[Title 14 CFR ]
[Code of Federal Regulations (annual edition) - January 1, 1997 Edition]
[From the U.S. Government Printing Office]
14
Aeronautics and Space
[[Page i]]
PARTS 60 TO 139
Revised as of January 1, 1997
CONTAINING
A CODIFICATION OF DOCUMENTS
OF GENERAL APPLICABILITY
AND FUTURE EFFECT
AS OF JANUARY 1, 1997
With Ancillaries
Published by
the Office of the Federal Register
National Archives and Records
Administration
as a Special Edition of
the Federal Register
[[Page ii]]
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON : 1997
For sale by U.S. Government Printing Office
Superintendent of Documents, Mail Stop: SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-9328
[[Page iii]]
Table of Contents
Page
Explanation................................................. v
Title 14:
Chapter I--Federal Aviation Administration, Department of
Transportation (Continued)............................ 3
Finding Aids:
Material Approved for Incorporation by Reference.......... 751
Table of CFR Titles and Chapters.......................... 753
Alphabetical List of Agencies Appearing in the CFR........ 769
Redesignation Tables...................................... 779
List of CFR Sections Affected............................. 785
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Cite this Code: CFR
To cite the regulations in this volume use title, part
and section number. Thus, 14 CFR 61.1 refers to title
14, part 61, section 1.
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[[Page v]]
EXPLANATION
The Code of Federal Regulations is a codification of the general and
permanent rules published in the Federal Register by the Executive
departments and agencies of the Federal Government. The Code is divided
into 50 titles which represent broad areas subject to Federal
regulation. Each title is divided into chapters which usually bear the
name of the issuing agency. Each chapter is further subdivided into
parts covering specific regulatory areas.
Each volume of the Code is revised at least once each calendar year
and issued on a quarterly basis approximately as follows:
Title 1 through Title 16.................................as of January 1
Title 17 through Title 27..................................as of April 1
Title 28 through Title 41...................................as of July 1
Title 42 through Title 50................................as of October 1
The appropriate revision date is printed on the cover of each
volume.
LEGAL STATUS
The contents of the Federal Register are required to be judicially
noticed (44 U.S.C. 1507). The Code of Federal Regulations is prima facie
evidence of the text of the original documents (44 U.S.C. 1510).
HOW TO USE THE CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS
The Code of Federal Regulations is kept up to date by the individual
issues of the Federal Register. These two publications must be used
together to determine the latest version of any given rule.
To determine whether a Code volume has been amended since its
revision date (in this case, January 1, 1997), consult the ``List of CFR
Sections Affected (LSA),'' which is issued monthly, and the ``Cumulative
List of Parts Affected,'' which appears in the Reader Aids section of
the daily Federal Register. These two lists will identify the Federal
Register page number of the latest amendment of any given rule.
EFFECTIVE AND EXPIRATION DATES
Each volume of the Code contains amendments published in the Federal
Register since the last revision of that volume of the Code. Source
citations for the regulations are referred to by volume number and page
number of the Federal Register and date of publication. Publication
dates and effective dates are usually not the same and care must be
exercised by the user in determining the actual effective date. In
instances where the effective date is beyond the cut-off date for the
Code a note has been inserted to reflect the future effective date. In
those instances where a regulation published in the Federal Register
states a date certain for expiration, an appropriate note will be
inserted following the text.
OMB CONTROL NUMBERS
The Paperwork Reduction Act of 1980 (Pub. L. 96-511) requires
Federal agencies to display an OMB control number with their information
collection request.
[[Page vi]]
Many agencies have begun publishing numerous OMB control numbers as
amendments to existing regulations in the CFR. These OMB numbers are
placed as close as possible to the applicable recordkeeping or reporting
requirements.
OBSOLETE PROVISIONS
Provisions that become obsolete before the revision date stated on
the cover of each volume are not carried. Code users may find the text
of provisions in effect on a given date in the past by using the
appropriate numerical list of sections affected. For the period before
January 1, 1986, consult either the List of CFR Sections Affected, 1949-
1963, 1964-1972, or 1973-1985, published in seven separate volumes. For
the period beginning January 1, 1986, a ``List of CFR Sections
Affected'' is published at the end of each CFR volume.
INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE
What is incorporation by reference? Incorporation by reference was
established by statute and allows Federal agencies to meet the
requirement to publish regulations in the Federal Register by referring
to materials already published elsewhere. For an incorporation to be
valid, the Director of the Federal Register must approve it. The legal
effect of incorporation by reference is that the material is treated as
if it were published in full in the Federal Register (5 U.S.C. 552(a)).
This material, like any other properly issued regulation, has the force
of law.
What is a proper incorporation by reference? The Director of the
Federal Register will approve an incorporation by reference only when
the requirements of 1 CFR part 51 are met. Some of the elements on which
approval is based are:
(a) The incorporation will substantially reduce the volume of
material published in the Federal Register.
(b) The matter incorporated is in fact available to the extent
necessary to afford fairness and uniformity in the administrative
process.
(c) The incorporating document is drafted and submitted for
publication in accordance with 1 CFR part 51.
Properly approved incorporations by reference in this volume are
listed in the Finding Aids at the end of this volume.
What if the material incorporated by reference cannot be found? If
you have any problem locating or obtaining a copy of material listed in
the Finding Aids of this volume as an approved incorporation by
reference, please contact the agency that issued the regulation
containing that incorporation. If, after contacting the agency, you find
the material is not available, please notify the Director of the Federal
Register, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington DC
20408, or call (202) 523-4534.
CFR INDEXES AND TABULAR GUIDES
A subject index to the Code of Federal Regulations is contained in a
separate volume, revised annually as of January 1, entitled CFR Index
and Finding Aids. This volume contains the Parallel Table of Statutory
Authorities and Agency Rules (Table I), and Acts Requiring Publication
in the Federal Register (Table II). A list of CFR titles, chapters, and
parts and an alphabetical list of agencies publishing in the CFR are
also included in this volume.
An index to the text of ``Title 3--The President'' is carried within
that volume.
The Federal Register Index is issued monthly in cumulative form.
This index is based on a consolidation of the ``Contents'' entries in
the daily Federal Register.
[[Page vii]]
A List of CFR Sections Affected (LSA) is published monthly, keyed to
the revision dates of the 50 CFR titles.
REPUBLICATION OF MATERIAL
There are no restrictions on the republication of material appearing
in the Code of Federal Regulations.
INQUIRIES
For a legal interpretation or explanation of any regulation in this
volume, contact the issuing agency. The issuing agency's name appears at
the top of odd-numbered pages.
For inquiries concerning CFR reference assistance, call 202-523-5227
or write to the Director, Office of the Federal Register, National
Archives and Records Administration, Washington, DC 20408.
SALES
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Richard L. Claypoole,
Director,
Office of the Federal Register.
January 1, 1997.
[[Page ix]]
THIS TITLE
Title 14--Aeronautics and Space is composed of five volumes. The
parts in these volumes are arranged in the following order: parts 1-59,
60-139, 140-199, 200-1199, and part 1200-End. The first three volumes
containing parts 1-199 are comprised of chapter I--Federal Aviation
Administration, Department of Transportation (DOT). The fourth volume
containing parts 200-1199 is comprised of chapter II--Office of the
Secretary, DOT (Aviation Proceedings) and chapter III--Commercial Space
Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, DOT. The fifth volume
containing part 1200-End is comprised of chapter V--National Aeronautics
and Space Administration. The contents of these volumes represent all
current regulations codified under this title of the CFR as of January
1, 1997.
Redesignation tables appear in the Finding Aids section of the
volume containing parts 60-139.
For this volume, Cheryl E. Sirofchuck was Chief Editor. The Code of
Federal Regulations publication program is under the direction of
Frances D. McDonald, assisted by Alomha S. Morris.
[[Page x]]
[[Page 1]]
TITLE 14--AERONAUTICS AND SPACE
(This book contains parts 60 to 139)
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Part
Chapter i--Federal Aviation Administration, Department of
Transportation (Continued)................................ 61
[[Page 3]]
CHAPTER I--FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (Continued)
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SUBCHAPTER D--AIRMEN
Part Page
60 [Reserved]
61 Certification: Pilots and flight instructors 5
63 Certification: Flight crewmembers other than
pilots.................................. 80
65 Certification: Airmen other than flight
crewmembers............................. 99
67 Medical standards and certification......... 118
SUBCHAPTER E--AIRSPACE
71 Designation of class A, class B, class C,
class D, and class E airspace areas;
airways; routes; and reporting points... 132
73 Special use airspace........................ 136
75 [Reserved]
77 Objects affecting navigable airspace........ 139
SUBCHAPTER F--AIR TRAFFIC AND GENERAL OPERATING RULES
91 General operating and flight rules.......... 152
93 Special air traffic rules and airport
traffic patterns........................ 246
95 IFR altitudes............................... 271
97 Standard instrument approach procedures..... 279
99 Security control of air traffic............. 282
101 Moored balloons, kites, unmanned rockets and
unmanned free balloons.................. 286
103 Ultralight vehicles......................... 290
105 Parachute jumping........................... 292
107 Airport security............................ 296
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108 Airplane operator security.................. 307
109 Indirect air carrier security............... 320
SUBCHAPTER G--AIR CARRIERS AND OPERATORS FOR COMPENSATION OR HIRE:
CERTIFICATION AND OPERATIONS
119 Certification: Air carriers and commercial
operators............................... 323
121 Operating requirements: Domestic, flag, and
supplemental operations................. 343
125 Certification and operations: Airplanes
having a seating capacity of 20 or more
passengers or a maximum payload capacity
of 6,000 pounds or more................. 559
129 Operations: Foreign air carriers and foreign
operators of U.S.-registered aircraft
engaged in common carriage.............. 607
133 Rotorcraft external-load operations......... 616
135 Operating requirements: Commuter and on-
demand operations....................... 623
137 Agricultural aircraft operations............ 721
139 Certification and operations: Land airports
serving certain air carriers............ 728
[[Page 5]]
SUBCHAPTER D--AIRMEN
PART 60--[RESERVED]
PART 61--CERTIFICATION: PILOTS AND FLIGHT INSTRUCTORS--Table of Contents
Special Federal Aviation Regulations
SFAR 58 [Note]
SFAR 63
SFAR 73
Subpart A--General
Sec.
61.1 Applicability.
61.2 Definition of terms.
61.3 Certification of foreign pilots and flight instructors.
61.4 Qualification and approval of flight simulators and flight
training devices.
61.5 Requirement for certificates, rating, and authorizations.
61.6 Certificates and ratings issued under this part.
61.7 Obsolete certificates and ratings.
61.9 Exchange of obsolete certificates and ratings for current
certificates and ratings.
61.11 Expired pilot certificates and reissuance.
61.13 Application and qualification.
61.14 Refusal to submit to a drug or alcohol test.
61.15 Offenses involving alcohol or drugs.
61.16 Refusal to submit to an alcohol test or to furnish test results.
61.17 Temporary certificate.
61.19 Duration of pilot and flight instructor certificates.
61.21 Duration of Category II and Category III pilot authorization (for
other than part 121 and part 135 use).
61.23 Duration of medical certificates.
61.25 Change of name.
61.27 Voluntary surrender or exchange of certificate.
61.29 Replacement of lost or destroyed certificate.
61.31 General limitations.
61.33 Tests: General procedure.
61.35 Written test: Prerequisites and passing grades.
61.37 Written tests: Cheating or other unauthorized conduct.
61.39 Prerequisites for flight tests.
61.41 Flight instruction received from flight instructors not
certificated by FAA.
61.43 Flight tests: General procedures.
61.45 Practical tests: Required aircraft and equipment.
61.47 Flight tests: Status of FAA inspectors and other authorized
flight examiners.
61.49 Retesting after failure.
61.51 Pilot logbooks.
61.53 Operations during medical deficiency.
61.55 Second-in-command qualifications.
61.56 Flight review.
61.57 Recent flight experience: Pilot in command.
61.58 Pilot-in-command proficiency check: Operation of aircraft
requiring more than one required pilot.
61.59 Falsification, reproduction, or alteration of applications,
certificates, logbooks, reports, or records.
61.60 Change of address.
Subpart B--Aircraft Ratings and Special Certificates
61.61 Applicability.
61.63 Additional aircraft ratings for other than airline transport
pilot certificates (for parts 121 and 135 use only).
61.64 Additional aircraft ratings for other than airline transport
pilot certificates (for other than parts 121 and 135 use).
61.65 Instrument rating requirements.
61.67 Category II pilot authorization requirements.
61.68 Category III pilot authorization requirements.
61.69 Glider towing: Experience and instruction requirements.
61.71 Graduates of certificated flying schools: Special rules.
61.73 Military pilots or former military pilots: Special rules.
61.75 Pilot certificate issued on basis of a foreign pilot license.
61.77 Special purpose pilot certificate: Operation of U.S.-registered
civil airplanes leased by a person not a U.S. citizen.
Subpart C--Student and Recreational Pilots
61.81 Applicability.
61.83 Eligibility requirements: Student pilots.
61.85 Application.
61.87 Solo flight requirements for student pilots.
61.89 General limitations.
61.91 Aircraft limitations: Pilot in command.
61.93 Cross-country flight requirements (for student and recreational
pilots seeking private pilot certification).
61.95 Operations in a terminal control area and at airports located
within a terminal control area.
61.96 Eligibility requirements: Recreational pilots.
61.97 Aeronautical knowledge.
61.98 Flight proficiency.
[[Page 6]]
61.99 Airplane rating: Aeronautical experience.
61.100 Rotorcraft rating: Aeronautical experience.
61.101 Recreational pilot privileges and limitations.
Subpart D--Private Pilots
61.102 Applicability.
61.103 Eligibility requirements: General.
61.105 Aeronautical knowledge.
61.107 Flight proficiency.
61.109 Airplane rating: Aeronautical experience.
61.111 Cross-country flights: Pilots based on small islands.
61.113 Rotorcraft rating: Aeronautical experience.
61.115 Glider rating: Aeronautical experience.
61.117 Lighter-than-air rating: Aeronautical experience.
61.118 Private pilot privileges and limitations: Pilot in command.
61.119 Free balloon rating: Limitations.
61.120 Private pilot privileges and limitations: Second in command of
aircraft requiring more than one required pilot.
Subpart E--Commercial Pilots
61.121 Applicability.
61.123 Eligibility requirements: General.
61.125 Aeronautical knowledge.
61.127 Flight proficiency.
61.129 Airplane rating: Aeronautical experience.
61.131 Rotorcraft ratings: Aeronautical experience.
61.133 Glider rating: Aeronautical experience.
61.135 Airship rating: Aeronautical experience.
61.137 Free balloon rating: Aeronautical experience.
61.139 Commercial pilot privileges and limitations: General.
61.141 Airship and free balloon ratings: Limitations.
Subpart F--Airline Transport Pilots
61.151 Eligibility requirements: General.
61.153 Airplane rating: Aeronautical knowledge.
61.155 Airplane rating: Aeronautical experience.
61.157 Airplane rating: Aeronautical skill (for parts 121 and 135 use
only).
61.158 Airplane rating: Aeronautical skill (for other than parts 121
and 135).
61.159 Rotorcraft rating: Aeronautical knowledge.
61.161 Rotorcraft rating: Aeronautical experience.
61.163 Rotorcraft rating: Aeronautical skill.
61.165 Additional category ratings.
61.167 Tests.
61.169 Instruction in air transportation service.
61.171 General privileges and limitations.
Subpart G--Flight Instructors
61.181 Applicability.
61.183 Eligibility requirements: General.
61.185 Aeronautical knowledge.
61.187 Flight proficiency.
61.189 Flight instructor records.
61.191 Additional flight instructor ratings.
61.193 Flight instructor authorizations.
61.195 Flight instructor limitations.
61.197 Renewal of flight instructor certificates.
61.199 Expired flight instructor certificates and ratings.
61.201 Conversion to new system of instructor ratings.
Appendix A to Part 61--Practical Test Requirements for Airplane Airline
Transport Pilot Certificates and Associated Class and Type
Ratings (For Parts 121 and 135 Use Only)
Authority: 49 U.S.C. 106(g), 40113, 44701-44703, 44707, 44709-44711,
45102-45103, 45301-45302.
Source: Docket No. 11802, 38 FR 3161, Feb. 1, 1973, unless otherwise
noted.
Special Federal Aviation Regulations
SFAR No. 58
Editorial Note: For the text of SFAR No. 58, see part 121 of this
chapter.
SFAR No. 63--Relief for Participants in Operation Desert Shield/Storm
Sections
1. Applicability.
2. Required documents.
3. Expiration date.
1. Applicability. Contrary provisions of part 61 notwithstanding,
under the procedures prescribed herein, Flight Standards District
Offices (FSDO) are authorized to accept an expired flight instructor
certificate to show eligibility for the renewal of a person's flight
instructor certificate in accordance with the provisions of Sec. 61.197,
or an expired written test report to show eligibility under part 61 to
take a flight/ practical test, provided--
a. It is submitted by a civilian or military person who served in
support of Operation Desert Shield/Storm during the time period from
August 2, 1990 to December 31, 1992;
b. The person's flight instructor certificate and/or airman written
test report expired
[[Page 7]]
within the time period from 60 days prior to assignment to 60 days after
reassignment from support of Operation Desert Shield/Storm; and
c. The person complies with the appropriate requirements of
Sec. 61.197 or completes the required flight/practical test, as
appropriate, within 6 calendar months following the date of reassignment
from Operation Desert Shield/Storm or by December 31, 1992, whichever
date is sooner.
2. Required documents. The FSDO and applicant shall include one of
the following documents with the airman application, and the documents
must show the dates of assignment to and reassignment from support of
Operation Desert Shield/Storm:
a. Official government documents showing the person was a civilian
on official duty for the United States Government in support of
Operation Desert Shield/Storm during the time period from August 2, 1990
to December 31, 1992;
b. Military orders showing the person was a member of the uniformed
services assigned to duty in support of Operation Desert Shield/Storm
during the time period from August 2, 1990 to December 31, 1992;
c. Military orders showing the person was an active member of the
National Guard or Reserve called to active duty in support of Operation
Desert Shield/Storm during the time period from August 2, 1990 to
December 31, 1992; or
d. A letter from the unit commander providing inclusive dates during
which the person served in support of Operation Desert Shield/Storm
during the time period from August 2, 1990 to December 31, 1992.
3. Expiration date. This SFAR expires December 31, 1992, unless
sooner superseded or rescinded.
[SFAR 63, 56 FR 27162, June 12, 1991]
SFAR No. 73--Robinson R-22/R-44 Special Training and Experience
Requirements
1. Applicability. Under the procedures prescribed herein, this SFAR
applies to all persons who seek to manipulate the controls or act as
pilot in command of a Robinson model R-22 or R-44 helicopter. The
requirements stated in this SFAR are in addition to the current
requirements of part 61.
2. Required training, aeronautical experience, endorsements, and
flight review.
(a) Awareness Training:
(1) Except as provided in paragraph (a)(2) of this section, no
person may manipulate the controls of a Robinson model R-22 or R-44
helicopter after March 27, 1995 for the purpose of flight unless the
awareness training specified in paragraph (a)(3) of this section is
completed and the person's logbook has been endorsed by a certified
flight instructor authorized under paragraph (b)(5) of this section.
(2) A person who holds a rotorcraft category and helicopter class
rating on their pilot certificate and meets the experience requirements
of paragraph (b)(1) or (b)(2) of this section may not manipulate the
controls of a Robinson model R-22 or R-44 helicopter for the purpose of
flight after April 26, 1995 unless the awareness training specified in
paragraph (a)(3) of this section is completed and the person's logbook
has been endorsed by a certified flight instructor authorized under
paragraph (b)(5) of this section.
(3) Awareness training must be conducted by a certified flight
instructor who has been endorsed under paragraph (b)(5) of this section
and consists of instruction in the following general subject areas:
(i) Energy management;
(ii) Mast bumping;
(iii) Low rotor RPM (blade stall);
(iv) Low G hazards; and
(v) Rotor RPM decay.
(4) A person who can show satisfactory completion of the
manufacturer's safety course after January 1, 1994, may obtain an
endorsement from an FAA aviation safety inspector in lieu of completing
the awareness training required in paragraphs (a)(1) and (a)(2) of this
section.
(b) Aeronautical Experience:
(1) No person may act as pilot in command of a Robinson model R-22
unless that person:
(i) Has had at least 200 flight hours in helicopters, at least 50
flight hours of which were in the Robinson R-22; or
(ii) Has had at least 10 hours dual instruction in the Robinson R-22
and has received an endorsement from a certified flight instructor
authorized under paragraph (b)(5) of this section that the individual
has been given the training required by this paragraph and if proficient
to act as pilot in command of an R-22. Beginning 12 calendar months
after the date of the endorsement, the individual may not act as pilot
in command unless the individual has completed a flight review in an R-
22 within the preceding 12 calendar months and obtained an endorsement
for that flight review. The dual instruction must include at least the
following abnormal and emergency procedures flight training:
(A) Enhanced training in autorotation procedures,
(B) Engine rotor RPM control without the use of the governor,
(C) Low rotor RPM recognition and recovery, and
(D) Effects of low G maneuvers and proper recovery procedures.
(2) No person may act as pilot in command of a Robinson model R-44
unless that person:
[[Page 8]]
(i) Has had at least 200 flight hours in helicopters, at least 50
flight hours of which were in the Robinson R-44; or
(ii) Has had at least 10 hours dual instruction in the Robinson R-44
and has received an endorsement from a certified flight instructor
authorized under paragraph (b)(5) of this section that the individual
has been given the training required by this paragraph and is proficient
to act as pilot in command of an R-44. Beginning 12 calendar months
after the date of the endorsement, the individual may not act as pilot
in command unless the individual has completed a flight review in an R-
44 within the preceding 12 calendar months and obtained an endorsement
for that flight review. The dual instruction must include at least the
following abnormal and emergency procedures flight training:
(A) Enhanced training in autorotation procedures,
(B) Engine rotor RPM control without the use of the governor,
(C) Low rotor RPM recognition and recovery, and
(D) Effects of low G maneuvers and proper recovery procedures.
(3) A person who does not hold a rotorcraft category and helicopter
class rating must have had at least 20 hours of dual instruction in a
Robinson R-22 helicopter prior to operating it in solo flight. In
addition, the person must obtain an endorsement from a certified flight
instructor authorized under paragraph (b)(5) of this section that
instruction has been given in those maneuvers and procedures, and the
instructor has found the applicant proficient to solo a Robinson R-22.
This endorsement is valid for a period of 90 days. The dual instruction
must include at least the following abnormal and emergency procedures
flight training:
(i) Enhanced training in autorotation procedures,
(ii) Engine rotor RPM control without the use of the governor,
(iii) Low rotor RPM recognition and recovery, and
(iv) Effects of low G maneuvers and proper recovery procedures.
(4) A person who does not hold a rotocraft category and helicopter
class rating must have had at least 20 hours of dual instruction in a
Robinson R-44 helicopter prior to operating it in solo flight. In
addition, the person must obtain an endorsement from a certified flight
instructor authorized under paragraph (b)(5) of this section that
instruction has been given in those maneuvers and procedures, and the
instructor has found the applicant proficient to solo a Robinson R-44.
This endorsement is valid for a period of 90 days. The dual instruction
must include at least the following abnormal and emergency procedures
flight training:
(i) Enhanced training in autorotation procedures,
(ii) Engine rotor RPM control without the use of the governor,
(iii) Low rotor RPM recognition and recovery, and
(iv) Effects of low G maneuvers and proper recovery procedures.
(5) No certificated flight instructor may provide instruction or
conduct a flight review in a Robinson model R-22 or R-44 unless that
instructor:
(i) Completes the awareness training in paragraph 2(a) of this SFAR,
(ii) Meets the experience requirements of paragraphs 2(b)(1)(i) of
this SFAR for the R-22, or 2(b)(2)(i) of this SFAR for the R-44,
(iii) Has completed flight training in an R-22, R-44, or both, on
the following abnormal and emergency procedures:
(A) Enhanced training in autorotation procedures,
(B) Engine rotor RPM control without the use of the governor,
(C) Low rotor RPM recognition and recovery, and
(D) Effects of low G maneuvers and proper recovery procedures.
(iv) Been authorized by endorsement from an FAA aviation safety
inspector or authorized designated examiner that the instructor has
completed the appropriate training, meets the experience requirements
and has satisfactorily demonstrated an ability to provide instruction on
the general subject areas of paragraph 2(a)(3) of this SFAR, and the
flight training identified in paragraph 2(b)(5)(iii) of this SFAR.
(c) Flight Review:
(1) No flight review completed to satisfy Sec. 61.56 by an
individual after becoming eligible to function as pilot in command in a
Robinson R-22 helicopter shall be valid for the operation of R-22
helicopter unless that flight review was taken in an R-22.
(2) No flight review completed to satisfy Sec. 61.56 by individual
after becoming eligible to function as pilot in command in a Robinson R-
44 helicopter shall be valid for the operation of R-44 helicopter unless
that flight review was taken in the R-44.
(3) The flight review will include a review of the awareness
training subject areas of paragraph 2(a)(3) of this SFAR and the flight
training identified in paragraph 2(b) of this SFAR.
(d) Currency Requirements: No person may act as pilot in command of
a Robinson model R-22 or R-44 helicopter carrying passengers unless the
pilot in command has met the recency of flight experience requirements
of Sec. 61.57 in an R-22 or R-44, as appropriate.
3. Expiration date. This SFAR expires December 31, 1997, unless
sooner superseded or rescinded.
[SFAR 73, 60 FR 11256, Mar. 1, 1995]
[[Page 9]]
Subpart A--General
Sec. 61.1 Applicability.
(a) This part prescribes the requirements for issuing pilot and
flight instructor certificates and ratings, the conditions under which
those certificates and ratings are necessary, and the privileges and
limitations of those certificates and ratings.
(b) Except as provided in Sec. 61.71, an applicant for a certificate
or rating must meet the requirements of this part.
[Doc. No. 11802, 38 FR 3161, Feb. 1, 1973, as amended by Amdt. 61-63, 39
FR 20057, June 6, 1974; Amdt. 61-490, 56 FR 11324, Mar. 15, 1991]
Sec. 61.2 Definition of terms.
For the purpose of this part:
(a) Authorized instructor means--
(1) An instructor who has a valid ground instructor certificate or
current flight instructor certificate with appropriate ratings issued by
the Administrator;
(2) An instructor authorized under part 121 (SFAR 58), part 135, or
part 142 of this chapter to give instruction under those parts; or
(3) Any other person authorized by the Administrator to give
instruction under this part.
(b) Flight simulator, airplane means a device that--
(1) Is a full-sized airplane cockpit replica of a specific type of
airplane, or make, model, and series of airplane;
(2) Includes the hardware and software necessary to represent the
airplane in ground operations and flight operations;
(3) Utilizes a force cueing system that provides cues at least
equivalent to those cues provided by a 3 degree freedom of motion
system;
(4) Utilizes a visual system that provides at least a 45 deg.
horizontal field of view and a 30 deg. vertical field of view
simultaneously for each pilot; and
(5) Has been evaluated, qualified, and approved by the
Administrator.
(c) Flight simulator, helicopter means a device that--
(1) Is a full-sized helicopter cockpit replica of a specific type of
aircraft, or make, model, and series of helicopter;
(2) Includes the hardware and software necessary to represent the
helicopter in ground operations and flight operations;
(3) Utilizes a force cueing system that provides cues at least
equivalent to those cues provided by a 3 degree freedom of motion
system;
(4) Utilizes a visual system that provides at least a 45 deg.
horizontal field of view and 30 deg. vertical field of view
simultaneously for each pilot; and
(5) Has been evaluated, qualified, and approved by the
Administrator.
(d) Flight training device means a device that--
(1) Is a full-sized replica of instruments, equipment, panels, and
controls of an airplane or rotorcraft, or set of airplanes or
rotorcraft, in an open flight deck area or in an enclosed cockpit,
including the hardware and software for systems installed, necessary to
simulate the airplane or rotorcraft in ground operations and flight
operations;
(2) Need not have a force (motion) cueing or visual system; and
(3) Has been evaluated, qualified, and approved by the
Administrator.
(e) Set of airplanes or rotorcraft means airplanes or rotorcraft
which all share similar performance characteristics, such as similar
airspeed and altitude operating envelope, similar handling
characteristics, and the same number and type of propulsion systems.
[Doc. No. 26933, 61 FR 34547, July 2, 1996]
Sec. 61.3 Certification of foreign pilots and flight instructors.
(a) A person who is neither a U.S. citizen nor a resident alien may
be issued a pilot certificate or flight instructor certificate under
this part (other than under Sec. 61.75 or Sec. 61.77), outside the
United States, only when the Administrator finds that--
(1) The pilot certificate is needed for the operation of a U.S.-
registered civil aircraft; or
(2) The flight instructor certificate is needed for the training of
students who are citizens of the United States.
(b) Training centers, and their satellite training centers
certificated under part 142 of this chapter, may, outside the United
States--
(1) Prepare and recommend applicants for additional ratings and
endorsements to certificates issued by
[[Page 10]]
the Administrator under the provisions of this part, and award
additional ratings and endorsements within the authority granted to that
training center by the Administrator; and
(2) Prepare and recommend U.S. citizen applicants for airman
certificates, and issue certificates to U.S. citizens within the
authority granted to that training center by the Administrator.
[Doc. No. 26933, 61 FR 34547, July 2, 1996]
Sec. 61.4 Qualification and approval of flight simulators and flight training devices.
Each flight simulator and each flight training device used for
training, for which an airman is to receive credit to satisfy any
training, testing, or checking requirement under this chapter, must be
qualified and approved by the Administrator for--
(a) The training, testing, and checking for which it is used;
(b) Each particular maneuver, procedure, or crewmember function
performed; and
(c) The representation of the specific category and class of
aircraft, type of aircraft, particular variation within type of
aircraft, or set of aircraft in the case of some flight training
devices.
[Doc. No. 26933, 61 FR 34548, July 2, 1996]
Sec. 61.5 Requirement for certificates, rating, and authorizations.
(a) Pilot certificate. No person may act as pilot in command or in
any other capacity as a required pilot flight crewmember of a civil
aircraft of United States registry unless he has in his personal
possession a current pilot certificate issued to him under this part.
However, when the aircraft is operated within a foreign country a
current pilot license issued by the country in which the aircraft is
operated may be used.
(b) Pilot certificate: foreign aircraft. No person may, within the
United States, act as pilot in command or in any other capacity as a
required pilot flight crewmember of a civil aircraft of foreign registry
unless he has in his personal possession a current pilot certificate
issued to him under this part, or a pilot license issued to him or
validated for him by the country in which the aircraft is registered.
(c) Medical certificate. Except for free balloon pilots piloting
balloons and glider pilots piloting gliders, no person may act as pilot
in command or in any other capacity as a required pilot flight
crewmember of an aircraft under a certificate issued to him under this
part, unless he has in his personal possession an appropriate current
medical certificate issued under part 67 of this chapter. However, when
the aircraft is operated within a foreign country with a current pilot
license issued by that country, evidence of current medical
qualification for that license, issued by that country, may be used. In
the case of a pilot certificate issued on the basis of a foreign pilot
license under Sec. 61.75, evidence of current medical qualification
accepted for the issue of that license is used in place of a medical
certificate.
(d) Flight instructor certificate. Unless otherwise authorized by
the Administrator, and except for lighter-than-air instruction in
lighter-than-air aircraft, no person other than the holder of a flight
instructor certificate issued in accordance with subpart G of this part,
with an appropriate rating on that certificate, may--
(1) Give any of the flight instruction required to qualify for a
solo flight, solo cross-country flight, or for the issue of a pilot or
flight instructor certificate or rating;
(2) Endorse a pilot logbook to show that he has given any flight
instruction; or
(3) Endorse a student pilot certificate or logbook for solo
operating privileges.
(e) Instrument rating. No person may act as pilot in command of a
civil aircraft under instrument flight rules, or in weather conditions
less than the minimums prescribed for VFR flight unless--
(1) In the case of an airplane, he holds an instrument rating or an
airline transport pilot certificate with an airplane category rating on
it;
(2) In the case of a helicopter, he holds a helicopter instrument
rating or an airline transport pilot certificate with a rotorcraft
category and helicopter class rating not limited to VFR;
[[Page 11]]
(3) In the case of a glider, he holds an instrument rating
(airplane) or an airline transport pilot certificate with an airplane
category rating; or
(4) In the case of an airship, he holds a commercial pilot
certificate with lighter-than-air category and airship class ratings.
(f) Category II pilot authorization. (1) No person may act as pilot
in command of a civil aircraft during Category II operations unless--
(i) That person holds a current Category II pilot authorization for
that category or class of aircraft, and the type of aircraft, if
applicable; or
(ii) In the case of a civil aircraft of foreign registry, that
person is authorized by the country of registry to act as pilot in
command of that aircraft in Category II operations.
(2) No person may act as second in command of a civil aircraft
during Category II operations unless that person--
(i) Holds a valid pilot certificate with category and class ratings
for that aircraft and a current instrument rating for that category
aircraft;
(ii) Holds an airline transport pilot certificate with category and
class ratings for that aircraft; or
(iii) In the case of a civil aircraft of foreign registry, is
authorized by the country of registry to act as second in command of
that aircraft during Category II operations.
(g) Category A aircraft pilot authorization. The Administrator may
issue a certificate of authorization to the pilot of a small aircraft
identified as a Category A aircraft in Sec. 97.3(b)(1) of this chapter
to use that aircraft in a Category II operation, if he finds that the
proposed operation can be safely conducted under the terms of the
certificate. Such authorization does not permit operation of the
aircraft carrying persons or property for compensation or hire.
(h) Inspection of certificate. Each person who holds a pilot
certificate, flight instructor certificate, medical certificate,
authorization, or license required by this part shall present it for
inspection upon the request of the Administrator, an authorized
representative of the National Transportation Safety Board, or any
Federal, State, or local law enforcement officer.
(i) Category III pilot authorization. (1) No person may act as pilot
in command of a civil aircraft during Category III operations unless--
(i) That person holds a current Category III pilot authorization for
that category or class of aircraft, and the type of aircraft, if
applicable; or
(ii) In the case of a civil aircraft of foreign registry, that
person is authorized by the country of registry to act as pilot in
command of that aircraft in Category III operations.
(2) No person may act as second in command of a civil aircraft
during Category III operations unless that person--
(i) Holds a valid pilot certificate with category and class ratings
for that aircraft and a current instrument rating for that category
aircraft;
(ii) Holds an airline transport pilot certificate with category and
class ratings for that aircraft; or
(iii) In the case of a civil aircraft of foreign registry, is
authorized by the country of registry to act as second in command of
that aircraft during Category III operations.
(j) Exceptions. Paragraphs (f) and (i) of this section do not apply
to operations conducted by the holder of a certificate issued under part
121 or part 135 of this chapter.
[Doc. No. 11802, 38 FR 3161, Feb. 1, 1973, as amended by Amdt. 61-77, 51
FR 40703, Nov. 7, 1986. Redesignated and amended by Amdt. 61-100, 61 FR
34547, July 2, 1996]
Sec. 61.6 Certificates and ratings issued under this part.
(a) The following certificates are issued under this part:
(1) Pilot certificates:
(i) Student pilot.
(ii) Recreational pilot.
(iii) Private pilot.
(iv) Commercial pilot.
(v) Airline transport pilot.
(2) Flight instructor certificates.
(b) The following ratings are placed on pilot certificates (other
than student pilot) where applicable:
(1) Aircraft category ratings:
(i) Airplane.
(ii) Rotorcraft.
(iii) Glider.
[[Page 12]]
(iv) Lighter-than-air.
(2) Airplane class ratings:
(i) Single-engine land.
(ii) Multiengine land.
(iii) Single-engine sea.
(iv) Multiengine sea.
(3) Rotorcraft class ratings:
(i) Helicopter.
(ii) Gyroplane.
(4) Lighter-than-air class ratings:
(i) Airship.
(ii) Free balloon.
(5) Aircraft type ratings are listed in Advisory Circular 61-1
entitled ``Aircraft Type Ratings.'' This list includes ratings for the
following:
(i) Large aircraft, other than lighter-than-air.
(ii) Small turbojet-powered airplanes.
(iii) Small helicopters for operations requiring an airline
transport pilot certificate.
(iv) Other aircraft type ratings specified by the Administrator
through aircraft type certificate procedures.
(6) Instrument ratings (on private and commercial pilot certificates
only):
(i) Instrument--airplanes.
(ii) Instrument--helicopter.
(c) The following ratings are placed on flight instructor
certificates where applicable:
(1) Aircraft category ratings:
(i) Airplane.
(ii) Rotorcraft.
(iii) Glider.
(2) Airplane class ratings:
(i) Single-engine.
(ii) Multiengine.
(3) Rotorcraft class ratings:
(i) Helicopter.
(ii) Gyroplane.
(4) Instrument ratings:
(i) Instrument--airplane.
(ii) Instrument--helicopter.
[Doc. No. 11802, 38 FR 3161, Feb. 1, 1973, as amended by Amdt. 61-64, 41
FR 51392, Nov. 22, 1976; Amdt. 61-82, 54 FR 13037, Mar. 29, 1989.
Redesignated by Amdt. 61-100, 61 FR 34547, July 2, 1996]
Sec. 61.7 Obsolete certificates and ratings.
(a) The holder of a free balloon pilot certificate issued before
November 1, 1973, may not exercise the privileges of that certificate.
(b) The holder of a pilot certificate that bears any of the
following category ratings without an associated class rating, may not
exercise the privileges of that category rating:
(1) Rotorcraft.
(2) Lighter-than-air.
(3) Helicopter.
(4) Autogiro.
Sec. 61.9 Exchange of obsolete certificates and ratings for current certificates and ratings.
(a) The holder of an unexpired free balloon pilot certificate, or an
unexpired pilot certificate with an obsolete category rating listed in
Sec. 61.7(b) may exchange that certificate for a certificate with the
following applicable category and class rating, without a further
showing of competency, until October 31, 1975. After that date, a free
balloon pilot certificate or certificate with an obsolete rating
expires.
(b) Private or commercial pilot certificate with rotorcraft category
rating. The holder of a private or commercial pilot certificate with a
rotorcraft category rating is issued that certificate with a rotorcraft
category rating, and a helicopter or gyroplane class rating, depending
upon whether a helicopter or a gyroplane is used to qualify for the
rotorcraft category rating.
(c) Private or commercial pilot certificate with helicopter or
autogiro category rating. The holder of a private or commercial pilot
certificate with a helicopter or autogiro category rating is issued that
certificate with a rotorcraft category rating and a helicopter class
rating (in the case of a helicopter category rating), or a gyroplane
class rating (in the case of an autogiro rating).
(d) Airline transport pilot certificate with helicopter or autogiro
category rating. The holder of an airline transport pilot certificate
with a helicopter or autogiro category rating is issued that certificate
with a rotorcraft category rating (limited to VFR) and a helicopter
class and type rating (in the case of a helicopter category rating), or
a gyroplane class rating (in the case of an autogiro category rating).
(e) Airline transport pilot certificate with a rotorcraft category
rating (without a class rating). The holder of an airline transport
pilot certificate with a rotorcraft category rating (without a class
[[Page 13]]
rating) is issued that certificate with a rotorcraft category rating
limited to VFR, and a helicopter and type rating or a gyroplane class
rating, depending upon whether a helicopter or gyroplane is used to
qualify for the rotorcraft category rating.
(f) Free balloon pilot certificate. The holder of a free balloon
pilot certificate is issued a commercial pilot certificate with a
lighter-than-air category rating and a free balloon class rating.
However, a free balloon class rating may be issued with the limitations
provided in Sec. 61.141.
(g) Lighter-than-air pilot certificate or pilot certificate with
lighter-than-air category (without a class rating). (1) In the case of
an application made before November 1, 1975, the holder of a lighter-
than-air pilot certificate or a pilot certificate with a lighter-than-
air category rating (without a class rating) is issued a private or
commercial pilot certificate, as appropriate, with a lighter-than-air
category rating and airship and free balloon class ratings.
(2) In the case of an application made after October 31, 1975, the
holder of a lighter-than-air pilot certificate with an airship rating
issued prior to November 1, 1973, may be issued a free balloon class
rating upon passing the appropriate flight test in a free balloon.
[Doc. No. 11802, 38 FR 3161, Feb. 1, 1973, as amended by Amdt. 61-64, 41
FR 51392, Nov. 22, 1976]
Sec. 61.11 Expired pilot certificates and reissuance.
(a) No person who holds an expired pilot certificate or rating may
exercise the privileges of that pilot certificate, or rating.
(b) Except as provided, the following certificates and ratings have
expired and are not reissued:
(1) An airline transport pilot certificate issued before May 1,
1949, or containing a horsepower rating. However, an airline transport
pilot certificate bearing an expiration date and issued after April 30,
1949, may be reissued without an expiration date if it does not contain
a horsepower rating.
(2) A private or commercial pilot certificate, or a lighter-than-air
or free balloon pilot certificate, issued before July 1, 1945. However,
each of those certificates issued after June 30, 1945, and bearing an
expiration date, may be reissued without an expiration date.
(c) A private or commercial pilot certificate or a special purpose
pilot certificate, issued on the basis of a foreign pilot license,
expires on the expiration date stated thereon. A certificate without an
expiration date is issued to the holder of the expired certificate only
if he meets the requirements of Sec. 61.75 for the issue of a pilot
certificate based on a foreign pilot license.
Sec. 61.13 Application and qualification.
(a) An application for a certificate and rating or for an additional
rating under this part is made on a form and in a manner prescribed by
the Administrator. Each person who is neither a United States citizen
nor a resident alien must show evidence that the fee prescribed by
appendix A of part 187 of this chapter has been paid if that person--
(1) Applies for a student pilot certificate to be issued outside the
United States; or
(2) Applies for a written or practical test to be administered
outside the United States for any certificate or rating issued under
this part.
(b) An applicant who meets the requirements of this part is entitled
to an appropriate pilot certificate with aircraft ratings. Additional
aircraft category, class, type and other ratings, for which the
applicant is qualified, are added to his certificate. However, the
Administrator may refuse to issue certificates to persons who are not
citizens of the United States and who do not reside in the United
States.
(c) An applicant who cannot comply with all of the flight
proficiency requirements prescribed by this part because the aircraft
used by him for his flight training or flight test is characteristically
incapable of performing a required pilot operation, but who meets all
other requirements for the certificate or rating sought, is issued the
certificate or rating with appropriate limitations.
(d) An applicant for a pilot certificate who holds a medical
certificate under Sec. 67.19 of this chapter with special limitations on
it, but who meets
[[Page 14]]
all other requirements for that pilot certificate, is issued a pilot
certificate containing such operating limitations as the Administrator
determines are necessary because of the applicant's medical deficiency.
(e) The following requirements apply to a Category II pilot
authorization and to a Category III pilot authorization:
(1) The authorization is issued by a letter of authorization as a
part of the applicant's instrument rating or airline transport pilot
certificate.
(2) Upon original issue the authorization contains a visibility
limitation--
(i) For Category II operations, the limitation is 1,600 feet RVR and
a 150-foot decision height; and
(ii) For Category III operations, each initial limitation is
specified in the authorization document.
(3) Limitations on an authorization may be removed as follows:
(i) In the case of Category II limitations, a limitation is removed
when the holder shows that, since the beginning of the sixth preceding
month, the holder has made three Category II ILS approaches with a 150-
foot decision height to a landing under actual or simulated instrument
conditions.
(ii) In the case of Category III limitations, a limitation is
removed as specified in the authorization.
(4) To meet the experience requirement of paragraph (e)(3) of this
section, and for the practical test required by this part for a Category
II or a Category III authorization, a flight simulator or flight
training device may be used if it is approved by the Administrator for
such use.
(f) Unless authorized by the Administrator--
(1) A person whose pilot certificate is suspended may not apply for
any pilot or flight instructor certificate or rating during the period
of suspension; and
(2) A person whose flight instructor certificate only is suspended
may not apply for any rating to be added to that certificate during the
period of suspension.
(g) Unless the order of revocation provides otherwise--
(1) A person whose pilot certificate is revoked may not apply for
any pilot or flight instructor certificate or rating for 1 year after
the date of revocation; and
(2) A person whose flight instructor certificate only is revoked may
not apply for any flight instructor certificate for 1 year after the
date of revocation.
[Doc. No. 11802, 38 FR 3161, Feb. 1, 1973, as amended by Amdt. 61-72, 47
FR 35693, Aug. 16, 1982; Amdt. 61-100, 61 FR 34548, July 2, 1996]
Sec. 61.14 Refusal to submit to a drug or alcohol test.
(a) This section applies to an employee who performs a function
listed in appendix I or appendix J to part 121 of this chapter directly
or by contract for a part 121 certificate holder, a part 135 certificate
holder, or an operator as defined in Sec. 135.1(c) of this chapter.
(b) Refusal by the holder of a certificate issued under this part to
take a drug test required under the provisions of appendix I to part 121
or an alcohol test required under the provisions of appendix J to part
121 is grounds for--
(1) Denial of an application for any certificate or rating issued
under this part for a period of up to 1 year after the date of such
refusal; and
(2) Suspension or revocation of any certificate or rating issued
under this part.
[Amdt. 61-94, 59 FR 7389, Feb. 15, 1994]
Sec. 61.15 Offenses involving alcohol or drugs.
(a) A conviction for the violation of any Federal or state statute
relating to the growing, processing, manufacture, sale, disposition,
possession, transportation, or importation of narcotic drugs, marihuana,
or depressant or stimulant drugs or substances is grounds for--
(1) Denial of an application for any certificate or rating issued
under this part for a period of up to 1 year after the date of final
conviction; or
(2) Suspension or revocation of any certificate or rating issued
under this part.
(b) The commission of an act prohibited by Sec. 91.17(a) or
Sec. 91.19(a) of this chapter is grounds for--
(1) Denial of an application for a certificate or rating issued
under this part
[[Page 15]]
for a period of up to 1 year after the date of that act; or
(2) Suspension or revocation of any certificate or rating issued
under this part.
(c) For the purposes of paragraphs (d) and (e) of this section, a
motor vehicle action means--
(1) A conviction after November 29, 1990, for the violation of any
Federal or state statute relating to the operation of a motor vehicle
while intoxicated by alcohol or a drug, while impaired by alcohol or a
drug, or while under the influence of alcohol or a drug;
(2) The cancellation, suspension, or revocation of a license to
operate a motor vehicle by a state after November 29, 1990, for a cause
related to the operation of a motor vehicle while intoxicated by alcohol
or a drug, while impaired by alcohol or a drug, or while under the
influence of alcohol or a drug; or
(3) The denial after November 29, 1990, of an application for a
license to operate a motor vehicle by a state for a cause related to the
operation of a motor vehicle while intoxicated by alcohol or a drug,
while impaired by alcohol or a drug, or while under the influence of
alcohol or a drug.
(d) Except in the case of a motor vehicle action that results from
the same incident or arises out of the same factual circumstances, a
motor vehicle action occurring within 3 years of a previous motor
vehicle action is grounds for--
(1) Denial of an application for any certificate or rating issued
under this part for a period of up to 1 year after the date of the last
motor vehicle action; or
(2) Suspension or revocation of any certificate or rating issued
under this part.
(e) Each person holding a certificate issued under this part shall
provide a written report of each motor vehicle action to the FAA, Civil
Aviation Security Division (AAC-700), P.O. Box 25810, Oklahoma City, OK
73125, not later than 60 days after the motor vehicle action. The report
must include--
(1) The person's name, address, date of birth, and airman
certificate number;
(2) The type of violation that resulted in the conviction or the
administrative action;
(3) The date of the conviction or administrative action;
(4) The state that holds the record of conviction or administrative
action; and
(5) A statement of whether the motor vehicle action resulted from
the same incident or arose out of the same factual circumstances related
to a previously-reported motor vehicle action.
(f) Failure to comply with paragraph (e) of this section is grounds
for--
(1) Denial of an application for any certificate or rating issued
under this part for a period of up to 1 year after the date of the motor
vehicle action; or
(2) Suspension or revocation of any certificate or rating issued
under this part.
[Doc. No. 21956, 50 FR 15379, Apr. 17, 1985, as amended by Amdt. 61-84,
54 FR 34330, Aug. 18, 1989; Amdt. 61-87, 55 FR 31309, Aug. 1, 1990;
Amdt. 61-87, 55 FR 41415, Oct. 11, 1990]
Sec. 61.16 Refusal to submit to an alcohol test or to furnish test results.
A refusal to submit to a test to indicate the percentage by weight
of alcohol in the blood, when requested by a law enforcement officer in
accordance with Sec. 91.11(c) of this chapter, or a refusal to furnish
or authorize the release of the test results requested by the
Administrator in accordance with Sec. 91.17 (c) or (d) of this chapter,
is grounds for--
(a) Denial of an application for any certificate or rating issued
under this part for a period of up to 1 year after the date of that
refusal; or
(b) Suspension or revocation of any certificate or rating issued
under this part.
[Doc. No. 21956, 51 FR 1229, Jan. 9, 1986, as amended by Amdt. 61-84, 54
FR 34330, Aug. 18, 1989]
Sec. 61.17 Temporary certificate.
(a) A temporary pilot or flight instructor certificate, or a rating,
effective for a period of not more than 120 days, is issued to a
qualified applicant pending a review of his qualifications and the
issuance of a permanent certificate or rating by the Administrator. The
permanent certificate or rating is
[[Page 16]]
issued to an applicant found qualified and a denial thereof is issued to
an applicant found not qualified.
