed for VFR flight unless that person holds:
(1) The appropriate aircraft category, class, type (if required),
and instrument rating on that person's pilot certificate for any
airplane, helicopter, or powered-lift being flown;
(2) An airline transport pilot certificate with the appropriate
aircraft category, class, and type rating (if required) for the aircraft
being flown;
(3) For a glider, a pilot certificate with a glider category rating
and an airplane instrument rating; or
(4) For an airship, a commercial pilot certificate with a lighter-
than-air category rating and airship class rating.
(f) Category II pilot authorization. Except for a pilot conducting
Category II operations under part 121 or part 135, a person may not:
(1) Act as pilot in command of a civil aircraft during Category II
operations unless that person--
(i) Holds a current Category II pilot authorization for that
category or class of aircraft, and the type of aircraft, if applicable;
or
(ii) In the case of a civil aircraft of foreign registry, is
authorized by the country of registry to act as pilot in command of that
aircraft in Category II operations.
(2) Act as second in command of a civil aircraft during Category II
operations unless that person--
(i) Holds a valid pilot certificate with category and class ratings
for that aircraft and a current instrument rating for that category
aircraft;
(ii) Holds an airline transport pilot certificate with category and
class ratings for that aircraft; or
(iii) In the case of a civil aircraft of foreign registry, is
authorized by the country of registry to act as second in command of
that aircraft during Category II operations.
(g) Category III pilot authorization. Except for a pilot conducting
Category III operations under part 121 or part 135, a person may not:
(1) Act as pilot in command of a civil aircraft during Category III
operations unless that person--
(i) Holds a current Category III pilot authorization for that
category or class of aircraft, and the type of aircraft, if applicable;
or
(ii) In the case of a civil aircraft of foreign registry, is
authorized by the country of registry to act as pilot in command of that
aircraft in Category III operations.
(2) Act as second in command of a civil aircraft during Category III
operations unless that person--
(i) Holds a valid pilot certificate with category and class ratings
for that aircraft and a current instrument rating for that category
aircraft;
(ii) Holds an airline transport pilot certificate with category and
class ratings for that aircraft; or
(iii) In the case of a civil aircraft of foreign registry, is
authorized by the country of registry to act as second in command of
that aircraft during Category III operations.
(h) Category A aircraft pilot authorization. The Administrator may
issue a certificate of authorization for a Category II or Category III
operation to the pilot of a small aircraft that is a Category A
aircraft, as identified in Sec. 97.3(b)(1) of this chapter if:
(1) The Administrator determines that the Category II or Category
III operation can be performed safely by that pilot under the terms of
the certificate of authorization; and
[[Page 14]]
(2) The Category II or Category III operation does not involve the
carriage of persons or property for compensation or hire.
(i) Ground instructor certificate. (1) Each person who holds a
ground instructor certificate issued under this part or part 143 must
have that certificate in that person's physical possession or
immediately accessible when exercising the privileges of that
certificate.
(2) Except as provided in paragraph (i)(3) of this section, no
person other than the holder of a ground instructor certificate, issued
under this part or part 143, with the appropriate rating on that
certificate may--
(i) Give ground training required to qualify a person for solo
flight and solo cross-country flight;
(ii) Endorse an applicant for a knowledge test required for a pilot,
flight instructor, or ground instructor certificate or rating issued
under this part; or
(iii) Endorse a pilot logbook to show ground training given.
(3) A ground instructor certificate issued under this part is not
necessary--
(i) Under paragraph (i)(2) of this section, if the training is given
by the holder of a flight instructor certificate issued under this part
in accordance with the privileges of that certificate;
(ii) Under paragraph (i)(2) of this section, if the training is
given by the holder of a commercial pilot certificate with a lighter-
than-air rating, provided the training is given in accordance with the
privileges of the certificate in a lighter-than-air aircraft;
(iii) Under paragraph (i)(2) of this section, if the training is
given by the holder of an airline transport pilot certificate with a
rating appropriate to the aircraft in which the training is given,
provided the training is given in accordance with the privileges of the
certificate and conducted in accordance with an approved air carrier
training program approved under part 121 or part 135 of this chapter;
(iv) Under paragraph (i)(2) of this section, if the training is
given by a person who is qualified in accordance with subpart C of part
142 of this chapter, provided the training is conducted in accordance
with an approved part 142 training program; or
(v) Under paragraph (i)(2)(iii) of this section, if the training is
given by an authorized flight instructor under Sec. 61.41 of this part.
(j) Age limitation for certain operations.
(1) Age limitation. Except as provided in paragraph (j)(3) of this
section, no person who holds a pilot certificate issued under this part
shall serve as a pilot on a civil airplane of U.S. registry in the
following operations if the person has reached his or her 60th
birthday--
(i) Scheduled international air services carrying passengers in
turbojet-powered airplanes;
(ii) Scheduled international air services carrying passengers in
airplanes having a passenger-seat configuration of more than nine
passenger seats, excluding each crewmember seat;
(iii) Nonscheduled international air transportation for compensation
or hire in airplanes having a passenger-seat configuration of more than
30 passenger seats, excluding each crewmember seat; or
(iv) Scheduled international air services, or nonscheduled
international air transportation for compensation or hire, in airplanes
having a payload capacity of more than 7,500 pounds.
(2) Definitions. (i) ``International air service,'' as used in
paragraph (j) of this section, means scheduled air service performed in
airplanes for the public transport of passengers, mail, or cargo, in
which the service passes through the airspace over the territory of more
than one country.
(ii) ``International air transportation,'' as used in paragraph (j)
of this section, means air transportation performed in airplanes for the
public transport of passengers, mail, or cargo, in which the service
passes through the airspace over the territory of more than one country.
(3) Delayed pilot age limitation. Until December 20, 1999, a person
may serve as a pilot in operations covered by this paragraph after that
person has reached his or her 60th birthday if, on March 20, 1997, that
person was employed as a pilot in operations covered by this paragraph.
[[Page 15]]
(k) Special purpose pilot authorization. Any person that is required
to hold a special purpose pilot authorization, issued in accordance with
Sec. 61.77 of this part, must have that authorization and the person's
foreign pilot license in that person's physical possession or have it
readily accessible in the aircraft when exercising the privileges of
that authorization.
(l) Inspection of certificate. Each person who holds an airman
certificate, medical certificate, authorization, or license required by
this part must present it and their photo identification as described in
paragraph (a)(2) of this section for inspection upon a request from:
(1) The Administrator;
(2) An authorized representative of the National Transportation
Safety Board;
(3) Any Federal, State, or local law enforcement officer; or
(4) An authorized representative of the Transportation Security
Administration.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61-103, 62 FR 40894,
July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61-107, 67 FR 65861, Oct. 28, 2002]
Sec. 61.4 Qualification and approval of flight simulators and flight
training devices.
(a) Except as specified in paragraph (b) or (c) of this section,
each flight simulator and flight training device used for training, and
for which an airman is to receive credit to satisfy any training,
testing, or checking requirement under this chapter, must be qualified
and approved by the Administrator for--
(1) The training, testing, and checking for which it is used;
(2) Each particular maneuver, procedure, or crewmember function
performed; and
(3) The representation of the specific category and class of
aircraft, type of aircraft, particular variation within the type of
aircraft, or set of aircraft for certain flight training devices.
(b) Any device used for flight training, testing, or checking that
has been determined to be acceptable to or approved by the Administrator
prior to August 1, 1996, which can be shown to function as originally
designed, is considered to be a flight training device, provided it is
used for the same purposes for which it was originally accepted or
approved and only to the extent of such acceptance or approval.
(c) The Administrator may approve a device other than a flight
simulator or flight training device for specific purposes.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61-103, 62 FR 40895,
July 30, 1997]
Sec. 61.5 Certificates and ratings issued under this part.
(a) The following certificates are issued under this part to an
applicant who satisfactorily accomplishes the training and certification
requirements for the certificate sought:
(1) Pilot certificates--
(i) Student pilot.
(ii) Recreational pilot.
(iii) Private pilot.
(iv) Commercial pilot.
(v) Airline transport pilot.
(2) Flight instructor certificates.
(3) Ground instructor certificates.
(b) The following ratings are placed on a pilot certificate (other
than student pilot) when an applicant satisfactorily accomplishes the
training and certification requirements for the rating sought:
(1) Aircraft category ratings--
(i) Airplane.
(ii) Rotorcraft.
(iii) Glider.
(iv) Lighter-than-air.
(v) Powered-lift.
(2) Airplane class ratings--
(i) Single-engine land.
(ii) Multiengine land.
(iii) Single-engine sea.
(iv) Multiengine sea.
(3) Rotorcraft class ratings--
(i) Helicopter.
(ii) Gyroplane.
(4) Lighter-than-air class ratings--
(i) Airship.
(ii) Balloon.
(5) Aircraft type ratings--
(i) Large aircraft other than lighter-than-air.
(ii) Turbojet-powered airplanes.
(iii) Other aircraft type ratings specified by the Administrator
through the aircraft type certification procedures.
[[Page 16]]
(6) Instrument ratings (on private and commercial pilot certificates
only)--
(i) Instrument--Airplane.
(ii) Instrument--Helicopter.
(iii) Instrument--Powered-lift.
(c) The following ratings are placed on a flight instructor
certificate when an applicant satisfactorily accomplishes the training
and certification requirements for the rating sought:
(1) Aircraft category ratings--
(i) Airplane.
(ii) Rotorcraft.
(iii) Glider.
(iv) Powered-lift.
(2) Airplane class ratings--
(i) Single-engine.
(ii) Multiengine.
(3) Rotorcraft class ratings--
(i) Helicopter.
(ii) Gyroplane.
(4) Instrument ratings--
(i) Instrument--Airplane.
(ii) Instrument--Helicopter.
(iii) Instrument--Powered-lift.
(d) The following ratings are placed on a ground instructor
certificate when an applicant satisfactorily accomplishes the training
and certification requirements for the rating sought:
(1) Basic.
(2) Advanced.
(3) Instrument.
Sec. 61.7 Obsolete certificates and ratings.
(a) The holder of a free-balloon pilot certificate issued before
November 1, 1973, may not exercise the privileges of that certificate.
(b) The holder of a pilot certificate that bears any of the
following category ratings without an associated class rating may not
exercise the privileges of that category rating:
(1) Rotorcraft.
(2) Lighter-than-air.
(3) Helicopter.
(4) Autogyro.
Sec. 61.9 [Reserved]
Sec. 61.11 Expired pilot certificates and reissuance.
(a) No person who holds an expired pilot certificate or rating may:
(1) Exercise the privileges of that pilot certificate or rating; or
(2) Act as pilot in command or as a required pilot flight crewmember
of an aircraft of the same category and class specified on the expired
pilot certificate or rating.
(b) The following pilot certificates and ratings have expired and
will not be reissued:
(1) An airline transport pilot certificate issued before May 1,
1949, or an airline transport pilot certificate that contains a
horsepower limitation;
(2) A private or commercial pilot certificate issued before July 1,
1945; and
(3) A pilot certificate with a lighter-than-air or free-balloon
rating issued before July 1, 1945.
(c) A pilot certificate issued on the basis of a foreign pilot
license will expire on the date the foreign license expires unless
otherwise specified on the U.S. pilot certificate. A certificate without
an expiration date is issued to the holder of the expired certificate
only if that person meets the requirements of Sec. 61.75 for the
issuance of a pilot certificate based on a foreign pilot license.
(d) An airline transport pilot certificate issued after April 30,
1949, that bears an expiration date but does not contain a horsepower
limitation may be reissued without an expiration date.
(e) A private or commercial pilot certificate issued after June 30,
1945, that bears an expiration date may be reissued without an
expiration date.
(f) A pilot certificate with a lighter-than-air or free-balloon
rating issued after June 30, 1945, that bears an expiration date may be
reissued without an expiration date.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61-103, 62 FR 40895,
July 30, 1997]
Sec. 61.13 Issuance of airman certificates, ratings, and authorizations.
(a) Application. (1) An applicant for an airman certificate, rating,
or authorization under this part must make that application on a form
and in a manner acceptable to the Administrator.
(2) An applicant who is neither a citizen of the United States nor a
resident alien of the United States--
(i) Must show evidence that the appropriate fee prescribed in
appendix A
[[Page 17]]
to part 187 of this chapter has been paid when that person applies for
a--
(A) Student pilot certificate that is issued outside the United
States; or
(B) Knowledge test or practical test for an airman certificate or
rating issued under this part, if the test is administered outside the
United States.
(ii) May be refused issuance of any U.S. airman certificate, rating,
or authorization by the Administrator.
(3) Except as provided in paragraph (a)(2)(ii) of this section, an
applicant who satisfactorily accomplishes the training and certification
requirements for the certificate, rating, or authorization sought is
entitled to receive that airman certificate, rating, or authorization.
(b) Limitations. (1) An applicant who cannot comply with certain
areas of operation required on the practical test because of physical
limitations may be issued an airman certificate, rating, or
authorization with the appropriate limitation placed on the applicant's
airman certificate provided the--
(i) Applicant is able to meet all other certification requirements
for the airman certificate, rating, or authorization sought;
(ii) Physical limitation has been recorded with the FAA on the
applicant's medical records; and
(iii) Administrator determines that the applicant's inability to
perform the particular area of operation will not adversely affect
safety.
(2) A limitation placed on a person's airman certificate may be
removed, provided that person demonstrates for an examiner satisfactory
proficiency in the area of operation appropriate to the airman
certificate, rating, or authorization sought.
(c) Additional requirements for Category II and Category III pilot
authorizations. (1) A Category II or Category III pilot authorization is
issued by a letter of authorization as part of an applicant's instrument
rating or airline transport pilot certificate.
(2) Upon original issue, the authorization contains the following
limitations:
(i) For Category II operations, the limitation is 1,600 feet RVR and
a 150-foot decision height; and
(ii) For Category III operations, each initial limitation is
specified in the authorization document.
(3) The limitations on a Category II or Category III pilot
authorization may be removed as follows:
(i) In the case of Category II limitations, a limitation is removed
when the holder shows that, since the beginning of the sixth preceding
month, the holder has made three Category II ILS approaches with a 150-
foot decision height to a landing under actual or simulated instrument
conditions.
(ii) In the case of Category III limitations, a limitation is
removed as specified in the authorization.
(4) To meet the experience requirements of paragraph (c)(3) of this
section, and for the practical test required by this part for a Category
II or a Category III pilot authorization, a flight simulator or flight
training device may be used if it is approved by the Administrator for
such use.
(d) Application during suspension or revocation. (1) Unless
otherwise authorized by the Administrator, a person whose pilot, flight
instructor, or ground instructor certificate has been suspended may not
apply for any certificate, rating, or authorization during the period of
suspension.
(2) Unless otherwise authorized by the Administrator, a person whose
pilot, flight instructor, or ground instructor certificate has been
revoked may not apply for any certificate, rating, or authorization for
1 year after the date of revocation.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 40895, July 30, 1997]
Sec. 61.14 Refusal to submit to a drug or alcohol test.
(a) This section applies to an employee who performs a function
listed in appendix I to part 121 or appendix J to part 121 of this
chapter directly or by contract for a part 121 air carrier, a part 135
air carrier, or for a person conducting operations as specified in Sec.
135.1(a)(5) of this chapter.
(b) Refusal by the holder of a certificate issued under this part to
take a drug test required under the provisions of appendix I to part 121
or an alcohol test required under the provisions of appendix J to part
121 is grounds for:
[[Page 18]]
(1) Denial of an application for any certificate, rating, or
authorization issued under this part for a period of up to 1 year after
the date of such refusal; and
(2) Suspension or revocation of any certificate, rating, or
authorization issued under this part.
Sec. 61.15 Offenses involving alcohol or drugs.
(a) A conviction for the violation of any Federal or State statute
relating to the growing, processing, manufacture, sale, disposition,
possession, transportation, or importation of narcotic drugs, marijuana,
or depressant or stimulant drugs or substances is grounds for:
(1) Denial of an application for any certificate, rating, or
authorization issued under this part for a period of up to 1 year after
the date of final conviction; or
(2) Suspension or revocation of any certificate, rating, or
authorization issued under this part.
(b) Committing an act prohibited by Sec. 91.17(a) or Sec. 91.19(a)
of this chapter is grounds for:
(1) Denial of an application for a certificate, rating, or
authorization issued under this part for a period of up to 1 year after
the date of that act; or
(2) Suspension or revocation of any certificate, rating, or
authorization issued under this part.
(c) For the purposes of paragraphs (d), (e), and (f) of this
section, a motor vehicle action means:
(1) A conviction after November 29, 1990, for the violation of any
Federal or State statute relating to the operation of a motor vehicle
while intoxicated by alcohol or a drug, while impaired by alcohol or a
drug, or while under the influence of alcohol or a drug;
(2) The cancellation, suspension, or revocation of a license to
operate a motor vehicle after November 29, 1990, for a cause related to
the operation of a motor vehicle while intoxicated by alcohol or a drug,
while impaired by alcohol or a drug, or while under the influence of
alcohol or a drug; or
(3) The denial after November 29, 1990, of an application for a
license to operate a motor vehicle for a cause related to the operation
of a motor vehicle while intoxicated by alcohol or a drug, while
impaired by alcohol or a drug, or while under the influence of alcohol
or a drug.
(d) Except for a motor vehicle action that results from the same
incident or arises out of the same factual circumstances, a motor
vehicle action occurring within 3 years of a previous motor vehicle
action is grounds for:
(1) Denial of an application for any certificate, rating, or
authorization issued under this part for a period of up to 1 year after
the date of the last motor vehicle action; or
(2) Suspension or revocation of any certificate, rating, or
authorization issued under this part.
(e) Each person holding a certificate issued under this part shall
provide a written report of each motor vehicle action to the FAA, Civil
Aviation Security Division (AMC-700), P.O. Box 25810, Oklahoma City, OK
73125, not later than 60 days after the motor vehicle action. The report
must include:
(1) The person's name, address, date of birth, and airman
certificate number;
(2) The type of violation that resulted in the conviction or the
administrative action;
(3) The date of the conviction or administrative action;
(4) The State that holds the record of conviction or administrative
action; and
(5) A statement of whether the motor vehicle action resulted from
the same incident or arose out of the same factual circumstances related
to a previously reported motor vehicle action.
(f) Failure to comply with paragraph (e) of this section is grounds
for:
(1) Denial of an application for any certificate, rating, or
authorization issued under this part for a period of up to 1 year after
the date of the motor vehicle action; or
(2) Suspension or revocation of any certificate, rating, or
authorization issued under this part.
Sec. 61.16 Refusal to submit to an alcohol test or to furnish test results.
A refusal to submit to a test to indicate the percentage by weight
of alcohol in the blood, when requested by a law enforcement officer in
accordance
[[Page 19]]
with Sec. 91.17(c) of this chapter, or a refusal to furnish or
authorize the release of the test results requested by the Administrator
in accordance with Sec. 91.17(c) or (d) of this chapter, is grounds
for:
(a) Denial of an application for any certificate, rating, or
authorization issued under this part for a period of up to 1 year after
the date of that refusal; or
(b) Suspension or revocation of any certificate, rating, or
authorization issued under this part.
Sec. 61.17 Temporary certificate.
(a) A temporary pilot, flight instructor, or ground instructor
certificate or rating is issued for up to 120 days, at which time a
permanent certificate will be issued to a person whom the Administrator
finds qualified under this part.
(b) A temporary pilot, flight instructor, or ground instructor
certificate or rating expires:
(1) On the expiration date shown on the certificate;
(2) Upon receipt of the permanent certificate; or
(3) Upon receipt of a notice that the certificate or rating sought
is denied or revoked.
Sec. 61.18 Security disqualification.
(a)Eligibility standard. No person is eligible to hold a
certificate, rating, or authorization issued under this part when the
Transportation Security Administration (TSA) has notified the FAA in
writing that the person poses a security threat.
(b) Effect of the issuance by the TSA of an Initial Notification of
Threat Assessment. (1) The FAA will hold in abeyance pending the outcome
of the TSA's final threat assessment review an application for any
certificate, rating, or authorization under this part by any person who
has been issued an Initial Notification of Threat Assessment by the TSA.
(2) The FAA will suspend any certificate, rating, or authorization
issued under this part after the TSA issues to the holder an Initial
Notification of Threat Assessment.
(c) Effect of the issuance by the TSA of a Final Notification of
Threat Assessment. (1) The FAA will deny an application for any
certificate, rating, or authorization under this part to any person who
has been issued a Final Notification of Threat Assessment.
(2) The FAA will revoke any certificate, rating, or authorization
issued under this part after the TSA has issued to the holder a Final
Notification of Threat Assessment.
[Doc. FAA-2003-14293, 68 FR 3774, Jan. 24, 2003]
Sec. 61.19 Duration of pilot and instructor certificates.
(a) General. The holder of a certificate with an expiration date may
not, after that date, exercise the privileges of that certificate.
(b) Student pilot certificate. A student pilot certificate expires
24 calendar months from the month in which it is issued.
(c) Other pilot certificates. A pilot certificate (other than a
student pilot certificate) issued under this part is issued without a
specific expiration date. The holder of a pilot certificate issued on
the basis of a foreign pilot license may exercise the privileges of that
certificate only while that person's foreign pilot license is effective.
(d) Flight instructor certificate. A flight instructor certificate:
(1) Is effective only while the holder has a current pilot
certificate; and
(2) Except as specified in Sec. 61.197(b) of this part, expires 24
calendar months from the month in which it was issued or renewed.
(e) Ground instructor certificate. A ground instructor certificate
issued under this part is issued without a specific expiration date.
(f) Surrender, suspension, or revocation. Any certificate issued
under this part ceases to be effective if it is surrendered, suspended,
or revoked.
(g) Return of certificates. The holder of any certificate issued
under this part that has been suspended or revoked must return that
certificate to the FAA when requested to do so by the Administrator.
[[Page 20]]
Sec. 61.21 Duration of a Category II and a Category III pilot
authorization (for other than part 121 and part 135 use).
(a) A Category II pilot authorization or a Category III pilot
authorization expires at the end of the sixth calendar month after the
month in which it was issued or renewed.
(b) Upon passing a practical test for a Category II or Category III
pilot authorization, the authorization may be renewed for each type of
aircraft for which the authorization is held.
(c) A Category II or Category III pilot authorization for a specific
type aircraft for which an authorization is held will not be renewed
beyond 12 calendar months from the month the practical test was
accomplished in that type aircraft.
(d) If the holder of a Category II or Category III pilot
authorization passes the practical test for a renewal in the month
before the authorization expires, the holder is considered to have
passed it during the month the authorization expired.
Sec. 61.23 Medical certificates: Requirement and duration.
(a) Operations requiring a medical certificate. Except as provided
in paragraph (b) of this section, a person:
(1) Must hold a first-class medical certificate when exercising the
privileges of an airline transport pilot certificate;
(2) Must hold at least a second-class medical certificate when
exercising the privileges of a commercial pilot certificate; or
(3) Must hold at least a third-class medical certificate--
(i) When exercising the privileges of a private pilot certificate;
(ii) When exercising the privileges of a recreational pilot
certificate;
(iii) Except as specified in paragraph (b)(3) of this section, when
exercising the privileges of a student pilot certificate;
(iv) When exercising the privileges of a flight instructor
certificate, except for a flight instructor certificate with a glider
category rating, if the person is acting as the pilot in command or is
serving as a required pilot flight crewmember; or
(v) Except for a glider category rating or a balloon class rating,
prior to taking a practical test that is performed in an aircraft for a
certificate or rating at the recreational, private, commercial, or
airline transport pilot certificate level.
(b) Operations not requiring a medical certificate. A person is not
required to hold a medical certificate:
(1) When exercising the privileges of a pilot certificate with a
glider category rating;
(2) When exercising the privileges of a pilot certificate with a
balloon class rating;
(3) When exercising the privileges of a student pilot certificate
while seeking a pilot certificate with a glider category rating or
balloon class rating;
(4) When exercising the privileges of a flight instructor
certificate with a glider category rating;
(5) When exercising the privileges of a flight instructor
certificate if the person is not acting as pilot in command or serving
as a required pilot flight crewmember;
(6) When exercising the privileges of a ground instructor
certificate;
(7) When serving as an examiner or check airman during the
administration of a test or check for a certificate, rating, or
authorization conducted in a flight simulator or flight training device;
or
(8) When taking a test or check for a certificate, rating, or
authorization conducted in a flight simulator or flight training device.
(c) Duration of a medical certificate. (1) A first-class medical
certificate expires at the end of the last day of--
(i) The sixth month after the month of the date of examination shown
on the certificate for operations requiring an airline transport pilot
certificate;
(ii) The 12th month after the month of the date of examination shown
on the certificate for operations requiring a commercial pilot
certificate or an air traffic control tower operator certificate; and
(iii) The period specified in paragraph (c)(3) of this section for
operations requiring a recreational pilot certificate, a private pilot
certificate, a flight instructor certificate (when acting as pilot in
command or a required pilot
[[Page 21]]
flight crewmember in operations other than glider or balloon), or a
student pilot certificate.
(2) A second-class medical certificate expires at the end of the
last day of--
(i) The 12th month after the month of the date of examination shown
on the certificate for operations requiring a commercial pilot
certificate or an air traffic control tower operator certificate; and
(ii) The period specified in paragraph (c)(3) of this section for
operations requiring a recreational pilot certificate, a private pilot
certificate, a flight instructor certificate (when acting as pilot in
command or a required pilot flight crewmember in operations other than
glider or balloon), or a student pilot certificate.
(3) A third-class medical certificate for operations requiring a
recreational pilot certificate, a private pilot certificate, a flight
instructor certificate (when acting as pilot in command or a required
pilot flight crewmember in operations other than glider or balloon), or
a student pilot certificate issued--
(i) Before September 16, 1996, expires at the end of the 24th month
after the month of the date of examination shown on the certificate; or
(ii) On or after September 16, 1996, expires at the end of:
(A) The 36th month after the month of the date of the examination
shown on the certificate if the person has not reached his or her 40th
birthday on or before the date of examination; or
(B) The 24th month after the month of the date of the examination
shown on the certificate if the person has reached his or her 40th
birthday on or before the date of the examination.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61-103, 62 FR 40895,
July 30, 1997]
Sec. 61.25 Change of name.
(a) An application to change the name on a certificate issued under
this part must be accompanied by the applicant's:
(1) Current airman certificate; and
(2) A copy of the marriage license, court order, or other document
verifying the name change.
(b) The documents in paragraph (a) of this section will be returned
to the applicant after inspection.
Sec. 61.27 Voluntary surrender or exchange of certificate.
(a) The holder of a certificate issued under this part may
voluntarily surrender it for:
(1) Cancellation;
(2) Issuance of a lower grade certificate; or
(3) Another certificate with specific ratings deleted.
(b) Any request made under paragraph (a) of this section must
include the following signed statement or its equivalent: ``This request
is made for my own reasons, with full knowledge that my (insert name of
certificate or rating, as appropriate) may not be reissued to me unless
I again pass the tests prescribed for its issuance.''
Sec. 61.29 Replacement of a lost or destroyed airman or medical
certificate or knowledge test report.
(a) A request for the replacement of a lost or destroyed airman
certificate issued under this part must be made by letter to the
Department of Transportation, FAA, Airman Certification Branch, P.O. Box
25082, Oklahoma City, OK 73125, and must be accompanied by a check or
money order for the appropriate fee payable to the FAA.
(b) A request for the replacement of a lost or destroyed medical
certificate must be made by letter to the Department of Transportation,
FAA, Aeromedical Certification Branch, P.O. Box 25082, Oklahoma City, OK
73125, and must be accompanied by a check or money order for the
appropriate fee payable to the FAA.
(c) A request for the replacement of a lost or destroyed knowledge
test report must be made by letter to the Department of Transportation,
FAA, Airman Certification Branch, P.O. Box 25082, Oklahoma City, OK
73125, and must be accompanied by a check or money order for the
appropriate fee payable to the FAA.
(d) The letter requesting replacement of a lost or destroyed airman
certificate, medical certificate, or knowledge test report must state:
(1) The name of the person;
[[Page 22]]
(2) The permanent mailing address (including ZIP code), or if the
permanent mailing address includes a post office box number, then the
person's current residential address;
(3) The social security number;
(4) The date and place of birth of the certificate holder; and
(5) Any available information regarding the--
(i) Grade, number, and date of issuance of the certificate, and the
ratings, if applicable;
(ii) Date of the medical examination, if applicable; and
(iii) Date the knowledge test was taken, if applicable.
(e) A person who has lost an airman certificate, medical
certificate, or knowledge test report may obtain a facsimile from the
FAA Aeromedical Certification Branch or the Airman Certification Branch,
as appropriate, confirming that it was issued and the:
(1) Facsimile may be carried as an airman certificate, medical
certificate, or knowledge test report, as appropriate, for up to 60 days
pending the person's receipt of a duplicate under paragraph (a), (b), or
(c) of this section, unless the person has been notified that the
certificate has been suspended or revoked.
(2) Request for such a facsimile must include the date on which a
duplicate certificate or knowledge test report was previously requested.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61-103, 62 FR 40896,
July 30, 1997]
Sec. 61.31 Type rating requirements, additional training, and
authorization requirements.
(a) Type ratings required. A person who acts as a pilot in command
of any of the following aircraft must hold a type rating for that
aircraft:
(1) Large aircraft (except lighter-than-air).
(2) Turbojet-powered airplanes.
(3) Other aircraft specified by the Administrator through aircraft
type certificate procedures.
(b) Authorization in lieu of a type rating. A person may be
authorized to operate without a type rating for up to 60 days an
aircraft requiring a type rating, provided--
(1) The Administrator has authorized the flight or series of
flights;
(2) The Administrator has determined that an equivalent level of
safety can be achieved through the operating limitations on the
authorization;
(3) The person shows that compliance with paragraph (a) of this
section is impracticable for the flight or series of flights; and
(4) The flight--
(i) Involves only a ferry flight, training flight, test flight, or
practical test for a pilot certificate or rating;
(ii) Is within the United States;
(iii) Does not involve operations for compensation or hire unless
the compensation or hire involves payment for the use of the aircraft
for training or taking a practical test; and
(iv) Involves only the carriage of flight crewmembers considered
essential for the flight.
(5) If the flight or series of flights cannot be accomplished within
the time limit of the authorization, the Administrator may authorize an
additional period of up to 60 days to accomplish the flight or series of
flights.
(c) Aircraft category, class, and type ratings: Limitations on the
carriage of persons, or operating for compensation or hire. Unless a
person holds a category, class, and type rating (if a class and type
rating is required) that applies to the aircraft, that person may not
act as pilot in command of an aircraft that is carrying another person,
or is operated for compensation or hire. That person also may not act as
pilot in command of that aircraft for compensation or hire.
(d) Aircraft category, class, and type ratings: Limitations on
operating an aircraft as the pilot in command. To serve as the pilot in
command of an aircraft, a person must--
(1) Hold the appropriate category, class, and type rating (if a
class rating and type rating are required) for the aircraft to be flown;
(2) Be receiving training for the purpose of obtaining an additional
pilot certificate and rating that are appropriate to that aircraft, and
be under the supervision of an authorized instructor; or
[[Page 23]]
(3) Have received training required by this part that is appropriate
to the aircraft category, class, and type rating (if a class or type
rating is required) for the aircraft to be flown, and have received the
required endorsements from an instructor who is authorized to provide
the required endorsements for solo flight in that aircraft.
(e) Additional training required for operating complex airplanes.
(1) Except as provided in paragraph (e)(2) of this section, no person
may act as pilot in command of a complex airplane (an airplane that has
a retractable landing gear, flaps, and a controllable pitch propeller;
or, in the case of a seaplane, flaps and a controllable pitch
propeller), unless the person has--
(i) Received and logged ground and flight training from an
authorized instructor in a complex airplane, or in a flight simulator or
flight training device that is representative of a complex airplane, and
has been found proficient in the operation and systems of the airplane;
and
(ii) Received a one-time endorsement in the pilot's logbook from an
authorized instructor who certifies the person is proficient to operate
a complex airplane.
(2) The training and endorsement required by paragraph (e)(1) of
this section is not required if the person has logged flight time as
pilot in command of a complex airplane, or in a flight simulator or
flight training device that is representative of a complex airplane
prior to August 4, 1997.
(f) Additional training required for operating high-performance
airplanes. (1) Except as provided in paragraph (f)(2) of this section,
no person may act as pilot in command of a high-performance airplane (an
airplane with an engine of more than 200 horsepower), unless the person
has--
(i) Received and logged ground and flight training from an
authorized instructor in a high-performance airplane, or in a flight
simulator or flight training device that is representative of a high-
performance airplane, and has been found proficient in the operation and
systems of the airplane; and
(ii) Received a one-time endorsement in the pilot's logbook from an
authorized instructor who certifies the person is proficient to operate
a high-performance airplane.
(2) The training and endorsement required by paragraph (f)(1) of
this section is not required if the person has logged flight time as
pilot in command of a high-performance airplane, or in a flight
simulator or flight training device that is representative of a high-
performance airplane prior to August 4, 1997.
(g) Additional training required for operating pressurized aircraft
capable of operating at high altitudes. (1) Except as provided in
paragraph (g)(3) of this section, no person may act as pilot in command
of a pressurized aircraft (an aircraft that has a service ceiling or
maximum operating altitude, whichever is lower, above 25,000 feet MSL),
unless that person has received and logged ground training from an
authorized instructor and obtained an endorsement in the person's
logbook or training record from an authorized instructor who certifies
the person has satisfactorily accomplished the ground training. The
ground training must include at least the following subjects:
(i) High-altitude aerodynamics and meteorology;
(ii) Respiration;
(iii) Effects, symptoms, and causes of hypoxia and any other high-
altitude sickness;
(iv) Duration of consciousness without supplemental oxygen;
(v) Effects of prolonged usage of supplemental oxygen;
(vi) Causes and effects of gas expansion and gas bubble formation;
(vii) Preventive measures for eliminating gas expansion, gas bubble
formation, and high-altitude sickness;
(viii) Physical phenomena and incidents of decompression; and
(ix) Any other physiological aspects of high-altitude flight.
(2) Except as provided in paragraph (g)(3) of this section, no
person may act as pilot in command of a pressurized aircraft unless that
person has received and logged training from an authorized instructor in
a pressurized aircraft, or in a flight simulator or flight training
device that is representative of a pressurized aircraft, and obtained an
endorsement in the person's logbook or
[[Page 24]]
training record from an authorized instructor who found the person
proficient in the operation of a pressurized aircraft. The flight
training must include at least the following subjects:
(i) Normal cruise flight operations while operating above 25,000
feet MSL;
(ii) Proper emergency procedures for simulated rapid decompression
without actually depressurizing the aircraft; and
(iii) Emergency descent procedures.
(3) The training and endorsement required by paragraphs (g)(1) and
(g)(2) of this section are not required if that person can document
satisfactory accomplishment of any of the following in a pressurized
aircraft, or in a flight simulator or flight training device that is
representative of a pressurized aircraft:
(i) Serving as pilot in command before April 15, 1991;
(ii) Completing a pilot proficiency check for a pilot certificate or
rating before April 15, 1991;
(iii) Completing an official pilot-in-command check conducted by the
military services of the United States; or
(iv) Completing a pilot-in-command proficiency check under part 121,
125, or 135 of this chapter conducted by the Administrator or by an
approved pilot check airman.
(h) Additional aircraft type-specific training. No person may serve
as pilot in command of an aircraft that the Administrator has determined
requires aircraft type-specific training unless that person has--
(1) Received and logged type-specific training in the aircraft, or
in a flight simulator or flight training device that is representative
of that type of aircraft; and
(2) Received a logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor who
has found the person proficient in the operation of the aircraft and its
systems.
(i) Additional training required for operating tailwheel airplanes.
(1) Except as provided in paragraph (i)(2) of this section, no person
may act as pilot in command of a tailwheel airplane unless that person
has received and logged flight training from an authorized instructor in
a tailwheel airplane and received an endorsement in the person's logbook
from an authorized instructor who found the person proficient in the
operation of a tailwheel airplane. The flight training must include at
least the following maneuvers and procedures:
(i) Normal and crosswind takeoffs and landings;
(ii) Wheel landings (unless the manufacturer has recommended against
such landings); and
(iii) Go-around procedures.
(2) The training and endorsement required by paragraph (i)(1) of
this section is not required if the person logged pilot-in-command time
in a tailwheel airplane before April 15, 1991.
(j) Additional training required for operating a glider. (1) No
person may act as pilot in command of a glider--
(i) Using ground-tow procedures, unless that person has
satisfactorily accomplished ground and flight training on ground-tow
procedures and operations, and has received an endorsement from an
authorized instructor who certifies in that pilot's logbook that the
pilot has been found proficient in ground-tow procedures and operations;
(ii) Using aerotow procedures, unless that person has satisfactorily
accomplished ground and flight training on aerotow procedures and
operations, and has received an endorsement from an authorized
instructor who certifies in that pilot's logbook that the pilot has been
found proficient in aerotow procedures and operations; or
(iii) Using self-launch procedures, unless that person has
satisfactorily accomplished ground and flight training on self-launch
procedures and operations, and has received an endorsement from an
authorized instructor who certifies in that pilot's logbook that the
pilot has been found proficient in self-launch procedures and
operations.
(2) The holder of a glider rating issued prior to August 4, 1997, is
considered to be in compliance with the training and logbook endorsement
requirements of this paragraph for the specific operating privilege for
which the holder is already qualified.
(k) Exceptions. (1) This section does not require a category and
class rating for aircraft not type certificated as airplanes,
rotorcraft, or lighter-than-air
[[Page 25]]
aircraft, or a class rating for gliders or powered-lifts.
(2) The rating limitations of this section do not apply to--
(i) An applicant when taking a practical test given by an examiner;
(ii) The holder of a student pilot certificate;
(iii) The holder of a pilot certificate when operating an aircraft
under the authority of an experimental or provisional aircraft type
certificate;
(iv) The holder of a pilot certificate with a lighter-than-air
category rating when operating a balloon; or
(v) The holder of a recreational pilot certificate operating under
the provisions of Sec. 61.101(h).
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 40896, July 30, 1997, as amended by Amdt. 61-104,
63 FR 20286, Apr. 23, 1998]
Sec. 61.33 Tests: General procedure.
Tests prescribed by or under this part are given at times and
places, and by persons designated by the Administrator.
Sec. 61.35 Knowledge test: Prerequisites and passing grades.
(a) An applicant for a knowledge test must have:
(1) Received an endorsement, if required by this part, from an
authorized instructor certifying that the applicant accomplished the
appropriate ground-training or a home-study course required by this part
for the certificate or rating sought and is prepared for the knowledge
test; and
(2) Proper identification at the time of application that contains
the applicant's--
(i) Photograph;
(ii) Signature;
(iii) Date of birth, which shows the applicant meets or will meet
the age requirements of this part for the certificate sought before the
expiration date of the airman knowledge test report; and
(iv) Actual residential address, if different from the applicant's
mailing address.
(b) The Administrator shall specify the minimum passing grade for
the knowledge test.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as amended by Amdt. 61-104,
63 FR 20286, Apr. 23, 1998]
Sec. 61.37 Knowledge tests: Cheating or other unauthorized conduct.
(a) An applicant for a knowledge test may not:
(1) Copy or intentionally remove any knowledge test;
(2) Give to another applicant or receive from another applicant any
part or copy of a knowledge test;
(3) Give assistance on, or receive assistance on, a knowledge test
during the period that test is being given;
(4) Take any part of a knowledge test on behalf of another person;
(5) Be represented by, or represent, another person for a knowledge
test;
(6) Use any material or aid during the period that the test is being
given, unless specifically authorized to do so by the Administrator; and
(7) Intentionally cause, assist, or participate in any act
prohibited by this paragraph.
(b) An applicant who the Administrator finds has committed an act
prohibited by paragraph (a) of this section is prohibited, for 1 year
after the date of committing that act, from:
(1) Applying for any certificate, rating, or authorization issued
under this chapter; and
(2) Applying for and taking any test under this chapter.
(c) Any certificate or rating held by an applicant may be suspended
or revoked if the Administrator finds that person has committed an act
prohibited by paragraph (a) of this section.
Sec. 61.39 Prerequisites for practical tests.
(a) Except as provided in paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section, to
be eligible for a practical test for a certificate or rating issued
under this part, an applicant must:
(1) Pass the required knowledge test within the 24-calendar-month
period preceding the month the applicant
[[Page 26]]
completes the practical test, if a knowledge test is required;
(2) Present the knowledge test report at the time of application for
the practical test, if a knowledge test is required;
(3) Have satisfactorily accomplished the required training and
obtained the aeronautical experience prescribed by this part for the
certificate or rating sought;
(4) Hold at least a current third-class medical certificate, if a
medical certificate is required;
(5) Meet the prescribed age requirement of this part for the
issuance of the certificate or rating sought;
(6) Have an endorsement, if required by this part, in the
applicant's logbook or training record that has been signed by an
authorized instructor who certifies that the applicant--
(i) Has received and logged training time within 60 days preceding
the date of application in preparation for the practical test;
(ii) Is prepared for the required practical test; and
(iii) Has demonstrated satisfactory knowledge of the subject areas
in which the applicant was deficient on the airman knowledge test; and
(7) Have a completed and signed application form.
(b) Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraphs (a)(1) and (2) of
this section, an applicant for an airline transport pilot certificate or
an additional rating to an airline transport certificate may take the
practical test for that certificate or rating with an expired knowledge
test report, provided that the applicant:
(1) Is employed as a flight crewmember by a certificate holder under
part 121, 125, or 135 of this chapter at the time of the practical test
and has satisfactorily accomplished that operator's approved--
(i) Pilot in command aircraft qualification training program that is
appropriate to the certificate and rating sought; and
(ii) Qualification training requirements appropriate to the
certificate and rating sought; or
(2) Is employed as a flight crewmember in scheduled U.S. military
air transport operations at the time of the practical test, and has
accomplished the pilot in command aircraft qualification training
program that is appropriate to the certificate and rating sought.
(c) A person is not required to comply with the provisions of
paragraph (a)(6) of this section if that person:
(1) Holds a foreign-pilot license issued by a contracting State to
the Convention on International Civil Aviation that authorizes at least
the pilot privileges of the airman certificate sought;
(2) Is applying for a type rating only, or a class rating with an
associated type rating; or
(3) Is applying for an airline transport pilot certificate or an
additional rating to an airline transport pilot certificate in an
aircraft that does not require an aircraft type rating practical test.
(d) If all increments of the practical test for a certificate or
rating are not completed on one date, all remaining increments of the
test must be satisfactorily completed not more than 60 calendar days
after the date on which the applicant began the test.
(e) If all increments of the practical test for a certificate or a
rating are not satisfactorily completed within 60 calendar days after
the date on which the applicant began the test, the applicant must
retake the entire practical test, including those increments
satisfactorily completed.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61-103, 62 FR 40897,
July 30, 1997, as amended by Amdt. 61-104, 63 FR 20286, Apr. 23, 1998]
Sec. 61.41 Flight training received from flight instructors not
certificated by the FAA.
(a) A person may credit flight training toward the requirements of a
pilot certificate or rating issued under this part, if that person
received the training from:
(1) A flight instructor of an Armed Force in a program for training
military pilots of either--
(i) The United States; or
(ii) A foreign contracting State to the Convention on International
Civil Aviation.
[[Page 27]]
(2) A flight instructor who is authorized to give such training by
the licensing authority of a foreign contracting State to the Convention
on International Civil Aviation, and the flight training is given
outside the United States.
(b) A flight instructor described in paragraph (a) of this section
is only authorized to give endorsements to show training given.
Sec. 61.43 Practical tests: General procedures.
(a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, the ability
of an applicant for a certificate or rating issued under this part to
perform the required tasks on the practical test is based on that
applicant's ability to safely:
(1) Perform the tasks specified in the areas of operation for the
certificate or rating sought within the approved standards;
(2) Demonstrate mastery of the aircraft with the successful outcome
of each task performed never seriously in doubt;
(3) Demonstrate satisfactory proficiency and competency within the
approved standards;
(4) Demonstrate sound judgment; and
(5) Demonstrate single-pilot competence if the aircraft is type
certificated for single-pilot operations.
(b) If an applicant does not demonstrate single pilot proficiency,
as required in paragraph (a)(5) of this section, a limitation of
``Second in Command Required'' will be placed on the applicant's airman
certificate. The limitation may be removed if the applicant passes the
appropriate practical test by demonstrating single-pilot competency in
the aircraft in which single-pilot privileges are sought.
(c) If an applicant fails any area of operation, that applicant
fails the practical test.
(d) An applicant is not eligible for a certificate or rating sought
until all the areas of operation are passed.
(e) The examiner or the applicant may discontinue a practical test
at any time:
(1) When the applicant fails one or more of the areas of operation;
or
(2) Due to inclement weather conditions, aircraft airworthiness, or
any other safety-of-flight concern.
(f) If a practical test is discontinued, the applicant is entitled
credit for those areas of operation that were passed, but only if the
applicant:
(1) Passes the remainder of the practical test within the 60-day
period after the date the practical test was discontinued;
(2) Presents to the examiner for the retest the original notice of
disapproval form or the letter of discontinuance form, as appropriate;
(3) Satisfactorily accomplishes any additional training needed and
obtains the appropriate instructor endorsements, if additional training
is required; and
(4) Presents to the examiner for the retest a properly completed and
signed application.
Sec. 61.45 Practical tests: Required aircraft and equipment.
(a) General. Except as provided in paragraph (a)(2) of this section
or when permitted to accomplish the entire flight increment of the
practical test in a flight simulator or a flight training device, an
applicant for a certificate or rating issued under this part must
furnish:
(1) An aircraft of U.S. registry for each required test that--
(i) Is of the category, class, and type, if applicable, for which
the applicant is applying for a certificate or rating; and
(ii) Has a current standard, limited, or primary airworthiness
certificate.
(2) At the discretion of the examiner who administers the practical
test, the applicant may furnish--
(i) An aircraft that has a current airworthiness certificate other
than standard, limited, or primary, but that otherwise meets the
requirement of paragraph (a)(1) of this section;
(ii) An aircraft of the same category, class, and type, if
applicable, of foreign registry that is properly certificated by the
country of registry; or
(iii) A military aircraft of the same category, class, and type, if
applicable, for which the applicant is applying for a certificate or
rating.
[[Page 28]]
(b) Required equipment (other than controls). (1) Except as provided
in paragraph (b)(2) of this section, an aircraft used for a practical
test must have--
(i) The equipment for each area of operation required for the
practical test;
(ii) No prescribed operating limitations that prohibit its use in
any of the areas of operation required for the practical test;
(iii) Except as provided in paragraph (e) of this section, at least
two pilot stations with adequate visibility for each person to operate
the aircraft safely; and
(iv) Cockpit and outside visibility adequate to evaluate the
performance of the applicant when an additional jump seat is provided
for the examiner.
(2) An applicant for a certificate or rating may use an aircraft
with operating characteristics that preclude the applicant from
performing all of the tasks required for the practical test. However,
the applicant's certificate or rating, as appropriate, will be issued
with an appropriate limitation.
(c) Required controls. An aircraft (other than a lighter-than-air
aircraft) used for a practical test must have engine power controls and
flight controls that are easily reached and operable in a conventional
manner by both pilots, unless the examiner determines that the practical
test can be conducted safely in the aircraft without the controls being
easily reached.
(d) Simulated instrument flight equipment. An applicant for a
practical test that involves maneuvering an aircraft solely by reference
to instruments must furnish:
(1) Equipment on board the aircraft that permits the applicant to
pass the areas of operation that apply to the rating sought; and
(2) A device that prevents the applicant from having visual
reference outside the aircraft, but does not prevent the examiner from
having visual reference outside the aircraft, and is otherwise
acceptable to the Administrator.
(e) Aircraft with single controls. A practical test may be conducted
in an aircraft having a single set of controls, provided the:
(1) Examiner agrees to conduct the test;
(2) Test does not involve a demonstration of instrument skills; and
(3) Proficiency of the applicant can be observed by an examiner who
is in a position to observe the applicant.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61-103, 62 FR 40897,
July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61-104, 63 FR 20286, Apr. 23, 1998]
Sec. 61.47 Status of an examiner who is authorized by the Administrator
to conduct practical tests.
(a) An examiner represents the Administrator for the purpose of
conducting practical tests for certificates and ratings issued under
this part and to observe an applicant's ability to perform the areas of
operation on the practical test.
(b) The examiner is not the pilot in command of the aircraft during
the practical test unless the examiner agrees to act in that capacity
for the flight or for a portion of the flight by prior arrangement with:
(1) The applicant; or
(2) A person who would otherwise act as pilot in command of the
flight or for a portion of the flight.
(c) Notwithstanding the type of aircraft used during the practical
test, the applicant and the examiner (and any other occupants authorized
to be on board by the examiner) are not subject to the requirements or
limitations for the carriage of passengers that are specified in this
chapter.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61-103, 62 FR 40897,
July 30, 1997]
Sec. 61.49 Retesting after failure.
(a) An applicant for a knowledge or practical test who fails that
test may reapply for the test only after the applicant has received:
(1) The necessary training from an authorized instructor who has
determined that the applicant is proficient to pass the test; and
(2) An endorsement from an authorized instructor who gave the
applicant the additional training.
(b) An applicant for a flight instructor certificate with an
airplane category rating or, for a flight instructor certificate with a
glider category rating, who has failed the practical test
[[Page 29]]
due to deficiencies in instructional proficiency on stall awareness,
spin entry, spins, or spin recovery must:
(1) Comply with the requirements of paragraph (a) of this section
before being retested;
(2) Bring an aircraft to the retest that is of the appropriate
aircraft category for the rating sought and is certificated for spins;
and
(3) Demonstrate satisfactory instructional proficiency on stall
awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin recovery to an examiner during
the retest.
Sec. 61.51 Pilot logbooks.
(a) Training time and aeronautical experience. Each person must
document and record the following time in a manner acceptable to the
Administrator:
(1) Training and aeronautical experience used to meet the
requirements for a certificate, rating, or flight review of this part.
(2) The aeronautical experience required for meeting the recent
flight experience requirements of this part.
(b) Logbook entries. For the purposes of meeting the requirements of
paragraph (a) of this section, each person must enter the following
information for each flight or lesson logged:
(1) General--
(i) Date.
(ii) Total flight time or lesson time.
(iii) Location where the aircraft departed and arrived, or for
lessons in a flight simulator or flight training device, the location
where the lesson occurred.
(iv) Type and identification of aircraft, flight simulator, or
flight training device, as appropriate.
(v) The name of a safety pilot, if required by Sec. 91.109(b) of
this chapter.
(2) Type of pilot experience or training--
(i) Solo.
(ii) Pilot in command.
(iii) Second in command.
(iv) Flight and ground training received from an authorized
instructor.
(v) Training received in a flight simulator or flight training
device from an authorized instructor.
(3) Conditions of flight--
(i) Day or night.
(ii) Actual instrument.
(iii) Simulated instrument conditions in flight, a flight simulator,
or a flight training device.
(c) Logging of pilot time. The pilot time described in this section
may be used to:
(1) Apply for a certificate or rating issued under this part; or
(2) Satisfy the recent flight experience requirements of this part.
(d) Logging of solo flight time. Except for a student pilot
performing the duties of pilot in command of an airship requiring more
than one pilot flight crewmember, a pilot may log as solo flight time
only that flight time when the pilot is the sole occupant of the
aircraft.
