[Title 40 CFR 141]
[Code of Federal Regulations (annual edition) - July 1, 1996 Edition]
[Title 40 - PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT]
[Chapter I - ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED)]
[Part 141 - NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
40
PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT
10
1996-07-01
1996-07-01
false
NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS
141
PART 141
PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED)
PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS--Table of Contents
Subpart A--General
Sec.
141.1 Applicability.
141.2 Definitions.
141.3 Coverage.
141.4 Variances and exemptions.
141.5 Siting requirements.
141.6 Effective dates.
Subpart B--Maximum Contaminant Levels
141.11 Maximum contaminant levels for inorganic chemicals.
141.12 Maximum contaminant levels for organic chemicals.
141.13 Maximum contaminant levels for turbidity.
141.15 Maximum contaminant levels for radium-226, radium-228, and gross
alpha particle radioactivity in community water systems.
141.16 Maximum contaminant levels for beta particle and photon
radioactivity from man-made radionuclides in community water
systems.
Subpart C--Monitoring and Analytical Requirements
141.21 Coliform sampling.
141.22 Turbidity sampling and analytical requirements.
141.23 Inorganic chemical sampling and analytical requirements.
141.24 Organic chemicals other than total trihalomethanes, sampling and
analytical requirements.
141.25 Analytical methods for radioactivity.
141.26 Monitoring frequency for radioactivity in community water
systems.
141.27 Alternate analytical techniques.
141.28 Certified laboratories.
141.29 Monitoring of consecutive public water systems.
141.30 Total trihalomethanes sampling, analytical and other
requirements.
Subpart D--Reporting, Public Notification and Recordkeeping
141.31 Reporting requirements.
141.32 Public notification.
141.33 Record maintenance.
141.34 [Reserved]
141.35 Reporting and public notification for certain unregulated
contaminants.
Subpart E--Special Regulations, Including Monitoring Regulations and
Prohibition on Lead Use
141.40 Special monitoring for inorganic and organic contaminants.
141.41 Special monitoring for sodium.
141.42 Special monitoring for corrosivity characteristics.
141.43 Prohibition on use of lead pipes, solder, and flux.
Subpart F--Maximum Contaminant Level Goals
141.50 Maximum contaminant level goals for organic contaminants.
141.51 Maximum contaminant level goals for inorganic contaminants.
141.52 Maximum contaminant level goals for microbiological
contaminants.
Subpart G--National Revised Primary Drinking Water Regulations: Maximum
Contaminant Levels
141.60 Effective dates.
141.61 Maximum contaminant levels for organic contaminants.
141.62 Maximum contaminant levels for inorganic contaminants.
141.63 Maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) for microbiological
contaminants.
Subpart H--Filtration and Disinfection
141.70 General requirements.
141.71 Criteria for avoiding filtration.
141.72 Disinfection.
141.73 Filtration.
141.74 Analytical and monitoring requirements.
141.75 Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.
Subpart I--Control of Lead and Copper
141.80 General requirements.
[[Page 289]]
141.81 Applicability of corrosion control treatment steps to small,
medium-size and large water systems.
141.82 Description of corrosion control treatment requirements.
141.83 Source water treatment requirements.
141.84 Lead service line replacement requirements.
141.85 Public education and supplemental monitoring requirements.
141.86 Monitoring requirements for lead and copper in tap water.
141.87 Monitoring requirements for water quality parameters.
141.88 Monitoring requirements for lead and copper in source water.
141.89 Analytical methods.
141.90 Reporting requirements.
141.91 Recordkeeping requirements.
Subpart J--Use of Non-Centralized Treatment Devices
141.100 Criteria and procedures for public water systems using point-
of-entry devices.
141.101 Use of other non-centralized treatment devices.
Subpart K--Treatment Techniques
141.110 General requirements.
141.111 Treatment techniques for acrylamide and epichlorohydrin.
Subpart M--Information Collection Requirements (ICR) for Public Water
Systems
141.140 Definitions specific to subpart M.
141.141 General requirements, applicability, and schedule for
information collection.
141.142 Disinfection byproduct and related monitoring.
141.143 Microbial monitoring.
141.144 Disinfection byproduct precursor removal studies.
Authority: 42 U.S.C. 300f, 300g-1, 300g-2, 300g-3, 300g-4, 300g-5,
300g-6, 300j-4, and 300j-9.
Source: 40 FR 59570, Dec. 24, 1975, unless otherwise noted.
Note: For community water systems serving 75,000 or more persons,
monitoring must begin 1 year following promulation and the effective
date of the MCL is 2 years following promulgation. For community water
systems serving 10,000 to 75,000 persons, monitoring must begin within 3
years from the date of promulgation and the effective date of the MCL is
4 years from the date of promulgation. Effective immediately, systems
that plan to make significant modifications to their treatment processes
for the purpose of complying with the TTHM MCL are required to seek and
obtain State approval of their treatment modification plans. This note
affects Secs. 141.2, 141.6, 141.12, 141.24 and 141.30. For additional
information see 44 FR 68641, Nov. 29, 1979.
Subpart A--General
Sec. 141.1 Applicability.
This part establishes primary drinking water regulations pursuant to
section 1412 of the Public Health Service Act, as amended by the Safe
Drinking Water Act (Pub. L. 93-523); and related regulations applicable
to public water systems.
Sec. 141.2 Definitions.
As used in this part, the term:
Act means the Public Health Service Act, as amended by the Safe
Drinking Water Act, Public Law 93-523.
Action level, is the concentration of lead or copper in water
specified in Sec. 141.80(c) which determines, in some cases, the
treatment requirements contained in subpart I of this part that a water
system is required to complete.
Best available technology or BAT means the best technology,
treatment techniques, or other means which the Administrator finds,
after examination for efficacy under field conditions and not solely
under laboratory conditions, are available (taking cost into
consideration). For the purposes of setting MCLs for synthetic organic
chemicals, any BAT must be at least as effective as granular activated
carbon.
Coagulation means a process using coagulant chemicals and mixing by
which colloidal and suspended materials are destabilized and
agglomerated into flocs.
Community water system means a public water system which serves at
least 15 service connections used by year-round residents or regularly
serves at least 25 year-round residents.
Compliance cycle means the nine-year calendar year cycle during
which public water systems must monitor. Each compliance cycle consists
of three three-year compliance periods. The first calendar year cycle
begins January 1, 1993 and ends December 31, 2001; the second begins
January 1, 2002 and ends December 31, 2010; the third begins
[[Page 290]]
January 1, 2011 and ends December 31, 2019.
Compliance period means a three-year calendar year period within a
compliance cycle. Each compliance cycle has three three-year compliance
periods. Within the first compliance cycle, the first compliance period
runs from January 1, 1993 to December 31, 1995; the second from January
1, 1996 to December 31, 1998; the third from January 1, 1999 to December
31, 2001.
Confluent growth means a continuous bacterial growth covering the
entire filtration area of a membrane filter, or a portion thereof, in
which bacterial colonies are not discrete.
Contaminant means any physical, chemical, biological, or
radiological substance or matter in water.
Conventional filtration treatment means a series of processes
including coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, and filtration
resulting in substantial particulate removal.
Corrosion inhibitor means a substance capable of reducing the
corrosivity of water toward metal plumbing materials, especially lead
and copper, by forming a protective film on the interior surface of
those materials.
CT or CTcalc is the product of ``residual disinfectant
concentration'' (C) in mg/1 determined before or at the first customer,
and the corresponding ``disinfectant contact time'' (T) in minutes,
i.e., ``C'' x ``T''. If a public water system applies disinfectants at
more than one point prior to the first customer, it must determine the
CT of each disinfectant sequence before or at the first customer to
determine the total percent inactivation or ``total inactivation
ratio.'' In determining the total inactivation ratio, the public water
system must determine the residual disinfectant concentration of each
disinfection sequence and corresponding contact time before any
subsequent disinfection application point(s). ``CT99.9'' is the CT
value required for 99.9 percent (3-log) inactivation of Giardia lamblia
cysts. CT99.9 for a variety of disinfectants and conditions appear
in Tables 1.1-1.6, 2.1, and 3.1 of Sec. 141.74(b)(3).
CTcalc
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
CT99.9
is the inactivation ratio. The sum of the inactivation ratios, or total
inactivation ratio shown as
(CTcalc)
------------------------------------
(CT99.9)
is calculated by adding together the inactivation ratio for each
disinfection sequence. A total inactivation ratio equal to or greater
than 1.0 is assumed to provide a 3-log inactivation of Giardia lamblia
cysts.
Diatomaceous earth filtration means a process resulting in
substantial particulate removal in which (1) a precoat cake of
diatomaceous earth filter media is deposited on a support membrance
(septum), and (2) while the water is filtered by passing through the
cake on the septum, additional filter media known as body feed is
continuously added to the feed water to maintain the permeability of the
filter cake.
Direct filtration means a series of processes including coagulation
and filtration but excluding sedimentation resulting in substantial
particulate removal.
Disinfectant means any oxidant, including but not limited to
chlorine, chlorine dioxide, chloramines, and ozone added to water in any
part of the treatment or distribution process, that is intended to kill
or inactivate pathogenic microorganisms.
Disinfectant contact time (``T'' in CT calculations) means the time
in minutes that it takes for water to move from the point of
disinfectant application or the previous point of disinfectant residual
measurement to a point before or at the point where residual
disinfectant concentration (``C'') is measured. Where only one ``C'' is
measured, ``T'' is the time in minutes that it takes for water to move
from the point of disinfectant application to a point before or at where
residual disinfectant concentration (``C'') is measured. Where more than
one ``C'' is measured, ``T'' is (a) for the first measurement of ``C'',
the time in minutes that it takes for water to move from
[[Page 291]]
the first or only point of disinfectant application to a point before or
at the point where the first ``C'' is measured and (b) for subsequent
measurements of ``C'', the time in minutes that it takes for water to
move from the previous ``C'' measurement point to the ``C'' measurement
point for which the particular ``T'' is being calculated. Disinfectant
contact time in pipelines must be calculated based on ``plug flow'' by
dividing the internal volume of the pipe by the maximum hourly flow rate
through that pipe. Disinfectant contact time within mixing basins and
storage reservoirs must be determined by tracer studies or an equivalent
demonstration.