(b) A temporary certificate issued under paragraph (a) of this
section expires--
(1) At the end of the expiration date stated thereon; or
(2) Upon receipt by the applicant, of--
(i) The certificate or rating sought; or
(ii) Notice that the certificate or rating sought is denied.
[Doc. No. 11802, 38 FR 3161, Feb. 1, 1973, as amended by Amdt. 61-66, 43
FR 22639, May 25, 1978]
Sec. 61.19 Duration of pilot and flight instructor certificates.
(a) General. The holder of a certificate with an expiration date may
not, after that date, exercise the privileges of that certificate.
(b) Student pilot certificate. A student pilot certificate expires
at the end of the 24th month after the month in which it is issued.
(c) Other pilot certificates. Any pilot certificate (other than a
student pilot certificate) issued under this part is issued without a
specific expiration date. However, the holder of a pilot certificate
issued on the basis of a foreign pilot license may exercise the
privileges of that certificate only while the foreign pilot license on
which that certificate is based is effective.
(d) Flight instructor certificate. A flight instructor certificate--
(1) Is effective only while the holder has a current pilot
certificate and a medical certificate appropriate to the pilot
privileges being exercised; and
(2) Expires at the end of the 24th month after the month in which it
was last issued or renewed.
(e) Surrender, suspension, or revocation. Any pilot certificate or
flight instructor certificate issued under this part ceases to be
effective if it is surrendered, suspended, or revoked.
(f) Return of certificate. The holder of any certificate issued
under this part that is suspended or revoked shall, upon the
Administrator's request, return it to the Administrator.
Sec. 61.21 Duration of Category II and Category III pilot authorization (for other than part 121 and part 135 use).
A Category II pilot authorization and a Category III pilot
authorization expire on the last day of the sixth month after the month
last issued or renewed. Upon passing a practical test it is renewed for
each type aircraft for which an authorization is held. However, an
authorization for any particular type aircraft for which an
authorization is held will not be renewed to extend beyond the end of
the 12th month after the practical test was passed in that type
aircraft. If the holder of the authorization passes the practical test
for a renewal in the month before the authorization expires, he is
considered to have passed it during the month the authorization expired.
[Doc. No. 11802, 38 FR 3161, Feb. 1, 1973, as amended by Amdt. 61-77, 51
FR 40703, Nov. 7, 1986; Amdt. 61-100, 61 FR 34548, July 2, 1996]
Sec. 61.23 Duration of medical certificates.
(a) A first-class medical certificate expires at the end of the last
day of--
(1) The sixth month after the month of the date of examination shown
on the certificate, for operations requiring an airline transport pilot
certificate;
(2) The 12th month after the month of the date of examination shown
on the certificate, for operations requiring only a commercial pilot
certificate; and
(3) The period specified in paragraph (c) of this section for
operations requiring only a private, recreational, or student pilot
certificate.
(b) A second-class medical certificate expires at the end of the
last day of--
(1) The 12th month after the month of the date of examination shown
on the certificate, for operations requiring a commercial pilot
certificate or an air traffic control tower operator certificate; and
(2) The period specified in paragraph (c) of this section for
operations requiring only a private, recreational, or student pilot
certificate.
(c) A third-class medical certificate for operations requiring a
private, recreational, or student pilot certificate issued--
[[Page 17]]
(1) Before September 16, 1996, expires at the end of the 24th month
after the month of the date of examination shown on the certificate.
(2) On or after September 16, 1996, expires at the end of the:
(i) 36th month after the month of the date of the examination shown
on the certificate if the person has not reached his or her 40th
birthday on or before the date of the examination; or
(ii) 24th month after the month of the date of the examination shown
on the certificate if the person has reached his or her 40th birthday on
or before the date of the examination.
[Doc. No. 11802, 38 FR 3161, Feb. 1, 1973, as amended by Amdt. 61-68, 45
FR 18911, Mar. 24, 1980; Amdt. 61-82, 54 FR 13037, Mar. 29, 1989; Amdt.
61-99, 61 FR 11256, Mar. 19, 1996]
Sec. 61.25 Change of name.
An application for the change of a name on a certificate issued
under this part must be accompanied by the applicant's current
certificate and a copy of the marriage license, court order, or other
document verifying the change. The documents are returned to the
applicant after inspection.
Sec. 61.27 Voluntary surrender or exchange of certificate.
The holder of a certificate issued under this part may voluntarily
surrender it for cancellation, or for the issue of a certificate of
lower grade, or another certificate with specific ratings deleted. If he
so requests, he must include the following signed statement or its
equivalent:
This request is made for my own reasons, with full knowledge that my
(insert name of certificate or rating, as appropriate) may not be
reissued to me unless I again pass the tests prescribed for its issue.
Sec. 61.29 Replacement of lost or destroyed certificate.
(a) An application for the replacement of a lost or destroyed airman
certificate issued under this part is made by letter to the Department
of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Airman Certification
Branch, Post Office Box 25082, Oklahoma City, OK 73125. The letter
must--
(1) State the name of the person to whom the certificate was issued,
the permanent mailing address (including zip code), social security
number (if any), date and place of birth of the certificate holder, and
any available information regarding the grade, number, and date of issue
of the certificate, and the ratings on it; and
(2) Be accompanied by a check or money order for $2, payable to the
Federal Aviation Administration.
(b) An application for the replacement of a lost or destroyed
medical certificate is made by letter to the Department of
Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Aeromedical
Certification Branch, Post Office Box 25082, Oklahoma City, OK 73125,
accompanied by a check or money order for $2.
(c) A person who has lost a certificate issued under this part, or a
medical certificate issued under part 67 of this chapter, or both, may
obtain a telegram from the FAA confirming that it was issued. The
telegram may be carried as a certificate for a period not to exceed 60
days pending his receipt of a duplicate certificate under paragraph (a)
or (b) of this section, unless he has been notified that the certificate
has been suspended or revoked. The request for such a telegram may be
made by letter or prepaid telegram, including the date upon which a
duplicate certificate was previously requested, if a request had been
made, and a money order for the cost of the duplicate certificate. The
request for a telegraphic certificate is sent to the office listed in
paragraph (a) or (b) of this section, as appropriate. However, a request
for both airman and medical certificates at the same time must be sent
to the office prescribed in paragraph (a) of this section.
Sec. 61.31 General limitations.
(a) Type ratings required. A person may not act as pilot in command
of any of the following aircraft unless he holds a type rating for that
aircraft:
(1) A large aircraft (except lighter-than-air).
(2) A helicopter, for operations requiring an airline transport
pilot certificate.
(3) A turbojet powered airplane.
[[Page 18]]
(4) Other aircraft specified by the Administrator through aircraft
type certificate procedures.
(b) Authorization in lieu of a type rating. (1) In lieu of a type
rating required under paragraphs (a) (1), (3), and (4) of this section,
an aircraft may be operated under an authorization issued by the
Administrator, for a flight or series of flights within the United
States, if--
(i) The particular operation for which the authorization is
requested involves a ferry flight, a practice or training flight, a
flight test for a pilot type rating, or a test flight of an aircraft,
for a period that does not exceed 60 days;
(ii) The applicant shows that compliance with paragraph (a) of this
section is impracticable for the particular operation; and
(iii) The Administrator finds that an equivalent level of safety may
be achieved through operating limitations on the authorization.
(2) Aircraft operated under an authorization issued under this
paragraph--
(i) May not be operated for compensation or hire; and
(ii) May carry only flight crewmembers necessary for the flight.
(3) An authorization issued under this paragraph may be reissued for
an additional 60-day period for the same operation if the applicant
shows that he was prevented from carrying out the purpose of the
particular operation before his authorization expired.
The prohibition of paragraph (b)(2)(i) of this section does not prohibit
compensation for the use of an aircraft by a pilot solely to prepare for
or take a flight test for a type rating.
(c) Category and class rating: Carrying another person or operating
for compensation or hire. Unless he holds a category and class rating
for that aircraft, a person may not act as pilot in command of an
aircraft that is carrying another person or is operated for compensation
or hire. In addition, he may not act as pilot in command of that
aircraft for compensation or hire.
(d) Category and class rating: Other operations. No person may act
as pilot in command of an aircraft in solo flight in operations not
subject to paragraph (c) of this section, unless he meets at least one
of the following:
(1) He holds a category and class rating appropriate to that
aircraft.
(2) He has received flight instruction in the pilot operations
required by this part, appropriate to the category and class of aircraft
for first solo, given to him by a certificated flight instructor who
found him competent to solo that category and class of aircraft and has
so endorsed his pilot logbook.
(3) He has soloed and logged pilot-in-command time in that category
and class of aircraft before November 1, 1973.
(e) High performance airplanes. A person holding a private or
commercial pilot certificate may not act as pilot in command of an
airplane that has more than 200 horsepower, or that has a retractable
landing gear, flaps, and a controllable propeller, unless he has
received flight instruction from an authorized flight instructor who has
certified in his logbook that he is competent to pilot an airplane that
has more than 200 horsepower, or that has a retractable landing gear,
flaps, and a controllable propeller, as the case may be. However, this
instruction is not required if he has logged flight time as pilot in
command in high performance airplanes before November 1, 1973.
(f) High altitude airplanes. (1) Except as provided in paragraph
(f)(2) of this section, no person may act as pilot in command of a
pressurized airplane that has a service ceiling or maximum operating
altitude, whichever is lower, above 25,000 feet MSL unless that person
has completed the ground and flight training specified in paragraphs
(f)(1) (i) and (ii) of this section and has received a logbook or
training record endorsement from an authorized instructor certifying
satisfactory completion of the training. The training shall consist of:
(i) Ground training that includes instruction on high altitude
aerodynamics and meteorology; respiration; effects, symptoms, and causes
of hypoxia and any other high altitude sicknesses; duration of
consciousness without supplemental oxygen; effects of prolonged usage of
supplemental oxygen; causes and effects of gas expansion and gas bubble
formations; preventive measures for eliminating gas expansion, gas
bubble formations, and high altitude
[[Page 19]]
sicknesses; physical phenomena and incidents of decompression; and any
other physiological aspects of high altitude flight; and
(ii) Flight training in an airplane, or in a simulator that meets
the requirements of Sec. 121.407 of this chapter, and which is
representative of an airplane as described in paragraph (f)(1) of this
section. This training shall include normal cruise flight operations
while operating above 25,000 feet MSL; the proper emergency procedures
for simulated rapid decompression without actually depressurizing the
airplane; and emergency descent procedures;
(2) The training required in paragraph (f)(1) of this section is not
required if a person can document accomplishment of any of the following
in an airplane, or in a simulator that meets the requirements of
Sec. 121.407 of this section, and that is representative of an airplane
described in paragraph (f)(1) of this section:
(i) Served as pilot in command prior to April 15, 1991;
(ii) Completed a pilot proficiency check for a pilot certificate or
rating conducted by the FAA prior to April 15, 1991;
(iii) Completed an official pilot-in-command check by the military
services of the United States; or
(iv) Completed a pilot-in-command proficiency check under parts 121,
125, or 135 conducted by the FAA or by an approved pilot check airman.
(g) Tailwheel Airplanes. No person may act as pilot in command of a
tailwheel airplane unless that pilot has received flight instruction
from an authorized flight instructor who has found the pilot competent
to operate a tailwheel airplane and has made a one time endorsement so
stating in the pilot's logbook. The endorsement must certify that the
pilot is competent in normal and crosswind takeoffs and landings, wheel
landings unless the manufacturer has recommended against such landings,
and go-around procedures. This endorsement is not required if a pilot
has logged flight time as pilot in command of tailwheel airplanes prior
to April 15, 1991.
(h) Exception. This section does not require a class rating for
gliders, or category and class ratings for aircraft that are not type
certificated as airplanes, rotorcraft, or lighter-than-air aircraft. In
addition, the rating limitations of this section do not apply to--
(1) The holder of a student pilot certificate;
(2) The holder of a recreational pilot certificate when operating
under the provisions of Sec. 61.101 (f), (g), and (h).
(3) The holder of a pilot certificate when operating an aircraft
under the authority of an experimental or provisional type certificate;
(4) An applicant when taking a flight test given by the
Administrator; or
(5) The holder of a pilot certificate with a lighter-than-air
category rating when operating a hot air balloon without an airborne
heater.
[Doc. No. 11802, 38 FR 3161, Feb. 1, 1973, as amended by Amdt. 61-82, 54
FR 13037, Mar. 29, 1989; Amdt. 61-490, 56 FR 11324, Mar. 15, 1991]
Sec. 61.33 Tests: General procedure.
Tests prescribed by or under this part are given at times and
places, and by persons, designated by the Administrator.
Sec. 61.35 Written test: Prerequisites and passing grades.
(a) An applicant for a written test must--
(1) Show that he has satisfactorily completed the ground instruction
or home study course required by this part for the certificate or rating
sought;
(2) Present as personal identification an airman certificate,
driver's license, or other official document; and
(3) Present a birth certificate or other official document showing
that he meets the age requirement prescribed in this part for the
certificate sought not later than 2 years from the date of application
for the test.
(b) The minimum passing grade is specified by the Administrator on
each written test sheet or booklet furnished to the applicant.
This section does not apply to the written test for an airline transport
pilot certificate or a rating associated with that certificate.
[[Page 20]]
Sec. 61.37 Written tests: Cheating or other unauthorized conduct.
(a) Except as authorized by the Administrator, no person may--
(1) Copy, or intentionally remove, a written test under this part;
(2) Give to another, or receive from another, any part or copy of
that test;
(3) Give help on that test to, or receive help on that test from,
any person during the period that test is being given;
(4) Take any part of that test in behalf of another person;
(5) Use any material or aid during the period that test is being
given: or
(6) Intentionally cause, assist, or participate in any act
prohibited by this paragraph.
(b) No person whom the Administrator finds to have committed an act
prohibited by paragraph (a) of this section is eligible for any airman
or ground instructor certificate or rating, or to take any test
therefor, under this chapter for a period of 1 year after the date of
that act. In addition, the commission of that act is a basis for
suspending or revoking any airman or ground instructor certificate or
rating held by that person.
Sec. 61.39 Prerequisites for flight tests.
(a) To be eligible for a flight test for a certificate, or an
aircraft or instrument rating issued under this part, the applicant
must--
(1) Have passed any required written test since the beginning of the
24th month before the month in which he takes the flight test;
(2) Have the applicable instruction and aeronautical experience
prescribed in this part;
(3) Hold a current medical certificate appropriate to the
certificate the applicant seeks or, in the case of a rating to be added
to the applicant's pilot certificate, at least a current third-class
medical certificate issued under part 67 of this chapter;
(4) Except for a flight test for an airline transport pilot
certificate, meet the age requirement for the issuance of the
certificate or rating he seeks; and
(5) Have a written statement from an appropriately certificated
flight instructor certifying that he has given the applicant flight
instruction in preparation for the flight test within 60 days preceding
the date of application, and finds him competent to pass the test and to
have satisfactory knowledge of the subject areas in which he is shown to
be deficient by his FAA airman written test report. However, an
applicant need not have this written statement if he--
(i) Holds a foreign pilot license issued by a contracting State to
the Convention on International Civil Aviation that authorizes at least
the pilot privileges of the airman certificate sought by him;
(ii) Is applying for a type rating only, or a class rating with an
associated type rating; or
(iii) Is applying for an airline transport pilot certificate or an
additional aircraft rating on that certificate.
(6) If all increments of the practical test for a certificate or
rating are not completed on one date, all remaining increments of the
test must be satisfactorily completed not more than 60 calendar days
after the date on which the applicant begins the test.
(7) If all increments of the practical test are not satisfactorily
completed within 60 calendar days as required by paragraph (a)(6) of
this section, the applicant must retake the entire practical test,
including those increments satisfactorily completed.
(b) Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph (a)(1) of this
section, an applicant for an airline transport pilot certificate or
rating may take the flight test for that certificate or rating if--
(1) The applicant--
(i) Within the period ending 24 calendar months after the month in
which the applicant passed the first of any required written tests, was
employed as a flight crewmember by a U.S. air carrier or commercial
operator operating either under part 121 or as a commuter air carrier
under part 135 (as defined in part 298 of this title) and is employed by
such a certificate holder at the time of the flight test;
(ii) Has completed initial training, and, if appropriate, transition
or upgrade training; and
(iii) Meets the recurrent training requirements of the applicable
part; or
[[Page 21]]
(2) Within the period ending 24 calendar months after the month in
which the applicant passed the first of any required written tests, the
applicant participated as a pilot in a pilot training program of a U.S.
scheduled military air transportation service and is currently
participating in that program.
[Doc. No. 11802, 38 FR 3161, Feb. 1, 1973, as amended by Amdt. 61-71, 47
FR 13312, Mar. 29, 1982; Amdt. 61-99, 61 FR 11256, Mar. 19, 1996; Amdt.
61-100, 61 FR 34548, July 2, 1996]
Sec. 61.41 Flight instruction received from flight instructors not certificated by FAA.
Flight instruction may be credited toward the requirements for a
pilot certificate or rating issued under this part if it is received
from--
(a) An Armed Force of either the United States or a foreign
contracting State to the Convention on International Civil Aviation in a
program for training military pilots; or
(b) A flight instructor who is authorized to give that flight
instruction by the licensing authority of a foreign contracting State to
the Convention on International Civil Aviation and the flight
instruction is given outside the United States.
Sec. 61.43 Flight tests: General procedures.
(a) The ability of an applicant for a private or commercial pilot
certificate, or for an aircraft or instrument rating on that certificate
to perform the required pilot operations is based on the following:
(1) Executing procedures and maneuvers within the aircraft's
performance capabilities and limitations, including use of the
aircraft's systems.
(2) Executing emergency procedures and maneuvers appropriate to the
aircraft.
(3) Piloting the aircraft with smoothness and accuracy.
(4) Exercising judgment.
(5) Applying his aeronautical knowledge.
(6) Showing that he is the master of the aircraft, with the
successful outcome of a procedure or maneuver never seriously in doubt.
(b) If the applicant fails any of the required pilot operations in
accordance with the applicable provisions of paragraph (a) of this
section, the applicant fails the flight test. The applicant is not
eligible for the certificate or rating sought until he passes any pilot
operations he has failed.
(c) The examiner or the applicant may discontinue the test at any
time when the failure of a required pilot operation makes the applicant
ineligible for the certificate or rating sought. If the test is
discontinued the applicant is entitled to credit for only those entire
pilot operations that he has successfully performed.
Sec. 61.45 Practical tests: Required aircraft and equipment.
(a) General. Except when an applicant for a certificate or rating
under this part is permitted to accomplish the entire flight increment
of the practical test in a qualified and approved flight simulator or in
a qualified and approved flight training device:
(1) The applicant must furnish for each required test, except as
provided by paragraph (a)(2) of this section, an aircraft of U.S.
registry--
(i) Of the category and class aircraft, and type aircraft, if
applicable, for which the applicant is applying for a certificate or
rating; and
(ii) That has a current standard or limited airworthiness
certificate.
(2) At the discretion of the person authorized by the Administrator
to conduct the test, the applicant may furnish--
(i) An aircraft that has a current airworthiness certificate other
than standard or limited, but that otherwise meets the requirement of
paragraph (a)(1) of this section;
(ii) An aircraft of the category and class, and type aircraft, if
applicable, of foreign registry that is certificated by the country of
registry; or
(iii) A military aircraft of the category and class aircraft, and
type aircraft, if applicable, for which the applicant is applying for a
certificate or rating.
(b) Required equipment (other than controls). Aircraft furnished for
a flight test must have--
(1) The equipment for each pilot operation required for the flight
test;
[[Page 22]]
(2) No prescribed operating limitations that prohibit its use in any
pilot operation required on the test;
(3) Pilot seats with adequate visibility for each pilot to operate
the aircraft safely, except as provided in paragraph (d) of this
section; and
(4) Cockpit and outside visibility adequate to evaluate the
performance of the applicant, where an additional jump seat is provided
for the examiner.
(c) Required controls. An applicant must furnish for each practical
test an aircraft--
(1) (Other than lighter-than-air) listed in paragraph (a) of this
section.
(2) That has engine controls and flight controls--
(i) That are easily reached; and
(ii) Unless the evaluator conducting the test accepts otherwise,
that can be operated in a conventional manner by the applicant, other
required crewmembers, and the evaluator if the evaluator occupies a
pilot's seat.
(d) Simulated instrument flight equipment. An applicant for any
practical test involving flight maneuvers and flight procedures
accomplished solely by reference to instruments, must furnish equipment
that--
(1) Excludes the applicant's visual reference to objects outside the
aircraft; and
(2) Is otherwise acceptable to the Administrator.
(e) Aircraft with single controls. At the discretion of the
examiner, an aircraft furnished under paragraph (a) of this section for
a flight test may, in the cases listed herein, have a single set of
controls. In such case, the examiner determines the competence of the
applicant by observation from the ground or from another aircraft.
(1) A flight test for addition of a class or type rating, not
involving demonstration of instrument skills, to a private or commercial
pilot certificate.
(2) A flight test in a single-place gyroplane for--
(i) A private pilot certificate with a rotorcraft category rating
and gyroplane class rating, in which case the certificate bears the
limitation ``rotorcraft single-place gyroplane only''; or
(ii) Addition of a rotorcraft category rating and gyroplane class
rating to a pilot certificate, in which case a certificate higher than a
private pilot certificate bears the limitation ``rotorcraft single-place
gyroplane, private pilot privileges, only''.
The limitations prescribed by this subparagraph may be removed if the
holder of the certificate passes the appropriate flight test in a
gyroplane with two pilot stations or otherwise passes the appropriate
flight test for a rotorcraft category rating.
[Doc. No. 11802, 38 FR 3161, Feb. 1, 1973, as amended by Amdt. 61-100,
61 FR 34548, July 2, 1996]
Sec. 61.47 Flight tests: Status of FAA inspectors and other authorized flight examiners.
An FAA inspector or other authorized flight examiner conducts the
flight test of an applicant for a pilot certificate or rating for the
purpose of observing the applicant's ability to perform satisfactorily
the procedures and maneuvers on the flight test. The inspector or other
examiner is not pilot in command of the aircraft during the flight test
unless he acts in that capacity for the flight, or portion of the
flight, by prior arrangement with the applicant or other person who
would otherwise act as pilot in command of the flight, or portion of the
flight. Notwithstanding the type of aircraft used during a flight test,
the applicant and the inspector or other examiner are not, with respect
to each other (or other occupants authorized by the inspector or other
examiner), subject to the requirements or limitations for the carriage
of passengers specified in this chapter.
Sec. 61.49 Retesting after failure.
(a) An applicant for a written or practical test who fails that test
may not apply for retesting until 30 days after the date the test was
failed. However, in the case of a first failure, the applicant may apply
for retesting before the 30 days have expired provided the applicant
presents a logbook or training record endorsement from an authorized
instructor who has given the applicant remedial instruction and finds
the applicant competent to pass the test.
[[Page 23]]
(b) An applicant for a flight instructor certificate with an
airplane category rating, or for a flight instructor certificate with a
glider category rating, who has failed the practical test due to
deficiencies of knowledge or skill relating to stall awareness, spin
entry, spins, or spin recovery techniques must, during the retest,
satisfactorily demonstrate both knowledge and skill in these areas in an
aircraft of the appropriate category that is certificated for spins.
[Doc. No. 25910, 56 FR 11324, Mar. 15, 1991]
Sec. 61.51 Pilot logbooks.
(a) The aeronautical training and experience used to meet the
requirements for a certificate or rating, or the recent flight
experience requirements of this part must be shown by a reliable record.
The logging of other flight time is not required.
(b) Logbook entries. Each pilot shall enter the following
information for each flight or lesson logged:
(1) General. (i) Date.
(ii) Total time of flight or flight lesson.
(iii) Except for simulated flight, the place, or points of departure
and arrival.
(iv) Type and identification of aircraft, flight simulator, or
flight training device.
(2) Type of pilot experience or training. (i) Pilot in command or
solo.
(ii) Second in command.
(iii) Flight instruction received from an authorized flight
instructor.
(iv) Instrument flight instruction from an authorized flight
instructor.
(v) Pilot ground trainer instruction.
(vi) Participating crew (lighter-than-air).
(vii) Other pilot time.
(viii) Instruction in a flight simulator or instruction in a flight
training device.
(3) Conditions of flight. (i) Day or night.
(ii) Actual instrument.
(iii) Simulated instrument conditions in actual flight, in a flight
simulator, or in a flight training device.
(c) Logging of pilot time--(1) Soloflight time. A pilot may log as
solo flight time only that flight time when he is the sole occupant of
the aircraft. However, a student pilot may also log as solo flight time
that time during which he acts as the pilot in command of an airship
requiring more than one flight crewmember.
(2) Pilot-in-command flight time.
(i) A private or commercial pilot may log as pilot-in-command time
that flight time when the pilot is--
(A) The sole manipulator of the controls of an aircraft for which
the pilot is rated; or
(B) Acting as pilot in command of an aircraft on which more than one
pilot is required under the type certification of the aircraft or the
regulation under which the flight is conducted.
(ii) An airline transport pilot may log as pilot in command time all
of the flight time during which he acts as pilot in command.
(iii) A certificated flight instructor may log as pilot in command
time all flight time during which he acts as a flight instructor.
(iv) A recreational pilot may log as pilot-in-command time only that
time when the pilot is the sole manipulator of the controls of an
aircraft for which the pilot is rated.
(3) Second-in-command flight time. A pilot may log as second in
command time all flight time during which he acts as second in command
of an aircraft on which more than one pilot is required under the type
certification of the aircraft, or the regulations under which the flight
is conducted.
(4) Instrument flight time. (i) Except as provided in paragraph
(c)(4)(iv) of this section, a pilot may log as instrument flight time
only that time when the pilot operates an aircraft solely by reference
to instruments under actual or simulated instrument flight conditions.
(ii) For simulated instrument conditions a qualified and approved
flight simulator or qualified and approved flight training device may be
used, provided an authorized instructor is present during the simulated
flight.
(iii) Each entry in the pilot logbook must include--
(A) The place and type of each instrument approach completed; and
(B) The name of the safety pilot for each simulated instrument
flight conducted in flight.
[[Page 24]]
(iv) An instrument flight instructor conducting instrument flight
instruction in actual instrument weather conditions may log instrument
time.
(5) Instruction time. All time logged as instruction time must be
certified by the authorized instructor from whom it was received.
(d) Presentation of logbook. (1) A pilot must present his logbook
(or other record required by this section) for inspection upon
reasonable request by the Administrator, an authorized representative of
the National Transportation Safety Board, or any State or local law
enforcement officer.
(2) A student pilot must carry his logbook (or other record required
by this section) with him on all solo cross-country flights, as evidence
of the required instructor clearances and endorsements.
(3) A recreational pilot must carry his or her logbook that has the
required instructor endorsements on all solo flights--
(i) In excess of 50 nautical miles from an airport at which
instruction was received;
(ii) In airspace in which communication with air traffic control is
required;
(iii) Between sunset and sunrises; and
(iv) In an aircraft for which the pilot is not rated.
[Doc. No. 11802, 38 FR 3161, Feb. 1, 1973, as amended by Amdt. 61-82, 54
FR 13037, Mar. 29, 1989; Amdt. 61-100, 61 FR 34548, July 2, 1996]
Sec. 61.53 Operations during medical deficiency.
No person may act as pilot in command, or in any other capacity as a
required pilot flight crewmember while he has a known medical
deficiency, or increase of a known medical deficiency, that would make
him unable to meet the requirements for his current medical certificate.
Sec. 61.55 Second-in-command qualifications.
(a) Except as provided in paragraph (d) of this section, no person
may serve as second in command of an aircraft type certificated for more
than one required pilot flight crewmember unless that person holds--
(1) At least a current private pilot certificate with appropriate
category and class ratings; and
(2) An appropriate instrument rating in the case of flight under
IFR.
(b) Except as provided in paragraph (d) of this section, no person
may serve as second in command of an aircraft type certificated for more
than one required pilot flight crewmember unless, since the beginning of
the 12th calendar month before the month in which the pilot serves, the
pilot has, with respect to that type of aircraft--
(1) Become familiar with all information concerning the aircraft's
powerplant, major components and systems, major appliances, performance
and limitations, standard and emergency operating procedures, and the
contents of the approved aircraft flight manual or approved flight
manual material, placards, and markings.
(2) Except as provided in paragraph (e) of this section, performed
and logged--
(i) Three takeoffs and three landings to a full stop in the aircraft
as the sole manipulator of the flight controls; and
(ii) Engine-out procedures and maneuvering with an engine out while
executing the duties of a pilot in command.
(3) Except as provided in paragraph (b)(4) of this section, the
requirements of this paragraph (b)(3) may be accomplished in a flight
simulator that is--
(i) Qualified and approved by the Administrator for such purposes;
and
(ii) Used in accordance with an approved course conducted by a
training center certificated under part 142 of this chapter.
(4) An applicant for an initial second-in-command qualification for
a particular type of aircraft who is qualifying under the terms of
paragraph (b)(3) of this section shall satisfactorily complete a minimum
of one takeoff and one landing in an aircraft of the same type for which
the qualification is sought.
(c) If a pilot complies with the requirements in paragraph (b) of
this section in the calendar month before, or the calendar month after,
the month in which compliance with those requirements is due, he is
considered to have
[[Page 25]]
complied with them in the month they are due.
(d) This section does not apply to a pilot who--
(1) Meets the pilot in command proficiency check requirements of
part 121, 125, 127, or 135 of this chapter;
(2) Is designated as the second in command of an aircraft operated
under the provisions of part 121, 125, 127, or 135 of this chapter; or
(3) Is designated as the second in command of an aircraft for the
purpose of receiving flight training required by this section and no
passengers or cargo are carried on that aircraft.
(e) The holder of a commercial or airline transport pilot
certificate with appropriate category and class ratings need not meet
the requirements of paragraph (b)(2) of this section for the conduct of
ferry flights, aircraft flight tests, or airborne equipment evaluation,
if no persons or property other than as necessary for the operation are
carried.
[Doc. No. 11802, 38 FR 3161, Feb. 1, 1973, as amended by Amdt. 61-64, 41
FR 51392, Nov. 22, 1976; Amdt. 61-65, 42 FR 18391, Apr. 7, 1977; Amdt.
61-77, 51 FR 40703, Nov. 7, 1986; Amdt. 61-100, 61 FR 34549, July 2,
1996]
Sec. 61.56 Flight review.
(a) A flight review consists of a minimum of 1 hour of flight
instruction and 1 hour of ground instruction. The review must include--
(1) A review of the current general operating and flight rules of
part 91 of this chapter; and
(2) A review of those maneuvers and procedures which, at the
discretion of the person giving the review, are necessary for the pilot
to demonstrate the safe exercise of the privileges of the pilot
certificate.
(b) Glider pilots may substitute a minimum of three instructional
flights in a glider, each of which includes a 360-degree turn, in lieu
of the 1 hour of flight instruction required in paragraph (a) of this
section.
(c) Except as provided in paragraphs (d) and (e) of this section, no
person may act as pilot in command of an aircraft unless, since the
beginning of the 24th calendar month before the month in which that
pilot acts as pilot in command, that person has--
(1) Accomplished a flight review given in an aircraft for which that
pilot is rated by an appropriately rated instructor certificated under
this part or other person designated by the Administrator; and
(2) A logbook endorsed by the person who gave the review certifying
that the person has satisfactorily completed the review.
(d) A person who has, within the period specified in paragraph (c)
of this section, satisfactorily completed a pilot proficiency check
conducted by the FAA, an approved pilot check airman, or a U.S. Armed
Force, for a pilot certificate, rating, or operating privilege, need not
accomplish the flight review required by this section.
(e) An applicant who has, within the period specified in paragraphs
(c) and (d) of this section, satisfactorily completed a test for a pilot
certificate, rating, or operating privilege, need not accomplish the
flight review required by this section if the test was conducted by a
person authorized by the Administrator, or authorized by a U.S. Armed
Force, to conduct the test.
(f) A person who holds a current flight instructor certificate who
has, within the period specified in paragraph (c) of this section,
satisfactorily completed a renewal of a flight instructor certificate
under the provisions on Sec. 61.197(c), need not accomplish the 1 hour
of ground instruction specified in subparagraph (a)(1) of this section.
(g) The requirements of this section may be accomplished in
combination with the requirements of Sec. 61.57 and other applicable
recency requirements at the discretion of the instructor.
(h) A flight simulator or flight training device may be used to meet
the flight review requirements of this section subject to the following
conditions:
(1) The flight simulator or flight training device must be approved
by the Administrator for that purpose.
(2) The flight simulator or flight training device must be used in
accordance with an approved course conducted by a training center
certificated under part 142 of this chapter.
(3) Unless the review is undertaken in a flight simulator that is
approved for landings, the applicant must meet the
[[Page 26]]
takeoff and landing requirements of Sec. 61.57 (c) or (d).
(4) The flight simulator or flight training device used must
represent an aircraft, or set of aircraft, for which the pilot is rated.
[Amdt. 61-93, 58 FR 40566, July 28, 1993, as amended by Amdt. 61-100, 61
FR 34549, July 2, 1996]
Sec. 61.57 Recent flight experience: Pilot in command.
(a)-(b) [Reserved]
(c) General experience. (1) Except as otherwise provided in
paragraph (f) of this section, no person may act as pilot in command of
an aircraft carrying passengers, or of an aircraft certificated for more
than one required pilot flight crewmember, unless that person meets the
following requirements--
(i) Within the preceding 90 calendar days, that person must have
made three takeoffs and three landings as the sole manipulator of the
flight controls in an aircraft of the same category and class and, if a
type rating is required, of the same type of aircraft.
(ii) If the aircraft operated under paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this
section is a tailwheel airplane, that person must have made to a full
stop the landings required by that paragraph.
(2) For the purpose of meeting the requirements of this section, a
person may act as pilot in command of a flight under day visual flight
rules (VFR) or day instrument flight rules (IFR) if no persons or
property are carried other than as necessary for compliance with this
part.
(3) The takeoffs and landings required by paragraph (c)(1) of this
section may be accomplished in a flight simulator or flight training
device--
(i) Qualified and approved by the Administrator for landings; and
(ii) Used in accordance with an approved course conducted by a
training center certificated under part 142 of this chapter.
(d) Night experience. (1) Except as provided in paragraph (f) of
this section, no person may act as pilot in command of an aircraft
carrying passengers at night (the period beginning 1 hour after sunset
and ending 1 hour before sunrise (as published in the American Air
Almanac) unless, within the preceding 90 days, that person has made not
fewer than three takeoffs and three landings to a full stop, at night,
as the sole manipulator of the flight controls in the same category and
class of aircraft.
(2) The takeoffs and landings required by paragraph (d)(1) of this
section may be accomplished in a flight simulator that is--
(i) Qualified and approved by the Administrator for takeoffs and
landings, if the visual system is adjusted to represent the time of day
described in paragraph (d)(1) of this section; and
(ii) Used in accordance with an approved course conducted by a
training center certificated under part 142 of this chapter.
(e) Instrument currency. (1) Except as provided by paragraph (f) of
this section, no person may act as pilot in command under IFR, or in
weather conditions less than the minimums prescribed for VFR, unless,
within the preceding 6 calendar months, that person has--
(i) In the case of an aircraft other than a glider--
(A) Logged at least 6 hours of instrument time including at least
six instrument approaches under actual or simulated instrument
conditions, not more than 3 hours of which may be in approved simulation
representing aircraft other than gliders; or
(B) Passed an instrument competency test as described in paragraphs
(e)(2) and (e)(3) of this section; or
(ii) In the case of a glider, the person must have logged at least 3
hours of instrument time, at least half of which was in a glider or an
airplane, except that the person may not carry a passenger in the glider
until that person has completed at least 3 hours of instrument flight
time in a glider.
(2) A person who does not meet the recent instrument experience
requirements of paragraph (e)(1) of this section during the prescribed
time, or within 6 calendar months thereafter, may not serve as pilot in
command under IFR, or in weather conditions less than the minimums
prescribed for VFR, until that person passes an instrument competency
test in the category and class of aircraft involved, given by a person
authorized by the Administrator to conduct the test.
[[Page 27]]
(3) The Administrator may authorize the conduct of all or part of
the test required by paragraph (e)(2) of this section in a qualified and
approved flight simulator or flight training device.
(f) Exceptions. This section does not apply to a pilot in command,
employed by a part 121 or 135 air carrier, engaged in a flight operation
under part 91, 121, or 135 for the air carrier, if the pilot is in
compliance with Sec. Sec. 121.437 and 121.439 or Sec. Sec. 135.243 and
135.247 respectively.
[Amdt. 61-96, 59 FR 56387, Nov. 14, 1994, as amended by Amdt.61-97, 60
FR 34081, June 29, 1995; Amdt. 61-100, 61 FR 34549, July 2, 1996]
Sec. 61.58 Pilot-in-command proficiency check: Operation of aircraft requiring more than one required pilot.
(a) Except as otherwise provided in this section, to serve as pilot
in command of an aircraft that is type certificated for more than one
required pilot crewmember, a person must--
(1) Within the preceding 12 calendar months, complete a pilot-in-
command check in an aircraft that is type certificated for more than one
required pilot crewmember; and
(2) Within the preceding 24 calendar months, complete a pilot-in-
command check in the particular type of aircraft in which that person
will serve as pilot in command.
(b) This section does not apply to persons conducting operations
under part 121, part 125, part 127, part 133, part 135, or part 137 of
this chapter.
(c) The pilot-in-command check given in accordance with the
provisions of part 121, part 125, part 127, or part 135 of this chapter
may be used to satisfy the requirements of this section.
(d) The pilot-in-command check required by paragraph (a) of this
section may be accomplished by satisfactory completion of one of the
following--
(1) A pilot-in-command proficiency check conducted by a person
authorized by the Administrator, consisting of the maneuvers and
procedures required for a type rating;
(2) The practical test required for a type rating;
(3) The initial or periodic practical test required for the issuance
of a pilot examiner or a check airman designation; or
(4) A military flight check required for a pilot in command with
instrument privileges, in an aircraft that the military requires to be
operated by more than one pilot.
(e) A check or a test described in paragraphs (d)(1) through (d)(4)
of this section may be accomplished in a flight simulator qualified and
approved under part 142 of this chapter subject to the following:
(1) Except as allowed in paragraphs (e)(2) and (e)(3) of this
section, if an otherwise qualified and approved flight simulator used
for a pilot-in-command proficiency check is not qualified and approved
for a specific required maneuver--
(i) The training center shall annotate, in the applicant's training
record, the maneuver or maneuvers omitted; and
(ii) Prior to acting as pilot in command, the pilot shall
demonstrate proficiency in each omitted maneuver in an aircraft or
flight simulator qualified and approved for each omitted maneuver.
(2) If the flight simulator used pursuant to this paragraph (e) is
not qualified and approved for circling approaches--
(i) The applicant's record shall be annotated with the statement,
``Proficiency in circling approaches not demonstrated''; and
(ii) The applicant may not perform circling approaches as pilot in
command when weather conditions are less than the basic VFR conditions
described in Sec. 91.155 of this chapter, until proficiency in circling
approaches has been successfully demonstrated in an approved simulator
or aircraft to a person authorized by the Administrator to conduct the
check required by this section.
(3) If the flight simulator used pursuant to this paragraph (e) is
not qualified and approved for landings the applicant must--
(i) Hold a type rating in the airplane represented by the simulator;
and
(ii) Have completed, within the preceding 90 days, at least three
takeoffs and three landings (one to a full stop) as the sole manipulator
of the flight controls in the type airplane for which
[[Page 28]]
the pilot-in-command proficiency check is sought.
(f) For the purpose of meeting the check requirements of paragraph
(a) of this section, a person may act as pilot in command of a flight
under day VFR conditions or day IFR conditions if no person or property
is carried, other than as necessary to demonstrate compliance with this
part.
(g) If a pilot takes the check required by this section in the
calendar month before, or the calendar month after, the month in which
it is due, the pilot is considered to have taken it in the month in
which it was due for the purpose of computing when the next check is
due.
[Doc. No. 26933, 61 FR 34550, July 2, 1996]
Sec. 61.59 Falsification, reproduction, or alteration of applications, certificates, logbooks, reports, or records.
(a) No person may make or cause to be made--
(1) Any fraudulent or intentionally false statement on any
application for a certificate, rating, or duplicate thereof, issued
under this part;
(2) Any fraudulent or intentionally false entry in any logbook,
record, or report that is required to be kept, made, or used, to show
compliance with any requirement for the issuance, or exercise of the
privileges, or any certificate or rating under this part;
(3) Any reproduction, for fraudulent purpose, of any certificate or
rating under this part; or
(4) Any alteration of any certificate or rating under this part.
(b) The commission by any person of an act prohibited under
paragraph (a) of this section is a basis for suspending or revoking any
airman or ground instructor certificate or rating held by that person.
Sec. 61.60 Change of address.
The holder of a pilot or flight instructor certificate who has made
a change in his permanent mailing address may not after 30 days from the
date he moved, exercise the privileges of his certificate unless he has
notified in writing the Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation
Administration, Airman Certification Branch, Box 25082, Oklahoma City,
OK 73125, of his new address.
Subpart B--Aircraft Ratings and Special Certificates
Sec. 61.61 Applicability.
This subpart prescribes the requirements for the issuance of
additional aircraft ratings after a pilot or instructor certificate is
issued, and the requirements and limitations for special pilot
certificates and ratings issued by the Administrator.
Sec. 61.63 Additional aircraft ratings for other than airline transport pilot certificates (for parts 121 and 135 use only).
(a) General. To be eligible for an additional aircraft rating to a
pilot certificate, an applicant who is a pilot crewmember employee of a
part 121 certificate holder or a part 135 certificate holder must meet
the requirements of paragraphs (b) through (d) of this section, as
applicable to the rating sought.
(b) Category rating. An applicant for a category rating to be added
on his pilot certificate must meet the requirements of this part for the
issue of the pilot certificate appropriate to the privileges for which
the category rating is sought. However, the holder of a category rating
for powered aircraft is not required to take a written test for the
addition of a category rating on his pilot certificate.
(c) Class rating. An applicant for an aircraft class rating to be
added on his pilot certificate must--
(1) Present a logbook record certified by an authorized flight
instructor showing that the applicant has received flight instruction in
the class of aircraft for which a rating is sought and has been found
competent in the pilot operations appropriate to the pilot certificate
to which his category rating applies; and
(2) Pass a flight test appropriate to his pilot certificate and
applicable to the aircraft category and class rating sought.
A person who holds a lighter-than-air category rating with a free
balloon class rating, who seeks an airship class rating, must meet the
requirements of
[[Page 29]]
paragraph (b) of this section as though seeking a lighter-than-air
category rating.
(d) Type rating. An applicant for a type rating to be added on his
pilot certificate must meet the following requirements:
(1) He must hold, or concurrently obtain, an instrument rating
appropriate to the aircraft for which a type rating is sought.
(2) He must pass a flight test showing competence in pilot
operations appropriate to the pilot certificate he holds and to the type
rating sought.
(3) He must pass a flight test showing competence in pilot
operations under instrument flight rules in an aircraft of the type for
which the type rating is sought or, in the case of a single pilot
station airplane, meet the requirements of paragraph (d)(3) (i) or (ii)
of this section, whichever is applicable.
(i) The applicant must have met the requirements of this paragraph
in a multiengine airplane for which a type rating is required.
(ii) If he does not meet the requirements of paragraph (d)(3)(i) of
this section and he seeks a type rating for a single-engine airplane, he
must meet the requirements of this subparagraph in either a single or
multiengine airplane, and have the recent instrument experience set
forth in Sec. 61.57(e), when he applies for the flight test under
paragraph (d)(2) of this section.
(4) An applicant who does not meet the requirements of paragraphs
(d) (1) and (3) of this section may obtain a type rating limited to
``VFR only.'' Upon meeting these instrument requirements or the
requirements of Sec. 61.73(e)(2), the ``VFR only'' limitation may be
removed for the particular type of aircraft in which competence is
shown.
(5) When an instrument rating is issued to the holder of one or more
type ratings, the type ratings on the amended certificate bear the
limitation described in paragraph (d)(4) of this section for each
airplane type rating for which he has not shown his instrument
competency under this paragraph.
(6) On and after April 15, 1991, an applicant for a type rating to
be added to a pilot certificate must--
(i) Have completed ground and flight training on the maneuvers and
procedures of Appendix A of this part that is appropriate to the
airplane for which a type rating is sought, and received an endorsement
from an authorized instructor in the person's logbook or training
records certifying satisfactory completion of the training; or
(ii) For a pilot employee of a part 121 or part 135 certificate
holder, have completed the certificate holder's approved ground and
flight training that is appropriate to the airplane for which a type
rating is sought.
[Doc. No. 11802, 38 FR 3161, Feb. 1, 1973, as amended by Amdt. 61-490,
56 FR 11324, Mar. 15, 1991; Amdt. 61-100, 61 FR 34550, July 2, 1996]
Sec. 61.64 Additional aircraft ratings for other than airline transport pilot certificates (for other than parts 121 and 135 use).
(a) General. To be eligible for an additional aircraft rating to a
pilot certificate, an applicant who is not a crewmember employee
applicant of a part 121 training program or a part 135 training program
must meet the requirements of paragraphs (b) through (i) of this
section, applicable to the rating sought.
(b) Category rating. An applicant who holds a pilot certificate and
applies to add a category rating must meet the following requirements:
(1) Present a record of training certified by an authorized
instructor showing that the applicant has--
(i) Received ground training on the aeronautical knowledge areas
applicable to the pilot certificate and aircraft category and class
rating sought;
(ii) Received flight training in the category and class of aircraft
on the areas of operation applicable to the pilot certificate and
aircraft category and class rating sought;
(iii) Been found competent by the certifying flight instructor in
the aeronautical knowledge areas required for the pilot certificate to
which the added aircraft category rating would apply; and
(iv) Been found competent by the certifying flight instructor in the
areas of
[[Page 30]]
operation required for the pilot certificate to which the added aircraft
category rating would apply;
(2) Pass the knowledge test applicable to the pilot certificate and
aircraft category and class rating sought; and
(3) Pass the practical test required for the pilot certificate held,
and category and class rating sought.
(c) Class rating. An applicant who holds a pilot certificate and
applies to add a class rating must meet the following requirements:
(1) The applicant must present a record certified by an authorized
instructor showing that the applicant has--
(i) Received flight instruction in the class of aircraft on the
areas of operation applicable to the pilot certificate and aircraft
class rating sought;
(ii) Received ground training on the aeronautical knowledge areas
applicable to the pilot certificate and aircraft class rating sought;
(iii) Been found competent by the certifying flight instructor in
the aeronautical knowledge areas applicable to the pilot certificate to
which the category and class rating would apply; and
(iv) Been found competent by the certifying flight instructor in the
areas of operation applicable to the pilot certificate to which the
aircraft class rating would apply;
(2) Pass a knowledge test applicable to the pilot certificate and
aircraft class rating sought; and
(3) Pass a practical test required for the pilot certificate held,
and required for the category and class rating sought.
(d) Type rating. An applicant who holds a pilot certificate and
applies to add a type rating must meet the following requirements--
(1) Present a record of training certified by an authorized
instructor that shows that the applicant has--
(i) Received ground training on the aeronautical knowledge areas
applicable to the type rating sought;
(ii) Received flight training on the areas of operation applicable
to the type rating sought; and
(iii) Been found competent by the certifying flight instructor in
the areas of operation required for the issue of the pilot certificate
for which the aircraft type rating is sought.
(2) Passed a required practical test on the areas of operation
listed in Sec. 61.158 or Sec. 61.163, as applicable, for the aircraft
type rating sought.
(3) If the applicant does not hold an instrument rating, in addition
to the tasks required by paragraph (d)(2) of this section, the applicant
must also demonstrate competency in the operations required by
Sec. 61.65(g).
(e) The tasks required by paragraphs (b), (c), and (d) of this
section shall be performed as follows:
(1) Except as provided in paragraph (e)(2) of this section, the
tasks must be performed in an aircraft of the same category, class, and
type, if applicable, as the aircraft for which the added rating is
sought.
(2) Subject to the limitations of paragraph (e)(3) through (e)(12)
of this section, the tasks may be performed in a flight simulator or a
flight training device that represents the aircraft for which the added
rating is sought.
(3) The flight simulator or flight training device use permitted by
paragraph (e)(2) of this section shall be conducted in accordance with
an approved course at a training center certificated under part 142 of
this chapter.
(4) To complete all training and testing (except preflight
inspection) for an unlimited added rating in a flight simulator--
(i) The flight simulator must be qualified as Level C or Level D;
and
(ii) The applicant must meet at least one of the following:
(A) Hold a type rating for a turbojet airplane of the same class as
the class of airplane for which the type rating is sought, or have been
appointed by a military service as a pilot in command of an airplane of
the same class as the class of airplane for which the type rating is
sought, if a turbojet type rating is sought.
(B) Hold a type rating for a turbopropeller airplane of the same
class as the class of airplane for which the type rating is sought, or
have been designated by a military service as a pilot in command of an
airplane of the same class as the class of airplane for which
[[Page 31]]
the type rating is sought, if a turbopropeller airplane type rating is
sought.
(C) Have at least 2,000 hours of actual flight time, of which 500
hours must be in turbine-powered airplanes of the same class as the
class of airplane for which the type rating is sought.
(D) Have at least 500 hours of actual flight time in the same type
airplane as the airplane for which the rating is sought.