(e) Logging pilot-in-command flight time. (1) A recreational,
private, or commercial pilot may log pilot-in- command time only for
that flight time during which that person--
(i) Is the sole manipulator of the controls of an aircraft for which
the pilot is rated;
(ii) Is the sole occupant of the aircraft; or
(iii) Except for a recreational pilot, is acting as pilot in command
of an aircraft on which more than one pilot is required under the type
certification of the aircraft or the regulations under which the flight
is conducted.
(2) An airline transport pilot may log as pilot-in-command time all
of the flight time while acting as pilot-in-command of an operation
requiring an airline transport pilot certificate.
(3) An authorized instructor may log as pilot-in-command time all
flight time while acting as an authorized instructor.
(4) A student pilot may log pilot-in-command time only when the
student pilot--
(i) Is the sole occupant of the aircraft or is performing the duties
of pilot of command of an airship requiring more than one pilot flight
crewmember;
(ii) Has a current solo flight endorsement as required under Sec.
61.87 of this part; and
(iii) Is undergoing training for a pilot certificate or rating.
(f) Logging second-in-command flight time. A person may log second-
in-command time only for that flight time during which that person:
[[Page 30]]
(1) Is qualified in accordance with the second-in-command
requirements of Sec. 61.55 of this part, and occupies a crewmember
station in an aircraft that requires more than one pilot by the
aircraft's type certificate; or
(2) Holds the appropriate category, class, and instrument rating (if
an instrument rating is required for the flight) for the aircraft being
flown, and more than one pilot is required under the type certification
of the aircraft or the regulations under which the flight is being
conducted.
(g) Logging instrument flight time. (1) A person may log instrument
time only for that flight time when the person operates the aircraft
solely by reference to instruments under actual or simulated instrument
flight conditions.
(2) An authorized instructor may log instrument time when conducting
instrument flight instruction in actual instrument flight conditions.
(3) For the purposes of logging instrument time to meet the recent
instrument experience requirements of Sec. 61.57(c) of this part, the
following information must be recorded in the person's logbook--
(i) The location and type of each instrument approach accomplished;
and
(ii) The name of the safety pilot, if required.
(4) A flight simulator or approved flight training device may be
used by a person to log instrument time, provided an authorized
instructor is present during the simulated flight.
(h) Logging training time. (1) A person may log training time when
that person receives training from an authorized instructor in an
aircraft, flight simulator, or flight training device.
(2) The training time must be logged in a logbook and must:
(i) Be endorsed in a legible manner by the authorized instructor;
and
(ii) Include a description of the training given, the length of the
training lesson, and the authorized instructor's signature, certificate
number, and certificate expiration date.
(i) Presentation of required documents. (1) Persons must present
their pilot certificate, medical certificate, logbook, or any other
record required by this part for inspection upon a reasonable request
by--
(i) The Administrator;
(ii) An authorized representative from the National Transportation
Safety Board; or
(iii) Any Federal, State, or local law enforcement officer.
(2) A student pilot must carry the following items in the aircraft
on all solo cross-country flights as evidence of the required authorized
instructor clearances and endorsements--
(i) Pilot logbook;
(ii) Student pilot certificate; and
(iii) Any other record required by this section.
(3) A recreational pilot must carry his or her logbook with the
required authorized instructor endorsements on all solo flights--
(i) That exceed 50 nautical miles from the airport at which training
was received;
(ii) Within airspace that requires communication with air traffic
control;
(iii) Conducted between sunset and sunrise; or
(iv) In an aircraft for which the pilot does not hold an appropriate
category or class rating.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61-103, 62 FR 40897,
July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61-104, 63 FR 20286, Apr. 23, 1998]
Sec. 61.53 Prohibition on operations during medical deficiency.
(a) Operations that require a medical certificate. Except as
provided for in paragraph (b) of this section, a person who holds a
current medical certificate issued under part 67 of this chapter shall
not act as pilot in command, or in any other capacity as a required
pilot flight crewmember, while that person:
(1) Knows or has reason to know of any medical condition that would
make the person unable to meet the requirements for the medical
certificate necessary for the pilot operation; or
(2) Is taking medication or receiving other treatment for a medical
condition that results in the person being unable to meet the
requirements for the medical certificate necessary for the pilot
operation.
[[Page 31]]
(b) Operations that do not require a medical certificate. For
operations provided for in Sec. 61.23(b) of this part, a person shall
not act as pilot in command, or in any other capacity as a required
pilot flight crewmember, while that person knows or has reason to know
of any medical condition that would make the person unable to operate
the aircraft in a safe manner.
Sec. 61.55 Second-in-command qualifications.
(a) Except as provided in paragraph (d) of this section, no person
may serve as a second in command of an aircraft type certificated for
more than one required pilot flight crewmember or in operations
requiring a second in command unless that person holds:
(1) At least a current private pilot certificate with the
appropriate category and class rating; and
(2) An instrument rating that applies to the aircraft being flown if
the flight is under IFR.
(b) Except as provided in paragraph (d) of this section, no person
may serve as a second in command of an aircraft type certificated for
more than one required pilot flight crewmember or in operations
requiring a second in command unless that person has within the previous
12 calendar months:
(1) Become familiar with the following information for the specific
type aircraft for which second-in-command privileges are requested--
(i) Operational procedures applicable to the powerplant, equipment,
and systems.
(ii) Performance specifications and limitations.
(iii) Normal, abnormal, and emergency operating procedures.
(iv) Flight manual.
(v) Placards and markings.
(2) Except as provided in paragraph (e) of this section, performed
and logged pilot time in the type of aircraft or in a flight simulator
that represents the type of aircraft for which second-in-command
privileges are requested, which includes--
(i) Three takeoffs and three landings to a full stop as the sole
manipulator of the flight controls;
(ii) Engine-out procedures and maneuvering with an engine out while
executing the duties of pilot in command; and
(iii) Crew resource management training.
(c) If a person complies with the requirements in paragraph (b) of
this section in the calendar month before or the calendar month after
the month in which compliance with this section is required, then that
person is considered to have accomplished the training and practice in
the month it is due.
(d) This section does not apply to a person who is:
(1) Designated and qualified as pilot in command under subpart K of
part 91, part 121, 125, or 135 of this chapter in that specific type of
aircraft;
(2) Designated as the second in command under subpart K of part 91,
part 121, 125, or 135 of this chapter in that specific type of aircraft;
(3) Designated as the second in command in that specific type of
aircraft for the purpose of receiving flight training required by this
section, and no passengers or cargo are carried on the aircraft; or
(4) Designated as a safety pilot for purposes required by Sec.
91.109(b) of this chapter.
(e) The holder of a commercial or airline transport pilot
certificate with the appropriate category and class rating is not
required to meet the requirements of paragraph (b)(2) of this section,
provided the pilot:
(1) Is conducting a ferry flight, aircraft flight test, or
evaluation flight of an aircraft's equipment; and
(2) Is not carrying any person or property on board the aircraft,
other than necessary for conduct of the flight.
(f) For the purpose of meeting the requirements of paragraph (b) of
this section, a person may serve as second in command in that specific
type aircraft, provided:
(1) The flight is conducted under day VFR or day IFR; and
(2) No person or property is carried on board the aircraft, other
than necessary for conduct of the flight.
(g) Except as provided in paragraph (h) of this section, the
requirements of paragraph (b) of this section may be accomplished in a
flight simulator that is used in accordance with an approved
[[Page 32]]
course conducted by a training center certificated under part 142 of
this chapter.
(h) An applicant for an initial second-in-command qualification for
a particular type of aircraft who is qualifying under the terms of
paragraph (g) of this section must satisfactorily complete a minimum of
one takeoff and one landing in an aircraft of the same type for which
the qualification is sought.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61-103, 62 FR 40898,
July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61-109, 68 FR 54559, Sept. 17, 2003]
Sec. 61.56 Flight review.
(a) Except as provided in paragraphs (b) and (f) of this section, a
flight review consists of a minimum of 1 hour of flight training and 1
hour of ground training. The review must include:
(1) A review of the current general operating and flight rules of
part 91 of this chapter; and
(2) A review of those maneuvers and procedures that, at the
discretion of the person giving the review, are necessary for the pilot
to demonstrate the safe exercise of the privileges of the pilot
certificate.
(b) Glider pilots may substitute a minimum of three instructional
flights in a glider, each of which includes a flight to traffic pattern
altitude, in lieu of the 1 hour of flight training required in paragraph
(a) of this section.
(c) Except as provided in paragraphs (d), (e), and (g) of this
section, no person may act as pilot in command of an aircraft unless,
since the beginning of the 24th calendar month before the month in which
that pilot acts as pilot in command, that person has--
(1) Accomplished a flight review given in an aircraft for which that
pilot is rated by an authorized instructor and
(2) A logbook endorsed from an authorized instructor who gave the
review certifying that the person has satisfactorily completed the
review.
(d) A person who has, within the period specified in paragraph (c)
of this section, passed a pilot proficiency check conducted by an
examiner, an approved pilot check airman, or a U.S. Armed Force, for a
pilot certificate, rating, or operating privilege need not accomplish
the flight review required by this section.
(e) A person who has, within the period specified in paragraph (c)
of this section, satisfactorily accomplished one or more phases of an
FAA-sponsored pilot proficiency award program need not accomplish the
flight review required by this section.
(f) A person who holds a current flight instructor certificate who
has, within the period specified in paragraph (c) of this section,
satisfactorily completed a renewal of a flight instructor certificate
under the provisions in Sec. 61.197 need not accomplish the 1 hour of
ground training specified in paragraph (a) of this section.
(g) A student pilot need not accomplish the flight review required
by this section provided the student pilot is undergoing training for a
certificate and has a current solo flight endorsement as required under
Sec. 61.87 of this part.
(h) The requirements of this section may be accomplished in
combination with the requirements of Sec. 61.57 and other applicable
recent experience requirements at the discretion of the authorized
instructor conducting the flight review.
(i) A flight simulator or flight training device may be used to meet
the flight review requirements of this section subject to the following
conditions:
(1) The flight simulator or flight training device must be used in
accordance with an approved course conducted by a training center
certificated under part 142 of this chapter.
(2) Unless the flight review is undertaken in a flight simulator
that is approved for landings, the applicant must meet the takeoff and
landing requirements of Sec. 61.57(a) or Sec. 61.57(b) of this part.
(3) The flight simulator or flight training device used must
represent an aircraft or set of aircraft for which the pilot is rated.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61-103, 62 FR 40898,
July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61-104, 63 FR 20287, Apr. 23, 1998]
[[Page 33]]
Sec. 61.57 Recent flight experience: Pilot in command.
(a) General experience. (1) Except as provided in paragraph (e) of
this section, no person may act as a pilot in command of an aircraft
carrying passengers or of an aircraft certificated for more than one
pilot flight crewmember unless that person has made at least three
takeoffs and three landings within the preceding 90 days, and--
(i) The person acted as the sole manipulator of the flight controls;
and
(ii) The required takeoffs and landings were performed in an
aircraft of the same category, class, and type (if a type rating is
required), and, if the aircraft to be flown is an airplane with a
tailwheel, the takeoffs and landings must have been made to a full stop
in an airplane with a tailwheel.
(2) For the purpose of meeting the requirements of paragraph (a)(1)
of this section, a person may act as a pilot in command of an aircraft
under day VFR or day IFR, provided no persons or property are carried on
board the aircraft, other than those necessary for the conduct of the
flight.
(3) The takeoffs and landings required by paragraph (a)(1) of this
section may be accomplished in a flight simulator or flight training
device that is--
(i) Approved by the Administrator for landings; and
(ii) Used in accordance with an approved course conducted by a
training center certificated under part 142 of this chapter.
(b) Night takeoff and landing experience. (1) Except as provided in
paragraph (e) of this section, no person may act as pilot in command of
an aircraft carrying passengers during the period beginning 1 hour after
sunset and ending 1 hour before sunrise, unless within the preceding 90
days that person has made at least three takeoffs and three landings to
a full stop during the period beginning 1 hour after sunset and ending 1
hour before sunrise, and--
(i) That person acted as sole manipulator of the flight controls;
and
(ii) The required takeoffs and landings were performed in an
aircraft of the same category, class, and type (if a type rating is
required).
(2) The takeoffs and landings required by paragraph (b)(1) of this
section may be accomplished in a flight simulator that is--
(i) Approved by the Administrator for takeoffs and landings, if the
visual system is adjusted to represent the period described in paragraph
(b)(1) of this section; and
(ii) Used in accordance with an approved course conducted by a
training center certificated under part 142 of this chapter.
(c) Instrument experience. Except as provided in paragraph (e) of
this section, no person may act as pilot in command under IFR or in
weather conditions less than the minimums prescribed for VFR, unless
within the preceding 6 calendar months, that person has:
(1) For the purpose of obtaining instrument experience in an
aircraft (other than a glider), performed and logged under actual or
simulated instrument conditions, either in flight in the appropriate
category of aircraft for the instrument privileges sought or in a flight
simulator or flight training device that is representative of the
aircraft category for the instrument privileges sought--
(i) At least six instrument approaches;
(ii) Holding procedures; and
(iii) Intercepting and tracking courses through the use of
navigation systems.
(2) For the purpose of obtaining instrument experience in a glider,
performed and logged under actual or simulated instrument conditions--
(i) At least 3 hours of instrument time in flight, of which 1\1/2\
hours may be acquired in an airplane or a glider if no passengers are to
be carried; or
(ii) 3 hours of instrument time in flight in a glider if a passenger
is to be carried.
(d) Instrument proficiency check. Except as provided in paragraph
(e) of this section, a person who does not meet the instrument
experience requirements of paragraph (c) of this section within the
prescribed time, or within 6 calendar months after the prescribed time,
may not serve as pilot in
[[Page 34]]
command under IFR or in weather conditions less than the minimums
prescribed for VFR until that person passes an instrument proficiency
check consisting of a representative number of tasks required by the
instrument rating practical test.
(1) The instrument proficiency check must be--
(i) In an aircraft that is appropriate to the aircraft category;
(ii) For other than a glider, in a flight simulator or flight
training device that is representative of the aircraft category; or
(iii) For a glider, in a single-engine airplane or a glider.
(2) The instrument proficiency check must be given by--
(i) An examiner;
(ii) A person authorized by the U.S. Armed Forces to conduct
instrument flight tests, provided the person being tested is a member of
the U.S. Armed Forces;
(iii) A company check pilot who is authorized to conduct instrument
flight tests under part 121, 125, or 135 of this chapter or subpart K of
part 91 of this chapter, and provided that both the check pilot and the
pilot being tested are employees of that operator or fractional
ownership program manager, as applicable;
(iv) An authorized instructor; or
(v) A person approved by the Administrator to conduct instrument
practical tests.
(e) Exceptions. (1) Paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section do not
apply to a pilot in command who is employed by a certificate holder
under part 125 and engaged in a flight operation for that certificate
holder if the pilot is in compliance with Sec. Sec. 125.281 and 125.285
of this chapter.
(2) This section does not apply to a pilot in command who is
employed by an air carrier certificated under part 121 or 135 and is
engaged in a flight operation under part 91, 121, or 135 for that air
carrier if the pilot is in compliance with Sec. Sec. 121.437 and
121.439, or Sec. Sec. 135.243 and 135.247 of this chapter, as
appropriate.
(3) Paragraph (b) of this section does not apply to a pilot in
command of a turbine-powered airplane that is type certificated for more
than one pilot crewmember, provided that pilot has complied with the
requirements of paragraph (e)(3)(i) or (ii) of this section:
(i) The pilot in command must hold at least a commercial pilot
certificate with the appropriate category, class, and type rating for
each airplane that is type certificated for more than one pilot
crewmember that the pilot seeks to operate under this alternative, and:
(A) That pilot must have logged at least 1,500 hours of aeronautical
experience as a pilot;
(B) In each airplane that is type certificated for more than one
pilot crewmember that the pilot seeks to operate under this alternative,
that pilot must have accomplished and logged the daytime takeoff and
landing recent flight experience of paragraph (a) of this section, as
the sole manipulator of the flight controls;
(C) Within the preceding 90 days prior to the operation of that
airplane that is type certificated for more than one pilot crewmember,
the pilot must have accomplished and logged at least 15 hours of flight
time in the type of airplane that the pilot seeks to operate under this
alternative; and
(D) That pilot has accomplished and logged at least 3 takeoffs and 3
landings to a full stop, as the sole manipulator of the flight controls,
in a turbine-powered airplane that requires more than one pilot
crewmember. The pilot must have performed the takeoffs and landings
during the period beginning 1 hour after sunset and ending 1 hour before
sunrise within the preceding 6 months prior to the month of the flight.
(ii) The pilot in command must hold at least a commercial pilot
certificate with the appropriate category, class, and type rating for
each airplane that is type certificated for more than one pilot
crewmember that the pilot seeks to operate under this alternative, and:
(A) That pilot must have logged at least 1,500 hours of aeronautical
experience as a pilot;
(B) In each airplane that is type certificated for more than one
pilot crewmember that the pilot seeks to operate under this alternative,
that pilot must have accomplished and logged the daytime takeoff and
landing recent flight
[[Page 35]]
experience of paragraph (a) of this section, as the sole manipulator of
the flight controls;
(C) Within the preceding 90 days prior to the operation of that
airplane that is type certificated for more than one pilot crewmember,
the pilot must have accomplished and logged at least 15 hours of flight
time in the type of airplane that the pilot seeks to operate under this
alternative; and
(D) Within the preceding 12 months prior to the month of the flight,
the pilot must have completed a training program that is approved under
part 142 of this chapter. The approved training program must have
required and the pilot must have performed, at least 6 takeoffs and 6
landings to a full stop as the sole manipulator of the controls in a
flight simulator that is representative of a turbine-powered airplane
that requires more than one pilot crewmember. The flight simulator's
visual system must have been adjusted to represent the period beginning
1 hour after sunset and ending 1 hour before sunrise.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61-103, 62 FR 40898,
July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61-106, 64 FR 23529, Apr. 30, 1999; Amdt. 61-109,
68 FR 54559, Sept. 17, 2003]
Sec. 61.58 Pilot-in-command proficiency check: Operation of aircraft
requiring more than one pilot flight crewmember.
(a) Except as otherwise provided in this section, to serve as pilot
in command of an aircraft that is type certificated for more than one
required pilot flight crewmember, a person must--
(1) Within the preceding 12 calendar months, complete a pilot-in-
command proficiency check in an aircraft that is type certificated for
more than one required pilot flight crewmember; and
(2) Within the preceding 24 calendar months, complete a pilot-in-
command proficiency check in the particular type of aircraft in which
that person will serve as pilot in command.
(b) This section does not apply to persons conducting operations
under subpart K of part 91, part 121, 125, 133, 135, or 137 of this
chapter, or persons maintaining continuing qualification under an
Advanced Qualification program approved under SFAR 58.
(c) The pilot-in-command proficiency check given in accordance with
the provisions of subpart K of part 91, part 121, 125, or 135 of this
chapter may be used to satisfy the requirements of this section.
(d) The pilot-in-command proficiency check required by paragraph (a)
of this section may be accomplished by satisfactory completion of one of
the following:
(1) A pilot-in-command proficiency check conducted by a person
authorized by the Administrator, consisting of the maneuvers and
procedures required for a type rating, in an aircraft type certificated
for more than one required pilot flight crewmember;
(2) The practical test required for a type rating, in an aircraft
type certificated for more than one required pilot flight crewmember;
(3) The initial or periodic practical test required for the issuance
of a pilot examiner or check airman designation, in an aircraft type
certificated for more than one required pilot flight crewmember; or
(4) A military flight check required for a pilot in command with
instrument privileges, in an aircraft that the military requires to be
operated by more than one pilot flight crewmember.
(e) A check or test described in paragraphs (d)(1) through (d)(4) of
this section may be accomplished in a flight simulator under part 142 of
this chapter, subject to the following:
(1) Except as provided for in paragraphs (e)(2) and (e)(3) of this
section, if an otherwise qualified and approved flight simulator used
for a pilot-in-command proficiency check is not qualified and approved
for a specific required maneuver--
(i) The training center must annotate, in the applicant's training
record, the maneuver or maneuvers omitted; and
(ii) Prior to acting as pilot in command, the pilot must demonstrate
proficiency in each omitted maneuver in an aircraft or flight simulator
qualified and approved for each omitted maneuver.
(2) If the flight simulator used pursuant to paragraph (e) of this
section is
[[Page 36]]
not qualified and approved for circling approaches--
(i) The applicant's record must include the statement, ``Proficiency
in circling approaches not demonstrated''; and
(ii) The applicant may not perform circling approaches as pilot in
command when weather conditions are less than the basic VFR conditions
described in Sec. 91.155 of this chapter, until proficiency in circling
approaches has been successfully demonstrated in a flight simulator
qualified and approved for circling approaches or in an aircraft to a
person authorized by the Administrator to conduct the check required by
this section.
(3) If the flight simulator used pursuant to paragraph (e) of this
section is not qualified and approved for landings, the applicant must--
(i) Hold a type rating in the airplane represented by the simulator;
and
(ii) Have completed within the preceding 90 days at least three
takeoffs and three landings (one to a full stop) as the sole manipulator
of the flight controls in the type airplane for which the pilot-in-
command proficiency check is sought.
(f) For the purpose of meeting the pilot-in-command proficiency
check requirements of paragraph (a) of this section, a person may act as
pilot in command of a flight under day VFR conditions or day IFR
conditions if no person or property is carried, other than as necessary
to demonstrate compliance with this part.
(g) If a pilot takes the pilot-in-command proficiency check required
by this section in the calendar month before or the calendar month after
the month in which it is due, the pilot is considered to have taken it
in the month in which it was due for the purpose of computing when the
next pilot-in-command proficiency check is due.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 40899, July 30, 1997, as amended by Amdt. 61-109,
68 FR 54559, Sept. 17, 2003]
Sec. 61.59 Falsification, reproduction, or alteration of applications,
certificates, logbooks, reports, or records.
(a) No person may make or cause to be made:
(1) Any fraudulent or intentionally false statement on any
application for a certificate, rating, authorization, or duplicate
thereof, issued under this part;
(2) Any fraudulent or intentionally false entry in any logbook,
record, or report that is required to be kept, made, or used to show
compliance with any requirement for the issuance or exercise of the
privileges of any certificate, rating, or authorization under this part;
(3) Any reproduction for fraudulent purpose of any certificate,
rating, or authorization, under this part; or
(4) Any alteration of any certificate, rating, or authorization
under this part.
(b) The commission of an act prohibited under paragraph (a) of this
section is a basis for suspending or revoking any airman certificate,
rating, or authorization held by that person.
Sec. 61.60 Change of address.
The holder of a pilot, flight instructor, or ground instructor
certificate who has made a change in permanent mailing address may not,
after 30 days from that date, exercise the privileges of the certificate
unless the holder has notified in writing the FAA, Airman Certification
Branch, P.O. Box 25082, Oklahoma City, OK 73125, of the new permanent
mailing address, or if the permanent mailing address includes a post
office box number, then the holder's current residential address.
Subpart B_Aircraft Ratings and Pilot Authorizations
Sec. 61.61 Applicability.
This subpart prescribes the requirements for the issuance of
additional aircraft ratings after a pilot certificate is issued, and the
requirements for and limitations of pilot authorizations issued by the
Administrator.
Sec. 61.63 Additional aircraft ratings (other than on an airline
transport pilot certificate).
(a) General. To be eligible for an additional aircraft rating to a
pilot certificate, for other than an airline transport pilot
certificate, an applicant
[[Page 37]]
must meet the appropriate requirements of this section for the
additional aircraft rating sought.
(b) Additional category rating. An applicant who holds a pilot
certificate and applies to add a category rating to that pilot
certificate:
(1) Must have received the required training and possess the
aeronautical experience prescribed by this part that applies to the
pilot certificate for the aircraft category and, if applicable, class
rating sought;
(2) Must have an endorsement in his or her logbook or training
record from an authorized instructor, and that endorsement must attest
that the applicant has been found competent in the aeronautical
knowledge areas appropriate to the pilot certificate for the aircraft
category and, if applicable, class rating sought;
(3) Must have an endorsement in his or her logbook or training
record from an authorized instructor, and that endorsement must attest
that the applicant has been found proficient on the areas of operation
that are appropriate to the pilot certificate for the aircraft category
and, if applicable, class rating sought;
(4) Must pass the required practical test that is appropriate to the
pilot certificate for the aircraft category and, if applicable, class
rating sought; and
(5) Need not take an additional knowledge test, provided the
applicant holds an airplane, rotorcraft, powered-lift, or airship rating
at that pilot certificate level.
(c) Additional class rating. Any person who applies for an
additional class rating to be added on a pilot certificate:
(1) Must have an endorsement in his or her logbook or training
record from an authorized instructor and that endorsement must attest
that the applicant has been found competent in the aeronautical
knowledge areas appropriate to the pilot certificate for the aircraft
class rating sought;
(2) Must have an endorsement in his or her logbook or training
record from an authorized instructor, and that endorsement must attest
that the applicant has been found proficient in the areas of operation
appropriate to the pilot certificate for the aircraft class rating
sought;
(3) Must pass the required practical test that is appropriate to the
pilot certificate for the aircraft class rating sought;
(4) Need not meet the specified training time requirements
prescribed by this part that apply to the pilot certificate for the
aircraft class rating sought unless the person holds a a lighter-than-
air category rating with a balloon class rating and is seeking an
airship class rating and
(5) Need not take an additional knowledge test, provided the
applicant holds an airplane, rotorcraft, powered-lift, or airship rating
at that pilot certificate level.
(d) Additional type rating. Except as specified in paragraph (d)(7)
of this section, a person who applies for an additional aircraft type
rating to be added on a pilot certificate, or the addition of an
aircraft type rating that is accomplished concurrently with an
additional aircraft category or class rating:
(1) Must hold or concurrently obtain an instrument rating that is
appropriate to the aircraft category, class, or type rating sought;
(2) Must have an endorsement in his or her logbook or training
record from an authorized instructor, and that endorsement must attest
that the applicant has been found competent in the aeronautical
knowledge areas appropriate to the pilot certificate for the aircraft
category, class, or type rating sought;
(3) Must have an endorsement in his or her logbook, or training
record from an authorized instructor, and that endorsement must attest
that the applicant has been found proficient in the areas of operation
required for the issuance of an airline transport pilot certificate for
the aircraft category, class, and type rating sought;
(4) Must pass the required practical test appropriate to the airline
transport pilot certificate for the aircraft category, class, and type
rating sought;
(5) Must perform the practical test in actual or simulated
instrument conditions, unless the aircraft's type certificate makes the
aircraft incapable of operating under instrument flight rules. If the
practical test cannot be
[[Page 38]]
accomplished for this reason, the person may obtain a type rating
limited to ``VFR only.'' The ``VFR only'' limitation may be removed for
that aircraft type when the person passes the practical test in actual
or simulated instrument conditions. When an instrument rating is issued
to a person who holds one or more type ratings, the type ratings on the
amended pilot certificate shall bear the ``VFR only'' limitation for
each aircraft type rating for which the person has not demonstrated
instrument competency;
(6) Need not take an additional knowledge test, provided the
applicant holds an airplane, rotorcraft, powered-lift, or airship rating
on their pilot certificate; and
(7) In the case of a pilot employee of a certificate holder
operating under part 121 or 135 of this chapter or of a fractional
ownership program manager under subpart K of part 91 of this chapter,
must have--
(i) Met the appropriate requirements of paragraphs (d)(1), (d)(4),
and (d)(5) of this section for the aircraft type rating sought; and
(ii) Received an endorsement in his or her flight training record
from the certificate holder or program manager attesting that the
applicant has completed the certificate holder's or program manager's
approved ground and flight training program appropriate to the aircraft
type rating sought.
(e) Use of a flight simulator or flight training device for an
additional rating in an airplane. The areas of operation required to be
performed by paragraphs (b), (c), and (d) of this section shall be
performed as follows:
(1) Except as provided in paragraph (e)(2) of this section, the
areas of operation must be performed in an airplane of the same
category, class, and type, if applicable, as the airplane for which the
additional rating is sought.
(2) Subject to the limitations of paragraph (e)(3) through (e)(12)
of this section, the areas of operation may be performed in a flight
simulator or flight training device that represents the airplane for
which the additional rating is sought.
(3) The use of a flight simulator or flight training device
permitted by paragraph (e)(2) of this section shall be conducted in
accordance with an approved course at a training center certificated
under part 142 of this chapter.
(4) To complete all training and testing (except preflight
inspection) for an additional airplane rating without limitations when
using a flight simulator--
(i) The flight simulator must be qualified and approved as Level C
or Level D; and
(ii) The applicant must meet at least one of the following:
(A) Hold a type rating for a turbojet airplane of the same class of
airplane for which the type rating is sought, or have been appointed by
a military service as a pilot in command of an airplane of the same
class of airplane for which the type rating is sought, if a type rating
in a turbojet airplane is sought.
(B) Hold a type rating for a turbopropeller airplane of the same
class of airplane for which the type rating is sought, or have been
designated by a military service as a pilot in command of an airplane of
the same class of airplane for which the type rating is sought, if a
type rating in a turbopropeller airplane is sought.
(C) Have at least 2,000 hours of flight time, of which 500 hours is
in turbine-powered airplanes of the same class of airplane for which the
type rating is sought.
(D) Have at least 500 hours of flight time in the same type airplane
as the airplane for which the rating is sought.
(E) Have at least 1,000 hours of flight time in at least two
different airplanes requiring a type rating.
(5) Subject to the limitation of paragraph (e)(6) of this section,
an applicant who does not meet the requirements of paragraph (e)(4) of
this section may complete all training and testing (except for preflight
inspection) for an additional rating when using a flight simulator if--
(i) The flight simulator is qualified and approved as a Level C or
Level D; and
(ii) The applicant meets at least one of the following:
(A) Holds a type rating in a propeller-driven airplane if a type
rating in a turbojet airplane is sought, or holds a type rating in a
turbojet airplane if a
[[Page 39]]
type rating in a propeller-driven airplane is sought; or
(B) Since the beginning of the 12th calendar month before the month
in which the applicant completes the practical test for an additional
airplane rating, has logged:
(1) At least 100 hours of flight time in airplanes of the same class
for which the type rating is sought and which requires a type rating;
and
(2) At least 25 hours of flight time in airplanes of the same type
for which the rating is sought.
(6) An applicant meeting only the requirements of paragraph (e)(5)
of this section will be issued an additional rating with a limitation.
(7) The limitation on a certificate issued under the provisions of
paragraph (e)(6) of this section shall state, ``This certificate is
subject to pilot-in-command limitations for the additional rating.''
(8) An applicant who has been issued a pilot certificate with the
limitation specified in paragraph (e)(7) of this section--
(i) May not act as pilot in command of that airplane for which the
additional rating was obtained under the provisions of this section
until the limitation is removed from the pilot certificate; and
(ii) May have the limitation removed by accomplishing 15 hours of
supervised operating experience as pilot in command under the
supervision of a qualified and current pilot in command, in the seat
normally occupied by the pilot in command, in the same type of airplane
to which the limitation applies.
(9) An applicant who does not meet the requirements of paragraph
(e)(4) or paragraph (e)(5) of this section may be issued an additional
rating after successful completion of one of the following requirements:
(i) Compliance with paragraphs (e)(2) and (e)(3) of this section and
the following tasks, which must be successfully completed on a static
airplane or in flight, as appropriate:
(A) Preflight inspection;
(B) Normal takeoff;
(C) Normal ILS approach;
(D) Missed approach; and
(E) Normal landing.
(ii) Compliance with paragraphs (e)(2), (e)(3), and (e)(10) through
(e)(12) of this section.
(10) An applicant meeting only the requirements of paragraph
(e)(9)(ii) of this section will be issued an additional rating with a
limitation.
(11) The limitation on a certificate issued under the provisions of
paragraph (e)(10) of this section shall state, ``This certificate is
subject to pilot-in-command limitations for the additional rating.''
(12) An applicant who has been issued a pilot certificate with the
limitation specified in paragraph (e)(11) of this section--
(i) May not act as pilot in command of that airplane for which the
additional rating was obtained under the provisions of this section
until the limitation is removed from the pilot certificate; and
(ii) May have the limitation removed by accomplishing 25 hours of
supervised operating experience as pilot in command under the
supervision of a qualified and current pilot in command, in the seat
normally occupied by the pilot in command, in that airplane of the same
type to which the limitation applies.
(f) Use of a flight simulator or flight training device for an
additional rating in a helicopter. The areas of operation required to be
performed by paragraphs (b), (c), and (d) of this section shall be
performed as follows:
(1) Except as provided in paragraph (f)(2) of this section, the
areas of operation must be performed in a helicopter of the same type
for the additional rating sought.
(2) Subject to the limitations of paragraph (f)(3) through (f)(12)
of this section, the areas of operation may be performed in a flight
simulator or flight training device that represents that helicopter for
the additional rating sought.
(3) The use of a flight simulator or flight training device
permitted by paragraph (f)(2) of this section shall be conducted in
accordance with an approved course at a training center certificated
under part 142 of this chapter.
(4) To complete all training and testing (except preflight
inspection) for an additional helicopter rating without
[[Page 40]]
limitations when using a flight simulator--
(i) The flight simulator must be qualified and approved as Level C
or Level D; and
(ii) The applicant must meet at least one of the following if a type
rating is sought in a turbine-powered helicopter:
(A) Hold a type rating in a turbine-powered helicopter or have been
appointed by a military service as a pilot in command of a turbine-
powered helicopter.
(B) Have at least 2,000 hours of flight time that includes at least
500 hours in turbine-powered helicopters.
(C) Have at least 500 hours of flight time in turbine-powered
helicopters.
(D) Have at least 1,000 hours of flight time in at least two
different turbine-powered helicopters.
(5) Subject to the limitation of paragraph (f)(6) of this section,
an applicant who does not meet the requirements of paragraph (f)(4) of
this section may complete all training and testing (except for preflight
inspection) for an additional rating when using a flight simulator if--
(i) The flight simulator is qualified and approved as Level C or
Level D; and
(ii) The applicant meets at least one of the following:
(A) Holds a type rating in a turbine-powered helicopter if a type
rating in a turbine-powered helicopter is sought; or
(B) Since the beginning of the 12th calendar month before the month
in which the applicant completes the practical test for an additional
helicopter rating, has logged at least 25 hours of flight time in
helicopters of the same type for which the rating is sought.
(6) An applicant meeting only the requirements of paragraph (f)(5)
of this section will be issued an additional rating with a limitation.
(7) The limitation on a certificate issued under the provisions of
paragraph (f)(6) of this section shall state, ``This certificate is
subject to pilot-in-command limitations for the additional rating.''
(8) An applicant who is issued a pilot certificate with the
limitation specified in paragraph (f)(7) of this section--
(i) May not act as pilot in command of that helicopter for which the
additional rating was obtained under the provisions of this section
until the limitation is removed from the pilot certificate; and
(ii) May have the limitation removed by accomplishing 15 hours of
supervised operating experience as pilot in command under the
supervision of a qualified and current pilot in command, in the seat
normally occupied by the pilot in command, in the same type of
helicopter to which the limitation applies.
(9) An applicant who does not meet the requirements of paragraph
(f)(4) or paragraph (f)(5) of this section may be issued an additional
rating after successful completion of one of the following requirements:
(i) Compliance with paragraphs (f)(2) and (f)(3) of this section and
the following tasks, which must be successfully completed on a static
helicopter or in flight, as appropriate:
(A) Preflight inspection;
(B) Normal takeoff;
(C) Normal ILS approach;
(D) Missed approach; and
(E) Normal landing.
(ii) Compliance with paragraphs (f)(2), (f)(3), and (f)(10) through
(f)(12) of this section.
(10) A applicant meeting only the requirements of paragraph
(f)(9)(ii) of this section will be issued an additional rating with a
limitation.
(11) The limitation on a certificate issued under the provisions of
paragraph (f)(10) of this section shall state, ``This certificate is
subject to pilot-in-command limitations for the additional rating.''
(12) An applicant who has been issued a pilot certificate with the
limitation specified in paragraph (f)(11) of this section--
(i) May not act as pilot in command of that helicopter for which the
additional rating was obtained under the provisions of this section
until the limitation is removed from the pilot certificate; and
(ii) May have the limitation removed by accomplishing 25 hours of
supervised operating experience as pilot in command under the
supervision of a
[[Page 41]]
qualified and current pilot in command, in the seat normally occupied by
the pilot in command, in that helicopter of the same type as to which
the limitation applies.
(g) Use of a flight simulator or flight training device for an
additional rating in a powered-lift. The areas of operation required to
be performed by paragraphs (b), (c), and (d) of this section shall be
performed as follows:
(1) Except as provided in paragraph (g)(2) of this section, the
areas of operation must be performed in a powered-lift of the same type
for the additional rating sought.
(2) Subject to the limitations of paragraphs (g)(3) through (g)(12)
of this section, the areas of operation may be performed in a flight
simulator or flight training device that represents that powered-lift
for the additional rating sought.
(3) The use of a flight simulator or flight training device
permitted by paragraph (g)(2) of this section shall be conducted in
accordance with an approved course at a training center certificated
under part 142 of this chapter.
(4) To complete all training and testing (except preflight
inspection) for an additional powered-lift rating without limitations
when using a flight simulator--
(i) The flight simulator must be qualified and approved as Level C
or Level D; and
(ii) The applicant must meet at least one of the following if a type
rating is sought in a turbine powered-lift:
(A) Hold a type rating in a turbine powered-lift or have been
appointed by a military service as a pilot in command of a turbine
powered-lift.
(B) Have at least 2,000 hours of flight time that includes at least
500 hours in turbine powered-lifts.
(C) Have at least 500 hours of flight time in turbine powered-lifts.
(D) Have at least 1,000 hours of flight time in at least two
different turbine powered-lifts.
(5) Subject to the limitation of paragraph (g)(6) of this section,
an applicant who does not meet the requirements of paragraph (g)(4) of
this section may complete all training and testing (except for preflight
inspection) for an additional rating when using a flight simulator if--
(i) The flight simulator is qualified and approved as Level C or
Level D; and
(ii) The applicant meets at least one of the following:
(A) Holds a type rating in a turbine powered-lift if a type rating
in a turbine powered-lift is sought; or
(B) Since the beginning of the 12th calendar month before the month
in which the applicant completes the practical test for an additional
powered-lift rating, has logged at least 25 hours of flight time in
powered-lifts of the same type for which the rating is sought.
(6) An applicant meeting only the requirements of paragraph (g)(5)
of this section will be issued an additional rating with a limitation.
(7) The limitation on a certificate issued under the provisions of
paragraph (g)(6) of this section shall state, ``This certificate is
subject to pilot-in-command limitations for the additional rating.''
(8) An applicant who is issued a pilot certificate with the
limitation specified in paragraph (g)(7) of this section--
(i) May not act as pilot in command of that powered-lift for which
the additional rating was obtained under the provisions of this section
until the limitation is removed from the pilot certificate; and
(ii) May have the limitation removed by accomplishing 15 hours of
supervised operating experience as pilot in command under the
supervision of a qualified and current pilot in command, in the seat
normally occupied by the pilot in command, in the same type of powered-
lift to which the limitation applies.
(9) An applicant who does not meet the requirements of paragraph
(g)(4) or paragraph (g)(5) of this section may be issued an additional
rating after successful completion of one of the following requirements:
(i) Compliance with paragraphs (g)(2) and (g)(3) of this section and
the following tasks, which must be successfully completed on a static
powered-lift or in flight, as appropriate:
(A) Preflight inspection;
(B) Normal takeoff;
[[Page 42]]
(C) Normal ILS approach;
(D) Missed approach; and
(E) Normal landing.
(ii) Compliance with paragraphs (g)(2), (g)(3), and (g)(10) through
(g)(12) of this section.
(10) An applicant meeting only the requirements of paragraph
(g)(9)(ii) of this section will be issued an additional rating with a
limitation.
(11) The limitation on a certificate issued under the provisions of
paragraph (g)(10) of this section shall state, ``This certificate is
subject to pilot-in-command limitations for the additional rating.''
(12) An applicant who has been issued a pilot certificate with the
limitation specified in paragraph (g)(11) of this section--
(i) May not act as pilot in command of that powered-lift for which
the additional rating was obtained under the provisions of this section
until the limitation is removed from the pilot certificate; and
(ii) May have the limitation removed by accomplishing 25 hours of
supervised operating experience as pilot in command under the
supervision of a qualified and current pilot in command, in the seat
normally occupied by the pilot in command, in that powered-lift of the
same type as to which the limitation applies.
(h) Aircraft not capable of instrument maneuvers and procedures. An
applicant for a type rating who provides an aircraft not capable of the
instrument maneuvers and procedures required by the appropriate
requirements contained in Sec. 61.157 of this part for the practical
test may--
(1) Obtain a type rating limited to ``VFR only''; and
(2) Remove the ``VFR only'' limitation for each aircraft type in
which the applicant demonstrates compliance with the appropriate
instrument requirements contained in Sec. 61.157 or Sec. 61.73 of this
part.
(i) Multiengine, single-pilot station airplane. An applicant for a
type rating in a multiengine, single-pilot station airplane may meet the
requirements of this part in a multiseat version of that multiengine
airplane.
(j) Single-engine, single-pilot station airplane. An applicant for a
type rating in a single-engine, single-pilot station airplane may meet
the requirements of this part in a multiseat version of that single-
engine airplane.
(k) Waivers. Unless the Administrator requires certain or all tasks
to be performed, the examiner who conducts the practical test may waive
any of the tasks for which the Administrator approves waiver authority.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61-103, 62 FR 40899,
July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61-104, 63 FR 20287, Apr. 23, 1998; Amdt. 61-109,
68 FR 54559, Sept. 17, 2003]
Sec. 61.64 [Reserved]
Sec. 61.65 Instrument rating requirements.
(a) General. A person who applies for an instrument rating must:
(1) Hold at least a current private pilot certificate with an
airplane, helicopter, or powered-lift rating appropriate to the
instrument rating sought;
(2) Be able to read, speak, write, and understand the English
language. If the applicant is unable to meet any of these requirements
due to a medical condition, the Administrator may place such operating
limitations on the applicant's pilot certificate as are necessary for
the safe operation of the aircraft;
(3) Receive and log ground training from an authorized instructor or
accomplish a home-study course of training on the aeronautical knowledge
areas of paragraph (b) of this section that apply to the instrument
rating sought;
(4) Receive a logbook or training record endorsement from an
authorized instructor certifying that the person is prepared to take the
required knowledge test;
(5) Receive and log training on the areas of operation of paragraph
(c) of this section from an authorized instructor in an aircraft, flight
simulator, or flight training device that represents an airplane,
helicopter, or powered-lift appropriate to the instrument rating sought;
(6) Receive a logbook or training record endorsement from an
authorized instructor certifying that the person is prepared to take the
required practical test;
[[Page 43]]
(7) Pass the required knowledge test on the aeronautical knowledge
areas of paragraph (b) of this section; however, an applicant is not
required to take another knowledge test when that person already holds
an instrument rating; and
(8) Pass the required practical test on the areas of operation in
paragraph (c) of this section in--
(i) An airplane, helicopter, or powered-lift appropriate to the
rating sought; or
(ii) A flight simulator or a flight training device appropriate to
the rating sought and for the specific maneuver or instrument approach
procedure performed. If an approved flight training device is used for
the practical test, the instrument approach procedures conducted in that
flight training device are limited to one precision and one nonprecision
approach, provided the flight training device is approved for the
procedure performed.
(b) Aeronautical knowledge. A person who applies for an instrument
rating must have received and logged ground training from an authorized
instructor or accomplished a home-study course on the following
aeronautical knowledge areas that apply to the instrument rating sought:
(1) Federal Aviation Regulations of this chapter that apply to
flight operations under IFR;
(2) Appropriate information that applies to flight operations under
IFR in the ``Aeronautical Information Manual;''
(3) Air traffic control system and procedures for instrument flight
operations;
(4) IFR navigation and approaches by use of navigation systems;
(5) Use of IFR en route and instrument approach procedure charts;
(6) Procurement and use of aviation weather reports and forecasts
and the elements of forecasting weather trends based on that information
and personal observation of weather conditions;
(7) Safe and efficient operation of aircraft under instrument flight
rules and conditions;
(8) Recognition of critical weather situations and windshear
avoidance;
(9) Aeronautical decision making and judgment; and
(10) Crew resource management, including crew communication and
coordination.
(c) Flight proficiency. A person who applies for an instrument
rating must receive and log training from an authorized instructor in an
aircraft, or in a flight simulator or flight training device, in
accordance with paragraph (e) of this section, that includes the
following areas of operation:
(1) Preflight preparation;
(2) Preflight procedures;
(3) Air traffic control clearances and procedures;
(4) Flight by reference to instruments;
(5) Navigation systems;
(6) Instrument approach procedures;
(7) Emergency operations; and
(8) Postflight procedures.
(d) Aeronautical experience. A person who applies for an instrument
rating must have logged the following:
(1) At least 50 hours of cross-country flight time as pilot in
command, of which at least 10 hours must be in airplanes for an
instrument--airplane rating; and
(2) A total of 40 hours of actual or simulated instrument time on
the areas of operation of this section, to include--
(i) At least 15 hours of instrument flight training from an
authorized instructor in the aircraft category for which the instrument
rating is sought;
(ii) At least 3 hours of instrument training that is appropriate to
the instrument rating sought from an authorized instructor in
preparation for the practical test within the 60 days preceding the date
of the test;
(iii) For an instrument--airplane rating, instrument training on
cross- country flight procedures specific to airplanes that includes at
least one cross-country flight in an airplane that is performed under
IFR, and consists of--
(A) A distance of at least 250 nautical miles along airways or ATC-
directed routing;
(B) An instrument approach at each airport; and
(C) Three different kinds of approaches with the use of navigation
systems;
[[Page 44]]
(iv) For an instrument--helicopter rating, instrument training
specific to helicopters on cross-country flight procedures that includes
at least one cross-country flight in a helicopter that is performed
under IFR, and consists of--
(A) A distance of at least 100 nautical miles along airways or ATC-
directed routing;
(B) An instrument approach at each airport; and
(C) Three different kinds of approaches with the use of navigation
systems; and
(v) For an instrument--powered-lift rating, instrument training
specific to a powered-lift on cross-country flight procedures that
includes at least one cross-country flight in a powered-lift that is
performed under IFR and consists of--
(A) A distance of at least 250 nautical miles along airways or ATC-
directed routing;
(B) An instrument approach at each airport; and
(C) Three different kinds of approaches with the use of navigation
systems.
(e) Use of flight simulators or flight training devices. If the
instrument training was provided by an authorized instructor in a flight
simulator or flight training device--
(1) A maximum of 30 hours may be performed in that flight simulator
or flight training device if the training was accomplished in accordance
with part 142 of this chapter; or
(2) A maximum of 20 hours may be performed in that flight simulator
or flight training device if the training was not accomplished in
accordance with part 142 of this chapter.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61-103, 62 FR 40900,
July 30, 1997]
Sec. 61.67 Category II pilot authorization requirements.
(a) General. A person who applies for a Category II pilot
authorization must hold:
(1) At least a private or commercial pilot certificate with an
instrument rating or an airline transport pilot certificate;
(2) A type rating for the aircraft for which the authorization is
sought if that aircraft requires a type rating; and
(3) A category and class rating for the aircraft for which the
authorization is sought.
(b) Experience requirements. An applicant for a Category II pilot
authorization must have at least--
(1) 50 hours of night flight time as pilot in command.
(2) 75 hours of instrument time under actual or simulated instrument
conditions that may include not more than--
(i) A combination of 25 hours of simulated instrument flight time in
a flight simulator or flight training device; or
(ii) 40 hours of simulated instrument flight time if accomplished in
an approved course conducted by an appropriately rated training center
certificated under part 142 of this chapter.
(3) 250 hours of cross-country flight time as pilot in command.
(c) Practical test requirements. (1) A practical test must be passed
by a person who applies for--
(i) Issuance or renewal of a Category II pilot authorization; and
(ii) The addition of another type aircraft to the applicant's
Category II pilot authorization.
(2) To be eligible for the practical test for an authorization under
this section, an applicant must--
(i) Meet the requirements of paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section;
and
(ii) If the applicant has not passed a practical test for this
authorization during the 12 calendar months preceding the month of the
test, then that person must--
(A) Meet the requirements of Sec. 61.57(c); and
(B) Have performed at least six ILS approaches during the 6 calendar
months preceding the month of the test, of which at least three of the
approaches must have been conducted without the use of an approach
coupler.
(3) The approaches specified in paragraph (c)(2)(ii)(B) of this
section--
(i) Must be conducted under actual or simulated instrument flight
conditions;
(ii) Must be conducted to the decision height for the ILS approach
in the type aircraft in which the practical test is to be conducted;
[[Page 45]]
(iii) Need not be conducted to the decision height authorized for
Category II operations;
(iv) Must be conducted to the decision height authorized for
Category II operations only if conducted in a flight simulator or flight
training device; and
(v) Must be accomplished in an aircraft of the same category and
class, and type, as applicable, as the aircraft in which the practical
test is to be conducted or in a flight simulator that--
(A) Represents an aircraft of the same category and class, and type,
as applicable, as the aircraft in which the authorization is sought; and
(B) Is used in accordance with an approved course conducted by a
training center certificated under part 142 of this chapter.
(4) The flight time acquired in meeting the requirements of
paragraph (c)(2)(ii)(B) of this section may be used to meet the
requirements of paragraph (c)(2)(ii)(A) of this section.
(d) Practical test procedures. The practical test consists of an
oral increment and a flight increment.
(1) Oral increment. In the oral increment of the practical test an
applicant must demonstrate knowledge of the following:
(i) Required landing distance;
(ii) Recognition of the decision height;
(iii) Missed approach procedures and techniques using computed or
fixed attitude guidance displays;
(iv) Use and limitations of RVR;
(v) Use of visual clues, their availability or limitations, and
altitude at which they are normally discernible at reduced RVR readings;
(vi) Procedures and techniques related to transition from nonvisual
to visual flight during a final approach under reduced RVR;
(vii) Effects of vertical and horizontal windshear;
(viii) Characteristics and limitations of the ILS and runway
lighting system;
(ix) Characteristics and limitations of the flight director system,
auto approach coupler (including split axis type if equipped), auto
throttle system (if equipped), and other required Category II equipment;
(x) Assigned duties of the second in command during Category II
approaches, unless the aircraft for which authorization is sought does
not require a second in command; and
(xi) Instrument and equipment failure warning systems.
(2) Flight increment. The following requirements apply to the flight
increment of the practical test:
(i) The flight increment must be conducted in an aircraft of the
same category, class, and type, as applicable, as the aircraft in which
the authorization is sought or in a flight simulator that--
(A) Represents an aircraft of the same category and class, and type,
as applicable, as the aircraft in which the authorization is sought; and
(B) Is used in accordance with an approved course conducted by a
training center certificated under part 142 of this chapter.
(ii) The flight increment must consist of at least two ILS
approaches to 100 feet AGL including at least one landing and one missed
approach.
(iii) All approaches performed during the flight increment must be
made with the use of an approved flight control guidance system, except
if an approved auto approach coupler is installed, at least one approach
must be hand flown using flight director commands.