Disinfection means a process which inactivates pathogenic organisms
in water by chemical oxidants or equivalent agents.
Domestic or other non-distribution system plumbing problem means a
coliform contamination problem in a public water system with more than
one service connection that is limited to the specific service
connection from which the coliform-positive sample was taken.
Dose equivalent means the product of the absorbed dose from ionizing
radiation and such factors as account for differences in biological
effectiveness due to the type of radiation and its distribution in the
body as specified by the International Commission on Radiological Units
and Measurements (ICRU).
Effective corrosion inhibitor residual, for the purpose of subpart I
of this part only, means a concentration sufficient to form a
passivating film on the interior walls of a pipe.
Filtration means a process for removing particulate matter from
water by passage through porous media.
First draw sample means a one-liter sample of tap water, collected
in accordance with Sec. 141.86(b)(2), that has been standing in plumbing
pipes at least 6 hours and is collected without flushing the tap.
Flocculation means a process to enhance agglomeration or collection
of smaller floc particles into larger, more easily settleable particles
through gentle stirring by hydraulic or mechanical means.
Ground water under the direct influence of surface water means any
water beneath the surface of the ground with (1) significant occurrence
of insects or other macroorganisms, algae, or large-diameter pathogens
such as Giardia lamblia, or (2) significant and relatively rapid shifts
in water characteristics such as turbidity, temperature, conductivity,
or pH which closely correlate to climatological or surface water
conditions. Direct influence must be determined for individual sources
in accordance with criteria established by the State. The State
determination of direct influence may be based on site-specific
measurements of water quality and/or documentation of well construction
characteristics and geology with field evaluation.
Gross alpha particle activity means the total radioactivity due to
alpha particle emission as inferred from measurements on a dry sample.
Gross beta particle activity means the total radioactivity due to
beta particle emission as inferred from measurements on a dry sample.
Halogen means one of the chemical elements chlorine, bromine or
iodine.
Initial compliance period means the first full three-year compliance
period which begins at least 18 months after promulgation, except for
contaminants listed at Sec. 141.61(a) (19)-(21), (c)(19)-(33), and
Sec. 141.62(b) (11)-(15), initial compliance period means the first full
three-year compliance period after promulgation for systems with 150 or
more service connections (January 1993-December 1995), and first full
three-year compliance period after the effective date of the regulation
(January 1996-December 1998) for systems having fewer than 150 service
connections.
Large water system, for the purpose of subpart I of this part only,
means a water system that serves more than 50,000 persons.
Lead service line means a service line made of lead which connects
the water main to the building inlet and any lead pigtail, gooseneck or
other fitting which is connected to such lead line.
Legionella means a genus of bacteria, some species of which have
caused a type of pneumonia called Legionnaires Disease.
[[Page 292]]
Man-made beta particle and photon emitters means all radionuclides
emitting beta particles and/or photons listed in Maximum Permissible
Body Burdens and Maximum Permissible Concentration of Radionuclides in
Air or Water for Occupational Exposure, NBS Handbook 69, except the
daughter products of thorium-232, uranium-235 and uranium-238.
Maximum contaminant level means the maximum permissable level of a
contaminant in water which is delivered to any user of a public water
system.
Maximum contaminant level goal or MCLG means the maximum level of a
contaminant in drinking water at which no known or anticipated adverse
effect on the health of persons would occur, and which allows an
adequate margin of safety. Maximum contaminant level goals are
nonenforceable health goals.
Maximum Total Trihalomethane Potential (MTP) means the maximum
concentration of total trihalomethanes produced in a given water
containing a disinfectant residual after 7 days at a temperature of
25 deg. C or above.
Medium-size water system, for the purpose of subpart I of this part
only, means a water system that serves greater than 3,300 and less than
or equal to 50,000 persons.
Near the first service connection means at one of the 20 percent of
all service connections in the entire system that are nearest the water
supply treatment facility, as measured by water transport time within
the distribution system.
Non-community water system means a public water system that is not a
community water system.
Non-transient non-community water system or NTNCWS means a public
water system that is not a community water system and that regularly
serves at least 25 of the same persons over 6 months per year.
Optimal corrosion control treatment, for the purpose of subpart I of
this part only, means the corrosion control treatment that minimizes the
lead and copper concentrations at users' taps while insuring that the
treatment does not cause the water system to violate any national
primary drinking water regulations.
Performance evaluation sample means a reference sample provided to a
laboratory for the purpose of demonstrating that the laboratory can
successfully analyze the sample within limits of performance specified
by the Agency. The true value of the concentration of the reference
material is unknown to the laboratory at the time of the analysis.
Person means an individual; corporation; company; association;
partnership; municipality; or State, Federal, or tribal agency.
Picocurie (pCi) means the quantity of radioactive material producing
2.22 nuclear transformations per minute.
Point of disinfectant application is the point where the
disinfectant is applied and water downstream of that point is not
subject to recontamination by surface water runoff.
Point-of-entry treatment device is a treatment device applied to the
drinking water entering a house or building for the purpose of reducing
contaminants in the drinking water distributed throughout the house or
building.
Point-of-use treatment device is a treatment device applied to a
single tap used for the purpose of reducing contaminants in drinking
water at that one tap.
Public water system or PWS means a system for the provision to the
public of piped water for human consumption, if such system has at least
fifteen service connections or regularly serves an average of at least
twenty-five individuals daily at least 60 days out of the year. Such
term includes (1) any collection, treatment, storage, and distribution
facilities under control of the operator of such system and used
primarily in connection with such system, and (2) any collection or
pretreatment storage facilities not under such control which are used
primarily in connection with such system. A public water system is
either a ``community water system'' or a ``noncommunity water system.''
Rem means the unit of dose equivalent from ionizing radiation to the
total body or any internal organ or organ system. A ``millirem (mrem)''
is 1/1000 of a rem.
[[Page 293]]
Repeat compliance period means any subsequent compliance period
after the initial compliance period.
Residual disinfectant concentration (``C'' in CT calculations) means
the concentration of disinfectant measured in mg/l in a representative
sample of water.
Sanitary survey means an onsite review of the water source,
facilities, equipment, operation and maintenance of a public water
system for the purpose of evaluating the adequacy of such source,
facilities, equipment, operation and maintenance for producing and
distributing safe drinking water.
Sedimentation means a process for removal of solids before
filtration by gravity or separation.
Service line sample means a one-liter sample of water collected in
accordance with Sec. 141.86(b)(3), that has been standing for at least 6
hours in a service line.
Single family structure, for the purpose of subpart I of this part
only, means a building constructed as a single-family residence that is
currently used as either a residence or a place of business.
Slow sand filtration means a process involving passage of raw water
through a bed of sand at low velocity (generally less than 0.4 m/h)
resulting in substantial particulate removal by physical and biological
mechanisms.
Small water system, for the purpose of subpart I of this part only,
means a water system that serves 3,300 persons or fewer.
Standard sample means the aliquot of finished drinking water that is
examined for the presence of coliform bacteria.
State means the agency of the State or Tribal government which has
jurisdiction over public water systems. During any period when a State
or Tribal government does not have primary enforcement responsibility
pursuant to section 1413 of the Act, the term ``State'' means the
Regional Administrator, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Supplier of water means any person who owns or operates a public
water system.
Surface water means all water which is open to the atmosphere and
subject to surface runoff.
System with a single service connection means a system which
supplies drinking water to consumers via a single service line.
Too numerous to count means that the total number of bacterial
colonies exceeds 200 on a 47-mm diameter membrane filter used for
coliform detection.
Total trihalomethanes (TTHM) means the sum of the concentration in
milligrams per liter of the trihalomethane compounds (trichloromethane
[chloroform], dibromochloromethane, bromodichloromethane and
tribromomethane [bromoform]), rounded to two significant figures.
Transient non-community water system or TWS means a non-community
water system that does not regularly serve at least 25 of the same
persons over six months per year.
Trihalomethane (THM) means one of the family of organic compounds,
named as derivatives of methane, wherein three of the four hydrogen
atoms in methane are each substituted by a halogen atom in the molecular
structure.
Virus means a virus of fecal origin which is infectious to humans by
waterborne transmission.
Waterborne disease outbreak means the significant occurrence of
acute infectious illness, epidemiologically associated with the
ingestion of water from a public water system which is deficient in
treatment, as determined by the appropriate local or State agency.
[40 FR 59570, Dec. 24, 1975, as amended at 41 FR 28403, July 9, 1976; 44
FR 68641, Nov. 29, 1979; 51 FR 11410, Apr. 2, 1986; 52 FR 20674, June 2,
1987; 52 FR 25712, July 8, 1987; 53 FR 37410, Sept. 26, 1988; 54 FR
27526, 27562, June 29, 1989; 56 FR 3578, Jan. 30, 1991; 56 FR 26547,
June 7, 1991; 57 FR 31838, July 17, 1992; 59 FR 34322, July 1, 1994; 61
FR 24368, May 14, 1996]
Effective Date Note: At 61 FR 24368, May 14, 1996, Sec. 141.2 was
amended by adding ``or PWS'' to the definition for ``Public water
system'', effective June 18, 1996 and will expire on Dec. 31, 2000.
Sec. 141.3 Coverage.
This part shall apply to each public water system, unless the public
water system meets all of the following conditions:
(a) Consists only of distribution and storage facilities (and does
not have
[[Page 294]]
any collection and treatment facilities);
(b) Obtains all of its water from, but is not owned or operated by,
a public water system to which such regulations apply:
(c) Does not sell water to any person; and
(d) Is not a carrier which conveys passengers in interstate
commerce.
Sec. 141.4 Variances and exemptions.
(a) Variances or exemptions from certain provisions of these
regulations may be granted pursuant to sections 1415 and 1416 of the Act
by the entity with primary enforcement responsibility, except that
variances or exemptions from the MCL for total coliforms and variances
from any of the treatment technique requirements of subpart H of this
part may not be granted.