(E) Have at least 1,000 hours of flight time in at least two
different airplanes requiring a type rating.
(5) Subject to the limitation of paragraph (e) (6) of this section,
an applicant who does not meet the requirements of paragraph (e)(4) of
this section may complete all training and testing (except for preflight
inspection) for an added rating in a flight simulator if--
(i) The flight simulator is qualified as Level C or Level D; and
(ii) The applicant meets at least one of the following:
(A) Holds a type rating in a propeller-driven airplane if a type
rating in a turbojet airplane is sought, or holds a type rating in a
turbojet airplane if a type rating in a propeller-driven airplane is
sought.
(B) Since the beginning of the 12th calendar month before the month
in which the applicant completes the practical test for the added
rating, has logged--
(1) At least 100 hours of flight time in airplanes in the same class
of airplane for which the type rating is sought and which require a type
rating; and
(2) At least 25 hours of flight time in airplanes in the same type
of airplane for which the rating is sought.
(6) An applicant meeting only the requirements of paragraph (e)(5)
of this section will be issued an added rating with a limitation.
(7) The limitation on certificates issued under the provisions of
paragraph (e)(6) of this section shall state, ``This certificate is
subject to pilot-in-command limitations for the added rating.''
(8) An applicant gaining a certificate with the limitation specified
in paragraph (e)(7) of this section--
(i) May not act as PIC of the aircraft for which an added rating was
obtained under the provisions of this section until he or she has had
the limitation removed from the certificate; and
(ii) May have the limitation removed by serving 15 hours of
supervised operating experience as pilot in command under the
supervision of a qualified and current pilot in command, in the seat
normally occupied by the pilot in command, in an aircraft of the same
type as the airplane to which the limitation applies.
(9) An applicant who does not meet the requirements of paragraph
(e)(4) or (e)(5) of this section may be awarded an added rating after
successful completion of one of the following requirements:
(i) Compliance with paragraph (e)(2) and (e)(3) of this section and
the following tasks, applicable to airplane ratings only, which must be
successfully completed on a static airplane or in flight, as
appropriate:
(A) Preflight inspection;
(B) Normal takeoff;
(C) Normal ILS approach;
(D) Missed approach; and
(E) Normal landing.
(ii) Compliance with paragraphs (e)(2), (e)(3), and (e)(10) through
(e)(12) of this section.
(10) An applicant meeting only the requirements of paragraph (e)(9)
of this section will be issued an added rating with a limitation.
(11) The limitation on certificates issued under the provisions of
paragraph (e)(10) of this section shall state, ``This certificate is
subject to pilot-in-command limitations for the added rating.''
(12) An applicant gaining a certificate with the limitation
specified in paragraph (e)(11) of this section--
(i) May not act as PIC of the aircraft for which an added rating was
obtained under the provisions of this section until he or she has had
the limitation removed from the certificate; and
(ii) May have the limitation removed by serving 25 hours of
supervised operating experience as pilot in command under the
supervision of a qualified and current pilot in command, in the seat
normally occupied by the PIC, in an
[[Page 32]]
aircraft of the same type as the airplane to which the limitation
applies.
(f) An applicant for a type rating who provides an aircraft not
capable of the instrument maneuvers and procedures required by
Sec. 61.158 or Sec. 61.163 for the practical test may--
(1) Obtain a type rating limited to ``VFR only''; and
(2) Remove the ``VFR only'' limitation for each aircraft type in
which the applicant demonstrates compliance with the instrument
requirements of Sec. 61.158 or Sec. 61.163 or the requirements of
Sec. 61.73(e)(2).
(g) An applicant for a type rating may be issued a certificate with
the limitation ``VFR only'' for each aircraft type not equipped for the
applicant to show instrument competency.
(h) An applicant for a type rating in a multiengine, single-pilot-
station airplane may meet the requirements of this part in another
multiengine airplane.
(i) An applicant for a type rating in a single-engine, single-pilot-
station airplane may meet the requirements of this part in another
single-engine or multiengine airplane if the applicant meets the
instrument currency requirements of Sec. 61.57(e).
[Doc. No. 26933, 61 FR 34550, July 2, 1996]
Sec. 61.65 Instrument rating requirements.
(a) General. To be eligible for an instrument rating (airplane) or
an instrument rating (helicopter), an applicant must--
(1) Hold at least a current private pilot certificate with an
aircraft rating appropriate to the instrument rating sought;
(2) Be able to read, speak, and understand the English language; and
(3) Comply with the applicable requirements of this section.
(b) Ground instruction and written test. An applicant for the
written test for an instrument rating must have received ground
instruction or have logged home study in, and passed a written test on,
at least the following areas of aeronautical knowledge applicable to the
rating sought:
(1) The regulations of this chapter that apply to flight under IFR
conditions, the Airman's Information Manual, and the IFR air traffic
system and procedures;
(2) Dead reckoning appropriate to IFR navigation, IFR navigation by
radio aids using the VOR, ADF, and ILS systems, and the use of IFR
charts and instrument approach plates;
(3) The procurement and use of aviation weather reports and
forecasts, and the elements of forecasting weather trends on the basis
of that information and personal observation of weather conditions; and
(4) The safe and efficient operation of airplanes or helicopters, as
appropriate, under instrument weather conditions.
(c) Flight instruction. Except as otherwise provided in this
paragraph, an applicant for the practical test for an instrument rating
must present a record certified by an authorized instructor showing
instrument flight instruction and competency in an aircraft of the same
category for which the instrument rating is sought, in each of the
following areas of operations:
(1) Control and accurate maneuvering of the aircraft solely by
reference to instruments.
(2) IFR navigation by the use of the VOR and ADF systems, including
compliance with air traffic control instructions and procedures.
(3) Instrument approaches to published minimums using two different
nonprecision approach systems and one precision approach system.
(4) Cross-country flight in an aircraft in simulated or actual IFR
conditions, on Federal airways or as routed by air traffic control,
subject to the following:
(i) The flight must be at least 250 nautical miles (100 nautical
miles for helicopters) including a minimum of one precision instrument
approach and two nonprecision instrument approaches.
(ii) Each instrument approach must be accomplished at a different
airport.
(iii) If the departure and final destination airports are the same
airport, the destination airport may be considered as the third airport.
(iv) No approach need be done more than once.
(5) Simulated emergencies involving equipment or instrument
malfunctions,
[[Page 33]]
missed approach procedures, deviations to unplanned alternates, recovery
from unusual attitudes, loss of communications, and simulated loss of
power on at least one-half of the engines if a multiengine aircraft is
used.
(6) Flight instruction required by paragraphs (c)(1), (c)(2),
(c)(3), and (c)(5) of this section may be accomplished in a qualified
and approved flight simulator or in a qualified and approved flight
training device.
(d) [Reserved]
(e) Flight experience. Except as provided in paragraph (h) of this
section, an applicant for an instrument rating must have at least the
following flight time as a pilot:
(1) A total of 125 hours of pilot flight time, of which 50 hours are
as pilot in command in cross-country flight in a powered aircraft with
other than a student pilot certificate. Each cross-country flight must
have a landing at a point more than 50 nautical miles from the original
departure point.
(2) 40 hours of simulated or actual instrument time, which may
include--
(i) Not more than a combined total of 20 hours of instrument
instruction by an authorized instructor in a qualified and approved
flight simulator or in a qualified and approved flight training device;
or
(ii) Not more than 30 hours of instrument instruction accomplished
in an approved course conducted by a training center certificated under
part 142 of this chapter.
(3) 15 hours of instrument flight instruction by an authorized
flight instructor, including at least 5 hours in an airplane or a
helicopter, as appropriate.
(f) [Reserved]
(g) Practical test. An applicant for an instrument rating must pass
a practical test consisting of an oral increment and a flight increment,
as follows:
(1) The flight increment required by this paragraph (g) (1) may be
accomplished in any category, class, and type aircraft that is
certificated for flight in instrument conditions, or in a qualified and
approved flight simulator or qualified and approved flight training
device.
(2) The practical test required by this paragraph (g) (2) must
include instrument flight procedures, selected by the person authorized
by the Administrator to conduct the practical test, to determine the
applicant's ability to perform competently the IFR operations described
in paragraph (c) of this section.
(3) The following requirements of the practical test must be
accomplished in an aircraft or in a qualified and approved flight
simulator:
(i) At least one published precision, nonprecision, and circling
approach.
(ii) At least one landing.
(iii) At least one cross-country flight.
(h) Training qualifications. An applicant for the instrument rating
who has satisfactorily completed an approved curriculum conducted at a
training center certificated under part 142 of this chapter must have--
(1) A total of at least 95 hours of pilot flight time, including at
least 35 hours of simulated or actual instrument flight time; or
(2) Satisfactorily completed the requirements of an approved
instrument rating course at a part 142 certified training center that
has received approval from the Administrator to conduct a curriculum
satisfying the requirements of the instrument rating in--
(i) Fewer than 95 hours of pilot flight time; or
(ii) Fewer than 35 hours of simulated instrument time or actual
instrument time.
[Doc. No. 11802, 38 FR 3161, Feb. 1, 1973, as amended by Amdt. 61-70, 47
FR 3486, Jan. 25, 1982; Amdt. 61-75, 50 FR 19294, May 7, 1985; Amdt. 61-
100, 61 FR 34552, July 2, 1996]
Sec. 61.67 Category II pilot authorization requirements.
(a) General. An applicant for a Category II pilot authorization must
hold--
(1) A pilot certificate with an instrument rating or an airline
transport pilot certificate; and
(2) A type rating for the aircraft for which the authorization is
sought if that aircraft requires a type rating.
(b) Experience requirements. An applicant for a Category II
authorization must have at least--
[[Page 34]]
(1) 50 hours of night flight time as pilot in command;
(2) 75 hours of instrument time under actual or simulated instrument
conditions that may include not more than--
(i) A combination of 25 hours of simulated instrument flight time in
qualified and approved flight simulators or qualified and approved
flight training devices; or
(ii) 40 hours of simulated instrument flight time if accomplished in
an approved course conducted by an appropriately rated training center
certificated under part 142 of this chapter.
(3) 250 hours of cross-country flight time as pilot in command.
Night flight and instrument flight time used to meet the requirements of
paragraphs (b) (1) and (2) of this section may also be used to meet the
requirements of paragraph (b)(3) of this section.
(c) Practical test required. (1) The practical test must be passed
by--
(i) An applicant for issue or renewal of an authorization; and
(ii) An applicant for the addition of another type aircraft to his
authorization.
(2) To be eligible for the practical test, an applicant must--
(i) Meet the requirements of paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section;
(ii) Hold the appropriate class rating; and
(iii) If the applicant has not passed a practical test for this
authorization since the beginning of the twelfth calendar month, meet
the following recent experience requirements--
(A) The requirements of Sec. 61.57(e); and
(B) At least six ILS approaches since the beginning of the sixth
month before the practical test, subject to the following:
(1) The approaches must be conducted under actual or simulated
instrument flight conditions.
(2) The approaches must be conducted down to the minimum decision
height for the ILS approach in the type aircraft in which the practical
test is to be conducted.
(3) Except as provided in paragraph (c)(4) of this section, the
approaches must be accomplished in an aircraft of the same category and
class, and type, as applicable, as the aircraft in which the practical
test is to be conducted.
(4) The approaches may be accomplished in a flight simulator that--
(i) Represents an aircraft of the same category and class, and type,
as applicable, as the aircraft in which the authorization is sought; and
(ii) Is used in accordance with an approved course conducted by a
training center certificated under part 142 of this chapter.
(5) The approaches need not be conducted down to the decision height
authorized for Category II operations if conducted in a qualified and
approved flight simulator or qualified and approved flight training
device.
(6) At least three of the approaches required by paragraph
(c)(2)(iii)(B) of this section must be conducted manually, without the
use of an approach coupler.
(7) The flight time acquired in meeting the requirements of
paragraph (c)(2)(iii)(B) of this section may be used to meet the
requirements of paragraph (c)(2)(iii)(A) of this section.
(d) Practical test procedures. Oral questioning may be conducted at
any time during the practical test. The practical test consists of two
increments:
(1) Oral increment. The applicant must demonstrate knowledge of the
following:
(i) Required landing distance.
(ii) Recognition of the decision height.
(iii) Missed approach procedures and techniques utilizing computed
or fixed attitude guidance displays.
(iv) RVR, its use and limitations.
(v) Use of visual clues, their availability or limitations, and
altitude at which they are normally discernible at reduced RVR readings.
(vi) Procedures and techniques related to transition from nonvisual
to visual flight during a final approach under reduced RVR.
(vii) Effects of vertical and horizontal wind shear.
(viii) Characteristics and limitations of the ILS and runway
lighting system.
(ix) Characteristics and limitations of the flight director system,
auto approach coupler (including split axis type if equipped), auto
throttle system
[[Page 35]]
(if equipped), and other required Category II equipment.
(x) Assigned duties of the second in command during Category II
approaches.
(xi) Instrument and equipment failure warning systems.
(2) Flight increment. The following requirements apply to the flight
increment of a practical test:
(i) The flight increment may be conducted in an aircraft of the same
category and class and type, as applicable, as the aircraft in which the
authorization is sought or in a flight simulator that--
(A) Represents an aircraft of the same category and class, and type,
as applicable, as the aircraft in which the authorization is sought; and
(B) Is used in accordance with an approved course conducted by a
training center certificated under part 142 of this chapter.
(ii) At least two ILS approaches to 100 feet AGL including at least
one landing and one missed approach.
(iii) All approaches must be made with the approved flight control
guidance system, except that if an approved automatic approach coupler
is installed, at least one approach must be hand flown using flight
director commands.
(iv) If a multiengine airplane with the performance capability to
execute a missed approach with one engine inoperative is used, one
missed approach must be executed with an engine, which shall be the most
critical engine, if applicable, set at idle or zero thrust before
reaching the middle marker.
(v) If a flight simulator is used, the missed approach must be
executed with an engine, which shall be the most critical engine, if
applicable, failed.
(vi) For authorizations for aircraft that require a type rating, the
test must be performed in coordination with a second in command who
holds a type rating in the aircraft in which the authorization is
sought.
[Doc. No. 11802, 38 FR 3161, Feb. 1, 1973, as amended by Amdt. 61-77, 51
FR 40703, Nov. 7, 1986; Amdt. 61-100, 61 FR 34553, July 2, 1996]
Sec. 61.68 Category III pilot authorization requirements.
(a) General. An applicant for a Category III pilot authorization
must hold--
(1) A pilot certificate with an instrument rating or airline
transport pilot certificate;
(2) A valid medical certificate;
(3) A category and class rating for the aircraft for which the
authorization is sought; and
(4) A type rating for the aircraft for which the authorization is
sought, if that aircraft requires a type rating.
(b) Experience requirements. An applicant for a Category III
authorization must have at least--
(1) 50 hours of night flight time as pilot in command;
(2) Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section, 75 hours of
instrument flight time during actual or simulated instrument conditions
that may include not more than a combination of 25 hours of simulated
instrument flight time in qualified and approved flight simulators or
qualified and approved flight training devices; and
(3) 250 hours of cross-country flight time as pilot in command.
(c) Increasing instrument flight time hours. The instrument flight
time allowed in flight simulators or flight training devices under
paragraph (b)(2) of this section may be increased to not more than 40
hours if accomplished in an approved course conducted by a training
center certificated under part 142 of this chapter.
(d) Practical test required. (1) An applicant for the issuance or
renewal of a Category III authorization or for the addition of another
type aircraft to an authorization must pass a practical test.
(2) If the applicant has not passed a practical test for this
authorization since the beginning of the twelfth calendar month, the
applicant must meet the following recency of experience requirements:
(i) The requirements of Sec. 61.57(e).
(ii) At least six ILS approaches since the beginning of the sixth
month before the practical test, subject to the following:
[[Page 36]]
(A) The approaches must be conducted under actual or simulated
instrument flight conditions and flown down to the minimum altitude for
the ILS approach.
(B) Except as provided in paragraph (d)(2)(ii)(C) of this section,
the approaches must be accomplished in an aircraft of the same category
and class, and type, as applicable, as the aircraft in which the
practical test is to be conducted.
(C) The approaches may be accomplished in a flight simulator or
flight training device that--
(1) Represents an aircraft of the same category and class, and type,
as applicable, as the aircraft for which the authorization is sought;
and
(2) Is used in accordance with an approved course conducted by a
training center certificated under part 142 of this chapter.
(D) Conducted down to the alert height or decision height, as
applicable, authorized for Category III operations only if conducted in
a qualified and approved flight simulator or qualified and approved
flight training device.
(e) Practical test procedures. Oral questioning may be conducted at
any time during the practical test. The practical test consists of two
increments:
(1) Oral increment. The applicant must demonstrate knowledge of the
following:
(i) Required landing distance.
(ii) Determination and recognition of the alert height or decision
height, as applicable, including use of a radar altimeter.
(iii) Recognition of and proper reaction to significant failures
encountered prior to and after reaching the alert height or decision
height, as applicable.
(iv) Missed approach procedures and techniques using computed or
fixed attitude guidance displays and expected height loss as they relate
to manual go-around or automatic go-around and initiation altitude, as
applicable.
(v) The use and limitations of RVR, including determination of
controlling RVR and required transmissometers.
(vi) The use, availability, or limitations of visual cues and the
altitude at which they are normally discernible at reduced RVR readings
including--
(A) Unexpected deterioration of conditions to less than minimum RVR
during approach, flare, and rollout;
(B) Demonstration of expected visual references with weather at
minimum conditions; and
(C) The expected sequence of visual cues during an approach in which
visibility is at or above landing minima.
(vii) Procedures and techniques for making a transition from
instrument reference flight to visual flight during a final approach
under reduced RVR.
(viii) Effects of vertical and horizontal wind shear.
(ix) Characteristics and limitations of the ILS and runway lighting
system.
(x) Characteristics and limitations of the flight director system
auto approach coupler (including split axis type if so equipped), auto
throttle system, if applicable, and other Category III equipment, as
applicable.
(xi) Assigned duties of the second in command during Category III
operations, unless the aircraft for which authorization is sought does
not require a second in command.
(xii) Recognition of the limits of acceptable aircraft position and
flight path tracking during approach, flare, and, if applicable,
rollout.
(xiii) Recognition of, and reaction to, airborne or ground system
faults or abnormalities, particularly after passing alert height or
decision height, as applicable.
(2) Flight increment. The following requirements apply to the flight
increment of the practical test:
(i) The flight increment may be conducted in an aircraft of the same
category and class, and type, as applicable, as the aircraft in which
the authorization is sought, or in a flight simulator that--
(A) Represents an aircraft of the same category and class, and type,
as applicable, as the aircraft in which the authorization is sought; and
(B) Is used in accordance with an approved course conducted by a
training center certificated under part 142 of this chapter.
(ii) All approaches must be made with the approved automatic landing
[[Page 37]]
system or an equivalent landing system approved by the Administrator and
must consist of the following:
(A) At least two ILS approaches to 100 feet AGL, including one
landing and one missed approach initiated from a very low altitude that
may result in a touchdown during the go-around maneuver.
(B) If a multiengine aircraft with the performance capability to
execute a missed approach with one engine inoperative is used, a missed
approach shall be executed with an engine, which shall be the most
critical engine, if applicable, set at idle or zero thrust before
reaching the middle or outer marker.
(C) If a flight simulator or flight training device is used, a
missed approach must be executed with an engine, which shall be the most
critical engine, if applicable, failed.
(D) Subject to the limitations of paragraph (e)(2)(ii)(E) of this
section, for Category IIIb operations predicated on the use of a fail-
passive rollout control system, at least one manual rollout using visual
reference or a combination of visual and instrument references.
(E) The maneuver required by paragraph (e)(2)(ii)(D) of this section
shall be initiated by a fail-passive disconnect of the rollout control
system--
(1) After main gear touchdown;
(2) Prior to nose gear touchdown;
(3) In conditions representative of the most adverse lateral
touchdown displacement allowing a safe landing on the runway; and
(4) In weather conditions anticipated in Category IIIb operations.
(iii) For authorizations for aircraft that require a type rating,
the practical test must be performed in coordination with a second in
command who holds a type rating in the aircraft in which the
authorization is sought.
[Doc. No. 26933, 61 FR 34553, July 2, 1996]
Sec. 61.69 Glider towing: Experience and instruction requirements.
No person may act as pilot in command of an aircraft towing a glider
unless he meets the following requirements:
(a) He holds a current pilot certificate (other than a student or
recreational pilot certificate) issued under this part.
(b) He has an endorsement in his pilot logbook from a person
authorized to give flight instruction in gliders, certifying that he has
received ground and flight instruction in gliders and is familiar with
the techniques and procedures essential to the safe towing of gliders,
including airspeed limitations, emergency procedures, signals used, and
maximum angles of bank.
(c) He has made and entered in his pilot logbook--
(1) At least three flights as sole manipulator of the controls of an
aircraft towing a glider while accompanied by a pilot who has met the
requirements of this section and made and logged at least 10 flights as
pilot-in-command of an aircraft towing a glider; or
(2) At least three flights as sole manipulator of the controls of an
aircraft simulating glider towing flight procedures (while accompanied
by a pilot who meets the requirements of this section), and at least
three flights as pilot or observer in a glider being towed by an
aircraft.
However, any person who, before May 17, 1967, made, and entered in his
pilot logbook, 10 or more flights as pilot in command of an aircraft
towing a glider in accordance with a certificate of waiver need not
comply with paragraphs (c)(1) and (2) of this section.
(d) If he holds only a private pilot certificate he must have had,
and entered in his pilot logbook at least--
(1) 100 hours of pilot flight time in powered aircraft; or
(2) 200 total hours of pilot flight time in powered or other
aircraft.
(e) Within the preceding 12 months he has--
(1) Made at least three actual or simulated glider tows while
accompanied by a qualified pilot who meets the requirements of this
section; or
(2) Made at least three flights as pilot in command of a glider
towed by an aircraft.
[Doc. No. 11802, 38 FR 3161, Feb. 1, 1973, as amended by Amdt. 61-64, 41
FR 51392, Nov. 22, 1976; Amdt. 61-82, 54 FR 13038, Mar. 29, 1989]
[[Page 38]]
Sec. 61.71 Graduates of certificated flying schools: Special rules.
(a) A graduate of a flying school that is certificated under part
141 of this chapter is considered to meet the applicable aeronautical
experience requirements of this part if he presents an appropriate
graduation certificate within 60 days after the date he is graduated.
However, if he applies for a flight test for an instrument rating he
must hold a commercial pilot certificate, or hold a private pilot
certificate and meet the requirements of Secs. 61.65(e)(1) and 61.123
(except paragraphs (d) and (e) thereof). In addition, if he applies for
a flight instructor certificate he must hold a commercial pilot
certificate.
(b) An applicant for a certificate or rating under this part is
considered to meet the aeronautical knowledge and skill requirements, or
both, applicable to that certificate or rating if the applicant applies
within 90 days after graduation from an appropriate course given by a
pilot school that is certificated under part 141 of this chapter and is
authorized to test applicants on aeronautical knowledge or skill, or
both.
[Doc. No. 11802, 38 FR 3161, Feb. 1, 1973, as amended by Amdt. 61-63, 39
FR 20057, June 6, 1974; Amdt. 61-490, 56 FR 11325, Mar. 15, 1991]
Sec. 61.73 Military pilots or former military pilots: Special rules.
(a) General. A rated military pilot or former rated military pilot
who applies for a private or commercial pilot certificate, or an
aircraft or instrument rating, is entitled to that certificate with
appropriate ratings or to the addition of a rating on the pilot
certificate he holds, if he meets the applicable requirements of this
section. This section does not apply to a military pilot or former
military pilot who has been removed from flying status for lack of
proficiency or because of disciplinary action involving aircraft
operations.
(b) Military pilots on active flying status within 12 months. A
rated military pilot or former rated military pilot who has been on
active flying status within the 12 months before he applies must pass a
written test on the parts of this chapter relating to pilot privileges
and limitations, air traffic and general operating rules, and accident
reporting rules. In addition, he must present documents showing that he
meets the requirements of paragraph (d) of this section for at least one
aircraft rating, and that he is, or was at any time since the beginning
of the twelfth month before the month in which he applies--
(1) A rated military pilot on active flying status in an armed force
of the United States; or
(2) A rated military pilot of an armed force of a foreign
contracting State to the Convention on International Civil Aviation,
assigned to pilot duties (other than flight training) with an armed
force of the United States who holds, at the time he applies, a current
civil pilot license issued by that foreign State authorizing at least
the privileges of the pilot certificate he seeks.
(c) Military pilots not on active flying status within previous 12
months. A rated military pilot or former military pilot who has not been
on active flying status within the 12 months before he applies must pass
the appropriate written and flight tests prescribed in this part for the
certificate or rating he seeks. In addition, he must show that he holds
an FAA medical certificate appropriate to the pilot certificate he seeks
and present documents showing that he was, before the beginning of the
twelfth month before the month in which he applies, a rated military
pilot as prescribed by either paragraph (b) (1) or (2) of this section.
(d) Aircraft ratings: Other than airplane category and type. An
applicant for a category, class, or type rating (other than airplane
category and type rating) to be added on the pilot certificate he holds,
or for which he has applied, is issued that rating if he presents
documentary evidence showing one of the following:
(1) That he has passed an official United States military checkout
as pilot in command of aircraft of the category, class, or type for
which he seeks a rating since the beginning of the twelfth month before
the month in which he applies.
(2) That he has had at least 10 hours of flight time serving as
pilot in command of aircraft of the category, class, or type for which
he seeks a rating
[[Page 39]]
since the beginning of the twelfth month before the month in which he
applies and previously has had an official United States military
checkout as pilot in command of that aircraft.
(3) That he has met the requirements of paragraph (b) (1) or (2) of
this section, has had an official United States military checkout in the
category of aircraft for which he seeks a rating, and that he passes an
FAA flight test appropriate to that category and the class or type
rating he seeks. To be eligible for that flight test, he must have a
written statement from an authorized flight instructor, made not more
than 60 days before he applies for the flight test, certifying that he
is competent to pass the test. A type rating is issued only for aircraft
types that the Administrator has certificated for civil operations. Any
rating placed on an airline transport pilot certificate is limited to
commercial pilot privileges.
(e) Airplane category and type ratings. (1) An applicant for a
commercial pilot certificate with an airplane category rating, or an
applicant for the addition of an airplane category rating on his
commercial pilot certificate, must hold an airplane instrument rating,
or his certificate is endorsed with the following limitation: ``Not
valid for the carriage of passengers or property for hire in airplanes
on cross-country flights of more than 50 nautical miles, or at night.''
(2) An applicant for a private or commercial pilot certificate with
an airplane type rating, or for the addition of an airplane type rating
on his private or commercial pilot certificate who holds an instrument
rating (airplane), must present documentary evidence showing that he has
demonstrated instrument competency in the type of airplane for which the
type rating is sought, or his certificate is endorsed with the following
limitation: ``VFR only.''
(f) Instrument rating. An applicant for an airplane instrument
rating or a helicopter instrument rating to be added on the pilot
certificate he holds, or for which he has applied, is entitled to that
rating if he has, within the 12 months preceding the month in which he
applies, satisfactorily accomplished an instrument flight check of a
U.S. Armed Force in an aircraft of the category for which he seeks the
instrument rating and is authorized to conduct IFR flights on Federal
airways. A helicopter instrument rating added on an airline transport
pilot certificate is limited to commercial pilot privileges.
(g) Evidentiary documents. The following documents are satisfactory
evidence for the purposes indicated:
(1) To show that the applicant is a member of the armed forces, an
official identification card issued to the applicant by an armed force
may be used.
(2) To show the applicant's discharge or release from an armed
force, or his former membership therein, an original or a copy of a
certificate of discharge or release may be used.
(3) To show current or previous status as a rated military pilot on
flying status with a U.S. Armed Force, one of the following may be used:
(i) An official U.S. Armed Force order to flight duty as a military
pilot.
(ii) An official U.S. Armed Force form or logbook showing military
pilot status.
(iii) An official order showing that the applicant graduated from a
U.S. military pilot school and is rated as a military pilot.
(4) To show flight time in military aircraft as a member of a U.S.
Armed Force, an appropriate U.S. Armed Force form or summary of it, or a
certified United States military logbook may be used.
(5) To show pilot-in-command status, an official U.S. Armed Force
record of a military checkout as pilot in command, may be used.
(6) To show instrument pilot qualification, a current instrument
card issued by a U.S. Armed Force, or an official record of the
satisfactory completion of an instrument flight check within the 12
months preceding the month of the application may be used. However, a
Tactical (Pink) instrument card issued by the U.S. Army is not
acceptable.
Sec. 61.75 Pilot certificate issued on basis of a foreign pilot license.
(a) Purpose. The holder of a current private, commercial, senior
commercial, or airline transport pilot license issued by a foreign
contracting State
[[Page 40]]
to the Convention on International Civil Aviation may apply for a pilot
certificate under this section authorizing him to act as a pilot of a
civil aircraft of U.S. registry.
(b) Certificate issued. A pilot certificate is issued to an
applicant under this section, specifying the number and State of
issuance of the foreign pilot license on which it is based. An applicant
who holds a foreign private pilot license is issued a private pilot
certificate, and an applicant who holds a foreign commercial, senior
commercial, or airline transport pilot license is issued a commercial
pilot certificate, if--
(1) He meets the requirements of this section;
(2) His foreign pilot license does not contain an endorsement that
he has not met all of the standards of ICAO for that license; and
(3) He does not hold a U.S. pilot certificate of private pilot grade
or higher.
(c) Limitation on licenses used as basis for U.S. certificate. Only
one foreign pilot license may be used as a basis for issuing a pilot
certificate under this section.
(d) Aircraft ratings issued. Aircraft ratings listed on the
applicant's foreign pilot license, in addition to any issued after
testing under the provisions of this part, are placed on the applicant's
pilot certificate.
(e) Instrument rating issued. An instrument rating is issued to an
applicant if--
(1) His foreign pilot license authorizes instrument privileges; and
(2) Within 24 months preceding the month in which he makes
application for a certificate, he passed a test on the instrument flight
rules in subpart B of part 91 of this chapter, including the related
procedures for the operation of the aircraft under instrument flight
rules.
(f) Medical standards and certification. An applicant must submit
evidence that he currently meets the medical standards for the foreign
pilot license on which the application for a certificate under this
section is based. A current medical certificate issued under part 67 of
this chapter is accepted as evidence that the applicant meets those
standards. However, a medical certificate issued under part 67 of this
chapter is not evidence that the applicant meets those standards outside
the United States, unless the State that issued the applicant's foreign
pilot license also accepts that medical certificate as evidence of
meeting the medical standards for his foreign pilot license.
(g) Limitations placed on pilot certificate. (1) If the applicant
cannot read, speak, and understand the English language, the
Administrator places any limitation on the certificate that he considers
necessary for safety.
(2) A certificate issued under this section is not valid for
agricultural aircraft operations, or the operation of an aircraft in
which persons or property are carried for compensation or hire. This
limitation is also placed on the certificate.
(h) Operating privileges and limitations. The holder of a pilot
certificate issued under this section may act as a pilot of a civil
aircraft of U.S. registry in accordance with the pilot privileges
authorized by the foreign pilot license on which that certificate is
based, subject to the limitations of this part and any additional
limitations placed on his certificate by the Administrator. He is
subject to these limitations while he is acting as a pilot of the
aircraft within or outside the United States. However, he may not act as
pilot in command, or in any other capacity as a required pilot flight
crewmember, of a civil aircraft of U.S. registry that is carrying
persons or property for compensation or hire.
(i) Flight instructor certificate. A pilot certificate issued under
this section does not satisfy any of the requirements of this part for
the issuance of a flight instructor certificate.
Sec. 61.77 Special purpose pilot certificate: Operation of U.S.-registered civil airplanes leased by a person not a U.S. citizen.
(a) General. The holder of a current foreign pilot certificate or
license issued by a foreign contracting State to the Convention on
International Civil Aviation, who meets the requirements of this
section, may hold a special purpose pilot certificate authorizing the
[[Page 41]]
holder to perform pilot duties on a civil airplane of U.S. registry,
leased to a person not a citizen of the United States, carrying persons
or property for compensation or hire. Special purpose pilot certificates
are issued under this section only for airplane types that can have a
maximum passenger seating configuration, excluding any flight crewmember
seat, of more than 30 seats or a maximum payload capacity (as defined in
Sec. 135.2(e) of this chapter) of more than 7,500 pounds.
(b) Eligibility. To be eligible for the issuance or renewal of a
certificate under this section, an applicant or a representative of the
applicant must present the following to the Administrator:
(1) A current foreign pilot certificate or license, issued by the
aeronautical authority of a foreign contracting State to the Convention
on International Civil Aviation, or a facsimile acceptable to the
Administrator. The certificate or license must authorize the applicant
to perform the pilot duties to be authorized by a certificate issued
under this section on the same airplane type as the leased airplane.
(2) A current certification by the lessee of the airplane--
(i) Stating that the applicant is employed by the lessee;
(ii) Specifying the airplane type on which the applicant will
perform pilot duties; and
(iii) Stating that the applicant has received ground and flight
instruction which qualifies the applicant to perform the duties to be
assigned on the airplane.
(3) Documentation showing that the applicant has not reached the age
of 60 and that the applicant currently meets the medical standards for
the foreign pilot certificate or license required by paragraph (b)(1) of
this section, except that a U.S. medical certificate issued under part
67 of this chapter is not evidence that the applicant meets those
standards unless the State which issued the applicant's foreign pilot
certificate or license accepts a U.S. medical certificate as evidence of
medical fitness for a pilot certificate or license.
(c) Privileges. The holder of a special purpose pilot certificate
issued under this section may exercise the same privileges as those
shown on the certificate or license specified in paragraph (b)(1) of
this section, subject to the limitations specified in this section. The
certificate holder is not subject to the requirements of Secs. 61.55,
61.57, and 61.58 of this part.
(d) Limitations. Each certificate issued under this section is
subject to the following limitations:
(1) It is valid only--
(i) For flights between foreign countries or for flights in foreign
air commerce;
(ii) While it and the foreign pilot certificate or license required
by paragraph (b)(1) of this section are in the certificate holder's
personal possession and are current;
(iii) While the certificate holder is employed by the person to whom
the airplane described in the certification required by paragraph (b)(2)
of this section is leased;
(iv) While the certificate holder is performing pilot duties on the
U.S.-registered civil airplane described in the certification required
by paragraph (b)(2) of this section;
(v) While the medical documentation required by paragraph (b)(3) of
this section is in the certificate holder's personal possession and is
currently valid; and
(vi) While the certificate holder is under 60 years of age.
(2) Each certificate issued under this section contains the
following:
(i) The name of the person to whom the U.S.-registered civil
aircraft is leased.
(ii) The type of aircraft.
(iii) The limitation: ``Issued under, and subject to, Sec. 61.77 of
the Federal Aviation Regulations.''
(iv) The limitation: ``Subject to the privileges and limitations
shown on the holder's foreign pilot certificate or license.''
(3) Any additional limitations placed on the certificate which the
Administrator considers necessary.
(e) Termination. Each special purpose pilot certificate issued under
this section terminates--
(1) When the lease agreement for the airplane described in the
certification required by paragraph (b)(2) of this section terminates;
[[Page 42]]
(2) When the foreign pilot certificate or license, or the medical
documentation, required by paragraph (b) of this section is suspended,
revoked, or no longer valid;
(3) When the certificate holder reaches the age of 60; or
(4) After 24 months after the month in which the special purpose
pilot certificate was issued.
(f) Surrender of certificate. The certificate holder shall surrender
the special purpose pilot certificate to the Administrator within 7 days
after the date it terminates.
(g) Renewal. The certificate holder may have the certificate renewed
by complying with the requirements of paragraph (b) of this section at
the time of application for renewal.
[Doc. No. 19300, 45 FR 5671, Jan. 24, 1980]
Subpart C--Student and Recreational Pilots
Sec. 61.81 Applicability.
This subpart prescribes the requirements for the issuance of student
pilot certificates and recreational pilot certificates and ratings, the
conditions under which those certificates and ratings are necessary, and
the general operating rules and limitations for the holders of those
certificates and ratings.
[Doc. No. 24695, 54 FR 13038, Mar. 29, 1989]
Sec. 61.83 Eligibility requirements: Student pilots.
To be eligible for a student pilot certificate, a person must--
(a) Be at least 16 years of age, or at least 14 years of age for a
student pilot certificate limited to the operation of a glider or free
balloon;
(b) Be able to read, speak, and understand the English language, or
have such operating limitations placed on his pilot certificate as are
necessary for the safe operation of aircraft, to be removed when he
shows that he can read, speak, and understand the English language; and
(c) Hold at least a current third-class medical certificate issued
under part 67 of this chapter, or, in the case of glider or free balloon
operations, certify that he has no known medical defect that makes him
unable to pilot a glider or a free balloon.
[Doc. No. 11802, 38 FR 3161, Feb. 1, 1973, as amended by Amdt. 61-64, 41
FR 51392, Nov. 22, 1976; Amdt. 61-82, 54 FR 13038, Mar. 29, 1989]
Sec. 61.85 Application.
An application for a student pilot certificate is made on a form and
in a manner provided by the Administrator and is submitted to--
(a) A designated aviation medical examiner when applying for an FAA
medical certificate in the United States; or
(b) An FAA operations inspector or designated pilot examiner,
accompanied by a current FAA medical certificate, or in the case of an
application for a glider or free balloon pilot certificate it may be
accompanied by a certification by the applicant that he has no known
medical defect that makes him unable to pilot a glider or free balloon.
[Doc. No. 11802, 38 FR 3161, Feb. 1, 1973, as amended by Amdt. 61-72, 47
FR 35693, Aug. 16, 1982]
Sec. 61.87 Solo flight requirements for student pilots.
(a) General. A student pilot may not operate an aircraft in solo
flight unless that student meets the requirements of this section. The
term ``solo flight,'' as used in this subpart, means that flight time
during which a student pilot is the sole occupant of the aircraft, or
that flight time during which the student acts as pilot-in-command of an
airship requiring more than one flight crewmember.
(b) Aeronautical knowledge. A student pilot must have demonstrated
satisfactory knowledge to an authorized instructor, of the appropriate
portions of parts 61 and 91 of the Federal Aviation Regulations that are
applicable to student pilots. This demonstration must include the
satisfactory completion of a written examination to be administered and
graded by the instructor who endorses the student's pilot certificate
for solo flight. The written examination must include questions on the
applicable regulations and the flight characteristics and operational
limitations for the make and model aircraft to be flown.
[[Page 43]]
(c) Pre-solo flight training. Prior to being authorized to conduct a
solo flight, a student pilot must have received and logged instruction
in at least the applicable maneuvers and procedures listed in paragraphs
(d) through (j) of this section for the make and model of aircraft to be
flown in solo flight, and must have demonstrated proficiency to an
acceptable performance level as judged by the instructor who endorses
the student's pilot certificate.
(d) For all aircraft (as appropriate to the aircraft to be flown in
solo flight), the student pilot must have received pre-solo flight
training in--
(1) Flight preparation procedures, including preflight inspections,
powerplant operation, and aircraft systems;
(2) Taxiing or surface operations, including runups;
(3) Takeoffs and landings, including normal and crosswind;
(4) Straight and level flight, shallow, medium, and steep banked
turns in both directions;
(5) Climbs and climbing turns;
(6) Airport traffic patterns including entry and departure
procedures, and collision and wake turbulence avoidance;
(7) Descents with and without turns using high and low drag
configurations;
(8) Flight at various airspeeds from cruising to minimum
controllable airspeed;
(9) Emergency procedures and equipment malfunctions; and
(10) Ground reference maneuvers.
(e) For airplanes, in addition to the maneuvers and procedures in
paragraph (d) of this section, the student pilot must have received pre-
solo flight training in--
(1) Approaches to the landing area with engine power at idle and
with partial power;
(2) Slips to a landing;
(3) Go-arounds from final approach and from the landing flare in
various flight configurations including turns;
(4) Forced landing procedures initiated on takeoff, during initial
climb, cruise, descent, and in the landing pattern; and
(5) Stall entries from various flight attitudes and power
combinations with recovery initiated at the first indication of a stall,
and recovery from a full stall.
(f) For rotorcraft (other than single-place gyroplanes), in addition
to the maneuvers and procedures in paragraph (d) of this section and as
allowed by the aircraft's performance and maneuver limitations, the
student pilot must have received pre-solo flight training in--
(1) Approaches to the landing area;
(2) Hovering turns and air taxiing (for helicopters only) and ground
maneuvers;
(3) Go-arounds from landing hover and from final approach;
(4) Simulated emergency procedures, including autorotational
descents with a power recovery or running landing in gyroplanes, a power
recovery to a hover in a single engine helicopter, or approaches to a
hover or landing with one engine inoperative in multiengine helicopters;
and
(5) Rapid decelerations (helicopters only).
(g) For single-place gyroplanes, in addition to the appropriate
maneuvers and procedures in paragraph (d) of this section, the student
pilot must have received pre-solo flight training in--
(1) Simulated emergency procedures, including autorotational
descents with a power recovery or a running landing;
(2) At least three successful flights in gyroplanes under the
observation of a qualified instructor; and
(3) For nonpowered single-place gyroplanes only, at least three
successful flights in a gyroplane towed from the ground under the
observation of the flight instructor who endorses the student's pilot
certificate.
(h) For gliders, in addition to the appropriate maneuvers and
procedures in paragraph (d) of this section, the student pilot must have
received pre-solo flight training in--
(1) Preflight inspection of towline rigging, review of signals, and
release procedures to be used;
(2) Aerotows, ground tows, or self-launch;
(3) Principles of glider disassembly and assembly;
(4) Stall entries from various flight attitudes with recovery
initiated at the first indication of a stall, and recovery from a full
stall;
[[Page 44]]
(5) Straight glides, turns, and spirals;
(6) Slips to a landing;
(7) Procedures and techniques for thermalling in convergence lift or
ridge lift as appropriate to the training area; and
(8) Emergency operations including towline break procedures.
(i) In airships, in addition to the appropriate maneuvers and
procedures in paragraph (d) of this section, the student pilot must have
received pre-solo flight training in--
(1) Rigging, ballasting, controlling pressure in the ballonets, and
superheating; and
(2) Landings with positive and with negative static balance.
(j) In free balloons, in addition to the appropriate maneuvers and
procedures in paragraph (d) of this section, the student pilot must have
received pre-solo flight training in--
(1) Operation of hot air or gas source, ballast, valves, and rip
panels, as appropriate;
(2) Emergency use of rip panel (may be simulated);
(3) The effects of wind on climb and approach angles; and
(4) Obstruction detection and avoidance techniques.
(k) The instruction required by this section must be given by an
authorized flight instructor who is certificated--
(1) In the category and class of airplanes, for airplanes;
(2) Except as provided in paragraph (k)(3) of this section, in
helicopters or gyroplanes, as appropriate, for rotorcraft;
(3) In airplanes or gyroplanes, for single-place gyroplanes; and
(4) In gliders for gliders.
(l) The holder of a commercial pilot certificate with a lighter-
than-air category rating may give the instruction required by this
section in--
(1) Airships, if that commercial pilot holds an airship class
rating; and
(2) Free balloons, if that commercial pilot holds a free balloon
class rating.
(m) Flight instructor endorsements. No student pilot may operate an
aircraft in solo flight unless that student's pilot certificate and
logbook have been endorsed for the specific make and model aircraft to
be flown by an authorized flight instructor certificated under this
part, and the student's logbook has been endorsed, within the 90 days
prior to the student operating in solo flight, by an authorized flight
instructor certificated under this part who has flown with the student.
No flight instructor may authorize solo flight without endorsing the
student's logbook. The instructor's endorsement must certify that the
instructor--
(1) Has given the student instruction in the make and model aircraft
in which the solo flight is to be made;
(2) Finds that the student has met the flight training requirements
of this section; and
(3) Finds that the student is competent to make a safe solo flight
in that aircraft.
(n) Notwithstanding the requirements of paragraphs (a) through (m)
of this section, each student pilot, whose student pilot certificate and
logbook are endorsed for solo flight by an authorized flight instructor
on or before August 30, 1989, may operate an aircraft in solo flight
until the 90th day after the date on which the logbook was endorsed for
solo flight.
[Doc. No. 24695, 54 FR 13038, Mar. 29, 1989, as amended by Amdt. 61-86,
54 FR 41236, Oct. 5, 1989]
Sec. 61.89 General limitations.
(a) A student pilot may not act as pilot in command of an aircraft--
(1) That is carrying a passenger;
(2) That is carrying property for compensation or hire;
(3) For compensation or hire;
(4) In furtherance of a business;
(5) On an international flight, except that a student pilot may make
solo training flights from Haines, Gustavus, or Juneau, Alaska, to White
Horse, Yukon, Canada, and return, over the province of British Columbia;
(6) With a flight or surface visibility of less than 3 statute miles
during daylight hours or 5 statute miles at night;
(7) When the flight cannot be made with visual reference to the
surface; or
(8) In a manner contrary to any limitations placed in the pilot's
logbook by the instructor.
(b) A student pilot may not act as a required pilot flight
crewmember on any aircraft for which more than one pilot is required by
the type certificate
[[Page 45]]
of the aircraft or regulations under which the flight is conducted,
except when receiving flight instruction from an authorized flight
instructor on board an airship and no person other than a required
flight crewmember is carried on the aircraft.
[Doc. No. 11802, 38 FR 3161, Feb. 1, 1973, as amended by Amdt. 61-82, 54
FR 13039, Mar. 29, 1989]
Sec. 61.91 Aircraft limitations: Pilot in command.
A student pilot may not serve as pilot in command of any airship
requiring more than one flight crewmember unless he has met the
pertinent requirements prescribed in Sec. 61.87.
Sec. 61.93 Cross-country flight requirements (for student and recreational pilots seeking private pilot certification).
(a) General. No student pilot may operate an aircraft in solo cross-
country flight, nor may that student, except in an emergency, make a
solo flight landing at any point other than the airport of takeoff,
unless the student has met the requirements of this section. The term
cross-country flight, as used in this section, means a flight beyond a
radius of 25 nautical miles from the point of departure.
(b) Notwithstanding paragraph (a) of this section, an authorized
flight instructor, certificated under this part, may permit the student
to practice solo takeoffs and landings at another airport within 25
nautical miles from the airport at which the student receives
instruction if the flight instructor--
(1) Determines that the student pilot is competent and proficient to
make those landings and takeoffs;
(2) Has flown with that student prior to authorizing those takeoffs
and landings; and
(3) Endorses the student pilot's logbook with an authorization to
make those landings and takeoffs.
(c) Flight training. A student pilot, in addition to the pre-solo
flight training maneuvers and procedures required by Sec. 61.87(c), must
have received and logged instruction from an authorized flight
instructor in the appropriate pilot maneuvers and procedures of this
section. Additionally, a student pilot must have demonstrated an
acceptable standard of performance, as judged by the authorized flight
instructor certificated under this part, who endorses the student's
pilot certificate in the appropriate pilot maneuvers and procedures of
this section.
(1) For all aircraft--
(i) The use of aeronautical charts for VFR navigation using pilotage
and dead reckoning with the aid of a magnetic compass;
(ii) Aircraft cross-country performance, and procurement and
analysis of aeronautical weather reports and forecasts, including
recognition of critical weather situations and estimating visibility
while in flight;
(iii) Cross-country emergency conditions including lost procedures,
adverse weather conditions, and simulated precautionary off-airport
approaches and landing procedures;
(iv) Traffic pattern procedures, including normal area arrival and
departure, collision avoidance, and wake turbulence precautions;
(v) Recognition of operational problems associated with the
different terrain features in the geographical area in which the cross-
country flight is to be flown; and
(vi) Proper operation of the instruments and equipment installed in
the aircraft to be flown.
(2) For airplanes, in addition to paragraph (c)(1) of this section--
(i) Short and soft field takeoff, approach, and landing procedures,
including crosswind takeoffs and landings;
(ii) Takeoffs at best angle and rate of climb;
(iii) Control and maneuvering solely by reference to flight
instruments including straight and level flight, turns, descents,
climbs, and the use of radio aids and radar directives;
(iv) The use of radios for VFR navigation and for two-way
communication; and
(v) For those student pilots seeking night flying privileges, night
flying procedures including takeoffs, landings, go-arounds, and VFR
navigation.
(3) For rotorcraft, in addition to paragraph (c)(1) of this section
and as appropriate to the aircraft being flown--
[[Page 46]]
(i) High altitude takeoff and landing procedures;
(ii) Steep and shallow approaches to a landing hover;
(iii) Rapid decelerations (helicopters only); and
(iv) The use of radios for VFR navigation and two-way communication.
(4) For gliders, in addition to the appropriate maneuvers and
procedures in paragraph (c)(1) of this section--
(i) Landings accomplished without the use of the altimeter from at
least 2,000 feet above the surface;
(ii) Recognition of weather conditions and conditions favorable for
cross-country soaring; and
(iii) The use of radios for two-way radio communications.
(5) For airships, in addition to the appropriate maneuvers and
procedures in paragraph (c)(1) of this section--
(i) Control of gas pressure with regard to superheating and
altitude; and
(ii) Control of the airship solely by reference to flight
instruments.
(6) For free balloons, the appropriate maneuvers and procedures in
paragraph (c)(1) of this section.