(iv) If a multiengine airplane with the performance capability to
execute a missed approach with one engine inoperative is used for the
practical test, the flight increment must include the performance of one
missed approach with an engine, which shall be the most critical engine,
if applicable, set at idle or zero thrust before reaching the middle
marker.
(v) If a multiengine flight simulator or multiengine flight training
device is used for the practical test, the applicant must execute a
missed approach with the most critical engine, if applicable, failed.
(vi) For an authorization for an aircraft that requires a type
rating, the practical test must be performed in coordination with a
second in command who holds a type rating in the aircraft in which the
authorization is sought.
[[Page 46]]
(vii) Oral questioning may be conducted at any time during a
practical test.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61-103, 62 FR 40900,
July 30, 1997]
Sec. 61.68 Category III pilot authorization requirements.
(a) General. A person who applies for a Category III pilot
authorization must hold:
(1) At least a private pilot certificate or commercial pilot
certificate with an instrument rating or an airline transport pilot
certificate;
(2) A type rating for the aircraft for which the authorization is
sought if that aircraft requires a type rating; and
(3) A category and class rating for the aircraft for which the
authorization is sought.
(b) Experience requirements. An applicant for a Category III pilot
authorization must have at least--
(1) 50 hours of night flight time as pilot in command.
(2) 75 hours of instrument flight time during actual or simulated
instrument conditions that may include not more than--
(i) A combination of 25 hours of simulated instrument flight time in
a flight simulator or flight training device; or
(ii) 40 hours of simulated instrument flight time if accomplished in
an approved course conducted by an appropriately rated training center
certificated under part 142 of this chapter.
(3) 250 hours of cross-country flight time as pilot in command.
(c) Practical test requirements. (1) A practical test must be passed
by a person who applies for--
(i) Issuance or renewal of a Category III pilot authorization; and
(ii) The addition of another type of aircraft to the applicant's
Category III pilot authorization.
(2) To be eligible for the practical test for an authorization under
this section, an applicant must--
(i) Meet the requirements of paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section;
and
(ii) If the applicant has not passed a practical test for this
authorization during the 12 calendar months preceding the month of the
test, then that person must--
(A) Meet the requirements of Sec. 61.57(c); and
(B) Have performed at least six ILS approaches during the 6 calendar
months preceding the month of the test, of which at least three of the
approaches must have been conducted without the use of an approach
coupler.
(3) The approaches specified in paragraph (c)(2)(ii)(B) of this
section--
(i) Must be conducted under actual or simulated instrument flight
conditions;
(ii) Must be conducted to the alert height or decision height for
the ILS approach in the type aircraft in which the practical test is to
be conducted;
(iii) Need not be conducted to the decision height authorized for
Category III operations;
(iv) Must be conducted to the alert height or decision height, as
applicable, authorized for Category III operations only if conducted in
a flight simulator or flight training device; and
(v) Must be accomplished in an aircraft of the same category and
class, and type, as applicable, as the aircraft in which the practical
test is to be conducted or in a flight simulator that--
(A) Represents an aircraft of the same category and class, and type,
as applicable, as the aircraft for which the authorization is sought;
and
(B) Is used in accordance with an approved course conducted by a
training center certificated under part 142 of this chapter.
(4) The flight time acquired in meeting the requirements of
paragraph (c)(2)(ii)(B) of this section may be used to meet the
requirements of paragraph (c)(2)(ii)(A) of this section.
(d) Practical test procedures. The practical test consists of an
oral increment and a flight increment.
(1) Oral increment. In the oral increment of the practical test an
applicant must demonstrate knowledge of the following:
(i) Required landing distance;
(ii) Determination and recognition of the alert height or decision
height, as applicable, including use of a radar altimeter;
(iii) Recognition of and proper reaction to significant failures
encountered prior to and after reaching the alert
[[Page 47]]
height or decision height, as applicable;
(iv) Missed approach procedures and techniques using computed or
fixed attitude guidance displays and expected height loss as they relate
to manual go-around or automatic go-around, and initiation altitude, as
applicable;
(v) Use and limitations of RVR, including determination of
controlling RVR and required transmissometers;
(vi) Use, availability, or limitations of visual cues and the
altitude at which they are normally discernible at reduced RVR readings
including--
(A) Unexpected deterioration of conditions to less than minimum RVR
during approach, flare, and rollout;
(B) Demonstration of expected visual references with weather at
minimum conditions;
(C) The expected sequence of visual cues during an approach in which
visibility is at or above landing minima; and
(D) Procedures and techniques for making a transition from
instrument reference flight to visual flight during a final approach
under reduced RVR.
(vii) Effects of vertical and horizontal windshear;
(viii) Characteristics and limitations of the ILS and runway
lighting system;
(ix) Characteristics and limitations of the flight director system
auto approach coupler (including split axis type if equipped), auto
throttle system (if equipped), and other Category III equipment;
(x) Assigned duties of the second in command during Category III
operations, unless the aircraft for which authorization is sought does
not require a second in command;
(xi) Recognition of the limits of acceptable aircraft position and
flight path tracking during approach, flare, and, if applicable,
rollout; and
(xii) Recognition of, and reaction to, airborne or ground system
faults or abnormalities, particularly after passing alert height or
decision height, as applicable.
(2) Flight increment. The following requirements apply to the flight
increment of the practical test--
(i) The flight increment may be conducted in an aircraft of the same
category and class, and type, as applicable, as the aircraft for which
the authorization is sought, or in a flight simulator that--
(A) Represents an aircraft of the same category and class, and type,
as applicable, as the aircraft in which the authorization is sought; and
(B) Is used in accordance with an approved course conducted by a
training center certificated under part 142 of this chapter.
(ii) The flight increment must consist of at least two ILS
approaches to 100 feet AGL, including one landing and one missed
approach initiated from a very low altitude that may result in a
touchdown during the go-around maneuver;
(iii) All approaches performed during the flight increment must be
made with the approved automatic landing system or an equivalent landing
system approved by the Administrator;
(iv) If a multiengine aircraft with the performance capability to
execute a missed approach with one engine inoperative is used for the
practical test, the flight increment must include the performance of one
missed approach with the most critical engine, if applicable, set at
idle or zero thrust before reaching the middle or outer marker;
(v) If a multiengine flight simulator or multiengine flight training
device is used, a missed approach must be executed with an engine, which
shall be the most critical engine, if applicable, failed;
(vi) For an authorization for an aircraft that requires a type
rating, the practical test must be performed in coordination with a
second in command who holds a type rating in the aircraft in which the
authorization is sought;
(vii) Oral questioning may be conducted at any time during the
practical test;
(viii) Subject to the limitations of this paragraph, for Category
IIIb operations predicated on the use of a fail-passive rollout control
system, at least one manual rollout using visual reference or a
combination of visual and instrument references must be executed. The
maneuver required by this paragraph shall be initiated by a fail-passive
disconnect of the rollout control system--
(A) After main gear touchdown;
[[Page 48]]
(B) Prior to nose gear touchdown;
(C) In conditions representative of the most adverse lateral
touchdown displacement allowing a safe landing on the runway; and
(D) In weather conditions anticipated in Category IIIb operations.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61-103, 62 FR 40900,
July 30, 1997]
Sec. 61.69 Glider towing: Experience and training requirements.
(a) No person may act as pilot in command for towing a glider unless
that person:
(1) Holds at least a private pilot certificate with a category
rating for powered aircraft;
(2) Has logged at least 100 hours of pilot-in-command time in the
aircraft category, class, and type, if required, that the pilot is using
to tow a glider;
(3) Has a logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor who
certifies that the person has received ground and flight training in
gliders and is proficient in--
(i) The techniques and procedures essential to the safe towing of
gliders, including airspeed limitations;
(ii) Emergency procedures;
(iii) Signals used; and
(iv) Maximum angles of bank.
(4) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, has logged
at least three flights as the sole manipulator of the controls of an
aircraft towing a glider or simulating glider-towing flight procedures
while accompanied by a pilot who meets the requirements of paragraphs
(c) and (d) of this section;
(5) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, has
received a logbook endorsement from the pilot, described in paragraph
(a)(4) of this section, certifying that the person has accomplished at
least 3 flights in an aircraft while towing a glider, or while
simulating glider-towing flight procedures; and
(6) Within the preceding 12 months has--
(i) Made at least three actual or simulated glider tows while
accompanied by a qualified pilot who meets the requirements of this
section; or
(ii) Made at least three flights as pilot in command of a glider
towed by an aircraft.
(b) Any person who before May 17, 1967, has made and logged 10 or
more flights as pilot in command of an aircraft towing a glider in
accordance with a certificate of waiver need not comply with paragraphs
(a)(4) and (a)(5) of this section.
(c) The pilot, described in paragraph (a)(4) of this section, who
endorses the logbook of a person seeking glider-towing privileges must
have:
(1) Met the requirements of this section prior to endorsing the
logbook of the person seeking glider-towing privileges; and
(2) Logged at least 10 flights as pilot in command of an aircraft
while towing a glider.
(d) If the pilot described in paragraph (a)(4) of this section holds
only a private pilot certificate, then that pilot must have:
(1) Logged at least 100 hours of pilot-in-command time in airplanes,
or 200 hours of pilot-in-command time in a combination of powered and
other-than-powered aircraft; and
(2) Performed and logged at least three flights within the 12
calendar months preceding the month that pilot accompanies or endorses
the logbook of a person seeking glider-towing privileges--
(i) In an aircraft while towing a glider accompanied by another
pilot who meets the requirements of this section; or
(ii) As pilot in command of a glider being towed by an aircraft.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61-103, 62 FR 40901,
July 30, 1997]
Sec. 61.71 Graduates of an approved training program other than
under this part: Special rules.
(a) A person who graduates from an approved training program under
part 141 or part 142 of this chapter is considered to have met the
applicable aeronautical experience, aeronautical knowledge, and areas of
operation requirements of this part if that person presents the
graduation certificate and passes the required practical test within the
60-day period after the date of graduation.
(b) A person may apply for an airline transport pilot certificate,
type rating, or both under this part, and will be
[[Page 49]]
considered to have met the applicable requirements under Sec. 61.157 of
this part for that certificate and rating, if that person has:
(1) Satisfactorily accomplished an approved training program and the
pilot-in-command proficiency check for that airplane type, in accordance
with the pilot-in-command requirements under subparts N and O of part
121 of this chapter; and
(2) Applied for the airline transport pilot certificate, type
rating, or both within the 60-day period from the date the person
satisfactorily accomplished the approved training program and pilot-in-
command proficiency check for that airplane type.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61-103, 62 FR 40901,
July 30, 1997]
Sec. 61.73 Military pilots or former military pilots: Special rules.
(a) General. Except for a rated military pilot or former rated
military pilot who has been removed from flying status for lack of
proficiency, or because of disciplinary action involving aircraft
operations, a rated military pilot or former rated military pilot who
meets the applicable requirements of this section may apply, on the
basis of his or her military training, for:
(1) A commercial pilot certificate;
(2) An aircraft rating in the category and class of aircraft for
which that military pilot is qualified;
(3) An instrument rating with the appropriate aircraft rating for
which that military pilot is qualified; or
(4) A type rating, if appropriate.
(b) Military pilots on active flying status within the past 12
months. A rated military pilot or former rated military pilot who has
been on active flying status within the 12 months before applying must:
(1) Pass a knowledge test on the appropriate parts of this chapter
that apply to pilot privileges and limitations, air traffic and general
operating rules, and accident reporting rules;
(2) Present documentation showing compliance with the requirements
of paragraph (d) of this section for at least one aircraft category
rating; and
(3) Present documentation showing that the applicant is or was, at
any time during the 12 calendar months before the month of application--
(i) A rated military pilot on active flying status in an armed force
of the United States; or
(ii) A rated military pilot of an armed force of a foreign
contracting State to the Convention on International Civil Aviation,
assigned to pilot duties (other than flight training) with an armed
force of the United States and holds, at the time of application, a
current civil pilot license issued by that contracting State authorizing
at least the privileges of the pilot certificate sought.
(c) Military pilots not on active flying status during the 12
calendar months before the month of application. A rated military pilot
or former rated military pilot who has not been on active flying status
within the 12 calendar months before the month of application must:
(1) Pass the appropriate knowledge and practical tests prescribed in
this part for the certificate or rating sought; and
(2) Present documentation showing that the applicant was, before the
beginning of the 12th calendar month before the month of application, a
rated military pilot as prescribed by paragraph (b)(3)(i) or paragraph
(b)(3)(ii) of this section.
(d) Aircraft category, class, and type ratings. A rated military
pilot or former rated military pilot who applies for an aircraft
category, class, or type rating, if applicable, is issued that rating at
the commercial pilot certificate level if the pilot presents documentary
evidence that shows satisfactory accomplishment of:
(1) An official U.S. military pilot check and instrument proficiency
check in that aircraft category, class, or type, if applicable, as pilot
in command during the 12 calendar months before the month of
application;
(2) At least 10 hours of pilot-in-command time in that aircraft
category, class, or type, if applicable, during the 12 calendar months
before the month of application; or
(3) An FAA practical test in that aircraft after--
(i) Meeting the requirements of paragraphs (b)(1) and (b)(2) of this
section; and
[[Page 50]]
(ii) Having received an endorsement from an authorized instructor
who certifies that the pilot is proficient to take the required
practical test, and that endorsement is made within the 60-day period
preceding the date of the practical test.
(e) Instrument rating. A rated military pilot or former rated
military pilot who applies for an airplane instrument rating, a
helicopter instrument rating, or a powered-lift instrument rating to be
added to his or her commercial pilot certificate may apply for an
instrument rating if the pilot has, within the 12 calendar months
preceding the month of application:
(1) Passed an instrument proficiency check by a U.S. Armed Force in
the aircraft category for the instrument rating sought; and
(2) Received authorization from a U.S. Armed Force to conduct IFR
flights on Federal airways in that aircraft category and class for the
instrument rating sought.
(f) Aircraft type rating. An aircraft type rating is issued only for
aircraft types that the Administrator has certificated for civil
operations.
(g) Aircraft type rating placed on an airline transport pilot
certificate. A rated military pilot or former rated military pilot who
holds an airline transport pilot certificate and who requests an
aircraft type rating to be placed on that person's airline transport
pilot certificate may be issued that aircraft type rating at the airline
transport pilot certificate level, provided that person:
(1) Holds a category and class rating for that type of aircraft at
the airline transport pilot certificate level; and
(2) Passed an official U.S. military pilot check and instrument
proficiency check in that type of aircraft as pilot in command during
the 12 calendar months before the month of application.
(h) Evidentiary documents. The following documents are satisfactory
evidence for the purposes indicated:
(1) An official identification card issued to the pilot by an armed
force may be used to demonstrate membership in the armed forces.
(2) An original or a copy of a certificate of discharge or release
may be used to demonstrate discharge or release from an armed force or
former membership in an armed force.
(3) Current or previous status as a rated military pilot with a U.S.
Armed Force may be demonstrated by--
(i) An official U.S. Armed Force order to flight status as a
military pilot;
(ii) An official U.S. Armed Force form or logbook showing military
pilot status; or
(iii) An official order showing that the rated military pilot
graduated from a U.S. military pilot school and received a rating as a
military pilot.
(4) A certified U.S. Armed Force logbook or an appropriate official
U.S. Armed Force form or summary may be used to demonstrate flight time
in military aircraft as a member of a U.S. Armed Force.
(5) An official U.S. Armed Force record of a military checkout as
pilot in command may be used to demonstrate pilot in command status.
(6) A current instrument grade slip that is issued by a U.S. Armed
Force, or an official record of satisfactory accomplishment of an
instrument proficiency check during the 12 calendar months preceding the
month of the application may be used to demonstrate instrument pilot
qualification.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61-103, 62 FR 40901,
July 30, 1997]
Sec. 61.75 Private pilot certificate issued on the basis of a foreign
pilot license.
(a) General. A person who holds a current foreign pilot license
issued by a contracting State to the Convention on International Civil
Aviation may apply for and be issued a private pilot certificate with
the appropriate ratings when the application is based on the foreign
pilot license that meets the requirements of this section.
(b) Certificate issued. A U.S. private pilot certificate that is
issued under this section shall specify the person's foreign license
number and country of issuance. A person who holds a current foreign
pilot license issued by a contracting State to the Convention on
International Civil Aviation may be issued a private pilot certificate
based on the foreign pilot license without
[[Page 51]]
any further showing of proficiency, provided the applicant:
(1) Meets the requirements of this section;
(2) Holds a foreign pilot license that--
(i) Is not under an order of revocation or suspension by the foreign
country that issued the foreign pilot license; and
(ii) Does not contain an endorsement stating that the applicant has
not met all of the standards of ICAO for that license;
(3) Does not currently hold a U.S. pilot certificate;
(4) Holds a current medical certificate issued under part 67 of this
chapter or a current medical certificate issued by the country that
issued the person's foreign pilot license; and
(5) Is able to read, speak, write, and understand the English
language. If the applicant is unable to meet one of these requirements
due to medical reasons, then the Administrator may place such operating
limitations on that applicant's pilot certificate as are necessary for
the safe operation of the aircraft.
(c) Aircraft ratings issued. Aircraft ratings listed on a person's
foreign pilot license, in addition to any issued after testing under the
provisions of this part, may be placed on that person's U.S. pilot
certificate.
(d) Instrument ratings issued. A person who holds an instrument
rating on the foreign pilot license issued by a contracting State to the
Convention on International Civil Aviation may be issued an instrument
rating on a U.S. private pilot certificate provided:
(1) The person's foreign pilot license authorizes instrument
privileges;
(2) Within 24 months preceding the month in which the person applies
for the instrument rating, the person passes the appropriate knowledge
test; and
(3) The person is able to read, speak, write, and understand the
English language. If the applicant is unable to meet one of these
requirements due to medical reasons, then the Administrator may place
such operating limitations on that applicant's pilot certificate as are
necessary for the safe operation of the aircraft.
(e) Operating privileges and limitations. A person who receives a
U.S. private pilot certificate that has been issued under the provisions
of this section:
(1) May act as a pilot of a civil aircraft of U.S. registry in
accordance with the private pilot privileges authorized by this part;
(2) Is limited to the privileges placed on the certificate by the
Administrator;
(3) Is subject to the limitations and restrictions on the person's
U.S. certificate and foreign pilot license when exercising the
privileges of that U.S. pilot certificate in an aircraft of U.S.
registry operating within or outside the United States; and
(4) Shall not exercise the privileges of that U.S. private pilot
certificate when the person's foreign pilot license has been revoked or
suspended.
(f) Limitation on licenses used as the basis for a U.S. certificate.
Only one foreign pilot license may be used as a basis for issuing a U.S.
private pilot certificate. The foreign pilot license and medical
certification used as a basis for issuing a U.S. private pilot
certificate under this section must be in the English language or
accompanied by an English language transcription that has been signed by
an official or representative of the foreign aviation authority that
issued the foreign pilot license.
(g) Limitation placed on a U.S. private pilot certificate. A U.S.
private pilot certificate issued under this section is valid only when
the holder has the foreign pilot license upon which the issuance of the
U.S. private pilot certificate was based in the holder's personal
possession or readily accessible in the aircraft.
Sec. 61.77 Special purpose pilot authorization: Operation of U.S.-registered
civil aircraft leased by a person who is not a U.S. citizen.
(a) General. The holder of a foreign pilot license issued by a
contracting State to the Convention on International Civil Aviation who
meets the requirements of this section may be issued a special purpose
pilot authorization by the Administrator for the purpose of performing
pilot duties--
[[Page 52]]
(1) On a civil aircraft of U.S. registry that is leased to a person
who is not a citizen of the United States, and
(2) For carrying persons or property for compensation or hire on
that aircraft.
(b) Eligibility. To be eligible for the issuance or renewal of a
special purpose pilot authorization, an applicant must present the
following to an FAA Flight Standards District Office:
(1) A current foreign pilot license that has been issued by the
aeronautical authority of a contracting State to the Convention on
International Civil Aviation from which the person holds citizenship or
resident status and that contains the appropriate aircraft category,
class, instrument rating, and type rating, if appropriate, for the
aircraft to be flown;
(2) A current certification by the lessee of the aircraft--
(i) Stating that the applicant is employed by the lessee;
(ii) Specifying the aircraft type on which the applicant will
perform pilot duties; and
(iii) Stating that the applicant has received ground and flight
instruction that qualifies the applicant to perform the duties to be
assigned on the aircraft.
(3) Documentation showing when the applicant will reach the age of
60 years (an official copy of the applicant's birth certificate or other
official documentation);
(4) Documentation that the applicant meets the medical standards for
the issuance of the foreign pilot license from the aeronautical
authority of the contracting State to the Convention on International
Civil Aviation where the applicant holds citizenship or resident status;
(5) Documentation that the applicant meets the recent flight
experience requirements of this part (a logbook or flight record); and
(6) A statement that the applicant does not already hold a special
purpose pilot authorization; however, if the applicant already holds a
special purpose pilot authorization, then that special purpose pilot
authorization must be surrendered to either the FAA Flight Standards
District Office that issued it, or the FAA Flight Standards District
Office processing the application for the authorization, prior to being
issued another special purpose pilot authorization.
(c) Privileges. A person issued a special purpose pilot
authorization under this section--
(1) May exercise the privileges prescribed on the special purpose
pilot authorization; and
(2) Must comply with the limitations specified in this section and
any additional limitations specified on the special purpose pilot
authorization.
(d) General limitations. A special purpose pilot authorization is
valid only--
(1) For flights between foreign countries or for flights in foreign
air commerce within the time period allotted on the authorization;
(2) If the foreign pilot license required by paragraph (b)(1) of
this section, the medical documentation required by paragraph (b)(4) of
this section, and the special purpose pilot authorization issued under
this section are in the holder's physical possession or immediately
accessible in the aircraft;
(3) While the holder is employed by the person to whom the aircraft
described in the certification required by paragraph (b)(2) of this
section is leased;
(4) While the holder is performing pilot duties on the U.S.-
registered aircraft described in the certification required by paragraph
(b)(2) of this section; and
(5) If the holder has only one special purpose pilot authorization
as provided in paragraph (b)(6) of this section.
(e) Age limitation. Except as provided in paragraph (g) of this
section, no person who holds a special purpose pilot authorization
issued under this part, and no person who holds a special purpose pilot
certificate issued under this part before August 4, 1997, shall serve as
a pilot on a civil airplane of U.S. registry if the person has reached
his or her 60th birthday, in the following operations:
(1) Scheduled international air services carrying passengers in
turbojet-powered airplanes;
(2) Scheduled international air services carrying passengers in
airplanes having a passenger-seat configuration
[[Page 53]]
of more than nine passenger seats, excluding each crewmember seat;
(3) Nonscheduled international air transportation for compensation
or hire in airplanes having a passenger-seat configuration of more than
30 passenger seats, excluding each crewmember seat; or
(4) Scheduled international air services, or nonscheduled
international air transportation for compensation or hire, in airplanes
having a payload capacity of more than 7,500 pounds.
(f) Definitions. (1) International air service, as used in paragraph
(e) of this section, means scheduled air service performed in airplanes
for the public transport of passengers, mail, or cargo, in which the
service passes through the air space over the territory of more than one
country.
(2) International air transportation, as used in paragraph (e) of
this section, means air transportation performed in airplanes for the
public transport of passengers, mail, or cargo, in which service passes
through the air space over the territory of more than one country.
(g) Delayed pilot age limitations for certain operations. Until
December 20, 1999, a person may serve as a pilot in the operations
specified in paragraph (e) of this section after that person has reached
his or her 60th birthday, if, on March 20, 1997, that person was
employed as a pilot in any of the following operations:
(1) Scheduled international air services carrying passengers in
nontransport category turbopropeller-powered airplanes type certificated
after December 31, 1964, that have a passenger-seat configuration of 10
to 19 seats;
(2) Scheduled international air services carrying passengers in
transport category turbopropeller-powered airplanes that have a
passenger-seat configuration of 20 to 30 seats; or
(3) Scheduled international air services carrying passengers in
turbojet-powered airplanes having a passenger-seat configuration of 1 to
30 seats.
(h) Expiration date. Each special purpose pilot authorization issued
under this section expires--
(1) 60 calendar months from the month it was issued, unless sooner
suspended or revoked;
(2) When the lease agreement for the aircraft expires or the lessee
terminates the employment of the person who holds the special purpose
pilot authorization;
(3) Whenever the person's foreign pilot license has been suspended,
revoked, or is no longer valid; or
(4) When the person no longer meets the medical standards for the
issuance of the foreign pilot license.
(i) Renewal. A person exercising the privileges of a special purpose
pilot authorization may apply for a 60-calendar-month extension of that
authorization, provided the person--
(1) Continues to meet the requirements of this section; and
(2) Surrenders the expired special purpose pilot authorization upon
receipt of the new authorization.
(j) Surrender. The holder of a special purpose pilot authorization
must surrender the authorization to the Administrator within 7 days
after the date the authorization terminates.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 40901, July 30, 1997]
Subpart C_Student Pilots
Sec. 61.81 Applicability.
This subpart prescribes the requirements for the issuance of student
pilot certificates, the conditions under which those certificates are
necessary, and the general operating rules and limitations for the
holders of those certificates.
Sec. 61.83 Eligibility requirements for student pilots.
To be eligible for a student pilot certificate, an applicant must:
(a) Be at least 16 years of age for other than the operation of a
glider or balloon.
(b) Be at least 14 years of age for the operation of a glider or
balloon.
(c) Be able to read, speak, write, and understand the English
language. If the applicant is unable to meet one of these requirements
due to medical reasons, then the Administrator may place such operating
limitations on that applicant's pilot certificate as are
[[Page 54]]
necessary for the safe operation of the aircraft.
Sec. 61.85 Application.
An application for a student pilot certificate is made on a form and
in a manner provided by the Administrator and is submitted to:
(a) A designated aviation medical examiner if applying for an FAA
medical certificate under part 67 of this chapter;
(b) An examiner; or
(c) A Flight Standards District Office.
Sec. 61.87 Solo requirements for student pilots.
(a) General. A student pilot may not operate an aircraft in solo
flight unless that student has met the requirements of this section. The
term ``solo flight'' as used in this subpart means that flight time
during which a student pilot is the sole occupant of the aircraft or
that flight time during which the student performs the duties of a pilot
in command of a gas balloon or an airship requiring more than one pilot
flight crewmember.
(b) Aeronautical knowledge. A student pilot must demonstrate
satisfactory aeronautical knowledge on a knowledge test that meets the
requirements of this paragraph:
(1) The test must address the student pilot's knowledge of--
(i) Applicable sections of parts 61 and 91 of this chapter;
(ii) Airspace rules and procedures for the airport where the solo
flight will be performed; and
(iii) Flight characteristics and operational limitations for the
make and model of aircraft to be flown.
(2) The student's authorized instructor must--
(i) Administer the test; and
(ii) At the conclusion of the test, review all incorrect answers
with the student before authorizing that student to conduct a solo
flight.
(c) Pre-solo flight training. Prior to conducting a solo flight, a
student pilot must have:
(1) Received and logged flight training for the maneuvers and
procedures of this section that are appropriate to the make and model of
aircraft to be flown; and
(2) Demonstrated satisfactory proficiency and safety, as judged by
an authorized instructor, on the maneuvers and procedures required by
this section in the make and model of aircraft or similar make and model
of aircraft to be flown.
(d) Maneuvers and procedures for pre-solo flight training in a
single-engine airplane. A student pilot who is receiving training for a
single-engine airplane rating must receive and log flight training for
the following maneuvers and procedures:
(1) Proper flight preparation procedures, including preflight
planning and preparation, powerplant operation, and aircraft systems;
(2) Taxiing or surface operations, including runups;
(3) Takeoffs and landings, including normal and crosswind;
(4) Straight and level flight, and turns in both directions;
(5) Climbs and climbing turns;
(6) Airport traffic patterns, including entry and departure
procedures;
(7) Collision avoidance, windshear avoidance, and wake turbulence
avoidance;
(8) Descents, with and without turns, using high and low drag
configurations;
(9) Flight at various airspeeds from cruise to slow flight;
(10) Stall entries from various flight attitudes and power
combinations with recovery initiated at the first indication of a stall,
and recovery from a full stall;
(11) Emergency procedures and equipment malfunctions;
(12) Ground reference maneuvers;
(13) Approaches to a landing area with simulated engine
malfunctions;
(14) Slips to a landing; and
(15) Go-arounds.
(e) Maneuvers and procedures for pre-solo flight training in a
multiengine airplane. A student pilot who is receiving training for a
multiengine airplane rating must receive and log flight training for the
following maneuvers and procedures:
(1) Proper flight preparation procedures, including preflight
planning and preparation, powerplant operation, and aircraft systems;
[[Page 55]]
(2) Taxiing or surface operations, including runups;
(3) Takeoffs and landings, including normal and crosswind;
(4) Straight and level flight, and turns in both directions;
(5) Climbs and climbing turns;
(6) Airport traffic patterns, including entry and departure
procedures;
(7) Collision avoidance, windshear avoidance, and wake turbulence
avoidance;
(8) Descents, with and without turns, using high and low drag
configurations;
(9) Flight at various airspeeds from cruise to slow flight;
(10) Stall entries from various flight attitudes and power
combinations with recovery initiated at the first indication of a stall,
and recovery from a full stall;
(11) Emergency procedures and equipment malfunctions;
(12) Ground reference maneuvers;
(13) Approaches to a landing area with simulated engine
malfunctions; and
(14) Go-arounds.
(f) Maneuvers and procedures for pre-solo flight training in a
helicopter. A student pilot who is receiving training for a helicopter
rating must receive and log flight training for the following maneuvers
and procedures:
(1) Proper flight preparation procedures, including preflight
planning and preparation, powerplant operation, and aircraft systems;
(2) Taxiing or surface operations, including runups;
(3) Takeoffs and landings, including normal and crosswind;
(4) Straight and level flight, and turns in both directions;
(5) Climbs and climbing turns;
(6) Airport traffic patterns, including entry and departure
procedures;
(7) Collision avoidance, windshear avoidance, and wake turbulence
avoidance;
(8) Descents with and without turns;
(9) Flight at various airspeeds;
(10) Emergency procedures and equipment malfunctions;
(11) Ground reference maneuvers;
(12) Approaches to the landing area;
(13) Hovering and hovering turns;
(14) Go-arounds;
(15) Simulated emergency procedures, including autorotational
descents with a power recovery and power recovery to a hover;
(16) Rapid decelerations; and
(17) Simulated one-engine-inoperative approaches and landings for
multiengine helicopters.
(g) Maneuvers and procedures for pre-solo flight training in a
gyroplane. A student pilot who is receiving training for a gyroplane
rating must receive and log flight training for the following maneuvers
and procedures:
(1) Proper flight preparation procedures, including preflight
planning and preparation, powerplant operation, and aircraft systems;
(2) Taxiing or surface operations, including runups;
(3) Takeoffs and landings, including normal and crosswind;
(4) Straight and level flight, and turns in both directions;
(5) Climbs and climbing turns;
(6) Airport traffic patterns, including entry and departure
procedures;
(7) Collision avoidance, windshear avoidance, and wake turbulence
avoidance;
(8) Descents with and without turns;
(9) Flight at various airspeeds;
(10) Emergency procedures and equipment malfunctions;
(11) Ground reference maneuvers;
(12) Approaches to the landing area;
(13) High rates of descent with power on and with simulated power
off, and recovery from those flight configurations;
(14) Go-arounds; and
(15) Simulated emergency procedures, including simulated power-off
landings and simulated power failure during departures.
(h) Maneuvers and procedures for pre-solo flight training in a
powered-lift. A student pilot who is receiving training for a powered-
lift rating must receive and log flight training in the following
maneuvers and procedures:
(1) Proper flight preparation procedures, including preflight
planning and preparation, powerplant operation, and aircraft systems;
(2) Taxiing or surface operations, including runups;
(3) Takeoffs and landings, including normal and crosswind;
[[Page 56]]
(4) Straight and level flight, and turns in both directions;
(5) Climbs and climbing turns;
(6) Airport traffic patterns, including entry and departure
procedures;
(7) Collision avoidance, windshear avoidance, and wake turbulence
avoidance;
(8) Descents with and without turns;
(9) Flight at various airspeeds from cruise to slow flight;
(10) Stall entries from various flight attitudes and power
combinations with recovery initiated at the first indication of a stall,
and recovery from a full stall;
(11) Emergency procedures and equipment malfunctions;
(12) Ground reference maneuvers;
(13) Approaches to a landing with simulated engine malfunctions;
(14) Go-arounds;
(15) Approaches to the landing area;
(16) Hovering and hovering turns; and
(17) For multiengine powered-lifts, simulated one-engine-inoperative
approaches and landings.
(i) Maneuvers and procedures for pre-solo flight training in a
glider. A student pilot who is receiving training for a glider rating
must receive and log flight training for the following maneuvers and
procedures:
(1) Proper flight preparation procedures, including preflight
planning, preparation, aircraft systems, and, if appropriate, powerplant
operations;
(2) Taxiing or surface operations, including runups, if applicable;
(3) Launches, including normal and crosswind;
(4) Straight and level flight, and turns in both directions, if
applicable;
(5) Airport traffic patterns, including entry procedures;
(6) Collision avoidance, windshear avoidance, and wake turbulence
avoidance;
(7) Descents with and without turns using high and low drag
configurations;
(8) Flight at various airspeeds;
(9) Emergency procedures and equipment malfunctions;
(10) Ground reference maneuvers, if applicable;
(11) Inspection of towline rigging and review of signals and release
procedures, if applicable;
(12) Aerotow, ground tow, or self-launch procedures;
(13) Procedures for disassembly and assembly of the glider;
(14) Stall entry, stall, and stall recovery;
(15) Straight glides, turns, and spirals;
(16) Landings, including normal and crosswind;
(17) Slips to a landing;
(18) Procedures and techniques for thermalling; and
(19) Emergency operations, including towline break procedures.
(j) Maneuvers and procedures for pre-solo flight training in an
airship. A student pilot who is receiving training for an airship rating
must receive and log flight training for the following maneuvers and
procedures:
(1) Proper flight preparation procedures, including preflight
planning and preparation, powerplant operation, and aircraft systems;
(2) Taxiing or surface operations, including runups;
(3) Takeoffs and landings, including normal and crosswind;
(4) Straight and level flight, and turns in both directions;
(5) Climbs and climbing turns;
(6) Airport traffic patterns, including entry and departure
procedures;
(7) Collision avoidance, windshear avoidance, and wake turbulence
avoidance;
(8) Descents with and without turns;
(9) Flight at various airspeeds from cruise to slow flight;
(10) Emergency procedures and equipment malfunctions;
(11) Ground reference maneuvers;
(12) Rigging, ballasting, and controlling pressure in the ballonets,
and superheating; and
(13) Landings with positive and with negative static trim.
(k) Maneuvers and procedures for pre-solo flight training in a
balloon. A student pilot who is receiving training in a balloon must
receive and log flight training for the following maneuvers and
procedures:
(1) Layout and assembly procedures;
(2) Proper flight preparation procedures, including preflight
planning and preparation, and aircraft systems;
(3) Ascents and descents;
[[Page 57]]
(4) Landing and recovery procedures;
(5) Emergency procedures and equipment malfunctions;
(6) Operation of hot air or gas source, ballast, valves, vents, and
rip panels, as appropriate;
(7) Use of deflation valves or rip panels for simulating an
emergency;
(8) The effects of wind on climb and approach angles; and
(9) Obstruction detection and avoidance techniques.
(l) Limitations on student pilots operating an aircraft in solo
flight. A student pilot may not operate an aircraft in solo flight
unless that student pilot has received:
(1) An endorsement from an authorized instructor on his or her
student pilot certificate for the specific make and model aircraft to be
flown; and
(2) An endorsement in the student's logbook for the specific make
and model aircraft to be flown by an authorized instructor, who gave the
training within the 90 days preceding the date of the flight.
(m) Limitations on student pilots operating an aircraft in solo
flight at night. A student pilot may not operate an aircraft in solo
flight at night unless that student pilot has received:
(1) Flight training at night on night flying procedures that
includes takeoffs, approaches, landings, and go-arounds at night at the
airport where the solo flight will be conducted;
(2) Navigation training at night in the vicinity of the airport
where the solo flight will be conducted; and
(3) An endorsement in the student's logbook for the specific make
and model aircraft to be flown for night solo flight by an authorized
instructor who gave the training within the 90-day period preceding the
date of the flight.
(n) Limitations on flight instructors authorizing solo flight. (1)
No instructor may authorize a student pilot to perform a solo flight
unless that instructor has--
(i) Given that student pilot training in the make and model of
aircraft or a similar make and model of aircraft in which the solo
flight is to be flown;
(ii) Determined the student pilot is proficient in the maneuvers and
procedures prescribed in this section;
(iii) Determined the student pilot is proficient in the make and
model of aircraft to be flown;
(iv) Ensured that the student pilot's certificate has been endorsed
by an instructor authorized to provide flight training for the specific
make and model aircraft to be flown; and
(v) Endorsed the student pilot's logbook for the specific make and
model aircraft to be flown, and that endorsement remains current for
solo flight privileges, provided an authorized instructor updates the
student's logbook every 90 days thereafter.
(2) The flight training required by this section must be given by an
instructor authorized to provide flight training who is appropriately
rated and current.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61-103, 62 FR 40902,
July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61-104, 63 FR 20287, Apr. 23, 1998]
Sec. 61.89 General limitations.
(a) A student pilot may not act as pilot in command of an aircraft:
(1) That is carrying a passenger;
(2) That is carrying property for compensation or hire;
(3) For compensation or hire;
(4) In furtherance of a business;
(5) On an international flight, except that a student pilot may make
solo training flights from Haines, Gustavus, or Juneau, Alaska, to White
Horse, Yukon, Canada, and return over the province of British Columbia;
(6) With a flight or surface visibility of less than 3 statute miles
during daylight hours or 5 statute miles at night;
(7) When the flight cannot be made with visual reference to the
surface; or
(8) In a manner contrary to any limitations placed in the pilot's
logbook by an authorized instructor.
(b) A student pilot may not act as a required pilot flight
crewmember on any aircraft for which more than one pilot is required by
the type certificate of the aircraft or regulations under which the
flight is conducted, except when receiving flight training from an
authorized instructor on board an airship, and no person other than a
required flight crewmember is carried on the aircraft.
[[Page 58]]
Sec. 61.91 [Reserved]
Sec. 61.93 Solo cross-country flight requirements.
(a) General. (1) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this
section, a student pilot must meet the requirements of this section
before--
(i) Conducting a solo cross-country flight, or any flight greater
than 25 nautical miles from the airport from where the flight
originated.
(ii) Making a solo flight and landing at any location other than the
airport of origination.
(2) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, a student
pilot who seeks solo cross-country flight privileges must:
(i) Have received flight training from an instructor authorized to
provide flight training on the maneuvers and procedures of this section
that are appropriate to the make and model of aircraft for which solo
cross-country privileges are sought;
(ii) Have demonstrated cross-country proficiency on the appropriate
maneuvers and procedures of this section to an authorized instructor;
(iii) Have satisfactorily accomplished the pre-solo flight maneuvers
and procedures required by Sec. 61.87 of this part in the make and
model of aircraft or similar make and model of aircraft for which solo
cross-country privileges are sought; and
(iv) Comply with any limitations included in the authorized
instructor's endorsement that are required by paragraph (c) of this
section.
(3) A student pilot who seeks solo cross-country flight privileges
must have received ground and flight training from an authorized
instructor on the cross-country maneuvers and procedures listed in this
section that are appropriate to the aircraft to be flown.
(b) Authorization to perform certain solo flights and cross-country
flights. A student pilot must obtain an endorsement from an authorized
instructor to make solo flights from the airport where the student pilot
normally receives training to another location. A student pilot who
receives this endorsement must comply with the requirements of this
paragraph.
(1) Solo flights may be made to another airport that is within 25
nautical miles from the airport where the student pilot normally
receives training, provided--
(i) An authorized instructor has given the student pilot flight
training at the other airport, and that training includes flight in both
directions over the route, entering and exiting the traffic pattern, and
takeoffs and landings at the other airport;
(ii) The authorized instructor who gave the training endorses the
student pilot's logbook authorizing the flight;
(iii) The student pilot has current solo flight endorsements in
accordance with Sec. 61.87 of this part;
(iv) The authorized instructor has determined that the student pilot
is proficient to make the flight; and
(v) The purpose of the flight is to practice takeoffs and landings
at that other airport.
(2) Repeated specific solo cross-country flights may be made to
another airport that is within 50 nautical miles of the airport from
which the flight originated, provided--
(i) The authorized instructor has given the student flight training
in both directions over the route, including entering and exiting the
traffic patterns, takeoffs, and landings at the airports to be used;
(ii) The authorized instructor who gave the training has endorsed
the student's logbook certifying that the student is proficient to make
such flights;
(iii) The student has current solo flight endorsements in accordance
with Sec. 61.87 of this part; and
(iv) The student has current solo cross-country flight endorsements
in accordance with paragraph (c) of this section; however, for repeated
solo cross-country flights to another airport within 50 nautical miles
from which the flight originated, separate endorsements are not required
to be made for each flight.
(c) Endorsements for solo cross-country flights. Except as specified
in paragraph (b)(2) of this section, a student pilot must have the
endorsements prescribed in this paragraph for each cross-country flight:
(1) Student pilot certificate endorsement. A student pilot must have
a solo
[[Page 59]]
cross-country endorsement from the authorized instructor who conducted
the training, and that endorsement must be placed on that person's
student pilot certificate for the specific category of aircraft to be
flown.
(2) Logbook endorsement. (i) A student pilot must have a solo cross-
country endorsement from an authorized instructor that is placed in the
student pilot's logbook for the specific make and model of aircraft to
be flown.
(ii) For each cross-country flight, the authorized instructor who
reviews the cross-country planning must make an endorsement in the
person's logbook after reviewing that person's cross-country planning,
as specified in paragraph (d) of this section. The endorsement must--
(A) Specify the make and model of aircraft to be flown;
(B) State that the student's preflight planning and preparation is
correct and that the student is prepared to make the flight safely under
the known conditions; and
(C) State that any limitations required by the student's authorized
instructor are met.
(d) Limitations on authorized instructors to permit solo cross-
country flights. An authorized instructor may not permit a student pilot
to conduct a solo cross-country flight unless that instructor has:
(1) Determined that the student's cross-country planning is correct
for the flight;
(2) Reviewed the current and forecast weather conditions and has
determined that the flight can be completed under VFR;
(3) Determined that the student is proficient to conduct the flight
safely;
(4) Determined that the student has the appropriate solo cross-
country endorsement for the make and model of aircraft to be flown; and
(5) Determined that the student's solo flight endorsement is current
for the make and model aircraft to be flown.
(e) Maneuvers and procedures for cross-country flight training in a
single-engine airplane. A student pilot who is receiving training for
cross-country flight in a single-engine airplane must receive and log
flight training in the following maneuvers and procedures:
(1) Use of aeronautical charts for VFR navigation using pilotage and
dead reckoning with the aid of a magnetic compass;
(2) Use of aircraft performance charts pertaining to cross-country
flight;
(3) Procurement and analysis of aeronautical weather reports and
forecasts, including recognition of critical weather situations and
estimating visibility while in flight;
(4) Emergency procedures;
(5) Traffic pattern procedures that include area departure, area
arrival, entry into the traffic pattern, and approach;
(6) Procedures and operating practices for collision avoidance, wake
turbulence precautions, and windshear avoidance;
(7) Recognition, avoidance, and operational restrictions of
hazardous terrain features in the geographical area where the cross-
country flight will be flown;
(8) Procedures for operating the instruments and equipment installed
in the aircraft to be flown, including recognition and use of the proper
operational procedures and indications;
(9) Use of radios for VFR navigation and two-way communications;
(10) Takeoff, approach, and landing procedures, including short-
field, soft-field, and crosswind takeoffs, approaches, and landings;
(11) Climbs at best angle and best rate; and
(12) Control and maneuvering solely by reference to flight
instruments, including straight and level flight, turns, descents,
climbs, use of radio aids, and ATC directives.
(f) Maneuvers and procedures for cross-country flight training in a
multiengine airplane. A student pilot who is receiving training for
cross-country flight in a multiengine airplane must receive and log
flight training in the following maneuvers and procedures:
(1) Use of aeronautical charts for VFR navigation using pilotage and
dead reckoning with the aid of a magnetic compass;
(2) Use of aircraft performance charts pertaining to cross-country
flight;
[[Page 60]]
(3) Procurement and analysis of aeronautical weather reports and
forecasts, including recognition of critical weather situations and
estimating visibility while in flight;
(4) Emergency procedures;
(5) Traffic pattern procedures that include area departure, area
arrival, entry into the traffic pattern, and approach;
(6) Procedures and operating practices for collision avoidance, wake
turbulence precautions, and windshear avoidance;
(7) Recognition, avoidance, and operational restrictions of
hazardous terrain features in the geographical area where the cross-
country flight will be flown;
(8) Procedures for operating the instruments and equipment installed
in the aircraft to be flown, including recognition and use of the proper
operational procedures and indications;
(9) Use of radios for VFR navigation and two-way communications;
(10) Takeoff, approach, and landing procedures, including short-
field, soft-field, and crosswind takeoffs, approaches, and landings;
(11) Climbs at best angle and best rate; and
(12) Control and maneuvering solely by reference to flight
instruments, including straight and level flight, turns, descents,
climbs, use of radio aids, and ATC directives.
(g) Maneuvers and procedures for cross-country flight training in a
helicopter. A student pilot who is receiving training for cross-country
flight in a helicopter must receive and log flight training for the
following maneuvers and procedures:
(1) Use of aeronautical charts for VFR navigation using pilotage and
dead reckoning with the aid of a magnetic compass;
(2) Use of aircraft performance charts pertaining to cross-country
flight;
(3) Procurement and analysis of aeronautical weather reports and
forecasts, including recognition of critical weather situations and
estimating visibility while in flight;
(4) Emergency procedures;
(5) Traffic pattern procedures that include area departure, area
arrival, entry into the traffic pattern, and approach;
(6) Procedures and operating practices for collision avoidance, wake
turbulence precautions, and windshear avoidance;
(7) Recognition, avoidance, and operational restrictions of
hazardous terrain features in the geographical area where the cross-
country flight will be flown;
(8) Procedures for operating the instruments and equipment installed
in the aircraft to be flown, including recognition and use of the proper
operational procedures and indications;
(9) Use of radios for VFR navigation and two-way communications; and
(10) Takeoff, approach, and landing procedures.
(h) Maneuvers and procedures for cross-country flight training in a
gyroplane. A student pilot who is receiving training for cross-country
flight in a gyroplane must receive and log flight training in the
following maneuvers and procedures:
(1) Use of aeronautical charts for VFR navigation using pilotage and
dead reckoning with the aid of a magnetic compass;
(2) Use of aircraft performance charts pertaining to cross-country
flight;
(3) Procurement and analysis of aeronautical weather reports and
forecasts, including recognition of critical weather situations and
estimating visibility while in flight;
(4) Emergency procedures;
(5) Traffic pattern procedures that include area departure, area
arrival, entry into the traffic pattern, and approach;
(6) Procedures and operating practices for collision avoidance, wake
turbulence precautions, and windshear avoidance;
(7) Recognition, avoidance, and operational restrictions of
hazardous terrain features in the geographical area where the cross-
country flight will be flown;
(8) Procedures for operating the instruments and equipment installed
in the aircraft to be flown, including recognition and use of the proper
operational procedures and indications;
(9) Use of radios for VFR navigation and two-way communications; and
[[Page 61]]
(10) Takeoff, approach, and landing procedures, including short-
field and soft-field takeoffs, approaches, and landings.
(i) Maneuvers and procedures for cross-country flight training in a
powered-lift. A student pilot who is receiving training for cross-
country flight training in a powered-lift must receive and log flight
training in the following maneuvers and procedures:
(1) Use of aeronautical charts for VFR navigation using pilotage and
dead reckoning with the aid of a magnetic compass;
(2) Use of aircraft performance charts pertaining to cross-country
flight;
(3) Procurement and analysis of aeronautical weather reports and
forecasts, including recognition of critical weather situations and
estimating visibility while in flight;
(4) Emergency procedures;
(5) Traffic pattern procedures that include area departure, area
arrival, entry into the traffic pattern, and approach;
(6) Procedures and operating practices for collision avoidance, wake
turbulence precautions, and windshear avoidance;
(7) Recognition, avoidance, and operational restrictions of
hazardous terrain features in the geographical area where the cross-
country flight will be flown;
(8) Procedures for operating the instruments and equipment installed
in the aircraft to be flown, including recognition and use of the proper
operational procedures and indications;
(9) Use of radios for VFR navigation and two-way communications;
(10) Takeoff, approach, and landing procedures that include high-
altitude, steep, and shallow takeoffs, approaches, and landings; and
(11) Control and maneuvering solely by reference to flight
instruments, including straight and level flight, turns, descents,
climbs, use of radio aids, and ATC directives.
(j) Maneuvers and procedures for cross-country flight training in a
glider. A student pilot who is receiving training for cross-country
flight in a glider must receive and log flight training in the following
maneuvers and procedures:
(1) Use of aeronautical charts for VFR navigation using pilotage and
dead reckoning with the aid of a magnetic compass;
(2) Use of aircraft performance charts pertaining to cross-country
flight;
(3) Procurement and analysis of aeronautical weather reports and
forecasts, including recognition of critical weather situations and
estimating visibility while in flight;
(4) Emergency procedures;
(5) Traffic pattern procedures that include area departure, area
arrival, entry into the traffic pattern, and approach;
(6) Procedures and operating practices for collision avoidance, wake
turbulence precautions, and windshear avoidance;
(7) Recognition, avoidance, and operational restrictions of
hazardous terrain features in the geographical area where the cross-
country flight will be flown;
(8) Procedures for operating the instruments and equipment installed
in the aircraft to be flown, including recognition and use of the proper
operational procedures and indications;
(9) Landings accomplished without the use of the altimeter from at
least 2,000 feet above the surface; and
(10) Recognition of weather and upper air conditions favorable for
cross-country soaring, ascending and descending flight, and altitude
control.
(k) Maneuvers and procedures for cross-country flight training in an
airship. A student pilot who is receiving training for cross-country
flight in an airship must receive and log flight training for the
following maneuvers and procedures:
(1) Use of aeronautical charts for VFR navigation using pilotage and
dead reckoning with the aid of a magnetic compass;
(2) Use of aircraft performance charts pertaining to cross-country
flight;
(3) Procurement and analysis of aeronautical weather reports and
forecasts, including recognition of critical weather situations and
estimating visibility while in flight;
(4) Emergency procedures;
(5) Traffic pattern procedures that include area departure, area
arrival,
[[Page 62]]
entry into the traffic pattern, and approach;
(6) Procedures and operating practices for collision avoidance, wake
turbulence precautions, and windshear avoidance;
(7) Recognition, avoidance, and operational restrictions of
hazardous terrain features in the geographical area where the cross-
country flight will be flown;
(8) Procedures for operating the instruments and equipment installed
in the aircraft to be flown, including recognition and use of the proper
operational procedures and indications;
(9) Use of radios for VFR navigation and two-way communications;
(10) Control of air pressure with regard to ascending and descending
flight and altitude control;
(11) Control of the airship solely by reference to flight
instruments; and
(12) Recognition of weather and upper air conditions conducive for
the direction of cross-country flight.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61-103, 62 FR 40902,
July 30, 1997]
Sec. 61.95 Operations in Class B airspace and at airports located
within Class B airspace.