(b) EPA has stayed the effective date of this section relating to
the total coliform MCL of Sec. 141.63(a) for systems that demonstrate to
the State that the violation of the total coliform MCL is due to a
persistent growth of total coliforms in the distribution system rather
than fecal or pathogenic contamination, a treatment lapse or deficiency,
or a problem in the operation or maintenance of the distribution system.
[54 FR 27562, June 29, 1989, as amended at 56 FR 1557, Jan. 15, 1991]
Sec. 141.5 Siting requirements.
Before a person may enter into a financial commitment for or
initiate construction of a new public water system or increase the
capacity of an existing public water system, he shall notify the State
and, to the extent practicable, avoid locating part or all of the new or
expanded facility at a site which:
(a) Is subject to a significant risk from earthquakes, floods, fires
or other disasters which could cause a breakdown of the public water
system or a portion thereof; or
(b) Except for intake structures, is within the floodplain of a 100-
year flood or is lower than any recorded high tide where appropriate
records exist. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency will not seek to
override land use decisions affecting public water systems siting which
are made at the State or local government levels.
Sec. 141.6 Effective dates.
(a) Except as provided in paragraphs (a) through (i) of this
section, and in Sec. 141.80(a)(2), the regulations set forth in this
part shall take effect on June 24, 1977.
(b) The regulations for total trihalomethanes set forth in
Sec. 141.12(c) shall take effect 2 years after the date of promulgation
of these regulations for community water systems serving 75,000 or more
individuals, and 4 years after the date of promulgation for communities
serving 10,000 to 74,999 individuals.
(c) The regulations set forth in Secs. 141.11 (a), (d) and (e);
141.14(a)(1); 141.14(b)(1)(i); 141.14(b)(2)(i); 141.14(d); 141.21 (a),
(c) and (i); 141.22 (a) and (e); 141.23 (a)(3) and (a)(4); 141.23(f);
141.24(a)(3); 141.24 (e) and (f); 141.25(e); 141.27(a); 141.28 (a) and
(b); 141.31 (a), (d) and (e); 141.32(b)(3); and 141.32(d) shall take
effect immediately upon promulgation.
(d) The regulations set forth in Sec. 141.41 shall take effect 18
months from the date of promulgation. Suppliers must complete the first
round of sampling and reporting within 12 months following the effective
date.
(e) The regulations set forth in Sec. 141.42 shall take effect 18
months from the date of promulgation. All requirements in Sec. 141.42
must be completed within 12 months following the effective date.
(f) The regulations set forth in Sec. 141.11(c) and Sec. 141.23(g)
are effective May 2, 1986. Section 141.23(g)(4) is effective October 2,
1987.
(g) The regulations contained in Sec. 141.6, paragraph (c) of the
table in 141.12, and 141.62(b)(1) are effective July 1, 1991. The
regulations contained in Secs. 141.11(b), 141.23, 141.24, 142.57(b),
143.4(b)(12) and (b)(13), are effective July 30, 1992. The regulations
contained in the revisions to Secs. 141.32(e) (16), (25) through (27)
and (46); 141.61(c)(16); and 141.62(b)(3) are effective January 1, 1993.
The effective date of regulations contained in Sec. 141.61(c) (2), (3),
and (4) is postponed.
(h) Regulations for the analytic methods listed at Sec. 141.23(k)(4)
for
[[Page 295]]
measuring antimony, beryllium, cyanide, nickel, and thallium are
effective August 17, 1992. Regulations for the analytic methods listed
at Sec. 141.24(f)(16) for dichloromethane, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, and
1,1,2-trichloroethane are effective August 17, 1992. Regulations for the
analytic methods listed at Sec. 141.24(h)(12) for measuring dalapon,
dinoseb, diquat, endothall, endrin, glyphosate, oxamyl, picloram,
simazine, benzo(a)pyrene, di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate, di(2-
ethylhexyl)phthalate, hexachlorobenzene, hexachlorocyclopentadiene, and
2,3,7,8-TCDD are effective August 17, 1992. The revision to
Sec. 141.12(a) promulgated on July 17, 1992 is effective on August 17,
1992.
(i) Regulations for information collection requirements listed in
Subpart M are effective August 14, 1996, and shall remain effective
until December 31, 2000.
[44 FR 68641, Nov. 29, 1979, as amended at 45 FR 57342, Aug. 27, 1980;
47 FR 10998, Mar. 12, 1982; 51 FR 11410, Apr. 2, 1986; 56 FR 30274, July
1, 1991; 57 FR 22178, May 27, 1992; 57 FR 31838, July 17, 1992; 59 FR
34322, July 1, 1994; 61 FR 24368, May 14, 1996]
Effective Date Note: At 61 FR 24368, May 14, 1996, Sec. 141.6 is
amended in paragraph (a) by revising the reference ``(a) through (h)''
to read ``(a) through (i)'' and by adding paragraph (i), effective June
18, 1996 and will expire on Dec. 31, 2000.
Subpart B--Maximum Contaminant Levels
Sec. 141.11 Maximum contaminant levels for inorganic chemicals.
(a) The maximum contaminant level for arsenic applies only to
community water systems. Compliance with the MCL for arsenic is
calculated pursuant to Sec. 141.23.
(b) The maximum contaminant level for arsenic is 0.05 milligrams per
liter.
(c) [Reserved]
(d) At the discretion of the State, nitrate levels not to exceed 20
mg/l may be allowed in a non-community water system if the supplier of
water demonstrates to the satisfaction of the State that:
(1) Such water will not be available to children under 6 months of
age; and
(2) There will be continuous posting of the fact that nitrate levels
exceed 10 mg/l and the potential health effects of exposure; and
(3) Local and State public health authorities will be notified
annually of nitrate levels that exceed 10 mg/l; and
(4) No adverse health effects shall result.
[40 FR 59570, Dec. 24, 1975, as amended at 45 FR 57342, Aug. 27, 1980;
47 FR 10998, Mar. 12, 1982; 51 FR 11410, Apr. 2, 1986; 56 FR 3578, Jan.
30, 1991; 56 FR 26548, June 7, 1991; 56 FR 30274, July 1, 1991; 56 FR
32113, July 15, 1991; 60 FR 33932, June 29, 1995]
Sec. 141.12 Maximum contaminant levels for organic chemicals.
The following are the maximum contaminant levels for organic
chemicals. The maximum contaminant levels for organic chemicals in
paragraph (a) of this section apply to all community water systems.
Compliance with the maximum contaminant level in paragraph (a) of this
section is calculated pursuant to Sec. 141.24. The maximum contaminant
level for total trihalomethanes in paragraph (c) of this section applies
only to community water systems which serve a population of 10,000 or
more individuals and which add a disinfectant (oxidant) to the water in
any part of the drinking water treatment process. Compliance with the
maximum contaminant level for total trihalomethanes is calculated
pursuant to Sec. 141.30.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Level,
milligrams
per liter
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(a) [Reserved]............................................
(b) [Reserved]............................................
(c) Total trihalomethanes (the sum of the concentrations
of bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane,
tribromomethane (bromoform) and trichloromethane
(chloroform))............................................ 0.10
------------------------------------------------------------------------
[56 FR 3578, Jan. 30, 1991, as amended at 57 FR 31838, July 17, 1992]
Sec. 141.13 Maximum contaminant levels for turbidity.
The maximum contaminant levels for turbidity are applicable to both
community water systems and non-community water systems using surface
water sources in whole or in part. The maximum contaminant levels for
[[Page 296]]
turbidity in drinking water, measured at a representative entry point(s)
to the distribution system, are:
Editorial Note: At 54 FR 27527, June 29, 1988, Sec. 141.13 was
amended by adding introductory text, effective December 31, 1990. This
section already contains an introductory text.
The requirements in this section apply to unfiltered systems until
December 30, 1991, unless the State has determined prior to that date,
in writing pursuant to Sec. 1412(b)(7)(C)(iii), that filtration is
required. The requirements in this section apply to filtered systems
until June 29, 1993. The requirements in this section apply to
unfiltered systems that the State has determined, in writing pursuant to
Sec. 1412(b)(7)(C)(iii), must install filtration, until June 29, 1993,
or until filtration is installed, whichever is later.
(a) One turbidity unit (TU), as determined by a monthly average
pursuant to Sec. 141.22, except that five or fewer turbidity units may
be allowed if the supplier of water can demonstrate to the State that
the higher turbidity does not do any of the following:
(1) Interfere with disinfection;
(2) Prevent maintenance of an effective disinfectant agent
throughout the distribution system; or
(3) Interfere with microbiological determinations.
(b) Five turbidity units based on an average for two consecutive
days pursuant to Sec. 141.22.
[40 FR 59570, Dec. 24, 1975]
Sec. 141.15 Maximum contaminant levels for radium-226, radium-228, and gross alpha particle radioactivity in community water systems.
The following are the maximum contaminant levels for radium-226,
radium-228, and gross alpha particle radioactivity:
(a) Combined radium-226 and radium-228--5 pCi/1.
(b) Gross alpha particle activity (including radium-226 but
excluding radon and uranium)--15 pCi/1.
[41 FR 28404, July 9, 1976]
Sec. 141.16 Maximum contaminant levels for beta particle and photon radioactivity from man-made radionuclides in community water systems.
(a) The average annual concentration of beta particle and photon
radioactivity from man-made radionuclides in drinking water shall not
produce an annual dose equivalent to the total body or any internal
organ greater than 4 millirem/year.
(b) Except for the radionuclides listed in Table A, the
concentration of man-made radionuclides causing 4 mrem total body or
organ dose equivalents shall be calculated on the basis of a 2 liter per
day drinking water intake using the 168 hour data listed in ``Maximum
Permissible Body Burdens and Maximum Permissible Concentration of
Radionuclides in Air or Water for Occupational Exposure,'' NBS Handbook
69 as amended August 1963, U.S. Department of Commerce. If two or more
radionuclides are present, the sum of their annual dose equivalent to
the total body or to any organ shall not exceed 4 millirem/year.