(d) No student pilot may operate an aircraft in solo cross-country
flight, unless--
(1) The instructor is an authorized instructor certificated under
this part and the student's certificate has been endorsed by the
instructor attesting that the student has received the instruction and
demonstrated an acceptable level of competency and proficiency in the
maneuvers and procedures of this section for the category of aircraft to
be flown; and
(2) The instructor has endorsed the student's logbook--
(i) For each solo cross-country flight, after reviewing the
student's preflight planning and preparation, attesting that the student
is prepared to make the flight safely under the known circumstances and
subject to any conditions listed in the logbook by the instructor; and
(ii) For repeated specific solo cross-country flights that are not
greater than 50 nautical miles from the point of departure, after giving
that student flight instruction in both directions over the route,
including takeoffs and landings at the airports to be used, and has
specified the conditions for which the flights can be made.
[Doc. No. 24695, 54 FR 13039, Mar. 29, 1989]
Sec. 61.95 Operations in a terminal control area and at airports located within a terminal control area.
(a) A student pilot may not operate an aircraft on a solo flight in
Class B airspace unless--
(1) The pilot has received both ground and flight instruction from
an authorized instructor on that Class B airspace area and the flight
instruction was received in the specific Class B airspace area for which
solo flight is authorized;
(2) The logbook of that pilot has been endorsed within the preceding
90 days for conducting solo flight in that Class B airspace area by the
instructor who gave the flight training; and
(3) The logbook endorsement specifies that the pilot has received
the required ground and flight instruction and has been found competent
to conduct solo flight in that specific Class B airspace area.
(b) Pursuant to Sec. 91.131(b), a student pilot may not operate an
aircraft on a solo flight to, from, or at an airport located within
Class B airspace unless--
(1) That student pilot has received both ground and flight
instruction from an authorized instructor to operate at that airport and
the flight and ground instruction has been received at the specific
airport for which the solo flight is authorized;
(2) The logbook of that student pilot has been endorsed within the
preceding 90 days for conducting solo flight at that specific airport by
the instructor who gave the flight training; and
(3) The logbook endorsement specifies that the student pilot has
received the required ground and flight instruction and has been found
competent to conduct solo flight operations at that specific airport.
[Doc. No. 25304, 53 FR 40322, Oct. 14, 1988, as amended by Amdt. 61-92,
56 FR 65653, Dec. 17, 1991]
Sec. 61.96 Eligibility requirements: Recreational pilots.
To be eligible for a recreational pilot certificate, a person must--
(a) Be at least 17 years of age;
[[Page 47]]
(b) Be able to read, speak, and understand the English language, or
have such operating limitations placed on the pilot certificate as are
necessary for the safe operation of aircraft, to be removed when the
recreational pilot shows the ability to read, speak, and understand the
English language;
(c) Hold at least a current third-class medical certificate issued
under part 67 of this chapter;
(d) Pass a written test on the subject areas on which instruction or
home study is required by Sec. 61.97;
(e) Pass an oral and flight test on maneuvers and procedures
selected by an FAA inspector or designated pilot examiner to determine
the applicant's competency in the appropriate flight operations listed
in Sec. 61.98; and
(f) Comply with the sections of this part that apply to the rating
sought.
[Doc. No. 24695, 54 FR 13040, Mar. 29, 1989]
Sec. 61.97 Aeronautical knowledge.
An applicant for a recreational pilot certificate must have logged
ground instruction from an authorized instructor, or must present
evidence showing satisfactory completion of a course of instruction or
home study in at least the following areas of aeronautical knowledge
appropriate to the category and class of aircraft for which a rating is
sought:
(a) The Federal Aviation Regulations applicable to recreational
pilot privileges, limitations, and flight operations, the accident
reporting requirements of the National Transportation Safety Board, and
the use of the applicable portions of the ``Airman's Information
Manual'' and the FAA advisory circulars;
(b) The use of aeronautical charts for VFR navigation using piloting
with the aid of a magnetic compass;
(c) The recognition of critical weather situations from the ground
and in flight and the procurement and use of aeronautical weather
reports and forecasts;
(d) The safe and efficient operation of aircraft including collision
and wake turbulence avoidance;
(e) The effects of density altitude on takeoff and climb
performance;
(f) Weight and balance computations;
(g) Principles of aerodynamics, powerplants, and aircraft systems;
and
(h) Stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin recovery
techniques.
[Doc. No. 24695, 54 FR 13040, Mar. 29, 1989, as amended by Amdt. 61-490,
56 FR 11325, Mar. 15, 1991]
Sec. 61.98 Flight proficiency.
The applicant for a recreational pilot certificate must have logged
instruction from an authorized flight instructor in at least the pilot
operations listed in this section. In addition, the applicant's logbook
must contain an endorsement by an authorized flight instructor who has
found the applicant competent to perform each of those operations safely
as a recreational pilot.
(a) In airplanes. (1) Preflight operations, including weight and
balance determination, line inspection, airplane servicing, powerplant
operations, and aircraft systems;
(2) Airport and traffic pattern operations, collision and wake
turbulence avoidance;
(3) Flight maneuvering by reference to ground objects;
(4) Pilotage with the aid of magnetic compass;
(5) Flight at slow airspeeds with realistic distractions and the
recognition of and recovery from stalls entered from straight flight and
from turns;
(6) Emergency operations, including simulated aircraft and equipment
malfunctions;
(7) Maximum performance takeoffs and landings; and
(8) Normal and crosswind takeoffs and landings.
(b) In helicopters. (1) Preflight operations including weight and
balance determination, line inspection, helicopter servicing, powerplant
operations, and aircraft systems;
(2) Airport and traffic pattern operations, collision and wake
turbulence avoidance;
(3) Hovering, air taxiing, and maneuvering by reference to ground
objects;
(4) Pilotage with the aid of magnetic compass;
(5) High altitude takeoffs and roll-on landings, and rapid
decelerations; and
(6) Emergency operations, including auto-rotative descents.
[[Page 48]]
(c) In gyroplanes. (1) Preflight operations including weight and
balance determination, line inspection, gyroplane servicing, powerplant
operations, and aircraft systems;
(2) Airport and traffic pattern operations, collision and wake
turbulence avoidance;
(3) Flight maneuvering by reference to ground objects;
(4) Pilotage with the aid of a magnetic compass;
(5) Maneuvering at critically slow air speeds, and the recognition
of and recovery from high rates of descent at low airspeeds; and
(6) Emergency procedures, including maximum performance takeoffs and
landings.
[Doc. No. 24695, 54 FR 13040, Mar. 29, 1989, as amended at Amdt. 61-490,
56 FR 11325, Mar. 15, 1991]
Sec. 61.99 Airplane rating: Aeronautical experience.
(a) An applicant for a recreational pilot certificate with an
airplane rating must have had at least a total of 30 hours of flight
instruction and solo flight time which must include the following:
(1) Fifteen hours of flight instruction from an authorized flight
instructor, including at least--
(i) Except as provided for in paragraph (b), 2 hours outside of the
vicinity of the airport at which instruction is given, including at
least three landings at another airport that is located more than 25
nautical miles from the airport of departure; and
(ii) Two hours in airplanes in preparation for the recreational
pilot flight test within the 60-day period before the test.
(2) Fifteen hours of solo flight time in airplanes.
(b) Pilots based on small islands.
(1) An applicant who is located on an island from which the flight
required in Sec. 61.99(a)(1)(i) cannot be accomplished without flying
over water more than 10 nautical miles from the nearest shoreline need
not comply with Sec. 61.99(a)(1)(i). However, if other airports that
permit civil operations are available to which a flight may be made
without flying over water more than 10 nautical miles from the nearest
shoreline, the applicant must show completion of a dual flight between
those two airports which must include three landings at the other
airport.
(2) The pilot certificate issued to a person under paragraph (b)(1)
of this section contains an endorsement with the following limitation
which may subsequently be amended to include another island if the
applicant complies with paragraph (b)(1) of this section with respect to
that island:
Passenger carrying prohibited in flights more than 10 nautical
milies from (appropriate island).
(3) The holder of a recreational pilot certificate with an
endorsement described in paragraph (b)(2) of this section is entitled to
removal of the endorsement if the holder presents satisfactory evidence
of compliance with the applicable flight requirements of Sec. 61.93(c)
to an FAA inspector or designated pilot examiner.
[Doc. No. 24695, 54 FR 13041, Mar. 29, 1989]
Sec. 61.100 Rotorcraft rating: Aeronautical experience.
An applicant for a recreational pilot certificate with a rotorcraft
category rating must have a least the following aeronautical experience:
(a) For a helicopter rating, an applicant must have a minimum of 30
hours of flight instruction and solo flight time in aircraft, which must
include the following:
(1) Fifteen hours of flight instruction from an authorized flight
instructor including at least--
(i) Two hours of flight instruction in helicopters from an
authorized flight instructor outside the vicinity of the airport at
which instruction is given, including at least three landings at another
airport that is located more than 25 nautical miles from the airport of
departure; and
(ii) Two hours of flight instruction in preparation for the flight
test within the 60-day period preceding the test.
(2) Fifteen hours of solo time in helicopters including--
(i) A takeoff and landing at an airport that serves both airplanes
and helicopters; and
(ii) A flight with a landing at a point other than an airport.
[[Page 49]]
(b) For a gyroplane rating, an applicant must have a minimum of 30
hours of flight instruction and solo flight time in aircraft, which must
include the following:
(1) Fifteen hours of flight instruction from an authorized flight
instructor including at least--
(i) Two hours of flight instruction in gyroplanes from an authorized
flight instructor outside the vicinity of the airport at which
instruction is given, including at least three landings at another
airport that is located more than 25 nautical miles from the airport of
departure; and
(ii) Two hours of flight instruction in preparation for the flight
test within the 60-day period preceding the test.
(2) Ten hours of solo flight time in a gyroplane, including flights
with takeoffs and landings at paved and unpaved airports.
[Doc. No. 24695, 54 FR 13041, Mar. 29, 1989]
Sec. 61.101 Recreational pilot privileges and limitations.
(a) A recreational pilot may--
(1) Carry not more than one passenger; and
(2) Share the operating expenses of the flight with the passenger.
(3) Act as pilot-in-command of an aircraft only when--
(i) The flight is within 50 nautical miles of an airport at which
the pilot has received ground and flight instruction from an authorized
instructor certificated under this part;
(ii) The flight lands at an airport within 50 nautical miles of the
departure airport; and
(iii) The pilot carries, in that pilot's personal possession, a
logbook that has been endorsed by the instructor attesting to the
instruction required by paragraph (a)(3)(i) of this section.
(b) Except as provided in paragraphs (f) and (g) of this section, a
recreational pilot may not act as pilot-in-command of an aircraft--
(1) That is certificated--
(i) For more than four occupants;
(ii) With more than one powerplant;
(iii) With a powerplant of more than 180 horsepower; or
(iv) With retractable landing gear.
(2) That is classified as a glider, airship, or balloon;
(3) That is carrying a passenger or property for compensation or
hire;
(4) For compensation or hire;
(5) In furtherance of a business;
(6) Between sunset and sunrise;
(7) In airspace in which communication with air traffic control is
required;
(8) At an altitude of more than 10,000 feet MSL or 2,000 feet AGL,
whichever is higher;
(9) When the flight or surface visibility is less than 3 statute
miles;
(10) Without visual reference to the surface;
(11) On a flight outside the United States;
(12) To demonstrate that aircraft in flight to a prospective buyer;
(13) That is used in a passenger-carrying airlift and sponsored by a
charitable organization; and
(14) That is towing any object.
(c) A recreational pilot may not act as a required pilot flight
crewmember on any aircraft for which more than one pilot is required by
the type certificate of the aircraft or the regulations under which the
flight is conducted, except when receiving flight instruction from an
authorized flight instructor on board an airship and no person other
than a required flight crewmember is carried on the aircraft.
(d) A recreational pilot who has logged fewer than 400 flight hours
and who has not logged pilot-in-command time in an aircraft within the
preceding 180 days may not act as pilot-in-command of an aircraft until
the pilot has received flight instruction from an authorized flight
instructor who certifies in the pilot's logbook that the pilot is
competent to act as pilot-in-command of the aircraft. This requirement
can be met in combination with the requirements of Secs. 61.56 and 61.57
at the discretion of the instructor.
(e) The recreational pilot certificate issued under this subpart
carries the notation ``Holder does not meet ICAO requirements.''
(f) For the purpose of obtaining additional certificates or ratings,
while under the supervision of an authorized flight instructor, a
recreational pilot may fly as sole occupant of an aircraft--
[[Page 50]]
(1) For which the pilot does not hold an appropriate category or
class rating;
(2) Within airspace that requires communication with air traffic
control; or
(3) Between sunset and sunrise, provided the flight or surface
visibility is at least 5 statute miles.
(g) In order to fly solo as provided in paragraph (f) of this
section, the recreational pilot must meet the appropriate aeronautical
knowledge and flight training requirements of Sec. 61.87 for that
aircraft. When operating an aircraft under the conditions specified in
paragraph (f) of this section, the recreational pilot shall carry the
logbook that has been endorsed for each flight by an authorized pilot
instructor who--
(1) Has given the recreational pilot instruction in the make and
model of aircraft in which the solo flight is to be made;
(2) Has found that the recreational pilot has met the applicable
requirements of Sec. 61.87; and
(3) Has found that the recreational pilot is competent to make solo
flights in accordance with the logbook endorsement.
(h) Notwithstanding paragraph 61.101(a)(3), a recreational pilot
may, for the purpose of obtaining an additional certificate or rating,
while under the supervision of an authorized flight instructor, act as
pilot-in-command of an aircraft on a flight in excess of 50 nautical
miles from an airport at which flight instruction is received if the
pilot meets the flight training requirements of Sec. 61.93 and in that
pilot's personal possession is the logbook that has been endorsed by an
authorized instructor attesting that:
(1) The recreational pilot has received instruction in solo cross-
country flight and the training described in Sec. 61.93 applicable to
the aircraft to be operated, and is competent to make solo cross-country
flights in the make and model of aircraft to be flown; and
(2) The instructor has reviewed the student's preflight planning and
preparation for the specific solo cross-country flight and that the
recreational pilot is prepared to make the flight safely under the known
circumstances and subject to any conditions listed in the logbook by the
instructor.
[Doc. No. 24695, 54 FR 13041, Mar. 29, 1989]
Subpart D--Private Pilots
Sec. 61.102 Applicability.
This subpart prescribes the requirements for the issuance of private
pilot certificates and ratings, the conditions under which those
certificates and ratings are necessary, and the general operating rules
for the holders of those certificates and ratings.
[Doc. No. 11802, 38 FR 3161, Feb. 1, 1973. Redesignated by Amdt. 61-82,
54 FR 13041, Mar. 29, 1989]
Sec. 61.103 Eligibility requirements: General.
To be eligible for a private pilot certificate, a person must--
(a) Be at least 17 years of age, except that a private pilot
certificate with a free balloon or a glider rating only may be issued to
a qualified applicant who is at least 16 years of age;
(b) Be able to read, speak, and understand the English language, or
have such operating limitations placed on his pilot certificate as are
necessary for the safe operation of aircraft, to be removed when he
shows that he can read, speak, and understand the English language;
(c) Hold at least a current third-class medical certificate issued
under part 67 of this chapter, or, in the case of a glider or free
balloon rating, certify that he has no known medical defect that makes
him unable to pilot a glider or free balloon, as appropriate;
(d) Pass a written test on the subject areas on which instruction or
home study is required by Sec. 61.105;
(e) Pass an oral and flight test on procedures and maneuvers
selected by an FAA inspector or examiner to determine the applicant's
competency in the flight operations on which instruction is required by
the flight proficiency provisions of Sec. 61.107; and
(f) Comply with the sections of this part that apply to the rating
he seeks.
[[Page 51]]
Sec. 61.105 Aeronautical knowledge.
An applicant for a private pilot certificate must have logged ground
instruction from an authorized instructor, or must present evidence
showing that he has satisfactorily completed a course of instruction or
home study in at least the following areas of aeronautical knowledge
appropriate to the category of aircraft for which a rating is sought.
(a) Airplanes and rotorcraft. (1) The accident reporting
requirements of the National Transportation Safety Board and the Federal
Aviation Regulations applicable to private pilot privileges,
limitations, and flight operations for airplanes or rotorcraft, as
appropriate, the use of the ``Airman's Information Manual,'' and FAA
advisory circulars;
(2) VFR navigation using pilotage, dead reckoning, and radio aids;
(3) The recognition of critical weather situations from the ground
and in flight, the procurement and use of aeronautical weather reports
and forecasts;
(4) The safe and efficient operation of airplanes or rotorcraft, as
appropriate, including high-density airport operations, collision
avoidance precautions, and radio communication procedures;
(5) Basic aerodynamics and the principles of flight which apply to
airplanes or rotorcraft, as appropriate; and
(6) Stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin recovery techniques
for airplanes.
(b) Gliders. (1) The accident reporting requirements of the National
Transportation Safety Board and the Federal Aviation Regulations
applicable to glider pilot privileges, limitations, and flight
operations;
(2) Glider navigation, including the use of aeronautical charts and
the magnetic compass;
(3) Recognition of weather situations of concern to the glider
pilot, and the procurement and use of aeronautical weather reports and
forecasts;
(4) The safe and efficient operation of gliders, including ground
and/or aero tow procedures as appropriate, signals, and safety
precautions; and
(5) Stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin recovery techniques
for gliders.
(c) Airships. (1) The Federal Aviation Regulations applicable to
private lighter-than-air pilot privileges, limitations, and airship
flight operations;
(2) Airship navigation, including pilotage, dead reckoning, and the
use of radio aids;
(3) The recognition of weather conditions of concern to the airship
pilot, and the procurement and use of aeronautical weather reports and
forecasts; and
(4) Airship operations, including free ballooning, the effects of
superheating, and positive and negative lift.
(d) Free balloons. (1) The Federal Aviation Regulations applicable
to private free balloon pilot privileges, limitations, and flight
operations;
(2) The use of aeronautical charts and the magnetic compass for free
balloon navigation;
(3) The recognition of weather conditions of concern to the free
balloon pilot, and the procurement and use of aeronautical weather
reports and forecasts appropriate to free balloon operations; and
(4) Operating principles and procedures of free balloons, including
gas and hot air inflation systems.
[Doc. No. 11802, 38 FR 3161, Feb. 1, 1973, as amended by Amdt. 61-77, 51
FR 40703, Nov. 7, 1986; Amdt. 61-490, 56 FR 11325, Mar. 15, 1991]
Sec. 61.107 Flight proficiency.
The applicant for a private pilot certificate must have logged
instruction from an authorized flight instructor in at least the
following pilot operations. In addition, his logbook must contain an
endorsement by an authorized flight instructor who has found him
competent to perform each of those operations safely as a private pilot.
(a) In airplanes. (1) Preflight operations, including weight and
balance determination, line inspection, and airplane servicing;
(2) Airport and traffic pattern operations, including operations at
controlled airports, radio communications, and collision avoidance
precautions;
(3) Flight maneuvering by reference to ground objects;
(4) Flight at slow airspeeds with realistic distractions, and the
recognition
[[Page 52]]
of and recovery from stalls entered from straight flight and from turns;
(5) Normal and crosswind takeoffs and landings;
(6) Control and maneuvering an airplane solely by reference to
instruments, including descents and climbs using radio aids or radar
directives;
(7) Cross-country flying, using pilotage, dead reckoning, and radio
aids, including one 2-hour flight;
(8) Maximum performance takeoffs and landings;
(9) Night flying, including takeoffs, landings, and VFR navigation;
and
(10) Emergency operations, including simulated aircraft and
equipment malfunctions.
(b) In helicopters. (1) Preflight operations, including the line
inspection and servicing of helicopters;
(2) Hovering, air taxiing, and maneuvering by ground references;
(3) Airport and traffic pattern operations, including collision
avoidance precautions;
(4) Cross-country flying, using pilotage, dead reckoning, and radio
aids, including one 1-hour flight;
(5) Operations in confined areas and on pinnacles, rapid
decelerations, landings on slopes, high-altitude takeoffs, and run-on
landings;
(6) Night flying, including takeoffs, landings, and VFR navigation;
and
(7) Simulated emergency procedures, including aircraft and equipment
malfunctions, approaches to a hover or landing with an engine
inoperative in a multiengine helicopter, or autorotational descents with
a power recovery to a hover in single-engine helicopters.
(c) In gyroplanes. (1) Preflight operations, including the line
inspection and servicing of gyroplanes;
(2) Flight maneuvering by ground references;
(3) Maneuvering at critically slow airspeeds, and the recognition of
and recovery from high rates of descent at low airspeeds;
(4) Airport and traffic pattern operations, including collision
avoidance precautions and radio communication procedures;
(5) Cross-country flying by pilotage, dead reckoning, and the use of
radio aids; and
(6) Emergency procedures, including maximum performance takeoffs and
landings.
(d) In gliders. (1) Preflight operations, including the installation
of wings and tail surfaces specifically designed for quick removal and
installation by pilots, and line inspection;
(2) Ground (auto or winch) tow or aero tow (the applicant's
certificate is limited to the kind of tow selected);
(3) Precision maneuvering, including steep turns and spirals in both
directions;
(4) The correct use of critical sailplane performance speeds;
(5) Flight at slow airspeeds with realistic distractions, and the
recognition of and recovery from stalls entered from straight flight and
from turns; and
(6) Accuracy approaches and landings with the nose of the glider
stopping short of and within 200 feet of a line or mark.
(e) In airships. (1) Ground handling, mooring, rigging, and
preflight operations;
(2) Takeoffs and landing with static lift, and with negative and
positive lift, and the use of two-way radio;
(3) Straight and level flight, climbs, turns, and descents;
(4) Precision flight maneuvering;
(5) Navigation, using pilotage, dead reckoning, and radio aids; and
(6) Simulated emergencies, including equipment malfunction, the
valving of gas, and the loss of power on one engine.
(f) In free balloons. (1) Rigging and tethering, including the
installation of baskets and burners specifically designed for quick
removal or installation by a pilot and the interchange of baskets or
burners, when provided for in the type certificate data, classified as
preventive maintenance, and subject to the recording requirements of
Sec. 43.9 of this chapter;
(2) Operation of burner, if airborne heater used;
(3) Ascents and descents;
(4) Landing; and
[[Page 53]]
(5) Emergencies, including the use of the ripcord (may be
simulated).
[Doc. No. 11802, 38 FR 3161, Feb. 1, 1973, as amended by Amdt. 61-77, 51
FR 40704, Nov. 7, 1986; Amdt. 61-79, 52 FR 17277, May 6, 1987; Amdt. 61-
490, 56 FR 11325, Mar. 15, 1991]
Sec. 61.109 Airplane rating: Aeronautical experience.
(a) Except as provided in paragraph (h) of this section, an
applicant for a private pilot certificate with an airplane category
rating must have at least the following aeronautical experience:
(1) At least 20 hours of flight instruction from an authorized
instructor, including at least--
(i) 3 hours of cross-country flight.
(ii) 3 hours of flight at night, including ten takeoffs and ten
landings for applicants seeking night flying privileges.
(iii) 3 hours in airplanes in preparation for the private pilot
practical test within 60 calendar days prior to that test.
(2) At least 20 hours of solo flight time, including at least-
(i) 10 hours of flight in airplanes;
(ii) 10 hours of cross-country flight; and
(iii) Three solo takeoffs and landings to a full stop at an airport
with an operating control tower.
(b) Each flight required by paragraph (a)(2)(ii) of this section
must include--
(1) A landing at a point more than 50 nautical miles from the
original departure point; and
(2) One flight of at least 300 nautical miles with landings at a
minimum of three points, one of which is at least 100 nautical miles
from the original departure point.
(c) An applicant who does not meet the night flying requirement of
paragraph (a)(1)(ii) of this section may be issued a private pilot
certificate bearing the limitation ``night flying prohibited.'' The
limitation may be removed if the holder of the certificate shows that he
or she has met the requirements of paragraph (a)(1)(ii) of this section.
(d) Except as provided in paragraph (e) of this section, a maximum
of 2.5 hours of instruction in a flight simulator or flight training
device representing an airplane from an authorized instructor may be
credited toward the total hours required by paragraph (a) of this
section.
(e) A maximum of 5 hours of instruction in a flight simulator or
flight training device representing an airplane may be credited toward
the total hours required by paragraph (a) of this section if the
instruction is accomplished in a course conducted by a training center
certificated under part 142 of this chapter.
(f)-(g) [Reserved]
(h) Except where fewer hours are approved by the Administrator, an
applicant for a private pilot certificate with an airplane rating who
has satisfactorily completed an approved private pilot course conducted
by a training center certificated under part 142 of this chapter need
have only a total of at least 35 hours of pilot flight time in aircraft,
flight simulators, or flight training devices.
[Doc. No. 26933, 61 FR 34554, July 2, 1996]
Sec. 61.111 Cross-country flights: Pilots based on small islands.
(a) An applicant who shows that he is located on an island from
which the required flights cannot be accomplished without flying over
water more than 10 nautical miles from the nearest shoreline need not
comply with paragraph (b)(2) of Sec. 61.109. However, if other airports
that permit civil operations are available to which a flight may be made
without flying over water more than 10 nautical miles from the nearest
shoreline, he must show that he has completed two round trip solo
flights between those two airports that are farthest apart, including a
landing at each airport on both flights.
(b) The pilot certificate issued to a person under paragraph (a) of
this section contains an endorsement with the following limitation which
may be subsequently amended to include another island if the applicant
complies with paragraph (a) of this section with respect to that island:
Passenger carrying prohibited on flights more than 10 nautical miles
from (appropriate island).
(c) If an applicant for a private pilot certificate under paragraph
(a) of this
[[Page 54]]
section does not have at least 3 hours of solo cross-country flight
time, including a round trip flight to an airport at least 50 nautical
miles from the place of departure with at least two full stop landings
at different points along the route, his pilot certificate is also
endorsed as follows:
Holder does not meet the cross-country flight requirements of ICAO.
(d) The holder of a private pilot certificate with an endorsement
described in paragraph (b) or (c) of this section, is entitled to a
removal of the endorsement, if he presents satisfactory evidence to an
FAA inspector or designated pilot examiner that he has complied with the
applicable solo cross-country flight requirements and has passed a
practical test on cross-country flying.
Sec. 61.113 Rotorcraft rating: Aeronautical experience.
(a) Except as provided in paragraph (g) of this section, an
applicant for a private pilot certificate with a rotorcraft category
rating must have at least the following aeronautical experience:
(1) For a helicopter class rating, 40 hours of flight instruction
and solo flight time including at least--
(i) 20 hours of flight instruction from an authorized flight
instructor, 15 hours of which must be in a helicopter, including--
(A) 3 hours of cross-country flying in helicopters; and
(B) 3 hours of night flying in helicopters, including 10 takeoffs
and 10 landings, each of which must be separated by an en-route phase of
flight;
(ii) 3 hours in helicopters in preparation for the private pilot
practical test within 60 calendar days before that test;
(iii) A flight in a helicopter with a landing at a point other than
an airport; and
(2) 20 hours of solo flight time, 15 hours of which must be in a
helicopter, including at least--
(i) 3 hours of cross-country flying in helicopters, including one
flight with a landing at three or more points, each of which must be
more than 25 nautical miles from each of the other landing points; and
(ii) Three takeoffs and three landings in helicopters at airports or
heliports with operating control towers, each separated by an en-route
phase of flight.
(b) Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section, a maximum
of 2.5 hours of instruction in a flight simulator or flight training
device representing a helicopter from an authorized instructor may be
credited toward the total hour requirement of paragraph (a) of this
section.
(c) A maximum of 5 hours of instruction in a flight simulator or
flight training device representing a helicopter may be credited toward
the total hours required by paragraph (a) of this section if the
instruction is accomplished in a course conducted by a training center
certificated under part 142 of this chapter.
(d) The applicant for a gyroplane class rating must have a total of
at least--
(1) 20 hours of flight instruction from an authorized flight
instructor, 15 hours of which must be in a gyroplane, including at least
the following--
(i) 3 hours of cross-country flying in gyroplanes;
(ii) 3 hours of night flying in gyroplanes, including ten takeoffs
and ten landings; and
(iii) 3 hours in gyroplanes in preparation for the private pilot
flight test within 60 calendar days before that test.
(2) 20 hours of solo flight time, 10 hours of which must be in a
gyroplane, including--
(i) 3 hours of cross-country flying in gyroplanes, including one
flight with a landing at three or more points, each of which must be
more than 25 nautical miles from each of the other two points; and
(ii) Three takeoffs and three landings in gyroplanes at an airport
with an operating control tower.
(3) Except as provided in paragraph (d)(4) of this section, a
maximum of 2.5 hours of instruction in a flight simulator or flight
training device representing a gyroplane may be credited toward the
total hours required by paragraph (d)(1) of this section.
[[Page 55]]
(4) A maximum of 5 hours of instruction in a flight simulator or
flight training device representing a gyroplane may be credited toward
the total hours required by paragraph (d)(1) of this section if the
instruction is accomplished in an approved course conducted by a
training center certificated under part 142 of this chapter.
(e) An applicant who does not meet the night flying requirements of
paragraph (a)(1)(i)(B) or paragraph (d)(1)(ii) of this section will be
issued a private pilot certificate bearing the limitation ``night flying
prohibited.''
(f) The limitation required by paragraph (e) of this section may be
removed if the holder of the certificate demonstrates compliance with
the requirements of paragraph (a)(1)(i)(B) or paragraph (d)(1)(ii) of
this section, as applicable.
(g) Except where fewer hours are approved by the Administrator, an
applicant for a private pilot certificate with a rotorcraft category
rating who has satisfactorily completed an approved private pilot course
conducted by a training center certificated under part 142 of this
chapter need have only a total of at least 35 hours of pilot flight time
in aircraft, flight simulators, or flight training devices.
[Doc. No. 26933, 61 FR 34555, July 2, 1996]
Sec. 61.115 Glider rating: Aeronautical experience.
An applicant for a private pilot certificate with a glider rating
must have logged at least one of the following:
(a) Seventy solo glider flights, including 20 flights during which
360 deg. turns were made.
(b) Seven hours of solo flight in gliders, including 35 glider
flights launched by ground tows, or 20 glider flights launched by aero
tows.
(c) Forty hours of flight time in gliders and single-engine
airplanes, including 10 solo glider flights during which 360 deg. turns
were made.
Sec. 61.117 Lighter-than-air rating: Aeronautical experience.
An applicant for a private pilot certificate with a lighter-than-air
category rating must have at least the aeronautical experience
prescribed in paragraph (a) or (b) of this section, appropriate to the
rating sought.
(a) Airships. A total of 50 hours of flight time as pilot with at
least 25 hours in airships, which must include 5 hours of solo flight
time in airships, or time performing the functions of pilot in command
of an airship for which more than one pilot is required.
(b) Free balloons. (1) If a gas balloon or a hot air balloon with an
airborne heater is used, a total of 10 hours in free balloons with at
least six flights under the supervision of a person holding a commercial
pilot certificate with a free balloon rating. These flights must
include--
(i) Two flights, each of at least 1 hour's duration, if a gas
balloon is used, or of 30 minutes' duration, if a hot air balloon with
an airborne heater is used;
(ii) One ascent under control to 5,000 feet above the point of
takeoff, if a gas balloon is used, or 3,000 feet above the point of
takeoff, if a hot air balloon with an airborne heater is used; and
(iii) One solo flight in a free balloon.
(2) If a hot air balloon without an airborne heater is used, six
flights in a free balloon under the supervision of a commercial balloon
pilot, including at least one solo flight.
[Doc. No. 11802, 38 FR 3161, Feb. 1, 1973, as amended by Amdt. 61-60, 38
FR 9292, Apr. 13, 1973]
Sec. 61.118 Private pilot privileges and limitations: Pilot in command.
Except as provided in paragraphs (a) through (d) of this section, a
private pilot may not act as pilot in command of an aircraft that is
carrying passengers or property for compensation or hire; nor may he,
for compensation or hire, act as pilot in command of an aircraft.
(a) A private pilot may, for compensation or hire, act as pilot in
command of an aircraft in connection with any business or employment if
the flight is only incidental to that business or employment and the
aircraft does not carry passengers or property for compensation or hire.
(b) A private pilot may share the operating expenses of a flight
with his passengers.
[[Page 56]]
(c) A private pilot who is an aircraft salesman and who has at least
200 hours of logged flight time may demonstrate an aircraft in flight to
a prospective buyer.
(d) A private pilot may act as pilot in command of an aircraft used
in a passenger-carrying airlift sponsored by a charitable organization,
and for which the passengers make a donation to the organization, if--
(1) The sponsor of the airlift notifies the FAA Flight Standards
District Office having jurisdiction over the area concerned, at least 7
days before the flight, and furnishes any essential information that the
office requests;
(2) The flight is conducted from a public airport adequate for the
aircraft used, or from another airport that has been approved for the
operation by an FAA inspector;
(3) He has logged at least 200 hours of flight time;
(4) No acrobatic or formation flights are conducted;
(5) Each aircraft used is certificated in the standard category and
complies with the 100-hour inspection requirement of Sec. 91.409 of this
chapter; and
(6) The flight is made under VFR during the day.
For the purpose of paragraph (d) of this section, a ``charitable
organization'' means an organization listed in Publication No. 78 of the
Department of the Treasury called the ``Cumulative List of Organizations
described in section 170(c) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954,'' as
amended from time to time by published supplemental lists.
[Doc. No. 11802, 38 FR 3161, Feb. 1, 1973, as amended by Amdt. 61-84, 54
FR 34330, Aug. 18, 1989; Amdt. 61-85, 54 FR 39291, Sept. 25, 1989]
Sec. 61.119 Free balloon rating: Limitations.
(a) If the applicant for a free balloon rating takes his flight test
in a hot air balloon with an airborne heater, his pilot certificate
contains an endorsement restricting the exercise of the privilege of
that rating to hot air balloons with airborne heaters. The restriction
may be deleted when the holder of the certificate obtains the pilot
experience required for a rating on a gas balloon.
(b) If the applicant for a free balloon rating takes his flight test
in a hot air balloon without an airborne heater, his pilot certificate
contains an endorsement restricting the exercise of the privileges of
that rating to hot air balloons without airborne heaters. The
restriction may be deleted when the holder of the certificate obtains
the pilot experience and passes the tests required for a rating on a
free balloon with an airborne heater or a gas balloon.
Sec. 61.120 Private pilot privileges and limitations: Second in command of aircraft requiring more than one required pilot.
Except as provided in paragraphs (a) through (d) of Sec. 61.118 a
private pilot may not, for compensation or hire, act as second in
command of an aircraft that is type certificated for more than one
required pilot, nor may he act as second in command of such an aircraft
that is carrying passengers or property for compensation or hire.
Subpart E--Commercial Pilots
Sec. 61.121 Applicability.
This subpart prescribes the requirements for the issuance of
commercial pilot certificates and ratings, the conditions under which
those certificates and ratings are necessary, and the limitations upon
those certificates and ratings.
Sec. 61.123 Eligibility requirements: General.
To be eligible for a commercial pilot certificate, a person must--
(a) Be at least 18 years of age;
(b) Be able to read, speak, and understand the English language, or
have such operating limitations placed on his pilot certificate as are
necessary for safety, to be removed when he shows that he can read,
speak, and understand the English language;
(c) Hold at least a valid second-class medical certificate issued
under part 67 of this chapter, or, in the case of a glider or free
balloon rating, certify that he has no known medical deficiency that
makes him unable to pilot a glider or a free balloon, as appropriate;
[[Page 57]]
(d) Pass a written examination appropriate to the aircraft rating
sought on the subjects in which ground instruction is required by
Sec. 61.125;
(e) Pass an oral and flight test appropriate to the rating he seeks,
covering items selected by the inspector or examiner from those on which
training is required by Sec. 61.127; and
(f) Comply with the provisions of this subpart which apply to the
rating he seeks.
[Doc. No. 11802, 38 FR 3161, Feb. 1, 1973, as amended by Amdt. 61-64, 41
FR 51392, Nov. 22, 1976]
Sec. 61.125 Aeronautical knowledge.
An applicant for a commercial pilot certificate must have logged
ground instruction from an authorized instructor, or must present
evidence showing that he has satisfactorily completed a course of
instruction or home study, in at least the following areas of
aeronautical knowledge appropriate to the category of aircraft for which
a rating is sought.
(a) Airplanes. (1) The regulations of this chapter governing the
operations, privileges, and limitations of a commercial pilot, and the
accident reporting requirements of the National Transportation Safety
Board:
(2) Basic aerodynamics and the principles of flight which apply to
airplanes;
(3) Airplane operations, including the use of flaps, retractable
landing gears, controllable propellers, high altitude operation with and
without pressurization, loading and balance computations, and the
significance and use of airplane performance speeds; and
(4) Stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin recovery techniques
for airplanes.
(b) Rotorcraft. (1) The regulations of this chapter which apply to
the operations, privileges, and limitations of a commercial rotorcraft
pilot, and the accident reporting requirements of the National
Transportation Safety Board;
(2) Meteorology, including the characteristics of air masses and
fronts, elements of weather forecasting, and the procurement and use of
aeronautical weather reports and forecasts;
(3) The use of aeronautical charts and the magnetic compass for
pilotage and dead reckoning, and the use of radio aids for VFR
navigation;
(4) The safe and efficient operation of helicopters or gyroplanes,
as appropriate to the rating sought; and
(5) Basic aerodynamics and principles of flight which apply to
rotorcraft and the significance and use of performance charts.
(c) Gliders. (1) The regulations of this chapter pertinent to
commercial glider pilot operations, privileges, and limitations, and the
accident reporting requirements of the National Transportation Safety
Board;
(2) Glider navigation, including the use of aeronautical charts and
the magnetic compass, and radio orientation;
(3) The recognition of weather situations of concern to the glider
pilot from the ground and in flight, and the procurement and use of
aeronautical weather reports and forecasts;
(4) The safe and efficient operation of gliders, including ground
and/or aero tow procedures as appropriate, signals, critical glider
performance speeds, and safety precautions; and
(5) Stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin recovery techniques
for gliders.
(d) Airships. (1) The regulations of this chapter pertinent to
airship operations, VFR and IFR, including the privileges and
limitations of a commercial airship pilot;
(2) Airship navigation, including pilotage, dead reckoning, and the
use of radio aids for VFR and IFR navigation, and IFR approaches;
(3) The use and limitations of the required flight instruments;
(4) ATC procedures for VFR and IFR operations, and the use of IFR
charts and approach plates;
(5) Meteorology, including the characteristics of air masses and
fronts, and the procurement and use of aeronautical weather reports and
forecasts;
(6) Airship ground and flight instruction procedures; and
(7) Airship operating procedures and emergency operations, including
free ballooning procedures.
(e) Free balloons. (1) The regulations of this chapter pertinent to
commercial free balloon piloting privileges, limitations, and flight
operations;
[[Page 58]]
(2) The use of aeronautical charts and the magnetic compass for free
balloon navigation;
(3) The recognition of weather conditions significant to free
balloon flight operations, and the procurement and use of aeronautical
weather reports and forecasts appropriate to free ballooning;
(4) Free balloon flight and ground instruction procedures; and
(5) Operating principles and procedures for free balloons, including
emergency procedures such as crowd control and protection, high wind and
water landings, and operations in proximity to buildings and power
lines.
[Doc. No. 11802, 38 FR 3161, Feb. 1, 1973, as amended by Amdt. 61-77, 51
FR 40704, Nov. 7, 1986; Amdt. 61-490, 56 FR 11325, Mar. 15, 1991]
Sec. 61.127 Flight proficiency.
The applicant for a commercial pilot certificate must have logged
instruction from an authorized flight instructor in at least the
following pilot operations. In addition, his logbook must contain an
endorsement by an authorized flight instructor who has given him the
instruction certifying that he has found the applicant prepared to
perform each of those operations competently as a commercial pilot.
(a) Airplanes. (1) Preflight duties, including load and balance
determination, line inspection, and aircraft servicing;
(2) Flight at slow airspeeds with realistic distractions, and the
recognition of and recovery from stalls entered from straight flight and
from turns;
(3) Normal and crosswind takeoffs and landings, using precision
approaches, flaps, power as appropriate, and specified approach speeds;
(4) Maximum performance takeoffs and landings, climbs, and descents;
(5) Operation of an airplane equipped with a retractable landing
gear, flaps, and controllable propeller(s), including normal and
emergency operations; and
(6) Emergency procedures, such as coping with power loss or
equipment malfunctions, fire in flight, collision avoidance precautions,
and engine-out procedures if a multiengine airplane is used.
(b) Helicopters. (1) Preflight duties, including line inspection and
helicopter servicing;
(2) Straight and level flight, climbs, turns, and descents;
(3) Air taxiing, hovering, and maneuvering by ground references;
(4) Normal and crosswind takeoffs and landings;
(5) Recognition of and recovery from imminent flight at critical/
rapid descent with power (settling with power);
(6) Airport and traffic pattern operations, including collision
avoidance precautions and radio communications;
(7) Cross-country flight operations;
(8) Operations in confined areas and on pinnacles, rapid
decelerations, landing on slopes, high-altitude takeoffs, and run-on
landings; and
(9) Simulated emergency procedures, including failure of an engine
or other component or system, and approaches to a hover or landing with
one engine inoperative in multiengine helicopters, or autorotational
descents with a power recovery to a hover in single-engine helicopters.
(c) Gyroplanes. (1) Preflight operations, including line inspection
and gyroplane servicing;
(2) Straight and level flight, turns, climbs, and descents;
(3) Flight maneuvering by ground references;
(4) Maneuvering at critically slow airspeeds, and the recognition of
and recovery from high rates of descent at slow airspeeds;
(5) Normal and crosswind takeoffs and landings;
(6) Airport and traffic pattern operations, including collision
avoidance precautions and radio communications;
(7) Cross-country flight operations; and
(8) Emergency procedures, such as power failures, equipment
malfunctions, maximum performance takeoffs and landings and simulated
liftoffs at low airspeed and high angles of attack.
(d) Gliders. (1) Preflight duties, including glider assembly and
preflight inspection;
(2) Glider launches by ground (auto or winch) or by aero tows (the
applicant's certificate is limited to the kind of tow selected);
[[Page 59]]
(3) Precision maneuvering, including straight glides, turns to
headings, steep turns, and spirals in both directions;
(4) The correct use of the glider's performance speeds, flight at
slow airspeeds with realistic distractions, and the recognition of and
recovery from stalls entered from straight flight and from turns; and
(5) Accuracy approaches and landings, with the nose of the glider
coming to rest short of and within 100 feet of a line or mark.
(e) Airships. (1) Ground handling, mooring, and preflight
operations;
(2) Straight and level flight, turns, climbs, and descents, under
VFR and simulated IFR conditions;
(3) Takeoffs and landings with positive and with negative static
lift;
(4) Turns and figure eights;
(5) Precision turns to headings under simulated IFR conditions;
(6) Preparing and filing IFR flight plans, and complying with IFR
clearances;
(7) IFR radio navigation and instrument approach procedures;
(8) Cross-country flight operations, using pilotage, dead reckoning,
and radio aids; and
(9) Emergency operations, including engine-out operations, free
ballooning an airship, and ripcord procedures (may be simulated).
(f) Free balloons. (1) Assembly of basket and burner to the
envelope, and rigging, inflating, and tethering of a free balloon;
(2) Ground and flight crew briefing;
(3) Ascents;
(4) Descents;
(5) Landings;
(6) Operation of airborne heater, if balloon is so equipped; and
(7) Emergency operations, including the use of the ripcord (may be
simulated), and recovery from a terminal velocity descent if a balloon
with an airborne heater is used.
[Doc. No. 11802, 38 FR 3161, Feb. 1, 1973, as amended by Amdt. 61-77, 51
FR 40704, Nov. 7, 1986; Amdt. 61-79, 52 FR 17277, May 6, 1987; Amdt. 61-
490, 56 FR 11325, Mar. 15, 1991]
Sec. 61.129 Airplane rating: Aeronautical experience.
(a) General. An applicant for a commercial pilot certificate with an
airplane rating must hold a private pilot certificate with an airplane
rating. If he does not hold that certificate and rating he must meet the
flight experience requirements for a private pilot certificate and
airplane rating and pass the applicable written and practical test
prescribed in Subpart D of this part. In addition, the applicant must
hold an instrument rating (airplane), or the commercial pilot
certificate that is issued is endorsed with a limitation prohibiting the
carriage of passengers for hire in airplanes on cross-country flights of
more than 50 nautical miles, or at night.
(b) Flight time as pilot. Except as provided in paragraph (c) of
this section, an applicant for a commercial pilot certificate with an
airplane rating must have at least the following aeronautical
experience:
(1) A total of at least 250 hours of flight time as a pilot that may
include not more than--
(i) Except as provided in paragraph (b)(1)(ii) of this section, 50
hours of flight simulator instruction or flight training device
instruction from an authorized instructor; or
(ii) 100 hours of flight simulator instruction or flight training
device instruction, if the instruction is accomplished in an approved
course conducted by a training center certificated under part 142 of
this chapter.
(2) The flight time required by paragraph (b)(1) of this section
must include--
(i) 10 hours of instrument instruction, of which at least 5 hours
must be in flight in airplanes, and
(ii) 10 hours of instruction in preparation for the commercial pilot
flight test; and
(3) 100 hours of pilot in command time, including at least:
(i) 50 hours in airplanes.
(ii) 50 hours of cross-country flights, each flight with a landing
at a point more than 50 nautical miles from the original departure
point. One flight must have landings at a minimum of three points, one
of which is at least
[[Page 60]]
150 nautical miles from the original departure point if the flight is
conducted in Hawaii, or at least 250 nautical miles from the original
departure point if it is conducted elsewhere.
(iii) 5 hours of night flying including at least 10 takeoffs and
landings as sole manipulator of the controls.
(4) Flight simulator instruction and flight training device
instruction must be accomplished in a qualified and approved flight
simulator or in a qualified and approved flight training device
representing an airplane.
(c) Except where fewer hours are approved by the Administrator, an
applicant for a commercial pilot certificate with an airplane rating who
has satisfactorily completed an approved commercial pilot course
conducted by a training center certificated under part 142 of this
chapter must have a total of at least 190 hours of pilot flight time in
aircraft, flight simulators, or flight training devices.
[Doc. No. 11802, 38 FR 3161, Feb. 1, 1973, as amended by Amdt. 61-73, 47
FR 46066, Oct. 14, 1982; Amdt. 61-100, 61 FR 34555, July 2, 1996]
Sec. 61.131 Rotorcraft ratings: Aeronautical experience.
Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section, an applicant
for a commercial pilot certificate with a rotorcraft category rating
must have at least the following aeronautical experience:
(a) Helicopter class rating. A total of 150 hours of flight time,
including at least 100 hours in powered aircraft, 50 hours of which must
be in a helicopter, including at least--
(1) 40 hours of flight instruction from an authorized flight
instructor, 15 hours of which must be in a helicopter, including--
(i) 3 hours of cross-country flying in helicopters;
(ii) 3 hours of night flying in helicopters, including 10 takeoffs
and landings, each of which must be separated by an en route phase of
flight;
(iii) 3 hours in helicopters preparing for the commercial pilot
flight test within 60 days before that test; and
(iv) Takeoffs and landings at three points other than airports; and
(2) 100 hours of pilot-in-command flight time, 35 hours of which
must be in a helicopter, including at least--
(i) 10 hours of cross-country flying in helicopters, including one
flight with a landing at three or more points, each of which must be
more than 50 nautical miles from each of the other two points; and
(ii) Three takeoffs and landings in helicopters, each of which must
be separated by an en route phase of flight, at an airport with an
operating control tower.
(3) Except as provided in paragraph (a)(4) of this section, a
maximum of 35 hours of flight simulator instruction or flight training
device instruction from an authorized instructor may be credited toward
the total hour requirement for a pilot certificate.
(4) A maximum of 50 hours of flight simulator instruction or flight
training device instruction may be credited toward the total hours
required by paragraph (a)(1) of this section if the instruction is
accomplished in an approved course conducted by a training center
certificated under part 142 of this chapter.
(b) For a gyroplane class rating:
(1) An applicant must have at least 150 hours of flight time in
aircraft, including at least 100 hours in powered aircraft, 25 hours of
which must be in a gyroplane, including at least--
(i) 3 hours of cross-country flying in gyroplanes;
(ii) 3 hours of night flying in gyroplanes, including 10 takeoffs
and landings; and
(iii) 3 hours in gyroplanes preparing for the commercial pilot
flight test within 60 days before that test; and
(2) 100 hours of pilot-in-command flight time, 15 hours of which
must be in a gyroplane, including at least--
(i) 10 hours of cross-country flying in gyroplanes, including one
flight with a landing at three or more points, each of which is more
than 50 nautical miles from each of the other two points; and
(ii) Three takeoffs and landings in gyroplanes at an airport with an
operating control tower.
(3) Except as provided in paragraph (b)(4) of this section, a
maximum of 35 hours of flight simulator instruction or flight training
device instruction from
[[Page 61]]
an authorized instructor may be credited toward the total requirement
for a pilot certificate if the instruction is accomplished in a flight
simulator or in a flight training device representing a gyroplane.
(4) A maximum of 50 hours of flight simulator instruction or flight
training device if instruction may be credited toward the total hours
required by paragraph (b)(1) of this section if the instruction is
accomplished in an approved course conducted by a training center
certificated under part 142 of this chapter.
(c) Except as otherwise approved by the Administrator, an applicant
for a commercial pilot certificate with a rotorcraft rating and a
helicopter class rating who has satisfactorily completed an approved
commercial pilot course conducted by a training center certificated
under part 142 of this chapter must have a total of at least 150 hours
of pilot flight time in aircraft, flight simulators, or flight training
devices.