(a) A student pilot may not operate an aircraft on a solo flight in
Class B airspace unless:
(1) The student pilot has received both ground and flight training
from an authorized instructor on that Class B airspace area, and the
flight training was received in the specific Class B airspace area for
which solo flight is authorized;
(2) The logbook of that student pilot has been endorsed by the
authorized instructor who gave the student pilot flight training, and
the endorsement is dated within the 90-day period preceding the date of
the flight in that Class B airspace area; and
(3) The logbook endorsement specifies that the student pilot has
received the required ground and flight training, and has been found
proficient to conduct solo flight in that specific Class B airspace
area.
(b) A student pilot may not operate an aircraft on a solo flight to,
from, or at an airport located within Class B airspace pursuant to Sec.
91.131(b) of this chapter unless:
(1) The student pilot has received both ground and flight training
from an instructor authorized to provide training to operate at that
airport, and the flight and ground training has been received at the
specific airport for which the solo flight is authorized;
(2) The logbook of that student pilot has been endorsed by an
authorized instructor who gave the student pilot flight training, and
the endorsement is dated within the 90-day period preceding the date of
the flight at that airport; and
(3) The logbook endorsement specifies that the student pilot has
received the required ground and flight training, and has been found
proficient to conduct solo flight operations at that specific airport.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61-103, 62 FR 40902,
July 30, 1997]
Subpart D_Recreational Pilots
Sec. 61.96 Applicability and eligibility requirements: General.
(a) This subpart prescribes the requirement for the issuance of
recreational pilot certificates and ratings, the conditions under which
those certificates and ratings are necessary, and the general operating
rules for persons who hold those certificates and ratings.
(b) To be eligible for a recreational pilot certificate, a person
who applies for that certificate must:
(1) Be at least 17 years of age;
(2) Be able to read, speak, write, and understand the English
language. If the applicant is unable to meet one of these requirements
due to medical reasons, then the Administrator may place such operating
limitations on that applicant's pilot certificate as are necessary for
the safe operation of the aircraft;
(3) Receive a logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor
who--
(i) Conducted the training or reviewed the applicant's home study on
the aeronautical knowledge areas listed in Sec. 61.97(b) of this part
that apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought; and
[[Page 63]]
(ii) Certified that the applicant is prepared for the required
knowledge test.
(4) Pass the required knowledge test on the aeronautical knowledge
areas listed in Sec. 61.97(b) of this part;
(5) Receive flight training and a logbook endorsement from an
authorized instructor who--
(i) Conducted the training on the areas of operation listed in Sec.
61.98(b) of this part that apply to the aircraft category and class
rating sought; and
(ii) Certified that the applicant is prepared for the required
practical test.
(6) Meet the aeronautical experience requirements of Sec. 61.99 of
this part that apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought
before applying for the practical test;
(7) Pass the required practical test on the areas of operation
listed in Sec. 61.98(b) of this part that apply to the aircraft
category and class rating sought; and
(8) Comply with the sections of this part that apply to the aircraft
category and class rating sought.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61-103, 62 FR 40902,
July 30, 1997]
Sec. 61.97 Aeronautical knowledge.
(a) General. A person who applies for a recreational pilot
certificate must receive and log ground training from an authorized
instructor or complete a home-study course on the aeronautical knowledge
areas of paragraph (b) of this section that apply to the aircraft
category and class rating sought.
(b) Aeronautical knowledge areas. (1) Applicable Federal Aviation
Regulations of this chapter that relate to recreational pilot
privileges, limitations, and flight operations;
(2) Accident reporting requirements of the National Transportation
Safety Board;
(3) Use of the applicable portions of the ``Aeronautical Information
Manual'' and FAA advisory circulars;
(4) Use of aeronautical charts for VFR navigation using pilotage
with the aid of a magnetic compass;
(5) Recognition of critical weather situations from the ground and
in flight, windshear avoidance, and the procurement and use of
aeronautical weather reports and forecasts;
(6) Safe and efficient operation of aircraft, including collision
avoidance, and recognition and avoidance of wake turbulence;
(7) Effects of density altitude on takeoff and climb performance;
(8) Weight and balance computations;
(9) Principles of aerodynamics, powerplants, and aircraft systems;
(10) Stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin recovery
techniques, if applying for an airplane single-engine rating;
(11) Aeronautical decision making and judgment; and
(12) Preflight action that includes--
(i) How to obtain information on runway lengths at airports of
intended use, data on takeoff and landing distances, weather reports and
forecasts, and fuel requirements; and
(ii) How to plan for alternatives if the planned flight cannot be
completed or delays are encountered.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61-103, 62 FR 40902,
July 30, 1997]
Sec. 61.98 Flight proficiency.
(a) General. A person who applies for a recreational pilot
certificate must receive and log ground and flight training from an
authorized instructor on the areas of operation of this section that
apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought.
(b) Areas of operation. (1) For a single-engine airplane rating: (i)
Preflight preparation;
(ii) Preflight procedures;
(iii) Airport operations;
(iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
(v) Performance maneuvers;
(vi) Ground reference maneuvers;
(vii) Navigation;
(viii) Slow flight and stalls;
(ix) Emergency operations; and
(x) Postflight procedures.
(2) For a helicopter rating: (i) Preflight preparation;
(ii) Preflight procedures;
(iii) Airport and heliport operations;
(iv) Hovering maneuvers;
(v) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
(vi) Performance maneuvers;
(vii) Ground reference maneuvers;
(viii) Navigation;
(ix) Emergency operations; and
[[Page 64]]
(x) Postflight procedures.
(3) For a gyroplane rating: (i) Preflight preparation;
(ii) Preflight procedures;
(iii) Airport operations;
(iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
(v) Performance maneuvers;
(vi) Ground reference maneuvers;
(vii) Navigation;
(viii) Flight at slow airspeeds;
(ix) Emergency operations; and
(x) Postflight procedures.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61-103, 62 FR 40902,
July 30, 1997]
Sec. 61.99 Aeronautical experience.
A person who applies for a recreational pilot certificate must
receive and log at least 30 hours of flight training time that includes
at least:
(a) 15 hours of flight training from an authorized instructor on the
areas of operation listed in Sec. 61.98 of this part that consists of
at least:
(1) Except as provided in Sec. 61.100 of this part, 2 hours of
flight training en route to an airport that is located more than 25
nautical miles from the airport where the applicant normally trains,
which includes at least three takeoffs and three landings at the airport
located more than 25 nautical miles from the airport where the applicant
normally trains; and
(2) 3 hours of flight training in the aircraft for the rating sought
in preparation for the practical test within the 60 days preceding the
date of the practical test.
(b) 3 hours of solo flying in the aircraft for the rating sought, on
the areas of operation listed in Sec. 61.98 of this part that apply to
the aircraft category and class rating sought.
Sec. 61.100 Pilots based on small islands.
(a) An applicant located on an island from which the flight training
required in Sec. 61.99(a)(1) of this part cannot be accomplished
without flying over water for more than 10 nautical miles from the
nearest shoreline need not comply with the requirements of that section.
However, if other airports that permit civil operations are available to
which a flight may be made without flying over water for more than 10
nautical miles from the nearest shoreline, the applicant must show
completion of a dual flight between two airports, which must include
three landings at the other airport.
(b) An applicant who complies with paragraph (a) of this section and
meets all requirements for the issuance of a recreational pilot
certificate, except the requirements of Sec. 61.99(a)(1) of this part,
will be issued a pilot certificate with an endorsement containing the
following limitation, ``Passenger carrying prohibited on flights more
than 10 nautical miles from (the appropriate island).'' The limitation
may be subsequently amended to include another island if the applicant
complies with the requirements of paragraph (a) of this section for
another island.
(c) Upon meeting the requirements of Sec. 61.99(a)(1) of this part,
the applicant may have the limitation(s) in paragraph (b) of this
section removed.
Sec. 61.101 Recreational pilot privileges and limitations.
(a) A person who holds a recreational pilot certificate may:
(1) Carry no more than one passenger; and
(2) Not pay less than the pro rata share of the operating expenses
of a flight with a passenger, provided the expenses involve only fuel,
oil, airport expenses, or aircraft rental fees.
(b) A person who holds a recreational pilot certificate may act as
pilot in command of an aircraft on a flight that is within 50 nautical
miles from the departure airport, provided that person has:
(1) Received ground and flight training for takeoff, departure,
arrival, and landing procedures at the departure airport;
(2) Received ground and flight training for the area, terrain, and
aids to navigation that are in the vicinity of the departure airport;
(3) Been found proficient to operate the aircraft at the departure
airport and the area within 50 nautical miles from that airport; and
(4) Received from an authorized instructor a logbook endorsement,
which is carried in the person's possession in the aircraft, that
permits flight within 50 nautical miles from the departure airport.
[[Page 65]]
(c) A person who holds a recreational pilot certificate may act as
pilot in command of an aircraft on a flight that exceeds 50 nautical
miles from the departure airport, provided that person has:
(1) Received ground and flight training from an authorized
instructor on the cross-country training requirements of subpart E of
this part that apply to the aircraft rating held;
(2) Been found proficient in cross-country flying; and
(3) Received from an authorized instructor a logbook endorsement,
which is carried on the person's possession in the aircraft, that
certifies the person has received and been found proficient in the
cross-country training requirements of subpart E of this part that apply
to the aircraft rating held.
(d) Except as provided in paragraph (h) of this section, a
recreational pilot may not act as pilot in command of an aircraft:
(1) That is certificated for more than four occupants, with more
than one powerplant, with a powerplant of more than 180 horsepower, or
with retractable landing gear.
(2) That is classified as a multiengine airplane, powered-lift,
glider, airship, or balloon;
(3) That is carrying a passenger or property for compensation or
hire;
(4) For compensation or hire;
(5) In furtherance of a business;
(6) Between sunset and sunrise;
(7) In airspace in which communication with air traffic control is
required;
(8) At an altitude of more than 10,000 feet MSL or 2,000 feet AGL,
whichever is higher;
(9) When the flight or surface visibility is less than 3 statute
miles;
(10) Without visual reference to the surface;
(11) On a flight outside the United States;
(12) To demonstrate that aircraft in flight to a prospective buyer;
(13) That is used in a passenger-carrying airlift and sponsored by a
charitable organization; and
(14) That is towing any object.
(e) A recreational pilot may not act as a pilot flight crewmember on
any aircraft for which more than one pilot is required by the type
certificate of the aircraft or the regulations under which the flight is
conducted, except when:
(1) Receiving flight training from a person authorized to provide
flight training on board an airship; and
(2) No person other than a required flight crewmember is carried on
the aircraft.
(f) A person who holds a recreational pilot certificate, has logged
fewer than 400 flight hours, and has not logged pilot-in-command time in
an aircraft within the 180 days preceding the flight shall not act as
pilot in command of an aircraft until the pilot receives flight training
and a logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor, and the
instructor certifies that the person is proficient to act as pilot in
command of the aircraft. This requirement can be met in combination with
the requirements of Sec. Sec. 61.56 and 61.57 of this part, at the
discretion of the authorized instructor.
(g) A recreational pilot certificate issued under this subpart
carries the notation, ``Holder does not meet ICAO requirements.''
(h) For the purpose of obtaining additional certificates or ratings
while under the supervision of an authorized instructor, a recreational
pilot may fly as the sole occupant of an aircraft:
(1) For which the pilot does not hold an appropriate category or
class rating;
(2) Within airspace that requires communication with air traffic
control; or
(3) Between sunset and sunrise, provided the flight or surface
visibility is at least 5 statute miles.
(i) In order to fly solo as provided in paragraph (h) of this
section, the recreational pilot must meet the appropriate aeronautical
knowledge and flight training requirements of Sec. 61.87 for that
aircraft. When operating an aircraft under the conditions specified in
paragraph (h) of this section, the recreational pilot shall carry the
logbook that has been endorsed for each flight by an authorized
instructor who:
(1) Has given the recreational pilot training in the make and model
of aircraft in which the solo flight is to be made;
[[Page 66]]
(2) Has found that the recreational pilot has met the applicable
requirements of Sec. 61.87; and
(3) Has found that the recreational pilot is competent to make solo
flights in accordance with the logbook endorsement.
Subpart E_Private Pilots
Sec. 61.102 Applicability.
This subpart prescribes the requirements for the issuance of private
pilot certificates and ratings, the conditions under which those
certificates and ratings are necessary, and the general operating rules
for persons who hold those certificates and ratings.
Sec. 61.103 Eligibility requirements: General.
To be eligible for a private pilot certificate, a person must:
(a) Be at least 17 years of age for a rating in other than a glider
or balloon.
(b) Be at least 16 years of age for a rating in a glider or balloon.
(c) Be able to read, speak, write, and understand the English
language. If the applicant is unable to meet one of these requirements
due to medical reasons, then the Administrator may place such operating
limitations on that applicant's pilot certificate as are necessary for
the safe operation of the aircraft.
(d) Receive a logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor who:
(1) Conducted the training or reviewed the person's home study on
the aeronautical knowledge areas listed in Sec. 61.105(b) of this part
that apply to the aircraft rating sought; and
(2) Certified that the person is prepared for the required knowledge
test.
(e) Pass the required knowledge test on the aeronautical knowledge
areas listed in Sec. 61.105(b) of this part.
(f) Receive flight training and a logbook endorsement from an
authorized instructor who:
(1) Conducted the training in the areas of operation listed in Sec.
61.107(b) of this part that apply to the aircraft rating sought; and
(2) Certified that the person is prepared for the required practical
test.
(g) Meet the aeronautical experience requirements of this part that
apply to the aircraft rating sought before applying for the practical
test.
(h) Pass a practical test on the areas of operation listed in Sec.
61.107(b) of this part that apply to the aircraft rating sought.
(i) Comply with the appropriate sections of this part that apply to
the aircraft category and class rating sought.
Sec. 61.105 Aeronautical knowledge.
(a) General. A person who is applying for a private pilot
certificate must receive and log ground training from an authorized
instructor or complete a home-study course on the aeronautical knowledge
areas of paragraph (b) of this section that apply to the aircraft
category and class rating sought.
(b) Aeronautical knowledge areas. (1) Applicable Federal Aviation
Regulations of this chapter that relate to private pilot privileges,
limitations, and flight operations;
(2) Accident reporting requirements of the National Transportation
Safety Board;
(3) Use of the applicable portions of the ``Aeronautical Information
Manual'' and FAA advisory circulars;
(4) Use of aeronautical charts for VFR navigation using pilotage,
dead reckoning, and navigation systems;
(5) Radio communication procedures;
(6) Recognition of critical weather situations from the ground and
in flight, windshear avoidance, and the procurement and use of
aeronautical weather reports and forecasts;
(7) Safe and efficient operation of aircraft, including collision
avoidance, and recognition and avoidance of wake turbulence;
(8) Effects of density altitude on takeoff and climb performance;
(9) Weight and balance computations;
(10) Principles of aerodynamics, powerplants, and aircraft systems;
(11) Stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin recovery
techniques for the airplane and glider category ratings;
(12) Aeronautical decision making and judgment; and
(13) Preflight action that includes--
(i) How to obtain information on runway lengths at airports of
intended
[[Page 67]]
use, data on takeoff and landing distances, weather reports and
forecasts, and fuel requirements; and
(ii) How to plan for alternatives if the planned flight cannot be
completed or delays are encountered.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61-103, 62 FR 40902,
July 30, 1997]
Sec. 61.107 Flight proficiency.
(a) General. A person who applies for a private pilot certificate
must receive and log ground and flight training from an authorized
instructor on the areas of operation of this section that apply to the
aircraft category and class rating sought.
(b) Areas of operation. (1) For an airplane category rating with a
single-engine class rating:
(i) Preflight preparation;
(ii) Preflight procedures;
(iii) Airport and seaplane base operations;
(iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
(v) Performance maneuvers;
(vi) Ground reference maneuvers;
(vii) Navigation;
(viii) Slow flight and stalls;
(ix) Basic instrument maneuvers;
(x) Emergency operations;
(xi) Night operations, except as provided in Sec. 61.110 of this
part; and
(xii) Postflight procedures.
(2) For an airplane category rating with a multiengine class rating:
(i) Preflight preparation;
(ii) Preflight procedures;
(iii) Airport and seaplane base operations;
(iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
(v) Performance maneuvers;
(vi) Ground reference maneuvers;
(vii) Navigation;
(viii) Slow flight and stalls;
(ix) Basic instrument maneuvers;
(x) Emergency operations;
(xi) Multiengine operations;
(xii) Night operations, except as provided in Sec. 61.110 of this
part; and
(xiii) Postflight procedures.
(3) For a rotorcraft category rating with a helicopter class rating:
(i) Preflight preparation;
(ii) Preflight procedures;
(iii) Airport and heliport operations;
(iv) Hovering maneuvers;
(v) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
(vi) Performance maneuvers;
(vii) Navigation;
(viii) Emergency operations;
(ix) Night operations, except as provided in Sec. 61.110 of this
part; and
(x) Postflight procedures.
(4) For a rotorcraft category rating with a gyroplane class rating:
(i) Preflight preparation;
(ii) Preflight procedures;
(iii) Airport operations;
(iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
(v) Performance maneuvers;
(vi) Ground reference maneuvers;
(vii) Navigation;
(viii) Flight at slow airspeeds;
(ix) Emergency operations;
(x) Night operations, except as provided in Sec. 61.110 of this
part; and
(xi) Postflight procedures.
(5) For a powered-lift category rating:
(i) Preflight preparation;
(ii) Preflight procedures;
(iii) Airport and heliport operations;
(iv) Hovering maneuvers;
(v) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
(vi) Performance maneuvers;
(vii) Ground reference maneuvers;
(viii) Navigation;
(ix) Slow flight and stalls;
(x) Basic instrument maneuvers;
(xi) Emergency operations;
(xii) Night operations, except as provided in Sec. 61.110 of this
part; and
(xiii) Postflight procedures.
(6) For a glider category rating:
(i) Preflight preparation;
(ii) Preflight procedures;
(iii) Airport and gliderport operations;
(iv) Launches and landings;
(v) Performance speeds;
(vi) Soaring techniques;
(vii) Performance maneuvers;
(viii) Navigation;
(ix) Slow flight and stalls;
(x) Emergency operations; and
(xi) Postflight procedures.
(7) For a lighter-than-air category rating with an airship class
rating:
(i) Preflight preparation;
(ii) Preflight procedures;
(iii) Airport operations;
(iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
[[Page 68]]
(v) Performance maneuvers;
(vi) Ground reference maneuvers;
(vii) Navigation;
(viii) Emergency operations; and
(ix) Postflight procedures.
(8) For a lighter-than-air category rating with a balloon class
rating:
(i) Preflight preparation;
(ii) Preflight procedures;
(iii) Airport operations;
(iv) Launches and landings;
(v) Performance maneuvers;
(vi) Navigation;
(vii) Emergency operations; and
(viii) Postflight procedures.
Sec. 61.109 Aeronautical experience.
(a) For an airplane single-engine rating. Except as provided in
paragraph (i) of this section, a person who applies for a private pilot
certificate with an airplane category and single-engine class rating
must log at least 40 hours of flight time that includes at least 20
hours of flight training from an authorized instructor and 10 hours of
solo flight training in the areas of operation listed in Sec.
61.107(b)(1) of this part, and the training must include at least--
(1) 3 hours of cross-country flight training in a single-engine
airplane;
(2) Except as provided in Sec. 61.110 of this part, 3 hours of
night flight training in a single-engine airplane that includes--
(i) One cross-country flight of over 100 nautical miles total
distance; and
(ii) 10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a full stop (with each landing
involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport.
(3) 3 hours of flight training in a single-engine airplane on the
control and maneuvering of an airplane solely by reference to
instruments, including straight and level flight, constant airspeed
climbs and descents, turns to a heading, recovery from unusual flight
attitudes, radio communications, and the use of navigation systems/
facilities and radar services appropriate to instrument flight;
(4) 3 hours of flight training in preparation for the practical test
in a single-engine airplane, which must have been performed within 60
days preceding the date of the test; and
(5) 10 hours of solo flight time in a single-engine airplane,
consisting of at least--
(i) 5 hours of solo cross-country time;
(ii) One solo cross-country flight of at least 150 nautical miles
total distance, with full-stop landings at a minimum of three points,
and one segment of the flight consisting of a straight-line distance of
at least 50 nautical miles between the takeoff and landing locations;
and
(iii) Three takeoffs and three landings to a full stop (with each
landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport with an
operating control tower.
(b) For an airplane multiengine rating. Except as provided in
paragraph (i) of this section, a person who applies for a private pilot
certificate with an airplane category and multiengine class rating must
log at least 40 hours of flight time that includes at least 20 hours of
flight training from an authorized instructor and 10 hours of solo
flight training in the areas of operation listed in Sec. 61.107(b)(2)
of this part, and the training must include at least--
(1) 3 hours of cross-country flight training in a multiengine
airplane;
(2) Except as provided in Sec. 61.110 of this part, 3 hours of
night flight training in a multiengine airplane that includes--
(i) One cross-country flight of over 100 nautical miles total
distance; and
(ii) 10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a full stop (with each landing
involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport.
(3) 3 hours of flight training in a multiengine airplane on the
control and maneuvering of an airplane solely by reference to
instruments, including straight and level flight, constant airspeed
climbs and descents, turns to a heading, recovery from unusual flight
attitudes, radio communications, and the use of navigation systems/
facilities and radar services appropriate to instrument flight;
(4) 3 hours of flight training in preparation for the practical test
in a multiengine airplane, which must have been performed within the 60-
day period preceding the date of the test; and
(5) 10 hours of solo flight time in an airplane consisting of at
least--
[[Page 69]]
(i) 5 hours of solo cross-country time;
(ii) One solo cross-country flight of at least 150 nautical miles
total distance, with full-stop landings at a minimum of three points,
and one segment of the flight consisting of a straight-line distance of
at least 50 nautical miles between the takeoff and landing locations;
and
(iii) Three takeoffs and three landings to a full stop (with each
landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport with an
operating control tower.
(c) For a helicopter rating. Except as provided in paragraph (i) of
this section, a person who applies for a private pilot certificate with
rotorcraft category and helicopter class rating must log at least 40
hours of flight time that includes at least 20 hours of flight training
from an authorized instructor and 10 hours of solo flight training in
the areas of operation listed in Sec. 61.107(b)(3) of this part, and
the training must include at least--
(1) 3 hours of cross-country flight training in a helicopter;
(2) Except as provided in Sec. 61.110 of this part, 3 hours of
night flight training in a helicopter that includes--
(i) One cross-country flight of over 50 nautical miles total
distance; and
(ii) 10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a full stop (with each landing
involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport.
(3) 3 hours of flight training in preparation for the practical test
in a helicopter, which must have been performed within 60 days preceding
the date of the test; and
(4) 10 hours of solo flight time in a helicopter, consisting of at
least--
(i) 3 hours cross-country time;
(ii) One solo cross-country flight of at least 75 nautical miles
total distance, with landings at a minimum of three points, and one
segment of the flight being a straight-line distance of at least 25
nautical miles between the takeoff and landing locations; and
(iii) Three takeoffs and three landings to a full stop (with each
landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport with an
operating control tower.
(d) For a gyroplane rating. Except as provided in paragraph (i) of
this section, a person who applies for a private pilot certificate with
rotorcraft category and gyroplane class rating must log at least 40
hours of flight time that includes at least 20 hours of flight training
from an authorized instructor and 10 hours of solo flight training in
the areas of operation listed in Sec. 61.107(b)(4) of this part, and
the training must include at least--
(1) 3 hours of cross-country flight training in a gyroplane;
(2) Except as provided in Sec. 61.110 of this part, 3 hours of
night flight training in a gyroplane that includes--
(i) One cross-country flight of over 50 nautical miles total
distance; and
(ii) 10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a full stop (with each landing
involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport.
(3) 3 hours of flight training in preparation for the practical test
in a gyroplane, which must have been performed within the 60-day period
preceding the date of the test; and
(4) 10 hours of solo flight time in a gyroplane, consisting of at
least--
(i) 3 hours of cross-country time;
(ii) One solo cross-country flight of over 75 nautical miles total
distance, with landings at a minimum of three points, and one segment of
the flight being a straight-line distance of at least 25 nautical miles
between the takeoff and landing locations; and
(iii) Three takeoffs and three landings to a full stop (with each
landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport with an
operating control tower.
(e) For a powered-lift rating. Except as provided in paragraph (i)
of this section, a person who applies for a private pilot certificate
with a powered-lift category rating must log at least 40 hours of flight
time that includes at least 20 hours of flight training from an
authorized instructor and 10 hours of solo flight training in the areas
of operation listed in Sec. 61.107(b)(5) of this part, and the training
must include at least--
(1) 3 hours of cross-country flight training in a powered-lift;
(2) Except as provided in Sec. 61.110 of this part, 3 hours of
night flight training in a powered-lift that includes--
[[Page 70]]
(i) One cross-country flight of over 100 nautical miles total
distance; and
(ii) 10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a full stop (with each landing
involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport.
(3) 3 hours of flight training in a powered-lift on the control and
maneuvering of a powered-lift solely by reference to instruments,
including straight and level flight, constant airspeed climbs and
descents, turns to a heading, recovery from unusual flight attitudes,
radio communications, and the use of navigation systems/facilities and
radar services appropriate to instrument flight;
(4) 3 hours of flight training in preparation for the practical test
in a powered-lift, which must have been performed within the 60-day
period preceding the date of the test; and
(5) 10 hours of solo flight time in an airplane or powered-lift
consisting of at least--
(i) 5 hours cross-country time;
(ii) One cross-country flight of at least 150 nautical miles total
distance, with landings at a minimum of three points, and one segment of
the flight being a straight-line distance of at least 50 nautical miles
between the takeoff and landing locations; and
(iii) Three takeoffs and three landings to a full stop (with each
landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport with an
operating control tower.
(f) For a glider category rating. (1) If the applicant for a private
pilot certificate with a glider category rating has not logged at least
40 hours of flight time as a pilot in a heavier-than-air aircraft, the
applicant must log at least 10 hours of flight time in a glider in the
areas of operation listed in Sec. 61.107(b)(6) of this part, and that
flight time must include at least--
(i) 20 flights in a glider in the areas of operations listed in
Sec. 61.107(b)(6) of this part, including at least 3 training flights
in a glider with an authorized instructor in preparation for the
practical test that must have been performed within the 60-day period
preceding the date of the test; and
(ii) 2 hours of solo flight time in a glider in the areas of
operation listed in Sec. 61.107(b)(6) of this part, with not less than
10 launches and landings being performed.
(2) If the applicant has logged at least 40 hours of flight time in
a heavier-than-air aircraft, the applicant must log at least 3 hours of
flight time in a glider in the areas of operation listed in Sec.
61.107(b)(6) of this part, and that flight time must include at least--
(i) 10 solo flights in a glider in the areas of operation listed in
Sec. 61.107(b)(6) of this part; and
(ii) 3 training flights in a glider with an authorized instructor in
preparation for the practical test that must have been performed within
the 60-day period preceding the date of the test.
(g) For an airship rating. A person who applies for a private pilot
certificate with a lighter-than-air category and airship class rating
must log at least:
(1) 25 hours of flight training in airships on the areas of
operation listed in Sec. 61.107(b)(7) of this part, which consists of at
least:
(i) 3 hours of cross-country flight training in an airship;
(ii) Except as provided in Sec. 61.110 of this part, 3 hours of
night flight training in an airship that includes:
(A) A cross-country flight of over 25 nautical miles total distance;
and
(B) Five takeoffs and five landings to a full stop (with each
landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport.
(2) 3 hours of flight training in an airship on the control and
maneuvering of an airship solely by reference to instruments, including
straight and level flight, constant airspeed climbs and descents, turns
to a heading, recovery from unusual flight attitudes, radio
communications, and the use of navigation systems/facilities and radar
services appropriate to instrument flight;
(3) 3 hours of flight training in an airship in preparation for the
practical test within the 60 days preceding the date of the test; and
(4) 5 hours performing the duties of pilot in command in an airship
with an authorized instructor.
(h) For a balloon rating. A person who applies for a private pilot
certificate with a lighter-than-air category and balloon class rating
must log at least 10 hours of flight training that includes
[[Page 71]]
at least six training flights with an authorized instructor in the areas
of operation listed in Sec. 61.107(b)(8) of this part, that includes--
(1) Gas balloon. If the training is being performed in a gas
balloon, at least two flights of 2 hours each that consists of--
(i) At least one training flight with an authorized instructor
within 60 days prior to application for the rating on the areas of
operation for a gas balloon;
(ii) At least one flight performing the duties of pilot in command
in a gas balloon with an authorized instructor; and
(iii) At least one flight involving a controlled ascent to 3,000
feet above the launch site.
(2) Balloon with an airborne heater. If the training is being
performed in a balloon with an airborne heater, at least--
(i) Two flights of 1 hour each within 60 days prior to application
for the rating on the areas of operation appropriate to a balloon with
an airborne heater;
(ii) One solo flight in a balloon with an airborne heater; and
(iii) At least one flight involving a controlled ascent to 2,000
feet above the launch site.
(i) Permitted credit for use of a flight simulator or flight
training device. (1) Except as provided in paragraphs (i)(2) of this
section, a maximum of 2.5 hours of training in a flight simulator or
flight training device representing the category, class, and type, if
applicable, of aircraft appropriate to the rating sought, may be
credited toward the flight training time required by this section, if
received from an authorized instructor.
(2) A maximum of 5 hours of training in a flight simulator or flight
training device representing the category, class, and type, if
applicable, of aircraft appropriate to the rating sought, may be
credited toward the flight training time required by this section if the
training is accomplished in a course conducted by a training center
certificated under part 142 of this chapter.
(3) Except when fewer hours are approved by the Administrator, an
applicant for a private pilot certificate with an airplane, rotorcraft,
or powered-lift rating, who has satisfactorily completed an approved
private pilot course conducted by a training center certificated under
part 142 of this chapter, need only have a total of 35 hours of
aeronautical experience to meet the requirements of this section.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 40902, July 30, 1997, as amended by Amdt. 61-104,
63 FR 20287, Apr. 23, 1998]
Sec. 61.110 Night flying exceptions.
(a) Subject to the limitations of paragraph (b) of this section, a
person is not required to comply with the night flight training
requirements of this subpart if the person receives flight training in
and resides in the State of Alaska.
(b) A person who receives flight training in and resides in the
State of Alaska but does not meet the night flight training requirements
of this section:
(1) May be issued a pilot certificate with a limitation ``Night
flying prohibited''; and
(2) Must comply with the appropriate night flight training
requirements of this subpart within the 12-calendar-month period after
the issuance of the pilot certificate. At the end of that period, the
certificate will become invalid for use until the person complies with
the appropriate night training requirements of this subpart. The person
may have the ``Night flying prohibited'' limitation removed if the
person--
(i) Accomplishes the appropriate night flight training requirements
of this subpart; and
(ii) Presents to an examiner a logbook or training record
endorsement from an authorized instructor that verifies accomplishment
of the appropriate night flight training requirements of this subpart.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61-103, 62 FR 40904,
July 30, 1997]
Sec. 61.111 Cross-country flights: Pilots based on small islands.
(a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, an
applicant located on an island from which the cross-country flight
training required in Sec. 61.109 of this part cannot be accomplished
without flying over water for
[[Page 72]]
more than 10 nautical miles from the nearest shoreline need not comply
with the requirements of that section.
(b) If other airports that permit civil operations are available to
which a flight may be made without flying over water for more than 10
nautical miles from the nearest shoreline, the applicant must show
completion of two round-trip solo flights between those two airports
that are farthest apart, including a landing at each airport on both
flights.
(c) An applicant who complies with paragraph (a) or paragraph (b) of
this section, and meets all requirements for the issuance of a private
pilot certificate, except the cross-country training requirements of
Sec. 61.109 of this part, will be issued a pilot certificate with an
endorsement containing the following limitation, ``Passenger carrying
prohibited on flights more than 10 nautical miles from (the appropriate
island).'' The limitation may be subsequently amended to include another
island if the applicant complies with the requirements of paragraph (b)
of this section for another island.
(d) Upon meeting the cross-country training requirements of Sec.
61.109 of this part, the applicant may have the limitation in paragraph
(c) of this section removed.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61-103, 62 FR 40904,
July 30, 1997]
Sec. 61.113 Private pilot privileges and limitations: Pilot in command.
(a) Except as provided in paragraphs (b) through (g) of this
section, no person who holds a private pilot certificate may act as
pilot in command of an aircraft that is carrying passengers or property
for compensation or hire; nor may that person, for compensation or hire,
act as pilot in command of an aircraft.
(b) A private pilot may, for compensation or hire, act as pilot in
command of an aircraft in connection with any business or employment if:
(1) The flight is only incidental to that business or employment;
and
(2) The aircraft does not carry passengers or property for
compensation or hire.
(c) A private pilot may not pay less than the pro rata share of the
operating expenses of a flight with passengers, provided the expenses
involve only fuel, oil, airport expenditures, or rental fees.
(d) A private pilot may act as pilot in command of an aircraft used
in a passenger-carrying airlift sponsored by a charitable organization
described in paragraph (d)(7) of this section, and for which the
passengers make a donation to the organization, when the following
requirements are met:
(1) The sponsor of the airlift notifies the FAA Flight Standards
District Office with jurisdiction over the area concerned at least 7
days before the event and furnishes--
(i) A signed letter from the sponsor that shows the name of the
sponsor, the purpose of the charitable event, the date and time of the
event, and the location of the event; and
(ii) A photocopy of each pilot in command's pilot certificate,
medical certificate, and logbook entries that show the pilot is current
in accordance with Sec. Sec. 61.56 and 61.57 of this part and has
logged at least 200 hours of flight time.
(2) The flight is conducted from a public airport that is adequate
for the aircraft to be used, or from another airport that has been
approved by the FAA for the operation.
(3) No aerobatic or formation flights are conducted.
(4) Each aircraft used for the charitable event holds a standard
airworthiness certificate.
(5) Each aircraft used for the charitable event is airworthy and
complies with the applicable requirements of subpart E of part 91 of
this chapter.
(6) Each flight for the charitable event is made during day VFR
conditions.
(7) The charitable organization is an organization identified as
such by the U.S. Department of Treasury.
(e) A private pilot may be reimbursed for aircraft operating
expenses that are directly related to search and location operations,
provided the expenses involve only fuel, oil, airport expenditures, or
rental fees, and the operation is sanctioned and under the direction and
control of:
(1) A local, State, or Federal agency; or
[[Page 73]]
(2) An organization that conducts search and location operations.
(f) A private pilot who is an aircraft salesman and who has at least
200 hours of logged flight time may demonstrate an aircraft in flight to
a prospective buyer.
(g) A private pilot who meets the requirements of Sec. 61.69 of
this part may act as pilot in command of an aircraft towing a glider.
Sec. 61.115 Balloon rating: Limitations.
(a) If a person who applies for a private pilot certificate with a
balloon rating takes a practical test in a balloon with an airborne
heater:
(1) The pilot certificate will contain a limitation restricting the
exercise of the privileges of that certificate to a balloon with an
airborne heater; and
(2) The limitation may be removed when the person obtains the
required aeronautical experience in a gas balloon and receives a logbook
endorsement from an authorized instructor who attests to the person's
accomplishment of the required aeronautical experience and ability to
satisfactorily operate a gas balloon.
(b) If a person who applies for a private pilot certificate with a
balloon rating takes a practical test in a gas balloon:
(1) The pilot certificate will contain a limitation restricting the
exercise of the privilege of that certificate to a gas balloon; and
(2) The limitation may be removed when the person obtains the
required aeronautical experience in a balloon with an airborne heater
and receives a logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor who
attests to the person's accomplishment of the required aeronautical
experience and ability to satisfactorily operate a balloon with an
airborne heater.
Sec. 61.117 Private pilot privileges and limitations: Second in
command of aircraft requiring more than one pilot.
Except as provided in Sec. 61.113 of this part, no private pilot
may, for compensation or hire, act as second in command of an aircraft
that is type certificated for more than one pilot, nor may that pilot
act as second in command of such an aircraft that is carrying passengers
or property for compensation or hire.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61-103, 62 FR 40904,
July 30, 1997]
Sec. 61.118-61.120 [Reserved]
Subpart F_Commercial Pilots
Sec. 61.121 Applicability.
This subpart prescribes the requirements for the issuance of
commercial pilot certificates and ratings, the conditions under which
those certificates and ratings are necessary, and the general operating
rules for persons who hold those certificates and ratings.
Sec. 61.123 Eligibility requirements: General.
To be eligible for a commercial pilot certificate, a person must:
(a) Be at least 18 years of age;
(b) Be able to read, speak, write, and understand the English
language. If the applicant is unable to meet one of these requirements
due to medical reasons, then the Administrator may place such operating
limitations on that applicant's pilot certificate as are necessary for
the safe operation of the aircraft.
(c) Receive a logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor who:
(1) Conducted the required ground training or reviewed the person's
home study on the aeronautical knowledge areas listed in Sec. 61.125 of
this part that apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought;
and
(2) Certified that the person is prepared for the required knowledge
test that applies to the aircraft category and class rating sought.
(d) Pass the required knowledge test on the aeronautical knowledge
areas listed in Sec. 61.125 of this part;
(e) Receive the required training and a logbook endorsement from an
authorized instructor who:
(1) Conducted the training on the areas of operation listed in Sec.
61.127(b) of this part that apply to the aircraft category and class
rating sought; and
(2) Certified that the person is prepared for the required practical
test.
(f) Meet the aeronautical experience requirements of this subpart
that apply
[[Page 74]]
to the aircraft category and class rating sought before applying for the
practical test;
(g) Pass the required practical test on the areas of operation
listed in Sec. 61.127(b) of this part that apply to the aircraft
category and class rating sought;
(h) Hold at least a private pilot certificate issued under this part
or meet the requirements of Sec. 61.73; and
(i) Comply with the sections of this part that apply to the aircraft
category and class rating sought.
Sec. 61.125 Aeronautical knowledge.
(a) General. A person who applies for a commercial pilot certificate
must receive and log ground training from an authorized instructor, or
complete a home-study course, on the aeronautical knowledge areas of
paragraph (b) of this section that apply to the aircraft category and
class rating sought.
(b) Aeronautical knowledge areas. (1) Applicable Federal Aviation
Regulations of this chapter that relate to commercial pilot privileges,
limitations, and flight operations;
(2) Accident reporting requirements of the National Transportation
Safety Board;
(3) Basic aerodynamics and the principles of flight;
(4) Meteorology to include recognition of critical weather
situations, windshear recognition and avoidance, and the use of
aeronautical weather reports and forecasts;
(5) Safe and efficient operation of aircraft;
(6) Weight and balance computations;
(7) Use of performance charts;
(8) Significance and effects of exceeding aircraft performance
limitations;
(9) Use of aeronautical charts and a magnetic compass for pilotage
and dead reckoning;
(10) Use of air navigation facilities;
(11) Aeronautical decision making and judgment;
(12) Principles and functions of aircraft systems;
(13) Maneuvers, procedures, and emergency operations appropriate to
the aircraft;
(14) Night and high-altitude operations;
(15) Procedures for operating within the National Airspace System;
and
(16) Procedures for flight and ground training for lighter-than-air
ratings.
Sec. 61.127 Flight proficiency.
(a) General. A person who applies for a commercial pilot certificate
must receive and log ground and flight training from an authorized
instructor on the areas of operation of this section that apply to the
aircraft category and class rating sought.
(b) Areas of operation. (1) For an airplane category rating with a
single-engine class rating:
(i) Preflight preparation;
(ii) Preflight procedures;
(iii) Airport and seaplane base operations;
(iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
(v) Performance maneuvers;
(vi) Ground reference maneuvers;
(vii) Navigation;
(viii) Slow flight and stalls;
(ix) Emergency operations;
(x) High-altitude operations; and
(xi) Postflight procedures.
(2) For an airplane category rating with a multiengine class rating:
(i) Preflight preparation;
(ii) Preflight procedures;
(iii) Airport and seaplane base operations;
(iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
(v) Performance maneuvers;
(vi) Navigation;
(vii) Slow flight and stalls;
(viii) Emergency operations;
(ix) Multiengine operations;
(x) High-altitude operations; and
(xi) Postflight procedures.
(3) For a rotorcraft category rating with a helicopter class rating:
(i) Preflight preparation;
(ii) Preflight procedures;
(iii) Airport and heliport operations;
(iv) Hovering maneuvers;
(v) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
(vi) Performance maneuvers;
(vii) Navigation;
(viii) Emergency operations;
(ix) Special operations; and
(x) Postflight procedures.
(4) For a rotorcraft category rating with a gyroplane class rating:
[[Page 75]]
(i) Preflight preparation;
(ii) Preflight procedures;
(iii) Airport operations;
(iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
(v) Performance maneuvers;
(vi) Navigation;
(vii) Flight at slow airspeeds;
(viii) Emergency operations; and
(ix) Postflight procedures.
(5) For a powered-lift category rating:
(i) Preflight preparation;
(ii) Preflight procedures;
(iii) Airport and heliport operations;
(iv) Hovering maneuvers;
(v) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
(vi) Performance maneuvers;
(vii) Ground reference maneuvers;
(viii) Navigation;
(ix) Slow flight and stalls;
(x) Emergency operations;
(xi) High-altitude operations;
(xii) Special operations; and
(xiii) Postflight procedures.
(6) For a glider category rating:
(i) Preflight preparation;
(ii) Preflight procedures;
(iii) Airport and gliderport operations;
(iv) Launches and landings;
(v) Performance speeds;
(vi) Soaring techniques;
(vii) Performance maneuvers;
(viii) Navigation;
(ix) Slow flight and stalls;
(x) Emergency operations; and
(xi) Postflight procedures.
(7) For a lighter-than-air category rating with an airship class
rating:
(i) Fundamentals of instructing;
(ii) Technical subjects;
(iii) Preflight preparation;
(iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be performed in flight;
(v) Preflight procedures;
(vi) Airport operations;
(vii) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
(viii) Performance maneuvers;
(ix) Navigation;
(x) Emergency operations; and
(xi) Postflight procedures.
(8) For a lighter-than-air category rating with a balloon class
rating:
(i) Fundamentals of instructing;
(ii) Technical subjects;
(iii) Preflight preparation;
(iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be performed in flight;
(v) Preflight procedures;
(vi) Airport operations;
(vii) Launches and landings;
(viii) Performance maneuvers;
(ix) Navigation;
(x) Emergency operations; and
(xi) Postflight procedures.
Sec. 61.129 Aeronautical experience.
(a) For an airplane single-engine rating. Except as provided in
paragraph (i) of this section, a person who applies for a commercial
pilot certificate with an airplane category and single-engine class
rating must log at least 250 hours of flight time as a pilot that
consists of at least:
(1) 100 hours in powered aircraft, of which 50 hours must be in
airplanes.
(2) 100 hours of pilot-in-command flight time, which includes at
least--
(i) 50 hours in airplanes; and
(ii) 50 hours in cross-country flight of which at least 10 hours
must be in airplanes.
(3) 20 hours of training on the areas of operation listed in Sec.
61.127(b)(1) of this part that includes at least--
(i) 10 hours of instrument training of which at least 5 hours must
be in a single-engine airplane;
(ii) 10 hours of training in an airplane that has a retractable
landing gear, flaps, and a controllable pitch propeller, or is turbine-
powered, or for an applicant seeking a single-engine seaplane rating, 10
hours of training in a seaplane that has flaps and a controllable pitch
propeller;
(iii) One cross-country flight of at least 2 hours in a single-
engine airplane in day VFR conditions, consisting of a total straight-
line distance of more than 100 nautical miles from the original point of
departure;
(iv) One cross-country flight of at least 2 hours in a single-engine
airplane in night VFR conditions, consisting of a total straight-line
distance of more than 100 nautical miles from the original point of
departure; and
(v) 3 hours in a single-engine airplane in preparation for the
practical test within the 60-day period preceding the date of the test.
[[Page 76]]
(4) 10 hours of solo flight in a single-engine airplane on the areas
of operation listed in Sec. 61.127(b)(1) of this part, which includes
at least--
(i) One cross-country flight of not less than 300 nautical miles
total distance, with landings at a minimum of three points, one of which
is a straight-line distance of at least 250 nautical miles from the
original departure point. However, if this requirement is being met in
Hawaii, the longest segment need only have a straight-line distance of
at least 150 nautical miles; and
(ii) 5 hours in night VFR conditions with 10 takeoffs and 10
landings (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern)
at an airport with an operating control tower.
(b) For an airplane multiengine rating. Except as provided in
paragraph (i) of this section, a person who applies for a commercial
pilot certificate with an airplane category and multiengine class rating
must log at least 250 hours of flight time as a pilot that consists of
at least:
(1) 100 hours in powered aircraft, of which 50 hours must be in
airplanes.
(2) 100 hours of pilot-in-command flight time, which includes at
least--
(i) 50 hours in airplanes; and
(ii) 50 hours in cross-country flight of which at least 10 hours
must be in airplanes.
(3) 20 hours of training on the areas of operation listed in Sec.
61.127(b)(2) of this part that includes at least--
(i) 10 hours of instrument training of which at least 5 hours must
be in a multiengine airplane;
(ii) 10 hours of training in a multiengine airplane that has a
retractable landing gear, flaps, and controllable pitch propellers, or
is turbine-powered, or for an applicant seeking a multiengine seaplane
rating, 10 hours of training in a multiengine seaplane that has flaps
and a controllable pitch propeller;
(iii) One cross-country flight of at least 2 hours in a multiengine
airplane in day VFR conditions, consisting of a total straight-line
distance of more than 100 nautical miles from the original point of
departure;
(iv) One cross-country flight of at least 2 hours in a multiengine
airplane in night VFR conditions, consisting of a total straight-line
distance of more than 100 nautical miles from the original point of
departure; and
(v) 3 hours in a multiengine airplane in preparation for the
practical test within the 60-day period preceding the date of the test.
(4) 10 hours of solo flight time in a multiengine airplane or 10
hours of flight time performing the duties of pilot in command in a
multiengine airplane with an authorized instructor (either of which may
be credited towards the flight time requirement in paragraph (b)(2) of
this section), on the areas of operation listed in Sec. 61.127(b)(2) of
this part that includes at least--
(i) One cross-country flight of not less than 300 nautical miles
total distance with landings at a minimum of three points, one of which
is a straight-line distance of at least 250 nautical miles from the
original departure point. However, if this requirement is being met in
Hawaii, the longest segment need only have a straight-line distance of
at least 150 nautical miles; and
(ii) 5 hours in night VFR conditions with 10 takeoffs and 10
landings (with each landing involving a flight with a traffic pattern)
at an airport with an operating control tower.
(c) For a helicopter rating. Except as provided in paragraph (i) of
this section, a person who applies for a commercial pilot certificate
with a rotorcraft category and helicopter class rating must log at least
150 hours of flight time as a pilot that consists of at least:
(1) 100 hours in powered aircraft, of which 50 hours must be in
helicopters.
(2) 100 hours of pilot-in-command flight time, which includes at
least--
(i) 35 hours in helicopters; and
(ii) 10 hours in cross-country flight in helicopters.
(3) 20 hours of training on the areas of operation listed in Sec.
61.127(b)(3) of this part that includes at least--
(i) 10 hours of instrument training in an aircraft;
(ii) One cross-country flight of at least 2 hours in a helicopter in
day VFR conditions, consisting of a total straight-line distance of more
than 50 nautical miles from the original point of departure;
[[Page 77]]
(iii) One cross-country flight of at least 2 hours in a helicopter
in night VFR conditions, consisting of a total straight-line distance of
more than 50 nautical miles from the original point of departure; and
(iv) 3 hours in a helicopter in preparation for the practical test
within the 60-day period preceding the date of the test.
(4) 10 hours of solo flight in a helicopter on the areas of
operation listed in Sec. 61.127(b)(3) of this part, which includes at
least--
(i) One cross-country flight with landings at a minimum of three
points, with one segment consisting of a straight-line distance of at
least 50 nautical miles from the original point of departure; and
(ii) 5 hours in night VFR conditions with 10 takeoffs and 10
landings (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern).
(d) For a gyroplane rating. A person who applies for a commercial
pilot certificate with a rotorcraft category and gyroplane class rating
must log at least 150 hours of flight time as a pilot (of which 5 hours
may have been accomplished in a flight simulator or flight training
device that is representative of a gyroplane) that consists of at least:
(1) 100 hours in powered aircraft, of which 25 hours must be in
gyroplanes.
(2) 100 hours of pilot-in-command flight time, which includes at
least--
(i) 10 hours in gyroplanes; and
(ii) 3 hours in cross-country flight in gyroplanes.
(3) 20 hours of training on the areas of operation listed in Sec.
61.127(b)(4) of this part that includes at least--
(i) 5 hours of instrument training in an aircraft;
(ii) One cross-country flight of at least 2 hours in a gyroplane in
day VFR conditions, consisting of a total straight-line distance of more
than 50 nautical miles from the original point of departure;
(iii) One cross-country flight of at least 2 hours in a gyroplane in
night VFR conditions, consisting of a total straight-line distance of
more than 50 nautical miles from the original point of departure; and
(iv) 3 hours in a gyroplane in preparation for the practical test
within the 60-day period preceding the date of the test.
(4) 10 hours of solo flight in a gyroplane on the areas of operation
listed in Sec. 61.127(b)(4) of this part, which includes at least--
(i) One cross-country flight with landings at a minimum of three
points, with one segment consisting of a straight-line distance of at
least 50 nautical miles from the original point of departure; and
(ii) 5 hours in night VFR conditions with 10 takeoffs and 10
landings (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern).
(e) For a powered-lift rating. Except as provided in paragraph (i)
of this section, a person who applies for a commercial pilot certificate
with a powered-lift category rating must log at least 250 hours of
flight time as a pilot that consists of at least:
(1) 100 hours in powered aircraft, of which 50 hours must be in a
powered-lift.
(2) 100 hours of pilot-in-command flight time, which includes at
least--
(i) 50 hours in a powered-lift; and
(ii) 50 hours in cross-country flight of which 10 hours must be in a
powered-lift.
(3) 20 hours of training on the areas of operation listed in Sec.
61.127(b)(5) of this part that includes at least--
(i) 10 hours of instrument training, of which at least 5 hours must
be in a powered-lift;
(ii) One cross-country flight of at least 2 hours in a powered-lift
in day VFR conditions, consisting of a total straight-line distance of
more than 100 nautical miles from the original point of departure;
(iii) One cross-country flight of at least 2 hours in a powered-lift
in night VFR conditions, consisting of a total straight-line distance of
more than 100 nautical miles from the original point of departure; and
(iv) 3 hours in a powered-lift in preparation for the practical test
within the 60-day period preceding the date of the test.
[[Page 78]]
(4) 10 hours of solo flight in a powered-lift on the areas of
operation listed in Sec. 61.127(b)(5) of this part, which includes at
least--
(i) One cross-country flight of not less than 300 nautical miles
total distance with landings at a minimum of three points, one of which
is a straight-line distance of at least 250 nautical miles from the
original departure point. However, if this requirement is being met in
Hawaii the longest segment need only have a straight-line distance of at
least 150 nautical miles; and
(ii) 5 hours in night VFR conditions with 10 takeoffs and 10
landings (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern)
at an airport with an operating control tower.