Table A--Average Annual Concentrations Assumed to Produce a Total Body
or Organ Dose of 4 mrem/yr
------------------------------------------------------------------------
pCi per
Radionuclide Critical organ liter
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tritium.............................. Total body.............. 20,000
Strontium-90......................... Bone marrow............. 8
------------------------------------------------------------------------
[41 FR 28404, July 9, 1976]
Subpart C--Monitoring and Analytical Requirements
Sec. 141.21 Coliform sampling.
(a) Routine monitoring. (1) Public water systems must collect total
coliform samples at sites which are representative of water throughout
the distribution system according to a written sample siting plan. These
plans are subject to State review and revision.
(2) The monitoring frequency for total coliforms for community water
systems is based on the population served by the system, as follows:
[[Page 297]]
Total Coliform Monitoring Frequency for Community Water Systems
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Minimum
number of
Population served samples
per month
------------------------------------------------------------------------
25 to 1,000 \1\.............................................. 1
1,001 to 2,500............................................... 2
2,501 to 3,300............................................... 3
3,301 to 4,100............................................... 4
4,101 to 4,900............................................... 5
4,901 to 5,800............................................... 6
5,801 to 6,700............................................... 7
6,701 to 7,600............................................... 8
7,601 to 8,500............................................... 9
8,501 to 12,900.............................................. 10
12,901 to 17,200............................................. 15
17,201 to 21,500............................................. 20
21,501 to 25,000............................................. 25
25,001 to 33,000............................................. 30
33,001 to 41,000............................................. 40
41,001 to 50,000............................................. 50
50,001 to 59,000............................................. 60
59,001 to 70,000............................................. 70
70,001 to 83,000............................................. 80
83,001 to 96,000............................................. 90
96,001 to 130,000............................................ 100
130,001 to 220,000........................................... 120
220,001 to 320,000........................................... 150
320,001 to 450,000........................................... 180
450,001 to 600,000........................................... 210
600,001 to 780,000........................................... 240
780,001 to 970,000........................................... 270
970,001 to 1,230,000......................................... 300
1,230,001 to 1,520,000....................................... 330
1,520,001 to 1,850,000....................................... 360
1,850,001 to 2,270,000....................................... 390
2,270,001 to 3,020,000....................................... 420
3,020,001 to 3,960,000....................................... 450
3,960,001 or more............................................ 480
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Includes public water systems which have at least 15 service
connections, but serve fewer than 25 persons.
If a community water system serving 25 to 1,000 persons has no history
of total coliform contamination in its current configuration and a
sanitary survey conducted in the past five years shows that the system
is supplied solely by a protected groundwater source and is free of
sanitary defects, the State may reduce the monitoring frequency
specified above, except that in no case may the State reduce the
monitoring frequency to less than one sample per quarter. The State must
approve the reduced monitoring frequency in writing.
(3) The monitoring frequency for total coliforms for non-community
water systems is as follows:
(i) A non-community water system using only ground water (except
ground water under the direct influence of surface water, as defined in
Sec. 141.2) and serving 1,000 persons or fewer must monitor each
calendar quarter that the system provides water to the public, except
that the State may reduce this monitoring frequency, in writing, if a
sanitary survey shows that the system is free of sanitary defects.
Beginning June 29, 1994, the State cannot reduce the monitoring
frequency for a non-community water system using only ground water
(except ground water under the direct influence of surface water, as
defined in Sec. 141.2) and serving 1,000 persons or fewer to less than
once/year.
(ii) A non-community water system using only ground water (except
ground water under the direct influence of surface water, as defined in
Sec. 141.2) and serving more than 1,000 persons during any month must
monitor at the same frequency as a like-sized community water system, as
specified in paragraph (a)(2) of this section, except the State may
reduce this monitoring frequency, in writing, for any month the system
serves 1,000 persons or fewer. The State cannot reduce the monitoring
frequency to less than once/year. For systems using ground water under
the direct influence of surface water, paragraph (a)(3)(iv) of this
section applies.
(iii) A non-community water system using surface water, in total or
in part, must monitor at the same frequency as a like-sized community
water system, as specified in paragraph (a)(2) of this section,
regardless of the number of persons it serves.
(iv) A non-community water system using ground water under the
direct influence of surface water, as defined in Sec. 141.2, must
monitor at the same frequency as a like-sized community water system, as
specified in paragraph (a)(2) of this section. The system must begin
monitoring at this frequency beginning six months after the State
determines that the ground water is under the direct influence of
surface water.
(4) The public water system must collect samples at regular time
intervals throughout the month, except that a system which uses only
ground water (except ground water under the direct influence of surface
water, as defined in Sec. 141.2), and serves 4,900 persons or fewer, may
collect all required samples
[[Page 298]]
on a single day if they are taken from different sites.
(5) A public water system that uses surface water or ground water
under the direct influence of surface water, as defined in Sec. 141.2,
and does not practice filtration in compliance with Subpart H must
collect at least one sample near the first service connection each day
the turbidity level of the source water, measured as specified in
Sec. 141.74(b)(2), exceeds 1 NTU. This sample must be analyzed for the
presence of total coliforms. When one or more turbidity measurements in
any day exceed 1 NTU, the system must collect this coliform sample
within 24 hours of the first exceedance, unless the State determines
that the system, for logistical reasons outside the system's control,
cannot have the sample analyzed within 30 hours of collection. Sample
results from this coliform monitoring must be included in determining
compliance with the MCL for total coliforms in Sec. 141.63.
(6) Special purpose samples, such as those taken to determine
whether disinfection practices are sufficient following pipe placement,
replacement, or repair, shall not be used to determine compliance with
the MCL for total coliforms in Sec. 141.63. Repeat samples taken
pursuant to paragraph (b) of this section are not considered special
purpose samples, and must be used to determine compliance with the MCL
for total coliforms in Sec. 141.63.
(b) Repeat monitoring. (1) If a routine sample is total coliform-
positive, the public water system must collect a set of repeat samples
within 24 hours of being notified of the positive result. A system which
collects more than one routine sample/month must collect no fewer than
three repeat samples for each total coliform-positive sample found. A
system which collects one routine sample/month or fewer must collect no
fewer than four repeat samples for each total coliform-positive sample
found. The State may extend the 24-hour limit on a case-by-case basis if
the system has a logistical problem in collecting the repeat samples
within 24 hours that is beyond its control. In the case of an extension,
the State must specify how much time the system has to collect the
repeat samples.
(2) The system must collect at least one repeat sample from the
sampling tap where the original total coliform-positive sample was
taken, and at least one repeat sample at a tap within five service
connections upstream and at least one repeat sample at a tap within five
service connections downstream of the original sampling site. If a total
coliform-positive sample is at the end of the distribution system, or
one away from the end of the distribution system, the State may waive
the requirement to collect at least one repeat sample upstream or
downstream of the original sampling site.
(3) The system must collect all repeat samples on the same day,
except that the State may allow a system with a single service
connection to collect the required set of repeat samples over a four-day
period or to collect a larger volume repeat sample(s) in one or more
sample containers of any size, as long as the total volume collected is
at least 400 ml (300 ml for systems which collect more than one routine
sample/month).
(4) If one or more repeat samples in the set is total coliform-
positive, the public water system must collect an additional set of
repeat samples in the manner specified in paragraphs (b)(1)-(3) of this
section. The additional samples must be collected within 24 hours of
being notified of the positive result, unless the State extends the
limit as provided in paragraph (b)(1) of this section. The system must
repeat this process until either total coliforms are not detected in one
complete set of repeat samples or the system determines that the MCL for
total coliforms in Sec. 141.63 has been exceeded and notifies the State.
(5) If a system collecting fewer than five routine samples/month has
one or more total coliform-positive samples and the State does not
invalidate the sample(s) under paragraph (c) of this section, it must
collect at least five routine samples during the next month the system
provides water to the public, except that the State may waive this
requirement if the conditions of paragraph (b)(5) (i) or (ii) of this
section are met. The State cannot waive
[[Page 299]]
the requirement for a system to collect repeat samples in paragraphs
(b)(1)-(4) of this section.
(i) The State may waive the requirement to collect five routine
samples the next month the system provides water to the public if the
State, or an agent approved by the State, performs a site visit before
the end of the next month the system provides water to the public.
Although a sanitary survey need not be performed, the site visit must be
sufficiently detailed to allow the State to determine whether additional
monitoring and/or any corrective action is needed. The State cannot
approve an employee of the system to perform this site visit, even if
the employee is an agent approved by the State to perform sanitary
surveys.
(ii) The State may waive the requirement to collect five routine
samples the next month the system provides water to the public if the
State has determined why the sample was total coliform-positive and
establishes that the system has corrected the problem or will correct
the problem before the end of the next month the system serves water to
the public. In this case, the State must document this decision to waive
the following month's additional monitoring requirement in writing, have
it approved and signed by the supervisor of the State official who
recommends such a decision, and make this document available to the EPA
and public. The written documentation must describe the specific cause
of the total coliform-positive sample and what action the system has
taken and/or will take to correct this problem. The State cannot waive
the requirement to collect five routine samples the next month the
system provides water to the public solely on the grounds that all
repeat samples are total coliform-negative. Under this paragraph, a
system must still take at least one routine sample before the end of the
next month it serves water to the public and use it to determine
compliance with the MCL for total coliforms in Sec. 141.63, unless the
State has determined that the system has corrected the contamination
problem before the system took the set of repeat samples required in
paragraphs (b)(1)-(4) of this section, and all repeat samples were total
coliform-negative.
(6) After a system collects a routine sample and before it learns
the results of the analysis of that sample, if it collects another
routine sample(s) from within five adjacent service connections of the
initial sample, and the initial sample, after analysis, is found to
contain total coliforms, then the system may count the subsequent
sample(s) as a repeat sample instead of as a routine sample.
(7) Results of all routine and repeat samples not invalidated by the
State must be included in determining compliance with the MCL for total
coliforms in Sec. 141.63.
(c) Invalidation of total coliform samples. A total coliform-
positive sample invalidated under this paragraph (c) does not count
towards meeting the minimum monitoring requirements of this section. (1)
The State may invalidate a total coliform-positive sample only if the
conditions of paragraph (c)(1)(i), (ii), or (iii) of this section are
met.
(i) The laboratory establishes that improper sample analysis caused
the total coliform-positive result.