[Doc. No. 24550, 51 FR 40704, Nov. 7, 1986, as amended by Amdt. 61-78,
52 FR 4847, Feb. 17, 1987; Amdt. 61-490, 56 FR 11326, Mar. 15, 1991;
Amdt. 61-100, 61 FR 34556, July 2, 1996]
Sec. 61.133 Glider rating: Aeronautical experience.
An applicant for a commercial pilot certificate with a glider rating
must meet either of the following aeronautical experience requirements:
(a) A total of at least 25 hours of pilot time in aircraft,
including 20 hours in gliders, and a total of 100 glider flights as
pilot in command, including 25 flights during which 360 deg. turns were
made; or
(b) A total of 200 hours of pilot time in heavier-than-air aircraft,
including, 20 glider flights as pilot in command during which 360 deg.
turns were made.
Sec. 61.135 Airship rating: Aeronautical experience.
An applicant for a commercial pilot certificate with an airship
rating must have a total of at least 200 hours of flight time as pilot,
including--
(a) Fifty hours of flight time as pilot in airships;
(b) 30 hours of flight time performing the duties of pilot in
command in airships, including--
(1) 10 hours of cross-country flight; and
(2) 10 hours of night flight; and
(c) 40 hours of instrument time, of which at least 20 hours must be
in flight with 10 hours of that flight time in airships.
Sec. 61.137 Free balloon rating: Aeronautical experience.
An applicant for a commercial pilot certificate with a free balloon
rating must have the following flight time as pilot:
(a) If a gas balloon or a hot air balloon with an airborne heater is
used, a total of at least 35 hours of flight time as pilot including--
(1) 20 hours in free balloons; and
(2) 10 flights in free balloons, including--
(i) Six flights under the supervision of a commercial free balloon
pilot;
(ii) Two solo flights;
(iii) Two flights of at least 2 hours duration if a gas balloon is
used, or at least 1 hour duration if a hot air balloon with an airborne
heater is used; and
(iv) One ascent under control to more than 10,000 feet above the
take-off point if a gas balloon is used or 5,000 feet above the take off
point if a hot air balloon with an airborne heater is used.
(b) If a hot air balloon without an airborne heater is used, 10
flights in free balloons including--
(1) Six flights under the supervision of a commercial free balloon
pilot; and
(2) Two solo flights.
Sec. 61.139 Commercial pilot privileges and limitations: General.
The holder of a commercial pilot certificate may:
(a) Act as pilot in command of an aircraft carrying persons or
property for compensation or hire;
(b) Act as pilot in command of an aircraft for compensation or hire;
and
(c) Give flight instruction in an airship if he holds a lighter-
than-air category and an airship class rating, or in a free balloon if
he holds a free balloon class rating.
[[Page 62]]
Sec. 61.141 Airship and free balloon ratings: Limitations.
(a) If the applicant for a free balloon class rating takes his
flight test in a hot air balloon without an airborne heater, his pilot
certificate contains an endorsement restricting the exercise of the
privileges of that rating to hot air balloons without airborne heaters.
The restriction may be deleted when the holder of the certificate
obtains the pilot experience and passes the test required for a rating
on a free balloon with an airborne heater or a gas balloon.
(b) If the applicant for a free balloon class rating takes his
flight test in a hot air balloon with an airborne heater, his pilot
certificate contains an endorsement restricting the exercise of the
privileges of that rating to hot air balloons with airborne heaters. The
restriction may be deleted when the holder of the certificate obtains
the pilot experience required for a rating on a gas balloon.
Subpart F--Airline Transport Pilots
Authority: Secs. 313(a), 314, 601, and 607; 49 U.S.C. 1354(a), 1355,
1421, and 1427.
Sec. 61.151 Eligibility requirements: General.
To be eligible for an airline transport pilot certificate, a person
must--
(a) Be at least 23 years of age;
(b) Be of good moral character;
(c) Be able to read, write, and understand the English language and
speak it without accent or impediment of speech that would interfere
with two-way radio conversation;
(d) Be a high school graduate, or its equivalent in the
Administrator's opinion, based on the applicant's general experience and
aeronautical experience, knowledge, and skill;
(e) Have a first-class medical certificate issued under part 67 of
this chapter within the 6 months before the date he applies; and
(f) Comply with the sections of this part that apply to the rating
he seeks.
[Doc. No. 1179, 27 FR 7965, Aug. 10, 1962. Redesignated by Amdt. 61-60,
38 FR 3161, Feb. 1, 1973]
Sec. 61.153 Airplane rating: Aeronautical knowledge.
An applicant for an airline transport pilot certificate with an
airplane rating must, after meeting the requirements of Secs. 61.151
(except paragraph (a) thereof) and 61.155, pass a written test on--
(a) The sections of this part relating to airline transport pilots
and part 121, subpart C of part 65, and Secs. 91.1 91.3, 91.5, 91.11,
91.13, 91.103, 91.105, 91.189, 91.193, 91.703, and subpart B of part 91
of this chapter, and so much of parts 21 and 25 of this chapter as
relate to the operations of air carrier aircraft;
(b) The fundamentals of air navigation and use of formulas,
instruments, and other navigational aids, both in aircraft and on the
ground, that are necessary for navigating aircraft by instruments;
(c) The general system of weather collection and dissemination;
(d) Weather maps, weather forecasting, and weather sequence
abbreviations, symbols, and nomenclature;
(e) Elementary meteorology, including knowledge of cyclones as
associated with fronts;
(f) Cloud forms;
(g) National Weather Service Federal Meteorological Handbook No. 1,
as amended;
(h) Weather conditions, including icing conditions and upper-air
winds, that affect aeronautical activities;
(i) Air navigation facilities used on Federal airways, including
rotating beacons, course lights, radio ranges, and radio marker beacons;
(j) Information from airplane weather observations and
meteorological data reported from observations made by pilots on air
carrier flights;
(k) The influence of terrain on meteorological conditions and
developments, and their relation to air carrier flight operations;
[[Page 63]]
(l) Radio communication procedure in aircraft operations; and
(m) Basic principles of loading and weight distribution and their
effect on flight characteristics.
[Doc. No. 1179, 27 FR 7965, Aug. 10, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 61-11, 29
FR 14916, Nov. 4, 1964; Amdt. 61-30, 32 FR 5770, Apr. 11, 1967; Amdt.
61-64, 36 FR 13911, July 28, 1971. Redesignated by Amdt. 61-60, 38 FR
3161, Feb. 1, 1973, as amended by Amdt. 61-64, 41 FR 51392, Nov. 22,
1976; Amdt. 61-84, 54 FR 34330, Aug. 18, 1989]
Sec. 61.155 Airplane rating: Aeronautical experience.
(a) Except as provided in paragraph (d) of this section, for an
applicant for an airline transport pilot certificate with an airplane
category and class rating, the following requirements apply:
(1) The applicant must hold a commercial pilot certificate, a
foreign airline transport pilot, or commercial pilot license without
limitations issued by a member state of ICAO, or meet the requirements
of Sec. 61.73 that would qualify the applicant for a commercial pilot
certificate;
(2) The applicant must have at least 1,500 hours of total time as a
pilot that includes at least--
(i) 500 hours of cross-country flight time;
(ii) 100 hours of night flight time;
(iii) 75 hours of instrument flight time, in actual or simulated
instrument conditions, subject to the following:
(A) Except as provided in paragraph (a)(2)(iii)(B) of this section,
an applicant may not receive more than 25 hours of simulated instrument
time in flight simulators and flight training devices.
(B) A maximum of 50 hours of instruction in a flight simulator or
flight training device may be credited toward the total hours required
by paragraph (a)(2) of this section if the instruction is accomplished
in a course conducted by a training center certificated under part 142
of this chapter.
(C) Instruction in a flight simulator or flight training device must
be accomplished in a qualified and approved flight simulator or in a
qualified and approved flight training device, representing an airplane;
and
(iv) 250 hours of flight time in an airplane as a pilot in command
or as a second in command performing the duties and functions of a pilot
in command under the supervision of a pilot in command, or any
combination thereof, which includes at least--
(A) 100 hours of cross-country flight time; and
(B) 25 hours of night flight time; and
(3) Not more than 100 hours of total pilot experience may be
obtained in a flight simulator or flight training device, provided the
pilot experience is accomplished in an approved course conducted by a
training center certificated under part 142 of this chapter.
(b) An applicant who has performed at least 20 night takeoffs and
landings to a full stop may substitute each additional night takeoff and
landing to a full stop in excess of the minimum 20 takeoffs for 1 hour
of night flight time to satisfy the requirements of paragraph (a)(2) of
this section, for a total credited time of no more than 25 hours.
(c) If an applicant with less than 150 hours of pilot-in-command
time otherwise meets the requirements of paragraph (a)(2)(iv) of this
section, the applicant's certificate will be endorsed ``Holder does not
meet the pilot-in-command flight experience requirement of ICAO'', as
prescribed by article 39 of the ``Convention on International Civil
Aviation.'' Whenever the pilot presents satisfactory written evidence
that 150 hours of pilot-in-command time has been accumulated, the
applicant is entitled to a new certificate without the endorsement.
(d) A commercial pilot may credit the following second-in-command
and flight engineer flight time (or a combination of either crewmember
position flight time) toward the 1,500 hours of total time as a pilot
required by paragraph (a) of this section:
(1) All second-in-command time acquired in an airplane required to
have more than one pilot by the airplane's flight manual or type
certificate or by the regulations under which the flight is conducted.
(2) Flight engineer time, provided the time--
(i) Is acquired in an airplane that is required to have a flight
engineer by the airplane's flight manual, the type
[[Page 64]]
certificate, or the regulations under which the flight is conducted;
(ii) Is acquired while the applicant is participating in a pilot
training program approved under part 121 of this chapter; and
(iii) Is credited at a rate of 1 hour of flight time for each 3
hours of flight engineer time, for a total credited time of no more than
500 hours.
(e) If an applicant who credits second-in-command or flight engineer
time under paragraph (d) of this section toward the 1,500 hours total
flight time requirement of paragraph (a)(2) of this section--
(1) Does not have at least 1,200 hours of flight time as a pilot
including not more than 50 percent of the second-in-command time and
none of the flight engineer time; but
(2) Otherwise meets the requirements of paragraph (a)(2) of this
section, the applicant's certificate will be endorsed ``Holder does not
meet the pilot flight experience requirements of ICAO,'' as prescribed
by article 39 of the ``Convention on International Civil Aviation.''
Whenever the applicant presents satisfactory evidence of having
accumulated 1,200 hours of flight time as a pilot including no more than
50 percent of the second-in-command time and none of the flight engineer
time, the applicant is entitled to a new certificate without the
endorsement.
[Doc. No. 26933, 61 FR 34556, July 2, 1996]
Sec. 61.157 Airplane rating: Aeronautical skill (for parts 121 and 135 use only).
(a) An applicant for an airline transport pilot certificate with a
single-engine or multiengine class rating or an additional type rating
must pass a practical test that includes the items set forth in appendix
A of this part. The FAA inspector or designated examiner may modify any
required maneuver where necessary for the reasonable and safe operation
of the airplane being used and, unless specifically prohibited in
appendix A, may combine any required maneuvers and may permit their
performance in any convenient sequence.
(b) Whenever an applicant for an airline transport pilot certificate
does not already have an instrument rating he shall, as part of the oral
part of the practical test, comply with Sec. 61.65(g), and, as part of
the flight part, perform each additional maneuver required by
Sec. 61.65(g) that is appropriate to the airplane type and not required
in appendix A of this part.
(c) Unless the Administrator requires certain or all maneuvers to be
performed, the person giving a flight test for an airline transport
pilot certificate or additional airplane class or type rating may, in
his discretion, waive any of the maneuvers for which a specific waiver
authority is contained in appendix A of this part if a pilot being
checked--
(1) Is employed as a pilot by a part 121 certificate holder; and
(2) Within the preceding 6 calendar months, has successfully
completed that certificate holder's approved training program for the
airplane type involved.
(d) The items specified in paragraph (a) of this section may be
performed in the airplane simulator or other training device specified
in appendix A to this part for the particular item if--
(1) The airplane simulator or other training device meets the
requirements of Sec. 121.407 of this chapter; and
(2) In the case of the items preceded by an asterisk (*) in appendix
A, the applicant has successfully completed the training set forth in
Sec. 121.424(d) of this chapter.
However, the FAA inspector or designated examiner may require Items
II(d), V(f), or V(g) of appendix A to this part to be performed in the
airplane if he determines that action is necessary to determine the
applicant's competence with respect to that maneuver.
(e) An approved simulator may be used instead of the airplane to
satisfy the in-flight requirements of appendix A of this part, if the
simulator--
(1) Is approved under Sec. 121.407 of this chapter and meets the
appropriate simulator requirements of appendix H of part 121; and
(2) Is used as part of an approved program that meets the training
requirements of Sec. 121.424 (a) and (c) and appendix H of part 121 of
this chapter.
(f) On and after April 15, 1991, an applicant for a type rating to
be added to an airline transport pilot certificate, or
[[Page 65]]
for issuance of an airline transport pilot certificate in an airplane
requiring a type rating, must--
(1) Have completed ground and flight training on the maneuvers and
procedures of appendix A of this part that is appropriate to the
airplane for which a type rating is sought and received an endorsement
from an authorized instructor in the person's logbook or training
records certifying satisfactory completion of the training; or
(2) For a pilot employee of a part 121 or part 135 certificate
holder, have completed ground and flight training that is appropriate to
the airplane for which a type rating is sought and is approved under
parts 121 and 135.
(g) Successful completion of a proficiency check under Sec. 121.441
of this chapter or successful completion of both a competency check,
under Sec. 135.293 of this chapter, and a pilot-in-command instrument
proficiency check, under Sec. 135.297 of this chapter, satisfies the
requirements of this section for the appropriate aircraft rating.
[Amdt. 61-27, 32 FR 262, Jan. 11, 1967, as amended by Amdt. 61-31, 32 FR
5987, Apr. 14, 1967; Amdt. 61-45, 35 FR 88, Jan. 3, 1970. Redesignated
by Amdt. 61-60, 38 FR 3161, Feb. 1, 1973, as amended by Amdt. 61-64, 41
FR 51392, Nov. 22, 1976; Amdt. 61-69, 45 FR 44183, June 30, 1980; Amdt.
61-490, 56 FR 11326, Mar. 15, 1991; Amdt. 61-100, 61 FR 34557, July 2,
1996]
Sec. 61.158 Airplane rating: Aeronautical skill (for other than parts 121 and 135).
(a) An applicant for an airline transport pilot certificate with a
single engine or multiengine class rating or type rating, must--
(1) Pass a practical test based on the following areas of operation:
(i) Preflight procedures.
(ii) Ground operations.
(iii) Takeoff and departure maneuvers.
(iv) In-flight maneuvers.
(v) Instrument procedures.
(vi) Landings and approaches to landings.
(vii) Normal and abnormal procedures.
(viii) Emergency procedures.
(ix) Postflight procedures.
(2) If seeking an airplane type rating, present a record of training
certified by an authorized instructor showing that the applicant has--
(i) Received ground training on the aeronautical knowledge areas
required by this section applicable to the airplane type rating sought;
and
(ii) Received flight training on the areas of operation applicable
to the airplane type rating sought.
(b) If the applicant does not hold an instrument rating, in addition
to the areas specified in paragraph (a)(1) of this section, the
applicant must also demonstrate competency in the operations referenced
in Sec. 61.65(g).
(c) The demonstrations required by paragraphs (a) and (b) of this
section must be performed in--
(1) An airplane of the same class, and, if applicable, an airplane
of the same type, for which the class rating or type rating is sought;
or
(2) Subject to the requirements of paragraphs (d)(1) through (d)(8)
of this section, as applicable, a flight simulator or a flight training
device that represents the airplane type for which the type rating is
sought, or set of airplanes if the airplane for which the class rating
is sought, does not require a type rating.
(d) The following requirements apply to a demonstration of
competency under this section in a flight simulator or a flight training
device;
(1) The flight simulator or flight training device use permitted by
paragraph (c)(2) of this section must be in accordance with an approved
course at a training center certificated under part 142 of this chapter;
(2) To complete all training and testing (except preflight
inspection) for an unlimited added rating in a flight simulator--
(i) The flight simulator must be qualified as Level C or Level D;
and
(ii) The applicant must meet the aeronautical experience
requirements of Sec. 61.155 and at least one of the following:
(A) Hold a type rating for a turbojet airplane of the same class as
the class of airplane for which the type rating is sought or have been
designated by a military service as a pilot in command of an airplane of
the same class as the
[[Page 66]]
class of airplane for which the type rating is sought, if a turbojet
type rating is sought.
(B) Hold a type rating for a turbopropeller airplane of the same
class as the class of airplane for which the type rating is sought, or
have been appointed by a military service as a pilot in command of an
airplane of the same class as the class of airplane for which the type
rating is sought, if a turbopropeller airplane type rating is sought.
(C) Have at least 2,000 hours of actual flight time, of which 500
hours must be in turbine-powered airplanes of the same class as the
class of airplane for which the type rating is sought.
(D) Have at least 500 hours of actual flight time in the same type
airplane as the type of airplane for which the type rating is sought.
(E) Have at least 1,000 hours of flight time in at least two
different airplanes requiring a type rating.
(3) Subject to the limitation of paragraph (d)(4) of this section an
applicant who does not meet the requirements of paragraph (d)(2) of this
section may complete all training and testing (except for preflight
inspection) for an added rating if--
(i) The flight simulator is qualified as Level C or Level D; and
(ii) The applicant meets the aeronautical experience requirements of
Sec. 61.155 and at least one of the following:
(A) Holds a type rating in a propeller-driven airplane if a type
rating in a turbojet airplane is sought, or holds a type rating in a
turbojet airplane if a type rating in a propeller-driven airplane is
sought.
(B) Since the beginning of the 12th calendar month before the month
in which the applicant completes the practical test for the added
rating, has logged--
(1) At least 100 hours of flight time in airplanes in the same class
as the class of airplane for which the type rating is sought and which
require a type rating; and
(2) At least 25 hours of flight time in airplanes of the same type
as the type of airplane for which the type rating is sought.
(4) An applicant meeting only the requirements of paragraph
(d)(3)(ii)(A) and (B) of this section will be issued an added rating, or
an airline transport pilot certificate with an added rating, as
applicable, with a limitation. The limitation shall state: ``This
certificate is subject to pilot-in-command limitations for the added
rating.''
(5) An applicant gaining a certificate with the limitation specified
in paragraph (d)(4) of this section--
(i) May not act as pilot in command of the aircraft for which an
added rating was obtained under the provisions of this section until he
or she has had the limitation removed from the certificate; and
(ii) May have the limitation removed by serving 15 hours of
supervised operating experience as pilot in command under the
supervision of a qualified and current pilot in command, in the seat
normally occupied by the pilot in command, in an airplane of the same
type as the type of airplane to which the limitation applies.
(6) An applicant who does not meet the requirements of paragraph
(d)(2)(ii)(A) through (E) or (d)(3)(ii)(A) and (B) of this section may
be awarded an airline transport pilot certificate or an added rating to
that certificate after successful completion of one of the following
requirements:
(i) An approved course at a training center which includes all
training and testing for that certificate or rating followed by training
and testing on the following tasks, which must be successfully completed
on a static airplane or in flight, as appropriate:
(A) Preflight inspection;
(B) Normal takeoff;
(C) Normal ILS approach;
(D) Missed approach; and
(E) Normal landing.
(ii) An approved course at a training center which includes all
training and testing for that certificate or rating and compliance with
paragraphs (d)(7) and (d)(8) of this section.
(7) An applicant meeting only the requirements of paragraph (d)(6)
of this section will be issued an added rating, or an airline transport
pilot certificate with an added rating, as applicable, with a
limitation. The limitation shall state: ``This certificate is subject to
[[Page 67]]
pilot-in-command limitations for the added rating.''
(8) An applicant gaining a certificate with the limitation specified
in paragraph (d)(7) of this section--
(i) May not act as pilot in command of the aircraft for which an
added rating was obtained under the provisions of this section until he
or she has had the limitation removed from the certificate; and
(ii) May have the limitation removed by serving 25 hours of
supervised operating experience as pilot in command under the
supervision of a qualified and current pilot in command, in the seat
normally occupied by the pilot in command, in an airplane of the same
type as the type of airplane to which the limitation applies.
(e) Unless the Administrator requires certain or all tasks to be
performed, the person authorized by the Administrator to conduct the
practical test for an airline transport pilot certificate may waive any
of the tasks for which the Administrator approves waiver authority.
[Doc. No. 26933, 61 FR 34557, July 2, 1996]
Sec. 61.159 Rotorcraft rating: Aeronautical knowledge.
An applicant for an airline transport pilot certificate with a
rotorcraft category and a helicopter class rating must pass a written
test on--
(a) So much of this chapter as relates to air carrier rotorcraft
operations;
(b) Rotorcraft design, components, systems, and performance
limitations;
(c) Basic principles of loading and weight distribution and their
effect on rotorcraft flight characteristics;
(d) Air traffic control systems and procedures relating to
rotorcraft;
(e) Procedures for operating rotorcraft in potentially hazardous
meteorological conditions;
(f) Flight theory as applicable to rotorcraft; and
(g) The items listed under paragraphs (b) through (m) of
Sec. 61.153.
[Doc. No. 24550, 51 FR 40705, Nov. 7, 1986]
Sec. 61.161 Rotorcraft rating: Aeronautical experience.
(a) An applicant for an airline transport pilot certificate with a
rotorcraft category and helicopter class rating must hold a commercial
pilot certificate, or a foreign airline transport pilot or commercial
pilot certificate with a rotorcraft category and helicopter class rating
issued by a member of ICAO, or be a pilot in an armed force of the
United States whose military experience qualifies that pilot for the
issuance of a commercial pilot certificate under Sec. 61.73.
(b) An applicant must have had at least 1,200 hours of flight time
as a pilot, including at least--
(1) 500 hours of cross-country flight time;
(2) 100 hours of night flight time, of which at least 15 hours are
in helicopters;
(3) 200 hours in helicopters, including at least 75 hours as pilot
in command, or as second in command performing the duties and functions
of a pilot in command under the supervision of a pilot in command, or
any combination thereof; and
(4) 75 hours of actual or simulated instrument time under actual or
simulated conditions. At least 50 hours of this time must be completed
in flight with at least--
(i) 25 hours in helicopters as pilot in command;
(ii) 25 hours in helicopters as second in command performing the
duties of a pilot in command under the supervision of a pilot in
command; or
(iii) Any combination of paragraph (b)(4)(i) and (b)(4)(ii) of this
section that totals 25 hours in helicopters.
(5) Flight simulator or flight training device instruction may be
credited toward the total hour requirement of paragraph (b)(4) of this
section subject to the following:
(i) Flight simulator and flight training device instruction must be
accomplished in a qualified and approved flight simulator or in a
qualified and approved flight training device, representing a
rotorcraft.
(ii) Except as provided in paragraph (b)(5)(iii) of this section, an
applicant may receive credit for not more than a combined total of 25
hours of simulated instrument time in flight simulators and flight
training devices.
(iii) A maximum of 50 hours of flight simulator instruction or
flight training
[[Page 68]]
device instruction may be credited toward the total hours required by
paragraph (b)(4) of this section if the instruction is accomplished in
an approved course conducted by a training center certificated under
part 142 of this chapter.
[Doc. No. 24550, 51 FR 40705, Nov. 7, 1986, as amended by Amdt. 61-100,
61 FR 34558, July 2, 1996]
Sec. 61.163 Rotorcraft rating: Aeronautical skill.
(a) An applicant for an airline transport pilot certificate with a
rotorcraft category and helicopter class rating or a type rating must
pass a practical test based on the following areas of operation:
(1) Preflight procedures.
(2) Ground operations.
(3) Takeoff and departure procedures.
(4) In-flight maneuvers.
(5) Instrument procedures.
(6) Landings and approaches to landings.
(7) Normal and abnormal procedures.
(8) Emergency procedures.
(9) Postflight procedures.
(b) If the applicant does not hold an instrument rating, in addition
to the areas specified in paragraph (a) of this section, the applicant
must also demonstrate competency in the operations required by
Sec. 61.65(g).
(c) The demonstrations required by paragraphs (a) and (b) of this
section must be performed in--
(1) The helicopter for which the class rating or type rating is
sought; or
(2) Subject to the requirements of paragraphs (d)(1) through (d)(8)
of this section, as applicable, a flight simulator or flight training
device that represents the helicopter for which the class rating or type
rating is sought.
(d) The following requirements apply to a demonstration of
competency under this section in a flight simulator or a flight training
device:
(1) The flight simulator or flight training device use permitted by
paragraph (c)(2) of this section must be in accordance with an approved
course at a training center certificated under part 142 of this chapter.
(2) To complete all training and testing (except preflight
inspection) for an unlimited added rating in a flight simulator--
(i) The flight simulator must be qualified as Level C or Level D;
and
(ii) The applicant must meet the aeronautical experience
requirements of Sec. 61.161 and at least one of the following:
(A) Hold a type rating for a turbine-powered helicopter, or have
been designated by a military service as a pilot in command of an a
turbine-powered helicopter, if a turbine-powered helicopter type rating
is sought.
(B) Have at least 1,200 hours of actual flight time, of which 500
hours must be in turbine-powered helicopters.
(C) Have at least 500 hours of actual flight time in the same type
helicopter as the helicopter for which the type rating is sought.
(D) Have at least 1,000 hours of flight time in at least two
different helicopters requiring a type rating.
(3) Subject to the limitation of paragraph (d)(4) of this section,
an applicant who does not meet the requirements of paragraph (d)(2) of
this section may complete all training and testing (except for preflight
inspection) for an added rating if--
(i) The flight simulator is qualified as Level C or Level D; and
(ii) The applicant meets the aeronautical experience requirements of
Sec. 61.161 and, since the beginning of the 12th calendar month before
the month in which the applicant completes the practical test for the
added rating, has logged--
(A) At least 100 hours of flight time in helicopters; and
(B) At least 15 hours of flight time in helicopters of the same type
as the helicopter for which the type rating is sought.
(4) An applicant meeting only the requirements of paragraph
(d)(3)(ii) (A) and (B) of this section will be issued an added rating,
or an airline transport pilot certificate with a limitation. The
limitation shall state: ``This certificate is subject to pilot-in-
command limitations for the added rating.''
(5) An applicant gaining a certificate with the limitation specified
in paragraph (d)(4) of this section--
[[Page 69]]
(i) May not act as pilot in command of the aircraft for which an
added rating was obtained under the provisions of this section until he
or she has had the limitation removed from the certificate; and
(ii) May have the limitation removed by serving 15 hours of
supervised operating experience as pilot in command under the
supervision of a qualified and current pilot in command, in the seat
normally occupied by the pilot in command, in an aircraft of the same
type as the type of aircraft to which the limitation applies.
(6) An applicant who does not meet the requirements of paragraph
(d)(2)(ii) (A) through (D) or (d)(3)(ii) (A) and (B) of this section may
be awarded an airline transport pilot certificate or an added rating to
that certificate after successful completion of the of one of the
following requirements:
(i) An approved course at a training center which includes all
training and testing for that certificate or rating followed by training
and testing on the following tasks, which must be successfully completed
on a static aircraft or in flight, as appropriate:
(A) Preflight inspection;
(B) Normal takeoff from a hover;
(C) Manually flown precision approach; and
(D) Steep approach and landing to an off-airport heliport;
(ii) An approved course at a training center which includes all
training and testing for that certificate or rating and compliance with
paragraphs (d)(7) and (d)(8) of this section.
(7) An applicant meeting only the requirements of paragraph (d)(6)
of this section will be issued an added rating or an airline transport
pilot certificate with an added rating, as applicable, with a
limitation. The limitation shall state: ``This certificate is subject to
pilot-in-command limitations for the added rating.''
(8) An applicant gaining a certificate with the limitation specified
in paragraph (d)(7) of this section--
(i) May not act as pilot in command of the aircraft for which an
added rating was obtained under the provisions of this section until he
or she has had the limitation removed from the certificate; and
(ii) May have the limitation removed by serving 25 hours of
supervised operating experience as pilot in command under the
supervision of a qualified and current pilot in command, in the seat
normally occupied by the pilot in command, in an aircraft of the same
type as the type of aircraft to which the limitation applies.
(e) Unless the Administrator requires certain or all tasks to be
performed, the person authorized by the Administrator to conduct the
practical test for an airline transport pilot certificate may waive any
of the tasks for which the Administrator approves waiver authority.
[Doc. No. 26933, 61 FR 34558, July 2, 1996]
Sec. 61.165 Additional category ratings.
(a) Rotorcraft category with a helicopter class rating. The holder
of an airline transport pilot certificate (airplane category) who
applies for a rotorcraft category with a helicopter class rating must
meet the applicable requirements of Secs. 61.159, 61.161, and 61.163
and--
(1) Have at least 100 hours, including at least 15 hours at night,
of rotorcraft flight time as pilot in command or as second in command
performing the duties and functions of a pilot in command under the
supervision of a pilot in command who holds an airline transport pilot
certificate with an appropriate rotorcraft rating, or any combination
thereof; or
(2) Complete a training program conducted by a certificated air
carrier or other approved agency requiring at least 75 hours of
rotorcraft flight time as pilot in command, second in command, or as
flight instruction from an appropriately rated FAA certificated flight
instructor or an airline transport pilot, or any combination thereof,
including at least 15 hours of night flight time.
(b) Airplane rating. The holder of an airline transport pilot
certificate (rotorcraft category) who applies for an airplane category
must comply with Secs. 61.153, 61.155 (except Sec. 61.155(b)(1)), and
61.157 and--
(1) Have at least 100 hours, including at least 15 hours at night,
of airplane flight time as pilot in command or as
[[Page 70]]
second in command performing the duties and functions of a pilot in
command under the supervision of a pilot in command who holds an airline
transport pilot certificate with an appropriate airplane rating, or any
combination thereof; or
(2) Complete a training program conducted by a certificated air
carrier or other approved agency requiring at least 75 hours of airplane
flight time as pilot in command, second in command, or as flight
instruction from an appropriately rated FAA certificated flight
instructor or an airline transport pilot, or any combination thereof,
including at least 15 hours of night flight time.
[Doc. No. 1179, 27 FR 7965, Aug. 10, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 61-29, 32
FR 4493, Mar. 24, 1967. Redesignated by Amdt. 61-60, 38 FR 3161, Feb. 1,
1973, as amended by Amdt. 61-64, 41 FR 51392, Nov. 22, 1976]
Sec. 61.167 Tests.
(a) Each applicant for an airline transport pilot certificate must
pass each practical and theoretical test to the satisfaction of the
Administrator. The minimum passing grade in each subject is 70 percent.
Each flight maneuver is graded separately. Other tests are graded as a
whole.
(b) Information collected incidentally to such a test shall be
treated as a confidential matter by the persons giving the test and by
employees of the FAA.
[Doc. No. 1179, 27 FR 7965, Aug. 10, 1962. Redesignated by Amdt. 61-60,
38 FR 3161, Feb. 1, 1973]
Sec. 61.169 Instruction in air transportation service.
(a) An airline transport pilot may instruct--
(1) Other pilots in air transportation service in aircraft of the
category, class, and type, as applicable, for which the airline
transport pilot is rated;
(2) In flight simulators and flight training devices representing
the aircraft referenced in paragraph (a)(1) of this section, when
instructing under the provisions of this section;
(3) Only as provided in this section, unless the airline transport
pilot also holds a flight instructor certificate, in which case he or
she may exercise the instructor privileges of subpart G of part 61 for
which he or she is rated; and
(4) When instructing under the provisions of this section in an
actual aircraft, only if the aircraft has functioning dual controls,
when instructing under the provisions of this section.
(b) Excluding briefings and debriefings, an airline transport pilot
may not instruct in aircraft, flight simulators, and flight training
devices under this section--
(1) For more than 8 hours in any 24-consecutive-hour period; or
(2) For more than 36 hours in any 7-consecutive-day period.
(c) An airline transport pilot may not instruct in Category II or
Category III operations unless he or she has been trained and
successfully tested under Category II or Category III operations, as
applicable.
[Doc. No. 26933, 61 FR 34559, July 2, 1996]
Sec. 61.171 General privileges and limitations.
An airline transport pilot has the privileges of a commercial pilot
with an instrument rating. The holder of a commercial pilot certificate
who qualifies for an airline transport pilot certificate retains the
ratings on his commercial pilot certificate, but he may exercise only
the privileges of a commercial pilot with respect to them.
[Doc. No. 1179, 27 FR 7965, Aug. 10, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 61-20, 30
FR 11905, Sept. 17, 1965]
Subpart G--Flight Instructors
Sec. 61.181 Applicability.
This subpart prescribes the requirements for the issuance of flight
instructor certificates and ratings, the conditions under which those
certificates and ratings are necessary, and the limitations upon these
certificates and ratings.
Sec. 61.183 Eligibility requirements: General.
To be eligible for a flight instructor certificate a person must--
(a) Be at least 18 years of age;
(b) Read, write, and converse fluently in English;
(c) Hold--
[[Page 71]]
(1) A commercial or airline transport pilot certificate with an
aircraft rating appropriate to the flight instructor rating sought, and
(2) An instrument rating, if the person is applying for an airplane
or an instrument instructor rating:
(d) Pass a written test on the subjects in which ground instruction
is required by Sec. 61.185; and
(e) Pass a practical test on all items in which instruction is
required by Sec. 61.187 and, in the case of an applicant for a flight
instructor-airplane or flight instructor-glider rating, present a
logbook endorsement from an appropriately certificated and rated flight
instructor who has provided the applicant with spin entry, spin, and
spin recovery training in an aircraft of the appropriate category that
is certificated for spins, and has found that applicant competent and
proficient in those training areas. Except in the case of a retest after
a failure for the deficiencies stated in Sec. 61.49(b), the person
conducting the practical test may either accept the spin training
logbook endorsement or require demonstration of the spin entry, spin,
and spin recovery maneuver on the flight portion of the practical test.
[Doc. No. 11802, 38 FR 3161, Feb. 1, 1973, as amended by Amdt. 61-490,
56 FR 11326, Mar. 15, 1991]
Sec. 61.185 Aeronautical knowledge.
(a) Present evidence showing that he has satisfactorily completed a
course of instruction in at least the following subjects:
(1) The learning process.
(2) Elements of effective teaching.
(3) Student evaluation, quizzing, and testing.
(4) Course development.
(5) Lesson planning.
(6) Classroom instructing techniques.
(b) Have logged ground instruction from an authorized ground or
flight instructor in all of the subjects in which ground instruction is
required for a private and commercial pilot certificate, and for an
instrument rating, if an airplane or instrument instructor rating is
sought.
Sec. 61.187 Flight proficiency.
(a) An applicant for a flight instructor certificate must have
received flight instruction, appropriate to the instructor rating sought
in the subjects listed in this paragraph by a person authorized in
paragraph (b) of this section. In addition, his logbook must contain an
endorsement by the person who has given him the instruction certifying
that he has found the applicant competent to pass a practical test on
the following subjects:
(1) Preparation and conduct of lesson plans for students with
varying backgrounds and levels of experience and ability.
(2) The evaluation of student flight performance.
(3) Effective preflight and postflight instruction.
(4) Flight instructor responsibilities and certifying procedures.
(5) Effective analysis and correction of common student pilot flight
errors.
(6) Performance and analysis of standard flight training procedures
and maneuvers appropriate to the flight instructor rating sought. For
flight instructor-airplane and flight instructor-glider applicants, this
shall include the satisfactory demonstration of stall awareness, spin
entry, spins, and spin recovery techniques in an aircraft of the
appropriate category that is certificated for spins.
(b) The flight instruction required by paragraph (a) of this section
must be given by a person who has held a flight instructor certificate
during the 24 months immediately preceding the date the instruction is
given, who meets the general requirements for a flight instructor
certificate prescribed in Sec. 61.183, and who has given at least 200
hours of flight instruction, or 80 hours in the case of glider
instruction, as a certificated flight instructor.
(c) The flight instruction required by this section may be
accomplished--
(1) In an aircraft; or
(2) In a flight simulator or in a flight training device used in
accordance with an approved course at a training center
[[Page 72]]
certificated under part 142 of this chapter.
[Doc. No. 11802, 38 FR 3161, Feb. 1, 1973, as amended by Amdt. 61-490,
56 FR 11326, Mar. 15, 1991; Amdt. 61-100, 61 FR 34559, July 2, 1996]
Sec. 61.189 Flight instructor records.
(a) Each certificated flight instructor shall sign the logbook of
each person to whom he has given flight or ground instruction and
specify in that book the amount of the time and the date on which it was
given. In addition, he shall maintain a record in his flight instructor
logbook, or in a separate document containing the following:
(1) The name of each person whose logbook or student pilot
certificate he has endorsed for solo flight privileges. The record must
include the type and date of each endorsement.
(2) The name of each person for whom he has signed a certification
for a written, flight, or practical test, including the kind of test,
date of his certification, and the result of the test.
(b) The record required by this section shall be retained by the
flight instructor separately or in his logbook for at least 3 years.
Sec. 61.191 Additional flight instructor ratings.
The holder of a flight instructor certificate who applies for an
additional rating on that certificate must--
(a) Hold an effective pilot certificate with ratings appropriate to
the flight instructor rating sought.
(b) Have had at least 15 hours as pilot in command in the category
and class of aircraft appropriate to the rating sought; and
(c) Pass the written and practical test prescribed in this subpart
for the rating sought.
(d) If accomplished in accordance with an approved course conducted
by a training center certificated under part 142 of this chapter, the
practical test may be conducted in a flight simulator, or a flight
training device.
[Doc. No. 11802, 38 FR 3161, Feb. 1, 1973, as amended by Amdt. 61-100,
61 FR 34559, July 2, 1996]
Sec. 61.193 Flight instructor authorizations.
(a) The holder of a flight instructor certificate is authorized,
within the limitations of that person's flight instructor certificate
and ratings, to give the--
(1) Flight instruction required by this part for a pilot certificate
or rating;
(2) Ground instruction or a home study course required by this part
for a pilot certificate and rating;
(3) Ground and flight instruction required by this subpart for a
flight instructor certificate and rating, if that person meets the
requirements prescribed in Sec. 61.187(b);
(4) Flight instruction required for an initial solo or cross-country
flight;
(5) Flight review required in Sec. 61.56 in a manner acceptable to
the Administrator;
(6) Instrument competency check required in Sec. 61.57(e)(2);
(7) Pilot-in-command flight instruction required under
Sec. 61.101(d); and
(8) Ground and flight instruction required by this part for the
issuance of the endorsements specified in paragraph (b) of this section.
(b) The holder of a flight instructor certificate is authorized
within the limitations of that person's flight instructor certificate
and rating, to endorse--
(1) In accordance with Secs. 61.87(m) and 61.93 (c) and (d), the
pilot certificate of a student pilot the flight instructor has
instructed authorizing the student to conduct solo or solo cross-country
flights, or to act as pilot in command of an airship requiring more than
one flight crew member;
(2) In accordance with Secs. 61.87(m) and 61.93 (b) and (d), the
logbook of a student pilot the flight instructor has instructed,
authorizing single or repeated solo flights;
(3) In accordance with Sec. 61.93(d), the logbook of a student pilot
whose preparation and preflight planning for a solo cross-country flight
the flight instructor has reviewed and found adequate for a safe flight
under the conditions the flight instructor has listed in the logbook;
[[Page 73]]
(4) In accordance with Sec. 61.95, the logbook of a student pilot
the flight instructor has instructed authorizing solo flights in a Class
B airspace area or at an airport within a Class B airspace area;
(5) The logbook of a pilot or another flight instructor who has been
trained by the person described in paragraph (b) of this section,
certifying that the pilot or other flight instructor is prepared for an
operating privilege, a written test, or practical test required by this
part;
(6) In accordance with Secs. 61.57(e)(2) and 61.101(d) the logbook
of a pilot the flight instructor has instructed authorizing the pilot to
act as pilot in command;
(7) [Reserved]; and
(8) In accordance with Secs. 61.101 (g) and (h), the logbook of a
recreational pilot the flight instructor has instructed authorizing solo
flight.
[Doc. No. 25910, 56 FR 11326, Mar. 15, 1991, as amended by Amdt. 61-92,
56 FR 65653, Dec. 17, 1991]
Sec. 61.195 Flight instructor limitations.
The holder of a flight instructor certificate is subject to the
following limitations:
(a) Hours of instruction. He may not conduct more than eight hours
of flight instruction in any period of 24 consecutive hours.
(b) Ratings. Flight instruction may not be conducted in any aircraft
for which the flight instructor does not hold a category, class, and if
appropriate, a type rating, on the flight instructor's pilot and flight
instructor certificates.
(c) Endorsement of student pilot certificate. He may not endorse a
student pilot certificate for initial solo or solo cross-country flight
privileges, unless he has given that student pilot flight instruction
required by this part for the endorsement, and considers that the
student is prepared to conduct the flight safely with the aircraft
involved.
(d) Logbook endorsement. He may not endorse a student pilot's
logbook--
(1) For solo flight unless he has given that student flight
instruction and found that student pilot prepared for solo flight in the
type of aircraft involved;
(2) For a cross-country flight, unless he has reviewed the student's
flight preparation, planning, equipment, and proposed procedures and
found them to be adequate for the flight proposed under existing
circumstances; or
(3) For solo flight in a Class B airspace area or at an airport
within a Class B airspace area unless the flight instructor has given
that student ground and flight instruction and has found that student
prepared and competent to conduct the operations authorized.
(e) Solo flights. He may not authorize any student pilot to make a
solo flight unless he possesses a valid student pilot certificate
endorsed for solo in the make and model aircraft to be flown. In
addition, he may not authorize any student pilot to make a solo cross-
country flight unless he possesses a valid student pilot certificate
endorsed for solo cross-country flight in the category of aircraft to be
flown.
(f) Instruction in multiengine airplane or helicopter. He may not
give flight instruction required for the issuance of a certificate or a
category, or class rating, in a multiengine airplane or a helicopter,
unless he has at least 5 hours of experience as pilot in command in the
make and model of that airplane or helicopter, as the case may be.
(g) Recreational pilot endorsements. The flight instructor may not
endorse a recreational pilot's logbook unless the instructor has given
that pilot the ground and flight instruction required under this part
for the endorsement and found that pilot competent to pilot the aircraft
safely.
(h) A flight instructor may not give instruction in Category II or
Category III operations unless the flight instructor has been trained
and tested in Category II or Category III operations, pursuant to
Sec. 61.67 or Sec. 61.68, as applicable.
[Doc. No. 11802, 38 FR 3161, Feb. 1, 1973, as amended by Amdt. 61-80, 53
FR 40322, Oct. 14, 1988; Amdt. 61-82, 54 FR 13042, Mar. 29, 1989; Amdt.
61-490, 56 FR 11326, Mar. 15, 1991; Amdt. 61-92, 56 FR 65653, Dec. 17,
1991; Amdt. 61-100, 61 FR 34559, July 2, 1996]
[[Page 74]]
Sec. 61.197 Renewal of flight instructor certificates.
(a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, the holder
of a flight instructor certificate may renew that certificate for an
additional period of 24 calendar months if that individual
satisfactorily completes a practical test for--
(1) Renewal of the flight instructor certificate and rating sought;
or
(2) An additional flight instructor rating.
(b) The holder of a flight instructor certificate may renew that
certificate and its ratings without accomplishing a practical test, by
presenting to an FAA Flight Standards District Office evidence of one of
the following:
(1) A record showing that, during the preceding 24 calendar months,
the instructor has served--
(i) As a company check pilot;
(ii) As a chief flight instructor;
(iii) As a company check airman or flight instructor in a part 121
or part 135 operation; or
(iv) In a comparable position involving the regular evaluation of
pilots.
(2) A graduation certificate from an approved flight instructor
refresher course, provided that--
(i) The course was completed prior to the expiration date of the
flight instructor certificate; and
(ii) The course consists of not less than 24 hours of ground
training, flight training, or a combination of ground training and
flight training.
(c) If an instructor satisfactorily completes the requirements of
this section within 90 calendar days prior to the expiration date of the
flight instructor certificate, the instructor is considered to have
completed the requirements of this section prior to the expiration date,
and the certificate will be renewed for an additional 24 calendar months
beyond the expiration date.
(d) Except as allowed by paragraph (e) of this section, the
practical test required by paragraph (a) of this section must be
conducted in an aircraft.
(e) The practical test required by paragraph (a) of this section may
be accomplished in a flight simulator or in a flight training device if
the test is accomplished pursuant to an approved course conducted by a
training center certificated under part 142 of this chapter.
[Doc. No. 26933, 61 FR 34559, July 2, 1996]
Sec. 61.199 Expired flight instructor certificates and ratings.
(a) Flight instructor certificates. The holder of an expired flight
instructor certificate may exchange that certificate for a new
certificate by passing the practical test prescribed in Sec. 61.187.
(b) Flight instructor ratings. A flight instructor rating or a
limited flight instructor rating on a pilot certificate is no longer
valid and may not be exchanged for a similar rating or a flight
instructor certificate. The holder of either of those ratings is issued
a flight instructor certificate only if he passes the written and
practical test prescribed in this subpart for the issue of that
certificate.
Sec. 61.201 Conversion to new system of instructor ratings.
General. The holder of a flight instructor certificate that does not
bear any of the new class or instrument ratings listed in Sec. 61.5(c)
(2), (3), or (4) for a flight instructor certificate, may not exercise
the privileges of that certificate. The holder of a flight instructor
certificate with a glider rating need not convert that rating to a new
class rating to exercise the privileges of that certificate and rating.
[Doc. No. 11802, 38 FR 3161, Feb. 1, 1973, as amended by Amdt. 61-490,
56 FR 11326, Mar. 15, 1991; 57 FR 60728, Dec. 22, 1992]
Appendix A to Part 61--Practical Test Requirements for Airplane Airline
Transport Pilot Certificates and Associated Class and Type Ratings (For
Parts 121 and 135 Use Only)
Throughout the maneuvers prescribed in this appendix, good judgment
commensurate with a high level of safety must be demonstrated. In
determining whether such judgment has been shown, the FAA inspector or
designated examiner who conducts the check considers adherence to
approved procedures, actions based on analysis of situations for which
there is no prescribed procedure or recommended practice, and qualities
of prudence and care in selecting a course of action.
[[Page 75]]
Each maneuver or procedure must be performed inflight except to the
extent that certain maneuvers or procedures may be performed in an
airplane simulator with a visual system (visual simulator) or an
airplane simulator without a visual system (nonvisual simulator) or may
be waived as indicated by an X in the appropriate columns. A maneuver
authorized to be performed in a nonvisual simulator may be performed in
a visual simulator, and a maneuver authorized to be performed in a
training device may be performed in a nonvisual or a visual simulator.
An asterisk (*) preceding a maneuver or procedure indicates that the
maneuver or procedure may be performed in an airplane simulator or other
training device as indicated, provided the applicant has successfully
completed the training set forth in Sec. 121.424(d) of this chapter.
When a maneuver or procedure is preceded by this symbol (), it
indicates that the FAA inspector or designated examiner may require the
maneuver or procedure to be performed in the airplane if he determines
such action is necessary to determine the applicant's competence with
respect to that maneuver.
An X and asterisk (X*) indicates that a particular condition is
specified in connection with the maneuver, procedure, or waiver
provisions.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Required Permitted
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Maneuvers/Procedures Simulated Waiver
instrument Inflight Visual Nonvisual Training provisions of
conditions simulator simulator device Sec. 61.157(c)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The procedures and maneuvers set forth in this appendix must be performed in a
manner that satisfactorily demonstrates knowledge and skill with respect to--
(1) The airplane, its systems and components;.................................. .......... ........ ......... ......... ........ ...............
(2) Proper control of airspeed, configuration, direction, altitude, and
attitude in accordance with procedures and limitations contained in the
approved Airplane Flight Manual, check lists, or other approved material
appropriate to the airplane type; and......................................... .......... ........ ......... ......... ........ ...............
(3) Compliance with approved en route, instrument approach, missed approach,
ATC, or other applicable procedures........................................... .......... ........ ......... ......... ........ ...............
I. Preflight:
(a) Equipment examination (oral). As part of the practical test the equipment
examination must be closely coordinated with and related to, the flight
maneuvers portion but may not be given during the flight maneuvers portion.
Notwithstanding Sec. 61.21 the equipment examination may be given to an
applicant who has completed a ground school that is part of an approved
training program under Federal Aviation Regulations Part 121 for the airplane
type involved and who is recommended by his instructor. The equipment
examination must be repeated if the flight maneuvers portion is not
satisfactorily completed within 60 days. The equipment examination must cover--
.............................................................................. .......... ........ ......... ......... X ...............
(1) Subjects requiring a practical knowledge of the airplane, its
powerplants, systems, components, operational, and performance factors;..... .......... ........ ......... ......... ........ ...............
(2) Normal, abnormal, and emergency procedures, and the operations and
limitations relating thereto; and........................................... .......... ........ ......... ......... ........ ...............
(3) The appropriate provisions of the approved Airplane Flight Manual........ .......... ........ ......... ......... ........ ...............
(b) Preflight Inspection. The pilot must--..................................... .......... ........ ......... ......... ........ ...............