(f) For a glider rating. A person who applies for a commercial pilot
certificate with a glider category rating must log at least--
(1) 25 hours of flight time as a pilot in a glider and that flight
time must include at least 100 flights in a glider as pilot in command,
including at least--
(i) 3 hours of flight training in a glider or 10 training flights in
a glider with an authorized instructor on the areas of operation listed
in Sec. 61.127(b)(6) of this part, including at least 3 training
flights in a glider with an authorized instructor in preparation for the
practical test within the 60-day period preceding the date of the test;
and
(ii) 2 hours of solo flight that include not less than 10 solo
flights in a glider on the areas of operation listed in Sec.
61.127(b)(6) of this part; or
(2) 200 hours of flight time as a pilot in heavier-than-air aircraft
and at least 20 flights in a glider as pilot in command, including at
least--
(i) 3 hours of flight training in a glider or 10 training flights in
a glider with an authorized instructor on the areas of operation listed
in Sec. 61.127(b)(6) of this part including at least 3 training flights
in a glider with an authorized instructor in preparation for the
practical test within the 60-day period preceding the date of the test;
and
(ii) 5 solo flights in a glider on the areas of operation listed in
Sec. 61.127(b)(6) of this part.
(g) For an airship rating. A person who applies for a commercial
pilot certificate with a lighter-than-air category and airship class
rating must log at least 200 hours of flight time as a pilot, which
includes at least the following hours:
(1) 50 hours in airships.
(2) 30 hours of pilot-in-command time in airships, which consists of
at least--
(i) 10 hours of cross-country flight time in airships; and
(ii) 10 hours of night flight time in airships.
(3) 40 hours of instrument time, which consists of at least 20 hours
in flight, of which 10 hours must be in flight in airships.
(4) 20 hours of flight training in airships on the areas of
operation listed in Sec. 61.127(b)(7) of this part, which includes at
least--
(i) 3 hours in an airship in preparation for the practical test
within the 60-day period preceding the date of the test;
(ii) One cross-country flight of at least 1 hour in duration in an
airship in day VFR conditions, consisting of a total straight-line
distance of more than 25 nautical miles from the original point of
departure; and
(iii) One cross-country flight of at least 1 hour in duration in an
airship in night VFR conditions, consisting of a total straight-line
distance of more than 25 nautical miles from the original point of
departure.
(5) 10 hours of flight training performing the duties of pilot in
command with an authorized instructor on the areas of operation listed
in Sec. 61.127(b)(7) of this part, which includes at least--
(i) One cross-country flight with landings at a minimum of three
points, with one segment consisting of a straight-line distance of at
least 25 nautical miles from the original point of departure; and
(ii) 5 hours in night VFR conditions with 10 takeoffs and 10
landings (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern).
(h) For a balloon rating. A person who applies for a commercial
pilot certificate with a lighter-than-air category and a balloon class
rating must log at least 35 hours of flight time as a pilot, which
includes at least the following requirements:
(1) 20 hours in balloons;
[[Page 79]]
(2) 10 flights in balloons;
(3) Two flights in balloons as the pilot in command; and
(4) 10 hours of flight training that includes at least 10 training
flights with an authorized instructor in balloons on the areas of
operation listed in Sec. 61.127(b)(8) of this part, which consists of
at least--
(i) For a gas balloon--
(A) 2 training flights of 2 hours each with an authorized instructor
in a gas balloon on the areas of operation appropriate to a gas balloon
within 60 days prior to application for the rating;
(B) 2 flights performing the duties of pilot in command in a gas
balloon with an authorized instructor on the appropriate areas of
operation; and
(C) One flight involving a controlled ascent to 5,000 feet above the
launch site.
(ii) For a balloon with an airborne heater--
(A) 2 training flights of 1 hour each with an authorized instructor
in a balloon with an airborne heater on the areas of operation
appropriate to a balloon with an airborne heater within 60 days prior to
application for the rating;
(B) Two solo flights in a balloon with an airborne heater on the
appropriate areas of operation; and
(C) One flight involving a controlled ascent to 3,000 feet above the
launch site.
(i) Permitted credit for use of a flight simulator or flight
training device. (1) Except as provided in paragraph (i)(2) of this
section, an applicant who has not accomplished the training required by
this section in a course conducted by a training center certificated
under part 142 of this chapter may:
(i) Credit a maximum of 50 hours toward the total aeronautical
experience requirements for an airplane or powered-lift rating, provided
the aeronautical experience was obtained from an authorized instructor
in a flight simulator or flight training device that represents that
class of airplane or powered-lift category and type, if applicable,
appropriate to the rating sought; and
(ii) Credit a maximum of 25 hours toward the total aeronautical
experience requirements of this section for a helicopter rating,
provided the aeronautical experience was obtained from an authorized
instructor in a flight simulator or flight training device that
represents a helicopter and type, if applicable, appropriate to the
rating sought.
(2) An applicant who has accomplished the training required by this
section in a course conducted by a training center certificated under
part 142 of this chapter may:
(i) Credit a maximum of 100 hours toward the total aeronautical
experience requirements of this section for an airplane and powered-lift
rating, provided the aeronautical experience was obtained from an
authorized instructor in a flight simulator or flight training device
that represents that class of airplane or powered-lift category and
type, if applicable, appropriate to the rating sought; and
(ii) Credit a maximum of 50 hours toward the total aeronautical
experience requirements of this section for a helicopter rating,
provided the aeronautical experience was obtained from an authorized
instructor in a flight simulator or flight training device that
represents a helicopter and type, if applicable, appropriate to the
rating sought.
(3) Except when fewer hours are approved by the Administrator, an
applicant for a commercial pilot certificate with an airplane or a
powered-lift rating who has satisfactorily completed an approved
commercial pilot course conducted by a training center certificated
under part 142 of this chapter need only have 190 hours of total to meet
the aeronautical experience requirements of this section.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61-101, 62 FR 16892,
Apr. 8, 1997; Amdt. 61-103, 62 FR 40904, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61-104, 63
FR 20288, Apr. 23, 1998]
Sec. 61.131 Exceptions to the night flying requirements.
(a) Subject to the limitations of paragraph (b) of this section, a
person is not required to comply with the night flight training
requirements of this subpart if the person receives flight training in
and resides in the State of Alaska.
(b) A person who receives flight training in and resides in the
State of
[[Page 80]]
Alaska but does not meet the night flight training requirements of this
section:
(1) May be issued a pilot certificate with the limitation ``night
flying prohibited.''
(2) Must comply with the appropriate night flight training
requirements of this subpart within the 12-calendar-month period after
the issuance of the pilot certificate. At the end of that period, the
certificate will become invalid for use until the person complies with
the appropriate night flight training requirements of this subpart. The
person may have the ``night flying prohibited'' limitation removed if
the person--
(i) Accomplishes the appropriate night flight training requirements
of this subpart; and
(ii) Presents to an examiner a logbook or training record
endorsement from an authorized instructor that verifies accomplishment
of the appropriate night flight training requirements of this subpart.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61-103, 62 FR 40905,
July 30, 1997]
Sec. 61.133 Commercial pilot privileges and limitations.
(a) Privileges--(1) General. A person who holds a commercial pilot
certificate may act as pilot in command of an aircraft--
(i) Carrying persons or property for compensation or hire, provided
the person is qualified in accordance with this part and with the
applicable parts of this chapter that apply to the operation; and
(ii) For compensation or hire, provided the person is qualified in
accordance with this part and with the applicable parts of this chapter
that apply to the operation.
(2) Commercial pilots with lighter-than-air category ratings. A
person with a commercial pilot certificate with a lighter-than-air
category rating may--
(i) For an airship--(A) Give flight and ground training in an
airship for the issuance of a certificate or rating;
(B) Give an endorsement for a pilot certificate with an airship
rating;
(C) Endorse a student pilot certificate or logbook for solo
operating privileges in an airship;
(D) Act as pilot in command of an airship under IFR or in weather
conditions less than the minimum prescribed for VFR flight; and
(E) Give flight and ground training and endorsements that are
required for a flight review, an operating privilege or recency-of-
experience requirements of this part.
(ii) For a balloon--(A) Give flight and ground training in a balloon
for the issuance of a certificate or rating;
(B) Give an endorsement for a pilot certificate with a balloon
rating;
(C) Endorse a student pilot certificate or logbook for solo
operating privileges in a balloon; and
(D) Give ground and flight training and endorsements that are
required for a flight review, an operating privilege, or recency-of-
experience requirements of this part.
(b) Limitations. (1) A person who applies for a commercial pilot
certificate with an airplane category or powered-lift category rating
and does not hold an instrument rating in the same category and class
will be issued a commercial pilot certificate that contains the
limitation, ``The carriage of passengers for hire in (airplanes)
(powered-lifts) on cross-country flights in excess of 50 nautical miles
or at night is prohibited.'' The limitation may be removed when the
person satisfactorily accomplishes the requirements listed in Sec.
61.65 of this part for an instrument rating in the same category and
class of aircraft listed on the person's commercial pilot certificate.
(2) If a person who applies for a commercial pilot certificate with
a balloon rating takes a practical test in a balloon with an airborne
heater--
(i) The pilot certificate will contain a limitation restricting the
exercise of the privileges of that certificate to a balloon with an
airborne heater.
(ii) The limitation specified in paragraph (b)(2)(i) of this section
may be removed when the person obtains the required aeronautical
experience in a gas balloon and receives a logbook endorsement from an
authorized instructor who attests to the person's accomplishment of the
required aeronautical experience and ability to satisfactorily operate a
gas balloon.
[[Page 81]]
(3) If a person who applies for a commercial pilot certificate with
a balloon rating takes a practical test in a gas balloon--
(i) The pilot certificate will contain a limitation restricting the
exercise of the privileges of that certificate to a gas balloon.
(ii) The limitation specified in paragraph (b)(3)(i) of this section
may be removed when the person obtains the required aeronautical
experience in a balloon with an airborne heater and receives a logbook
endorsement from an authorized instructor who attests to the person's
accomplishment of the required aeronautical experience and ability to
satisfactorily operate a balloon with an airborne heater.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61-103, 62 FR 40905,
July 30, 1997]
Sec. 61.135-61.141 [Reserved]
Subpart G_Airline Transport Pilots
Sec. 61.151 Applicability.
This subpart prescribes the requirements for the issuance of airline
transport pilot certificates and ratings, the conditions under which
those certificates and ratings are necessary, and the general operating
rules for persons who hold those certificates and ratings.
Sec. 61.153 Eligibility requirements: General.
To be eligible for an airline transport pilot certificate, a person
must:
(a) Be at least 23 years of age;
(b) Be able to read, speak, write, and understand the English
language. If the applicant is unable to meet one of these requirements
due to medical reasons, then the Administrator may place such operating
limitations on that applicant's pilot certificate as are necessary for
the safe operation of the aircraft;
(c) Be of good moral character;
(d) Meet at least one of the following requirements:
(1) Hold at least a commercial pilot certificate and an instrument
rating;
(2) Meet the military experience requirements under Sec. 61.73 of
this part to qualify for a commercial pilot certificate, and an
instrument rating if the person is a rated military pilot or former
rated military pilot of an Armed Force of the United States; or
(3) Hold either a foreign airline transport pilot or foreign
commercial pilot license and an instrument rating, without limitations,
issued by a contracting State to the Convention on International Civil
Aviation.
(e) Meet the aeronautical experience requirements of this subpart
that apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought before
applying for the practical test;
(f) Pass a knowledge test on the aeronautical knowledge areas of
Sec. 61.155(c) of this part that apply to the aircraft category and
class rating sought;
(g) Pass the practical test on the areas of operation listed in
Sec. 61.157(e) of this part that apply to the aircraft category and
class rating sought; and
(h) Comply with the sections of this part that apply to the aircraft
category and class rating sought.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61-103, 62 FR 40905,
July 30, 1997]
Sec. 61.155 Aeronautical knowledge.
(a) General. The knowledge test for an airline transport pilot
certificate is based on the aeronautical knowledge areas listed in
paragraph (c) of this section that are appropriate to the aircraft
category and class rating sought.
(b) Aircraft type rating. A person who is applying for an additional
aircraft type rating to be added to an airline transport pilot
certificate is not required to pass a knowledge test if that person's
airline transport pilot certificate lists the aircraft category and
class rating that is appropriate to the type rating sought.
(c) Aeronautical knowledge areas. (1) Applicable Federal Aviation
Regulations of this chapter that relate to airline transport pilot
privileges, limitations, and flight operations;
(2) Meteorology, including knowledge of and effects of fronts,
frontal characteristics, cloud formations, icing, and upper-air data;
(3) General system of weather and NOTAM collection, dissemination,
interpretation, and use;
(4) Interpretation and use of weather charts, maps, forecasts,
sequence reports, abbreviations, and symbols;
[[Page 82]]
(5) National Weather Service functions as they pertain to operations
in the National Airspace System;
(6) Windshear and microburst awareness, identification, and
avoidance;
(7) Principles of air navigation under instrument meteorological
conditions in the National Airspace System;
(8) Air traffic control procedures and pilot responsibilities as
they relate to en route operations, terminal area and radar operations,
and instrument departure and approach procedures;
(9) Aircraft loading, weight and balance, use of charts, graphs,
tables, formulas, and computations, and their effect on aircraft
performance;
(10) Aerodynamics relating to an aircraft's flight characteristics
and performance in normal and abnormal flight regimes;
(11) Human factors;
(12) Aeronautical decision making and judgment; and
(13) Crew resource management to include crew communication and
coordination.
Sec. 61.157 Flight proficiency.
(a) General. (1) The practical test for an airline transport pilot
certificate is given for--
(i) An airplane category and single-engine class rating;
(ii) An airplane category and multiengine class rating;
(iii) A rotorcraft category and helicopter class rating;
(iv) A powered-lift category rating; and
(v) An aircraft type rating for the category and class ratings
listed in paragraphs (a)(1)(i) through (a)(1)(iv) of this section.
(2) A person who is applying for an airline transport pilot
practical test must meet--
(i) The eligibility requirements of Sec. 61.153 of this part; and
(ii) The aeronautical knowledge and aeronautical experience
requirements of this subpart that apply to the aircraft category and
class rating sought.
(b) Aircraft type rating. Except as provided in paragraph (c) of
this section, a person who is applying for an aircraft type rating to be
added to an airline transport pilot certificate:
(1) Must receive and log ground and flight training from an
authorized instructor on the areas of operation in this section that
apply to the aircraft type rating sought;
(2) Must receive a logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor
certifying that the applicant completed the training on the areas of
operation listed in paragraph (e) of this section that apply to the
aircraft type rating sought; and
(3) Must perform the practical test in actual or simulated
instrument conditions, unless the aircraft's type certificate makes the
aircraft incapable of operating under instrument flight rules. If the
practical test cannot be accomplished for this reason, the person may
obtain a type rating limited to ``VFR only.'' The ``VFR only''
limitation may be removed for that aircraft type when the person passes
the practical test in actual or simulated instrument conditions.
(c) Exceptions. A person who is applying for an aircraft type rating
to be added to an airline transport pilot certificate or an aircraft
type rating concurrently with an airline transport pilot certificate,
and who is an employee of a certificate holder operating under part 121
or 135 of this chapter or of a fractional ownership program manager
operating under subpart K of part 91 of this chapter, need not comply
with the requirements of paragraph (b) of this section if the applicant
presents a training record that shows satisfactory completion of that
certificate holder's or program manager's approved pilot-in-command
training program for the aircraft type rating sought.
(d) Upgrading type ratings. Any type rating(s) on the pilot
certificate of an applicant who successfully completes an airline
transport pilot practical test shall be included on the airline
transport pilot certificate with the privileges and limitations of the
airline transport pilot certificate, provided the applicant passes the
practical test in the same category and class of aircraft for which the
applicant holds the type rating(s). However, if a type rating for that
category and class of aircraft on the superseded pilot certificate is
limited to VFR, that limitation shall be
[[Page 83]]
carried forward to the person's airline transport pilot certificate
level.
(e) Areas of operation. (1) For an airplane category--single-engine
class rating:
(i) Preflight preparation;
(ii) Preflight procedures;
(iii) Takeoff and departure phase;
(iv) In-flight maneuvers;
(v) Instrument procedures;
(vi) Landings and approaches to landings;
(vii) Normal and abnormal procedures;
(viii) Emergency procedures; and
(ix) Postflight procedures.
(2) For an airplane category--multiengine class rating:
(i) Preflight preparation;
(ii) Preflight procedures;
(iii) Takeoff and departure phase;
(iv) In-flight maneuvers;
(v) Instrument procedures;
(vi) Landings and approaches to landings;
(vii) Normal and abnormal procedures;
(viii) Emergency procedures; and
(ix) Postflight procedures.
(3) For a powered-lift category rating:
(i) Preflight preparation;
(ii) Preflight procedures;
(iii) Takeoff and departure phase;
(iv) In-flight maneuvers;
(v) Instrument procedures;
(vi) Landings and approaches to landings;
(vii) Normal and abnormal procedures;
(viii) Emergency procedures; and
(ix) Postflight procedures.
(4) For a rotorcraft category--helicopter class rating:
(i) Preflight preparation;
(ii) Preflight procedures;
(iii) Takeoff and departure phase;
(iv) In-flight maneuvers;
(v) Instrument procedures;
(vi) Landings and approaches to landings;
(vii) Normal and abnormal procedures;
(viii) Emergency procedures; and
(ix) Postflight procedures.
(f) Proficiency and competency checks conducted under part 121,
part 135, or subpart K of part 91. (1) Successful completion of any of
the following checks satisfy the requirements of this section for the
appropriate aircraft rating:
(i) A proficiency check under Sec. 121.441 of this chapter.
(ii) Both a competency check under Sec. 135.293 of this chapter and
a pilot-in-command instrument proficiency check under Sec. 135.297 of
this chapter.
(iii) Both a competency check under Sec. 91.1065 of this chapter
and a pilot-in-command instrument proficiency check under Sec. 91.1069
of this chapter.
(2) The checks specified in paragraph (f)(1) of this section must be
conducted by an authorized designated pilot examiner or FAA aviation
safety inspector.
(g) Use of a flight simulator or flight training device for an
airplane rating. If a flight simulator or flight training device is used
for accomplishing all of the training and the required practical test
for an airplane transport pilot certificate with an airplane category,
class, and type rating, if applicable, the applicant, flight simulator,
and flight training device are subject to the following requirements:
(1) The flight simulator and flight training device must represent
that airplane type if the rating involves a type rating in an airplane,
or is representative of an airplane if the applicant is only seeking an
airplane class rating and does not require a type rating.
(2) The flight simulator and flight training device must be used in
accordance with an approved course at a training center certificated
under part 142 of this chapter.
(3) All training and testing (except preflight inspection) must be
accomplished by the applicant to receive an airplane class rating and
type rating, if applicable, without limitations and--
(i) The flight simulator must be qualified and approved as Level C
or Level D; and
(ii) The applicant must meet the aeronautical experience
requirements of Sec. 61.159 of this part and at least one of the
following--
(A) Hold a type rating for a turbojet airplane of the same class of
airplane for which the type rating is sought, or have been designated by
a military service as a pilot in command of an airplane of the same
class of airplane for
[[Page 84]]
which the type rating is sought, if a turbojet type rating is sought;
(B) Hold a type rating for a turbopropeller airplane of the same
class as the airplane for which the type rating is sought, or have been
appointed by a military service as a pilot in command of an airplane of
the same class of airplane for which the type rating is sought, if a
turbopropeller airplane type rating is sought;
(C) Have at least 2,000 hours of flight time, of which 500 hours
must be in turbine-powered airplanes of the same class as the airplane
for which the type rating is sought;
(D) Have at least 500 hours of flight time in the same type of
airplane as the airplane for which the type rating is sought; or
(E) Have at least 1,000 hours of flight time in at least two
different airplanes requiring a type rating.
(4) Subject to the limitation of paragraph (g)(5) of this section,
an applicant who does not meet the requirements of paragraph (g)(3) of
this section may complete all training and testing (except for preflight
inspection) for an additional rating if--
(i) The flight simulator is qualified and approved as Level C or
Level D; and
(ii) The applicant meets the aeronautical experience requirements of
Sec. 61.159 of this part and at least one of the following--
(A) Holds a type rating in a propeller-driven airplane if a type
rating in a turbojet airplane is sought, or holds a type rating in a
turbojet airplane if a type rating in a propeller-driven airplane is
sought;
(B) Since the beginning of the 12th calendar month before the month
in which the applicant completes the practical test for the additional
rating, has logged--
(1) At least 100 hours of flight time in airplanes in the same class
as the airplane for which the type rating is sought and which requires a
type rating; and
(2) At least 25 hours of flight time in airplanes of the same type
for which the type rating is sought.
(5) An applicant meeting only the requirements of paragraph
(g)(4)(ii)(A) and (B) of this section will be issued an additional
rating, or an airline transport pilot certificate with an added rating,
as applicable, with a limitation. The limitation shall state: ``This
certificate is subject to pilot-in-command limitations for the
additional rating.''
(6) An applicant who has been issued a certificate with the
limitation specified in paragraph (g)(5) of this section--
(i) May not act as pilot in command of the aircraft for which an
additional rating was obtained under the provisions of this section
until the limitation is removed from the certificate; and
(ii) May have the limitation removed by accomplishing 15 hours of
supervised operating experience as pilot in command under the
supervision of a qualified and current pilot in command, in the seat
normally occupied by the pilot in command, in an airplane of the same
type for which the limitation applies.
(7) An applicant who does not meet the requirements of paragraph
(g)(3)(ii)(A) through (E) or (g)(4)(ii)(A) and (B) of this section may
be issued an airline transport pilot certificate or an additional rating
to that pilot certificate after successful completion of one of the
following requirements--
(i) An approved course at a part 142 training center that includes
all training and testing for that certificate or rating, followed by
training and testing on the following tasks, which must be successfully
completed on a static airplane or in flight, as appropriate--
(A) Preflight inspection;
(B) Normal takeoff;
(C) Normal ILS approach;
(D) Missed approach; and
(E) Normal landing.
(ii) An approved course at a part 142 training center that complies
with paragraphs (g)(8) and (g)(9) of this section and includes all
training and testing for a certificate or rating.
(8) An applicant meeting only the requirements of paragraph
(g)(7)(ii) of this section will be issued an additional rating or an
airline transport pilot certificate with an additional rating, as
applicable, with a limitation. The limitation shall state: ``This
certificate is subject to pilot-in-command limitations for the
additional rating.''
[[Page 85]]
(9) An applicant issued a pilot certificate with the limitation
specified in paragraph (g)(8) of this section--
(i) May not act as pilot in command of the aircraft for which an
additional rating was obtained under the provisions of this section
until the limitation is removed from the certificate; and
(ii) May have the limitation removed by accomplishing 25 hours of
supervised operating experience as pilot in command under the
supervision of a qualified and current pilot in command, in the seat
normally occupied by the pilot in command, in an airplane of the same
type for which the limitation applies.
(h) Use of a flight simulator or flight training device for a
helicopter rating. If a flight simulator or flight training device is
used for accomplishing all of the training and the required practical
test for an airline transport pilot certificate with a helicopter class
rating and type rating, if applicable, the applicant, flight simulator,
and flight training device are subject to the following requirements:
(1) The flight simulator and flight training device must represent
that helicopter type if the rating involves a type rating in a
helicopter, or is representative of a helicopter if the applicant is
only seeking a helicopter class rating and does not require a type
rating.
(2) The flight simulator and flight training device must be used in
accordance with an approved course at a training center certificated
under part 142 of this chapter.
(3) All training and testing requirements (except preflight
inspection) must be accomplished by the applicant to receive a
helicopter class rating and type rating, if applicable, without
limitations and--
(i) The flight simulator must be qualified and approved as a Level C
or Level D; and
(ii) The applicant must meet the aeronautical experience
requirements of Sec. 61.161 of this part and at least one of the
following--
(A) Hold a type rating for a turbine-powered helicopter, or have
been designated by a military service as a pilot in command of a
turbine-powered helicopter, if a turbine-powered helicopter type rating
is sought;
(B) Have at least 1,200 hours of flight time, of which 500 hours
must be in turbine-powered helicopters;
(C) Have at least 500 hours of flight time in the same type
helicopter as the helicopter for which the type rating is sought; or
(D) Have at least 1,000 hours of flight time in at least two
different helicopters requiring a type rating.
(4) Subject to the limitation of paragraph (h)(5) of this section,
an applicant who does not meet the requirements of paragraph (h)(3) of
this section may complete all training and testing (except for preflight
inspection) for an additional rating if--
(i) The flight simulator is qualified and approved as Level C or
Level D; and
(ii) The applicant meets the aeronautical experience requirements of
Sec. 61.161 of this part and, since the beginning of the 12th calendar
month before the month in which the applicant completes the practical
test for the additional rating, has logged--
(A) At least 100 hours of flight time in helicopters; and
(B) At least 15 hours of flight time in helicopters of the same type
of helicopter for which the type rating is sought.
(5) An applicant meeting only the requirements of paragraph
(h)(4)(ii) (A) and (B) of this section will be issued an additional
rating or an airline transport pilot certificate with a limitation. The
limitation shall state: ``This certificate is subject to pilot-in-
command limitations for the additional rating.''
(6) An applicant who has been issued a certificate with the
limitation specified in paragraph (h)(5) of this section--
(i) May not act as pilot in command of the helicopter for which an
additional rating was obtained under the provisions of this section
until the limitation is removed from the certificate; and
(ii) May have the limitation removed by accomplishing 15 hours of
supervised operating experience as pilot in command under the
supervision of a qualified and current pilot in command, in the seat
normally occupied by the pilot in command, in a helicopter
[[Page 86]]
of the same type for which the limitation applies.
(7) An applicant who does not meet the requirements of paragraph
(h)(3)(ii) (A) through (D), or (h)(4)(ii) (A) and (B) of this section
may be issued an airline transport pilot certificate or an additional
rating to that pilot certificate after successful completion of one of
the following requirements--
(i) An approved course at a part 142 training center that includes
all training and testing for that certificate or rating, followed by
training and testing on the following tasks, which must be successfully
completed on a static aircraft or in flight, as appropriate--
(A) Preflight inspection;
(B) Normal takeoff from a hover;
(C) Manually flown precision approach; and
(D) Steep approach and landing to an off-airport heliport; or
(ii) An approved course at a training center that includes all
training and testing for that certificate or rating and compliance with
paragraphs (h)(8) and (h)(9) of this section.
(8) An applicant meeting only the requirements of paragraph
(h)(7)(ii) of this section will be issued an additional rating or an
airline transport pilot certificate with an additional rating, as
applicable, with a limitation. The limitation shall state: ``This
certificate is subject to pilot-in-command limitations for the
additional rating.''
(9) An applicant issued a certificate with the limitation specified
in paragraph (h)(8) of this section--
(i) May not act as pilot in command of the aircraft for which an
additional rating was obtained under the provisions of this section
until the limitation is removed from the certificate; and
(ii) May have the limitation removed by accomplishing 25 hours of
supervised operating experience as pilot in command under the
supervision of a qualified and current pilot in command, in the seat
normally occupied by the pilot in command, in an aircraft of the same
type for which the limitation applies.
(i) Use of a flight simulator or flight training device for a
powered-lift rating. If a flight simulator or flight training device is
used for accomplishing all of the training and the required practical
test for an airline transport pilot certificate with a powered-lift
category rating and type rating, if applicable, the applicant, flight
simulator, and flight training device are subject to the following
requirements:
(1) The flight simulator and flight training device must represent
that powered-lift type, if the rating involves a type rating in a
powered-lift, or is representative of a powered-lift if the applicant is
only seeking a powered-lift category rating and does not require a type
rating.
(2) The flight simulator and flight training device must be used in
accordance with an approved course at a training center certificated
under part 142 of this chapter.
(3) All training and testing requirements (except preflight
inspection) must be accomplished by the applicant to receive a powered-
lift category rating and type rating, if applicable, without
limitations; and--
(i) The flight simulator must be qualified and approved as Level C
or Level D; and
(ii) The applicant must meet the aeronautical experience
requirements of Sec. 61.163 of this part and at least one of the
following--
(A) Hold a type rating for a turbine-powered powered-lift, or have
been designated by a military service as a pilot in command of a
turbine-powered powered-lift, if a turbine-powered powered-lift type
rating is sought;
(B) Have at least 1,200 hours of flight time, of which 500 hours
must be in turbine-powered powered-lifts;
(C) Have at least 500 hours of flight time in the same type of
powered-lift for which the type rating is sought; or
(D) Have at least 1,000 hours of flight time in at least two
different powered-lifts requiring a type rating.
(4) Subject to the limitation of paragraph (i)(5) of this section,
an applicant who does not meet the requirements of paragraph (i)(3) of
this section may complete all training and testing (except for preflight
inspection) for an additional rating if--
(i) The flight simulator is qualified and approved as Level C or
Level D; and
[[Page 87]]
(ii) The applicant meets the aeronautical experience requirements of
Sec. 61.163 of this part and, since the beginning of the 12th calendar
month before the month in which the applicant completes the practical
test for the additional rating, has logged--
(A) At least 100 hours of flight time in powered-lifts; and
(B) At least 15 hours of flight time in powered-lifts of the same
type of powered-lift for the type rating sought.
(5) An applicant meeting only the requirements of paragraph
(i)(4)(ii) (A) and (B) of this section will be issued an additional
rating or an airline transport pilot certificate with a limitation. The
limitation shall state: ``This certificate is subject to pilot-in-
command limitations for the additional rating.''
(6) An applicant who has been issued a certificate with the
limitation specified in paragraph (i)(5) of this section--
(i) May not act as pilot in command of the powered-lift for which an
additional rating was obtained under the provisions of this section
until the limitation is removed from the certificate; and
(ii) May have the limitation removed by accomplishing 15 hours of
supervised operating experience as pilot in command under the
supervision of a qualified and current pilot in command, in the seat
normally occupied by the pilot in command, in a powered-lift of the same
type for which the limitation applies.
(7) An applicant who does not meet the requirements of paragraph
(i)(3)(ii) (A) through (D) or (i)(4)(ii) (A) and (B) of this section may
be issued an airline transport pilot certificate or an additional rating
to that pilot certificate after successful completion of one of the
following requirements--
(i) An approved course at a part 142 training center that includes
all training and testing for that certificate or rating, followed by
training and testing on the following tasks, which must be successfully
completed on a static aircraft or in flight, as appropriate--
(A) Preflight inspection;
(B) Normal takeoff from a hover;
(C) Manually flown precision approach; and
(D) Steep approach and landing to an off-airport site; or
(ii) An approved course at a training center that includes all
training and testing for that certificate or rating and is in compliance
with paragraphs (i)(8) and (i)(9) of this section.
(8) An applicant meeting only the requirements of paragraph
(i)(7)(ii) of this section will be issued an additional rating or an
airline transport pilot certificate with an additional rating, as
applicable, with a limitation. The limitation shall state: ``This
certificate is subject to pilot-in-command limitations for the
additional rating.''
(9) An applicant issued a pilot certificate with the limitation
specified in paragraph (i)(8) of this section--
(i) May not act as pilot in command of the aircraft for which an
additional rating was obtained under the provisions of this section
until the limitation is removed from the certificate; and
(ii) May have the limitation removed by accomplishing 25 hours of
supervised operating experience as pilot in command under the
supervision of a qualified and current pilot in command, in the seat
normally occupied by the pilot in command, in a powered-lift of the same
type for which the limitation applies.
(j) Waiver authority. Unless the Administrator requires certain or
all tasks to be performed, the examiner who conducts the practical test
for an airline transport pilot certificate may waive any of the tasks
for which the Administrator approves waiver authority.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61-103, 62 FR 40905,
July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61-104, 63 FR 20288, Apr. 23, 1998; Amdt. 61-109,
68 FR 54560, Sept. 17, 2003]
Sec. 61.158 [Reserved]
Sec. 61.159 Aeronautical experience: Airplane category rating.
(a) Except as provided in paragraphs (b), (c), and (d) of this
section, a person who is applying for an airline transport pilot
certificate with an airplane category and class rating must have at
least 1,500 hours of total time as a pilot that includes at least:
(1) 500 hours of cross-country flight time.
(2) 100 hours of night flight time.
[[Page 88]]
(3) 75 hours of instrument flight time, in actual or simulated
instrument conditions, subject to the following:
(i) Except as provided in paragraph (a)(3)(ii) of this section, an
applicant may not receive credit for more than a total of 25 hours of
simulated instrument time in a flight simulator or flight training
device.
(ii) A maximum of 50 hours of training in a flight simulator or
flight training device may be credited toward the instrument flight time
requirements of paragraph (a)(3) of this section if the training was
accomplished in a course conducted by a training center certificated
under part 142 of this chapter.
(iii) Training in a flight simulator or flight training device must
be accomplished in a flight simulator or flight training device,
representing an airplane.
(4) 250 hours of flight time in an airplane as a pilot in command,
or as second in command performing the duties of pilot in command while
under the supervision of a pilot in command, or any combination thereof,
which includes at least--
(i) 100 hours of cross-country flight time; and
(ii) 25 hours of night flight time.
(5) Not more than 100 hours of the total aeronautical experience
requirements of paragraph (a) of this section may be obtained in a
flight simulator or flight training device that represents an airplane,
provided the aeronautical experience was obtained in an approved course
conducted by a training center certificated under part 142 of this
chapter.
(b) A person who has performed at least 20 night takeoffs and
landings to a full stop may substitute each additional night takeoff and
landing to a full stop for 1 hour of night flight time to satisfy the
requirements of paragraph (a)(2) of this section; however, not more than
25 hours of night flight time may be credited in this manner.
(c) A commercial pilot may credit the following second-in-command
flight time or flight-engineer flight time toward the 1,500 hours of
total time as a pilot required by paragraph (a) of this section:
(1) Second-in-command time, provided the time is acquired in an
airplane--
(i) Required to have more than one pilot flight crewmember by the
airplane's flight manual, type certificate, or the regulations under
which the flight is being conducted;
(ii) Engaged in operations under subpart K of part 91, part 121, or
part 135 of this chapter for which a second in command is required; or
(iii) That is required by the operating rules of this chapter to
have more than one pilot flight crewmember.
(2) Flight-engineer time, provided the time--
(i) Is acquired in an airplane required to have a flight engineer by
the airplane's flight manual or type certificate;
(ii) Is acquired while engaged in operations under part 121 of this
chapter for which a flight engineer is required;
(iii) Is acquired while the person is participating in a pilot
training program approved under part 121 of this chapter; and
(iv) Does not exceed more than 1 hour for each 3 hours of flight
engineer flight time for a total credited time of no more than 500
hours.
(d) An applicant may be issued an airline transport pilot
certificate with the endorsement, ``Holder does not meet the pilot in
command aeronautical experience requirements of ICAO,'' as prescribed by
Article 39 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation, if the
applicant:
(1) Credits second-in-command or flight-engineer time under
paragraph (c) of this section toward the 1,500 hours total flight time
requirement of paragraph (a) of this section;
(2) Does not have at least 1,200 hours of flight time as a pilot,
including no more than 50 percent of his or her second-in-command time
and none of his or her flight-engineer time; and
(3) Otherwise meets the requirements of paragraph (a) of this
section.
(e) When the applicant specified in paragraph (d) of this section
presents satisfactory evidence of the accumulation of 1,200 hours of
flight time as a pilot including no more than 50 percent of his or her
second-in-command flight
[[Page 89]]
time and none of his or her flight-engineer time, the applicant is
entitled to an airline transport pilot certificate without the
endorsement prescribed in that paragraph.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61-103, 62 FR 40906,
July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61-104, 63 FR 20288, Apr. 23, 1998; Amdt. 61-109,
68 FR 54560, Sept. 17, 2003]
Sec. 61.161 Aeronautical experience: Rotorcraft category and helicopter
class rating.
(a) A person who is applying for an airline transport pilot
certificate with a rotorcraft category and helicopter class rating, must
have at least 1,200 hours of total time as a pilot that includes at
least:
(1) 500 hours of cross-country flight time;
(2) 100 hours of night flight time, of which 15 hours are in
helicopters;
(3) 200 hours of flight time in helicopters, which includes at least
75 hours as a pilot in command, or as second in command performing the
duties of a pilot in command under the supervision of a pilot in
command, or any combination thereof; and
(4) 75 hours of instrument flight time in actual or simulated
instrument meteorological conditions, of which at least 50 hours are
obtained in flight with at least 25 hours in helicopters as a pilot in
command, or as second in command performing the duties of a pilot in
command under the supervision of a pilot in command, or any combination
thereof.
(b) Training in a flight simulator or flight training device may be
credited toward the instrument flight time requirements of paragraph
(a)(4) of this section, subject to the following:
(1) Training in a flight simulator or a flight training device must
be accomplished in a flight simulator or flight training device that
represents a rotorcraft.
(2) Except as provided in paragraph (b)(3) of this section, an
applicant may receive credit for not more than a total of 25 hours of
simulated instrument time in a flight simulator and flight training
device.
(3) A maximum of 50 hours of training in a flight simulator or
flight training device may be credited toward the instrument flight time
requirements of paragraph (a)(4) of this section if the aeronautical
experience is accomplished in an approved course conducted by a training
center certificated under part 142 of this chapter.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61-103, 62 FR 40906,
July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61-104, 63 FR 20289, Apr. 23, 1998]
Sec. 61.163 Aeronautical experience: Powered-lift category rating.
(a) A person who is applying for an airline transport pilot
certificate with a powered-lift category rating must have at least 1,500
hours of total time as a pilot that includes at least:
(1) 500 hours of cross-country flight time;
(2) 100 hours of night flight time;
(3) 250 hours in a powered-lift as a pilot in command, or as a
second in command performing the duties of a pilot in command under the
supervision of a pilot in command, or any combination thereof, which
includes at least--
(i) 100 hours of cross-country flight time; and
(ii) 25 hours of night flight time.
(4) 75 hours of instrument flight time in actual or simulated
instrument conditions, subject to the following:
(i) Except as provided in paragraph (a)(4)(ii) of this section, an
applicant may not receive credit for more than a total of 25 hours of
simulated instrument time in a flight simulator or flight training
device.
(ii) A maximum of 50 hours of training in a flight simulator or
flight training device may be credited toward the instrument flight time
requirements of paragraph (a)(4) of this section if the training was
accomplished in a course conducted by a training center certificated
under part 142 of this chapter.
(iii) Training in a flight simulator or flight training device must
be accomplished in a flight simulator or flight training device that
represents a powered-lift.
(b) Not more than 100 hours of the total aeronautical experience
requirements of paragraph (a) of this section may be obtained in a
flight simulator or flight training device that represents a powered-
lift, provided the aeronautical experience was obtained
[[Page 90]]
in an approved course conducted by a training center certificated under
part 142 of this chapter.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61-103, 62 FR 40906,
July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61-104, 63 FR 20289, Apr. 23, 1998]
Sec. 61.165 Additional aircraft category and class ratings.
(a) Rotorcraft category and helicopter class rating. A person
applying for an airline transport certificate with a rotorcraft category
and helicopter class rating who holds an airline transport pilot
certificate with another aircraft category rating must:
(1) Meet the eligibility requirements of Sec. 61.153 of this part;
(2) Pass a knowledge test on the aeronautical knowledge areas of
Sec. 61.155(c) of this part;
(3) Comply with the requirements in Sec. 61.157(b) of this part, if
appropriate;
(4) Meet the applicable aeronautical experience requirements of
Sec. 61.161 of this part; and
(5) Pass the practical test on the areas of operation of Sec.
61.157(e)(4) of this part.
(b) Airplane category rating with a single-engine class rating. A
person applying for an airline transport certificate with an airplane
category and single-engine class rating who holds an airline transport
pilot certificate with another aircraft category rating must:
(1) Meet the eligibility requirements of Sec. 61.153 of this part;
(2) Pass a knowledge test on the aeronautical knowledge areas of
Sec. 61.155(c) of this part;
(3) Comply with the requirements in Sec. 61.157(b) of this part, if
appropriate;
(4) Meet the applicable aeronautical experience requirements of
Sec. 61.159 of this part; and
(5) Pass the practical test on the areas of operation of Sec.
61.157(e)(1) of this part.
(c) Airplane category rating with a multiengine class rating. A
person applying for an airline transport certificate with an airplane
category and multiengine class rating who holds an airline transport
certificate with another aircraft category rating must:
(1) Meet the eligibility requirements of Sec. 61.153 of this part;
(2) Pass a knowledge test on the aeronautical knowledge areas of
Sec. 61.155(c) of this part;
(3) Comply with the requirements in Sec. 61.157(b) of this part, if
appropriate;
(4) Meet the applicable aeronautical experience requirements of
Sec. 61.159 of this part; and
(5) Pass the practical test on the areas of operation of Sec.
61.157(e)(2) of this part.
(d) Powered-lift category. A person applying for an airline
transport pilot certificate with a powered-lift category rating who
holds an airline transport certificate with another aircraft category
rating must:
(1) Meet the eligibility requirements of Sec. 61.153 of this part;
(2) Pass a required knowledge test on the aeronautical knowledge
areas of Sec. 61.155(c) of this part;
(3) Comply with the requirements in Sec. 61.157(b) of this part, if
appropriate;
(4) Meet the applicable aeronautical experience requirements of
Sec. 61.163 of this part; and
(5) Pass the required practical test on the areas of operation of
Sec. 61.157(e)(3) of this part.
(e) Additional class rating within the same aircraft category. A
person applying for an airline transport certificate with an additional
class rating who holds an airline transport certificate in the same
aircfaft category must--
(1) Meet the eligibility requirements of Sec. 61.153, except
paragraph (f) of that section;
(2) Comply with the requirements in Sec. 61.157(b) of this part, if
applicable;
(3) Meet the applicable aeronautical experience requirements of
subpart G of this part; and
(4) Pass a practical test on the areas of operation of Sec.
61.157(e) appropriate to the aircraft rating sought.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61-103, 62 FR 40906,
July 30, 1997]
Sec. 61.167 Privileges.
(a) A person who holds an airline transport pilot certificate is
entitled to the same privileges as those afforded a person who holds a
commercial pilot certificate with an instrument rating.
(b) An airline transport pilot may instruct--
[[Page 91]]
(1) Other pilots in air transportation service in aircraft of the
category, class, and type, as applicable, for which the airline
transport pilot is rated and endorse the logbook or other training
record of the person to whom training has been given;
(2) In flight simulators, and flight training devices representing
the aircraft referenced in paragraph (b)(1) of this section, when
instructing under the provisions of this section and endorse the logbook
or other training record of the person to whom training has been given;
(3) Only as provided in this section, unless the airline transport
pilot also holds a flight instructor certificate, in which case the
holder may exercise the instructor privileges of subpart H of part 61
for which he or she is rated; and
(4) In an aircraft, only if the aircraft has functioning dual
controls, when instructing under the provisions of this section.
(c) Excluding briefings and debriefings, an airline transport pilot
may not instruct in aircraft, flight simulators, and flight training
devices under this section--
(1) For more than 8 hours in any 24-consecutive-hour period; or
(2) For more than 36 hours in any 7-consecutive-day period.
(d) An airline transport pilot may not instruct in Category II or
Category III operations unless he or she has been trained and
successfully tested under Category II or Category III operations, as
applicable.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61-103, 62 FR 40907,
July 30, 1997]
Sec. Sec. 61.169-69.171 [Reserved]
Subpart H_Flight Instructors
Sec. 61.181 Applicability.
This subpart prescribes the requirements for the issuance of flight
instructor certificates and ratings, the conditions under which those
certificates and ratings are necessary, and the limitations on those
certificates and ratings.
Sec. 61.183 Eligibility requirements.
To be eligible for a flight instructor certificate or rating a
person must:
(a) Be at least 18 years of age;
(b) Be able to read, speak, write, and understand the English
language. If the applicant is unable to meet one of these requirements
due to medical reasons, then the Administrator may place such operating
limitations on that applicant's flight instructor certificate as are
necessary;
(c) Hold either a commercial pilot certificate or airline transport
pilot certificate with:
(1) An aircraft category and class rating that is appropriate to the
flight instructor rating sought; and
(2) An instrument rating, or privileges on that person's pilot
certificate that are appropriate to the flight instructor rating sought,
if applying for--
(i) A flight instructor certificate with an airplane category and
single-engine class rating;
(ii) A flight instructor certificate with an airplane category and
multiengine class rating;
(iii) A flight instructor certificate with a powered-lift rating; or
(iv) A flight instructor certificate with an instrument rating.
(d) Receive a logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor on
the fundamentals of instructing listed in Sec. 61.185 of this part
appropriate to the required knowledge test;
(e) Pass a knowledge test on the areas listed in Sec. 61.185(a)(1)
of this part, unless the applicant:
(1) Holds a flight instructor certificate or ground instructor
certificate issued under this part;
(2) Holds a current teacher's certificate issued by a State, county,
city, or municipality that authorizes the person to teach at an
educational level of the 7th grade or higher; or
(3) Is employed as a teacher at an accredited college or university.
(f) Pass a knowledge test on the aeronautical knowledge areas listed
in Sec. 61.185(a)(2) and (a)(3) of this part that are appropriate to
the flight instructor rating sought;
(g) Receive a logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor on
the areas of operation listed in Sec. 61.187(b) of this part,
appropriate to the flight instructor rating sought;
[[Page 92]]
(h) Pass the required practical test that is appropriate to the
flight instructor rating sought in an:
(1) Aircraft that is representative of the category and class of
aircraft for the aircraft rating sought; or
(2) Flight simulator or approved flight training device that is
representative of the category and class of aircraft for the rating
sought, and used in accordance with a course at a training center
certificated under part 142 of this chapter.
(i) Accomplish the following for a flight instructor certificate
with an airplane or a glider rating:
(1) Receive a logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor
indicating that the applicant is competent and possesses instructional
proficiency in stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin recovery
procedures after providing the applicant with flight training in those
training areas in an airplane or glider, as appropriate, that is
certificated for spins; and
(2) Demonstrate instructional proficiency in stall awareness, spin
entry, spins, and spin recovery procedures. However, upon presentation
of the endorsement specified in paragraph (i)(1) of this section an
examiner may accept that endorsement as satisfactory evidence of
instructional proficiency in stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and
spin recovery procedures for the practical test, provided that the
practical test is not a retest as a result of the applicant failing the
previous test for deficiencies in the knowledge or skill of stall
awareness, spin entry, spins, or spin recovery instructional procedures.
If the retest is a result of deficiencies in the ability of an applicant
to demonstrate knowledge or skill of stall awareness, spin entry, spins,
or spin recovery instructional procedures, the examiner must test the
person on stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin recovery
instructional procedures in an airplane or glider, as appropriate, that
is certificated for spins;
(j) Log at least 15 hours as pilot in command in the category and
class of aircraft that is appropriate to the flight instructor rating
sought; and
(k) Comply with the appropriate sections of this part that apply to
the flight instructor rating sought.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61-103, 62 FR 40907,
July 30, 1997]
Sec. 61.185 Aeronautical knowledge.
(a) A person who is applying for a flight instructor certificate
must receive and log ground training from an authorized instructor on:
(1) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, the
fundamentals of instructing, including:
(i) The learning process;
(ii) Elements of effective teaching;
(iii) Student evaluation and testing;
(iv) Course development;
(v) Lesson planning; and
(vi) Classroom training techniques.
(2) The aeronautical knowledge areas for a recreational, private,
and commercial pilot certificate applicable to the aircraft category for
which flight instructor privileges are sought; and
(3) The aeronautical knowledge areas for the instrument rating
applicable to the category for which instrument flight instructor
privileges are sought.
(b) The following applicants do not need to comply with paragraph
(a)(1) of this section:
(1) The holder of a flight instructor certificate or ground
instructor certificate issued under this part;
(2) The holder of a current teacher's certificate issued by a State,
county, city, or municipality that authorizes the person to teach at an
educational level of the 7th grade or higher; or
(3) A person employed as a teacher at an accredited college or
university.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61-103, 62 FR 40907,
July 30, 1997]
Sec. 61.187 Flight proficiency.
(a) General. A person who is applying for a flight instructor
certificate must receive and log flight and ground training from an
authorized instructor on the areas of operation listed in this section
that apply to the flight instructor rating sought. The applicant's
logbook must contain an endorsement from an authorized instructor
certifying that the person is proficient to pass a practical test on
those areas of operation.
[[Page 93]]
(b) Areas of operation. (1) For an airplane category rating with a
single-engine class rating:
(i) Fundamentals of instructing;
(ii) Technical subject areas;
(iii) Preflight preparation;
(iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be performed in flight;
(v) Preflight procedures;
(vi) Airport and seaplane base operations;
(vii) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
(viii) Fundamentals of flight;
(ix) Performance maneuvers;
(x) Ground reference maneuvers;
(xi) Slow flight, stalls, and spins;
(xii) Basic instrument maneuvers;
(xiii) Emergency operations; and
(xiv) Postflight procedures.
(2) For an airplane category rating with a multiengine class rating:
(i) Fundamentals of instructing;
(ii) Technical subject areas;
(iii) Preflight preparation;
(iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be performed in flight;
(v) Preflight procedures;
(vi) Airport and seaplane base operations;
(vii) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
(viii) Fundamentals of flight;
(ix) Performance maneuvers;
(x) Ground reference maneuvers;
(xi) Slow flight and stalls;
(xii) Basic instrument maneuvers;
(xiii) Emergency operations;
(xiv) Multiengine operations; and
(xv) Postflight procedures.
(3) For a rotorcraft category rating with a helicopter class rating:
(i) Fundamentals of instructing;
(ii) Technical subject areas;
(iii) Preflight preparation;
(iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be performed in flight;
(v) Preflight procedures;
(vi) Airport and heliport operations;
(vii) Hovering maneuvers;
(viii) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
(ix) Fundamentals of flight;
(x) Performance maneuvers;
(xi) Emergency operations;
(xii) Special operations; and
(xiii) Postflight procedures.
(4) For a rotorcraft category rating with a gyroplane class rating:
(i) Fundamentals of instructing;
(ii) Technical subject areas;
(iii) Preflight preparation;
(iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be performed in flight;
(v) Preflight procedures;
(vi) Airport operations;
(vii) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
(viii) Fundamentals of flight;
(ix) Performance maneuvers;
(x) Flight at slow airspeeds;
(xi) Ground reference maneuvers;
(xii) Emergency operations; and
(xiii) Postflight procedures.
(5) For a powered-lift category rating:
(i) Fundamentals of instructing;
(ii) Technical subject areas;
(iii) Preflight preparation;
(iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be performed in flight;
(v) Preflight procedures;
(vi) Airport and heliport operations;
(vii) Hovering maneuvers;
(viii) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds;
(ix) Fundamentals of flight;
(x) Performance maneuvers;
(xi) Ground reference maneuvers;
(xii) Slow flight and stalls;
(xiii) Basic instrument maneuvers;
(xiv) Emergency operations;
(xv) Special operations; and
(xvi) Postflight procedures.
(6) For a glider category rating:
(i) Fundamentals of instructing;
(ii) Technical subject areas;
(iii) Preflight preparation;
(iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be performed in flight;
(v) Preflight procedures;
(vi) Airport and gliderport operations;
(vii) Launches, landings, and go-arounds;
(viii) Fundamentals of flight;
(ix) Performance speeds;
(x) Soaring techniques;
(xi) Performance maneuvers;
(xii) Slow flight, stalls, and spins;
(xiii) Emergency operations; and
(xiv) Postflight procedures.