(ii) The State, on the basis of the results of repeat samples
collected as required by paragraphs (b) (1) through (4) of this section,
determines that the total coliform-positive sample resulted from a
domestic or other non-distribution system plumbing problem. The State
cannot invalidate a sample on the basis of repeat sample results unless
all repeat sample(s) collected at the same tap as the original total
coliform-positive sample are also total coliform-positive, and all
repeat samples collected within five service connections of the original
tap are total coliform-negative (e.g., a State cannot invalidate a total
coliform-positive sample on the basis of repeat samples if all the
repeat samples are total coliform-negative, or if the public water
system has only one service connection).
(iii) The State has substantial grounds to believe that a total
coliform-positive result is due to a circumstance or condition which
does not reflect water quality in the distribution system. In this case,
the system
[[Page 300]]
must still collect all repeat samples required under paragraphs (b) (1)-
(4) of this section, and use them to determine compliance with the MCL
for total coliforms in Sec. 141.63. To invalidate a total coliform-
positive sample under this paragraph, the decision with the rationale
for the decision must be documented in writing, and approved and signed
by the supervisor of the State official who recommended the decision.
The State must make this document available to EPA and the public. The
written documentation must state the specific cause of the total
coliform-positive sample, and what action the system has taken, or will
take, to correct this problem. The State may not invalidate a total
coliform-positive sample solely on the grounds that all repeat samples
are total coliform-negative.
(2) A laboratory must invalidate a total coliform sample (unless
total coliforms are detected) if the sample produces a turbid culture in
the absence of gas production using an analytical method where gas
formation is examined (e.g., the Multiple-Tube Fermentation Technique),
produces a turbid culture in the absence of an acid reaction in the
Presence-Absence (P-A) Coliform Test, or exhibits confluent growth or
produces colonies too numerous to count with an analytical method using
a membrane filter (e.g., Membrane Filter Technique). If a laboratory
invalidates a sample because of such interference, the system must
collect another sample from the same location as the original sample
within 24 hours of being notified of the interference problem, and have
it analyzed for the presence of total coliforms. The system must
continue to re-sample within 24 hours and have the samples analyzed
until it obtains a valid result. The State may waive the 24-hour time
limit on a case-by-case basis.
(d) Sanitary surveys. (1)(i) Public water systems which do not
collect five or more routine samples/month must undergo an initial
sanitary survey by June 29, 1994, for community public water systems and
June 29, 1999, for non-community water systems. Thereafter, systems must
undergo another sanitary survey every five years, except that non-
community water systems using only protected and disinfected ground
water, as defined by the State, must undergo subsequent sanitary surveys
at least every ten years after the initial sanitary survey. The State
must review the results of each sanitary survey to determine whether the
existing monitoring frequency is adequate and what additional measures,
if any, the system needs to undertake to improve drinking water quality.
(ii) In conducting a sanitary survey of a system using ground water
in a State having an EPA-approved wellhead protection program under
section 1428 of the Safe Drinking Water Act, information on sources of
contamination within the delineated wellhead protection area that was
collected in the course of developing and implementing the program
should be considered instead of collecting new information, if the
information was collected since the last time the system was subject to
a sanitary survey.
(2) Sanitary surveys must be performed by the State or an agent
approved by the State. The system is responsible for ensuring the survey
takes place.
(e) Fecal coliforms/Escherichia coli (E. coli) testing. (1) If any
routine or repeat sample is total coliform-positive, the system must
analyze that total coliform-positive culture medium to determine if
fecal coliforms are present, except that the system may test for E. coli
in lieu of fecal coliforms. If fecal coliforms or E. coli are present,
the system must notify the State by the end of the day when the system
is notified of the test result, unless the system is notified of the
result after the State office is closed, in which case the system must
notify the State before the end of the next business day.
(2) The State has the discretion to allow a public water system, on
a case-by-case basis, to forgo fecal coliform or E. coli testing on a
total coliform-positive sample if that system assumes that the total
coliform-positive sample is fecal coliform-positive or E. coli-positive.
Accordingly, the system must notify the State as specified in paragraph
(e)(1) of this section and the provisions of Sec. 141.63(b) apply.
[[Page 301]]
(f) Analytical methodology. (1) The standard sample volume required
for total coliform analysis, regardless of analytical method used, is
100 ml.
(2) Public water systems need only determine the presence or absence
of total coliforms; a determination of total coliform density is not
required.
(3) Public water systems must conduct total coliform analyses in
accordance with one of the analytical methods in the following table.
These methods are contained in the 18th edition of Standard Methods for
the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 1992, American Public Health
Association, 1015 Fifteenth Street NW., Washington, DC 20005. A
description of the Colisure Test may be obtained from the Millipore
Corporation, Technical Services Department, 80 Ashby Road, Bedford, MA
01730. The toll-free phone number is (800) 645-5476.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Organism Methodology Citation
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Coliforms 1.............. Total Coliform 9221A, B.
Fermentation
Technique 2,3,4.
Total Coliform 9222A, B, C.
Membrane Filter
Technique.
Presence-Absence 9221D.
(P-A) Coliform
Test 4,5.
ONPG-MUG Test 6 9223.
Colisure Test 7...
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ The time from sample collection to initiation of analysis may not
exceed 30 hours. Systems are encouraged but not required to hold
samples below 10 deg.C during transit.
\2\ Lactose broth, as commercially available, may be used in lieu of
laurel tryptose broth, if the system conducts at least 25 parallel
tests between this medium and lauryl tryptose broth using the water
normally tested, and this comparison demonstrates that the false-
positive rate and false-negative rate for total coliforms, using
lactose broth, is less than 10 percent.
\3\ If inverted tubes are used to detect gas production, the media
should cover these tubes at least one-half to two-thirds after the
sample is added.
\4\ No requirement exists to run the completed phase on 10 percent of
all total coliform-positive confirmed tubes.
\5\ Six-times formulation strength may be used if the medium is filter-
sterilized rather than autoclaved.
\6\ The ONPG-MUG Test is also known as the Autoanalysis Colilert System.
\7\ The Colisure Test must be incubated for 28 hours before examining
the results. If an examination of the results at 28 hours is not
convenient, then results may be examined at any time between 28 hours
and 48 hours.
(4) [Reserved]
(5) Public water systems must conduct fecal coliform analysis in
accordance with the following procedure. When the MTF Technique or
Presence-Absence (PA) Coliform Test is used to test for total coliforms,
shake the lactose-positive presumptive tube or P-A vigorously and
transfer the growth with a sterile 3-mm loop or sterile applicator stick
into brilliant green lactose bile broth and EC medium to determine the
presence of total and fecal coliforms, respectively. For EPA-approved
analytical methods which use a membrane filter, transfer the total
coliform-positive culture by one of the following methods: remove the
membrane containing the total coliform colonies from the substrate with
a sterile forceps and carefully curl and insert the membrane into a tube
of EC medium (the laboratory may first remove a small portion of
selected colonies for verification), swab the entire membrane filter
surface with a sterile cotton swab and transfer the inoculum to EC
medium (do not leave the cotton swab in the EC medium), or inoculate
individual total coliform-positive colonies into EC Medium. Gently shake
the inoculated tubes of EC medium to insure adequate mixing and incubate
in a waterbath at 44.5 0.2 deg.C for 24 2
hours. Gas production of any amount in the inner fermentation tube of
the EC medium indicates a positive fecal coliform test. The preparation
of EC medium is described in the 18th edition of Standard Methods for
the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 1992, Method 9221E--p. 9-52,
paragraph 1a. Public water systems need only determine the presence or
absence of fecal coliforms; a determination of fecal coliform density is
not required.
(6) Public water systems must conduct analysis of Escherichia coli
in accordance with one of the following analytical methods:
(i) EC medium supplemented with 50 g/ml of 4-
methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-glucuronide (MUG) (final concentration). EC
medium is described in the 18th edition of Standard Methods for the
Examination of Water and Wastewater, 1992, Method 9221E--p. 9-52,
paragraph 1a. MUG may be added to EC medium before autoclaving. EC
medium supplemented with 50 g/ml of MUG is commercially
available. At least 10 ml of EC medium supplemented with MUG must be
used. The inner inverted fermentation tube may be omitted. The procedure
for transferring a total coliform-positive culture to EC medium
supplemented with MUG shall be as specified in paragraph (f)(5) of this
section for transferring a total coliform-positive culture to EC medium.
Observe fluorescence with an ultraviolet
[[Page 302]]
light (366 nm) in the dark after incubating tube at 44.5
0.2 deg.C for 24 2 hours; or
(ii) Nutrient agar supplemented with 100 g/ml 4-
methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-glucuronide (MUG) (final concentration).
Nutrient Agar is described in the 18th edition of Standard Methods for
the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 1992, p. 9-47 to 9-48. This
test is used to determine if a total coliform-positive sample, as
determined by the Membrane Filter Technique or any other method in which
a membrane filter is used, contains E. coli. Transfer the membrane
filter containing a total coliform colony(ies) to nutrient agar
supplemented with 100 g/ml (final concentration) of MUG. After
incubating the agar plate at 35 deg.C for 4 hours, observe the
colony(ies) under ultraviolet light (366 nm) in the dark for
fluorescence. If fluorescence is visible, E. coli are present.
(iii) Minimal Medium ONPG-MUG (MMO-MUG) Test, as set forth in the
article ``National Field Evaluation of a Defined Substrate Method for
the Simultaneous Detection of Total Coliforms and Escherichia coli from
Drinking Water: Comparison with Presence-Absence Techniques'' (Edberg et
al.), Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Volume 55, pp. 1003-1008,
April 1989. (Note: The Autoanalysis Colilert System is an MMO-MUG test).
If the MMO-MUG test is total coliform-positive after a 24-hour
incubation, test the medium for fluorescence with a 366-nm ultraviolet
light (preferably with a 6-watt lamp) in the dark. If fluorescence is
observed, the sample is E. coli-positive. If fluorescence is
questionable (cannot be definitively read) after 24 hours incubation,
incubate the culture for an additional four hours (but not to exceed 28
hours total), and again test the medium for fluorescence. The MMO-MUG
Test with hepes buffer in lieu of phosphate buffer is the only approved
formulation for the detection of E. coli.