(1) Conduct an actual visual inspection of the exterior and interior of the
airplane, locating each item and explaining briefly the purpose of
inspecting it; and.......................................................... .......... ........ ......... ......... X X*
(2) Demonstrate the use of the prestart check list, appropriate control
system checks, starting procedures, radio and electronic equipment checks,
and the selection of proper navigation and communications radio facilities
and frequencies prior to flight............................................. .......... ........ ......... X ........ ...............
[[Page 76]]
If a flight engineer is a required crewmember for the particular type airplane,
the actual visual inspection may either be waived or it may be replaced by using
an approved pictorial means that realistically portrays the location and detail
of inspection items
(c) Taxiing. This maneuver includes taxiing, sailing, or docking procedures in
compliance with instructions issued by the appropriate traffic control
authority or by the FAA inspector or designated examiner...................... .......... X ......... ......... ........ ...............
(d) Powerplant checks. As appropriate to the airplane type..................... .......... ........ ......... X ........ ...............
II. Takeoffs:
(a) Normal. One normal takeoff which, for the purpose of this maneuver begins
when the airplane is taxied into position on the runway to be used............ .......... X ......... ......... ........ ...............
*(b) Instrument. One takeoff with instrument conditions simulated at or before
reaching an altitude of 100 feet above the airport elevation.................. X ........ X ......... ........ ...............
(c) Cross wind. One cross wind takeoff, if practical under the existing
meteorological, airport, and traffic conditions............................... .......... X* ......... ......... ........ ...............
*(d) Powerplant failure. One takeoff with a simulated failure of the most
critical powerplant--......................................................... .......... ........ X ......... ........ ...............
(1) At a point after V1 and before V2 that in the judgment of the person
conducting the check is appropriate to the airplane type under the
prevailing conditions;...................................................... .......... ........ ......... ......... ........ ...............
(2) At a point as close as possible after V1 when V1 and V2 or V1 and VR!are
identical; or............................................................... .......... ........ ......... ......... ........ ...............
(3) At the appropriate speed for nontransport category airplanes............. .......... ........ ......... ......... ........ ...............
For additional type rating in an airplane group with engines mounted in similar
positions or from wing-mounted engines to aft fuselage-mounted engines this
maneuver may be performed in a nonvisual simulator
(e) Rejected. A rejected takeoff performed in an airplane during a normal
takeoff run after reaching a reasonable speed determined by giving due
consideration to aircraft characteristics, runway length, surface conditions,
wind direction and velocity, brake heat energy, and any other pertinent
factors that may adversely affect safety or the airplane...................... .......... ........ ......... X ........ X*
III. Instrument Procedures:
*(a) Area departure and area arrival. During each of these maneuvers the
applicant must--.............................................................. X ........ ......... X ........ X*
(1) Adhere to actual or simulated ATC clearances (including assigned
radials); and............................................................... .......... ........ ......... ......... ........ ...............
(2) Properly use available navigation facilities............................. .......... ........ ......... ......... ........ ...............
Either area arrival or area departure, but not both, may be waived under Sec.
61.157(c)
(b) Holding. This maneuver includes entering, maintaining, and leaving holding
patterns. It may be performed under either area departure or area arrival..... X ........ ......... X ........ X*
(c) ILS and other instrument approaches. There must be the following:
*(1) At least one normal ILS approach........................................ X ........ X ......... ........ ...............
(2) At least one manually controlled ILS approach with a simulated failure
of one powerplant. The simulated failure should occur before initiating the
final approach course and must continue to touchdown or through the missed
approach procedure.......................................................... X ........ X ......... ........ ...............
However, either the normal ILS approach or the manually controlled ILS approach
must be performed in flight
(3) At least one nonprecision approach procedure that is representative of the
nonprecision approach procedures that the applicant is likely to use.......... X ........ X ......... ........ ...............
[[Page 77]]
(4) Demonstration of at least one nonprecision approach procedure on a letdown
aid other than the approach procedure performed under subparagraph (3) of this
paragraph that the applicant is likely to use. If performed in a synthetic
instrument trainer, the procedures must be observed by the FAA inspector or
designated examiner, or if the applicant has completed an approved training
course under Part 121 of this chapter for the airplane type involved, the
procedures may be observed by a person qualified to act as an instructor or
check airman under that approved training program............................. X ........ ......... ......... X ...............
Each instrument approach must be performed according to any procedures and
limitations approved for the approach facility used. The instrument approach
begins when the airplane is over the initial approach fix for the approach
procedure being used (or turned over to the final approach controller in the
case of GCA approach) and ends when the airplane touches down on the runway or
when transition to a missed approach configuration is completed. Instrument
conditions need not be simulated below 100' above touchdown zone elevation
(d) Circling approaches. At least one circling approach must be made under the
following conditions:......................................................... .......... ........ X ......... ........ X*
(1) The portion of the circling approach to the authorized minimum circling
approach altitude must be made under simulated instrument conditions........ X ........ ......... ......... ........ ...............
(2) The approach must be made to the authorized minimum circling approach
altitude followed by a change in heading and the necessary maneuvering (by
visual reference) to maintain a flight path that permits a normal landing on
a runway at least 90 deg. from the final approach course of the simulated
instrument portion of the approach.......................................... .......... ........ ......... ......... ........ ...............
(3) The circling approach must be performed without excessive maneuvering,
and without exceeding the normal operating limits of the airplane. The angle
of bank should not exceed 30 deg............................................ .......... ........ ......... ......... ........ ...............
When the maneuver is performed in an airplane, it may be waived as provided in
Sec. 61.157(c) if local conditions beyond the control of the pilot prohibit the
maneuver or prevent it from being performed as required
The circling approach maneuver is not required for a pilot employed by a
certificate holder subject to the operating rules of Part 121 of this chapter,
if the certificate holder's manual prohibits a circling approach in weather
conditions below 1000-3 (ceiling and visibility)
*(e) Missed approaches. Each applicant must perform at least two missed
approaches, with at least one missed approach from an ILS approach. A complete
approved missed approach procedure must be accomplished at least once and, at
the discretion of the FAA inspector or designated examiner, a simulated
powerplant failure may be required during any of the missed approaches. These
maneuvers may be performed either independently or in conjunction with
maneuvers required under sections III or V or this appendix. At least one must
be performed inflight......................................................... X X* X* ......... ........ ...............
IV. Inflight Maneuvers:
*(a) Steep turns. At least one steep turn in each direction must be performed.
Each steep turn must involve a bank angle of 45 deg. with a heading change of
at least 180 deg. but not more than 360 deg................................... X ........ ......... X ........ X
*(b) Approaches to stalls. For the purpose of this maneuver the required
approach to a stall is reached when there is a perceptible buffet or other
response to the initial stall entry. Except as provided below, there must be
at least three approaches to stalls as follows:............................... X ........ ......... X ........ X*
[[Page 78]]
(1) One must be in the takeoff configuration (except where the airplane uses
only a zero-flap takeoff configuration)..................................... .......... ........ ......... ......... ........ ...............
(2) One in a clean configuration............................................. .......... ........ ......... ......... ........ ...............
(3) One in a landing configuration........................................... .......... ........ ......... ......... ........ ...............
At the discretion of the FAA inspector or designated examiner, one approach to a
stall must be performed in one of the above configurations while in a turn with
a bank angle between 15 deg. and 30 deg.. Two out of the three approaches
required by this paragraph may be waived as provided in Sec. 61.157(c)
*(c) Specific flight characteristics. Recovery from specific flight
characteristics that are peculiar to the airplane type........................ .......... ........ ......... X ........ X
(d) Powerplant failures. In addition to the specific requirements for maneuvers
with simulated powerplant failures, the FAA inspector or designated examiner
may require a simulated powerplant failure at any time during the check....... .......... X ......... ......... ........ ...............
V. Landings and Approaches to Landings:
Notwithstanding the authorizations for combining of maneuvers and for waiver of
maneuvers, at least three actual landings (one to a full stop), must be made.
These landings must include the types listed below but more than one type can be
combined where appropriate:
(a) Normal landing............................................................. .......... X ......... ......... ........ ...............
(b) Landing in sequence from an ILS instrument approach except that if
circumstances beyond the control of the pilot prevent an actual landing, the
person conducting the check may accept an approach to a point where in his
judgment a landing to a full stop could have been made. In addition, where a
simulator approved for the landing maneuver out of an ILS approach is used,
the approach may be continued through the landing and credit given for 1 of
the 3 landings required by this section....................................... .......... ........ X* ......... ........ ...............
(c) Cross wind landing, if practical under existing meteorological, airport,
and traffic conditions........................................................ .......... X* ......... ......... ........ ...............
(d) Maneuvering to a landing with simulated powerplant failure, as follows:... .......... ........ X* ......... ........ ...............
(1) In the case of 3-engine airplanes, maneuvering to a landing with an
approved procedure that approximates the loss of 2 powerplants (center and 1
outboard engine); or........................................................ .......... ........ ......... ......... ........ ...............
(2) In the case of other multiengine airplanes, maneuvering to a landing with
a simulated failure of 50 percent of available powerplants, with the
simulated loss of power on one side of the airplane. However, before Jan. 1,
1975, in the case of a 4-engine turbojet-powered airplane, maneuvering to a
landing with a simulated failure of the most critical powerplant may be
substituted therefor, if a flight instructor in an approved training program
under pt. 121 of this chapter certifies to the Administrator that he has
observed the applicant satisfactorily perform a landing in that type
airplane with a simulated failure of 50 percent of the available
powerplants. The substitute maneuver may not be used if the Administrator
determines that training in the 2-engine out landing maneuver provided in
the training program is unsatisfactory...................................... .......... ........ ......... ......... ........ ...............
[[Page 79]]
If an applicant performs this maneuver in a visual simulator, he must, in
addition, maneuver in flight to a landing with a simulated failure of the most
critical powerplant
*(e) Except as provided in par. (f), landing under simulated circling approach
conditions except that if circumstances beyond the control of the pilot
prevent a landing, the person conducting the check may accept an approach to a
point where, in his judgment, a landing to a fuel stop could have been made... .......... ........ X ......... ........ ...............
The circling approach maneuver is not required for a pilot employed by a
certificate holder subject to the operating rules of pt. 121 of this chapter, if
the certificate holder's manual prohibits a circling approach in weather
conditions below 1000-3 (ceiling and visibility)
*(f) A rejected landing, including a normal missed approach procedure, that is
rejected approximately 50' over the runway and approximately over the runway
threshold. This maneuver may be combined with instrument, circling, or missed
approach procedures, but instrument conditions need not be simulated below
100' above the runway......................................................... X* ........ X* ......... ........ ...............
(g) A zero-flap visual approach to a point where, in the judgment of the
person conducting the check, a landing to a full stop on the appropriate
runway could be made. This maneuver is not required for a particular airplane
type if the Administrator has determined that the probability of flap
extension failure on that type is extremely remote due to system design. In
making this determination, the Administrator determines whether checking on
slats only and partial flap approaches is necessary........................... .......... ........ X* ......... ........ ...............
(h) For a single powerplant rating only, unless the applicant holds a
commercial pilot certificate, he must accomplish accuracy approaches and spot
landings that include a series of three landings from an altitude of 1,000' or
less, with the engine throttled and 180 deg. change in direction. The airplane
must touch the ground in a normal landing attitude beyond and within 200' from
a designated line. At least one landing must be from a forward slip. One
hundred eighty degree approaches using two 90 deg. turns with a straight base
leg are preferred although circular approaches are acceptable................. .......... X ......... ......... ........ ...............
VI. Normal and Abnormal Procedures. Each applicant must demonstrate the proper
use of as many of the systems and devices listed below as the FAA inspector or
designated examiner finds are necessary to determine that the person being
checked has a practical knowledge of the use of the systems and devices
appropriate to the aircraft type:
(a) Anti-icing and deicing systems............................................. .......... ........ ......... X ........ ...............
(b) Auto-pilot systems......................................................... .......... ........ ......... X ........ ...............
(c) Automatic or other approach aid systems.................................... .......... ........ ......... X ........ ...............
(d) Stall warning devices, stall avoidance devices, and stability augmentation
devices....................................................................... .......... ........ ......... X ........ ...............
(e) Airborne radar devices..................................................... .......... ........ ......... X ........ ...............
(f) Any other systems, devices, or aids available.............................. .......... ........ ......... X ........ ...............
(g) Hydraulic and electrical system failures and malfunctions.................. .......... ........ ......... ......... X ...............
(h) Landing gear and flap systems failures or malfunctions..................... .......... ........ ......... ......... X ...............
(i) Failure of navigation or communications equipment.......................... .......... ........ ......... X ........ ...............
VII. Emergency Procedures. Each applicant must demonstrate the proper emergency
procedures for as many of the emergency situations listed below as the FAA
inspector or designated examiner finds are necessary to determine that the
person being checked has an adequate knowledge of, and ability to perform, such
procedures:
(a) Fire inflight.............................................................. .......... ........ ......... X ........ ...............
(b) Smoke control.............................................................. .......... ........ ......... X ........ ...............
(c) Rapid decompression........................................................ .......... ........ ......... X ........ ...............
(d) Emergency descent.......................................................... .......... ........ ......... X ........ ...............
[[Page 80]]
(e) Any other emergency procedures outlined in the appropriate approved
airplane flight manual........................................................ .......... ........ ......... X ........ ...............
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[Doc. No. 9509, 35 FR 88, Jan. 3, 1970; 35 FR 2819, Feb. 11, 1970, as
amended by Amdt. 61-56, 37 FR 10729, May 27, 1972; Amdt. 61-57, 37 FR
12716, June 28, 1972; Amdt. 61-62, 38 FR 35445, Dec. 28, 1973; Amdt. 61-
77, 51 FR 40705, Nov. 7, 1986; Amdt. 61-100, 61 FR 34560, July 2, 1996]
PART 63--CERTIFICATION: FLIGHT CREWMEMBERS OTHER THAN PILOTS--Table of Contents
Special Federal Aviation Regulations
SFAR 58 [Note]
SFAR 63
Subpart A--General
Sec.
63.1 Applicability.
63.2 Certification of foreign flight crewmembers other than pilots.
63.3 Certificates and ratings required.
63.11 Application and issue.
63.12 Offenses involving alcohol or drugs.
63.12a Refusal to submit to an alcohol test or to furnish test results.
63.12b Refusal to submit to a drug or alcohol test.
63.13 Temporary certificate.
63.15 Duration of certificates.
63.15a [Reserved]
63.16 Change of name; replacement of lost or destroyed certificate.
63.17 Tests: General procedure.
63.18 Written tests: Cheating or other unauthorized conduct.
63.19 Operations during physical deficiency.
63.20 Applications, certificates, logbooks, reports, and records;
falsification, reproduction, or alteration.
63.21 Change of address.
63.23 Special purpose flight engineer and flight navigator
certificates: Operation of U.S.-registered civil airplanes
leased by a person not a U.S. citizen.
Subpart B--Flight Engineers
63.31 Eligibility requirements; general.
63.33 Aircraft ratings.
63.35 Knowledge requirements.
63.37 Aeronautical experience requirements.
63.39 Skill requirements.
63.41 Retesting after failure.
63.42 Flight engineer certificate issued on basis of a foreign flight
engineer license.
63.43 Flight engineer courses.
Subpart C--Flight Navigators
63.51 Eligibility requirements; general.
63.53 Knowledge requirements.
63.55 Experience requirements.
63.57 Skill requirements.
63.59 Retesting after failure.
63.61 Flight navigator courses.
Appendix A to Part 63--Test Requirements for Flight Navigator
Certificate
Appendix B to Part 63--Flight Navigator Training Course Requirements
Appendix C to Part 63--Flight Engineer Training Course Requirements
Authority: 49 U.S.C. 106(g), 40113, 44701-44703, 44707, 44709-44711,
45102-45103, 45301-45302.
Special Federal Aviation Regulations
SFAR No. 58
Editorial Note: For the text of SFAR No. 58, see part 121 of this
chapter.
SFAR No. 63--Relief For Participants in Operation Desert Shield/Storm
Sections
1. Applicability.
2. Required documents.
3. Expiration date.
1. Applicability. Contrary provisions of part 63 notwithstanding,
under the procedures prescribed herein, Flight Standards District
Offices (FSDO) are authorized to accept an expired written test report
to show eligibility under Secs. 63.33 and 63.57 to take a flight/
practical test, provided--
a. It is submitted by a civilian or military person who served in
support of Operation Desert Shield/Storm during the time period from
August 2, 1990 to December 31, 1992;
b. The person's airman written test report expired within the time
period from 60 days prior to assignment to 60 days after reassignment
from support of Operation Desert Shield/Storm; and
c. The person completes the required flight/practical test within 6
calendar
[[Page 81]]
months following the date of reassignment from Operation Desert Shield/
Storm or by December 31, 1992, whichever date is sooner.
2. Required documents. The FSDO and applicant shall include one of
the following documents with the airman application, and the documents
must show the dates of assignment to and reassignment from support of
Operation Desert Shield/Storm:
a. Official government documents showing the person was a civilian
on official duty for the United States Government in support of
Operation Desert Shield/Storm during the time period from August 2, 1990
to December 31, 1992;
b. Military orders showing the person was a member of the uniformed
services assigned to duty in support of Operation Desert Shield/Storm
during the time period from August 2, 1990 to December 31, 1992;
c. Military orders showing the person was an active member of the
National Guard or Reserve called to active duty in support of Operation
Desert Shield/Storm during the time period from August 2, 1990 to
December 31, 1992; or
d. A letter from the unit commander providing inclusive dates during
which the person served in support of Operation Desert Shield/Storm
during the time period from August 2, 1990 to December 31, 1992.
3. Expiration date. This SFAR expires December 31, 1992, unless
sooner superseded or rescinded.
[SFAR 63, 56 FR 27163, June 12, 1991]
Subpart A--General
Source: Docket No. 1179, 27 FR 7969, Aug. 10, 1962, unless otherwise
noted.
Sec. 63.1 Applicability.
This part prescribes the requirements for issuing flight engineer
and flight navigator certificates and the general operating rules for
holders of those certificates.
Sec. 63.2 Certification of foreign flight crewmembers other than pilots.
A person who is neither a United States citizen nor a resident alien
is issued a certificate under this part (other than under Sec. 63.23 or
Sec. 63.42) outside the United States only when the Administrator finds
that the certificate is needed for the operation of a U.S.-registered
civil aircraft.
(Secs. 313, 601, 602, Federal Aviation Act of 1958, as amended (49
U.S.C. 1354, 1421, and 1422); sec. 6(c), Department of Transportation
Act (49 U.S.C. 1655(c)); Title V, Independent Offices Appropriations Act
of 1952 (31 U.S.C. 483(a)); sec. 28, International Air Transportation
Competition Act of 1979 (49 U.S.C. 1159(b)))
[Doc. No. 22052, 47 FR 35693, Aug. 18, 1982]
Sec. 63.3 Certificates and ratings required.
(a) No person may act as a flight engineer of a civil aircraft of
U.S. registry unless he has in his personal possession a current flight
engineer certificate with appropriate ratings issued to him under this
part and a second-class (or higher) medical certificate issued to him
under part 67 of this chapter within the preceding 12 months. However,
when the aircraft is operated within a foreign country, a current flight
engineer certificate issued by the country in which the aircraft is
operated, with evidence of current medical qualification for that
certificate, may be used. Also, in the case of a flight engineer
certificate issued under Sec. 63.42, evidence of current medical
qualification accepted for the issue of that certificate is used in
place of a medical certificate.
(b) No person may act as a flight navigator of a civil aircraft of
U.S. registry unless he has in his personal possession a current flight
navigator certificate issued to him under this part and a second-class
(or higher) medical certificate issued to him under part 67 of this
chapter within the preceding 12 months. However, when the aircraft is
operated within a foreign country, a current flight navigator
certificate issued by the country in which the aircraft is operated,
with evidence of current medical qualification for that certificate, may
be used.
(c) Each person who holds a flight engineer or flight navigator
certificate, or medical certificate, shall present either or both for
inspection upon the request of the Administrator or an authorized
representative of the National
[[Page 82]]
Transportation Safety Board, or of any Federal, State, or local law
enforcement officer.
(Secs. 3, 6, 9, 80 Stat. 931, 49 U.S.C. 1652, 1655, 1657)
[Doc. No. 1179, 27 FR 7969, Aug. 10, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 63-1, 27
FR 10410, Oct. 25, 1962; Amdt. 63-3, 30 FR 14559, Nov. 23, 1965; Amdt.
63-7, 31 FR 13523, Oct. 20, 1966; Doc. No. 8084, 32 FR 5769, Apr. 11,
1967; Amdt. 63-9, 33 FR 18613, Dec. 17, 1968; Amdt. 63-11, 35 FR 5320,
Mar. 31, 1970]
Sec. 63.11 Application and issue.
(a) An application for a certificate and appropriate class rating,
or for an additional rating, under this part must be made on a form and
in a manner prescribed by the Administrator. Each person who is neither
a United States citizen nor a resident alien and applies for a written
or practical test to be administered outside the United States for any
certificate or rating issued under this part must show evidence that the
fee prescribed in appendix A of part 187 of this chapter has been paid.
(b) An applicant who meets the requirements of this part is entitled
to an appropriate certificate and appropriate class ratings.
(c) Unless authorized by the Administrator, a person whose flight
engineer certificate is suspended may not apply for any rating to be
added to that certificate during the period of suspension.
(d) Unless the order of revocation provides otherwise, a person
whose flight engineer or flight navigator certificate is revoked may not
apply for the same kind of certificate for 1 year after the date of
revocation.
(Secs. 313, 601, 602, Federal Aviation Act of 1958, as amended (49
U.S.C. 1354, 1421, and 1422); sec. 6(c), Department of Transportation
Act (49 U.S.C. 1655(c)); Title V, Independent Offices Appropriations Act
of 1952 (31 U.S.C. 483(a)); sec. 28, International Air Transportation
Competition Act of 1979 (49 U.S.C. 1159(b)))
[Doc. No. 1179, 27 FR 7969, Aug. 10, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 63-3, 30
FR 14559, Nov. 23, 1965; Amdt. 63-7, 31 FR 13523, Oct. 20, 1966; Amdt.
63-22, 47 FR 35693, Aug. 16, 1982]
Sec. 63.12 Offenses involving alcohol or drugs.
(a) A conviction for the violation of any Federal or state statute
relating to the growing, processing, manufacture, sale, disposition,
possession, transportation, or importation of narcotic drugs, marihuana,
or depressant or stimulant drugs or substances is grounds for--
(1) Denial of an application for any certificate or rating issued
under this part for a period of up to 1 year after the date of final
conviction; or
(2) Suspension or revocation of any certificate or rating issued
under this part.
(b) The commission of an act prohibited by Sec. 91.17(a) or
Sec. 91.19(a) of this chapter is grounds for--
(1) Denial of an application for a certificate or rating issued
under this part for a period of up to 1 year after the date of that act;
or
(2) Suspension or revocation of any certificate or rating issued
under this part.
[Doc. No. 21956, 50 FR 15379, Apr. 17, 1985, as amended by Amdt. 63-27,
54 FR 34330, Aug. 18, 1989]
Sec. 63.12a Refusal to submit to an alcohol test or to furnish test results.
A refusal to submit to a test to indicate the percentage by weight
of alcohol in the blood, when requested by a law enforcement officer in
accordance with Sec. 91.11(c) of this chapter, or a refusal to furnish
or authorize the release of the test results when requested by the
Administrator in accordance with Sec. 91.17 (c) or (d) of this chapter,
is grounds for--
(a) Denial of an application for any certificate or rating issued
under this part for a period of up to 1 year after the date of that
refusal; or
(b) Suspension or revocation of any certificate or rating issued
under this part.
[Docket No. 21956, 51 FR 1229, Jan. 9, 1986, as amended by Amdt. 63-27,
54 FR 34330, Aug. 18, 1989]
Sec. 63.12b Refusal to submit to a drug or alcohol test.
(a) This section applies to an employee who performs a function
listed in appendix I or appendix J to part 121 of this chapter directly
or by contract for a part 121 certificate holder, a part 135 certificate
holder, or an operator as defined in Sec. 135.1(c) of this chapter.
[[Page 83]]
(b) Refusal by the holder of a certificate issued under this part to
take a drug test required under the provisions of appendix I to part 121
or an alcohol test required under the provisions of appendix J to part
121 is grounds for--
(1) Denial of an application for any certificate or rating issued
under this part for a period of up to 1 year after the date of such
refusal; and
(2) Suspension or revocation of any certificate or rating issued
under this part.
[Amdt. 63-29, 59 FR 7389, Feb. 15, 1994]
Sec. 63.13 Temporary certificate.
A certificate effective for a period of not more than 120 days may
be issued to a qualified applicant, pending review of his application
and supplementary documents and the issue of the certificate for which
he applied.
[Doc. No. 1179, 27 FR 7969, Aug. 10, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 63-19, 43
FR 22639, May 25, 1978]
Sec. 63.15 Duration of certificates.
(a) Except as provided in Sec. 63.23 and paragraph (b) of this
section, a certificate or rating issued under this part is effective
until it is surrendered, suspended, or revoked.
(b) A flight engineer certificate (with any amendment thereto)
issued under Sec. 63.42 expires at the end of the 24th month after the
month in which the certificate was issued or renewed. However, the
holder may exercise the privileges of that certificate only while the
foreign flight engineer license on which that certificate is based is
effective.
(c) Any certificate issued under this part ceases to be effective if
it is surrendered, suspended, or revoked. The holder of any certificate
issued under this part that is suspended or revoked shall, upon the
Administrator's request, return it to the Administrator.
(Sec. 6, 80 Stat. 937, 49 U.S.C. 1655; secs. 313, 601, 602, Federal
Aviation Act of 1958, as amended (49 U.S.C. 1354, 1421, and 1422); sec.
6(c), Department of Transportation Act (49 U.S.C. 1655(c)); Title V,
Independent Offices Appropriations Act of 1952 (31 U.S.C. 483(a)); sec.
28, International Air Transportation Competition Act of 1979 (49 U.S.C.
1159(b)))
[Doc. No. 8846, 33 FR 18613, Dec. 17, 1968, as amended by Amdt. 63-22,
47 FR 35693, Aug. 16, 1982]
Sec. 63.15a [Reserved]
Sec. 63.16 Change of name; replacement of lost or destroyed certificate.
(a) An application for a change of name on a certificate issued
under this part must be accompanied by the applicant's current
certificate and the marriage license, court order, or other document
verifying the change. The documents are returned to the applicant after
inspection.
(b) An application for a replacement of a lost or destroyed
certificate is made by letter to the Department of Transportation,
Federal Aviation Administration, Airman Certification Branch, Post
Office Box 25082, Oklahoma City, OK 73125. The letter must--
(1) Contain the name in which the certificate was issued, the
permanent mailing address (including zip code), social security number
(if any), and date and place of birth of the certificate holder, and any
available information regarding the grade, number, and date of issue of
the certificate, and the ratings on it; and
(2) Be accompanied by a check or money order for $2, payable to the
Federal Aviation Administration.
(c) An application for a replacement of a lost or destroyed medical
certificate is made by letter to the Department of Transportation,
Federal Aviation Administration, Civil Aeromedical Institute,
Aeromedical Certification Branch, Post Office Box 25082, Oklahoma City,
OK 73125, accompanied by a check or money order for $2.00.
(d) A person whose certificate issued under this part or medical
certificate, or both, has been lost may obtain a telegram from the
Federal Aviation Administration confirming that it was issued. The
telegram may be carried as a certificate for a period not to exceed 60
days pending his receiving a duplicate under paragraph (b) or (c) of
this section, unless he has been notified that the certificate has been
suspended or revoked. The request for such a telegram may be made by
prepaid telegram, stating the date upon which a duplicate certificate
was requested, or including the request for a duplicate and a money
order for the necessary amount. The request for a telegraphic
certificate should be sent to the office
[[Page 84]]
prescribed in paragraph (b) or (c) of this section, as appropriate.
However, a request for both at the same time should be sent to the
office prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section.
[Doc. No. 7258, 31 FR 13523, Oct. 20, 1966, as amended by Doc. No. 8084,
32 FR 5769, Apr. 11, 1967; Amdt. 63-12, 35 FR 14075, Sept. 4, 1970;
Amdt. 63-13, 36 FR 28654, Feb. 11, 1971]
Sec. 63.17 Tests: General procedure.
(a) Tests prescribed by or under this part are given at times and
places, and by persons, designated by the Administrator.
(b) The minimum passing grade for each test is 70 percent.
Sec. 63.18 Written tests: Cheating or other unauthorized conduct.
(a) Except as authorized by the Administrator, no person may--
(1) Copy, or intentionally remove, a written test under this part;
(2) Give to another, or receive from another, any part or copy of
that test;
(3) Give help on that test to, or receive help on that test from,
any person during the period that test is being given.
(4) Take any part of that test in behalf of another person;
(5) Use any material or aid during the period that test is being
given; or
(6) Intentionally cause, assist, or participate in any act
prohibited by this paragraph.
(b) No person who commits an act prohibited by paragraph (a) of this
section is eligible for any airman or ground instructor certificate or
rating under this chapter for a period of 1 year after the date of that
act. In addition, the commission of that act is a basis for suspending
or revoking any airman or ground instructor certificate or rating held
by that person.
[Doc. No. 4086, 30 FR 2196, Feb. 18, 1965]
Sec. 63.19 Operations during physical deficiency.
No person may serve as a flight engineer or flight navigator during
a period of known physical deficiency, or increase in physical
deficiency, that would make him unable to meet the physical requirements
for his current medical certificate.
Sec. 63.20 Applications, certificates, logbooks, reports, and records; falsification, reproduction, or alteration.
(a) No person may make or cause to be made--
(1) Any fraudulent or intentionally false statement on any
application for a certificate or rating under this part;
(2) Any fraudulent or intentionally false entry in any logbook,
record, or report that is required to be kept, made, or used, to show
compliance with any requirement for any certificate or rating under this
part;
(3) Any reproduction, for fraudulent purpose, of any certificate or
rating under this part; or
(4) Any alteration of any certificate or rating under this part.
(b) The commission by any person of an act prohibited under
paragraph (a) of this section is a basis for suspending or revoking any
airman or ground instructor certificate or rating held by that person.
[Doc. No. 4086, 30 FR 2196, Feb. 18, 1965]
Sec. 63.21 Change of address.
Within 30 days after any change in his permanent mailing address,
the holder of a certificate issued under this part shall notify the
Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Airman
Certification Branch, Post Office Box 25082, Oklahoma City, OK 73125, in
writing, of his new address.
[Doc. No. 10536, 35 FR 14075, Sept. 4, 1970]
Sec. 63.23 Special purpose flight engineer and flight navigator certificates: Operation of U.S.-registered civil airplanes leased by a person not a U.S.
citizen.
(a) General. The holder of a current foreign flight engineer or
flight navigator certificate, license, or authorization issued by a
foreign contracting State to the Convention on International Civil
Aviation, who meets the requirements of this section, may hold a special
purpose flight engineer or flight navigator certificate, as appropriate,
authorizing the holder to perform flight engineer or flight navigator
duties on a civil airplane of U.S. registry, leased to a person not a
citizen of
[[Page 85]]
the United States, carrying persons or property for compensation or
hire. Special purpose flight engineer and flight navigator certificates
are issued under this section only for airplane types that can have a
maximum passenger seating configuration, excluding any flight crewmember
seat, of more than 30 seats or a maximum payload capacity (as defined in
Sec. 135.2(e) of this chapter) of more than 7,500 pounds.
(b) Eligibility. To be eligible for the issuance, or renewal, of a
certificate under this section, an applicant must present the following
to the Administrator:
(1) A current foreign flight engineer or flight navigator
certificate, license, or authorization issued by the aeronautical
authority of a foreign contracting State to the Convention on
International Civil Aviation or a facsimile acceptable to the
Administrator. The certificate or license must authorize the applicant
to perform the flight engineer or flight navigator duties to be
authorized by a certificate issued under this section on the same
airplane type as the leased airplane.
(2) A current certification by the lessee of the airplane--
(i) Stating that the applicant is employed by the lessee;
(ii) Specifying the airplane type on which the applicant will
perform flight engineer or flight navigator duties; and
(iii) Stating that the applicant has received ground and flight
instruction which qualifies the applicant to perform the duties to be
assigned on the airplane.
(3) Documentation showing that the applicant currently meets the
medical standards for the foreign flight engineer or flight navigator
certificate, license, or authorization required by paragraph (b)(1) of
this section, except that a U.S. medical certificate issued under part
67 of this chapter is not evidence that the applicant meets those
standards unless the State which issued the applicant's foreign flight
engineer or flight navigator certificate, license, or authorization
accepts a U.S. medical certificate as evidence of medical fitness for a
flight engineer or flight navigator certificate, license, or
authorization.
(c) Privileges. The holder of a special purpose flight engineer or
flight navigator certificate issued under this section may exercise the
same privileges as those shown on the certificate, license, or
authorization specified in paragraph (b)(1) of this section, subject to
the limitations specified in this section.
(d) Limitations. Each certificate issued under this section is
subject to the following limitations:
(1) It is valid only--
(i) For flights between foreign countries and for flights in foreign
air commerce;
(ii) While it and the certificate, license, or authorization
required by paragraph (b)(1) of this section are in the certificate
holder's personal possession and are current;
(iii) While the certificate holder is employed by the person to whom
the airplane described in the certification required by paragraph (b)(2)
of this section is leased;
(iv) While the certificate holder is performing flight engineer or
flight navigator duties on the U.S.-registered civil airplane described
in the certification required by paragraph (b)(2) of this section; and
(v) While the medical documentation required by paragraph (b)(3) of
this section is in the certificate holder's personal possession and is
currently valid.
(2) Each certificate issued under this section contains the
following:
(i) The name of the person to whom the U.S.-registered civil
airplane is leased.
(ii) The type of airplane.
(iii) The limitation: ``Issued under, and subject to, Sec. 63.23 of
the Federal Aviation Regulations.''
(iv) The limitation: ``Subject to the privileges and limitations
shown on the holder's foreign flight (engineer or navigator)
certificate, license, or authorization.''
(3) Any additional limitations placed on the certificate which the
Administrator considers necessary.
(e) Termination. Each special purpose flight engineer or flight
navigator certificate issued under this section terminates--
(1) When the lease agreement for the airplane described in the
certification
[[Page 86]]
required by paragraph (b)(2) of this section terminates;
(2) When the foreign flight engineer or flight navigator
certificate, license, or authorization, or the medical documentation
required by paragraph (b) of this section is suspended, revoked, or no
longer valid; or
(3) After 24 months after the month in which the special purpose
flight engineer or flight navigator certificate was issued.
(f) Surrender of certificate. The certificate holder shall surrender
the special purpose flight engineer or flight navigator certificate to
the Administrator within 7 days after the date it terminates.
(g) Renewal. The certificate holder may have the certificate renewed
by complying with the requirements of paragraph (b) of this section at
the time of application for renewal.
(Secs. 313(a), 601, and 602, Federal Aviation Act of 1958; as amended
(49 U.S.C. 1354(a), 1421, and 1422); sec. 6(c), Department of
Transportation Act (49 U.S.C. 1655(c)))
[Doc. No. 19300, 45 FR 5672, Jan. 24, 1980]
Subpart B--Flight Engineers
Authority: Secs. 313(a), 601, and 602, Federal Aviation Act of 1958;
49 U.S.C. 1354, 1421, 1422.
Source: Docket No. 6458, 30 FR 14559, Nov. 23, 1965, unless
otherwise noted.
Sec. 63.31 Eligibility requirements; general.
To be eligible for a flight engineer certificate, a person must--
(a) Be at least 21 years of age;
(b) Be able to read, speak, and understand the English language, or
have an appropriate limitation placed on his flight engineer
certificate;
(c) Hold at least a second-class medical certificate issued under
part 67 of this chapter within the 12 months before the date he applies,
or other evidence of medical qualification accepted for the issue of a
flight engineer certificate under Sec. 63.42; and
(d) Comply with the requirements of this subpart that apply to the
rating he seeks.
(Sec. 6, 80 Stat. 937, 49 U.S.C. 1655)
[Doc. No. 6458, 30 FR 14559, Nov. 23, 1965, as amended by Amdt. 63-9, 33
FR 18614, Dec. 17, 1968]
Sec. 63.33 Aircraft ratings.
(a) The aircraft class ratings to be placed on flight engineer
certificates are--
(1) Reciprocating engine powered;
(2) Turbopropeller powered; and
(3) Turbojet powered.
(b) To be eligible for an additional aircraft class rating after his
flight engineer certificate with a class rating is issued to him, an
applicant must pass the written test that is appropriate to the class of
airplane for which an additional rating is sought, and--
(1) Pass the flight test for that class of aircraft; or
(2) Satisfactorily complete an approved flight engineer training
program that is appropriate to the additional class rating sought.
Sec. 63.35 Knowledge requirements.
(a) An applicant for a flight engineer certificate must pass a
written test on the following:
(1) The regulations of this chapter that apply to the duties of a
flight engineer.
(2) The theory of flight and aerodynamics.
(3) Basic meteorology with respect to engine operations.
(4) Center of gravity computations.
(b) An applicant for the original or additional issue of a flight
engineer class rating must pass a written test for that airplane class
on the following:
(1) Preflight.
(2) Airplane equipment.
(3) Airplane systems.
(4) Airplane loading.
(5) Airplane procedures and engine operations with respect to
limitations.
(6) Normal operating procedures.
(7) Emergency procedures.
(8) Mathematical computation of engine operations and fuel
consumption.
[[Page 87]]
(c) Before taking the written tests prescribed in paragraphs (a) and
(b) of this section, an applicant for a flight engineer certificate must
present satisfactory evidence of having completed one of the experience
requirements of Sec. 63.37. However, he may take the written tests
before acquiring the flight training required by Sec. 63.37.
(d) An applicant for a flight engineer certificate or rating must
have passed the written tests required by paragraphs (a) and (b) of this
section since the beginning of the 24th calendar month before the month
in which the flight is taken. However, this limitation does not apply to
an applicant for a flight engineer certificate or rating if--
(1) The applicant--
(i) Within the period ending 24 calendar months after the month in
which the applicant passed the written test, is employed as a flight
crewmember or mechanic by a U.S. air carrier or commercial operator
operating either under part 121 or as a commuter air carrier under part
135 (as defined in part 298 of this title) and is employed by such a
certificate holder at the time of the flight test;
(ii) If employed as a flight crewmember, has completed initial
training, and, if appropriate, transition or upgrade training; and
(iii) Meets the recurrent training requirements of the applicable
part or, for mechanics, meets the recency of experience requirements of
part 65; or
(2) Within the period ending 24 calendar months after the month in
which the applicant passed the written test, the applicant participated
in a flight engineer or maintenance training program of a U.S. scheduled
military air transportation service and is currently participating in
that program.
(e) An air carrier or commercial operator with an approved training
program under part 121 of this chapter may, when authorized by the
Administrator, provide as part of that program a written test that it
may administer to satisfy the test required for an additional rating
under paragraph (b) of this section.
(Sec. 6, 80 Stat. 937, 49 U.S.C. 1655; secs. 313(a), 601 through 605 of
the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (49 U.S.C. 1354(a), 1421 through 1425);
sec. 6(c), Department of Transportation Act (49 U.S.C. 1655(c)); and 14
CFR 11.49)
[Doc. No. 1179, 27 FR 7969, Aug. 10, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 63-17, 40
FR 32830, Aug. 5, 1975; Doc. 63-21, 47 FR 13316, Mar. 29, 1982]
Sec. 63.37 Aeronautical experience requirements.
(a) Except as otherwise specified therein, the flight time used to
satisfy the aeronautical experience requirements of paragraph (b) of
this section must have been obtained on an airplane--
(1) On which a flight engineer is required by this chapter; or
(2) That has at least three engines that are rated at least 800
horsepower each or the equivalent in turbine-powered engines.
(b) An applicant for a flight engineer certificate with a class
rating must present, for the class rating sought, satisfactory evidence
of one of the following:
(1) At least 3 years of diversified practical experience in aircraft
and aircraft engine maintenance (of which at least 1 year was in
maintaining multiengine aircraft with engines rated at least 800
horsepower each, or the equivalent in turbine engine powered aircraft),
and at least 5 hours of flight training in the duties of a flight
engineer.
(2) Graduation from at least a 2-year specialized aeronautical
training course in maintaining aircraft and aircraft engines (of which
at least 6 calendar months were in maintaining multiengine aircraft with
engines rated at least 800 horsepower each or the equivalent in turbine
engine powered aircraft), and at least 5 hours of flight training in the
duties of a flight engineer.
(3) A degree in aeronautical, electrical, or mechanical engineering
from a recognized college, university, or engineering school; at least 6
calendar months of practical experience in
[[Page 88]]
maintaining multiengine aircraft with engines rated at least 800
horsepower each, or the equivalent in turbine engine powered aircraft;
and at least 5 hours of flight training in the duties of a flight
engineer.
(4) At least a commercial pilot certificate with an instrument
rating and at least 5 hours of flight training in the duties of a flight
engineer.
(5) At least 200 hours of flight time in a transport category
airplane (or in a military airplane with at least two engines and at
least equivalent weight and horsepower) as pilot in command or second in
command performing the functions of a pilot in command under the
supervision of a pilot in command.
(6) At least 100 hours of flight time as a flight engineer.
(7) Within the 90-day period before he applies, successful
completion of an approved flight engineer ground and flight course of
instruction as provided in appendix C of this part.
(Sec. 6, 80 Stat. 937, 49 U.S.C. 1655)
[Doc. No. 6458, 30 FR 14559, Nov. 23, 1965, as amended by Amdt. 63-5, 31
FR 9047, July 1, 1966; Amdt. 63-17, 40 FR 32830, Aug. 5, 1975]
Sec. 63.39 Skill requirements.
(a) An applicant for a flight engineer certificate with a class
rating must pass a practical test on the duties of a flight engineer in
the class of airplane for which a rating is sought. The test may only be
given on an airplane specified in Sec. 63.37(a).
(b) The applicant must--
(1) Show that he can satisfactorily perform preflight inspection,
servicing, starting, pretakeoff, and postlanding procedures;
(2) In flight, show that he can satisfactorily perform the normal
duties and procedures relating to the airplane, airplane engines,
propellers (if appropriate), systems, and appliances; and
(3) In flight, in an airplane simulator, or in an approved flight
engineer training device, show that he can satisfactorily perform
emergency duties and procedures and recognize and take appropriate
action for malfunctions of the airplane, engines, propellers (if
appropriate), systems and appliances.
Sec. 63.41 Retesting after failure.
An applicant for a flight engineer certificate who fails a written
test or practical test for that certificate may apply for retesting--
(a) After 30 days after the date he failed that test; or
(b) After he has received additional practice or instruction
(flight, synthetic trainer, or ground training, or any combination
thereof) that is necessary, in the opinion of the Administrator or the
applicant's instructor (if the Administrator has authorized him to
determine the additional instruction necessary) to prepare the applicant
for retesting.
Sec. 63.42 Flight engineer certificate issued on basis of a foreign flight engineer license.
(a) Certificates issued. The holder of a current foreign flight
engineer license issued by a contracting State to the Convention on
International Civil Aviation, who meets the requirements of this
section, may have a flight engineer certificate issued to him for the
operation of civil aircraft of U.S. registry. Each flight engineer
certificate issued under this section specifies the number and State of
issuance of the foreign flight engineer license on which it is based. If
the holder of the certificate cannot read, speak, or understand the
English language, the Administrator may place any limitation on the
certificate that he considers necessary for safety.
(b) Medical standards and certification. An applicant must submit
evidence that he currently meets the medical standards for the foreign
flight engineer license on which the application for a certificate under
this section is based. A current medical certificate issued under part
67 of this chapter will be excepted as evidence that the applicant meets
those standards. However, a medical certificate issued under part 67 of
this chapter is not evidence that the applicant meets those standards
outside the United States unless the State that issued the applicant's
foreign flight engineer license also accepts that medical certificate as
evidence of the applicant's physical fitness for his foreign flight
engineer license.
[[Page 89]]
(c) Ratings issued. Aircraft class ratings listed on the applicant's
foreign flight engineer license, in addition to any issued to him after
testing under the provisions of this part, are placed on the applicant's
flight engineer certificate. An applicant without an aircraft class
rating on his foreign flight engineer license may be issued a class
rating if he shows that he currently meets the requirements for
exercising the privileges of his foreign flight engineer license on that
class of aircraft.
(d) Privileges and limitations. The holder of a flight engineer
certificate issued under this section may act as a flight engineer of a
civil aircraft of U.S. registry subject to the limitations of this part
and any additional limitations placed on his certificate by the
Administrator. He is subject to these limitations while he is acting as
a flight engineer of the aircraft within or outside the United States.
However, he may not act as flight engineer or in any other capacity as a
required flight crewmember, of a civil aircraft of U.S. registry that is
carrying persons or property for compensation or hire.
(e) Renewal of certificate and ratings. The holder of a certificate
issued under this section may have that certificate and the ratings
placed thereon renewed if, at the time of application for renewal, the
foreign flight engineer license on which that certificate is based is in
effect. Application for the renewal of the certificate and ratings
thereon must be made before the expiration of the certificate.
(Sec. 6, 80 Stat. 937, 49 U.S.C. 1655)
[Doc. No. 8846, 33 FR 18614, Dec. 17, 1968, as amended by Amdt. 63-20,
45 FR 5673, Jan. 24, 1980]
Sec. 63.43 Flight engineer courses.
An applicant for approval of a flight engineer course must submit a
letter to the Administrator requesting approval, and must also submit
three copies of each course outline, a description of the facilities and
equipment, and a list of the instructors and their qualifications. An
air carrier or commercial operator with an approved flight engineer
training course under part 121 of this chapter may apply for approval of
a training course under this part by letter without submitting the
additional information required by this paragraph. Minimum requirements
for obtaining approval of a flight engineer course are set forth in
appendix C of this part.
Subpart C--Flight Navigators
Authority: Secs. 313(a), 314, 601, and 607; 49 U.S.C. 1354(a), 1355,
1421, and 1427.
Source: Docket No. 1179, 27 FR 7970, Aug. 10, 1962, unless otherwise
noted.
Sec. 63.51 Eligibility requirements; general.
To be eligible for a flight navigator certificate, a person must--
(a) Be at least 21 years of age;
(b) Be able to read, write, speak, and understand the English
language;
(c) Hold at least a second-class medical certificate issued under
part 67 of this chapter within the 12 months before the date he applies;
and
(d) Comply with Secs. 63.53, 63.55, and 63.57.
Sec. 63.53 Knowledge requirements.
(a) An applicant for a flight navigator certificate must pass a
written test on--
(1) The regulations of this chapter that apply to the duties of a
flight navigator;
(2) The fundamentals of flight navigation, including flight planning
and cruise control;
(3) Practical meteorology, including analysis of weather maps,
weather reports, and weather forecasts; and weather sequence
abbreviations, symbols, and nomenclature;
(4) The types of air navigation facilities and procedures in general
use;
(5) Calibrating and using air navigation instruments;
(6) Navigation by dead reckoning;
(7) Navigation by celestial means;
(8) Navigation by radio aids;
(9) Pilotage and map reading; and
(10) Interpretation of navigation aid identification signals.
(b) A report of the test is mailed to the applicant. A passing grade
is evidence, for a period of 24 months after
[[Page 90]]
the test, that the applicant has complied with this section.
[Doc. No. 1179, 27 FR 7970, Aug. 10 1962, as amended by Amdt. 63-19, 43
FR 22639, May 25, 1978]
Sec. 63.55 Experience requirements.
(a) An applicant for a flight navigator certificate must be a
graduate of a flight navigator course approved by the Administrator or
present satisfactory documentary evidence of--
(1) Satisfactory determination of his position in flight at least 25
times by night by celestial observations and at least 25 times by day by
celestial observations in conjunction with other aids; and
(2) At least 200 hours of satisfactory flight navigation including
celestial and radio navigation and dead reckoning.
A pilot who has logged 500 hours of cross-country flight time, of which
at least 100 hours were at night, may be credited with not more than 100
hours for the purposes of paragraph (a)(2) of this section.
(b) Flight time used exclusively for practicing long-range
navigation methods, with emphasis on celestial navigation and dead
reckoning, is considered to be satisfactory navigation experience for
the purposes of paragraph (a) of this section. It must be substantiated
by a logbook, by records of an armed force or a certificated air
carrier, or by a letter signed by a certificated flight navigator and
attached to the application.
Sec. 63.57 Skill requirements.
(a) An applicant for a flight navigator certificate must pass a
practical test in navigating aircraft by--
(1) Dead reckoning;
(2) Celestial means; and
(3) Radio aids to navigation.
(b) An applicant must pass the written test prescribed by Sec. 63.53
before taking the test under this section. However, if a delay in taking
the test under this section would inconvenience the applicant or an air
carrier, he may take it before he receives the result of the written
test, or after he has failed the written test.
(c) The test requirements for this section are set forth in appendix
A of this part.
[Doc. No. 1179, 27 FR 7970, Aug. 10, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 63-19, 43
FR 22639, May 25, 1978]
Sec. 63.59 Retesting after failure.
(a) An applicant for a flight navigator certificate who fails a
written or practical test for that certificate may apply for retesting--
(1) After 30 days after the date he failed that test; or
(2) Before the 30 days have expired if the applicant presents a
signed statement from a certificated flight navigator, certificated
ground instructor, or any other qualified person approved by the
Administrator, certifying that that person has given the applicant
additional instruction in each of the subjects failed and that person
considers the applicant ready for retesting.