(7) For an instrument rating with the appropriate aircraft category
and class rating:
(i) Fundamentals of instructing;
(ii) Technical subject areas;
(iii) Preflight preparation;
[[Page 94]]
(iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be performed in flight;
(v) Air traffic control clearances and procedures;
(vi) Flight by reference to instruments;
(vii) Navigation aids;
(viii) Instrument approach procedures;
(ix) Emergency operations; and
(x) Postflight procedures.
(c) The flight training required by this section may be
accomplished:
(1) In an aircraft that is representative of the category and class
of aircraft for the rating sought; or
(2) In a flight simulator or flight training device representative
of the category and class of aircraft for the rating sought, and used in
accordance with an approved course at a training center certificated
under part 142 of this chapter.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61-103, 62 FR 40907,
July 30, 1997]
Sec. 61.189 Flight instructor records.
(a) A flight instructor must sign the logbook of each person to whom
that instructor has given flight training or ground training.
(b) A flight instructor must maintain a record in a logbook or a
separate document that contains the following:
(1) The name of each person whose logbook or student pilot
certificate that instructor has endorsed for solo flight privileges, and
the date of the endorsement; and
(2) The name of each person that instructor has endorsed for a
knowledge test or practical test, and the record shall also indicate the
kind of test, the date, and the results.
(c) Each flight instructor must retain the records required by this
section for at least 3 years.
Sec. 61.191 Additional flight instructor ratings.
(a) A person who applies for an additional flight instructor rating
on a flight instructor certificate must meet the eligibility
requirements listed in Sec. 61.183 of this part that apply to the
flight instructor rating sought.
(b) A person who applies for an additional rating on a flight
instructor certificate is not required to pass the knowledge test on the
areas listed in Sec. 61.185(a)(1) of this part.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61-103, 62 FR 40907,
July 30, 1997]
Sec. 61.193 Flight instructor privileges.
A person who holds a flight instructor certificate is authorized
within the limitations of that person's flight instructor certificate
and ratings to give training and endorsements that are required for, and
relate to:
(a) A student pilot certificate;
(b) A pilot certificate;
(c) A flight instructor certificate;
(d) A ground instructor certificate;
(e) An aircraft rating;
(f) An instrument rating;
(g) A flight review, operating privilege, or recency of experience
requirement of this part;
(h) A practical test; and
(i) A knowledge test.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61-103, 62 FR 40907,
July 30, 1997]
Sec. 61.195 Flight instructor limitations and qualifications.
A person who holds a flight instructor certificate is subject to the
following limitations:
(a) Hours of training. In any 24-consecutive-hour period, a flight
instructor may not conduct more than 8 hours of flight training.
(b) Aircraft ratings. A flight instructor may not conduct flight
training in any aircraft for which the flight instructor does not hold:
(1) A pilot certificate and flight instructor certificate with the
applicable category and class rating; and
(2) If appropriate, a type rating.
(c) Instrument Rating. A flight instructor who provides instrument
flight training for the issuance of an instrument rating or a type
rating not limited to VFR must hold an instrument rating on his or her
flight instructor certificate and pilot certificate that is appropriate
to the category and class of aircraft in which instrument training is
being provided.
(d) Limitations on endorsements. A flight instructor may not endorse
a:
(1) Student pilot's certificate or logbook for solo flight
privileges, unless that flight instructor has--
[[Page 95]]
(i) Given that student the flight training required for solo flight
privileges required by this part; and
(ii) Determined that the student is prepared to conduct the flight
safely under known circumstances, subject to any limitations listed in
the student's logbook that the instructor considers necessary for the
safety of the flight.
(2) Student pilot's certificate and logbook for a solo cross-country
flight, unless that flight instructor has determined the student's
flight preparation, planning, equipment, and proposed procedures are
adequate for the proposed flight under the existing conditions and
within any limitations listed in the logbook that the instructor
considers necessary for the safety of the flight;
(3) Student pilot's certificate and logbook for solo flight in a
Class B airspace area or at an airport within Class B airspace unless
that flight instructor has--
(i) Given that student ground and flight training in that Class B
airspace or at that airport; and
(ii) Determined that the student is proficient to operate the
aircraft safely.
(4) Logbook of a recreational pilot, unless that flight instructor
has--
(i) Given that pilot the ground and flight training required by this
part; and
(ii) Determined that the recreational pilot is proficient to operate
the aircraft safely.
(5) Logbook of a pilot for a flight review, unless that instructor
has conducted a review of that pilot in accordance with the requirements
of Sec. 61.56(a) of this part; or
(6) Logbook of a pilot for an instrument proficiency check, unless
that instructor has tested that pilot in accordance with the
requirements of Sec. 61.57(d) of this part.
(e) Training in an aircraft that requires a type rating. A flight
instructor may not give flight training in an aircraft that requires the
pilot in command to hold a type rating unless the flight instructor
holds a type rating for that aircraft on his or her pilot certificate.
(f) Training received in a multiengine airplane, a helicopter, or a
powered-lift. A flight instructor may not give training required for the
issuance of a certificate or rating in a multiengine airplane, a
helicopter, or a powered-lift unless that flight instructor has at least
5 flight hours of pilot-in-command time in the specific make and model
of multiengine airplane, helicopter, or powered-lift, as appropriate.
(g) Position in aircraft and required pilot stations for providing
flight training.
(1) A flight instructor must perform all training from in an
aircraft that complies with the requirements of Sec. 91.109 of this
chapter.
(2) A flight instructor who provides flight training for a pilot
certificate or rating issued under this part must provide that flight
training in an aircraft that meets the following requirements--
(i) The aircraft must have at least two pilot stations and be of the
same category, class, and type, if appropriate, that applies to the
pilot certificate or rating sought.
(ii) For single-place aircraft, the pre-solo flight training must
have been provided in an aircraft that has two pilot stations and is of
the same category, class, and type, if appropriate.
(h) Qualifications of the flight instructor for training first-time
flight instructor applicants. (1) The ground training provided to an
initial applicant for a flight instructor certificate must be given by
an authorized instructor who--
(i) Holds a current ground or flight instructor certificate with the
appropriate rating, has held that certificate for at least 24 months,
and has given at least 40 hours of ground training; or
(ii) Holds a current ground or flight instructor certificate with
the appropriate rating, and has given at least 100 hours of ground
training in an FAA-approved course.
(2) Except for an instructor who meets the requirements of paragraph
(h)(3)(ii) of this section, a flight instructor who provides training to
an initial applicant for a flight instructor certificate must--
(i) Meet the eligibility requirements prescribed in Sec. 61.183 of
this part;
(ii) Hold the appropriate flight instructor certificate and rating;
(iii) Have held a flight instructor certificate for at least 24
months;
[[Page 96]]
(iv) For training in preparation for an airplane, rotorcraft, or
powered-lift rating, have given at least 200 hours of flight training as
a flight instructor; and
(v) For training in preparation for a glider rating, have given at
least 80 hours of flight training as a flight instructor.
(3) A flight instructor who serves as a flight instructor in an FAA-
approved course for the issuance of a flight instructor rating must hold
a current flight instructor certificate with the appropriate rating and
pass the required initial and recurrent flight instructor proficiency
tests, in accordance with the requirements of the part under which the
FAA-approved course is conducted, and must--
(i) Meet the requirements of paragraph (h)(2) of this section; or
(ii) Have trained and endorsed at least five applicants for a
practical test for a pilot certificate, flight instructor certificate,
ground instructor certificate, or an additional rating, and at least 80
percent of those applicants passed that test on their first attempt; and
(A) Given at least 400 hours of flight training as a flight
instructor for training in an airplane, a rotorcraft, or for a powered-
lift rating; or
(B) Given at least 100 hours of flight training as a flight
instructor, for training in a glider rating.
(i) Prohibition against self-endorsements. A flight instructor shall
not make any self-endorsement for a certificate, rating, flight review,
authorization, operating privilege, practical test, or knowledge test
that is required by this part.
(j) Additional qualifications required to give training in Category
II or Category III operations. A flight instructor may not give training
in Category II or Category III operations unless the flight instructor
has been trained and tested in Category II or Category III operations,
pursuant to Sec. 61.67 or Sec. 61.68 of this part, as applicable.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61-103, 62 FR 40907,
July 30, 1997]
Sec. 61.197 Renewal of flight instructor certificates.
(a) A person who holds a flight instructor certificate that has not
expired may renew that certificate by--
(1) Passing a practical test for--
(i) One of the ratings listed on the current flight instructor
certificate; or
(ii) An additional flight instructor rating; or
(2) Presenting to an authorized FAA Flight Standards Inspector--
(i) A record of training students showing that, during the preceding
24 calendar months, the flight instructor has endorsed at least five
students for a practical test for a certificate or rating and at least
80 percent of those students passed that test on the first attempt;
(ii) A record showing that, within the preceding 24 calendar months,
the flight instructor has served as a company check pilot, chief flight
instructor, company check airman, or flight instructor in a part 121 or
part 135 operation, or in a position involving the regular evaluation of
pilots; or
(iii) A graduation certificate showing that, within the preceding 3
calendar months, the person has successfully completed an approved
flight instructor refresher course consisting of ground training or
flight training, or a combination of both.
(b) The expiration month of a renewed flight instructor certificate
shall be 24 calendar months from--
(1) The month the renewal requirements of paragraph (a) of this
section are accomplished; or
(2) The month of expiration of the current flight instructor
certificate provided--
(i) The renewal requirements of paragraph (a) of this section are
accomplished within the 3 calendar months preceding the expiration month
of the current flight instructor certificate, and
(ii) If the renewal is accomplished under paragraph (a)(2)(iii) of
this section, the approved flight instructor refresher course must be
completed within the 3 calendar months preceding the expiration month of
the current flight instructor certificate.
(c) The practical test required by paragraph (a)(1) of this section
may be
[[Page 97]]
accomplished in a flight simulator or flight training device if the test
is accomplished pursuant to an approved course conducted by a training
center certificated under part 142 of this chapter.
[Doc. No. 25910, 63 FR 20289, Apr. 23, 1998]
Sec. 61.199 Expired flight instructor certificates and ratings.
(a) Flight instructor certificates. The holder of an expired flight
instructor certificate may exchange that certificate for a new
certificate with the same ratings by passing a practical test as
prescribed in Sec. 61.183(h) of this part for one of the ratings listed
on the expired flight instructor certificate.
(b) Flight instructor ratings. (1) A flight instructor rating or a
limited flight instructor rating on a pilot certificate is no longer
valid and may not be exchanged for a similar rating or a flight
instructor certificate.
(2) The holder of a flight instructor rating or a limited flight
instructor rating on a pilot certificate may be issued a flight
instructor certificate with the current ratings, but only if the person
passes the required knowledge and practical test prescribed in this
subpart for the issuance of the current flight instructor certificate
and rating.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as amended by Amdt. 61-104,
63 FR 20289, Apr. 23, 1998]
Sec. 61.201 [Reserved]
Subpart I_Ground Instructors
Sec. 61.211 Applicability.
This subpart prescribes the requirements for the issuance of ground
instructor certificates and ratings, the conditions under which those
certificates and ratings are necessary, and the limitations upon those
certificates and ratings.
Sec. 61.213 Eligibility requirements.
(a) To be eligible for a ground instructor certificate or rating a
person must:
(1) Be at least 18 years of age;
(2) Be able to read, write, speak, and understand the English
language. If the applicant is unable to meet one of these requirements
due to medical reasons, then the Administrator may place such operating
limitations on that applicant's ground instructor certificate as are
necessary;
(3) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, pass a
knowledge test on the fundamentals of instructing to include--
(i) The learning process;
(ii) Elements of effective teaching;
(iii) Student evaluation and testing;
(iv) Course development;
(v) Lesson planning; and
(vi) Classroom training techniques.
(4) Pass a knowledge test on the aeronautical knowledge areas in--
(i) For a basic ground instructor rating, Sec. Sec. 61.97 and
61.105;
(ii) For an advanced ground instructor rating, Sec. Sec. 61.97,
61.105, 61.125, and 61.155; and
(iii) For an instrument ground instructor rating, Sec. 61.65.
(b) The knowledge test specified in paragraph (a)(3) of this section
is not required if the applicant:
(1) Holds a ground instructor certificate or flight instructor
certificate issued under this part;
(2) Holds a current teacher's certificate issued by a State, county,
city, or municipality that authorizes the person to teach at an
educational level of the 7th grade or higher; or
(3) Is employed as a teacher at an accredited college or university.
Sec. 61.215 Ground instructor privileges.
(a) A person who holds a basic ground instructor rating is
authorized to provide:
(1) Ground training in the aeronautical knowledge areas required for
the issuance of a recreational pilot certificate, private pilot
certificate, or associated ratings under this part;
(2) Ground training required for a recreational pilot and private
pilot flight review; and
(3) A recommendation for a knowledge test required for the issuance
of a recreational pilot certificate or private pilot certificate under
this part.
(b) A person who holds an advanced ground instructor rating is
authorized to provide:
[[Page 98]]
(1) Ground training in the aeronautical knowledge areas required for
the issuance of any certificate or rating under this part;
(2) Ground training required for any flight review; and
(3) A recommendation for a knowledge test required for the issuance
of any certificate under this part.
(c) A person who holds an instrument ground instructor rating is
authorized to provide:
(1) Ground training in the aeronautical knowledge areas required for
the issuance of an instrument rating under this part;
(2) Ground training required for an instrument proficiency check;
and
(3) A recommendation for a knowledge test required for the issuance
of an instrument rating under this part.
(d) A person who holds a ground instructor certificate is
authorized, within the limitations of the ratings on the ground
instructor certificate, to endorse the logbook or other training record
of a person to whom the holder has provided the training or
recommendation specified in paragraphs (a) through (c) of this section.
Sec. 61.217 Recent experience requirements.
The holder of a ground instructor certificate may not perform the
duties of a ground instructor unless, within the preceding 12 months:
(a) The person has served for at least 3 months as a ground
instructor; or
(b) The person has received an endorsement from an authorized ground
or flight instructor certifying that the person has demonstrated
safisfactory proficiency in the subject areas prescribed in Sec. 61.213
(a)(3) and (a)(4), as applicable.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61-103, 62 FR 40907,
July 30, 1997]
PART 63_CERTIFICATION: FLIGHT CREWMEMBERS OTHER THAN PILOTS--Table of Contents
Special Federal Aviation Regulation No. 58 [Note]
Special Federal Aviation Regulation No. 93 [Note]
Special Federal Aviation Regulation No. 100 [Note]
Subpart A_General
Sec.
63.1 Applicability.
63.2 Certification of foreign flight crewmembers other than pilots.
63.3 Certificates and ratings required.
63.11 Application and issue.
63.12 Offenses involving alcohol or drugs.
63.12a Refusal to submit to an alcohol test or to furnish test results.
63.12b Refusal to submit to a drug or alcohol test.
63.13 Temporary certificate.
63.14 Security disqualification.
63.15 Duration of certificates.
63.15a [Reserved]
63.16 Change of name; replacement of lost or destroyed certificate.
63.17 Tests: General procedure.
63.18 Written tests: Cheating or other unauthorized conduct.
63.19 Operations during physical deficiency.
63.20 Applications, certificates, logbooks, reports, and records;
falsification, reproduction, or alteration.
63.21 Change of address.
63.23 Special purpose flight engineer and flight navigator certificates:
Operation of U.S.-registered civil airplanes leased by a
person not a U.S. citizen.
Subpart B_Flight Engineers
63.31 Eligibility requirements; general.
63.33 Aircraft ratings.
63.35 Knowledge requirements.
63.37 Aeronautical experience requirements.
63.39 Skill requirements.
63.41 Retesting after failure.
63.42 Flight engineer certificate issued on basis of a foreign flight
engineer license.
63.43 Flight engineer courses.
Subpart C_Flight Navigators
63.51 Eligibility requirements; general.
63.53 Knowledge requirements.
63.55 Experience requirements.
63.57 Skill requirements.
63.59 Retesting after failure.
63.61 Flight navigator courses.
Appendix A to Part 63--Test Requirements for Flight Navigator
Certificate
Appendix B to Part 63--Flight Navigator Training Course Requirements
Appendix C to Part 63--Flight Engineer Training Course Requirements
Authority: 49 U.S.C. 106(g), 40113, 44701-44703, 44707, 44709-44711,
45102-45103, 45301-45302.
[[Page 99]]
Special Federal Aviation Regulations
Special Federal Aviation Regulation No. 58
Editorial Note: For the text of SFAR No. 58, see part 121 of this
chapter.
Special Federal Aviation Regulation No. 93
Editorial Note: For the text of SFAR No. 93, see part 61 of this
chapter.
Special Federal Aviation Regulation No. 100
Editorial Note: For the text of SFAR No. 100, see part 61 of this
chapter.
Effective Date Note: By Doc. No. FAA-2003-15431, 68 FR 36905, June
20, 2003, SFAR 100 was added, effective June 20, 2003, through June 20,
2005.
Subpart A_General
Source: Docket No. 1179, 27 FR 7969, Aug. 10, 1962, unless otherwise
noted.
Sec. 63.1 Applicability.
This part prescribes the requirements for issuing flight engineer
and flight navigator certificates and the general operating rules for
holders of those certificates.
Sec. 63.2 Certification of foreign flight crewmembers other than pilots.
A person who is neither a United States citizen nor a resident alien
is issued a certificate under this part (other than under Sec. 63.23 or
Sec. 63.42) outside the United States only when the Administrator finds
that the certificate is needed for the operation of a U.S.-registered
civil aircraft.
(Secs. 313, 601, 602, Federal Aviation Act of 1958, as amended (49
U.S.C. 1354, 1421, and 1422); sec. 6(c), Department of Transportation
Act (49 U.S.C. 1655(c)); Title V, Independent Offices Appropriations Act
of 1952 (31 U.S.C. 483(a)); sec. 28, International Air Transportation
Competition Act of 1979 (49 U.S.C. 1159(b)))
[Doc. No. 22052, 47 FR 35693, Aug. 18, 1982]
Sec. 63.3 Certificates and ratings required.
(a) No person may act as a flight engineer of a civil aircraft of
U.S. registry unless he has in his personal possession a current flight
engineer certificate with appropriate ratings issued to him under this
part and a second-class (or higher) medical certificate issued to him
under part 67 of this chapter within the preceding 12 months. However,
when the aircraft is operated within a foreign country, a current flight
engineer certificate issued by the country in which the aircraft is
operated, with evidence of current medical qualification for that
certificate, may be used. Also, in the case of a flight engineer
certificate issued under Sec. 63.42, evidence of current medical
qualification accepted for the issue of that certificate is used in
place of a medical certificate.
(b) No person may act as a flight navigator of a civil aircraft of
U.S. registry unless he has in his personal possession a current flight
navigator certificate issued to him under this part and a second-class
(or higher) medical certificate issued to him under part 67 of this
chapter within the preceding 12 months. However, when the aircraft is
operated within a foreign country, a current flight navigator
certificate issued by the country in which the aircraft is operated,
with evidence of current medical qualification for that certificate, may
be used.
(c) Each person who holds a flight engineer or flight navigator
certificate, or medical certificate, shall present either or both for
inspection upon the request of the Administrator or an authorized
representative of the National Transportation Safety Board, or of any
Federal, State, or local law enforcement officer.
(Secs. 3, 6, 9, 80 Stat. 931, 49 U.S.C. 1652, 1655, 1657)
[Doc. No. 1179, 27 FR 7969, Aug. 10, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 63-1, 27
FR 10410, Oct. 25, 1962; Amdt. 63-3, 30 FR 14559, Nov. 23, 1965; Amdt.
63-7, 31 FR 13523, Oct. 20, 1966; Doc. No. 8084, 32 FR 5769, Apr. 11,
1967; Amdt. 63-9, 33 FR 18613, Dec. 17, 1968; Amdt. 63-11, 35 FR 5320,
Mar. 31, 1970]
[[Page 100]]
Sec. 63.11 Application and issue.
(a) An application for a certificate and appropriate class rating,
or for an additional rating, under this part must be made on a form and
in a manner prescribed by the Administrator. Each person who is neither
a United States citizen nor a resident alien and applies for a written
or practical test to be administered outside the United States for any
certificate or rating issued under this part must show evidence that the
fee prescribed in appendix A of part 187 of this chapter has been paid.
(b) An applicant who meets the requirements of this part is entitled
to an appropriate certificate and appropriate class ratings.
(c) Unless authorized by the Administrator, a person whose flight
engineer certificate is suspended may not apply for any rating to be
added to that certificate during the period of suspension.
(d) Unless the order of revocation provides otherwise, a person
whose flight engineer or flight navigator certificate is revoked may not
apply for the same kind of certificate for 1 year after the date of
revocation.
(Secs. 313, 601, 602, Federal Aviation Act of 1958, as amended (49
U.S.C. 1354, 1421, and 1422); sec. 6(c), Department of Transportation
Act (49 U.S.C. 1655(c)); Title V, Independent Offices Appropriations Act
of 1952 (31 U.S.C. 483(a)); sec. 28, International Air Transportation
Competition Act of 1979 (49 U.S.C. 1159(b)))
[Doc. No. 1179, 27 FR 7969, Aug. 10, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 63-3, 30
FR 14559, Nov. 23, 1965; Amdt. 63-7, 31 FR 13523, Oct. 20, 1966; Amdt.
63-22, 47 FR 35693, Aug. 16, 1982]
Sec. 63.12 Offenses involving alcohol or drugs.
(a) A conviction for the violation of any Federal or state statute
relating to the growing, processing, manufacture, sale, disposition,
possession, transportation, or importation of narcotic drugs, marihuana,
or depressant or stimulant drugs or substances is grounds for--
(1) Denial of an application for any certificate or rating issued
under this part for a period of up to 1 year after the date of final
conviction; or
(2) Suspension or revocation of any certificate or rating issued
under this part.
(b) The commission of an act prohibited by Sec. 91.17(a) or Sec.
91.19(a) of this chapter is grounds for--
(1) Denial of an application for a certificate or rating issued
under this part for a period of up to 1 year after the date of that act;
or
(2) Suspension or revocation of any certificate or rating issued
under this part.
[Doc. No. 21956, 50 FR 15379, Apr. 17, 1985, as amended by Amdt. 63-27,
54 FR 34330, Aug. 18, 1989]
Sec. 63.12a Refusal to submit to an alcohol test or to furnish test results.
A refusal to submit to a test to indicate the percentage by weight
of alcohol in the blood, when requested by a law enforcement officer in
accordance with Sec. 91.11(c) of this chapter, or a refusal to furnish
or authorize the release of the test results when requested by the
Administrator in accordance with Sec. 91.17 (c) or (d) of this chapter,
is grounds for--
(a) Denial of an application for any certificate or rating issued
under this part for a period of up to 1 year after the date of that
refusal; or
(b) Suspension or revocation of any certificate or rating issued
under this part.
[Docket No. 21956, 51 FR 1229, Jan. 9, 1986, as amended by Amdt. 63-27,
54 FR 34330, Aug. 18, 1989]
Sec. 63.12b Refusal to submit to a drug or alcohol test.
(a) This section applies to an employee who performs a function
listed in appendix I or appendix J to part 121 of this chapter directly
or by contract for a part 121 certificate holder, a part 135 certificate
holder, or an operator as defined in Sec. 135.1(c) of this chapter.
(b) Refusal by the holder of a certificate issued under this part to
take a drug test required under the provisions of appendix I to part 121
or an alcohol test required under the provisions of appendix J to part
121 is grounds for--
(1) Denial of an application for any certificate or rating issued
under this part for a period of up to 1 year after the date of such
refusal; and
[[Page 101]]
(2) Suspension or revocation of any certificate or rating issued
under this part.
[Amdt. 63-29, 59 FR 7389, Feb. 15, 1994]
Sec. 63.13 Temporary certificate.
A certificate effective for a period of not more than 120 days may
be issued to a qualified applicant, pending review of his application
and supplementary documents and the issue of the certificate for which
he applied.
[Doc. No. 1179, 27 FR 7969, Aug. 10, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 63-19, 43
FR 22639, May 25, 1978]
Sec. 63.14 Security disqualification.
(a) Eligibility standard. No person is eligible to hold a
certificate, rating, or authorization issued under this part when the
Transportation Security Administration (TSA) has notified the FAA in
writing that the person poses a security threat.
(b) Effect of the issuance by the TSA of an Initial Notification of
Threat Assessment. (1) The FAA will hold in abeyance pending the outcome
of the TSA's final threat assessment review an application for any
certificate, rating, or authorization under this part by any person who
has been issued an Initial Notification of Threat Assessment by the TSA.
(2) The FAA will suspend any certificate, rating, or authorization
issued under this part after the TSA issues to the holder an Initial
Notification of Threat Assessment.
(c) Effect of the issuance by the TSA of a Final Notification of
Threat Assessment. (1) The FAA will deny an application for any
certificate, rating, or authorization under this part to any person who
has been issued a Final Notification of Threat Assessment.
(2) The FAA will revoke any certificate, rating, or authorization
issued under this part after the TSA has issued to the holder a Final
Notification of Threat Assessment.
[Doc. No. FAA-2003-14293, 68 FR 3774, Jan. 24, 2003]
Sec. 63.15 Duration of certificates.
(a) Except as provided in Sec. 63.23 and paragraph (b) of this
section, a certificate or rating issued under this part is effective
until it is surrendered, suspended, or revoked.
(b) A flight engineer certificate (with any amendment thereto)
issued under Sec. 63.42 expires at the end of the 24th month after the
month in which the certificate was issued or renewed. However, the
holder may exercise the privileges of that certificate only while the
foreign flight engineer license on which that certificate is based is
effective.
(c) Any certificate issued under this part ceases to be effective if
it is surrendered, suspended, or revoked. The holder of any certificate
issued under this part that is suspended or revoked shall, upon the
Administrator's request, return it to the Administrator.
(Sec. 6, 80 Stat. 937, 49 U.S.C. 1655; secs. 313, 601, 602, Federal
Aviation Act of 1958, as amended (49 U.S.C. 1354, 1421, and 1422); sec.
6(c), Department of Transportation Act (49 U.S.C. 1655(c)); Title V,
Independent Offices Appropriations Act of 1952 (31 U.S.C. 483(a)); sec.
28, International Air Transportation Competition Act of 1979 (49 U.S.C.
1159(b)))
[Doc. No. 8846, 33 FR 18613, Dec. 17, 1968, as amended by Amdt. 63-22,
47 FR 35693, Aug. 16, 1982]
Sec. 63.15a [Reserved]
Sec. 63.16 Change of name; replacement of lost or destroyed certificate.
(a) An application for a change of name on a certificate issued
under this part must be accompanied by the applicant's current
certificate and the marriage license, court order, or other document
verifying the change. The documents are returned to the applicant after
inspection.
(b) An application for a replacement of a lost or destroyed
certificate is made by letter to the Department of Transportation,
Federal Aviation Administration, Airman Certification Branch, Post
Office Box 25082, Oklahoma City, OK 73125. The letter must--
(1) Contain the name in which the certificate was issued, the
permanent mailing address (including zip code), social security number
(if any), and date and place of birth of the certificate holder, and any
available information regarding the grade, number, and date of issue of
the certificate, and the ratings on it; and
[[Page 102]]
(2) Be accompanied by a check or money order for $2, payable to the
Federal Aviation Administration.
(c) An application for a replacement of a lost or destroyed medical
certificate is made by letter to the Department of Transportation,
Federal Aviation Administration, Civil Aeromedical Institute,
Aeromedical Certification Branch, Post Office Box 25082, Oklahoma City,
OK 73125, accompanied by a check or money order for $2.00.
(d) A person whose certificate issued under this part or medical
certificate, or both, has been lost may obtain a telegram from the
Federal Aviation Administration confirming that it was issued. The
telegram may be carried as a certificate for a period not to exceed 60
days pending his receiving a duplicate under paragraph (b) or (c) of
this section, unless he has been notified that the certificate has been
suspended or revoked. The request for such a telegram may be made by
prepaid telegram, stating the date upon which a duplicate certificate
was requested, or including the request for a duplicate and a money
order for the necessary amount. The request for a telegraphic
certificate should be sent to the office prescribed in paragraph (b) or
(c) of this section, as appropriate. However, a request for both at the
same time should be sent to the office prescribed in paragraph (b) of
this section.
[Doc. No. 7258, 31 FR 13523, Oct. 20, 1966, as amended by Doc. No. 8084,
32 FR 5769, Apr. 11, 1967; Amdt. 63-12, 35 FR 14075, Sept. 4, 1970;
Amdt. 63-13, 36 FR 28654, Feb. 11, 1971]
Sec. 63.17 Tests: General procedure.
(a) Tests prescribed by or under this part are given at times and
places, and by persons, designated by the Administrator.
(b) The minimum passing grade for each test is 70 percent.
Sec. 63.18 Written tests: Cheating or other unauthorized conduct.
(a) Except as authorized by the Administrator, no person may--
(1) Copy, or intentionally remove, a written test under this part;
(2) Give to another, or receive from another, any part or copy of
that test;
(3) Give help on that test to, or receive help on that test from,
any person during the period that test is being given.
(4) Take any part of that test in behalf of another person;
(5) Use any material or aid during the period that test is being
given; or
(6) Intentionally cause, assist, or participate in any act
prohibited by this paragraph.
(b) No person who commits an act prohibited by paragraph (a) of this
section is eligible for any airman or ground instructor certificate or
rating under this chapter for a period of 1 year after the date of that
act. In addition, the commission of that act is a basis for suspending
or revoking any airman or ground instructor certificate or rating held
by that person.
[Doc. No. 4086, 30 FR 2196, Feb. 18, 1965]
Sec. 63.19 Operations during physical deficiency.
No person may serve as a flight engineer or flight navigator during
a period of known physical deficiency, or increase in physical
deficiency, that would make him unable to meet the physical requirements
for his current medical certificate.
Sec. 63.20 Applications, certificates, logbooks, reports, and records;
falsification, reproduction, or alteration.
(a) No person may make or cause to be made--
(1) Any fraudulent or intentionally false statement on any
application for a certificate or rating under this part;
(2) Any fraudulent or intentionally false entry in any logbook,
record, or report that is required to be kept, made, or used, to show
compliance with any requirement for any certificate or rating under this
part;
(3) Any reproduction, for fraudulent purpose, of any certificate or
rating under this part; or
(4) Any alteration of any certificate or rating under this part.
(b) The commission by any person of an act prohibited under
paragraph (a) of this section is a basis for suspending or revoking any
airman or ground instructor certificate or rating held by that person.
[Doc. No. 4086, 30 FR 2196, Feb. 18, 1965]
[[Page 103]]
Sec. 63.21 Change of address.
Within 30 days after any change in his permanent mailing address,
the holder of a certificate issued under this part shall notify the
Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Airman
Certification Branch, Post Office Box 25082, Oklahoma City, OK 73125, in
writing, of his new address.
[Doc. No. 10536, 35 FR 14075, Sept. 4, 1970]
Sec. 63.23 Special purpose flight engineer and flight navigator
certificates: Operation of U.S.-registered civil airplanes leased by a person not a U.S.
citizen.
(a) General. The holder of a current foreign flight engineer or
flight navigator certificate, license, or authorization issued by a
foreign contracting State to the Convention on International Civil
Aviation, who meets the requirements of this section, may hold a special
purpose flight engineer or flight navigator certificate, as appropriate,
authorizing the holder to perform flight engineer or flight navigator
duties on a civil airplane of U.S. registry, leased to a person not a
citizen of the United States, carrying persons or property for
compensation or hire. Special purpose flight engineer and flight
navigator certificates are issued under this section only for airplane
types that can have a maximum passenger seating configuration, excluding
any flight crewmember seat, of more than 30 seats or a maximum payload
capacity (as defined in Sec. 135.2(e) of this chapter) of more than
7,500 pounds.
(b) Eligibility. To be eligible for the issuance, or renewal, of a
certificate under this section, an applicant must present the following
to the Administrator:
(1) A current foreign flight engineer or flight navigator
certificate, license, or authorization issued by the aeronautical
authority of a foreign contracting State to the Convention on
International Civil Aviation or a facsimile acceptable to the
Administrator. The certificate or license must authorize the applicant
to perform the flight engineer or flight navigator duties to be
authorized by a certificate issued under this section on the same
airplane type as the leased airplane.
(2) A current certification by the lessee of the airplane--
(i) Stating that the applicant is employed by the lessee;
(ii) Specifying the airplane type on which the applicant will
perform flight engineer or flight navigator duties; and
(iii) Stating that the applicant has received ground and flight
instruction which qualifies the applicant to perform the duties to be
assigned on the airplane.
(3) Documentation showing that the applicant currently meets the
medical standards for the foreign flight engineer or flight navigator
certificate, license, or authorization required by paragraph (b)(1) of
this section, except that a U.S. medical certificate issued under part
67 of this chapter is not evidence that the applicant meets those
standards unless the State which issued the applicant's foreign flight
engineer or flight navigator certificate, license, or authorization
accepts a U.S. medical certificate as evidence of medical fitness for a
flight engineer or flight navigator certificate, license, or
authorization.
(c) Privileges. The holder of a special purpose flight engineer or
flight navigator certificate issued under this section may exercise the
same privileges as those shown on the certificate, license, or
authorization specified in paragraph (b)(1) of this section, subject to
the limitations specified in this section.
(d) Limitations. Each certificate issued under this section is
subject to the following limitations:
(1) It is valid only--
(i) For flights between foreign countries and for flights in foreign
air commerce;
(ii) While it and the certificate, license, or authorization
required by paragraph (b)(1) of this section are in the certificate
holder's personal possession and are current;
(iii) While the certificate holder is employed by the person to whom
the airplane described in the certification required by paragraph (b)(2)
of this section is leased;
(iv) While the certificate holder is performing flight engineer or
flight navigator duties on the U.S.-registered
[[Page 104]]
civil airplane described in the certification required by paragraph
(b)(2) of this section; and
(v) While the medical documentation required by paragraph (b)(3) of
this section is in the certificate holder's personal possession and is
currently valid.
(2) Each certificate issued under this section contains the
following:
(i) The name of the person to whom the U.S.-registered civil
airplane is leased.
(ii) The type of airplane.
(iii) The limitation: ``Issued under, and subject to, Sec. 63.23 of
the Federal Aviation Regulations.''
(iv) The limitation: ``Subject to the privileges and limitations
shown on the holder's foreign flight (engineer or navigator)
certificate, license, or authorization.''
(3) Any additional limitations placed on the certificate which the
Administrator considers necessary.
(e) Termination. Each special purpose flight engineer or flight
navigator certificate issued under this section terminates--
(1) When the lease agreement for the airplane described in the
certification required by paragraph (b)(2) of this section terminates;
(2) When the foreign flight engineer or flight navigator
certificate, license, or authorization, or the medical documentation
required by paragraph (b) of this section is suspended, revoked, or no
longer valid; or
(3) After 24 months after the month in which the special purpose
flight engineer or flight navigator certificate was issued.
(f) Surrender of certificate. The certificate holder shall surrender
the special purpose flight engineer or flight navigator certificate to
the Administrator within 7 days after the date it terminates.
(g) Renewal. The certificate holder may have the certificate renewed
by complying with the requirements of paragraph (b) of this section at
the time of application for renewal.
(Secs. 313(a), 601, and 602, Federal Aviation Act of 1958; as amended
(49 U.S.C. 1354(a), 1421, and 1422); sec. 6(c), Department of
Transportation Act (49 U.S.C. 1655(c)))
[Doc. No. 19300, 45 FR 5672, Jan. 24, 1980]
Subpart B_Flight Engineers
Authority: Secs. 313(a), 601, and 602, Federal Aviation Act of 1958;
49 U.S.C. 1354, 1421, 1422.
Source: Docket No. 6458, 30 FR 14559, Nov. 23, 1965, unless
otherwise noted.
Sec. 63.31 Eligibility requirements; general.
To be eligible for a flight engineer certificate, a person must--
(a) Be at least 21 years of age;
(b) Be able to read, speak, and understand the English language, or
have an appropriate limitation placed on his flight engineer
certificate;
(c) Hold at least a second-class medical certificate issued under
part 67 of this chapter within the 12 months before the date he applies,
or other evidence of medical qualification accepted for the issue of a
flight engineer certificate under Sec. 63.42; and
(d) Comply with the requirements of this subpart that apply to the
rating he seeks.
(Sec. 6, 80 Stat. 937, 49 U.S.C. 1655)
[Doc. No. 6458, 30 FR 14559, Nov. 23, 1965, as amended by Amdt. 63-9, 33
FR 18614, Dec. 17, 1968]
Sec. 63.33 Aircraft ratings.
(a) The aircraft class ratings to be placed on flight engineer
certificates are--
(1) Reciprocating engine powered;
(2) Turbopropeller powered; and
(3) Turbojet powered.
(b) To be eligible for an additional aircraft class rating after his
flight engineer certificate with a class rating is issued to him, an
applicant must pass the written test that is appropriate to the class of
airplane for which an additional rating is sought, and--
(1) Pass the flight test for that class of aircraft; or
(2) Satisfactorily complete an approved flight engineer training
program that is appropriate to the additional class rating sought.
Sec. 63.35 Knowledge requirements.
(a) An applicant for a flight engineer certificate must pass a
written test on the following:
[[Page 105]]
(1) The regulations of this chapter that apply to the duties of a
flight engineer.
(2) The theory of flight and aerodynamics.
(3) Basic meteorology with respect to engine operations.
(4) Center of gravity computations.
(b) An applicant for the original or additional issue of a flight
engineer class rating must pass a written test for that airplane class
on the following:
(1) Preflight.
(2) Airplane equipment.
(3) Airplane systems.
(4) Airplane loading.
(5) Airplane procedures and engine operations with respect to
limitations.
(6) Normal operating procedures.
(7) Emergency procedures.
(8) Mathematical computation of engine operations and fuel
consumption.
(c) Before taking the written tests prescribed in paragraphs (a) and
(b) of this section, an applicant for a flight engineer certificate must
present satisfactory evidence of having completed one of the experience
requirements of Sec. 63.37. However, he may take the written tests
before acquiring the flight training required by Sec. 63.37.
(d) An applicant for a flight engineer certificate or rating must
have passed the written tests required by paragraphs (a) and (b) of this
section since the beginning of the 24th calendar month before the month
in which the flight is taken. However, this limitation does not apply to
an applicant for a flight engineer certificate or rating if--
(1) The applicant--
(i) Within the period ending 24 calendar months after the month in
which the applicant passed the written test, is employed as a flight
crewmember or mechanic by a U.S. air carrier or commercial operator
operating either under part 121 or as a commuter air carrier under part
135 (as defined in part 298 of this title) and is employed by such a
certificate holder at the time of the flight test;
(ii) If employed as a flight crewmember, has completed initial
training, and, if appropriate, transition or upgrade training; and
(iii) Meets the recurrent training requirements of the applicable
part or, for mechanics, meets the recency of experience requirements of
part 65; or
(2) Within the period ending 24 calendar months after the month in
which the applicant passed the written test, the applicant participated
in a flight engineer or maintenance training program of a U.S. scheduled
military air transportation service and is currently participating in
that program.
(e) An air carrier or commercial operator with an approved training
program under part 121 of this chapter may, when authorized by the
Administrator, provide as part of that program a written test that it
may administer to satisfy the test required for an additional rating
under paragraph (b) of this section.
(Sec. 6, 80 Stat. 937, 49 U.S.C. 1655; secs. 313(a), 601 through 605 of
the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (49 U.S.C. 1354(a), 1421 through 1425);
sec. 6(c), Department of Transportation Act (49 U.S.C. 1655(c)); and 14
CFR 11.49)
[Doc. No. 1179, 27 FR 7969, Aug. 10, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 63-17, 40
FR 32830, Aug. 5, 1975; Doc. 63-21, 47 FR 13316, Mar. 29, 1982]
Sec. 63.37 Aeronautical experience requirements.
(a) Except as otherwise specified therein, the flight time used to
satisfy the aeronautical experience requirements of paragraph (b) of
this section must have been obtained on an airplane--
(1) On which a flight engineer is required by this chapter; or
(2) That has at least three engines that are rated at least 800
horsepower each or the equivalent in turbine-powered engines.
(b) An applicant for a flight engineer certificate with a class
rating must present, for the class rating sought, satisfactory evidence
of one of the following:
(1) At least 3 years of diversified practical experience in aircraft
and aircraft engine maintenance (of which at least 1 year was in
maintaining multiengine aircraft with engines rated at least 800
horsepower each, or the equivalent in turbine engine powered aircraft),
and at least 5 hours of flight training in the duties of a flight
engineer.
[[Page 106]]
(2) Graduation from at least a 2-year specialized aeronautical
training course in maintaining aircraft and aircraft engines (of which
at least 6 calendar months were in maintaining multiengine aircraft with
engines rated at least 800 horsepower each or the equivalent in turbine
engine powered aircraft), and at least 5 hours of flight training in the
duties of a flight engineer.
(3) A degree in aeronautical, electrical, or mechanical engineering
from a recognized college, university, or engineering school; at least 6
calendar months of practical experience in maintaining multiengine
aircraft with engines rated at least 800 horsepower each, or the
equivalent in turbine engine powered aircraft; and at least 5 hours of
flight training in the duties of a flight engineer.
(4) At least a commercial pilot certificate with an instrument
rating and at least 5 hours of flight training in the duties of a flight
engineer.
(5) At least 200 hours of flight time in a transport category
airplane (or in a military airplane with at least two engines and at
least equivalent weight and horsepower) as pilot in command or second in
command performing the functions of a pilot in command under the
supervision of a pilot in command.
(6) At least 100 hours of flight time as a flight engineer.
(7) Within the 90-day period before he applies, successful
completion of an approved flight engineer ground and flight course of
instruction as provided in appendix C of this part.
(Sec. 6, 80 Stat. 937, 49 U.S.C. 1655)
[Doc. No. 6458, 30 FR 14559, Nov. 23, 1965, as amended by Amdt. 63-5, 31
FR 9047, July 1, 1966; Amdt. 63-17, 40 FR 32830, Aug. 5, 1975]
Sec. 63.39 Skill requirements.
(a) An applicant for a flight engineer certificate with a class
rating must pass a practical test on the duties of a flight engineer in
the class of airplane for which a rating is sought. The test may only be
given on an airplane specified in Sec. 63.37(a).
(b) The applicant must--
(1) Show that he can satisfactorily perform preflight inspection,
servicing, starting, pretakeoff, and postlanding procedures;
(2) In flight, show that he can satisfactorily perform the normal
duties and procedures relating to the airplane, airplane engines,
propellers (if appropriate), systems, and appliances; and
(3) In flight, in an airplane simulator, or in an approved flight
engineer training device, show that he can satisfactorily perform
emergency duties and procedures and recognize and take appropriate
action for malfunctions of the airplane, engines, propellers (if
appropriate), systems and appliances.
Sec. 63.41 Retesting after failure.
An applicant for a flight engineer certificate who fails a written
test or practical test for that certificate may apply for retesting--
(a) After 30 days after the date he failed that test; or
(b) After he has received additional practice or instruction
(flight, synthetic trainer, or ground training, or any combination
thereof) that is necessary, in the opinion of the Administrator or the
applicant's instructor (if the Administrator has authorized him to
determine the additional instruction necessary) to prepare the applicant
for retesting.
Sec. 63.42 Flight engineer certificate issued on basis of a foreign
flight engineer license.
(a) Certificates issued. The holder of a current foreign flight
engineer license issued by a contracting State to the Convention on
International Civil Aviation, who meets the requirements of this
section, may have a flight engineer certificate issued to him for the
operation of civil aircraft of U.S. registry. Each flight engineer
certificate issued under this section specifies the number and State of
issuance of the foreign flight engineer license on which it is based. If
the holder of the certificate cannot read, speak, or understand the
English language, the Administrator may place any limitation on the
certificate that he considers necessary for safety.
(b) Medical standards and certification. An applicant must submit
evidence that he currently meets the medical standards for the foreign
flight engineer license on which the application
[[Page 107]]
for a certificate under this section is based. A current medical
certificate issued under part 67 of this chapter will be excepted as
evidence that the applicant meets those standards. However, a medical
certificate issued under part 67 of this chapter is not evidence that
the applicant meets those standards outside the United States unless the
State that issued the applicant's foreign flight engineer license also
accepts that medical certificate as evidence of the applicant's physical
fitness for his foreign flight engineer license.
(c) Ratings issued. Aircraft class ratings listed on the applicant's
foreign flight engineer license, in addition to any issued to him after
testing under the provisions of this part, are placed on the applicant's
flight engineer certificate. An applicant without an aircraft class
rating on his foreign flight engineer license may be issued a class
rating if he shows that he currently meets the requirements for
exercising the privileges of his foreign flight engineer license on that
class of aircraft.
(d) Privileges and limitations. The holder of a flight engineer
certificate issued under this section may act as a flight engineer of a
civil aircraft of U.S. registry subject to the limitations of this part
and any additional limitations placed on his certificate by the
Administrator. He is subject to these limitations while he is acting as
a flight engineer of the aircraft within or outside the United States.
However, he may not act as flight engineer or in any other capacity as a
required flight crewmember, of a civil aircraft of U.S. registry that is
carrying persons or property for compensation or hire.
(e) Renewal of certificate and ratings. The holder of a certificate
issued under this section may have that certificate and the ratings
placed thereon renewed if, at the time of application for renewal, the
foreign flight engineer license on which that certificate is based is in
effect. Application for the renewal of the certificate and ratings
thereon must be made before the expiration of the certificate.
(Sec. 6, 80 Stat. 937, 49 U.S.C. 1655)
[Doc. No. 8846, 33 FR 18614, Dec. 17, 1968, as amended by Amdt. 63-20,
45 FR 5673, Jan. 24, 1980]
Sec. 63.43 Flight engineer courses.
An applicant for approval of a flight engineer course must submit a
letter to the Administrator requesting approval, and must also submit
three copies of each course outline, a description of the facilities and
equipment, and a list of the instructors and their qualifications. An
air carrier or commercial operator with an approved flight engineer
training course under part 121 of this chapter may apply for approval of
a training course under this part by letter without submitting the
additional information required by this paragraph. Minimum requirements
for obtaining approval of a flight engineer course are set forth in
appendix C of this part.
Subpart C_Flight Navigators
Authority: Secs. 313(a), 314, 601, and 607; 49 U.S.C. 1354(a), 1355,
1421, and 1427.
Source: Docket No. 1179, 27 FR 7970, Aug. 10, 1962, unless otherwise
noted.
Sec. 63.51 Eligibility requirements; general.
To be eligible for a flight navigator certificate, a person must--
(a) Be at least 21 years of age;
(b) Be able to read, write, speak, and understand the English
language;
(c) Hold at least a second-class medical certificate issued under
part 67 of this chapter within the 12 months before the date he applies;
and
(d) Comply with Sec. Sec. 63.53, 63.55, and 63.57.
Sec. 63.53 Knowledge requirements.
(a) An applicant for a flight navigator certificate must pass a
written test on--
(1) The regulations of this chapter that apply to the duties of a
flight navigator;
(2) The fundamentals of flight navigation, including flight planning
and cruise control;
(3) Practical meteorology, including analysis of weather maps,
weather reports, and weather forecasts; and weather sequence
abbreviations, symbols, and nomenclature;
(4) The types of air navigation facilities and procedures in general
use;
[[Page 108]]
(5) Calibrating and using air navigation instruments;
(6) Navigation by dead reckoning;
(7) Navigation by celestial means;
(8) Navigation by radio aids;
(9) Pilotage and map reading; and
(10) Interpretation of navigation aid identification signals.
(b) A report of the test is mailed to the applicant. A passing grade
is evidence, for a period of 24 months after the test, that the
applicant has complied with this section.
[Doc. No. 1179, 27 FR 7970, Aug. 10 1962, as amended by Amdt. 63-19, 43
FR 22639, May 25, 1978]
Sec. 63.55 Experience requirements.
(a) An applicant for a flight navigator certificate must be a
graduate of a flight navigator course approved by the Administrator or
present satisfactory documentary evidence of--
(1) Satisfactory determination of his position in flight at least 25
times by night by celestial observations and at least 25 times by day by
celestial observations in conjunction with other aids; and
(2) At least 200 hours of satisfactory flight navigation including
celestial and radio navigation and dead reckoning.
A pilot who has logged 500 hours of cross-country flight time, of which
at least 100 hours were at night, may be credited with not more than 100
hours for the purposes of paragraph (a)(2) of this section.
(b) Flight time used exclusively for practicing long-range
navigation methods, with emphasis on celestial navigation and dead
reckoning, is considered to be satisfactory navigation experience for
the purposes of paragraph (a) of this section. It must be substantiated
by a logbook, by records of an armed force or a certificated air
carrier, or by a letter signed by a certificated flight navigator and
attached to the application.
Sec. 63.57 Skill requirements.
(a) An applicant for a flight navigator certificate must pass a
practical test in navigating aircraft by--
(1) Dead reckoning;
(2) Celestial means; and
(3) Radio aids to navigation.
(b) An applicant must pass the written test prescribed by Sec.
63.53 before taking the test under this section. However, if a delay in
taking the test under this section would inconven ience the applicant or
an air carrier, he may take it before he receives the result of the
written test, or after he has failed the written test.
(c) The test requirements for this section are set forth in appendix
A of this part.
[Doc. No. 1179, 27 FR 7970, Aug. 10, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 63-19, 43
FR 22639, May 25, 1978]
Sec. 63.59 Retesting after failure.
(a) An applicant for a flight navigator certificate who fails a
written or practical test for that certificate may apply for retesting--
(1) After 30 days after the date he failed that test; or
(2) Before the 30 days have expired if the applicant presents a
signed statement from a certificated flight navigator, certificated
ground instructor, or any other qualified person approved by the
Administrator, certifying that that person has given the applicant
additional instruction in each of the subjects failed and that person
considers the applicant ready for retesting.
(b) A statement from a certificated flight navigator, or from an
operations official of an approved navigator course, is acceptable, for
the purposes of paragraph (a)(2) of this section, for the written test
and for the flight test. A statement from a person approved by the
Administrator is acceptable for the written tests. A statement from a
supervising or check navigator with the United States Armed Forces is
acceptable for the written test and for the practical test.
(c) If the applicant failed the flight test, the additional
instruction must have been administered in flight.
[Doc. No. 1179, 27 FR 7970, Aug. 10, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 63-19, 43
FR 22640, May 25, 1978]
Sec. 63.61 Flight navigator courses.
An applicant for approval of a flight navigator course must submit a
letter to the Administrator requesting approval, and must also submit
three
[[Page 109]]
copies of the course outline, a description of his facilities and
equipment, and a list of the instructors and their qualifications.
Requirements for the course are set forth in appendix B to this part.
Appendix A to Part 63--Test Requirements for Flight Navigator
Certificate
(a) Demonstration of skill. An applicant will be required to pass
practical tests on the prescribed subjects. These tests may be given by
FAA inspectors and designated flight navigator examiners.