(iv) The Colisure Test. A description of the Colisure Test may be
obtained from the Millipore Corporation, Technical Services Department,
80 Ashby Road, Bedford, MA 01730.
(7) As an option to paragraph (f)(6)(iii) of this section, a system
with a total coliform-positive, MUG-negative, MMO-MUG test may further
analyze the culture for the presence of E. coli by transferring a 0.1
ml, 28-hour MMO-MUG culture to EC Medium + MUG with a pipet. The
formulation and incubation conditions of EC Medium + MUG, and
observation of the results are described in paragraph (f)(6)(i) of this
section.
(8) The following materials are incorporated by reference in this
section with the approval of the Director of the Federal Register in
accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. Copies of the
analytical methods cited in Standard Methods for the Examination of
Water and Wastewater may be obtained from the American Public Health
Association et al.; 1015 Fifteenth Street, NW.; Washington, DC 20005.
Copies of the methods set forth in Microbiological Methods for
Monitoring the Environment, Water and Wastes may be obtained from ORD
Publications, U.S. EPA, 26 W. Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, Ohio
45268. Copies of the MMO-MUG Test as set forth in the article ``National
Field Evaluation of a Defined Substrate Method for the Simultaneous
Enumeration of Total Coliforms and Escherichia coli from Drinking Water:
Comparison with the Standard Multiple Tube Fermentation Method'' (Edberg
et al.) may be obtained from the American Water Works Association
Research Foundation, 6666 West Quincy Avenue, Denver, CO 80235. A
description of the Colisure Test may be obtained from the Millipore
Corp., Technical Services Department, 80 Ashby Road, Bedford, MA 01730.
Copies may be inspected at EPA's Drinking Water Docket; 401 M Street,
SW.; Washington, DC 20460, or at the Office of the Federal Register; 800
North Capitol Street, NW., suite 700, Washington, DC.
(g) Response to violation. (1) A public water system which has
exceeded the MCL for total coliforms in Sec. 141.63 must report the
violation to the State no later than the end of the next business day
after it learns of the violation, and notify the public in accordance
with Sec. 141.32.
(2) A public water system which has failed to comply with a coliform
monitoring requirement, including the sanitary survey requirement, must
report
[[Page 303]]
the monitoring violation to the State within ten days after the system
discovers the violation, and notify the public in accordance with
Sec. 141.32.
[54 FR 27562, June 29, 1989, as amended at 54 FR 30001, July 17, 1989;
55 FR 25064, June 19, 1990; 56 FR 642, Jan. 8, 1991; 57 FR 1852, Jan.
15, 1992; 57 FR 24747, June 10, 1992; 59 FR 62466, Dec. 5, 1994; 60 FR
34085, June 29, 1995]
Sec. 141.22 Turbidity sampling and analytical requirements.
The requirements in this section apply to unfiltered systems until
December 30, 1991, unless the State has determined prior to that date,
in writing pursuant to section 1412(b)(7)(iii), that filtration is
required. The requirements in this section apply to filtered systems
until June 29, 1993. The requirements in this section apply to
unfiltered systems that the State has determined, in writing pursuant to
section 1412(b)(7)(C)(iii), must install filtration, until June 29,
1993, or until filtration is installed, whichever is later.
(a) Samples shall be taken by suppliers of water for both community
and non-community water systems at a representative entry point(s) to
the water distribution system at least once per day, for the purposes of
making turbidity measurements to determine compliance with Sec. 141.13.
If the State determines that a reduced sampling frequency in a non-
community will not pose a risk to public health, it can reduce the
required sampling frequency. The option of reducing the turbidity
frequency shall be permitted only in those public water systems that
practice disinfection and which maintain an active residual disinfectant
in the distribution system, and in those cases where the State has
indicated in writing that no unreasonable risk to health existed under
the circumstances of this option. Turbidity measurements shall be made
as directed in Sec. 141.74(a)(1).
(b) If the result of a turbidity analysis indicates that the maximum
allowable limit has been exceeded, the sampling and measurement shall be
confirmed by resampling as soon as practicable and preferably within one
hour. If the repeat sample confirms that the maximum allowable limit has
been exceeded, the supplier of water shall report to the State within 48
hours. The repeat sample shall be the sample used for the purpose of
calculating the monthly average. If the monthly average of the daily
samples exceeds the maximum allowable limit, or if the average of two
samples taken on consecutive days exceeds 5 TU, the supplier of water
shall report to the State and notify the public as directed in
Secs. 141.31 and 141.32.
(c) Sampling for non-community water systems shall begin within two
years after the effective date of this part.
(d) The requirements of this Sec. 141.22 shall apply only to public
water systems which use water obtained in whole or in part from surface
sources.
(e) The State has the authority to determine compliance or initiate
enforcement action based upon analytical results or other information
compiled by their sanctioned representatives and agencies.
[40 FR 59570, Dec. 24, 1975, as amended at 45 FR 57344, Aug. 27, 1980;
47 FR 8998, Mar. 3, 1982; 47 FR 10998, Mar. 12, 1982; 54 FR 27527, June
29, 1989; 59 FR 62466, Dec. 5, 1994]
Sec. 141.23 Inorganic chemical sampling and analytical requirements.
Community water systems shall conduct monitoring to determine
compliance with the maximum contaminant levels specified in Sec. 141.62
in accordance with this section. Non-transient, non-community water
systems shall conduct monitoring to determine compliance with the
maximum contaminant levels specified in Sec. 141.62 in accordance with
this section. Transient, non-community water systems shall conduct
monitoring to determine compliance with the nitrate and nitrite maximum
contaminant levels in Sec. 141.11 and Sec. 141.62 (as appropriate) in
accordance with this section.
(a) Monitoring shall be conducted as follows:
(1) Groundwater systems shall take a minimum of one sample at every
entry point to the distribution system which is representative of each
well after treatment (hereafter called a sampling point) beginning in
the initial compliance period. The system shall take each sample at the
same sampling point unless conditions make another
[[Page 304]]
sampling point more representative of each source or treatment plant.
(2) Surface water systems shall take a minimum of one sample at
every entry point to the distribution system after any application of
treatment or in the distribution system at a point which is
representative of each source after treatment (hereafter called a
sampling point) beginning in the initial compliance period. The system
shall take each sample at the same sampling point unless conditions make
another sampling point more representative of each source or treatment
plant.
Note: For purposes of this paragraph, surface water systems include
systems with a combination of surface and ground sources.
(3) If a system draws water from more than one source and the
sources are combined before distribution, the system must sample at an
entry point to the distribution system during periods of normal
operating conditions (i.e., when water is representative of all sources
being used).
(4) The State may reduce the total number of samples which must be
analyzed by allowing the use of compositing. Composite samples from a
maximum of five samples are allowed, provided that the detection limit
of the method used for analysis is less than one-fifth of the MCL.
Compositing of samples must be done in the laboratory.
(i) If the concentration in the composite sample is greater than or
equal to one-fifth of the MCL of any inorganic chemical, then a follow-
up sample must be taken within 14 days at each sampling point included
in the composite. These samples must be analyzed for the contaminants
which exceeded one-fifth of the MCL in the composite sample. Detection
limits for each analytical method and MCLs for each inorganic
contaminant are the following:
Detection Limits for Inorganic Contaminants
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Detection
Contaminant MCL (mg/l) Methodology limit (mg/l)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Antimony.................. 0.006...... Atomic 0.003
Absorption;
Furnace.
Atomic 0.0008 \5\
Absorption;
Platform.
ICP-Mass 0.0004
Spectrometry.
Hydride-Atomic 0.001
Absorption.
Asbestos.................. 7 MFL \1\.. Transmission 0.01 MFL
Electron
Microscopy.
Barium.................... 2.......... Atomic 0.002
Absorption;
furnace
technique.
Atomic 0.1
Absorption;
direct
aspiration.
Inductively 0.002 (0.001)
Coupled Plasma.
Beryllium................. 0.004...... Atomic 0.0002
Absorption;
Furnace.
Atomic 0.00002 \5\
Absorption;
Platform.
Inductively 0.0003
Coupled Plasma
\2\.
ICP-Mass 0.0003
Spectrometry.
Cadmium................... 0.005...... Atomic 0.0001
Absorption;
furnace
technique.
Inductively 0.001
Coupled Plasma.
Chromium.................. 0.1........ Atomic 0.001
Absorption;
furnace
technique.
Inductively 0.007 (0.001)
Coupled Plasma.
Cyanide................... 0.2........ Distillation, 0.02
Spectrophotomet
ric \3\.
Distillation, 0.005
Automated,
Spectrophotomet
ric \3\.
Distillation, 0.05
Selective
Electrode \3\.
Distillation, 0.02
Amenable,
Spectrophotomet
ric \4\.
Mercury................... 0.002...... Manual Cold 0.0002
Vapor Technique.
Automated Cold 0.0002
Vapor Technique.
Nickel.................... xl......... Atomic 0.001
Absorption;
Furnace.
Atomic 0.0006 \5\
Absorption;
Platform.
Inductively 0.005
Coupled Plasma
\2\.
ICP-Mass 0.0005
Spectrometry.
Nitrate................... 10 (as N).. Manual Cadmium 0.01
Reduction.
Automated 0.01
Hydrazine
Reduction.
Automated 0.05
Cadmium
Reduction.
Ion Selective 1
Electrode.
Ion 0.01
Chromatography.
Nitrite................... 1 (as N)... Spectrophotometr 0.01
ic.
Automated 0.05
Cadmium
Reduction.
Manual Cadmium 0.01
Reduction.
Ion 0.004
Chromatography.
Selenium.................. 0.05....... Atomic 0.002
Absorption;
furnace.
Atomic 0.002
Absorption;
gaseous hydride.
Thallium.................. 0.002...... Atomic 0.001
Absorption;
Furnace.
[[Page 305]]
Atomic 0.0007 \5\
Absorption;
Platform.
ICP-Mass 0.0003
Spectrometry.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ MFL = million fibers per liter >10 m.
\2\ Using a 2X preconcentration step as noted in Method 200.7. Lower
MDLs may be achieved when using a 4X preconcentration.