(b) A statement from a certificated flight navigator, or from an
operations official of an approved navigator course, is acceptable, for
the purposes of paragraph (a)(2) of this section, for the written test
and for the flight test. A statement from a person approved by the
Administrator is acceptable for the written tests. A statement from a
supervising or check navigator with the United States Armed Forces is
acceptable for the written test and for the practical test.
(c) If the applicant failed the flight test, the additional
instruction must have been administered in flight.
[Doc. No. 1179, 27 FR 7970, Aug. 10, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 63-19, 43
FR 22640, May 25, 1978]
Sec. 63.61 Flight navigator courses.
An applicant for approval of a flight navigator course must submit a
letter to the Administrator requesting approval, and must also submit
three copies of the course outline, a description of his facilities and
equipment, and a list of the instructors and their qualifications.
Requirements for the course are set forth in appendix B to this part.
[[Page 91]]
Appendix A to Part 63--Test Requirements for Flight Navigator
Certificate
(a) Demonstration of skill. An applicant will be required to pass
practical tests on the prescribed subjects. These tests may be given by
FAA inspectors and designated flight navigator examiners.
(b) The examination. The practical examination consists of a ground
test and a flight test as itemized on the examination check sheet. Each
item must be completed satisfactorily in order for the applicant to
obtain a passing grade. Items 5, 6, 7 of the ground test may be
completed orally, and items 17, 22, 23, 34, 36, 37, 38, and 39 of the
flight test may be completed by an oral examination when a lack of
ground facilities or navigation equipment makes such procedure
necessary. In these cases a notation to that effect shall be made in the
``Remarks'' space on the check sheet.
(c) Examination procedure. (1) An applicant will provide an aircraft
in which celestial observations can be taken in all directions. Minimum
equipment shall include a table for plotting, a drift meter or absolute
altimeter, an instrument for taking visual bearings, and a radio
direction finder.
(2) More than one flight may be used to complete the flight test and
any type of flight pattern may be used. The test will be conducted
chiefly over water whenever practicable, and without regard to radio
range legs or radials. If the test is conducted chiefly over land, a
chart should be used which shows very little or no topographical and
aeronautical data. The total flight time will cover a period of at least
four hours. Only one applicant may be examined at one time, and no
applicant may perform other than navigator duties during the
examination.
(3) When the test is conducted with an aircraft belonging to an air
carrier, the navigation procedures should conform with those set forth
in the carrier's operations manual. Items of the flight test which are
not performed during the routine navigation of the flight will be
completed by oral examination after the flight or at times during flight
which the applicant indicates may be used for tests on those items.
Since in-flight weather conditions, the reliability of the weather
forecast, and the stability of the aircraft will have considerable
effect on an applicant's performance, good judgment must be used by the
agent or examiner in evaluating the tests.
(d) Ground test. For the ground test, in the order of the numbered
items on the examination check sheet, an applicant will be required to:
(1) Identify without a star identifier, at least six navigational
stars and all planets available for navigation at the time of the
examination and explain the method of identification.
(2) Identify two additional stars with a star identifier or sky
diagrams and explain identification procedure.
(3) Precompute a time-altitude curve for a period of about 20
minutes and take 10 single observations of a celestial body which is
rising or setting rapidly. The intervals between observations should be
at least one minute. Mark each observation on the graph to show
accuracy. All observations, after corrections, shall plot within 8
minutes of arc from the time-altitude curve, and the average error shall
not exceed 5 minutes of arc.
(4) Take and plot one 3-star fix and 3 LOP's of the sun. Plotted fix
or an average of LOP's must fall within 5 miles of the actual position
of the observer.
(5) Demonstrate or explain the compensation and swinging of a
liquid-type magnetic compass.
(6) Demonstrate or explain a method of aligning one type of drift
meter.
(7) Demonstrate or explain a method of aligning an astro-compass or
periscopic sextant.
(e) Flight test. For the flight test, in the order of the numbered
items on the examination check sheet, an applicant will be required to:
(1) Demonstrate his ability to read weather symbols and interpret
synoptic surface and upper air weather maps with particular emphasis
being placed on winds.
(2) Prepare a flight plan by zones from the forecast winds or
pressure data of an upper air chart and the operator's data.
(3) Compute from the operator's data the predicted fuel consumption
for each zone of the flight, including the alternate.
(4) Determine the point-of-no-return for the flight with all engines
running and the equitime point with one engine inoperative. Graphical
methods which are part of the company's operations manual may be used
for these computations.
(5) Prepare a cruise control (howgozit) chart from the operator's
data.
(6) Enter actual fuel consumed on the cruise control chart and
interpret the variations of the actual curve from the predicted curve.
(7) Check the presence on board and operating condition of all
navigation equipment. Normally a check list will be used. This check
will include a time tick or chronometer comparison. Any lack of
thoroughness during this check will justify this item being graded
unsatisfactory.
(8) Locate emergency equipment, such as, the nearest fire
extinguisher, life preserver, life rafts, exits, axe, first aid kits,
etc.
(9) Recite the navigator's duties and stations during emergencies
for the type of aircraft used for the test.
[[Page 92]]
(10) Demonstrate the proper use of a flux gate compass or gyrosyn
compass (when available), with special emphasis on the caging methods
and the location of switches, circuit breakers, and fuses. If these
compasses are not part of the aircraft's equipment, an oral examination
will be given.
(11) Be accurate and use good judgment when setting and altering
headings. Erroneous application of variation, deviation, or drift
correction, or incorrect measurement of course on the chart will be
graded as unsatisfactory.
(12) Demonstrate or explain the use of characteristics of various
chart projections used in long-range air navigation, including the
plotting of courses and bearings, and the measuring of distances.
(13) Demonstrate ability to identify designated landmarks by the use
of a sectional or WAC chart.
(14) Use a computer with facility and accuracy for the computation
of winds, drift correction and drift angles, ground speeds, ETA's, fuel
loads, etc.
(15) Determine track, ground speed, and wind by the double drift
method. When a drift meter is not part of the aircraft's equipment, an
oral examination on the use of the drift meter and a double drift
problem shall be completed.
(16) Determine ground speed and wind by the timing method with a
drift meter. When a drift meter is not part of the aircraft's equipment,
an oral examination on the procedure and a problem shall be completed.
(17) Demonstrate the use of air plot for determining wind between
fixes and for plotting pressure lines of position when using pressure
and absolute altimeter comparisons.
(18) Give ETA's to well defined check points at least once each hour
after the second hour of flight. The average error shall not be more
than 5 percent of the intervening time intervals, and the maximum error
of any one ETA shall not be more than 10 percent.
(19) Demonstrate knowledge and use of D/F equipment and radio
facility information. Grading on this item will be based largely on the
applicant's selection of those radio aids which will be of most value to
his navigation, the manner with which he uses equipment, including
filter box controls, and the precision with which he reads bearings. The
aircraft's compass heading and all compass corrections must be
considered for each bearing.
(20) Use care in tuning to radio stations to insure maximum
reception of signal and check for interference signals. Receiver will be
checked to ascertain that antenna and BFO (Voice-CW) switches are in
correct positions.
(21) Identify at least three radio stations using International
Morse code only for identification. The agent or examiner will tune in
these stations so that the applicant will have no knowledge of the
direction, distance, or frequency of the stations.
(22) Take at least one radio bearing by manual use of the loop. The
agent or examiner will check the applicant's bearing by taking a manual
bearing on the same station immediately after the applicant.
(23) Show the use of good judgment in evaluating radio bearings, and
explain why certain bearings may be of doubtful value.
(24) Determine and apply correctly the correction required to be
made to radio bearings before plotting them on a Mercator chart, and
demonstrate the ability to plot bearings accurately on charts of the
Mercator and Lambert conformal projections.
(25) Compute the compass heading, ETA, and fuel remaining if it is
assumed that the flight would be diverted to an alternate airport at a
time specified by the agent or examiner.
(26) Check the counter scales of a Loran receiver for accuracy, and
explain the basic (face) adjustments which affect tuning and counter
alignment. A guide sheet may be used for this test.
(27) Demonstrate a knowledge of the basic principle of Loran and the
ability to tune a Loran receiver, to match signals, to read time
differences, to plot Loran LOP's, and to identify and use sky waves.
(28) Take and plot bearings from a consol station and explain the
precautions which must be taken when tuning a radio receiver for consol
signals. Also, discuss those conditions which affect the reliability of
consol bearings.
(29) Demonstrate the ability to properly operate and read an
absolute altimeter.
(30) Determine the ``D'' factors for a series of compared readings
of an absolute altimeter and a pressure altimeter.
(31) Determine drift angle or lateral displacement from the true
headingline by application of Bellamy's formula or a variation thereof.
(32) Interpret the altimeter comparison data with respect to the
pressure system found at flight level. From this data evaluate the
accuracy of the prognostic weather map used for flight planning and
apply this analysis to the navigation of the flight.
(33) Interpret single LOP's for most probable position, and show how
a series of single LOP's of the same body may be used to indicate the
probable track and ground speed. Also, show how a series of single LOP's
(celestial or radio) from the same celestial body or radio station may
be used to determine position when the change of azimuth or bearing is
30 deg. or more between observations.
(34) Select one of the celestial LOP's used during the flight and
explain how to make a
[[Page 93]]
single line of position approach to a point selected by the agent or
examiner, giving headings, times, and ETA's.
(35) Demonstrate the proper use of an astro-compass or periscopic
sextant for taking bearings.
(36) Determine compass deviation as soon as possible after reaching
cruising altitude and whenever there is a change of compass heading of
15 deg. or more.
(37) Take celestial fixes at hourly intervals when conditions
permit. The accuracy of these fixes shall be checked by means of a
Loran, radio, or visual fix whenever practicable. After allowing for the
probable error of a Loran, radio, or visual fix, a celestial fix under
favorable conditions should plot within 10 miles of the actual position.
(38) Select celestial bodies for observation, when possible, whose
azimuths will differ by approximately 120 deg. for a 3-body fix and will
differ by approximately 90 deg. for a 2-body fix. The altitudes of the
selected bodies should be between 25 deg. and 75 deg. whenever
practicable.
(39) Have POMAR and any other required reports ready for
transmission at time of schedule, and be able to inform the pilot in
command promptly with regard to the aircraft's position and progress in
comparison with the flight plan.
(40) Keep a log with sufficient legible entries to provide a record
from which the flight could be retraced.
(41) Note significant weather changes which might influence the
drift or ground speed of the aircraft, such as, temperature, ``D''
factors, frontal conditions, turbulence, etc.
(42) Determine the wind between fixes as a regular practice.
(43) Estimate the time required and average ground speed during a
letdown, under conditions specified by the pilot in command.
(44) Work with sufficient speed to determine the aircraft's position
hourly by celestial means and also make all other observations and
records pertinent to the navigation. The applicant should be able to
take the observation, compute, and plot a celestial LOP within a time
limit of 8 minutes; take and plot a Loran LOP within a time limit of 3
minutes for ground waves and 4 minutes for sky waves; observe the
absolute and pressure altimeters and compute the drift or lateral
displacement within a time limit of 3 minutes.
(45) Be accurate in reading instruments and making computations.
Errors which are made and corrected without affecting the navigation
will be disregarded unless they cause considerable loss of time.
An uncorrected error in computation (including reading instruments
and books) which will affect the reported position more than 25 miles,
the heading more than 3 deg., or any ETA more than 15 minutes will cause
this item to be graded unsatisfactory.
(46) Be alert to changing weather or other conditions during flight
which might affect the navigation. An applicant should not fail to take
celestial observations just prior to encountering a broken or overcast
sky condition; and he should not fail to take a bearing on a radio
station, which operates at scheduled intervals and which would be a
valuable aid to the navigation.
(47) Show a logical choice and sequence in using the various
navigation methods according to time and accuracy, and check the
positions determined by one method against positions determined by other
methods.
(48) Use a logical sequence in performing the various duties of a
navigator and plan work according to a schedule. The more important
duties should not be neglected for others of less importance.
Appendix B to Part 63--Flight Navigator Training Course Requirements
(a) Training course outline--(1) Format. The ground course outline
and the flight course outline shall be combined in one looseleaf binder
and shall include a table of contents, divided into two parts--ground
course and flight course. Each part of the table of contents must
contain a list of the major subjects, together with hours allotted to
each subject and the total classroom and flight hours.
(2) Ground course outline. (i) It is not mandatory that a course
outline have the subject headings arranged exactly as listed in this
paragraph. Any arrangement of general headings and subheadings will be
satisfactory provided all the subject material listed here is included
and the acceptable minimum number of hours is assigned to each subject.
Each general subject shall be broken down into detail showing items to
be covered.
(ii) If any agency desires to include additional subjects in the
ground training curriculum, such as international law, flight hygiene,
or others which are not required, the hours allotted these additional
subjects may not be included in the minimum classroom hours.
(iii) The following subjects with classroom hours are considered the
minimum coverage for a ground training course for flight navigators:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Classroom
Subject hours
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Federal Aviation Administration............................. 5
To include Parts 63, 91, and 121 of this chapter.
Meteorology................................................. 40
[[Page 94]]
To include:
Basic weather principles.
Temperature.
Pressure.
Winds.
Moisture in the atmosphere.
Stability.
Clouds.
Hazards.
Air masses.
Front weather.
Fog.
Thunderstorms.
Icing.
World weather and climate.
Weather maps and weather reports.
Forecasting.
International Morse code:
Ability to receive code groups of letters and numerals at
a speed of eight words per minute
Navigation instruments (exclusive of radio and radar)....... 20
To include:
Compasses.
Pressure altimeters.
Airspeed indicators.
Driftmeters.
Bearing indicators.
Aircraft octants.
Instrument calibration and alignment.
Charts and pilotage......................................... 15
To include:
Chart projections.
Chart symbols.
Principles of pilotage.
Dead reckoning.............................................. 30
To include:
Air plot.
Ground plot.
Calculation of ETA.
Vector analysis.
Use of computer.
Search.
Absolute altimeter with:
Applications................................................ 15
To include:
Principles of construction.
Operating instructions.
Use of Bellamy's formula.
Flight planning with single drift correction.
Radio and long-range navigational aids...................... 35
To include:
Principles of radio transmission and reception.
Radio aids to navigation.
Government publications.
Airborne D/F equipment.
Errors of radio bearings.
Quadrantal correction.
Plotting radio bearings.
ICAO Q code for direction finding.
Loran.
Consol.
Celestial navigation........................................ 150
To include:
The solar system.
The celestial sphere.
The astronomical triangle.
Theory of lines of position.
Use of the Air Almanac.
Time and its applications.
Navigation tables.
Precomputation.
Celestial line of position approach.
Star identification.
Corrections to celestial observations.
Flight planning and cruise control.......................... 25
To include:
The flight plan.
Fuel consumption charts.
Methods of cruise control.
Flight progress chart.
Point-of-no-return.
Equitime point.
Long-range flight problems.................................. 15
-----------
Total (exclusive of final examinations)................. 350
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(3) Flight course outline. (i) A minimum of 150 hours of supervised
flight training shall be given, of which at least 50 hours of flight
training must be given at night, and celestial navigation must be used
during flights which total at least 125 hours.
(ii) A maximum of 50 hours of the required flight training may be
obtained in acceptable types of synthetic flight navigator training
devices.
(iii) Flights should be at least four hours in length and should be
conducted off civil airways. Some training on long-range flights is
desirable, but is not required. There is no limit to the number of
students that may be trained on one flight, but at least one astrodrome
or one periscopic sextant mounting must be provided for each group of
four students.
(iv) Training must be given in dead reckoning, pilotage, radio
navigation, celestial navigation, and the use of the absolute altimeter.
(b) Equipment. (1) Classroom equipment shall include one table at
least 24'' x 32'' in dimensions for each student.
(2) Aircraft suitable for the flight training must be available to
the approved course operator to insure that the flight training may be
completed without undue delay.
The approved course operator may contract or obtain written agreements
with aircraft operators for the use of suitable aircraft. A copy of the
contract or written agreement with an aircraft operator shall be
attached to each of the three copies of the course outline submitted for
approval. In all cases, the approved course operator is responsible for
the nature and quality of instruction given during flight.
(c) Instructors. (1) Sufficient classroom instructors must be
available to prevent an excessive ratio of students to instructors. Any
[[Page 95]]
ratio in excess of 20 to 1 will be considered unsatisfactory.
(2) At least one ground instructor must hold a valid flight
navigator certificate, and be utilized to coordinate instruction of
ground school subjects.
(3) Each instructor who conducts flight training must hold a valid
flight navigator certificate.
(d) Revision of training course. (1) Requests for revisions to
course outlines, facilities, and equipment shall follow procedures for
original approval of the course. Revisions should be submitted in such
form that an entire page or pages of the approved outline can be removed
and replaced by the revisions.
(2) The list of instructors may be revised at any time without
request for approval, provided the minimum requirement of paragraph (e)
of this section is maintained.
(e) Credit for previous training and experience. (1) Credit may be
granted by an operator to students for previous training and experience
which is provable and comparable to portions of the approved curriculum.
When granting such credit, the approved course operator should be fully
cognizant of the fact that he is responsible for the proficiency of his
graduates in accordance with subdivision (i) of paragraph (3) of this
section.
(2) Where advanced credit is allowed, the operator shall evaluate
the student's previous training and experience in accordance with the
normal practices of accredited technical schools. Before credit is given
for any ground school subject or portion thereof, the student must pass
an appropriate examination given by the operator. The results of the
examination, the basis for credit allowance, and the hours credited
shall be incorporated as a part of the student's records.
(3) Credit up to a maximum of 50 hours toward the flight training
requirement may be given to pilots who have logged at least 500 hours
while a member of a flight crew which required a certificated flight
navigator or the Armed Forces equivalent. A similar credit may also be
given to a licensed deck officer of the Maritime Service who has served
as such for at least one year on ocean-going vessels. One-half of the
flight time credited under the terms of this paragraph may be applied
toward the 50 hours of flight training required at night.
(f) Students records and reports. Approval of a course shall not be
continued in effect unless the course operator keeps an accurate record
of each student, including a chronological log of all instruction,
subjects covered and course examinations and grades, and unless he
prepares and transmits to the local Flight Standards District Office not
later than January 31 of each year, a report containing the following
information for the previous calendar year:
(1) The names of all students graduated, together with their school
grades for ground and flight subjects.
(2) The names of all students failed or dropped, together with their
school grades and reasons for dropping.
(g) Quality of instruction. Approval of a course shall not be
continued in effect unless at least 80 percent of the students who apply
within 90 days after graduation are able to qualify on the first attempt
for certification as flight navigators.
(h) Statement of graduation. Each student who successfully completes
an approved flight navigator course shall be given a statement of
graduation.
(i) Inspections. Approved course operations will be inspected by
authorized representatives of the Administrator as often as deemed
necessary to insure that instruction is maintained at the required
standards, but the period between inspections shall not exceed 12
months.
(j) Change of ownership, name, or location--(1) Change of ownership.
Approval of a flight navigator course shall not be continued in effect
after the course has changed ownership. The new owner must obtain a new
approval by following the procedure prescribed for original approval.
(2) Change in name. An approved course changed in name but not
changed in ownership shall remain valid if the change is reported by the
approved course operator to the local Flight Standards District Office.
A letter of approval under the new name will be issued by the regional
office.
(3) Change in location. An approved course shall remain in effect
even though the approved course operator changes location if the change
is reported without delay by the operator to the local Flight Standards
District Office, which will inspect the facilities to be used. If they
are found to be adequate, a letter of approval showing the new location
will be issued by the regional office.
(k) Cancellation of approval. (1) Failure to meet or maintain any of
the requirements set forth in this section for the approval or operation
of an approved flight navigator course shall be considered sufficient
reason for cancellation of the approval.
(2) If an operator should desire voluntary cancellation of his
approved course, he should submit the effective letter of approval and a
written request for cancellation to the Administrator through the local
Flight Standards District Office.
(l) Duration. The authority to operate an approved flight navigator
course shall expire 24 months after the last day of the month of
issuance.
(m) Renewal. Application for renewal of authority to operate an
approved flight navigator course may be made by letter to the local
Flight Standards District Office at any time within 60 days before to
the expiration
[[Page 96]]
date. Renewal of approval will depend upon the course operator meeting
the current conditions for approval and having a satisfactory record as
an operator.
[Doc. No. 1179, 27 FR 7970, Aug. 10, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 63-6, 31
FR 9211, July 6, 1966; Amdt. 63-28, 54 FR 39291, Sept. 25, 1989]
Appendix C to Part 63--Flight Engineer Training Course Requirements
(a) Training course outline--(1) Format. The ground course outline
and the flight course outline are independent. Each must be contained in
a looseleaf binder to include a table of contents. If an applicant
desires approval of both a ground school course and a flight school
course, they must be combined in one looseleaf binder that includes a
separate table of contents for each course. Separate course outlines are
required for each type of airplane.
(2) Ground course outline. (i) It is not mandatory that the subject
headings be arranged exactly as listed in this paragraph. Any
arrangement of subjects is satisfactory if all the subject material
listed here is included and at least the minimum programmed hours are
assigned to each subject. Each general subject must be broken down into
detail showing the items to be covered.
(ii) If any course operator desires to include additional subjects
in the ground course curriculum, such as international law, flight
hygiene, or others that are not required, the hours allotted these
additional subjects may not be included in the minimum programmed
classroom hours.
(iii) The following subjects and classroom hours are the minimum
programmed coverage for the initial approval of a ground training course
for flight engineers. Subsequent to initial approval of a ground
training course an applicant may apply to the Administrator for a
reduction in the programmed hours. Approval of a reduction in the
approved programmed hours is based on improved training effectiveness
due to improvements in methods, training aids, quality of instruction,
or any combination thereof.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Classroom
Subject hours
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Federal Aviation Regulations................................ 10
To include the regulations of this chapter that apply to
flight engineers
Theory of Flight and Aerodynamics........................... 10
Airplane Familiarization.................................... 90
To include as appropriate:
Specifications.
Construction features.
Flight controls.
Hydraulic systems.
Pneumatic systems.
Electrical systems.
Anti-icing and de-icing systems.
Pressurization and air-conditioning systems.
Vacuum systems.
Pilot static systems.
Instrument systems.
Fuel and oil systems.
Emergency equipment.
Engine Familiarization...................................... 45
To include as appropriate:
Specifications.
Construction features.
Lubrication.
Ignition.
Carburetor and induction, supercharging and fuel control
systems
Accessories.
Propellers.
Instrumentation.
Emergency equipment.
Normal Operations (Ground and Flight)....................... 50
To include as appropriate:
Servicing methods and procedures.
Operation of all the airplane systems.
Operation of all the engine systems.
Loading and center of gravity computations.
Cruise control (normal, long range, maximum endurance)
Power and fuel computation.
Meteorology as applicable to engine operation
Emergency Operations........................................ 80
To include as appropriate:
Landing gear, brakes, flaps, speed brakes, and leading
edge devices
Pressurization and air-conditioning.
Portable fire extinguishers.
Fuselage fire and smoke control.
Loss of electrical power.
Engine fire control.
Engine shut-down and restart.
Oxygen.
-----------
Total (exclusive of final tests)...................... 235
------------------------------------------------------------------------
The above subjects, except Theory of Flight and Aerodynamics, and
Regulations must apply to the same type of airplane in which the student
flight engineer is to receive flight training.
(3) Flight Course Outline. (i) The flight training curriculum must
include at least 10 hours of flight instruction in an airplane specified
in Sec. 63.37(a). The flight time required for the practical test may
not be credited as part of the required flight instruction.
(ii) All of the flight training must be given in the same type
airplane.
(iii) As appropriate to the airplane type, the following subjects
must be taught in the flight training course:
[[Page 97]]
Subject
normal duties, procedures and operations
To include as appropriate:
Airplane preflight.
Engine starting, power checks, pretakeoff, postlanding and shut-down
procedures.
Power control.
Temperature control.
Engine operation analysis.
Operation of all systems.
Fuel management.
Logbook entries.
Pressurization and air conditioning.
recognition and correction of in-flight malfunctions
To include:
Analysis of abnormal engine operation.
Analysis of abnormal operation of all systems.
Corrective action.
emergency operations in flight
To include as appropriate:
Engine fire control.
Fuselage fire control.
Smoke control.
Loss of power or pressure in each system.
Engine overspeed.
Fuel dumping.
Landing gear, spoilers, speed brakes, and flap extension and
retraction.
Engine shut-down and restart.
Use of oxygen.
(iv) If the Administrator finds a simulator or flight engineer
training device to accurately reproduce the design, function, and
control characteristics, as pertaining to the duties and
responsibilities of a flight engineer on the type of airplane to be
flown, the flight training time may be reduced by a ratio of 1 hour of
flight time to 2 hours of airplane simulator time, or 3 hours of flight
engineer training device time, as the case may be, subject to the
following limitations:
(a) Except as provided in subdivision (b) of this paragraph, the
required flight instruction time in an airplane may not be less than 5
hours.
(b) As to a flight engineer student holding at least a commercial
pilot certificate with an instrument rating, airplane simulator or a
combination of airplane simulator and flight engineer training device
time may be submitted for up to all 10 hours of the required flight
instruction time in an airplane. However, not more than 15 hours of
flight engineer training device time may be substituted for flight
instruction time.
(v) To obtain credit for flight training time, airplane simulator
time, or flight engineer training device time, the student must occupy
the flight engineer station and operate the controls.
(b) Classroom equipment. Classroom equipment should consist of
systems and procedural training devices, satisfactory to the
Administrator, that duplicate the operation of the systems of the
airplane in which the student is to receive his flight training.
(c) Contracts or agreements. (1) An approved flight engineer course
operator may contract with other persons to obtain suitable airplanes,
airplane simulators, or other training devices or equipment.
(2) An operator who is approved to conduct both the flight engineer
ground course and the flight engineer flight course may contract with
others to conduct one course or the other in its entirety but may not
contract with others to conduct both courses for the same airplane type.
(3) An operator who has approval to conduct a flight engineer ground
course or flight course for a type of airplane, but not both courses,
may not contract with another person to conduct that course in whole or
in part.
(4) An operator who contracts with another to conduct a flight
engineer course may not authorize or permit the course to be conducted
in whole or in part by a third person.
(5) In all cases, the course operator who is approved to operate the
course is responsible for the nature and quality of the instruction
given.
(6) A copy of each contract authorized under this paragraph must be
attached to each of the 3 copies of the course outline submitted for
approval.
(d) Instructors. (1) Only certificated flight engineers may give the
flight instruction required by this appendix in an airplane, simulator,
or flight engineer training device.
(2) There must be a sufficient number of qualified instructors
available to prevent an excess ratio of students to instructors.
(e) Revisions. (1) Requests for revisions of the course outlines,
facilities or equipment must follow the procedures for original approval
of the course. Revisions must be submitted in such form that an entire
page or pages of the approved outline can be removed and replaced by the
revisions.
(2) The list of instructors may be revised at any time without
request for approval, if the requirements of paragraph (d) of this
appendix are maintained.
(f) Ground school credits. (1) Credit may be granted a student in
the ground school course by the course operator for comparable previous
training or experience that the student can show by written evidence:
however, the course operator must still meet the quality of instruction
as described in paragraph (h) of this appendix.
(2) Before credit for previous training or experience may be given,
the student must pass a test given by the course operator on the subject
for which the credit is to be given. The course operator shall
incorporate
[[Page 98]]
results of the test, the basis for credit allowance, and the hours
credited as part of the student's records.
(g) Records and reports. (1) The course operator must maintain, for
at least two years after a student graduates, fails, or drops from a
course, a record of the student's training, including a chronological
log of the subject course, attendance examinations, and grades.
(2) Except as provided in paragraph (3) of this section, the course
operator must submit to the Administrator, not later than January 31 of
each year, a report for the previous calendar year's training, to
include:
(i) Name, enrollment and graduation date of each student;
(ii) Ground school hours and grades of each student;
(iii) Flight, airplane simulator, flight engineer training device
hours, and grades of each student; and
(iv) Names of students failed or dropped, together with their school
grades and reasons for dropping.
(3) Upon request, the Administrator may waive the reporting
requirements of paragraph (2) of this section for an approved flight
engineer course that is part of an approved training course under
subpart N of part 121 of this chapter.
(h) Quality of instruction. (1) Approval of a ground course is
discontinued whenever less than 80 percent of the students pass the FAA
written test on the first attempt.
(2) Approval of a flight course is discontinued whenever less than
80 percent of the students pass the FAA practical test on the first
attempt.
(3) Notwithstanding paragraphs (1) and (2) of this section, approval
of a ground or flight course may be continued when the Administrator
finds--
(i) That the failure rate was based on less than a representative
number of students; or
(ii) That the course operator has taken satisfactory means to
improve the effectiveness of the training.
(i) Time limitation. Each student must apply for the written test
and the flight test within 90 days after completing the ground school
course.
(j) Statement of course completion. (1) The course operator shall
give to each student who successfully completes an approved flight
engineer ground school training course, and passes the FAA written test,
a statement of successful completion of the course that indicates the
date of training, the type of airplane on which the ground course
training was based, and the number of hours received in the ground
school course.
(2) The course operator shall give each student who successfully
completes an approved flight engineer flight course, and passed the FAA
practical test, a statement of successful completion of the flight
course that indicates the dates of the training, the type of airplane
used in the flight course, and the number of hours received in the
flight course.
(3) A course operator who is approved to conduct both the ground
course and the flight course may include both courses in a single
statement of course completion if the provisions of paragraphs (1) and
(2) of this section are included.
(4) The requirements of this paragraph do not apply to an air
carrier or commercial operator with an approved training course under
part 121 of this chapter providing the student receives a flight
engineer certificate upon completion of that course.
(k) Inspections. Each course operator shall allow the Administrator
at any time or place, to make any inspection necessary to ensure that
the quality and effectiveness of the instruction are maintained at the
required standards.
(l) Change of ownership, name, or location. (1) Approval of a flight
engineer ground course or flight course is discontinued if the ownership
of the course changes. The new owner must obtain a new approval by
following the procedure prescribed for original approval.
(2) Approval of a flight engineer ground course or flight course
does not terminate upon a change in the name of the course that is
reported to the Administrator within 30 days. The Administrator issues a
new letter of approval, using the new name, upon receipt of notice
within that time.
(3) Approval of a flight engineer ground course or flight course
does not terminate upon a change in location of the course that is
reported to the Administrator within 30 days. The Administrator issues a
new letter of approval, showing the new location, upon receipt of notice
within that time, if he finds the new facilities to be adequate.
(m) Cancellation of approval. (1) Failure to meet or maintain any of
the requirements of this appendix for the approval of a flight engineer
ground course or flight course is reason for cancellation of the
approval.
(2) If a course operator desires to voluntarily terminate the
course, he should notify the Administrator in writing and return the
last letter of approval.
(n) Duration. Except for a course operated as part of an approved
training course under subpart N of part 121 of this chapter, the
approval to operate a flight engineer ground course or flight course
terminates 24 months after the last day of the month of issue.
(o) Renewal. (1) Renewal of approval to operate a flight engineer
ground course or flight course is conditioned upon the course operator's
meeting the requirements of this appendix.
(2) Application for renewal may be made to the Administrator at any
time after 60 days before the termination date.
[[Page 99]]
(p) Course operator approvals. An applicant for approval of a flight
engineer ground course, or flight course, or both, must meet all of the
requirements of this appendix concerning application, approval, and
continuing approval of that course or courses.
(q) Practical test eligibility. An applicant for a flight engineer
certificate and class rating under the provisions of Sec. 63.37(b)(6) is
not eligible to take the practical test unless he has successfully
completed an approved flight engineer ground school course in the same
type of airplane for which he has completed an approved flight engineer
flight course.
[Doc. No. 6458, 30 FR 14560, Nov. 23, 1965, as amended by Amdt. 63-15,
37 FR 9758, May 17, 1972]
PART 65--CERTIFICATION: AIRMEN OTHER THAN FLIGHT CREWMEMBERS--Table of Contents
Special Federal Aviation Regulation
SFAR 58 [Note]
SFAR 63
Subpart A--General
Sec.
65.1 Applicability.
65.3 Certification of foreign airmen other than flight crewmembers.
65.11 Application and issue.
65.12 Offenses involving alcohol or drugs.
65.13 Temporary certificate.
65.15 Duration of certificates.
65.16 Change of name: Replacement of lost or destroyed certificate.
65.17 Tests: General procedure.
65.18 Written tests: Cheating or other unauthorized conduct.
65.19 Retesting after failure.
65.20 Applications, certificates, logbooks, reports, and records:
Falsification reproduction, or alteration.
65.21 Change of address.
65.23 Refusal to submit to a drug or alcohol test.
Subpart B--Air Traffic Control Tower Operators
65.31 Required certificates, and rating or qualification.
65.33 Eligibility requirements: General.
65.35 Knowledge requirements.
65.37 Skill requirements: Operating positions.
65.39 Practical experience requirements: Facility rating.
65.41 Skill requirements: Facility ratings.
65.43 Rating privileges and exchange.
65.45 Performance of duties.
65.46 Use of prohibited drugs.
65.46a Misuse of alcohol.
65.46b Testing for alcohol.
65.47 Maximum hours.
65.49 General operating rules.
65.50 Currency requirements.
Subpart C--Aircraft Dispatchers
65.51 Certificate required.
65.53 Eligibility requirements: General.
65.55 Knowledge requirements.
65.57 Experience requirements.
65.59 Skill requirements.
65.61 Aircraft dispatcher courses.
Subpart D--Mechanics
65.71 Eligibility requirements: General.
65.73 Ratings.
65.75 Knowledge requirements.
65.77 Experience requirements.
65.79 Skill requirements.
65.80 Certificated aviation maintenance technician school students.
65.81 General privileges and limitations.
65.83 Recent experience requirements.
65.85 Airframe rating; additional privileges.
65.87 Powerplant rating; additional privileges.
65.89 Display of certificate.
65.91 Inspection authorization.
65.92 Inspection authorization: Duration.
65.93 Inspection authorization: Renewal.
65.95 Inspection authorization: Privileges and limitations.
Subpart E--Repairmen
65.101 Eligibility requirements: General.
65.103 Repairman certificate: Privileges and limitations.
65.104 Repairman certificate--experimental aircraft builder--
Eligibility, privileges and limitations.
65.105 Display of certificate.
Subpart F--Parachute Riggers
65.111 Certificate required.
65.113 Eligibility requirements: General.
65.115 Senior parachute rigger certificate: Experience, knowledge, and
skill requirements.
65.117 Military riggers or former military riggers: Special
certification rule.
65.119 Master parachute rigger certificate: Experience, knowledge, and
skill requirements.
65.121 Type ratings.
65.123 Additional type ratings: Requirements.
65.125 Certificates: Privileges.
65.127 Facilities and equipment.
65.129 Performance standards.
65.131 Records.
65.133 Seal.
Appendix A to Part 65--Aircraft Dispatcher Courses
[[Page 100]]
Authority: 49 U.S.C. 106(g), 40113, 44701-44703, 44707, 44709-44711,
45102-45103, 45301-45302.
Source: Docket No. 1179, 27 FR 7973, Aug. 10, 1962, unless otherwise
noted.
Special Federal Aviation Regulations
SFAR No. 58
Editorial Note: For the text of SFAR No. 58, see part 121 of this
chapter.
SFAR No. 63--Relief for Participants in Operation Desert Shield/Storm
Sections
1. Applicability.
2. Required documents.
3. Expiration date.
1. Applicability. Contrary provisions of part 65 notwithstanding,
under the procedures prescribed herein, Flight Standards District
Offices (FSDO) are authorized to accept an expired written test report
to show eligibility to take a practical test required under this Part
and/or renew an expired inspection authorization to show eligibility for
renewal under Sec. 65.93, provided--
a. The person is a civilian or military person who served in support
of Operation Desert Shield/Storm during the time period from August 2,
1990 to December 31, 1992;
b. The person's airman written test report and/or inspection
authorization expired within the time period from 60 days prior to
assignment to 60 days after reassignment from support of Operation
Desert Shield/Storm; and
c. The person completes the required practical test within 6
calendar months following the date of reassignment from Operation Desert
Shield/Storm or by December 31, 1992, whichever date is sooner.
2. Required documents. The FSDO and applicant shall include one of
the following documents with the airman application, and the documents
must show the dates of assignment to and reassignment from support of
Operation Desert Shield/Storm:
a. Official government documents showing the person was a civilian
on official duty for the United States Government in support of
Operation Desert Shield/Storm during the time period from August 2, 1990
to December 31, 1992;
b. Military orders showing the person was a member of the uniformed
services assigned to duty in support of Operation Desert Shield/Storm
during the time period from August 2, 1990 to December 31, 1992;
c. Military orders showing the person was an active member of the
National Guard or Reserve called to active duty in support of Operation
Desert Shield/Storm during the time period from August 2, 1990 to
December 31, 1992; or
d. A letter from the unit commander providing inclusive dates during
which the person served in support of Operation Desert Shield/Storm
during the time period from August 2, 1990 to December 31, 1992.
3. Expiration date. This SFAR expires December 31, 1992, unless
sooner superseded or rescinded.
[SFAR 63, 56 FR 27163, June 12, 1991]
Subpart A--General
Sec. 65.1 Applicability.
This part prescribes the requirements for issuing the following
certificates and associated ratings and the general operating rules for
the holders of those certificates and ratings:
(a) Air-traffic control-tower operators.
(b) Aircraft dispatchers.
(c) Mechanics.
(d) Repairmen.
(e) Parachute riggers.
Sec. 65.3 Certification of foreign airmen other than flight crewmembers.
A person who is neither a U.S. citizen nor a resident alien is
issued a certificate under subpart D of this part, outside the United
States, only when the Administrator finds that the certificate is needed
for the operation or continued airworthiness of a U.S.-registered civil
aircraft.
[Doc. 65-28, 47 FR 35693, Aug. 16, 1982]
Sec. 65.11 Application and issue.
(a) Application for a certificate and appropriate class rating, or
for an additional rating, under this part must be made on a form and in
a manner prescribed by the Administrator. Each person who is neither a
U.S. citizen nor a resident alien and who applies for a written or
practical test to be administered outside the United States or for any
certificate or rating issued under this part must show evidence that the
fee prescribed in appendix A of part 187 of this chapter has been paid.
(b) An applicant who meets the requirements of this part is entitled
to an appropriate certificate and rating.
[[Page 101]]
(c) Unless authorized by the Administrator, a person whose air
traffic control tower operator, mechanic, or parachute rigger
certificate is suspended may not apply for any rating to be added to
that certificate during the period of suspension.
(d) Unless the order of revocation provides otherwise--
(1) A person whose air traffic control tower operator, aircraft
dispatcher, or parachute rigger certificate is revoked may not apply for
the same kind of certificate for 1 year after the date of revocation;
and
(2) A person whose mechanic or repairman certificate is revoked may
not apply for either of those kinds of certificates for 1 year after the
date of revocation.
[Doc. No. 1179, 27 FR 7973, Aug. 10, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 65-9, 31
FR 13524, Oct. 20, 1966; Amdt. 65-28, 47 FR 35693, Aug. 16, 1982]
Sec. 65.12 Offenses involving alcohol or drugs.
(a) A conviction for the violation of any Federal or state statute
relating to the growing, processing, manufacture, sale, disposition,
possession, transportation, or importation of narcotic drugs, marihuana,
or depressant or stimulant drugs or substances is grounds for--
(1) Denial of an application for any certificate or rating issued
under this part for a period of up to 1 year after the date of final
conviction; or
(2) Suspension or revocation of any certificate or rating issued
under this part.
(b) The commission of an act prohibited by Sec. 91.19(a) of this
chapter is grounds for--
(1) Denial of an application for a certificate or rating issued
under this part for a period of up to 1 year after the date of that act;
or
(2) Suspension or revocation of any certificate or rating issued
under this part.
[Doc. No. 21956, 50 FR 15379, Apr. 17, 1985, as amended by Amdt. 65-34,
54 FR 34330, Aug. 18, 1989]
Sec. 65.13 Temporary certificate.
A certificate and ratings effective for a period of not more than
120 days may be issued to a qualified applicant, pending review of his
application and supplementary documents and the issue of the certificate
and ratings for which he applied.
[Doc. No. 1179, 27 FR 7973, Aug. 10, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 65-23, 43
FR 22640, May 25, 1978]
Sec. 65.15 Duration of certificates.
(a) Except for repairman certificates, a certificate or rating
issued under this part is effective until it is surrendered, suspended,
or revoked.
(b) Unless it is sooner surrendered, suspended, or revoked, a
repairman certificate is effective until the holder is relieved from the
duties for which the holder was employed and certificated.
(c) The holder of a certificate issued under this part that is
suspended, revoked, or no longer effective shall return it to the
Administrator.
[Doc. No. 22052, 47 FR 35693, Aug. 16, 1982]
Sec. 65.16 Change of name: Replacement of lost or destroyed certificate.
(a) An application for a change of name on a certificate issued
under this part must be accompanied by the applicant's current
certificate and the marriage license, court order, or other document
verifying the change. The documents are returned to the applicant after
inspection.
(b) An application for a replacement of a lost or destroyed
certificate is made by letter to the Department of Transportation,
Federal Aviation Administration, Airman Certification Branch, Post
Office Box 25082, Oklahoma City, OK 73125. The letter must--
(1) Contain the name in which the certificate was issued, the
permanent mailing address (including zip code), social security number
(if any), and date and place of birth of the certificate holder, and any
available information regarding the grade, number, and date of issue of
the certificate, and the ratings on it; and
(2) Be accompanied by a check or money order for $2, payable to the
Federal Aviation Administration.
[[Page 102]]
(c) An application for a replacement of a lost or destroyed medical
certificate is made by letter to the Department of Transportation,
Federal Aviation Administration, Civil Aeromedical Institute,
Aeromedical Certification Branch, Post Office Box 25082, Oklahoma City,
OK 73125, accompanied by a check or money order for $2.00.
(d) A person whose certificate issued under this part or medical
certificate, or both, has been lost may obtain a telegram from the FAA
confirming that it was issued. The telegram may be carried as a
certificate for a period not to exceed 60 days pending his receiving a
duplicate certificate under paragraph (b) or (c) of this section, unless
he has been notified that the certificate has been suspended or revoked.
The request for such a telegram may be made by prepaid telegram, stating
the date upon which a duplicate certificate was requested, or including
the request for a duplicate and a money order for the necessary amount.
The request for a telegraphic certificate should be sent to the office
prescribed in paragraph (b) or (c) of this section, as appropriate.
However, a request for both at the same time should be sent to the
office prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section.
[Doc. No. 7258, 31 FR 13524, Oct. 20, 1966, as amended by Doc. No. 8084,
32 FR 5769, Apr. 11, 1967; Amdt. 65-16, 35 FR 14075, Sept. 4, 1970;
Amdt. 65-17, 36 FR 2865, Feb. 11, 1971]
Sec. 65.17 Tests: General procedure.
(a) Tests prescribed by or under this part are given at times and
places, and by persons, designated by the Administrator.
(b) The minimum passing grade for each test is 70 percent.
Sec. 65.18 Written tests: Cheating or other unauthorized conduct.
(a) Except as authorized by the Administrator, no person may--
(1) Copy, or intentionally remove, a written test under this part;
(2) Give to another, or receive from another, any part or copy of
that test;
(3) Give help on that test to, or receive help on that test from,
any person during the period that test is being given;
(4) Take any part of that test in behalf of another person;
(5) Use any material or aid during the period that test is being
given; or
(6) Intentionally cause, assist, or participate in any act
prohibited by this paragraph.
(b) No person who commits an act prohibited by paragraph (a) of this
section is eligible for any airman or ground instructor certificate or
rating under this chapter for a period of 1 year after the date of that
act. In addition, the commission of that act is a basis for suspending
or revoking any airman or ground instructor certificate or rating held
by that person.
[Doc. No. 4086, 30 FR 2196, Feb. 18, 1965]
Sec. 65.19 Retesting after failure.
An applicant for a written, oral, or practical test for a
certificate and rating, or for an additional rating under this part, may
apply for retesting--
(a) After 30 days after the date the applicant failed the test; or
(b) Before the 30 days have expired if the applicant presents a
signed statement from an airman holding the certificate and rating
sought by the applicant, certifying that the airman has given the
applicant additional instruction in each of the subjects failed and that
the airman considers the applicant ready for retesting.
[Doc. No. 16383, 43 FR 22640, May 25, 1978]
Sec. 65.20 Applications, certificates, logbooks, reports, and records: Falsification, reproduction, or alteration.
(a) No person may make or cause to be made--
(1) Any fraudulent or intentionally false statement on any
application for a certificate or rating under this part;
(2) Any fraudulent or intentionally false entry in any logbook,
record, or report that is required to be kept, made, or used, to show
compliance with any requirement for any certificate or rating under this
part;
(3) Any reproduction, for fraudulent purpose, of any certificate or
rating under this part; or
(4) Any alteration of any certificate or rating under this part.
(b) The commission by any person of an act prohibited under
paragraph (a)
[[Page 103]]
of this section is a basis for suspending or revoking any airman or
ground instructor certificate or rating held by that person.
[Doc. No. 4086, 30 FR 2196, Feb. 18, 1965]
Sec. 65.21 Change of address.
Within 30 days after any change in his permanent mailing address,
the holder of a certificate issued under this part shall notify the
Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Airman
Certification Branch, Post Office Box 25082, Oklahoma City, OK 73125, in
writing, of his new address.
[Doc. No. 10536, 35 FR 14075, Sept. 4, 1970]
Sec. 65.23 Refusal to submit to a drug or alcohol test.
(a) General. This section applies to an employee who performs a
function listed in appendix I or appendix J to part 121 of this chapter
directly or by contract for a part 121 certificate holder, a part 135
certificate holder, an operator as defined in Sec. 135.1(c) of this
chapter, or an air traffic control facility not operated by the FAA or
the U.S. military.
(b) Refusal by the holder of a certificate issued under this part to
take a drug test required under the provisions of appendix I to part 121
or an alcohol test required under the provisions of appendix J to part
121 is grounds for--
(1) Denial of an application for any certificate or rating issued
under this part for a period of up to 1 year after the date of such
refusal; and
(2) Suspension or revocation of any certificate or rating issued
under this part.
[Amdt. 65-37, 59 FR 7389, Feb. 15, 1994]
Subpart B--Air Traffic Control Tower Operators
Source: Docket No. 10193, 35 FR 12326, Aug. 1, 1970, unless
otherwise noted.
Sec. 65.31 Required certificates, and rating or qualification.
No person may act as an air traffic control tower operator at an air
traffic control tower in connection with civil aircraft unless he--
(a) Holds an air traffic control tower operator certificate issued
to him under this subpart;
(b) Holds a facility rating for that control tower issued to him
under this subpart, or has qualified for the operating position at which
he acts and is under the supervision of the holder of a facility rating
for that control tower; and
For the purpose of this subpart, operating position means an air traffic
control function performed within or directly associated with the
control tower;
(c) Except for a person employed by the FAA or employed by, or on
active duty with, the Department of the Air Force, Army, or Navy or the
Coast Guard, holds at least a second-class medical certificate issued
under part 67 of this chapter.
[Doc. No. 10193, 35 FR 12326, Aug. 1, 1970, as amended by Amdt. 65-25,
45 FR 18911, Mar. 24, 1980; Amdt. 65-31, 52 FR 17518, May 8, 1987]
Sec. 65.33 Eligibility requirements: General.
To be eligible for an air traffic control tower operator certificate
a person must--
(a) Be at least 18 years of age;
(b) Be of good moral character;
(c) Be able to read, write, and understand the English language and
speak it without accent or impediment of speech that would interfere
with two-way radio conversation;
(d) Except for a person employed by the FAA or employed by, or on
active duty with, the Department of the Air Force, Army, or Navy or the
Coast Guard, hold at least a second-class medical certificate issued
under part 67 of this chapter within the 12 months before the date
application is made; and
(e) Comply with Sec. 65.35.
[Doc. No. 10193, 35 FR 12326, Aug. 1, 1970, as amended by Amdt. 65-25,
45 FR 18911, Mar. 24, 1980; Amdt. 65-31, 52 FR 17518, May 8, 1987]
Sec. 65.35 Knowledge requirements.
Each applicant for an air traffic control tower operator certificate
must pass a written test on--
(a) The flight rules in part 91 of this chapter:
[[Page 104]]
(b) Airport traffic control procedures, and this subpart:
(c) En route traffic control procedures;
(d) Communications operating procedures;
(e) Flight assistance service;
(f) Air navigation, and aids to air navigation; and
(g) Aviation weather.
Sec. 65.37 Skill requirements: Operating positions.
No person may act as an air traffic control tower operator at any
operating position unless he has passed a practical test on--
(a) Control tower equipment and its use;
(b) Weather reporting procedures and use of reports;
(c) Notices to Airmen, and use of the Airman's Information Manual;
(d) Use of operational forms;
(e) Performance of noncontrol operational duties; and
(f) Each of the following procedures that is applicable to that
operating position and is required by the person performing the
examination:
(1) The airport, including rules, equipment, runways, taxiways, and
obstructions.
(2) The terrain features, visual checkpoints, and obstructions
within the lateral boundaries of the surface areas of Class B, Class C,
Class D, or Class E airspace designated for the airport.
(3) Traffic patterns and associated procedures for use of
preferential runways and noise abatement.
(4) Operational agreements.
(5) The center, alternate airports, and those airways, routes,
reporting points, and air navigation aids used for terminal air traffic
control.
(6) Search and rescue procedures.
(7) Terminal air traffic control procedures and phraseology.