(b) The examination. The practical examination consists of a ground
test and a flight test as itemized on the examination check sheet. Each
item must be completed satisfactorily in order for the applicant to
obtain a passing grade. Items 5, 6, 7 of the ground test may be
completed orally, and items 17, 22, 23, 34, 36, 37, 38, and 39 of the
flight test may be completed by an oral examination when a lack of
ground facilities or navigation equipment makes such procedure
necessary. In these cases a notation to that effect shall be made in the
``Remarks'' space on the check sheet.
(c) Examination procedure. (1) An applicant will provide an aircraft
in which celestial observations can be taken in all directions. Minimum
equipment shall include a table for plotting, a drift meter or absolute
altimeter, an instrument for taking visual bearings, and a radio
direction finder.
(2) More than one flight may be used to complete the flight test and
any type of flight pattern may be used. The test will be conducted
chiefly over water whenever practicable, and without regard to radio
range legs or radials. If the test is conducted chiefly over land, a
chart should be used which shows very little or no topographical and
aeronautical data. The total flight time will cover a period of at least
four hours. Only one applicant may be examined at one time, and no
applicant may perform other than navigator duties during the
examination.
(3) When the test is conducted with an aircraft belonging to an air
carrier, the navigation procedures should conform with those set forth
in the carrier's operations manual. Items of the flight test which are
not performed during the routine navigation of the flight will be
completed by oral examination after the flight or at times during flight
which the applicant indicates may be used for tests on those items.
Since in-flight weather conditions, the reliability of the weather
forecast, and the stability of the aircraft will have considerable
effect on an applicant's performance, good judgment must be used by the
agent or examiner in evaluating the tests.
(d) Ground test. For the ground test, in the order of the numbered
items on the examination check sheet, an applicant will be required to:
(1) Identify without a star identifier, at least six navigational
stars and all planets available for navigation at the time of the
examination and explain the method of identification.
(2) Identify two additional stars with a star identifier or sky
diagrams and explain identification procedure.
(3) Precompute a time-altitude curve for a period of about 20
minutes and take 10 single observations of a celestial body which is
rising or setting rapidly. The intervals between observations should be
at least one minute. Mark each observation on the graph to show
accuracy. All observations, after corrections, shall plot within 8
minutes of arc from the time-altitude curve, and the average error shall
not exceed 5 minutes of arc.
(4) Take and plot one 3-star fix and 3 LOP's of the sun. Plotted fix
or an average of LOP's must fall within 5 miles of the actual position
of the observer.
(5) Demonstrate or explain the compensation and swinging of a
liquid-type magnetic compass.
(6) Demonstrate or explain a method of aligning one type of drift
meter.
(7) Demonstrate or explain a method of aligning an astro-compass or
periscopic sextant.
(e) Flight test. For the flight test, in the order of the numbered
items on the examination check sheet, an applicant will be required to:
(1) Demonstrate his ability to read weather symbols and interpret
synoptic surface and upper air weather maps with particular emphasis
being placed on winds.
(2) Prepare a flight plan by zones from the forecast winds or
pressure data of an upper air chart and the operator's data.
(3) Compute from the operator's data the predicted fuel consumption
for each zone of the flight, including the alternate.
(4) Determine the point-of-no-return for the flight with all engines
running and the equitime point with one engine inoperative. Graphical
methods which are part of the company's operations manual may be used
for these computations.
(5) Prepare a cruise control (howgozit) chart from the operator's
data.
(6) Enter actual fuel consumed on the cruise control chart and
interpret the variations of the actual curve from the predicted curve.
(7) Check the presence on board and operating condition of all
navigation equipment. Normally a check list will be used. This check
will include a time tick or chronometer comparison. Any lack of
thoroughness during this check will justify this item being graded
unsatisfactory.
[[Page 110]]
(8) Locate emergency equipment, such as, the nearest fire
extinguisher, life preserver, life rafts, exits, axe, first aid kits,
etc.
(9) Recite the navigator's duties and stations during emergencies
for the type of aircraft used for the test.
(10) Demonstrate the proper use of a flux gate compass or gyrosyn
compass (when available), with special emphasis on the caging methods
and the location of switches, circuit breakers, and fuses. If these
compasses are not part of the aircraft's equipment, an oral examination
will be given.
(11) Be accurate and use good judgment when setting and altering
headings. Erroneous application of variation, deviation, or drift
correction, or incorrect measurement of course on the chart will be
graded as unsatisfactory.
(12) Demonstrate or explain the use of characteristics of various
chart projections used in long-range air navigation, including the
plotting of courses and bearings, and the measuring of distances.
(13) Demonstrate ability to identify designated landmarks by the use
of a sectional or WAC chart.
(14) Use a computer with facility and accuracy for the computation
of winds, drift correction and drift angles, ground speeds, ETA's, fuel
loads, etc.
(15) Determine track, ground speed, and wind by the double drift
method. When a drift meter is not part of the aircraft's equipment, an
oral examination on the use of the drift meter and a double drift
problem shall be completed.
(16) Determine ground speed and wind by the timing method with a
drift meter. When a drift meter is not part of the aircraft's equipment,
an oral examination on the procedure and a problem shall be completed.
(17) Demonstrate the use of air plot for determining wind between
fixes and for plotting pressure lines of position when using pressure
and absolute altimeter comparisons.
(18) Give ETA's to well defined check points at least once each hour
after the second hour of flight. The average error shall not be more
than 5 percent of the intervening time intervals, and the maximum error
of any one ETA shall not be more than 10 percent.
(19) Demonstrate knowledge and use of D/F equipment and radio
facility information. Grading on this item will be based largely on the
applicant's selection of those radio aids which will be of most value to
his navigation, the manner with which he uses equipment, including
filter box controls, and the precision with which he reads bearings. The
aircraft's compass heading and all compass corrections must be
considered for each bearing.
(20) Use care in tuning to radio stations to insure maximum
reception of signal and check for interference signals. Receiver will be
checked to ascertain that antenna and BFO (Voice-CW) switches are in
correct positions.
(21) Identify at least three radio stations using International
Morse code only for identification. The agent or examiner will tune in
these stations so that the applicant will have no knowledge of the
direction, distance, or frequency of the stations.
(22) Take at least one radio bearing by manual use of the loop. The
agent or examiner will check the applicant's bearing by taking a manual
bearing on the same station immediately after the applicant.
(23) Show the use of good judgment in evaluating radio bearings, and
explain why certain bearings may be of doubtful value.
(24) Determine and apply correctly the correction required to be
made to radio bearings before plotting them on a Mercator chart, and
demonstrate the ability to plot bearings accurately on charts of the
Mercator and Lambert conformal projections.
(25) Compute the compass heading, ETA, and fuel remaining if it is
assumed that the flight would be diverted to an alternate airport at a
time specified by the agent or examiner.
(26) Check the counter scales of a Loran receiver for accuracy, and
explain the basic (face) adjustments which affect tuning and counter
alignment. A guide sheet may be used for this test.
(27) Demonstrate a knowledge of the basic principle of Loran and the
ability to tune a Loran receiver, to match signals, to read time
differences, to plot Loran LOP's, and to identify and use sky waves.
(28) Take and plot bearings from a consol station and explain the
precautions which must be taken when tuning a radio receiver for consol
signals. Also, discuss those conditions which affect the reliability of
consol bearings.
(29) Demonstrate the ability to properly operate and read an
absolute altimeter.
(30) Determine the ``D'' factors for a series of compared readings
of an absolute altimeter and a pressure altimeter.
(31) Determine drift angle or lateral displacement from the true
headingline by application of Bellamy's formula or a variation thereof.
(32) Interpret the altimeter comparison data with respect to the
pressure system found at flight level. From this data evaluate the
accuracy of the prognostic weather map used for flight planning and
apply this analysis to the navigation of the flight.
(33) Interpret single LOP's for most probable position, and show how
a series of single LOP's of the same body may be used to indicate the
probable track and ground speed. Also, show how a series of single LOP's
(celestial or radio) from the same celestial body or radio station may
be used to determine
[[Page 111]]
position when the change of azimuth or bearing is 30[deg] or more
between observations.
(34) Select one of the celestial LOP's used during the flight and
explain how to make a single line of position approach to a point
selected by the agent or examiner, giving headings, times, and ETA's.
(35) Demonstrate the proper use of an astro-compass or periscopic
sextant for taking bearings.
(36) Determine compass deviation as soon as possible after reaching
cruising altitude and whenever there is a change of compass heading of
15[deg] or more.
(37) Take celestial fixes at hourly intervals when conditions
permit. The accuracy of these fixes shall be checked by means of a
Loran, radio, or visual fix whenever practicable. After allowing for the
probable error of a Loran, radio, or visual fix, a celestial fix under
favorable conditions should plot within 10 miles of the actual position.
(38) Select celestial bodies for observation, when possible, whose
azimuths will differ by approximately 120[deg] for a 3-body fix and will
differ by approximately 90[deg] for a 2-body fix. The altitudes of the
selected bodies should be between 25[deg] and 75[deg] whenever
practicable.
(39) Have POMAR and any other required reports ready for
transmission at time of schedule, and be able to inform the pilot in
command promptly with regard to the aircraft's position and progress in
comparison with the flight plan.
(40) Keep a log with sufficient legible entries to provide a record
from which the flight could be retraced.
(41) Note significant weather changes which might influence the
drift or ground speed of the aircraft, such as, temperature, ``D''
factors, frontal conditions, turbulence, etc.
(42) Determine the wind between fixes as a regular practice.
(43) Estimate the time required and average ground speed during a
letdown, under conditions specified by the pilot in command.
(44) Work with sufficient speed to determine the aircraft's position
hourly by celestial means and also make all other observations and
records pertinent to the navigation. The applicant should be able to
take the observation, compute, and plot a celestial LOP within a time
limit of 8 minutes; take and plot a Loran LOP within a time limit of 3
minutes for ground waves and 4 minutes for sky waves; observe the
absolute and pressure altimeters and compute the drift or lateral
displacement within a time limit of 3 minutes.
(45) Be accurate in reading instruments and making computations.
Errors which are made and corrected without affecting the navigation
will be disregarded unless they cause considerable loss of time.
An uncorrected error in computation (including reading instruments
and books) which will affect the reported position more than 25 miles,
the heading more than 3[deg], or any ETA more than 15 minutes will cause
this item to be graded unsatisfactory.
(46) Be alert to changing weather or other conditions during flight
which might affect the navigation. An applicant should not fail to take
celestial observations just prior to encountering a broken or overcast
sky condition; and he should not fail to take a bearing on a radio
station, which operates at scheduled intervals and which would be a
valuable aid to the navigation.
(47) Show a logical choice and sequence in using the various
navigation methods according to time and accuracy, and check the
positions determined by one method against positions determined by other
methods.
(48) Use a logical sequence in performing the various duties of a
navigator and plan work according to a schedule. The more important
duties should not be neglected for others of less importance.
Appendix B to Part 63--Flight Navigator Training Course Requirements
(a) Training course outline--(1) Format. The ground course outline
and the flight course outline shall be combined in one looseleaf binder
and shall include a table of contents, divided into two parts--ground
course and flight course. Each part of the table of contents must
contain a list of the major subjects, together with hours allotted to
each subject and the total classroom and flight hours.
(2) Ground course outline. (i) It is not mandatory that a course
outline have the subject headings arranged exactly as listed in this
paragraph. Any arrangement of general headings and subheadings will be
satisfactory provided all the subject material listed here is included
and the acceptable minimum number of hours is assigned to each subject.
Each general subject shall be broken down into detail showing items to
be covered.
(ii) If any agency desires to include additional subjects in the
ground training curriculum, such as international law, flight hygiene,
or others which are not required, the hours allotted these additional
subjects may not be included in the minimum classroom hours.
(iii) The following subjects with classroom hours are considered the
minimum coverage for a ground training course for flight navigators:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Classroom
Subject hours
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Federal Aviation Administration............................. 5
[[Page 112]]
To include Parts 63, 91, and 121 of this chapter.
Meteorology................................................. 40
To include:
Basic weather principles.
Temperature.
Pressure.
Winds.
Moisture in the atmosphere.
Stability.
Clouds.
Hazards.
Air masses.
Front weather.
Fog.
Thunderstorms.
Icing.
World weather and climate.
Weather maps and weather reports.
Forecasting.
International Morse code:
Ability to receive code groups of letters and numerals at
a speed of eight words per minute
Navigation instruments (exclusive of radio and radar)....... 20
To include:
Compasses.
Pressure altimeters.
Airspeed indicators.
Driftmeters.
Bearing indicators.
Aircraft octants.
Instrument calibration and alignment.
Charts and pilotage......................................... 15
To include:
Chart projections.
Chart symbols.
Principles of pilotage.
Dead reckoning.............................................. 30
To include:
Air plot.
Ground plot.
Calculation of ETA.
Vector analysis.
Use of computer.
Search.
Absolute altimeter with:
Applications................................................ 15
To include:
Principles of construction.
Operating instructions.
Use of Bellamy's formula.
Flight planning with single drift correction.
Radio and long-range navigational aids...................... 35
To include:
Principles of radio transmission and reception.
Radio aids to navigation.
Government publications.
Airborne D/F equipment.
Errors of radio bearings.
Quadrantal correction.
Plotting radio bearings.
ICAO Q code for direction finding.
Loran.
Consol.
Celestial navigation........................................ 150
To include:
The solar system.
The celestial sphere.
The astronomical triangle.
Theory of lines of position.
Use of the Air Almanac.
Time and its applications.
Navigation tables.
Precomputation.
Celestial line of position approach.
Star identification.
Corrections to celestial observations.
Flight planning and cruise control.......................... 25
To include:
The flight plan.
Fuel consumption charts.
Methods of cruise control.
Flight progress chart.
Point-of-no-return.
Equitime point.
Long-range flight problems.................................. 15
-----------
Total (exclusive of final examinations)................. 350
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(3) Flight course outline. (i) A minimum of 150 hours of supervised
flight training shall be given, of which at least 50 hours of flight
training must be given at night, and celestial navigation must be used
during flights which total at least 125 hours.
(ii) A maximum of 50 hours of the required flight training may be
obtained in acceptable types of synthetic flight navigator training
devices.
(iii) Flights should be at least four hours in length and should be
conducted off civil airways. Some training on long-range flights is
desirable, but is not required. There is no limit to the number of
students that may be trained on one flight, but at least one astrodrome
or one periscopic sextant mounting must be provided for each group of
four students.
(iv) Training must be given in dead reckoning, pilotage, radio
navigation, celestial navigation, and the use of the absolute altimeter.
(b) Equipment. (1) Classroom equipment shall include one table at
least 24 x 32 in dimensions for each student.
(2) Aircraft suitable for the flight training must be available to
the approved course operator to insure that the flight training may be
completed without undue delay.
The approved course operator may contract or obtain written agreements
with aircraft operators for the use of suitable aircraft. A copy of the
contract or written agreement with an aircraft operator shall be
attached to each of the three copies of the course outline submitted for
approval. In all cases, the approved course operator is responsible for
the nature and quality of instruction given during flight.
(c) Instructors. (1) Sufficient classroom instructors must be
available to prevent an excessive ratio of students to instructors. Any
[[Page 113]]
ratio in excess of 20 to 1 will be considered unsatisfactory.
(2) At least one ground instructor must hold a valid flight
navigator certificate, and be utilized to coordinate instruction of
ground school subjects.
(3) Each instructor who conducts flight training must hold a valid
flight navigator certificate.
(d) Revision of training course. (1) Requests for revisions to
course outlines, facilities, and equipment shall follow procedures for
original approval of the course. Revisions should be submitted in such
form that an entire page or pages of the approved outline can be removed
and replaced by the revisions.
(2) The list of instructors may be revised at any time without
request for approval, provided the minimum requirement of paragraph (e)
of this section is maintained.
(e) Credit for previous training and experience. (1) Credit may be
granted by an operator to students for previous training and experience
which is provable and comparable to portions of the approved curriculum.
When granting such credit, the approved course operator should be fully
cognizant of the fact that he is responsible for the proficiency of his
graduates in accordance with subdivision (i) of paragraph (3) of this
section.
(2) Where advanced credit is allowed, the operator shall evaluate
the student's previous training and experience in accordance with the
normal practices of accredited technical schools. Before credit is given
for any ground school subject or portion thereof, the student must pass
an appropriate examination given by the operator. The results of the
examination, the basis for credit allowance, and the hours credited
shall be incorporated as a part of the student's records.
(3) Credit up to a maximum of 50 hours toward the flight training
requirement may be given to pilots who have logged at least 500 hours
while a member of a flight crew which required a certificated flight
navigator or the Armed Forces equivalent. A similar credit may also be
given to a licensed deck officer of the Maritime Service who has served
as such for at least one year on ocean-going vessels. One-half of the
flight time credited under the terms of this paragraph may be applied
toward the 50 hours of flight training required at night.
(f) Students records and reports. Approval of a course shall not be
continued in effect unless the course operator keeps an accurate record
of each student, including a chronological log of all instruction,
subjects covered and course examinations and grades, and unless he
prepares and transmits to the local Flight Standards District Office not
later than January 31 of each year, a report containing the following
information for the previous calendar year:
(1) The names of all students graduated, together with their school
grades for ground and flight subjects.
(2) The names of all students failed or dropped, together with their
school grades and reasons for dropping.
(g) Quality of instruction. Approval of a course shall not be
continued in effect unless at least 80 percent of the students who apply
within 90 days after graduation are able to qualify on the first attempt
for certification as flight navigators.
(h) Statement of graduation. Each student who successfully completes
an approved flight navigator course shall be given a statement of
graduation.
(i) Inspections. Approved course operations will be inspected by
authorized representatives of the Administrator as often as deemed
necessary to insure that instruction is maintained at the required
standards, but the period between inspections shall not exceed 12
months.
(j) Change of ownership, name, or location--(1) Change of ownership.
Approval of a flight navigator course shall not be continued in effect
after the course has changed ownership. The new owner must obtain a new
approval by following the procedure prescribed for original approval.
(2) Change in name. An approved course changed in name but not
changed in ownership shall remain valid if the change is reported by the
approved course operator to the local Flight Standards District Office.
A letter of approval under the new name will be issued by the regional
office.
(3) Change in location. An approved course shall remain in effect
even though the approved course operator changes location if the change
is reported without delay by the operator to the local Flight Standards
District Office, which will inspect the facilities to be used. If they
are found to be adequate, a letter of approval showing the new location
will be issued by the regional office.
(k) Cancellation of approval. (1) Failure to meet or maintain any of
the requirements set forth in this section for the approval or operation
of an approved flight navigator course shall be considered sufficient
reason for cancellation of the approval.
(2) If an operator should desire voluntary cancellation of his
approved course, he should submit the effective letter of approval and a
written request for cancellation to the Administrator through the local
Flight Standards District Office.
(l) Duration. The authority to operate an approved flight navigator
course shall expire 24 months after the last day of the month of
issuance.
(m) Renewal. Application for renewal of authority to operate an
approved flight navigator course may be made by letter to the local
Flight Standards District Office at any time within 60 days before to
the expiration
[[Page 114]]
date. Renewal of approval will depend upon the course operator meeting
the current conditions for approval and having a satisfactory record as
an operator.
[Doc. No. 1179, 27 FR 7970, Aug. 10, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 63-6, 31
FR 9211, July 6, 1966; Amdt. 63-28, 54 FR 39291, Sept. 25, 1989]
Appendix C to Part 63--Flight Engineer Training Course Requirements
(a) Training course outline--(1) Format. The ground course outline
and the flight course outline are independent. Each must be contained in
a looseleaf binder to include a table of contents. If an applicant
desires approval of both a ground school course and a flight school
course, they must be combined in one looseleaf binder that includes a
separate table of contents for each course. Separate course outlines are
required for each type of airplane.
(2) Ground course outline. (i) It is not mandatory that the subject
headings be arranged exactly as listed in this paragraph. Any
arrangement of subjects is satisfactory if all the subject material
listed here is included and at least the minimum programmed hours are
assigned to each subject. Each general subject must be broken down into
detail showing the items to be covered.
(ii) If any course operator desires to include additional subjects
in the ground course curriculum, such as international law, flight
hygiene, or others that are not required, the hours allotted these
additional subjects may not be included in the minimum programmed
classroom hours.
(iii) The following subjects and classroom hours are the minimum
programmed coverage for the initial approval of a ground training course
for flight engineers. Subsequent to initial approval of a ground
training course an applicant may apply to the Administrator for a
reduction in the programmed hours. Approval of a reduction in the
approved programmed hours is based on improved training effectiveness
due to improvements in methods, training aids, quality of instruction,
or any combination thereof.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Classroom
Subject hours
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Federal Aviation Regulations................................ 10
To include the regulations of this chapter that apply to
flight engineers
Theory of Flight and Aerodynamics........................... 10
Airplane Familiarization.................................... 90
To include as appropriate:
Specifications.
Construction features.
Flight controls.
Hydraulic systems.
Pneumatic systems.
Electrical systems.
Anti-icing and de-icing systems.
Pressurization and air-conditioning systems.
Vacuum systems.
Pilot static systems.
Instrument systems.
Fuel and oil systems.
Emergency equipment.
Engine Familiarization...................................... 45
To include as appropriate:
Specifications.
Construction features.
Lubrication.
Ignition.
Carburetor and induction, supercharging and fuel control
systems
Accessories.
Propellers.
Instrumentation.
Emergency equipment.
Normal Operations (Ground and Flight)....................... 50
To include as appropriate:
Servicing methods and procedures.
Operation of all the airplane systems.
Operation of all the engine systems.
Loading and center of gravity computations.
Cruise control (normal, long range, maximum endurance)
Power and fuel computation.
Meteorology as applicable to engine operation
Emergency Operations........................................ 80
To include as appropriate:
Landing gear, brakes, flaps, speed brakes, and leading
edge devices
Pressurization and air-conditioning.
Portable fire extinguishers.
Fuselage fire and smoke control.
Loss of electrical power.
Engine fire control.
Engine shut-down and restart.
Oxygen.
-----------
Total (exclusive of final tests)...................... 235
------------------------------------------------------------------------
The above subjects, except Theory of Flight and Aerodynamics, and
Regulations must apply to the same type of airplane in which the student
flight engineer is to receive flight training.
(3) Flight Course Outline. (i) The flight training curriculum must
include at least 10 hours of flight instruction in an airplane specified
in Sec. 63.37(a). The flight time required for the practical test may
not be credited as part of the required flight instruction.
(ii) All of the flight training must be given in the same type
airplane.
(iii) As appropriate to the airplane type, the following subjects
must be taught in the flight training course:
[[Page 115]]
Subject
normal duties, procedures and operations
To include as appropriate:
Airplane preflight.
Engine starting, power checks, pretakeoff, postlanding and shut-down
procedures.
Power control.
Temperature control.
Engine operation analysis.
Operation of all systems.
Fuel management.
Logbook entries.
Pressurization and air conditioning.
recognition and correction of in-flight malfunctions
To include:
Analysis of abnormal engine operation.
Analysis of abnormal operation of all systems.
Corrective action.
emergency operations in flight
To include as appropriate:
Engine fire control.
Fuselage fire control.
Smoke control.
Loss of power or pressure in each system.
Engine overspeed.
Fuel dumping.
Landing gear, spoilers, speed brakes, and flap extension and
retraction.
Engine shut-down and restart.
Use of oxygen.
(iv) If the Administrator finds a simulator or flight engineer
training device to accurately reproduce the design, function, and
control characteristics, as pertaining to the duties and
responsibilities of a flight engineer on the type of airplane to be
flown, the flight training time may be reduced by a ratio of 1 hour of
flight time to 2 hours of airplane simulator time, or 3 hours of flight
engineer training device time, as the case may be, subject to the
following limitations:
(a) Except as provided in subdivision (b) of this paragraph, the
required flight instruction time in an airplane may not be less than 5
hours.
(b) As to a flight engineer student holding at least a commercial
pilot certificate with an instrument rating, airplane simulator or a
combination of airplane simulator and flight engineer training device
time may be submitted for up to all 10 hours of the required flight
instruction time in an airplane. However, not more than 15 hours of
flight engineer training device time may be substituted for flight
instruction time.
(v) To obtain credit for flight training time, airplane simulator
time, or flight engineer training device time, the student must occupy
the flight engineer station and operate the controls.
(b) Classroom equipment. Classroom equipment should consist of
systems and procedural training devices, satisfactory to the
Administrator, that duplicate the operation of the systems of the
airplane in which the student is to receive his flight training.
(c) Contracts or agreements. (1) An approved flight engineer course
operator may contract with other persons to obtain suitable airplanes,
airplane simulators, or other training devices or equipment.
(2) An operator who is approved to conduct both the flight engineer
ground course and the flight engineer flight course may contract with
others to conduct one course or the other in its entirety but may not
contract with others to conduct both courses for the same airplane type.
(3) An operator who has approval to conduct a flight engineer ground
course or flight course for a type of airplane, but not both courses,
may not contract with another person to conduct that course in whole or
in part.
(4) An operator who contracts with another to conduct a flight
engineer course may not authorize or permit the course to be conducted
in whole or in part by a third person.
(5) In all cases, the course operator who is approved to operate the
course is responsible for the nature and quality of the instruction
given.
(6) A copy of each contract authorized under this paragraph must be
attached to each of the 3 copies of the course outline submitted for
approval.
(d) Instructors. (1) Only certificated flight engineers may give the
flight instruction required by this appendix in an airplane, simulator,
or flight engineer training device.
(2) There must be a sufficient number of qualified instructors
available to prevent an excess ratio of students to instructors.
(e) Revisions. (1) Requests for revisions of the course outlines,
facilities or equipment must follow the procedures for original approval
of the course. Revisions must be submitted in such form that an entire
page or pages of the approved outline can be removed and replaced by the
revisions.
(2) The list of instructors may be revised at any time without
request for approval, if the requirements of paragraph (d) of this
appendix are maintained.
(f) Ground school credits. (1) Credit may be granted a student in
the ground school course by the course operator for comparable previous
training or experience that the student can show by written evidence:
however, the course operator must still meet the quality of instruction
as described in paragraph (h) of this appendix.
(2) Before credit for previous training or experience may be given,
the student must pass a test given by the course operator on the subject
for which the credit is to be given. The course operator shall
incorporate
[[Page 116]]
results of the test, the basis for credit allowance, and the hours
credited as part of the student's records.
(g) Records and reports. (1) The course operator must maintain, for
at least two years after a student graduates, fails, or drops from a
course, a record of the student's training, including a chronological
log of the subject course, attendance examinations, and grades.
(2) Except as provided in paragraph (3) of this section, the course
operator must submit to the Administrator, not later than January 31 of
each year, a report for the previous calendar year's training, to
include:
(i) Name, enrollment and graduation date of each student;
(ii) Ground school hours and grades of each student;
(iii) Flight, airplane simulator, flight engineer training device
hours, and grades of each student; and
(iv) Names of students failed or dropped, together with their school
grades and reasons for dropping.
(3) Upon request, the Administrator may waive the reporting
requirements of paragraph (2) of this section for an approved flight
engineer course that is part of an approved training course under
subpart N of part 121 of this chapter.
(h) Quality of instruction. (1) Approval of a ground course is
discontinued whenever less than 80 percent of the students pass the FAA
written test on the first attempt.
(2) Approval of a flight course is discontinued whenever less than
80 percent of the students pass the FAA practical test on the first
attempt.
(3) Notwithstanding paragraphs (1) and (2) of this section, approval
of a ground or flight course may be continued when the Administrator
finds--
(i) That the failure rate was based on less than a representative
number of students; or
(ii) That the course operator has taken satisfactory means to
improve the effectiveness of the training.
(i) Time limitation. Each student must apply for the written test
and the flight test within 90 days after completing the ground school
course.
(j) Statement of course completion. (1) The course operator shall
give to each student who successfully completes an approved flight
engineer ground school training course, and passes the FAA written test,
a statement of successful completion of the course that indicates the
date of training, the type of airplane on which the ground course
training was based, and the number of hours received in the ground
school course.
(2) The course operator shall give each student who successfully
completes an approved flight engineer flight course, and passed the FAA
practical test, a statement of successful completion of the flight
course that indicates the dates of the training, the type of airplane
used in the flight course, and the number of hours received in the
flight course.
(3) A course operator who is approved to conduct both the ground
course and the flight course may include both courses in a single
statement of course completion if the provisions of paragraphs (1) and
(2) of this section are included.
(4) The requirements of this paragraph do not apply to an air
carrier or commercial operator with an approved training course under
part 121 of this chapter providing the student receives a flight
engineer certificate upon completion of that course.
(k) Inspections. Each course operator shall allow the Administrator
at any time or place, to make any inspection necessary to ensure that
the quality and effectiveness of the instruction are maintained at the
required standards.
(l) Change of ownership, name, or location. (1) Approval of a flight
engineer ground course or flight course is discontinued if the ownership
of the course changes. The new owner must obtain a new approval by
following the procedure prescribed for original approval.
(2) Approval of a flight engineer ground course or flight course
does not terminate upon a change in the name of the course that is
reported to the Administrator within 30 days. The Administrator issues a
new letter of approval, using the new name, upon receipt of notice
within that time.
(3) Approval of a flight engineer ground course or flight course
does not terminate upon a change in location of the course that is
reported to the Administrator within 30 days. The Administrator issues a
new letter of approval, showing the new location, upon receipt of notice
within that time, if he finds the new facilities to be adequate.
(m) Cancellation of approval. (1) Failure to meet or maintain any of
the requirements of this appendix for the approval of a flight engineer
ground course or flight course is reason for cancellation of the
approval.
(2) If a course operator desires to voluntarily terminate the
course, he should notify the Administrator in writing and return the
last letter of approval.
(n) Duration. Except for a course operated as part of an approved
training course under subpart N of part 121 of this chapter, the
approval to operate a flight engineer ground course or flight course
terminates 24 months after the last day of the month of issue.
(o) Renewal. (1) Renewal of approval to operate a flight engineer
ground course or flight course is conditioned upon the course operator's
meeting the requirements of this appendix.
(2) Application for renewal may be made to the Administrator at any
time after 60 days before the termination date.
[[Page 117]]
(p) Course operator approvals. An applicant for approval of a flight
engineer ground course, or flight course, or both, must meet all of the
requirements of this appendix concerning application, approval, and
continuing approval of that course or courses.
(q) Practical test eligibility. An applicant for a flight engineer
certificate and class rating under the provisions of Sec. 63.37(b)(6)
is not eligible to take the practical test unless he has successfully
completed an approved flight engineer ground school course in the same
type of airplane for which he has completed an approved flight engineer
flight course.
[Doc. No. 6458, 30 FR 14560, Nov. 23, 1965, as amended by Amdt. 63-15,
37 FR 9758, May 17, 1972]
PART 65_CERTIFICATION: AIRMEN OTHER THAN FLIGHT CREWMEMBERS--Table of Contents
Special Federal Aviation Regulation No. 58 [Note]
Special Federal Aviation Regulation No. 100 [Note]
Subpart A_General
Sec.
65.1 Applicability.
65.3 Certification of foreign airmen other than flight crewmembers.
65.11 Application and issue.
65.12 Offenses involving alcohol or drugs.
65.13 Temporary certificate.
65.14 Security disqualification.
65.15 Duration of certificates.
65.16 Change of name: Replacement of lost or destroyed certificate.
65.17 Tests: General procedure.
65.18 Written tests: Cheating or other unauthorized conduct.
65.19 Retesting after failure.
65.20 Applications, certificates, logbooks, reports, and records:
Falsification reproduction, or alteration.
65.21 Change of address.
65.23 Refusal to submit to a drug or alcohol test.
Subpart B_Air Traffic Control Tower Operators
65.31 Required certificates, and rating or qualification.
65.33 Eligibility requirements: General.
65.35 Knowledge requirements.
65.37 Skill requirements: Operating positions.
65.39 Practical experience requirements: Facility rating.
65.41 Skill requirements: Facility ratings.
65.43 Rating privileges and exchange.
65.45 Performance of duties.
65.46 Use of prohibited drugs.
65.46a Misuse of alcohol.
65.46b Testing for alcohol.
65.47 Maximum hours.
65.49 General operating rules.
65.50 Currency requirements.
Subpart C_Aircraft Dispatchers
65.51 Certificate required.
65.53 Eligibility requirements: General.
65.55 Knowledge requirements.
65.57 Experience or training requirements.
65.59 Skill requirements.
65.61 Aircraft dispatcher certification courses: Content and minimum
hours.
65.63 Aircraft dispatcher certification courses: Application, duration,
and other general requirements.
65.65 Aircraft dispatcher certification courses: Training facilities.
65.67 Aircraft dispatcher certification courses: Personnel.
65.70 Aircraft dispatcher certification courses: Records.
Subpart D_Mechanics
65.71 Eligibility requirements: General.
65.73 Ratings.
65.75 Knowledge requirements.
65.77 Experience requirements.
65.79 Skill requirements.
65.80 Certificated aviation maintenance technician school students.
65.81 General privileges and limitations.
65.83 Recent experience requirements.
65.85 Airframe rating; additional privileges.
65.87 Powerplant rating; additional privileges.
65.89 Display of certificate.
65.91 Inspection authorization.
65.92 Inspection authorization: Duration.
65.93 Inspection authorization: Renewal.
65.95 Inspection authorization: Privileges and limitations.
Subpart E_Repairmen
65.101 Eligibility requirements: General.
65.103 Repairman certificate: Privileges and limitations.
65.104 Repairman certificate--experimental aircraft builder--
Eligibility, privileges and limitations.
65.105 Display of certificate.
Subpart F_Parachute Riggers
65.111 Certificate required.
65.113 Eligibility requirements: General.
65.115 Senior parachute rigger certificate: Experience, knowledge, and
skill requirements.
65.117 Military riggers or former military riggers: Special
certification rule.
[[Page 118]]
65.119 Master parachute rigger certificate: Experience, knowledge, and
skill requirements.
65.121 Type ratings.
65.123 Additional type ratings: Requirements.
65.125 Certificates: Privileges.
65.127 Facilities and equipment.
65.129 Performance standards.
65.131 Records.
65.133 Seal.
Appendix A to Part 65--Aircraft Dispatcher Courses
Authority: 49 U.S.C. 106(g), 40113, 44701-44703, 44707, 44709-44711,
45102-45103, 45301-45302.
Source: Docket No. 1179, 27 FR 7973, Aug. 10, 1962, unless otherwise
noted.
Special Federal Aviation Regulation No. 58
Editorial Note: For the text of SFAR No. 58, see part 121 of this
chapter.
Special Federal Aviation Regulation No. 100
Editorial Note: For the text of SFAR No. 100, see part 61 of this
chapter.
Effective Date Note: By Doc. No. FAA-2003-15431, 68 FR 36906, June
20, 2003, SFAR 100 was added, effective June 20, 2003, through June 20,
2005.
Subpart A_General
Sec. 65.1 Applicability.
This part prescribes the requirements for issuing the following
certificates and associated ratings and the general operating rules for
the holders of those certificates and ratings:
(a) Air-traffic control-tower operators.
(b) Aircraft dispatchers.
(c) Mechanics.
(d) Repairmen.
(e) Parachute riggers.
Sec. 65.3 Certification of foreign airmen other than flight crewmembers.
A person who is neither a U.S. citizen nor a resident alien is
issued a certificate under subpart D of this part, outside the United
States, only when the Administrator finds that the certificate is needed
for the operation or continued airworthiness of a U.S.-registered civil
aircraft.
[Doc. 65-28, 47 FR 35693, Aug. 16, 1982]
Sec. 65.11 Application and issue.
(a) Application for a certificate and appropriate class rating, or
for an additional rating, under this part must be made on a form and in
a manner prescribed by the Administrator. Each person who is neither a
U.S. citizen nor a resident alien and who applies for a written or
practical test to be administered outside the United States or for any
certificate or rating issued under this part must show evidence that the
fee prescribed in appendix A of part 187 of this chapter has been paid.
(b) An applicant who meets the requirements of this part is entitled
to an appropriate certificate and rating.
(c) Unless authorized by the Administrator, a person whose air
traffic control tower operator, mechanic, or parachute rigger
certificate is suspended may not apply for any rating to be added to
that certificate during the period of suspension.
(d) Unless the order of revocation provides otherwise--
(1) A person whose air traffic control tower operator, aircraft
dispatcher, or parachute rigger certificate is revoked may not apply for
the same kind of certificate for 1 year after the date of revocation;
and
(2) A person whose mechanic or repairman certificate is revoked may
not apply for either of those kinds of certificates for 1 year after the
date of revocation.
[Doc. No. 1179, 27 FR 7973, Aug. 10, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 65-9, 31
FR 13524, Oct. 20, 1966; Amdt. 65-28, 47 FR 35693, Aug. 16, 1982]
Sec. 65.12 Offenses involving alcohol or drugs.
(a) A conviction for the violation of any Federal or state statute
relating to the growing, processing, manufacture, sale, disposition,
possession, transportation, or importation of narcotic drugs, marihuana,
or depressant or stimulant drugs or substances is grounds for--
(1) Denial of an application for any certificate or rating issued
under this
[[Page 119]]
part for a period of up to 1 year after the date of final conviction; or
(2) Suspension or revocation of any certificate or rating issued
under this part.
(b) The commission of an act prohibited by Sec. 91.19(a) of this
chapter is grounds for--
(1) Denial of an application for a certificate or rating issued
under this part for a period of up to 1 year after the date of that act;
or
(2) Suspension or revocation of any certificate or rating issued
under this part.
[Doc. No. 21956, 50 FR 15379, Apr. 17, 1985, as amended by Amdt. 65-34,
54 FR 34330, Aug. 18, 1989]
Sec. 65.13 Temporary certificate.
A certificate and ratings effective for a period of not more than
120 days may be issued to a qualified applicant, pending review of his
application and supplementary documents and the issue of the certificate
and ratings for which he applied.
[Doc. No. 1179, 27 FR 7973, Aug. 10, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 65-23, 43
FR 22640, May 25, 1978]
Sec. 65.14 Security disqualification.
(a) Eligibility standard. No person is eligible to hold a
certificate, rating, or authorization issued under this part when the
Transportation Security Administration (TSA) has notified the FAA in
writing that the person poses a security threat.
(b) Effect of the issuance by the TSA of an Initial Notification of
Threat Assessment. (1) The FAA will hold in abeyance pending the outcome
of the TSA's final threat assessment review an application for any
certificate, rating, or authorization under this part by any person who
has been issued an Initial Notification of Threat Assessment by the TSA.
(2) The FAA will suspend any certificate, rating, or authorization
issued under this part after the TSA issues to the holder an Initial
Notification of Threat Assessment.
(c) Effect of the issuance by the TSA of a Final Notification of
Threat Assessment. (1) The FAA will deny an application for any
certificate, rating, or authorization under this part to any person who
has been issued a Final Notification of Threat Assessment.
(2) The FAA will revoke any certificate, rating, or authorization
issued under this part after the TSA has issued to the holder a Final
Notification of Threat Assessment.
[Doc. No. FAA-2003-14293, 68 FR 3775, Jan. 24, 2003]
Sec. 65.15 Duration of certificates.
(a) Except for repairman certificates, a certificate or rating
issued under this part is effective until it is surrendered, suspended,
or revoked.
(b) Unless it is sooner surrendered, suspended, or revoked, a
repairman certificate is effective until the holder is relieved from the
duties for which the holder was employed and certificated.
(c) The holder of a certificate issued under this part that is
suspended, revoked, or no longer effective shall return it to the
Administrator.
[Doc. No. 22052, 47 FR 35693, Aug. 16, 1982]
Sec. 65.16 Change of name: Replacement of lost or destroyed certificate.
(a) An application for a change of name on a certificate issued
under this part must be accompanied by the applicant's current
certificate and the marriage license, court order, or other document
verifying the change. The documents are returned to the applicant after
inspection.
(b) An application for a replacement of a lost or destroyed
certificate is made by letter to the Department of Transportation,
Federal Aviation Administration, Airman Certification Branch, Post
Office Box 25082, Oklahoma City, OK 73125. The letter must--
(1) Contain the name in which the certificate was issued, the
permanent mailing address (including zip code), social security number
(if any), and date and place of birth of the certificate holder, and any
available information regarding the grade, number, and date of issue of
the certificate, and the ratings on it; and
(2) Be accompanied by a check or money order for $2, payable to the
Federal Aviation Administration.
[[Page 120]]
(c) An application for a replacement of a lost or destroyed medical
certificate is made by letter to the Department of Transportation,
Federal Aviation Administration, Civil Aeromedical Institute,
Aeromedical Certification Branch, Post Office Box 25082, Oklahoma City,
OK 73125, accompanied by a check or money order for $2.00.
(d) A person whose certificate issued under this part or medical
certificate, or both, has been lost may obtain a telegram from the FAA
confirming that it was issued. The telegram may be carried as a
certificate for a period not to exceed 60 days pending his receiving a
duplicate certificate under paragraph (b) or (c) of this section, unless
he has been notified that the certificate has been suspended or revoked.
The request for such a telegram may be made by prepaid telegram, stating
the date upon which a duplicate certificate was requested, or including
the request for a duplicate and a money order for the necessary amount.
The request for a telegraphic certificate should be sent to the office
prescribed in paragraph (b) or (c) of this section, as appropriate.
However, a request for both at the same time should be sent to the
office prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section.
[Doc. No. 7258, 31 FR 13524, Oct. 20, 1966, as amended by Doc. No. 8084,
32 FR 5769, Apr. 11, 1967; Amdt. 65-16, 35 FR 14075, Sept. 4, 1970;
Amdt. 65-17, 36 FR 2865, Feb. 11, 1971]
Sec. 65.17 Tests: General procedure.
(a) Tests prescribed by or under this part are given at times and
places, and by persons, designated by the Administrator.
(b) The minimum passing grade for each test is 70 percent.
Sec. 65.18 Written tests: Cheating or other unauthorized conduct.
(a) Except as authorized by the Administrator, no person may--
(1) Copy, or intentionally remove, a written test under this part;
(2) Give to another, or receive from another, any part or copy of
that test;
(3) Give help on that test to, or receive help on that test from,
any person during the period that test is being given;
(4) Take any part of that test in behalf of another person;
(5) Use any material or aid during the period that test is being
given; or
(6) Intentionally cause, assist, or participate in any act
prohibited by this paragraph.
(b) No person who commits an act prohibited by paragraph (a) of this
section is eligible for any airman or ground instructor certificate or
rating under this chapter for a period of 1 year after the date of that
act. In addition, the commission of that act is a basis for suspending
or revoking any airman or ground instructor certificate or rating held
by that person.
[Doc. No. 4086, 30 FR 2196, Feb. 18, 1965]
Sec. 65.19 Retesting after failure.
An applicant for a written, oral, or practical test for a
certificate and rating, or for an additional rating under this part, may
apply for retesting--
(a) After 30 days after the date the applicant failed the test; or
(b) Before the 30 days have expired if the applicant presents a
signed statement from an airman holding the certificate and rating
sought by the applicant, certifying that the airman has given the
applicant additional instruction in each of the subjects failed and that
the airman considers the applicant ready for retesting.
[Doc. No. 16383, 43 FR 22640, May 25, 1978]
Sec. 65.20 Applications, certificates, logbooks, reports, and records:
Falsification, reproduction, or alteration.
(a) No person may make or cause to be made--
(1) Any fraudulent or intentionally false statement on any
application for a certificate or rating under this part;
(2) Any fraudulent or intentionally false entry in any logbook,
record, or report that is required to be kept, made, or used, to show
compliance with any requirement for any certificate or rating under this
part;
(3) Any reproduction, for fraudulent purpose, of any certificate or
rating under this part; or
(4) Any alteration of any certificate or rating under this part.
(b) The commission by any person of an act prohibited under
paragraph (a)
[[Page 121]]
of this section is a basis for suspending or revoking any airman or
ground instructor certificate or rating held by that person.
[Doc. No. 4086, 30 FR 2196, Feb. 18, 1965]
Sec. 65.21 Change of address.
Within 30 days after any change in his permanent mailing address,
the holder of a certificate issued under this part shall notify the
Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Airman
Certification Branch, Post Office Box 25082, Oklahoma City, OK 73125, in
writing, of his new address.
[Doc. No. 10536, 35 FR 14075, Sept. 4, 1970]
Sec. 65.23 Refusal to submit to a drug or alcohol test.
(a) General. This section applies to an employee who performs a
function listed in appendix I or appendix J to part 121 of this chapter
directly or by contract for a part 121 certificate holder, a part 135
certificate holder, an operator as defined in Sec. 135.1(c) of this
chapter, or an air traffic control facility not operated by the FAA or
the U.S. military.
(b) Refusal by the holder of a certificate issued under this part to
take a drug test required under the provisions of appendix I to part 121
or an alcohol test required under the provisions of appendix J to part
121 is grounds for--
(1) Denial of an application for any certificate or rating issued
under this part for a period of up to 1 year after the date of such
refusal; and
(2) Suspension or revocation of any certificate or rating issued
under this part.
[Amdt. 65-37, 59 FR 7389, Feb. 15, 1994]
Subpart B_Air Traffic Control Tower Operators
Source: Docket No. 10193, 35 FR 12326, Aug. 1, 1970, unless
otherwise noted.
Sec. 65.31 Required certificates, and rating or qualification.
No person may act as an air traffic control tower operator at an air
traffic control tower in connection with civil aircraft unless he--
(a) Holds an air traffic control tower operator certificate issued
to him under this subpart;
(b) Holds a facility rating for that control tower issued to him
under this subpart, or has qualified for the operating position at which
he acts and is under the supervision of the holder of a facility rating
for that control tower; and
For the purpose of this subpart, operating position means an air traffic
control function performed within or directly associated with the
control tower;
(c) Except for a person employed by the FAA or employed by, or on
active duty with, the Department of the Air Force, Army, or Navy or the
Coast Guard, holds at least a second-class medical certificate issued
under part 67 of this chapter.
[Doc. No. 10193, 35 FR 12326, Aug. 1, 1970, as amended by Amdt. 65-25,
45 FR 18911, Mar. 24, 1980; Amdt. 65-31, 52 FR 17518, May 8, 1987]
Sec. 65.33 Eligibility requirements: General.
To be eligible for an air traffic control tower operator certificate
a person must--
(a) Be at least 18 years of age;
(b) Be of good moral character;
(c) Be able to read, write, and understand the English language and
speak it without accent or impediment of speech that would interfere
with two-way radio conversation;
(d) Except for a person employed by the FAA or employed by, or on
active duty with, the Department of the Air Force, Army, or Navy or the
Coast Guard, hold at least a second-class medical certificate issued
under part 67 of this chapter within the 12 months before the date
application is made; and
(e) Comply with Sec. 65.35.
[Doc. No. 10193, 35 FR 12326, Aug. 1, 1970, as amended by Amdt. 65-25,
45 FR 18911, Mar. 24, 1980; Amdt. 65-31, 52 FR 17518, May 8, 1987]
Sec. 65.35 Knowledge requirements.
Each applicant for an air traffic control tower operator certificate
must pass a written test on--
(a) The flight rules in part 91 of this chapter:
[[Page 122]]
(b) Airport traffic control procedures, and this subpart:
(c) En route traffic control procedures;
(d) Communications operating procedures;
(e) Flight assistance service;
(f) Air navigation, and aids to air navigation; and
(g) Aviation weather.
Sec. 65.37 Skill requirements: Operating positions.
No person may act as an air traffic control tower operator at any
operating position unless he has passed a practical test on--
(a) Control tower equipment and its use;
(b) Weather reporting procedures and use of reports;
(c) Notices to Airmen, and use of the Airman's Information Manual;
(d) Use of operational forms;
(e) Performance of noncontrol operational duties; and
(f) Each of the following procedures that is applicable to that
operating position and is required by the person performing the
examination:
(1) The airport, including rules, equipment, runways, taxiways, and
obstructions.
(2) The terrain features, visual checkpoints, and obstructions
within the lateral boundaries of the surface areas of Class B, Class C,
Class D, or Class E airspace designated for the airport.
(3) Traffic patterns and associated procedures for use of
preferential runways and noise abatement.
(4) Operational agreements.
(5) The center, alternate airports, and those airways, routes,
reporting points, and air navigation aids used for terminal air traffic
control.
(6) Search and rescue procedures.
(7) Terminal air traffic control procedures and phraseology.
(8) Holding procedures, prescribed instrument approach, and
departure procedures.
(9) Radar alignment and technical operation.
(10) The application of the prescribed radar and nonradar separation
standard, as appropriate.
[Doc. No. 10193, 35 FR 12326, Aug. 1, 1991, as amended by Amdt. 65-36,
56 FR 65653, Dec. 17, 1991]
Sec. 65.39 Practical experience requirements: Facility rating.
Each applicant for a facility rating at any air traffic control
tower must have satisfactorily served--
(a) As an air traffic control tower operator at that control tower
without a facility rating for at least 6 months; or
(b) As an air traffic control tower operator with a facility rating
at a different control tower for at least 6 months before the date he
applies for the rating.
However, an applicant who is a member of an Armed Force of the United
States meets the requirements of this section if he has satisfactorily
served as an air traffic control tower operator for at least 6 months.
[Doc. No. 1179, 27 FR 7973, Aug. 10, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 65-19, 36
FR 21280, Nov. 5, 1971]
Sec. 65.41 Skill requirements: Facility ratings.
Each applicant for a facility rating at an air traffic control tower
must have passed a practical test on each item listed in Sec. 65.37 of
this part that is applicable to each operating position at the control
tower at which the rating is sought.
Sec. 65.43 Rating privileges and exchange.
(a) The holder of a senior rating on August 31, 1970, may at any
time after that date exchange his rating for a facility rating at the
same air traffic control tower. However, if he does not do so before
August 31, 1971, he may not thereafter exercise the privileges of his
senior rating at the control tower concerned until he makes the
exchange.
(b) The holder of a junior rating on August 31, 1970, may not
control air traffic, at any operating position at the control tower
concerned, until he has met the applicable requirements of Sec. 65.37
of this part. However, before
[[Page 123]]
meeting those requirements he may control air traffic under the
supervision, where required, of an operator with a senior rating (or
facility rating) in accordance with Sec. 65.41 of this part in effect
before August 31, 1970.
Sec. 65.45 Performance of duties.
(a) An air traffic control tower operator shall perform his duties
in accordance with the limitations on his certificate and the procedures
and practices prescribed in air traffic control manuals of the FAA, to
provide for the safe, orderly, and expeditious flow of air traffic.
(b) An operator with a facility rating may control traffic at any
operating position at the control tower at which he holds a facility
rating. However, he may not issue an air traffic clearance for IFR
flight without authorization from the appropriate facility exercising
IFR control at that location.
(c) An operator who does not hold a facility rating for a particular
control tower may act at each operating position for which he has
qualified, under the supervision of an operator holding a facility
rating for that control tower.
[Doc. No. 10193, 35 FR 12326, Aug. 1, 1970, as amended by Amdt. 65-16,
35 FR 14075, Sept. 4, 1970]
Sec. 65.46 Use of prohibited drugs.
(a) The following definitions apply for the purposes of this
section:
(1) An employee is a person who performs an air traffic control
function for an employer. For the purpose of this section, a person who
performs such a function pursuant to a contract with an employer is
considered to be performing that function for the employer.
(2) An ``employer'' means an air traffic control facility not
operated by the FAA or by or under contract to the U.S. military that
employs a person to perform an air traffic control function.
(b) Each employer shall provide each employee performing a function
listed in appendix I to part 121 of this chapter and his or her
supervisor with the training specified in that appendix. No employer may
use any contractor to perform an air traffic control function unless
that contractor provides each of its employees performing that function
for the employer and his or her supervisor with the training specified
in that appendix.