\3\ Screening method for total cyanides.
\4\ Measures ``free'' cyanides.
\5\ Lower MDLs are reported using stabilized temperature graphite
furnace atomic absorption.
(ii) If the population served by the system is >3,300 persons, then
compositing may only be permitted by the State at sampling points within
a single system. In systems serving 3,300 persons, the State
may permit compositing among different systems provided the 5-sample
limit is maintained.
(iii) If duplicates of the original sample taken from each sampling
point used in the composite are available, the system may use these
instead of resampling. The duplicates must be analyzed and the results
reported to the State within 14 days of collection.
(5) The frequency of monitoring for asbestos shall be in accordance
with paragraph (b) of this section: the frequency of monitoring for
antimony, barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cyanide, fluoride,
mercury, nickel, selenium and thallium shall be in accordance with
paragraph (c) of this section; the frequency of monitoring for nitrate
shall be in accordance with paragraph (d) of this section; and the
frequency of monitoring for nitrite shall be in accordance with
paragraph (e) of this section.
(b) The frequency of monitoring conducted to determine compliance
with the maximum contaminant level for asbestos specified in
Sec. 141.62(b) shall be conducted as follows:
(1) Each community and non-transient, non-community water system is
required to monitor for asbestos during the first three-year compliance
period of each nine-year compliance cycle beginning in the compliance
period starting January 1, 1993.
(2) If the system believes it is not vulnerable to either asbestos
contamination in its source water or due to corrosion of asbestos-cement
pipe, or both, it may apply to the State for a waiver of the monitoring
requirement in paragraph (b)(1) of this section. If the State grants the
waiver, the system is not required to monitor.
(3) The State may grant a waiver based on a consideration of the
following factors:
(i) Potential asbestos contamination of the water source, and
(ii) The use of asbestos-cement pipe for finished water distribution
and the corrosive nature of the water.
(4) A waiver remains in effect until the completion of the three-
year compliance period. Systems not receiving a waiver must monitor in
accordance with the provisions of paragraph (b)(1) of this section.
(5) A system vulnerable to asbestos contamination due solely to
corrosion of asbestos-cement pipe shall take one sample at a tap served
by asbestos-cement pipe and under conditions where asbestos
contamination is most likely to occur.
(6) A system vulnerable to asbestos contamination due solely to
source water shall monitor in accordance with the provision of paragraph
(a) of this section.
(7) A system vulnerable to asbestos contamination due both to its
source water supply and corrosion of asbestos-cement pipe shall take one
sample at a tap served by asbestos-cement pipe and under conditions
where asbestos contamination is most likely to occur.
(8) A system which exceeds the maximum contaminant levels as
determined in Sec. 141.23(i) of this section shall monitor quarterly
beginning in the next quarter after the violation occurred.
(9) The State may decrease the quarterly monitoring requirement to
the frequency specified in paragraph (b)(1) of this section provided the
State has determined that the system is reliably
[[Page 306]]
and consistently below the maximum contaminant level. In no case can a
State make this determination unless a groundwater system takes a
minimum of two quarterly samples and a surface (or combined surface/
ground) water system takes a minimum of four quarterly samples.
(10) If monitoring data collected after January 1, 1990 are
generally consistent with the requirements of Sec. 141.23(b), then the
State may allow systems to use that data to satisfy the monitoring
requirement for the initial compliance period beginning January 1, 1993.
(c) The frequency of monitoring conducted to determine compliance
with the maximum contaminant levels in Sec. 141.62 for antimony, barium,
beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cyanide, fluoride, mercury, nickel,
selenium and thallium shall be as follows:
(1) Groundwater systems shall take one sample at each sampling point
during each compliance period. Surface water systems (or combined
surface/ground) shall take one sample annually at each sampling point.
(2) The system may apply to the State for a waiver from the
monitoring frequencies specified in paragraph (c)(1) of this section.
States may grant a public water system a waiver for monitoring of
cyanide, provided that the State determines that the system is not
vulnerable due to lack of any industrial source of cyanide.
(3) A condition of the waiver shall require that a system shall take
a minimum of one sample while the waiver is effective. The term during
which the waiver is effective shall not exceed one compliance cycle
(i.e., nine years).
(4) The State may grant a waiver provided surface water systems have
monitored annually for at least three years and groundwater systems have
conducted a minimum of three rounds of monitoring. (At least one sample
shall have been taken since January 1, 1990). Both surface and
groundwater systems shall demonstrate that all previous analytical
results were less than the maximum contaminant level. Systems that use a
new water source are not eligible for a waiver until three rounds of
monitoring from the new source have been completed.
(5) In determining the appropriate reduced monitoring frequency, the
State shall consider:
(i) Reported concentrations from all previous monitoring;
(ii) The degree of variation in reported concentrations; and
(iii) Other factors which may affect contaminant concentrations such
as changes in groundwater pumping rates, changes in the system's
configuration, changes in the system's operating procedures, or changes
in stream flows or characteristics.
(6) A decision by the State to grant a waiver shall be made in
writing and shall set forth the basis for the determination. The
determination may be initiated by the State or upon an application by
the public water system. The public water system shall specify the basis
for its request. The State shall review and, where appropriate, revise
its determination of the appropriate monitoring frequency when the
system submits new monitoring data or when other data relevant to the
system's appropriate monitoring frequency become available.
(7) Systems which exceed the maximum contaminant levels as
calculated in Sec. 141.23(i) of this section shall monitor quarterly
beginning in the next quarter after the violation occurred.
(8) The State may decrease the quarterly monitoring requirement to
the frequencies specified in paragraphs (c)(1) and (c)(2) of this
section provided it has determined that the system is reliably and
consistently below the maximum contaminant level. In no case can a State
make this determination unless a groundwater system takes a minimum of
two quarterly samples and a surface water system takes a minimum of four
quarterly samples.
(d) All public water systems (community; non-transient, non-
community; and transient, non-community systems) shall monitor to
determine compliance with the maximum contaminant level for nitrate in
Sec. 141.62.
(1) Community and non-transient, non-community water systems served
by groundwater systems shall monitor annually beginning January 1, 1993;
systems served by surface water shall
[[Page 307]]
monitor quarterly beginning January 1, 1993.
(2) For community and non-transient, non-community water systems,
the repeat monitoring frequency for groundwater systems shall be
quarterly for at least one year following any one sample in which the
concentration is 50 percent of the MCL. The State may allow a
groundwater system to reduce the sampling frequency to annually after
four consecutive quarterly samples are reliably and consistently less
than the MCL.
(3) For community and non-transient, non-community water systems,
the State may allow a surface water system to reduce the sampling
frequency to annually if all analytical results from four consecutive
quarters are <50 percent of the MCL. A surface water system shall return
to quarterly monitoring if any one sample is 50 percent of
the MCL.
(4) Each transient non-community water system shall monitor annually
beginning January 1, 1993.
(5) After the initial round of quarterly sampling is completed, each
community and non-transient non-community system which is monitoring
annually shall take subsequent samples during the quarter(s) which
previously resulted in the highest analytical result.
(e) All public water systems (community; non-transient, non-
community; and transient, non-community systems) shall monitor to
determine compliance with the maximum contaminant level for nitrite in
Sec. 141.62(b).
(1) All public water systems shall take one sample at each sampling
point in the compliance period beginning January 1, 1993 and ending
December 31, 1995.
(2) After the initial sample, systems where an analytical result for
nitrite is <50 percent of the MCL shall monitor at the frequency
specified by the State.
(3) For community, non-transient, non-community, and transient non-
community water systems, the repeat monitoring frequency for any water
system shall be quarterly for at least one year following any one sample
in which the concentration is 50 percent of the MCL. The
State may allow a system to reduce the sampling frequency to annually
after determining the system is reliably and consistently less than the
MCL.
(4) Systems which are monitoring annually shall take each subsequent
sample during the quarter(s) which previously resulted in the highest
analytical result.
(f) Confirmation samples:
(1) Where the results of sampling for asbestos, antimony, barium,
beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cyanide, fluoride, mercury, nickel,
selenium or thallium indicate an exceedance of the maximum contaminant
level, the State may require that one additional sample be collected as
soon as possible after the initial sample was taken (but not to exceed
two weeks) at the same sampling point.
(2) Where nitrate or nitrite sampling results indicate an exceedance
of the maximum contaminant level, the system shall take a confirmation
sample within 24 hours of the system's receipt of notification of the
analytical results of the first sample. Systems unable to comply with
the 24-hour sampling requirement must immediately notify the consumers
served by the area served by the public water system in accordance with
Sec. 141.32. Systems exercising this option must take and analyze a
confirmation sample within two weeks of notification of the analytical
results of the first sample.
(3) If a State-required confirmation sample is taken for any
contaminant, then the results of the initial and confirmation sample
shall be averaged. The resulting average shall be used to determine the
system's compliance in accordance with paragraph (i) of this section.
States have the discretion to delete results of obvious sampling errors.
(g) The State may require more frequent monitoring than specified in
paragraphs (b), (c), (d) and (e) of this section or may require
confirmation samples for positive and negative results at its
discretion.
(h) Systems may apply to the State to conduct more frequent
monitoring than the minimum monitoring frequencies specified in this
section.
(i) Compliance with Secs. 141.11 or 141.62(b) (as appropriate) shall
be determined based on the analytical result(s) obtained at each
sampling point.
[[Page 308]]
(1) For systems which are conducting monitoring at a frequency
greater than annual, compliance with the maximum contaminant levels for
antimony, asbestos, barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cyanide,
fluoride, mercury, nickel, selenium or thallium is determined by a
running annual average at any sampling point. If the average at any
sampling point is greater than the MCL, then the system is out of
compliance. If any one sample would cause the annual average to be
exceeded, then the system is out of compliance immediately. Any sample
below the method detection limit shall be calculated at zero for the
purpose of determining the annual average.
(2) For systems which are monitoring annually, or less frequently,
the system is out of compliance with the maximum contaminant levels for
asbestos, antimony, barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cyanide,
fluoride, mercury, nickel, selenium or thallium if the level of a
contaminant at any sampling point is greater than the MCL. If a
confirmation sample is required by the State, the determination of
compliance will be based on the average of the two samples.