(8) Holding procedures, prescribed instrument approach, and
departure procedures.
(9) Radar alignment and technical operation.
(10) The application of the prescribed radar and nonradar separation
standard, as appropriate.
[Doc. No. 10193, 35 FR 12326, Aug. 1, 1991, as amended by Amdt. 65-36,
56 FR 65653, Dec. 17, 1991]
Sec. 65.39 Practical experience requirements: Facility rating.
Each applicant for a facility rating at any air traffic control
tower must have satisfactorily served--
(a) As an air traffic control tower operator at that control tower
without a facility rating for at least 6 months; or
(b) As an air traffic control tower operator with a facility rating
at a different control tower for at least 6 months before the date he
applies for the rating.
However, an applicant who is a member of an Armed Force of the United
States meets the requirements of this section if he has satisfactorily
served as an air traffic control tower operator for at least 6 months.
[Doc. No. 1179, 27 FR 7973, Aug. 10, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 65-19, 36
FR 21280, Nov. 5, 1971]
Sec. 65.41 Skill requirements: Facility ratings.
Each applicant for a facility rating at an air traffic control tower
must have passed a practical test on each item listed in Sec. 65.37 of
this part that is applicable to each operating position at the control
tower at which the rating is sought.
Sec. 65.43 Rating privileges and exchange.
(a) The holder of a senior rating on August 31, 1970, may at any
time after that date exchange his rating for a facility rating at the
same air traffic control tower. However, if he does not do so before
August 31, 1971, he may not thereafter exercise the privileges of his
senior rating at the control tower concerned until he makes the
exchange.
(b) The holder of a junior rating on August 31, 1970, may not
control air traffic, at any operating position at the control tower
concerned, until he has met the applicable requirements of Sec. 65.37 of
this part. However, before
[[Page 105]]
meeting those requirements he may control air traffic under the
supervision, where required, of an operator with a senior rating (or
facility rating) in accordance with Sec. 65.41 of this part in effect
before August 31, 1970.
Sec. 65.45 Performance of duties.
(a) An air traffic control tower operator shall perform his duties
in accordance with the limitations on his certificate and the procedures
and practices prescribed in air traffic control manuals of the FAA, to
provide for the safe, orderly, and expeditious flow of air traffic.
(b) An operator with a facility rating may control traffic at any
operating position at the control tower at which he holds a facility
rating. However, he may not issue an air traffic clearance for IFR
flight without authorization from the appropriate facility exercising
IFR control at that location.
(c) An operator who does not hold a facility rating for a particular
control tower may act at each operating position for which he has
qualified, under the supervision of an operator holding a facility
rating for that control tower.
[Doc. No. 10193, 35 FR 12326, Aug. 1, 1970, as amended by Amdt. 65-16,
35 FR 14075, Sept. 4, 1970]
Sec. 65.46 Use of prohibited drugs.
(a) The following definitions apply for the purposes of this
section:
(1) An employee is a person who performs an air traffic control
function for an employer. For the purpose of this section, a person who
performs such a function pursuant to a contract with an employer is
considered to be performing that function for the employer.
(2) An ``employer'' means an air traffic control facility not
operated by the FAA or by or under contract to the U.S. military that
employs a person to perform an air traffic control function.
(b) Each employer shall provide each employee performing a function
listed in appendix I to part 121 of this chapter and his or her
supervisor with the training specified in that appendix. No employer may
use any contractor to perform an air traffic control function unless
that contractor provides each of its employees performing that function
for the employer and his or her supervisor with the training specified
in that appendix.
(c) No employer may knowingly use any person to perform, nor may any
person perform for an employer, either directly or by contract, any air
traffic control function while that person has a prohibited drug, as
defined in appendix I to part 121 of this chapter, in his or her system.
(d) No employer shall knowingly use any person to perform, nor may
any person perform for an employer, either directly or by contract, any
air traffic control function if the person has a verified positive drug
test result on or has refused to submit to a drug test required by
appendix I to part 121 of this chapter and the person has not met the
requirements of appendix I to part 121 of this chapter for returning to
the performance of safety-sensitive duties.
(e) Each employer shall test each of its employees who performs any
air traffic control function in accordance with appendix I to part 121
of this chapter. No employer may use any contractor to perform any air
traffic control function unless that contractor tests each employee
performing such a function for the employer in accordance with that
appendix.
[Doc. No. 25148, 53 FR 47056, Nov. 21, 1988, as amended by Amdt. 65-38,
59 FR 42927, Aug. 19, 1994]
Sec. 65.46a Misuse of alcohol.
(a) This section applies to employees who perform air traffic
control duties directly or by contract for an employer that is an air
traffic control facility not operated by the FAA or the U.S. military
(covered employees).
(b) Alcohol concentration. No covered employee shall report for duty
or remain on duty requiring the performance of safety-sensitive
functions while having an alcohol concentration of 0.04 or greater. No
employer having actual knowledge that an employee has an alcohol
concentration of 0.04 or greater shall permit the employee to perform or
continue to perform safety-sensitive functions.
(c) On-duty use. No covered employee shall use alcohol while
performing safety-sensitive functions. No employer having actual
knowledge that a
[[Page 106]]
covered employee is using alcohol while performing safety-sensitive
functions shall permit the employee to perform or continue to perform
safety-sensitive functions.
(d) Pre-duty use. No covered employee shall perform air traffic
control duties within 8 hours after using alcohol. No employer having
actual knowledge that such an employee has used alcohol within 8 hours
shall permit the employee to perform or continue to perform air traffic
control duties.
(e) Use following an accident. No covered employee who has actual
knowledge of an accident involving an aircraft for which he or she
performed a safety-sensitive function at or near the time of the
accident shall use alcohol for 8 hours following the accident, unless he
or she has been given a post-accident test under appendix J to part 121
of this chapter, or the employer has determined that the employee's
performance could not have contributed to the accident.
(f) Refusal to submit to a required alcohol test. No covered
employee shall refuse to submit to a post-accident, random, reasonable
suspicion, or follow-up alcohol test required under appendix J to part
121 of this chapter. No employer shall permit an employee who refuses to
submit to such a test to perform or continue to perform safety-sensitive
functions.
[Amdt. 65-37, 59 FR 7389, Feb. 15, 1994]
Sec. 65.46b Testing for alcohol.
(a) Each air traffic control facility not operated by the FAA or the
U.S. military (hereinafter employer) must establish an alcohol misuse
prevention program in accordance with the provisions of appendix J to
part 121 of this chapter.
(b) No employer shall use any person who meets the definition of
covered employee in appendix J to part 121 to perform a safety-sensitive
function listed in that appendix unless such person is subject to
testing for alcohol misuse in accordance with the provisions of appendix
J.
[Amdt. 65-37, 59 FR 7389, Feb. 15, 1994]
Sec. 65.47 Maximum hours.
Except in an emergency, a certificated air traffic control tower
operator must be relieved of all duties for at least 24 consecutive
hours at least once during each 7 consecutive days. Such an operator may
not serve or be required to serve--
(a) For more than 10 consecutive hours; or
(b) For more than 10 hours during a period of 24 consecutive hours,
unless he has had a rest period of at least 8 hours at or before the end
of the 10 hours of duty.
Sec. 65.49 General operating rules.
(a) Except for a person employed by the FAA or employed by, or on
active duty with, the Department of the Air Force, Army, or Navy, or the
Coast Guard, no person may act as an air traffic control tower operator
under a certificate issued to him or her under this part unless he or
she has in his or her personal possession an appropriate current medical
certificate issued under part 67 of this chapter.
(b) Each person holding an air traffic control tower operator
certificate shall keep it readily available when performing duties in an
air traffic control tower, and shall present that certificate or his
medical certificate or both for inspection upon the request of the
Administrator or an authorized representative of the National
Transportation Safety Board, or of any Federal, State, or local law
enforcement officer.
(c) A certificated air traffic control tower operator who does not
hold a facility rating for a particular control tower may not act at any
operating position at the control tower concerned unless there is
maintained at that control tower, readily available to persons named in
paragraph (b) of this section, a current record of the operating
positions at which he has qualified.
(d) An air traffic control tower operator may not perform duties
under his certificate during any period of known physical deficiency
that would make him unable to meet the physical requirements for his
current medical certificate. However, if the deficiency is temporary, he
may perform duties that are not affected by it whenever another
[[Page 107]]
certificated and qualified operator is present and on duty.
(e) A certificated air traffic control tower operator may not
control air traffic with equipment that the Administrator has found to
be inadequate.
(f) The holder of an air traffic control tower operator certificate,
or an applicant for one, shall, upon the reasonable request of the
Administrator, cooperate fully in any test that is made of him.
[Doc. No. 1179, 27 FR 7973, Aug. 10, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 65-31, 52
FR 17519, May 8, 1987]
Sec. 65.50 Currency requirements.
The holder of an air traffic control tower operator certificate may
not perform any duties under that certificate unless--
(a) He has served for at least three of the preceding 6 months as an
air traffic control tower operator at the control tower to which his
facility rating applies, or at the operating positions for which he has
qualified; or
(b) He has shown that he meets the requirements for his certificate
and facility rating at the control tower concerned, or for operating at
positions for which he has previously qualified.
Subpart C--Aircraft Dispatchers
Sec. 65.51 Certificate required.
(a) No person may serve as an aircraft dispatcher (exercising
responsibility with the pilot in command in the operational control of a
flight) in connection with any civil aircraft in air commerce unless he
has in his personal possession a current aircraft dispatcher certificate
issued under this subpart.
(b) Each person who holds an aircraft dispatcher certificate shall
present it for inspection upon the request of the Administrator or an
authorized representative of the National Transportation Safety Board,
or of any Federal, State, or local law enforcement officer.
[Doc. No. 1179, 27 FR 7973, Aug. 10, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 65-9, 31
FR 13524, Oct. 20, 1966; 32 FR 5769, Apr. 11, 1967]
Sec. 65.53 Eligibility requirements: General.
To be eligible for an aircraft dispatcher certificate, a person
must--
(a) Be at least 23 years of age;
(b) Be able to read, speak, and understand the English language, or
have an appropriate limitation placed on his certificate;
(c) Comply with Secs. 65.55, 65.57, and 65.59.
Sec. 65.55 Knowledge requirements.
(a) An applicant for an aircraft dispatcher certificate must pass a
written test on--
(1) The regulations of this chapter that apply to the duties of an
aircraft dispatcher;
(2) The general system of collecting and disseminating weather
information;
(3) Interpreting aviation weather reports, including abbreviations
and symbols, as prescribed in ``National Weather Service Federal
Meteorological Handbook No. 1,'' as amended;
(4) The fundamentals of meteorology as applied to aircraft
operations, particularly as to--
(i) Surface and upper air weather maps and general characteristics
of air masses, pressure systems, and frontal systems, including their
symbols and nomenclature;
(ii) Cloud forms and their significance; and
(iii) Icing, turbulence, thunderstorms, fog and low ceilings, winds
aloft, pressure pattern flying, the influence of terrain on
meteorological conditions, and general principles of forecasting and
analysis;
(5) Principles of aircraft navigation with particular respect to
instrument operation and procedures;
(6) Communications facilities and procedures;
(7) Air navigation facilities and procedures; and
(8) Air traffic control procedures.
(b) A report of the test is sent to the applicant. A passing grade
is evidence, for a period of 24 months after the date the test is given,
that the applicant has complied with this section.
[Doc. No. 1179, 27 FR 7973, Aug. 10, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 65-18, 36
FR 13911, July 28, 1971]
[[Page 108]]
Sec. 65.57 Experience requirements.
An applicant for an aircraft dispatcher certificate must present
documentary evidence satisfactory to the Administrator that he has the
experience prescribed in any one of the following paragraphs:
(a) A total of at least 2 of the 3 years before the date he applies,
in scheduled air carrier operations, scheduled military aviation
operations, or any other aircraft operations that the Administrator
finds provides equivalent experience--
(1) As a pilot member of a flight crew;
(2) As a flight radio operator or ground radio operator;
(3) As a flight navigator;
(4) As a meteorologist;
(5) Performing the duties of an aircraft dispatcher or his
assistant; or
(6) Performing other duties that the Administrator finds provide
equivalent experience.
(b) A total of at least 2 of the 3 years before the date he applies,
as an air route traffic controller or a certificated air-traffic
control-tower operator.
(c) A total of at least 1 of the 2 years before the date he applies,
as an assistant in dispatching scheduled air carrier aircraft performing
the duties of an aircraft dispatcher under the direct supervision of a
certificated dispatcher.
(d) Within 90 days before the date he applies, successful completion
of a course of instruction approved by the Administrator as adequate for
the training of an aircraft dispatcher.
An applicant is entitled to credit any combination of experience in
paragraph (a), or paragraphs (a) and (b), of this section, if the
aggregate of that experience is at least 2 years.
Sec. 65.59 Skill requirements.
An applicant for an aircraft dispatcher certificate must pass a
practical test--
(a) With respect to any one type of large aircraft used in air
carrier operations, on--
(1) Weight and balance limitations;
(2) Performance operating limitations;
(3) Using cruise control charts;
(4) Fuel and oil capacities and rates of consumption; and
(5) Using the operations manual;
(b) On the characteristics of air routes and airports with
particular reference to--
(1) Landing areas;
(2) Lighting facilities; and
(3) Approach and landing facilities and procedures;
(c) On the use and limitations of sensitive-type altimeters;
(d) On applying available weather forecasts and reports to determine
whether a flight can be made safely;
(e) On using the Airman's Guide and the Flight Information Manual;
(f) On dispatching and assisting a flight under adverse weather
conditions; and
(g) On emergency procedures.
Sec. 65.61 Aircraft dispatcher courses.
An applicant for approval of an aircraft dispatcher course shall
submit a letter to the Administrator requesting approval, and shall also
submit three copies of the course outline, a description of his
equipment and facilities and a list of the instructors and their
qualifications. Requirements for the course and the outline are set
forth in appendix A to this part.
Subpart D--Mechanics
Sec. 65.71 Eligibility requirements: General.
(a) To be eligible for a mechanic certificate and associated
ratings, a person must--
(1) Be at least 18 years of age;
(2) Be able to read, write, speak, and understand the English
language, or in the case of an applicant who does not meet this
requirement and who is employed outside of the United States by a U.S.
air carrier, have his certificate endorsed ``Valid only outside the
United States'';
(3) Have passed all of the prescribed tests within a period of 24
months; and
(4) Comply with the sections of this subpart that apply to the
rating he seeks.
(b) A certificated mechanic who applies for an additional rating
must meet the requirements of Sec. 65.77 and, within a period of 24
months, pass the
[[Page 109]]
tests prescribed by Secs. 65.75 and 65.79 for the additional rating
sought.
[Doc. No. 1179, 27 FR 7973, Aug. 10, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 65-6, 31
FR 5950, Apr. 19, 1966]
Sec. 65.73 Ratings.
(a) The following ratings are issued under this subpart:
(1) Airframe.
(2) Powerplant.
(b) A mechanic certificate with an aircraft or aircraft engine
rating, or both, that was issued before, and was valid on, June 15,
1952, is equal to a mechanic certificate with an airframe or powerplant
rating, or both, as the case may be, and may be exchanged for such a
corresponding certificate and rating or ratings.
Sec. 65.75 Knowledge requirements.
(a) Each applicant for a mechanic certificate or rating must, after
meeting the applicable experience requirements of Sec. 65.77, pass a
written test covering the construction and maintenance of aircraft
appropriate to the rating he seeks, the regulations in this subpart, and
the applicable provisions of parts 43 and 91 of this chapter. The basic
principles covering the installation and maintenance of propellers are
included in the powerplant test.
(b) The applicant must pass each section of the test before applying
for the oral and practical tests prescribed by Sec. 65.79. A report of
the written test is sent to the applicant.
[Doc. No. 1179, 27 FR 7973, Aug. 10, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 65-1, 27
FR 10410, Oct. 25, 1962; Amdt. 65-6, 31 FR 5950, Apr. 19, 1966]
Sec. 65.77 Experience requirements.
Each applicant for a mechanic certificate or rating must present
either an appropriate graduation certificate or certificate of
completion from a certificated cated aviation maintenance technician
school or documentary evidence, satisfactory to the Administrator, of--
(a) At least 18 months of practical experience with the procedures,
practices, materials, tools, machine tools, and equipment generally used
in constructing, maintaining, or altering airframes, or powerplants
appropriate to the rating sought; or
(b) At least 30 months of practical experience concurrently
performing the duties appropriate to both the airframe and powerplant
ratings.
[Doc. No. 1179, 27 FR, 7973, Aug. 10, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 65-14,
35 FR, 5533, Apr. 3, 1970]
Sec. 65.79 Skill requirements.
Each applicant for a mechanic certificate or rating must pass an
oral and a practical test on the rating he seeks. The tests cover the
applicant's basic skill in performing practical projects on the subjects
covered by the written test for that rating. An applicant for a
powerplant rating must show his ability to make satisfactory minor
repairs to, and minor alterations of, propellers.
Sec. 65.80 Certificated aviation maintenance technician school students.
Whenever an aviation maintenance technician school certificated
under part 147 of this chapter shows to an FAA inspector that any of its
students has made satisfactory progress at the school and is prepared to
take the oral and practical tests prescribed by Sec. 65.79, that student
may take those tests during the final subjects of his training in the
approved curriculum, before he meets the applicable experience
requirements of Sec. 65.77 and before he passes each section of the
written test prescribed by Sec. 65.75.
[Doc. No. 9444, 35 FR 5533, Apr. 3, 1970]
Sec. 65.81 General privileges and limitations.
(a) A certificated mechanic may perform or supervise the
maintenance, preventive maintenance or alteration of an aircraft or
appliance, or a part thereof, for which he is rated (but excluding major
repairs to, and major alterations of, propellers, and any repair to, or
alteration of, instruments), and may perform additional duties in
accordance with Secs. 65.85, 65.87, and 65.95. However, he may not
supervise the maintenance, preventive maintenance, or alteration of, or
approve and return to service, any aircraft or appliance, or part
thereof, for which he is rated unless he has satisfactorily performed
the
[[Page 110]]
work concerned at an earlier date. If he has not so performed that work
at an earlier date, he may show his ability to do it by performing it to
the satisfaction of the Administrator or under the direct supervision of
a certificated and appropriately rated mechanic, or a certificated
repairman, who has had previous experience in the specific operation
concerned.
(b) A certificated mechanic may not exercise the privileges of his
certificate and rating unless he understands the current instructions of
the manufacturer, and the maintenance manuals, for the specific
operation concerned.
[Doc. No. 1179, 27 FR 7973, Aug. 10, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 65-2, 29
FR 5451, Apr. 23, 1964; Amdt. 65-26, 45 FR 46737, July 10, 1980]
Sec. 65.83 Recent experience requirements.
A certificated mechanic may not exercise the privileges of his
certificate and rating unless, within the preceding 24 months--
(a) The Administrator has found that he is able to do that work; or
(b) He has, for at least 6 months--
(1) Served as a mechanic under his certificate and rating;
(2) Technically supervised other mechanics;
(3) Supervised, in an executive capacity, the maintenance or
alteration of aircraft; or
(4) Been engaged in any combination of paragraph (b) (1), (2), or
(3) of this section.
Sec. 65.85 Airframe rating; additional privileges.
A certificated mechanic with an airframe rating may approve and
return to service an airframe, or any related part or appliance, after
he has performed, supervised, or inspected its maintenance or alteration
(excluding major repairs and major alterations). In addition, he may
perform the 100-hour inspection required by part 91 of this chapter on
an airframe, or any related part or appliance, and approve and return it
to service.
[Doc. No. 1179, 27 FR 7973, Aug. 10, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 65-10, 32
FR 5770, Apr. 11, 1967]
Sec. 65.87 Powerplant rating; additional privileges.
A certificated mechanic with a powerplant rating may approve and
return to service a powerplant or propeller or any related part or
appliance, after he has performed, supervised, or inspected its
maintenance or alteration (excluding major repairs and major
alterations). In addition, he may perform the 100-hour inspection
required by part 91 of this chapter on a powerplant or propeller, or any
part thereof, and approve and return it to service.
[Doc. No. 1179, 27 FR 7973, Aug. 10, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 65-10, 32
FR 5770, Apr. 11, 1967]
Sec. 65.89 Display of certificate.
Each person who holds a mechanic certificate shall keep it within
the immediate area where he normally exercises the privileges of the
certificate and shall present it for inspection upon the request of the
Administrator or an authorized representative of the National
Transportation Safety Board, or of any Federal, State, or local law
enforcement officer.
[Doc. No. 7258, 31 FR 13524, Oct. 20, 1966, as amended by Doc. No. 8084,
32 FR 5769, Apr. 11, 1967]
Sec. 65.91 Inspection authorization.
(a) An application for an inspection authorization is made on a form
and in a manner prescribed by the Administrator.
(b) An applicant who meets the requirements of this section is
entitled to an inspection authorization.
(c) To be eligible for an inspection authorization, an applicant
must--
(1) Hold a currently effective mechanic certificate with both an
airframe rating and a powerplant rating, each of which is currently
effective and has been in effect for a total of at least 3 years;
(2) Have been actively engaged, for at least the 2-year period
before the date he applies, in maintaining aircraft certificated and
maintained in accordance with this chapter;
(3) Have a fixed base of operations at which he may be located in
person or by telephone during a normal working week but it need not be
the place where
[[Page 111]]
he will exercise his inspection authority;
(4) Have available to him the equipment, facilities, and inspection
data necessary to properly inspect airframes, powerplants, propellers,
or any related part or appliance; and
(5) Pass a written test on his ability to inspect according to
safety standards for returning aircraft to service after major repairs
and major alterations and annual and progressive inspections performed
under part 43 of this chapter.
An applicant who fails the test prescribed in paragraph (c)(5) of this
section may not apply for retesting until at least 90 days after the
date he failed the test.
[Doc. No. 1179, 27 FR 7973, Aug. 10, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 65-5, 31
FR 3337, Mar. 3, 1966; Amdt. 65-22, 42 FR 46279, Sept. 15, 1977; Amdt.
65-30, 50 FR 15700, Apr. 19, 1985]
Sec. 65.92 Inspection authorization: Duration.
(a) Each inspection authorization expires on March 31 of each year.
However, the holder may exercise the privileges of that authorization
only while he holds a currently effective mechanic certificate with both
a currently effective airframe rating and a currently effective
powerplant rating.
(b) An inspection authorization ceases to be effective whenever any
of the following occurs:
(1) The authorization is surrendered, suspended, or revoked.
(2) The holder no longer has a fixed base of operation.
(3) The holder no longer has the equipment, facilities, and
inspection data required by Sec. 65.91(c) (3) and (4) for issuance of
his authorization.
(c) The holder of an inspection authorization that is suspended or
revoked shall, upon the Administrator's request, return it to the
Administrator.
[Doc. No. 12537, 42 FR 46279, Sept. 15, 1977]
Sec. 65.93 Inspection authorization: Renewal.
(a) To be eligible for renewal of an inspection authorization for a
1-year period an applicant must present evidence annually, during the
month of March, at an FAA Flight Standards District Office or an
International Field Office that the applicant still meets the
requirements of Sec. 65.91(c) (1) through (4) and must show that, during
the current period that the applicant held the inspection authorization,
the applicant--
(1) Has performed at least one annual inspection for each 90 days
that the applicant held the current authority; or
(2) Has performed inspections of at least two major repairs or major
alterations for each 90 days that the applicant held the current
authority; or
(3) Has performed or supervised and approved at least one
progressive inspection in accordance with standards prescribed by the
Administrator; or
(4) Has attended and successfully completed a refresher course,
acceptable to the Administrator, of not less than 8 hours of instruction
during the 12-month period preceding the application for renewal; or
(5) Has passed on oral test by an FAA inspector to determine that
the applicant's knowledge of applicable regulations and standards is
current.
(b) The holder of an inspection authorization that has been in
effect for less than 90 days before the expiration date need not comply
with paragraphs (a) (1) through (5) of this section.
[Doc. No. 18241, 45 FR 46738, July 10, 1980, as amended by Amdt. 65-35,
54 FR 39292, Sept. 25, 1989]
Sec. 65.95 Inspection authorization: Privileges and limitations.
(a) The holder of an inspection authorization may--
(1) Inspect and approve for return to service any aircraft or
related part or appliance (except any aircraft maintained in accordance
with a continuous airworthiness program under part 121 or 127 of this
chapter) after a major repair or major alteration to it in accordance
with part 43 [New] of this chapter, if the work was done in accordance
with technical data approved by the Administrator; and
(2) Perform an annual, or perform or supervise a progressive
inspection according to Secs. 43.13 and 43.15 of this chapter.
(b) When he exercises the privileges of an inspection authorization
the
[[Page 112]]
holder shall keep it available for inspection by the aircraft owner, the
mechanic submitting the aircraft, repair, or alteration for approval (if
any), and shall present it upon the request of the Administrator or an
authorized representative of the National Transportation Safety Board,
or of any Federal, State, or local law enforcement officer.
(c) If the holder of an inspection authorization changes his fixed
base of operation, he may not exercise the privileges of the
authorization until he has notified the FAA Flight Standards District
Office or International Field Office for the area in which the new base
is located, in writing, of the change.
[Doc. No. 1179, 27 FR 7973, Aug. 10, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 65-2, 29
FR 5451, Apr. 23, 1964; Amdt. 65-4, 30 FR 3638, Mar. 14, 1965; Amdt. 65-
5, 31 FR 3337, Mar. 3, 1966; Amdt. 65-9, 31 FR 13524, Oct. 20, 1966; 32
FR 5769, Apr. 11, 1967; Amdt. 65-35, 54 FR 39292, Sept. 25, 1989]
Subpart E--Repairmen
Sec. 65.101 Eligibility requirements: General.
(a) To be eligible for a repairman certificate a person must--
(1) Be at least 18 years of age;
(2) Be specially qualified to perform maintenance on aircraft or
components thereof, appropriate to the job for which he is employed;
(3) Be employed for a specific job requiring those special
qualifications by a certificated repair station, or by a certificated
commercial operator or certificated air carrier, that is required by its
operating certificate or approved operations specifications to provide a
continuous airworthiness maintenance program according to its
maintenance manuals;
(4) Be recommended for certification by his employer, to the
satisfaction of the Administrator, as able to satisfactorily maintain
aircraft or components, appropriate to the job for which he is employed;
(5) Have either--
(i) At least 18 months of practical experience in the procedures,
practices, inspection methods, materials, tools, machine tools, and
equipment generally used in the maintenance duties of the specific job
for which the person is to be employed and certificated; or
(ii) Completed formal training that is acceptable to the
Administrator and is specifically designed to qualify the applicant for
the job on which the applicant is to be employed; and
(6) Be able to read, write, speak, and understand the English
language, or, in the case of an applicant who does not meet this
requirement and who is employed outside the United States by a
certificated repair station, a certificated U.S. commercial operator, or
a certificated U.S. air carrier, described in paragraph (c) of this
section, have his certificate endorsed ``Valid only outside the United
States.''
(b) This section does not apply to the issuance of repairman
certificates (experimental aircraft builder) under Sec. 65.104.
[Doc. No. 1179, 27 FR 7973, Aug. 10, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 65-11, 32
FR 13506, Sept. 27, 1967; Amdt. 65-24, 44 FR 46781, Aug. 9, 1979; Amdt.
65-27, 47 FR 13316, Mar. 29, 1982]
Sec. 65.103 Repairman certificate: Privileges and limitations.
(a) A certificated repairman may perform or supervise the
maintenance, preventive maintenance, or alteration of aircraft or
aircraft components appropriate to the job for which the repairman was
employed and certificated, but only in connection with duties for the
certificate holder by whom the repairman was employed and recommended.
(b) A certificated repairman may not perform or supervise duties
under the repairman certificate unless the repairman understands the
current instructions of the certificate holder by whom the repairman is
employed and the manufacturer's instructions for continued airworthiness
relating to the specific operations concerned.
[Doc. No. 18241, 45 FR 46738, July 10, 1980]
Sec. 65.104 Repairman certificate--experimental aircraft builder--Eligibility, privileges and limitations.
(a) To be eligible for a repairman certificate (experimental
aircraft builder), an individual must--
(1) Be at least 18 years of age;
[[Page 113]]
(2) Be the primary builder of the aircraft to which the privileges
of the certificate are applicable;
(3) Show to the satisfaction of the Administrator that the
individual has the requisite skill to determine whether the aircraft is
in a condition for safe operations; and
(4) Be a citizen of the United States or an individual citizen of a
foreign country who has lawfully been admitted for permanent residence
in the United States.
(b) The holder of a repairman certificate (experimental aircraft
builder) may perform condition inspections on the aircraft constructed
by the holder in accordace with the operating limitations of that
aircraft.
(c) Section 65.103 does not apply to the holder of a repairman
certificate (experimental aircraft builder) while performing under that
certificate.
[Doc. No. 18739, 44 FR 46781, Aug. 9, 1979]
Sec. 65.105 Display of certificate.
Each person who holds a repairman certificate shall keep it within
the immediate area where he normally exercises the privileges of the
certificate and shall present it for inspection upon the request of the
Administrator or an authorized representative of the National
Transportation Safety Board, or of any Federal, State, or local law
enforcement officer.
[Doc. No. 7258, 31 FR 13524, Oct. 20, 1966, as amended by Doc. No. 8084,
32 FR 5769, Apr. 11, 1967]
Subpart F--Parachute Riggers
Sec. 65.111 Certificate required.
(a) No person may pack, maintain, or alter any personnel-carrying
parachute intended for emergency use in connection with civil aircraft
of the United States (including the auxiliary parachute of a dual
parachute pack to be used for intentional jumping) unless he holds an
appropriate current certificate and type rating issued under this
subpart and complies with Secs. 65.127 through 65.133.
(b) No person may pack, maintain, or alter any main parachute of a
dual parachute pack to be used for intentional jumping in connection
with civil aircraft of the United States unless he has an appropriate
current certificate issued under this subpart. However, a person who
does not hold such a certificate may pack the main parachute of a dual
parachute pack that is to be used by him for intentional jumping.
(c) Each person who holds a parachute rigger certificate shall
present it for inspection upon the request of the Administrator or an
authorized representative of the National Transportation Safety Board,
or of any Federal, State, or local law enforcement officer.
(d) The following parachute rigger certificates are issued under
this part:
(1) Senior parachute rigger.
(2) Master parachute rigger.
(e) Sections 65.127 through 65.133 do not apply to parachutes
packed, maintained, or altered for the use of the armed forces.
[Doc. No. 1179, 27 FR 7973, Aug. 10, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 65-9, 31
FR 13524, Oct. 20, 1966; 32 FR 5769, Apr. 11, 1967]
Sec. 65.113 Eligibility requirements: General.
(a) To be eligible for a parachute rigger certificate, a person
must--
(1) Be at least 18 years of age;
(2) Be able to read, write, speak, and understand the English
language, or, in the case of a citizen of Puerto Rico, or a person who
is employed outside of the United States by a U.S. air carrier, and who
does not meet this requirement, be issued a certificate that is valid
only in Puerto Rico or while he is employed outside of the United States
by that air carrier, as the case may be; and
(3) Comply with the sections of this subpart that apply to the
certificate and type rating he seeks.
(b) Except for a master parachute rigger certificate, a parachute
rigger certificate that was issued before, and was valid on, October 31,
1962, is equal to a senior parachute rigger certificate, and may be
exchanged for such a corresponding certificate.
Sec. 65.115 Senior parachute rigger certificate: Experience, knowledge, and skill requirements.
Except as provided in Sec. 65.117, an applicant for a senior
parachute rigger certificate must--
[[Page 114]]
(a) Present evidence satisfactory to the Administrator that he has
packed at least 20 parachutes of each type for which he seeks a rating,
in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions and under the
supervision of a certificated parachute rigger holding a rating for that
type or a person holding an appropriate military rating;
(b) Pass a written test, with respect to parachutes in common use,
on--
(1) Their construction, packing, and maintenance;
(2) The manufacturer's instructions;
(3) The regulations of this subpart; and
(c) Pass an oral and practical test showing his ability to pack and
maintain at least one type of parachute in common use, appropriate to
the type rating he seeks.
[Doc. No. 10468, 37 FR 13251, July 6, 1972]
Sec. 65.117 Military riggers or former military riggers: Special certification rule.
In place of the procedure in Sec. 65.115, an applicant for a senior
parachute rigger certificate is entitled to it if he passes a written
test on the regulations of this subpart and presents satisfactory
documentary evidence that he--
(a) Is a member or civilian employee of an Armed Force of the United
States, is a civilian employee of a regular armed force of a foreign
country, or has, within the 12 months before he applies, been honorably
discharged or released from any status covered by this paragraph;
(b) Is serving, or has served within the 12 months before he
applies, as a parachute rigger for such an Armed Force; and
(c) Has the experience required by Sec. 65.115(a).
Sec. 65.119 Master parachute rigger certificate: Experience, knowledge, and skill requirements.
An applicant for a master parachute rigger certificate must meet the
following requirements:
(a) Present evidence satisfactory to the Administrator that he has
had at least 3 years of experience as a parachute rigger and has
satisfactorily packed at least 100 parachutes of each of two types in
common use, in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions--
(1) While a certificated and appropriately rated senior parachute
rigger; or
(2) While under the supervision of a certificated and appropriately
rated parachute rigger or a person holding appropriate military ratings.
An applicant may combine experience specified in paragraphs (a) (1) and
(2) of this section to meet the requirements of this paragraph.
(b) If the applicant is not the holder of a senior parachute rigger
certificate, pass a written test, with respect to parachutes in common
use, on--
(1) Their construction, packing, and maintenance;
(2) The manufacturer's instructions; and
(3) The regulations of this subpart.
(c) Pass an oral and practical test showing his ability to pack and
maintain two types of parachutes in common use, appropriate to the type
ratings he seeks.
[Doc. No. 10468, 37 FR 13252, July 6, 1972]
Sec. 65.121 Type ratings.
(a) The following type ratings are issued under this subpart:
(1) Seat.
(2) Back.
(3) Chest.
(4) Lap.
(b) The holder of a senior parachute rigger certificate who
qualifies for a master parachute rigger certificate is entitled to have
placed on his master parachute rigger certificate the ratings that were
on his senior parachute rigger certificate.
Sec. 65.123 Additional type ratings: Requirements.
A certificated parachute rigger who applies for an additional type
rating must--
(a) Present evidence satisfactory to the Administrator that he has
packed at least 20 parachutes of the type for which he seeks a rating,
in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions and under the
supervision of a certificated parachute rigger holding a rating for that
type or a person holding an appropriate military rating; and
[[Page 115]]
(b) Pass a practical test, to the satisfaction of the Administrator,
showing his ability to pack and maintain the type of parachute for which
he seeks a rating.
[Doc. No. 1179, 27 FR 7973, Aug. 10, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 65-20, 37
FR 13251, July 6, 1972]
Sec. 65.125 Certificates: Privileges.
(a) A certificated senior parachute rigger may--
(1) Pack or maintain (except for major repair) any type of parachute
for which he is rated; and
(2) Supervise other persons in packing any type of parachute for
which he is rated.
(b) A certificated master parachute rigger may--
(1) Pack, maintain, or alter any type of parachute for which he is
rated; and
(2) Supervise other persons in packing, maintaining, or altering any
type of parachute for which he is rated.
(c) A certificated parachute rigger need not comply with
Secs. 65.127 through 65.133 (relating to facilities, equipment,
performance standards, records, recent experience, and seal) in packing,
maintaining, or altering (if authorized) the main parachute of a dual
parachute pack to be used for intentional jumping.
[Doc. No. 1179, 27 FR 7973, Aug. 10, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 65-20, 37
FR 13252, July 6, 1972]
Sec. 65.127 Facilities and equipment.
No certificated parachute rigger may exercise the privileges of his
certificate unless he has at least the following facilities and
equipment available to him:
(a) A smooth top table at least three feet wide by 40 feet long.
(b) Suitable housing that is adequately heated, lighted, and
ventilated for drying and airing parachutes.
(c) Enough packing tools and other equipment to pack and maintain
the types of parachutes that he services.
(d) Adequate housing facilities to perform his duties and to protect
his tools and equipment.
[Doc. No. 1179, 27 FR 7973, Aug. 10, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 65-27, 47
FR 13316, Mar. 29, 1982]
Sec. 65.129 Performance standards.
No certificated parachute rigger may--
(a) Pack, maintain, or alter any parachute unless he is rated for
that type;
(b) Pack a parachute that is not safe for emergency use;
(c) Pack a parachute that has not been thoroughly dried and aired;
(d) Alter a parachute in a manner that is not specifically
authorized by the Administrator or the manufacturer;
(e) Pack, maintain, or alter a parachute in any manner that deviates
from procedures approved by the Administrator or the manufacturer of the
parachute; or
(f) Exercise the privileges of his certificate and type rating
unless he understands the current manufacturer's instructions for the
operation involved and has--
(1) Performed duties under his certificate for at least 90 days
within the preceding 12 months; or
(2) Shown the Administrator that he is able to perform those duties.
Sec. 65.131 Records.
(a) Each certificated parachute rigger shall keep a record of the
packing, maintenance, and alteration of parachutes performed or
supervised by him. He shall keep in that record, with respect to each
parachute worked on, a statement of--
(1) Its type and make;
(2) Its serial number;
(3) The name and address of its owner;
(4) The kind and extent of the work performed;
(5) The date when and place where the work was performed; and
(6) The results of any drop tests made with it.
(b) Each person who makes a record under paragraph (a) of this
section shall keep it for at least 2 years after the date it is made.
(c) Each certificated parachute rigger who packs a parachute shall
write, on the parachute packing record attached to the parachute, the
date and place of the packing and a notation of any defects he finds on
inspection. He shall sign that record with his name and the number of
his certificate.
[[Page 116]]
Sec. 65.133 Seal.
Each certificated parachute rigger must have a seal with an
identifying mark prescribed by the Administrator, and a seal press.
After packing a parachute he shall seal the pack with his seal in
accordance with the manufacturer's recommendation for that type of
parachute.
Appendix A to Part 65--Aircraft Dispatcher Courses
(a) Training course outline. It is not mandatory that the training
course outline have the subject headings arranged exactly as listed in
the following example. Any arrangement of headings and subheadings will
be satisfactory provided all the subjects listed in this section are
included. Each general subject of the outline shall be broken down, in
detail, showing the items to be covered. Additional subjects, especially
those which are not closely associated with the training of aircraft
dispatchers, may be listed so long as the hourly requirements devoted to
the subjects are not included as a part of the basic minimum hours.
(b) Format of the training outline and course requirements. The
course outline submitted for approval must be in looseleaf form, must
include a table of contents and minimum coverage of the course material,
and must include the following:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Classroom
Subject hours
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Federal Aviation Regulations................................ 15
Subpart C of part 65 of this chapter.
Parts 25, 91, 103, and 121 of this chapter.
Part 430 of the Regulations of the National Transportation
Safety Board, ``Rules Pertaining to Aircraft Accidents,
Incidents, Overdue Aircraft, and Safety Investigation'',
on sale at the Government Printing Office
Meteorology................................................. 75
Basic properties of the atmosphere:
Composition.
Density.
Measurement.
General circulation.
Solar heating.
Clouds:
Formation.
Condensation.
Precipitation.
Use of cloud knowledge in forecasting.
Stability and instability.
Air mass analysis:
Classification.
Flying conditions to be encountered.
Use of air mass knowledge in forecasting.
Analysis of fronts:
Structure and characteristics.
Cloud sequences in fronts.
Establishing position of front by cloud types.
Fronts in North America and seasonal variations
Flying weather in fronts.
Cyclones and anticyclones.
Fog:
Types.
Cause and formation.
Ice:
Type.
Cause and formation.
Thunderstorms, hurricanes, tornados:
Causes.
Methods of forecasting.
Structure and complexity of internal winds.
Hail, its cause and formation.
Turbulence:
Determining the smooth level of flights.
Cause.
Interpreting weather data:
Weather sequences and symbols.
Weather map symbols.
Drawing a weather map.
Reading a weather map.
Upper-level charts.
Adiabatic charts.
Winds-aloft charts.
Instruments used to gather and record the weather
Weather forecasting:
Extrapolation.
Movement of fronts and air masses.
Isobars.
Barometric tendency.
Application of weather knowledge:
Planning a flight.
Navigation.................................................. 30
[[Page 117]]
Study of the earth as a planet (charts, maps, and
projections):
Mercator projections.
Gnomonic projections.
Lambert projections.
Polyconic projections.
Chart reading:
Symbols, landmarks, etc.
Dead reckoning:
Magnetic variation, compass deviation terms, winds and
vectors
Correction angle.
Findings wind drift-off course.
Off course problems.
Wind velocity by single and double drift.
Interception problems.
Radius of action--problems.
Search problems.
Computer use--problems.
Radio navigation:
Principles of the radio range, radio compass direction
finder, marker beacons, ILS, CCA, radio altimeter,
LORAN, and any other
Navigation instruments:
Altimeter, air-speed indicator, compass, drift and rate
of climb indicator
Aircraft.................................................... 15
Weight and balance:
Center of gravity.
How determined.
Center of gravity limits.
Problem in loading.
Engine specifications--Powerplant:
Operating limits.
Fuel consumption.
Accessories.
Operating manual.
Airplane specifications:
Operational equipment.
Flight controls, landing gear hydraulic system,
electrical system, loading characteristics, fuel
capacity heating and ventilating system, and deicing
equipment
Performance:
Effect of weight, wind, air density, and runway surfaces
on take-off performance of aircraft
Power setting and cockpit procedure.
Types of cruise control.
Communications.............................................. 8
Radio-telephone rules and regulations.
FCC rules and regulations.
Company communications:
Air to ground radio communications and procedures
Point to point communications and procedures.
Equipment air to ground and point to point.
FAA communications:
Air to ground radio communications and procedures
Point to point communications and procedures.
Equipment air to ground and point to point.
Simulated instrument flight................................. 10
Instrument familiarization.
Bracketing.
Orientation.
Holding procedure.
Let-down procedure.
Missed-approach procedure.
Air Traffic Control......................................... 30
Air route traffic control procedures and equipment.
Airport traffic control procedures and equipment.
Practical Dispatching....................................... 15
Preflight:
Safety.
Economic advantage.
Crew.
Notams.
The course and distance.
Horizontal and vertical extent of the weather.
Winds.
Forecast.
Minimum safe altitude.
The cruising altitude.
Flight plan.
The alternate plan.
Clearances, company air traffic control.
The fuel.
The load.
The departure time.
In-flight:
Position report.
Altimeter settings.
Weather reports.
Changes in forecast.
Changing instrument altitude.
Changing from VFR to IFR.
Additional clearances.
Emergency procedures.
Post-flight:
Arrival report.
Differences between the forecasted and actual weather
encountered for subsequent flights
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(c) Facilities, equipment, and material. An applicant for authority
to operate an approved aircraft dispatcher course of study must have the
following facilities, equipment, and materials:
(1) Facilities. Suitable classrooms, adequate to accommodate the
largest number of students scheduled for attendance at any one time.
Such classrooms shall be properly heated, lighted, and ventilated.
(2) Equipment and materials. Suitable devices for the teaching of
simulated instrument flight, navigation, and meteorology, acceptable
textbooks, operations manuals, wall maps, charts, blackboards, and
visual aids of a quantity which will provide for each student the
theoretical and practical aspects of aircraft dispatching.
(d) Instructors. (1) The number of instructors available for
conducting the course of study shall be determined according to the
needs and facilities of the applicant. However, the ratio of students
per instructor
[[Page 118]]
may not exceed 25 students for one instructor.
(2) At least one instructor who possesses a currently effective
aircraft dispatcher certificate must be available for coordination of
the training course instruction.
(e) Revision of training course. Requests for revision of course
outlines, facilities, and equipment shall be accomplished in the same
manner established for securing approval of the original course of
study. Revisions must be submitted in such form that an entire page or
pages of the approved outline can be removed and replaced by the
revision.
The list of instructors may be revised at any time without request
for approval, provided the minimum requirements are maintained and the
local inspector is notified.
(f) Credit for previous experience or training. A course operator
may evaluate an entrant's previous experience or training and where the
training or experience is provable and comparable to portions of the
approved course curriculum, may, as each individual case warrants, allow
credit for such, commensurate with accepted training practices. Where
credit is allowed, the basis for allowance and the total hours credited
must be incorporated as a part of the student's records, provided for in
paragraph (g) of this Appendix.
(g) Student records and reports. Approval of a course may not be
continued in effect unless the course operator keeps an accurate record
of each student, including a chronological log of all instructions,
subjects covered, and course examinations and grades, and unless he
prepares and transmits to the FAA not later than January 31 of each
year, a report containing the following information:
(1) The names of all students graduated, together with school grades
for aircraft dispatcher courses.
(2) The names of all students failed or dropped, together with
school grades and reasons for dropping.
(h) Quality of instruction. Approval of a course may not be
continued in effect unless at least 80 percent of the students who apply
within 90 days after graduation are able to qualify on the first attempt
for certification as aircraft dispatchers.
(i) Statement of graduation. Each student who successfully completes
the approved aircraft dispatcher course shall be given a statement of
graduation.
(j) Change of ownership, name, or location--(1) Change of ownership.
Approval of an aircraft dispatcher course may not be continued in effect
after the course has changed ownership. The new owner must obtain a new
approval by following the procedures prescribed for original approval.
(2) Change in name. An approved course changed in name but not
changed in ownership remains valid if the change is reported by the
approved course operator to the local inspector who will issue a letter
of approval under the new name.
(3) Change in location. An approved course remains in effect even
though the approved course operator changes location if the change is
reported without delay by the operator to the local inspector who will
inspect the facilities to be used in the new location and, if they are
found to be adequate, issue a letter of approval showing the new
location.
(k) Cancellation of approval. (1) Failure to meet or maintain any of
the standards set forth herein for the approval or operation of an
approved aircraft dispatcher course is considered to be a sufficient
reason for discontinuing approval of the course.
(2) If an operator desires voluntary cancellation of his approved
course, he shall send a letter requesting cancellation to the
Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration through the local
inspector.
(1) Duration. The authority to operate an approved aircraft
dispatcher course of study expires 24 months after the last day of the
month of issuance.
(m) Renewal. Application for renewal of an approved aircraft
dispatcher course shall be made by letter addressed to the Administrator
of the Federal Aviation Administration through the local inspector at
any time within 60 days of the expiration date. Renewal of approval will
depend on the course operator's meeting the current conditions of course
approval and having a satisfactory record as a course operator.
[Doc. No. 1179, 27 FR 7973, Aug. 10, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 65-10, 32
FR 5770, Apr. 11, 1967; Amdt. 65-16, 35 FR 14075, Sept. 4, 1970]
PART 67--MEDICAL STANDARDS AND CERTIFICATION--Table of Contents
Subpart A--General
Sec.
67.1 Applicability.
67.3 Issue.
67.5 Certification of foreign airmen.
67.7 Access to the National Driver Register.
Subpart B--First-Class Airman Medical Certificate
67.101 Eligibility.
67.103 Eye.
67.105 Ear, nose, throat, and equilibrium.
67.107 Mental.
67.109 Neurologic.
67.111 Cardiovascular.
67.113 General medical condition.
67.115 Discretionary issuance.
[[Page 119]]
Subpart C--Second-Class Airman Medical Certificate
67.201 Eligibility.
67.203 Eye.
67.205 Ear, nose, throat, and equilibrium.
67.207 Mental.
67.209 Neurologic.
67.211 Cardiovascular.
67.213 General medical condition.
67.215 Discretionary issuance.
Subpart D--Third-Class Airman Medical Certificate
67.301 Eligibility.
67.303 Eye.
67.305 Ear, nose, throat, and equilibrium.
67.307 Mental.
67.309 Neurologic.
67.311 Cardiovascular.
67.313 General medical condition.
67.315 Discretionary issuance.
Subpart E--Certification Procedures
67.401 Special issuance of medical certificates.
67.403 Applications, certificates, logbooks, reports, and records:
Falsification, reproduction, or alteration; incorrect
statements.
67.405 Medical examinations: Who may give.
67.407 Delegation of authority.
67.409 Denial of medical certificate.
67.411 Medical certificates by flight surgeons of Armed Forces.
67.413 Medical records.
67.415 Return of medical certificate after suspension or revocation.
Authority: 49 U.S.C. 106(g), 40113, 44701-44703, 44707, 44709-44711,
45102-45103, 45301-45303.
Source: Docket No. 27940, 61 FR 11256, Mar. 19, 1996, unless
otherwise noted.
Subpart A--General
Sec. 67.1 Applicability.
This part prescribes the medical standards and certification
procedures for issuing medical certificates for airmen and for remaining
eligible for a medical certificate.
Sec. 67.3 Issue.
Except as provided in Sec. 67.5, a person who meets the medical
standards prescribed in this part, based on medical examination and
evaluation of the person's history and condition, is entitled to an
appropriate medical certificate.
Sec. 67.5 Certification of foreign airmen.
A person who is neither a United States citizen nor a resident alien
is issued a certificate under this part, outside the United States, only
when the Administrator finds that the certificate is needed for
operation of a U.S.-registered aircraft.
Sec. 67.7 Access to the National Driver Register.
At the time of application for a certificate issued under this part,
each person who applies for a medical certificate shall execute an
express consent form authorizing the Administrator to request the chief
driver licensing official of any state designated by the Administrator
to transmit information contained in the National Driver Register about
the person to the Administrator. The Administrator shall make
information received from the National Driver Register, if any,
available on request to the person for review and written comment.