(c) No employer may knowingly use any person to perform, nor may any
person perform for an employer, either directly or by contract, any air
traffic control function while that person has a prohibited drug, as
defined in appendix I to part 121 of this chapter, in his or her system.
(d) No employer shall knowingly use any person to perform, nor may
any person perform for an employer, either directly or by contract, any
air traffic control function if the person has a verified positive drug
test result on or has refused to submit to a drug test required by
appendix I to part 121 of this chapter and the person has not met the
requirements of appendix I to part 121 of this chapter for returning to
the performance of safety-sensitive duties.
(e) Each employer shall test each of its employees who performs any
air traffic control function in accordance with appendix I to part 121
of this chapter. No employer may use any contractor to perform any air
traffic control function unless that contractor tests each employee
performing such a function for the employer in accordance with that
appendix.
[Doc. No. 25148, 53 FR 47056, Nov. 21, 1988, as amended by Amdt. 65-38,
59 FR 42927, Aug. 19, 1994]
Sec. 65.46a Misuse of alcohol.
(a) This section applies to employees who perform air traffic
control duties directly or by contract for an employer that is an air
traffic control facility not operated by the FAA or the U.S. military
(covered employees).
(b) Alcohol concentration. No covered employee shall report for duty
or remain on duty requiring the performance of safety-sensitive
functions while having an alcohol concentration of 0.04 or greater. No
employer having actual knowledge that an employee has an alcohol
concentration of 0.04 or greater shall permit the employee to perform or
continue to perform safety-sensitive functions.
(c) On-duty use. No covered employee shall use alcohol while
performing safety-sensitive functions. No employer having actual
knowledge that a
[[Page 124]]
covered employee is using alcohol while performing safety-sensitive
functions shall permit the employee to perform or continue to perform
safety-sensitive functions.
(d) Pre-duty use. No covered employee shall perform air traffic
control duties within 8 hours after using alcohol. No employer having
actual knowledge that such an employee has used alcohol within 8 hours
shall permit the employee to perform or continue to perform air traffic
control duties.
(e) Use following an accident. No covered employee who has actual
knowledge of an accident involving an aircraft for which he or she
performed a safety-sensitive function at or near the time of the
accident shall use alcohol for 8 hours following the accident, unless he
or she has been given a post-accident test under appendix J to part 121
of this chapter, or the employer has determined that the employee's
performance could not have contributed to the accident.
(f) Refusal to submit to a required alcohol test. No covered
employee shall refuse to submit to a post-accident, random, reasonable
suspicion, or follow-up alcohol test required under appendix J to part
121 of this chapter. No employer shall permit an employee who refuses to
submit to such a test to perform or continue to perform safety-sensitive
functions.
[Amdt. 65-37, 59 FR 7389, Feb. 15, 1994]
Sec. 65.46b Testing for alcohol.
(a) Each air traffic control facility not operated by the FAA or the
U.S. military (hereinafter employer) must establish an alcohol misuse
prevention program in accordance with the provisions of appendix J to
part 121 of this chapter.
(b) No employer shall use any person who meets the definition of
covered employee in appendix J to part 121 to perform a safety-sensitive
function listed in that appendix unless such person is subject to
testing for alcohol misuse in accordance with the provisions of appendix
J.
[Amdt. 65-37, 59 FR 7389, Feb. 15, 1994]
Sec. 65.47 Maximum hours.
Except in an emergency, a certificated air traffic control tower
operator must be relieved of all duties for at least 24 consecutive
hours at least once during each 7 consecutive days. Such an operator may
not serve or be required to serve--
(a) For more than 10 consecutive hours; or
(b) For more than 10 hours during a period of 24 consecutive hours,
unless he has had a rest period of at least 8 hours at or before the end
of the 10 hours of duty.
Sec. 65.49 General operating rules.
(a) Except for a person employed by the FAA or employed by, or on
active duty with, the Department of the Air Force, Army, or Navy, or the
Coast Guard, no person may act as an air traffic control tower operator
under a certificate issued to him or her under this part unless he or
she has in his or her personal possession an appropriate current medical
certificate issued under part 67 of this chapter.
(b) Each person holding an air traffic control tower operator
certificate shall keep it readily available when performing duties in an
air traffic control tower, and shall present that certificate or his
medical certificate or both for inspection upon the request of the
Administrator or an authorized representative of the National
Transportation Safety Board, or of any Federal, State, or local law
enforcement officer.
(c) A certificated air traffic control tower operator who does not
hold a facility rating for a particular control tower may not act at any
operating position at the control tower concerned unless there is
maintained at that control tower, readily available to persons named in
paragraph (b) of this section, a current record of the operating
positions at which he has qualified.
(d) An air traffic control tower operator may not perform duties
under his certificate during any period of known physical deficiency
that would make him unable to meet the physical requirements for his
current medical certificate. However, if the deficiency is temporary, he
may perform duties that are not affected by it whenever another
[[Page 125]]
certificated and qualified operator is present and on duty.
(e) A certificated air traffic control tower operator may not
control air traffic with equipment that the Administrator has found to
be inadequate.
(f) The holder of an air traffic control tower operator certificate,
or an applicant for one, shall, upon the reasonable request of the
Administrator, cooperate fully in any test that is made of him.
[Doc. No. 1179, 27 FR 7973, Aug. 10, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 65-31, 52
FR 17519, May 8, 1987]
Sec. 65.50 Currency requirements.
The holder of an air traffic control tower operator certificate may
not perform any duties under that certificate unless--
(a) He has served for at least three of the preceding 6 months as an
air traffic control tower operator at the control tower to which his
facility rating applies, or at the operating positions for which he has
qualified; or
(b) He has shown that he meets the requirements for his certificate
and facility rating at the control tower concerned, or for operating at
positions for which he has previously qualified.
Subpart C_Aircraft Dispatchers
Source: Docket No. FAA-1998-4553, 64 FR 68923, Dec. 8, 1999, unless
otherwise noted.
Sec. 65.51 Certificate required.
(a) No person may act as an aircraft dispatcher (exercising
responsibility with the pilot in command in the operational control of a
flight) in connection with any civil aircraft in air commerce unless
that person has in his or her personal possession an aircraft dispatcher
certificate issued under this subpart.
(b) Each person who holds an aircraft dispatcher certificate must
present it for inspection upon the request of the Administrator or an
authorized representative of the National Transportation Safety Board,
or of any Federal, State, or local law enforcement officer.
Sec. 65.53 Eligibility requirements: General.
(a) To be eligible to take the aircraft dispatcher knowledge test, a
person must be at least 21 years of age.
(b) To be eligible for an aircraft dispatcher certificate, a person
must--
(1) Be at least 23 years of age;
(2) Be able to read, speak, write, and understand the English
language;
(3) Pass the required knowledge test prescribed by Sec. 65.55 of
this part;
(4) Pass the required practical test prescribed by Sec. 65.59 of
this part; and
(5) Comply with the requirements of Sec. 65.57 of this part.
Sec. 65.55 Knowledge requirements.
(a) A person who applies for an aircraft dispatcher certificate must
pass a knowledge test on the following aeronautical knowledge areas:
(1) Applicable Federal Aviation Regulations of this chapter that
relate to airline transport pilot privileges, limitations, and flight
operations;
(2) Meteorology, including knowledge of and effects of fronts,
frontal characteristics, cloud formations, icing, and upper-air data;
(3) General system of weather and NOTAM collection, dissemination,
interpretation, and use;
(4) Interpretation and use of weather charts, maps, forecasts,
sequence reports, abbreviations, and symbols;
(5) National Weather Service functions as they pertain to operations
in the National Airspace System;
(6) Windshear and microburst awareness, identification, and
avoidance;
(7) Principles of air navigation under instrument meteorological
conditions in the National Airspace System;
(8) Air traffic control procedures and pilot responsibilities as
they relate to enroute operations, terminal area and radar operations,
and instrument departure and approach procedures;
(9) Aircraft loading, weight and balance, use of charts, graphs,
tables, formulas, and computations, and their effect on aircraft
performance;
(10) Aerodynamics relating to an aircraft's flight characteristics
and performance in normal and abnormal flight regimes;
(11) Human factors;
[[Page 126]]
(12) Aeronautical decision making and judgment; and
(13) Crew resource management, including crew communication and
coordination.
(b) The applicant must present documentary evidence satisfactory to
the administrator of having passed an aircraft dispatcher knowledge test
within the preceding 24 calendar months.
Sec. 65.57 Experience or training requirements.
An applicant for an aircraft dispatcher certificate must present
documentary evidence satisfactory to the Administrator that he or she
has the experience prescribed in paragraph (a) of this section or has
accomplished the training described in paragraph (b) of this section as
follows:
(a) A total of at least 2 years experience in the 3 years before the
date of application, in any one or in any combination of the following
areas:
(1) In military aircraft operations as a--
(i) Pilot;
(ii) Flight navigator; or
(iii) Meteorologist.
(2) In aircraft operations conducted under part 121 of this chapter
as--
(i) An assistant in dispatching air carrier aircraft, under the
direct supervision of a dispatcher certificated under this subpart;
(ii) A pilot;
(iii) A flight engineer; or
(iv) A meteorologist.
(3) In aircraft operations as--
(i) An Air Traffic Controller; or
(ii) A Flight Service Specialist.
(4) In aircraft operations, performing other duties that the
Administrator finds provide equivalent experience.
(b) A statement of graduation issued or revalidated in accordance
with Sec. 65.70(b) of this part, showing that the person has
successfully completed an approved aircraft dispatcher course.
Sec. 65.59 Skill requirements.
An applicant for an aircraft dispatcher certificate must pass a
practical test given by the Administrator, with respect to any one type
of large aircraft used in air carrier operations. The practical test
must be based on the aircraft dispatcher practical test standards, as
published by the FAA, on the items outlined in appendix A of this part.
Sec. 65.61 Aircraft dispatcher certification courses: Content and minimum hours.
(a) An approved aircraft dispatcher certification course must:
(1) Provide instruction in the areas of knowledge and topics listed
in appendix A of this part;
(2) Include a minimum of 200 hours of instruction.
(b) An applicant for approval of an aircraft dispatcher course must
submit an outline that describes the major topics and subtopics to be
covered and the number of hours proposed for each.
(c) Additional subject headings for an aircraft dispatcher
certification course may also be included, however the hours proposed
for any subjects not listed in appendix A of this part must be in
addition to the minimum 200 course hours required in paragraph (a) of
this section.
(d) For the purpose of completing an approved course, a student may
substitute previous experience or training for a portion of the minimum
200 hours of training. The course operator determines the number of
hours of credit based on an evaluation of the experience or training to
determine if it is comparable to portions of the approved course
curriculum. The credit allowed, including the total hours and the basis
for it, must be placed in the student's record required by Sec.
65.70(a) of this part.
Sec. 65.63 Aircraft dispatcher certification courses: Application,
duration, and other general requirements.
(a) Application. Application for original approval of an aircraft
dispatcher certification course or the renewal of approval of an
aircraft dispatcher certification course under this part must be:
(1) Made in writing to the Administrator;
(2) Accompanied by two copies of the course outline required under
Sec. 65.61(b) of this part, for which approval is sought;
[[Page 127]]
(3) Accompanied by a description of the equipment and facilities to
be used; and
(4) Accompanied by a list of the instructors and their
qualifications.
(b) Duration. Unless withdrawn or canceled, an approval of an
aircraft dispatcher certification course of study expires:
(1) On the last day of the 24th month from the month the approval
was issued; or
(2) Except as provided in paragraph (f) of this section, on the date
that any change in ownership of the school occurs.
(c) Renewal. Application for renewal of an approved aircraft
dispatcher certification course must be made within 30 days preceding
the month the approval expires, provided the course operator meets the
following requirements:
(1) At least 80 percent of the graduates from that aircraft
dispatcher certification course, who applied for the practical test
required by Sec. 65.59 of this part, passed the practical test on their
first attempt; and
(2) The aircraft dispatcher certification course continues to meet
the requirements of this subpart for course approval.
(d) Course revisions. Requests for approval of a revision of the
course outline, facilities, or equipment must be in accordance with
paragraph (a) of this section. Proposed revisions of the course outline
or the description of facilities and equipment must be submitted in a
format that will allow an entire page or pages of the approved outline
or description to be removed and replaced by any approved revision. The
list of instructors may be revised at any time without request for
approval, provided the minimum requirements of Sec. 65.67 of this part
are maintained and the Administrator is notified in writing.
(e) Withdrawal or cancellation of approval. Failure to continue to
meet the requirements of this subpart for the approval or operation of
an approved aircraft dispatcher certification course is grounds for
withdrawal of approval of the course. A course operator may request
cancellation of course approval by a letter to the Administrator. The
operator must forward any records to the FAA as requested by the
Administrator.
(f) Change in ownership. A change in ownership of a part 65,
appendix A-approved course does not terminate that aircraft dispatcher
certification course approval if, within 10 days after the date that any
change in ownership of the school occurs:
(1) Application is made for an appropriate amendment to the
approval; and
(2) No change in the facilities, personnel, or approved aircraft
dispatcher certification course is involved.
(g) Change in name or location. A change in name or location of an
approved aircraft dispatcher certification course does not invalidate
the approval if, within 10 days after the date that any change in name
or location occurs, the course operator of the part 65, appendix A-
approved course notifies the Administrator, in writing, of the change.
Sec. 65.65 Aircraft dispatcher certification courses: Training facilities.
An applicant for approval of authority to operate an aircraft
dispatcher course of study must have facilities, equipment, and
materials adequate to provide each student the theoretical and practical
aspects of aircraft dispatching. Each room, training booth, or other
space used for instructional purposes must be temperature controlled,
lighted, and ventilated to conform to local building, sanitation, and
health codes. In addition, the training facility must be so located that
the students in that facility are not distracted by the instruction
conducted in other rooms.
Sec. 65.67 Aircraft dispatcher certification courses: Personnel.
(a) Each applicant for an aircraft dispatcher certification course
must meet the following personnel requirements:
(1) Each applicant must have adequate personnel, including one
instructor who holds an aircraft dispatcher certificate and is available
to coordinate all training course instruction.
(2) Each applicant must not exceed a ratio of 25 students for one
instructor.
(b) The instructor who teaches the practical dispatch applications
area of
[[Page 128]]
the appendix A course must hold an aircraft dispatchers certificate
Sec. 65.70 Aircraft dispatcher certification courses: Records.
(a) The operator of an aircraft dispatcher course must maintain a
record for each student, including a chronological log of all
instructors, subjects covered, and course examinations and results. The
record must be retained for at least 3 years after graduation. The
course operator also must prepare, for its records, and transmit to the
Administrator not later than January 31 of each year, a report
containing the following information for the previous year:
(1) The names of all students who graduated, together with the
results of their aircraft dispatcher certification courses.
(2) The names of all the students who failed or withdrew, together
with the results of their aircraft dispatcher certification courses or
the reasons for their withdrawal.
(b) Each student who successfully completes the approved aircraft
dispatcher certification course must be given a written statement of
graduation, which is valid for 90 days. After 90 days, the course
operator may revalidate the graduation certificate for an additional 90
days if the course operator determines that the student remains
proficient in the subject areas listed in appendix A of this part.
Subpart D_Mechanics
Sec. 65.71 Eligibility requirements: General.
(a) To be eligible for a mechanic certificate and associated
ratings, a person must--
(1) Be at least 18 years of age;
(2) Be able to read, write, speak, and understand the English
language, or in the case of an applicant who does not meet this
requirement and who is employed outside of the United States by a U.S.
air carrier, have his certificate endorsed ``Valid only outside the
United States'';
(3) Have passed all of the prescribed tests within a period of 24
months; and
(4) Comply with the sections of this subpart that apply to the
rating he seeks.
(b) A certificated mechanic who applies for an additional rating
must meet the requirements of Sec. 65.77 and, within a period of 24
months, pass the tests prescribed by Sec. Sec. 65.75 and 65.79 for the
additional rating sought.
[Doc. No. 1179, 27 FR 7973, Aug. 10, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 65-6, 31
FR 5950, Apr. 19, 1966]
Sec. 65.73 Ratings.
(a) The following ratings are issued under this subpart:
(1) Airframe.
(2) Powerplant.
(b) A mechanic certificate with an aircraft or aircraft engine
rating, or both, that was issued before, and was valid on, June 15,
1952, is equal to a mechanic certificate with an airframe or powerplant
rating, or both, as the case may be, and may be exchanged for such a
corresponding certificate and rating or ratings.
Sec. 65.75 Knowledge requirements.
(a) Each applicant for a mechanic certificate or rating must, after
meeting the applicable experience requirements of Sec. 65.77, pass a
written test covering the construction and maintenance of aircraft
appropriate to the rating he seeks, the regulations in this subpart, and
the applicable provisions of parts 43 and 91 of this chapter. The basic
principles covering the installation and maintenance of propellers are
included in the powerplant test.
(b) The applicant must pass each section of the test before applying
for the oral and practical tests prescribed by Sec. 65.79. A report of
the written test is sent to the applicant.
[Doc. No. 1179, 27 FR 7973, Aug. 10, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 65-1, 27
FR 10410, Oct. 25, 1962; Amdt. 65-6, 31 FR 5950, Apr. 19, 1966]
Sec. 65.77 Experience requirements.
Each applicant for a mechanic certificate or rating must present
either an appropriate graduation certificate or certificate of
completion from a certificated cated aviation maintenance
[[Page 129]]
technician school or documentary evidence, satisfactory to the
Administrator, of--
(a) At least 18 months of practical experience with the procedures,
practices, materials, tools, machine tools, and equipment generally used
in constructing, maintaining, or altering airframes, or powerplants
appropriate to the rating sought; or
(b) At least 30 months of practical experience concurrently
performing the duties appropriate to both the airframe and powerplant
ratings.
[Doc. No. 1179, 27 FR, 7973, Aug. 10, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 65-14,
35 FR, 5533, Apr. 3, 1970]
Sec. 65.79 Skill requirements.
Each applicant for a mechanic certificate or rating must pass an
oral and a practical test on the rating he seeks. The tests cover the
applicant's basic skill in performing practical projects on the subjects
covered by the written test for that rating. An applicant for a
powerplant rating must show his ability to make satisfactory minor
repairs to, and minor alterations of, propellers.
Sec. 65.80 Certificated aviation maintenance technician school students.
Whenever an aviation maintenance technician school certificated
under part 147 of this chapter shows to an FAA inspector that any of its
students has made satisfactory progress at the school and is prepared to
take the oral and practical tests prescribed by Sec. 65.79, that
student may take those tests during the final subjects of his training
in the approved curriculum, before he meets the applicable experience
requirements of Sec. 65.77 and before he passes each section of the
written test prescribed by Sec. 65.75.
[Doc. No. 9444, 35 FR 5533, Apr. 3, 1970]
Sec. 65.81 General privileges and limitations.
(a) A certificated mechanic may perform or supervise the
maintenance, preventive maintenance or alteration of an aircraft or
appliance, or a part thereof, for which he is rated (but excluding major
repairs to, and major alterations of, propellers, and any repair to, or
alteration of, instruments), and may perform additional duties in
accordance with Sec. Sec. 65.85, 65.87, and 65.95. However, he may not
supervise the maintenance, preventive maintenance, or alteration of, or
approve and return to service, any aircraft or appliance, or part
thereof, for which he is rated unless he has satisfactorily performed
the work concerned at an earlier date. If he has not so performed that
work at an earlier date, he may show his ability to do it by performing
it to the satisfaction of the Administrator or under the direct
supervision of a certificated and appropriately rated mechanic, or a
certificated repairman, who has had previous experience in the specific
operation concerned.
(b) A certificated mechanic may not exercise the privileges of his
certificate and rating unless he understands the current instructions of
the manufacturer, and the maintenance manuals, for the specific
operation concerned.
[Doc. No. 1179, 27 FR 7973, Aug. 10, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 65-2, 29
FR 5451, Apr. 23, 1964; Amdt. 65-26, 45 FR 46737, July 10, 1980]
Sec. 65.83 Recent experience requirements.
A certificated mechanic may not exercise the privileges of his
certificate and rating unless, within the preceding 24 months--
(a) The Administrator has found that he is able to do that work; or
(b) He has, for at least 6 months--
(1) Served as a mechanic under his certificate and rating;
(2) Technically supervised other mechanics;
(3) Supervised, in an executive capacity, the maintenance or
alteration of aircraft; or
(4) Been engaged in any combination of paragraph (b) (1), (2), or
(3) of this section.
Sec. 65.85 Airframe rating; additional privileges.
A certificated mechanic with an airframe rating may approve and
return to service an airframe, or any related part or appliance, after
he has performed, supervised, or inspected its maintenance or alteration
(excluding major repairs and major alterations). In addition, he may
perform the 100-hour inspection required by part 91 of
[[Page 130]]
this chapter on an airframe, or any related part or appliance, and
approve and return it to service.
[Doc. No. 1179, 27 FR 7973, Aug. 10, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 65-10, 32
FR 5770, Apr. 11, 1967]
Sec. 65.87 Powerplant rating; additional privileges.
A certificated mechanic with a powerplant rating may approve and
return to service a powerplant or propeller or any related part or
appliance, after he has performed, supervised, or inspected its
maintenance or alteration (excluding major repairs and major
alterations). In addition, he may perform the 100-hour inspection
required by part 91 of this chapter on a powerplant or propeller, or any
part thereof, and approve and return it to service.
[Doc. No. 1179, 27 FR 7973, Aug. 10, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 65-10, 32
FR 5770, Apr. 11, 1967]
Sec. 65.89 Display of certificate.
Each person who holds a mechanic certificate shall keep it within
the immediate area where he normally exercises the privileges of the
certificate and shall present it for inspection upon the request of the
Administrator or an authorized representative of the National
Transportation Safety Board, or of any Federal, State, or local law
enforcement officer.
[Doc. No. 7258, 31 FR 13524, Oct. 20, 1966, as amended by Doc. No. 8084,
32 FR 5769, Apr. 11, 1967]
Sec. 65.91 Inspection authorization.
(a) An application for an inspection authorization is made on a form
and in a manner prescribed by the Administrator.
(b) An applicant who meets the requirements of this section is
entitled to an inspection authorization.
(c) To be eligible for an inspection authorization, an applicant
must--
(1) Hold a currently effective mechanic certificate with both an
airframe rating and a powerplant rating, each of which is currently
effective and has been in effect for a total of at least 3 years;
(2) Have been actively engaged, for at least the 2-year period
before the date he applies, in maintaining aircraft certificated and
maintained in accordance with this chapter;
(3) Have a fixed base of operations at which he may be located in
person or by telephone during a normal working week but it need not be
the place where he will exercise his inspection authority;
(4) Have available to him the equipment, facilities, and inspection
data necessary to properly inspect airframes, powerplants, propellers,
or any related part or appliance; and
(5) Pass a written test on his ability to inspect according to
safety standards for returning aircraft to service after major repairs
and major alterations and annual and progressive inspections performed
under part 43 of this chapter.
An applicant who fails the test prescribed in paragraph (c)(5) of this
section may not apply for retesting until at least 90 days after the
date he failed the test.
[Doc. No. 1179, 27 FR 7973, Aug. 10, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 65-5, 31
FR 3337, Mar. 3, 1966; Amdt. 65-22, 42 FR 46279, Sept. 15, 1977; Amdt.
65-30, 50 FR 15700, Apr. 19, 1985]
Sec. 65.92 Inspection authorization: Duration.
(a) Each inspection authorization expires on March 31 of each year.
However, the holder may exercise the privileges of that authorization
only while he holds a currently effective mechanic certificate with both
a currently effective airframe rating and a currently effective
powerplant rating.
(b) An inspection authorization ceases to be effective whenever any
of the following occurs:
(1) The authorization is surrendered, suspended, or revoked.
(2) The holder no longer has a fixed base of operation.
(3) The holder no longer has the equipment, facilities, and
inspection data required by Sec. 65.91(c) (3) and (4) for issuance of
his authorization.
(c) The holder of an inspection authorization that is suspended or
revoked shall, upon the Administrator's request, return it to the
Administrator.
[Doc. No. 12537, 42 FR 46279, Sept. 15, 1977]
[[Page 131]]
Sec. 65.93 Inspection authorization: Renewal.
(a) To be eligible for renewal of an inspection authorization for a
1-year period an applicant must present evidence annually, during the
month of March, at an FAA Flight Standards District Office or an
International Field Office that the applicant still meets the
requirements of Sec. 65.91(c) (1) through (4) and must show that,
during the current period that the applicant held the inspection
authorization, the applicant--
(1) Has performed at least one annual inspection for each 90 days
that the applicant held the current authority; or
(2) Has performed inspections of at least two major repairs or major
alterations for each 90 days that the applicant held the current
authority; or
(3) Has performed or supervised and approved at least one
progressive inspection in accordance with standards prescribed by the
Administrator; or
(4) Has attended and successfully completed a refresher course,
acceptable to the Administrator, of not less than 8 hours of instruction
during the 12-month period preceding the application for renewal; or
(5) Has passed on oral test by an FAA inspector to determine that
the applicant's knowledge of applicable regulations and standards is
current.
(b) The holder of an inspection authorization that has been in
effect for less than 90 days before the expiration date need not comply
with paragraphs (a) (1) through (5) of this section.
[Doc. No. 18241, 45 FR 46738, July 10, 1980, as amended by Amdt. 65-35,
54 FR 39292, Sept. 25, 1989]
Sec. 65.95 Inspection authorization: Privileges and limitations.
(a) The holder of an inspection authorization may--
(1) Inspect and approve for return to service any aircraft or
related part or appliance (except any aircraft maintained in accordance
with a continuous airworthiness program under part 121 of this chapter)
after a major repair or major alteration to it in accordance with part
43 [New] of this chapter, if the work was done in accordance with
technical data approved by the Administrator; and
(2) Perform an annual, or perform or supervise a progressive
inspection according to Sec. Sec. 43.13 and 43.15 of this chapter.
(b) When he exercises the privileges of an inspection authorization
the holder shall keep it available for inspection by the aircraft owner,
the mechanic submitting the aircraft, repair, or alteration for approval
(if any), and shall present it upon the request of the Administrator or
an authorized representative of the National Transportation Safety
Board, or of any Federal, State, or local law enforcement officer.
(c) If the holder of an inspection authorization changes his fixed
base of operation, he may not exercise the privileges of the
authorization until he has notified the FAA Flight Standards District
Office or International Field Office for the area in which the new base
is located, in writing, of the change.
[Doc. No. 1179, 27 FR 7973, Aug. 10, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 65-2, 29
FR 5451, Apr. 23, 1964; Amdt. 65-4, 30 FR 3638, Mar. 14, 1965; Amdt. 65-
5, 31 FR 3337, Mar. 3, 1966; Amdt. 65-9, 31 FR 13524, Oct. 20, 1966; 32
FR 5769, Apr. 11, 1967; Amdt. 65-35, 54 FR 39292, Sept. 25, 1989; Amdt.
65-41, 66 FR 21066, Apr. 27, 2001]
Subpart E_Repairmen
Sec. 65.101 Eligibility requirements: General.
(a) To be eligible for a repairman certificate a person must--
(1) Be at least 18 years of age;
(2) Be specially qualified to perform maintenance on aircraft or
components thereof, appropriate to the job for which he is employed;
(3) Be employed for a specific job requiring those special
qualifications by a certificated repair station, or by a certificated
commercial operator or certificated air carrier, that is required by its
operating certificate or approved operations specifications to provide a
continuous airworthiness maintenance program according to its
maintenance manuals;
(4) Be recommended for certification by his employer, to the
satisfaction of the Administrator, as able to satisfactorily maintain
aircraft or components, appropriate to the job for which he is employed;
[[Page 132]]
(5) Have either--
(i) At least 18 months of practical experience in the procedures,
practices, inspection methods, materials, tools, machine tools, and
equipment generally used in the maintenance duties of the specific job
for which the person is to be employed and certificated; or
(ii) Completed formal training that is acceptable to the
Administrator and is specifically designed to qualify the applicant for
the job on which the applicant is to be employed; and
(6) Be able to read, write, speak, and understand the English
language, or, in the case of an applicant who does not meet this
requirement and who is employed outside the United States by a
certificated repair station, a certificated U.S. commercial operator, or
a certificated U.S. air carrier, described in paragraph (c) of this
section, have his certificate endorsed ``Valid only outside the United
States.''
(b) This section does not apply to the issuance of repairman
certificates (experimental aircraft builder) under Sec. 65.104.
[Doc. No. 1179, 27 FR 7973, Aug. 10, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 65-11, 32
FR 13506, Sept. 27, 1967; Amdt. 65-24, 44 FR 46781, Aug. 9, 1979; Amdt.
65-27, 47 FR 13316, Mar. 29, 1982]
Sec. 65.103 Repairman certificate: Privileges and limitations.
(a) A certificated repairman may perform or supervise the
maintenance, preventive maintenance, or alteration of aircraft or
aircraft components appropriate to the job for which the repairman was
employed and certificated, but only in connection with duties for the
certificate holder by whom the repairman was employed and recommended.
(b) A certificated repairman may not perform or supervise duties
under the repairman certificate unless the repairman understands the
current instructions of the certificate holder by whom the repairman is
employed and the manufacturer's instructions for continued airworthiness
relating to the specific operations concerned.
[Doc. No. 18241, 45 FR 46738, July 10, 1980]
Sec. 65.104 Repairman certificate--experimental aircraft
builder--Eligibility, privileges and limitations.
(a) To be eligible for a repairman certificate (experimental
aircraft builder), an individual must--
(1) Be at least 18 years of age;
(2) Be the primary builder of the aircraft to which the privileges
of the certificate are applicable;
(3) Show to the satisfaction of the Administrator that the
individual has the requisite skill to determine whether the aircraft is
in a condition for safe operations; and
(4) Be a citizen of the United States or an individual citizen of a
foreign country who has lawfully been admitted for permanent residence
in the United States.
(b) The holder of a repairman certificate (experimental aircraft
builder) may perform condition inspections on the aircraft constructed
by the holder in accordace with the operating limitations of that
aircraft.
(c) Section 65.103 does not apply to the holder of a repairman
certificate (experimental aircraft builder) while performing under that
certificate.
[Doc. No. 18739, 44 FR 46781, Aug. 9, 1979]
Sec. 65.105 Display of certificate.
Each person who holds a repairman certificate shall keep it within
the immediate area where he normally exercises the privileges of the
certificate and shall present it for inspection upon the request of the
Administrator or an authorized representative of the National
Transportation Safety Board, or of any Federal, State, or local law
enforcement officer.
[Doc. No. 7258, 31 FR 13524, Oct. 20, 1966, as amended by Doc. No. 8084,
32 FR 5769, Apr. 11, 1967]
Subpart F_Parachute Riggers
Sec. 65.111 Certificate required.
(a) No person may pack, maintain, or alter any personnel-carrying
parachute intended for emergency use in connection with civil aircraft
of the United States (including the reserve parachute of a dual
parachute system to be used for intentional parachute jumping) unless
that person holds an appropriate
[[Page 133]]
current certificate and type rating issued under this subpart and
complies with Sec. Sec. 65.127 through 65.133.
(b) No person may pack, maintain, or alter any main parachute of a
dual-parachute system to be used for intentional parachute jumping in
connection with civil aircraft of the United States unless that person--
(1) Has an appropriate current certificate issued under this
subpart;
(2) Is under the supervision of a current certificated parachute
rigger;
(3) Is the person making the next parachute jump with that parachute
in accordance with Sec. 105.43(a) of this chapter; or
(4) Is the parachutist in command making the next parachute jump
with that parachute in a tandem parachute operation conducted under
Sec. 105.45(b)(1) of this chapter.
(c) Each person who holds a parachute rigger certificate shall
present it for inspection upon the request of the Administrator or an
authorized representative of the National Transportation Safety Board,
or of any Federal, State, or local law enforcement officer.
(d) The following parachute rigger certificates are issued under
this part:
(1) Senior parachute rigger.
(2) Master parachute rigger.
(e) Sections 65.127 through 65.133 do not apply to parachutes
packed, maintained, or altered for the use of the armed forces.
[Doc. No. 1179, 27 FR 7973, Aug. 10, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 65-9, 31
FR 13524, Oct. 20, 1966; 32 FR 5769, Apr. 11, 1967; Amdt. 65-42, 66 FR
23553, May 9, 2001]
Sec. 65.113 Eligibility requirements: General.
(a) To be eligible for a parachute rigger certificate, a person
must--
(1) Be at least 18 years of age;
(2) Be able to read, write, speak, and understand the English
language, or, in the case of a citizen of Puerto Rico, or a person who
is employed outside of the United States by a U.S. air carrier, and who
does not meet this requirement, be issued a certificate that is valid
only in Puerto Rico or while he is employed outside of the United States
by that air carrier, as the case may be; and
(3) Comply with the sections of this subpart that apply to the
certificate and type rating he seeks.
(b) Except for a master parachute rigger certificate, a parachute
rigger certificate that was issued before, and was valid on, October 31,
1962, is equal to a senior parachute rigger certificate, and may be
exchanged for such a corresponding certificate.
Sec. 65.115 Senior parachute rigger certificate: Experience,
knowledge, and skill requirements.
Except as provided in Sec. 65.117, an applicant for a senior
parachute rigger certificate must--
(a) Present evidence satisfactory to the Administrator that he has
packed at least 20 parachutes of each type for which he seeks a rating,
in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions and under the
supervision of a certificated parachute rigger holding a rating for that
type or a person holding an appropriate military rating;
(b) Pass a written test, with respect to parachutes in common use,
on--
(1) Their construction, packing, and maintenance;
(2) The manufacturer's instructions;
(3) The regulations of this subpart; and
(c) Pass an oral and practical test showing his ability to pack and
maintain at least one type of parachute in common use, appropriate to
the type rating he seeks.
[Doc. No. 10468, 37 FR 13251, July 6, 1972]
Sec. 65.117 Military riggers or former military riggers: Special
certification rule.
In place of the procedure in Sec. 65.115, an applicant for a senior
parachute rigger certificate is entitled to it if he passes a written
test on the regulations of this subpart and presents satisfactory
documentary evidence that he--
(a) Is a member or civilian employee of an Armed Force of the United
States, is a civilian employee of a regular armed force of a foreign
country, or has, within the 12 months before he applies, been honorably
discharged or released from any status covered by this paragraph;
(b) Is serving, or has served within the 12 months before he
applies, as a
[[Page 134]]
parachute rigger for such an Armed Force; and
(c) Has the experience required by Sec. 65.115(a).
Sec. 65.119 Master parachute rigger certificate: Experience, knowledge,
and skill requirements.
An applicant for a master parachute rigger certificate must meet the
following requirements:
(a) Present evidence satisfactory to the Administrator that he has
had at least 3 years of experience as a parachute rigger and has
satisfactorily packed at least 100 parachutes of each of two types in
common use, in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions--
(1) While a certificated and appropriately rated senior parachute
rigger; or
(2) While under the supervision of a certificated and appropriately
rated parachute rigger or a person holding appropriate military ratings.
An applicant may combine experience specified in paragraphs (a) (1) and
(2) of this section to meet the requirements of this paragraph.
(b) If the applicant is not the holder of a senior parachute rigger
certificate, pass a written test, with respect to parachutes in common
use, on--
(1) Their construction, packing, and maintenance;
(2) The manufacturer's instructions; and
(3) The regulations of this subpart.
(c) Pass an oral and practical test showing his ability to pack and
maintain two types of parachutes in common use, appropriate to the type
ratings he seeks.
[Doc. No. 10468, 37 FR 13252, July 6, 1972]
Sec. 65.121 Type ratings.
(a) The following type ratings are issued under this subpart:
(1) Seat.
(2) Back.
(3) Chest.
(4) Lap.
(b) The holder of a senior parachute rigger certificate who
qualifies for a master parachute rigger certificate is entitled to have
placed on his master parachute rigger certificate the ratings that were
on his senior parachute rigger certificate.
Sec. 65.123 Additional type ratings: Requirements.
A certificated parachute rigger who applies for an additional type
rating must--
(a) Present evidence satisfactory to the Administrator that he has
packed at least 20 parachutes of the type for which he seeks a rating,
in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions and under the
supervision of a certificated parachute rigger holding a rating for that
type or a person holding an appropriate military rating; and
(b) Pass a practical test, to the satisfaction of the Administrator,
showing his ability to pack and maintain the type of parachute for which
he seeks a rating.
[Doc. No. 1179, 27 FR 7973, Aug. 10, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 65-20, 37
FR 13251, July 6, 1972]
Sec. 65.125 Certificates: Privileges.
(a) A certificated senior parachute rigger may--
(1) Pack or maintain (except for major repair) any type of parachute
for which he is rated; and
(2) Supervise other persons in packing any type of parachute for
which that person is rated in accordance with Sec. 105.43(a) or Sec.
105.45(b)(1) of this chapter.
(b) A certificated master parachute rigger may--
(1) Pack, maintain, or alter any type of parachute for which he is
rated; and
(2) Supervise other persons in packing, maintaining, or altering any
type of parachute for which the certificated parachute rigger is rated
in accordance with Sec. 105.43(a) or Sec. 105.45(b)(1) of this
chapter.
(c) A certificated parachute rigger need not comply with Sec. Sec.
65.127 through 65.133 (relating to facilities, equipment, performance
standards, records, recent experience, and seal) in packing,
maintaining, or altering (if authorized) the main parachute of a dual
parachute pack to be used for intentional jumping.
[Doc. No. 1179, 27 FR 7973, Aug. 10, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 65-20, 37
FR 13252, July 6, 1972; Amdt. 65-42, 66 FR 23553, May 9, 2001]
[[Page 135]]
Sec. 65.127 Facilities and equipment.
No certificated parachute rigger may exercise the privileges of his
certificate unless he has at least the following facilities and
equipment available to him:
(a) A smooth top table at least three feet wide by 40 feet long.
(b) Suitable housing that is adequately heated, lighted, and
ventilated for drying and airing parachutes.
(c) Enough packing tools and other equipment to pack and maintain
the types of parachutes that he services.
(d) Adequate housing facilities to perform his duties and to protect
his tools and equipment.
[Doc. No. 1179, 27 FR 7973, Aug. 10, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 65-27, 47
FR 13316, Mar. 29, 1982]
Sec. 65.129 Performance standards.
No certificated parachute rigger may--
(a) Pack, maintain, or alter any parachute unless he is rated for
that type;
(b) Pack a parachute that is not safe for emergency use;
(c) Pack a parachute that has not been thoroughly dried and aired;
(d) Alter a parachute in a manner that is not specifically
authorized by the Administrator or the manufacturer;
(e) Pack, maintain, or alter a parachute in any manner that deviates
from procedures approved by the Administrator or the manufacturer of the
parachute; or
(f) Exercise the privileges of his certificate and type rating
unless he understands the current manufacturer's instructions for the
operation involved and has--
(1) Performed duties under his certificate for at least 90 days
within the preceding 12 months; or
(2) Shown the Administrator that he is able to perform those duties.
Sec. 65.131 Records.
(a) Each certificated parachute rigger shall keep a record of the
packing, maintenance, and alteration of parachutes performed or
supervised by him. He shall keep in that record, with respect to each
parachute worked on, a statement of--
(1) Its type and make;
(2) Its serial number;
(3) The name and address of its owner;
(4) The kind and extent of the work performed;
(5) The date when and place where the work was performed; and
(6) The results of any drop tests made with it.
(b) Each person who makes a record under paragraph (a) of this
section shall keep it for at least 2 years after the date it is made.
(c) Each certificated parachute rigger who packs a parachute shall
write, on the parachute packing record attached to the parachute, the
date and place of the packing and a notation of any defects he finds on
inspection. He shall sign that record with his name and the number of
his certificate.
Sec. 65.133 Seal.
Each certificated parachute rigger must have a seal with an
identifying mark prescribed by the Administrator, and a seal press.
After packing a parachute he shall seal the pack with his seal in
accordance with the manufacturer's recommendation for that type of
parachute.
Appendix A to Part 65--Aircraft Dispatcher Courses
Overview
This appendix sets forth the areas of knowledge necessary to perform
dispatcher functions. The items listed below indicate the minimum set of
topics that must be covered in a training course for aircraft dispatcher
certification. The order of coverage is at the discretion of the
approved school. For the latest technological advancements refer to the
Practical Test Standards as published by the FAA.
I. Regulations
A. Subpart C of this part;
B. Parts 1, 25, 61, 71, 91, 121, 139, and 175, of this chapter;
C. 49 CFR part 830;
D. General Operating Manual.
II. Meteorology
A. Basic Weather Studies
(1) The earth's motion and its effects on weather.
(2) Analysis of the following regional weather types,
characteristics, and structures, or combinations thereof:
(a) Maritime.
(b) Continental.
[[Page 136]]
(c) Polar.
(d) Tropical.
(3) Analysis of the following local weather types, characteristics,
and structures or combinations thereof:
(a) Coastal.
(b) Mountainous.
(c) Island.
(d) Plains.
(4) The following characteristics of the atmosphere:
(a) Layers.
(b) Composition.
(c) Global Wind Patterns.
(d) Ozone.
(5) Pressure:
(a) Units of Measure.
(b) Weather Systems Characteristics.
(c) Temperature Effects on Pressure.
(d) Altimeters.
(e) Pressure Gradient Force.
(f) Pressure Pattern Flying Weather.
(6) Wind:
(a) Major Wind Systems and Coriolis Force.
(b) Jetstreams and their Characteristics.
(c) Local Wind and Related Terms.
(7) States of Matter:
(a) Solids, Liquid, and Gases.
(b) Causes of change of state.
(8) Clouds:
(a) Composition, Formation, and Dissipation.
(b) Types and Associated Precipitation.
(c) Use of Cloud Knowledge in Forecasting.
(9) Fog:
(a) Causes, Formation, and Dissipation.
(b) Types.
(10) Ice:
(a) Causes, Formation, and Dissipation.
(b) Types.
(11) Stability/Instability:
(a) Temperature Lapse Rate, Convection.
(b) Adiabatic Processes.
(c) Lifting Processes.
(d) Divergence.
(e) Convergence.
(12) Turbulence:
(a) Jetstream Associated.
(b) Pressure Pattern Recognition.
(c) Low Level Windshear.
(d) Mountain Waves.
(e) Thunderstorms.
(f) Clear Air Turbulence.
(13) Airmasses:
(a) Classification and Characteristics.
(b) Source Regions.
(c) Use of Airmass Knowledge in Forecasting.
(14) Fronts:
(a) Structure and Characteristics, Both Vertical and Horizontal.
(b) Frontal Types.
(c) Frontal Weather Flying.
(15) Theory of Storm Systems:
(a) Thunderstorms.
(b) Tornadoes.
(c) Hurricanes and Typhoons.
(d) Microbursts.
(e) Causes, Formation, and Dissipation.
B. Weather, Analysis, and Forecasts
(1) Observations:
(a) Surface Observations.
(i) Observations made by certified weather observer.
(ii) Automated Weather Observations.
(b) Terminal Forecasts.
(c) Significant En route Reports and Forecasts.
(i) Pilot Reports.
(ii) Area Forecasts.
(iii) Sigmets, Airmets.
(iv) Center Weather Advisories.
(d) Weather Imagery.
(i) Surface Analysis.
(ii) Weather Depiction.
(iii) Significant Weather Prognosis.
(iv) Winds and Temperature Aloft.
(v) Tropopause Chart.
(vi) Composite Moisture Stability Chart.
(vii) Surface Weather Prognostic Chart.
(viii) Radar Meteorology.
(ix) Satellite Meteorology.
(x) Other charts as applicable.
(e) Meteorological Information Data Collection Systems.
(2) Data Collection, Analysis, and Forecast Facilities.
(3) Service Outlets Providing Aviation Weather Products.
C. Weather Related Aircraft Hazards
(1) Crosswinds and Gusts.
(2) Contaminated Runways.
(3) Restrictions to Surface Visibility.
(4) Turbulence and Windshear.
(5) Icing.
(6) Thunderstorms and Microburst.
(7) Volcanic Ash.
III. Navigation
A. Study of the Earth
(1) Time reference and location (0 Longitude, UTC).
(2) Definitions.
(3) Projections.
(4) Charts.
B. Chart Reading, Application, and Use.
C. National Airspace Plan.
D. Navigation Systems.
E. Airborne Navigation Instruments.
F. Instrument Approach Procedures.
(1) Transition Procedures.
(2) Precision Approach Procedures.
(3) Non-precision Approach Procedures.
(4) Minimums and the relationship to weather.
G. Special Navigation and Operations.
(1) North Atlantic.
(2) Pacific.
(3) Global Differences.
IV. AIRCRAFT
A. Aircraft Flight Manual.
B. Systems Overview.
(1) Flight controls.
(2) Hydraulics.
[[Page 137]]
(3) Electrical.
(4) Air Conditioning and Pressurization.
(5) Ice and Rain protection.
(6) Avionics, Communication, and Navigation.
(7) Powerplants and Auxiliary Power Units.
(8) Emergency and Abnormal Procedures.
(9) Fuel Systems and Sources.
C. Minimum Equipment List/Configuration Deviation List (MEL/CDL) and
Applications.
D. Performance.
(1) Aircraft in general.
(2) Principles of flight:
(a) Group one aircraft.
(b) Group two aircraft.
(3) Aircraft Limitations.
(4) Weight and Balance.
(5) Flight instrument errors.
(6) Aircraft performance:
(a) Take-off performance.
(b) En route performance.
(c) Landing performance.
V. Communications
A. Regulatory requirements.
B. Communication Protocol.
C. Voice and Data Communications.
D. Notice to Airmen (NOTAMS).
E. Aeronautical Publications.
F. Abnormal Procedures.
VI. Air Traffic Control
A. Responsibilities.
B. Facilities and Equipment.
C. Airspace classification and route structure.
D. Flight Plans.
(1) Domestic.
(2) International.
E. Separation Minimums.
F. Priority Handling.
G. Holding Procedures.
H. Traffic Management.
VII. Emergency and Abnormal Procedures
A. Security measures on the ground.
B. Security measures in the air.
C. FAA responsibility and services.
D. Collection and dissemination of information on overdue or missing
aircraft.
E. Means of declaring an emergency.
F. Responsibility for declaring an emergency.
G. Required reporting of an emergency.
H. NTSB reporting requirements.
VIII. Practical Dispatch Applications
A. Human Factors.
(1) Decisionmaking:
(a) Situation Assessment.
(b) Generation and Evaluation of Alternatives.
(i) Tradeoffs and Prioritization.
(ii) Contingency Planning.
(c) Support Tools and Technologies.
(2) Human Error:
(a) Causes.
(i) Individual and Organizational Factors.
(ii) Technology-Induced Error.
(b) Prevention.
(c) Detection and Recovery.
(3) Teamwork:
(a) Communication and Information Exchange.
(b) Cooperative and Distributed Problem-Solving.
(c) Resource Management.
(i) Air Traffic Control (ATC) activities and workload.
(ii) Flightcrew activities and workload.
(iii) Maintenance activities and workload.
(iv) Operations Control Staff activities and workload.
B. Applied Dispatching.
(1) Briefing techniques, Dispatcher, Pilot.
(2) Preflight:
(a) Safety.
(b) Weather Analysis.
(i) Satellite imagery.
(ii) Upper and lower altitude charts.
(iii) Significant en route reports and forecasts.
(iv) Surface charts.
(v) Surface observations.
(vi) Terminal forecasts and orientation to Enhanced Weather
Information System (EWINS).
(c) NOTAMS and airport conditions.
(d) Crew.
(i) Qualifications.
(ii) Limitations.
(e) Aircraft.
(i) Systems.
(ii) Navigation instruments and avionics systems.
(iii) Flight instruments.
(iv) Operations manuals and MEL/CDL.
(v) Performance and limitations.
(f) Flight Planning.
(i) Route of flight.
1. Standard Instrument Departures and Standard Terminal Arrival
Routes.
2. En route charts.
3. Operational altitude.
4. Departure and arrival charts.
(ii) Minimum departure fuel.
1. Climb.
2. Cruise.
3. Descent.
(g) Weight and balance.
(h) Economics of flight overview (Performance, Fuel Tankering).
(i) Decision to operate the flight.
(j) ATC flight plan filing.
(k) Flight documentation.
(i) Flight plan.
(ii) Dispatch release.
(3) Authorize flight departure with concurrence of pilot in command.
(4) In-flight operational control:
(a) Current situational awareness.
(b) Information exchange.
(c) Amend original flight release as required.
(5) Post-Flight:
(a) Arrival verification.
[[Page 138]]
(b) Weather debrief.
(c) Flight irregularity reports as required.
[Doc. No. FAA-1998-4553, 64 FR 68925, Dec. 8, 1999]
PART 67_MEDICAL STANDARDS AND CERTIFICATION--Table of Contents
Subpart A_General
Sec.
67.1 Applicability.
67.3 Issue.
67.7 Access to the National Driver Register.
Subpart B_First-Class Airman Medical Certificate
67.101 Eligibility.
67.103 Eye.
67.105 Ear, nose, throat, and equilibrium.
67.107 Mental.
67.109 Neurologic.
67.111 Cardiovascular.
67.113 General medical condition.
67.115 Discretionary issuance.
Subpart C_Second-Class Airman Medical Certificate
67.201 Eligibility.
67.203 Eye.
67.205 Ear, nose, throat, and equilibrium.
67.207 Mental.
67.209 Neurologic.
67.211 Cardiovascular.
67.213 General medical condition.
67.215 Discretionary issuance.
Subpart D_Third-Class Airman Medical Certificate
67.301 Eligibility.
67.303 Eye.
67.305 Ear, nose, throat, and equilibrium.
67.307 Mental.
67.309 Neurologic.
67.311 Cardiovascular.
67.313 General medical condition.
67.315 Discretionary issuance.
Subpart E_Certification Procedures
67.401 Special issuance of medical certificates.
67.403 Applications, certificates, logbooks, reports, and records:
Falsification, reproduction, or alteration; incorrect
statements.
67.405 Medical examinations: Who may give.
67.407 Delegation of authority.
67.409 Denial of medical certificate.
67.411 Medical certificates by flight surgeons of Armed Forces.
67.413 Medical records.
67.415 Return of medical certificate after suspension or revocation.
Authority: 49 U.S.C. 106(g), 40113, 44701-44703, 44707, 44709-44711,
45102-45103, 45301-45303.
Source: Docket No. 27940, 61 FR 11256, Mar. 19, 1996, unless
otherwise noted.
Subpart A_General
Sec. 67.1 Applicability.
This part prescribes the medical standards and certification
procedures for issuing medical certificates for airmen and for remaining
eligible for a medical certificate.
Sec. 67.3 Issue.
Except as provided in Sec. 67.5, a person who meets the medical
standards prescribed in this part, based on medical examination and
evaluation of the person's history and condition, is entitled to an
appropriate medical certificate.
Sec. 67.7 Access to the National Driver Register.
At the time of application for a certificate issued under this part,
each person who applies for a medical certificate shall execute an
express consent form authorizing the Administrator to request the chief
driver licensing official of any state designated by the Administrator
to transmit information contained in the National Driver Register about
the person to the Administrator. The Administrator shall make
information received from the National Driver Register, if any,
available on request to the person for review and written comment.
Subpart B_First-Class Airman Medical Certificate