(3) Compliance with the maximum contaminant levels for nitrate and
nitrate is determined based on one sample if the levels of these
contaminants are below the MCLs. If the levels of nitrate and/or nitrite
exceed the MCLs in the initial sample, a confirmation sample is required
in accordance with paragraph (f)(2) of this section, and compliance
shall be determined based on the average of the initial and confirmation
samples.
(4) If a public water system has a distribution system separable
from other parts of the distribution system with no interconnections,
the State may allow the system to give public notice to only the area
served by that portion of the system which is out of compliance.
(j) Each public water system shall monitor at the time designated by
the State during each compliance period.
(k) Inorganic analysis:
(1) Analysis for the following contaminants shall be conducted in
accordance with the methods in the following Table, or their equivalent
as determined by EPA. Criteria for analyzing arsenic, barium, beryllium,
cadmium, calcium, chromium, copper, lead, nickel, selenium, sodium, and
thallium with digestion or directly without digestion, and other
analytical test procedures are contained in Technical Notes on Drinking
Water Methods, EPA-600/R-94-173, October 1994. This document also
contains approved analytical test methods which remain available for
compliance monitoring until July 1, 1996. These methods will not be
available for use after July 1, 1996. This document is available from
the National Technical Information Service, NTIS PB95-104766, U.S.
Department of Commerce, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia
22161. The toll-free number is 800-553-6847.
[[Page 309]]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Contaminant Methodology EPA ASTM \3\ SM \4\ Other
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Antimony............ ICP-Mass \2\ 200.8
Spectrometry.
Hydride-Atomic ........... D-3697-92
Absorption.
Atomic \2\ 200.9
Absorption;
Platform.
Atomic ........... .................... 3113B...............
Absorption;
Furnace.
Arsenic............. Inductively \2\ 200.7 .................... 3120B...............
Coupled Plasma.
ICP-Mass \2\ 200.8
Spectrometry.
Atomic \2\ 200.9
Absorption;
Platform.
Atomic ........... D-2972-93C 3113B...............
Absorption;
Furnace.
Hydride Atomic ........... D-2972-93B 3114B...............
Absorption.
Asbestos............ Transmission \9\ 100.1
Electron
Microscopy.
Transmission \10\ 100.2
Electron
Microscopy.
Barium.............. Inductively \2\ 200.7 .................... 3120B...............
Coupled Plasma.
ICP-Mass \2\ 200.8
Spectrometry.
Atomic ........... .................... 3111D...............
Absorption;
Direct.
Atomic ........... .................... 3113B...............
Absorption;
Furnace.
Beryllium........... Inductively \2\ 200.7 .................... 3120B...............
Coupled Plasma.
ICP-Mass \2\ 200.8
Spectrometry.
Atomic \2\ 200.9
Absorption;
Platform.
Atomic ........... D-3645-93B 3113B...............
Absorption;
Furnace.
Cadmium............. Inductively \2\200.7
Coupled Plasma.
ICP-Mass \2\ 200.8
Spectrometry.
Atomic \2\ 200.9
Absorption;
Platform.
Atomic ........... .................... 3113B...............
Absorption;
Furnace.
Chromium............ Inductively \2\ 200.7 .................... 3120B...............
Coupled Plasma.
ICP-Mass \2\ 200.8
Spectrometry.
Atomic \2\ 200.9
Absorption;
Platform.
Atomic ........... .................... 3113B...............
Absorption;
Furnace.
Cyanide............. Manual ........... .................... 4500-CN-C...........
Distillation
followed by.
Spectrophotom ........... D2036-91B 4500CN-G............
etric,
Amenable.
Spectrophotom ........... D2036-91A 4500-CN-E........... \5\ I-3300-85
etric Manual.
Semi- \6\ 335.4
automated.
Selective ........... .................... 4500CN-F............
Electrode.
Fluoride............ Ion \6\ 300.0 D4327-91 4110B...............
Chromatography.
Manual ........... .................... 4500F-B,D...........
Distill.;
Color. SPADNS.
Manual ........... D1179-93B 4500F-C.............
Electrode.
Automated ........... .................... .................... \11\ 380-75WE
Electrode.
Automated ........... .................... 4500F-E............. \11\ 129-71W
Alizarin.
Mercury............. Manual, Cold \2\ 245.1 D3223-91 3112B...............
Vapor.
Automated, Cold \1\ 245.2
Vapor.
ICP-Mass \2\ 200.8
Spectrometry.
Nickel.............. Inductively \2\ 200.7 .................... 3120B...............
Coupled Plasma.
ICP-Mass \2\ 200.8
Spectrometry.
Atomic \2\ 200.9
Absorption;
Platform.
Atomic ........... .................... 3111B...............
Absorption;
Direct.
Atomic ........... .................... 3113B...............
Absorption;
Furnace.
Nitrate............. Ion \6\ 300.0 D4327-91 4110B............... \8\ B-1011
Chromatography.
Automated \6\ 353.2 D3867-90A 4500-NO3-F..........
Cadmium
Reduction.
Ion Selective ........... .................... 4500-NO3-D.......... \7\ 601
Electrode.
[[Page 310]]
Manual Cadmium ........... D3867-90B 4500-NO3-E..........
Reduction.
Nitrite............. Ion \6\ 300.0 D4327-91 4110B............... \8\ B-1011
Chromatography.
Automated \6\ 353.2 D3867-90A 4500-NO3-F..........
Cadmium
Reduction.
Manual Cadmium ........... D3867-90B 4500-NO3-E..........
Reduction.
Spectrophotomet ........... .................... 4500-NO2-B..........
ric.
Selenium............ Hydride-Atomic ........... D3859-93A 3114B...............
Absorption.
ICP-Mass \2\ 200.8
Spectrometry.
Atomic \2\ 200.9
Absorption;
Platform.
Atomic ........... D3859-93B 3113B...............
Absorption;
Furnace.
Thallium............ ICP-Mass \2\ 200.8
Spectrometry.
Atomic \2\ 200.9
Absorption;
Platform.
Lead................ Atomic ........... D3559-90D 3113B...............
absorption;
furnace.
ICP-Mass \2\ 200.8
spectrometry.
Atomic \2\ 200.9
absorption;
platform.
Copper.............. Atomic ........... D1688-90C 3113B...............
absorption;
furnace.
Atomic ........... D1688-90A 3111B...............
absorption;
direct
aspiration.
ICP............ \2\ 200.7 .................... 3120B...............
ICP-Mass \2\ 200.8
spectrometry.
Atomic \2\ 200.9
absorption;
platform.
pH.................. Electrometric.. \1\ 150.1 D1293-84 4500-H+-B...........
............... \1\ 150.2
Conductivity........ Conductance.... ........... D1125-91A 2510B...............
Calcium............. EDTA ........... D511-93A 3500-Ca-D...........
titrimetric.
Atomic ........... D511-93B 3111B...............
absorption;
direct
aspiration.
Inductively- \2\ 200.7 .................... 3120B...............
coupled plasma.
Alkalinity.......... Titrimetric.... ........... D1067-92B 2320B...............
Electrometric ........... .................... .................... \5\ I-1030-85
titration.
Orthophosphate \12\. Colorimetric, \6\ 365.1 .................... 4500-P-F............
automated,
ascorbic acid.
Colorimetric, ........... D515-88A 4500-P-E............
ascorbic acid,
single reagent.
Colorimetric, ........... .................... .................... \5\ I-1601-85
phosphomolybda
te;.
automated- ........... .................... .................... \5\ I-2601-90
segmented
flow;.
automated ........... .................... .................... \5\ I-2598-85
discrete.
Ion \6\ 300.0 D4327-91 4110................
Chromatography.
Silica.............. Colorimetric, ........... .................... .................... \5\ I-1700-85
molybdate
blue;.
automated- ........... .................... .................... \5\ I-2700-85
segmented flow.
Colorimetric... ........... D859-88
Molybdosilicate ........... .................... 4500-Si-D...........
Heteropoly blue ........... .................... 4500-Si-E...........
Automated ........... .................... 4500-Si-F...........
method for
molybdate-
reactive
silica.
Inductively- \2\ 200.7 .................... 3120B...............
coupled plasma.
Temperature......... Thermometric... ........... .................... 2550................
Sodium.............. Inductively- \2\ 200.7
coupled plasma.
Atomic ........... .................... 3111B...............
Absorption;
direct
aspiration.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Footnotes:
\1\ Methods 150.1, 150.2 and 245.2 are available from US EPA, EMSL, Cincinnati, OH 45268. The identical methods
were formerly in ``Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes'', EPA-600/4-79-020, March 1983, which is
available at NTIS, PB84-128677.
\2\ ``Methods for the Determination of Metals in Environmental Samples--Supplement I'', EPA-600/R-94-111, May
1994. Available at NTIS, PB 94-184942.
[[Page 311]]
\3\ The procedures shall be done in accordance with the Annual Book of ASTM Standards, 1994, Vols. 11.01 and
11.02, American Society for Testing and Materials. This incorporation by reference was approved by the
Director of the Federal Register in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR Part 51. Copies may be obtained
from the American Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103. Copies may be
inspected at EPA's Drinking Water Docket, 401 M Street, SW., Washington, DC 20460; or at the Office of the
Federal Register, 800 North Capitol Street, NW., Suite 700, Washington, DC.
\4\ The procedures shall be done in accordance with the 18th edition of Standard Methods for the Examination of
Water and Wastewater, 1992, American Public Health Association. This incorporation by reference was approved
by the Director of the Federal Register in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR Part 51. Copies may be
obtained from the American Public Health Association, 1015 Fifteenth Street NW, Washington, DC 20005. Copies
may be inspected at EPA's Drinking Water Docket, 401 M Street, SW., Washington, DC 20460; or at the Office of
the Federal Register, 800 North Capitol Street, NW., Suite 700, Washington, DC.
\5\ Available from Books and Open-File Reports Section, U.S. Geological Survey, Federal Center, Box 25425,
Denver, CO 80225-0425.
\6\ ``Methods for the Determination of Inorganic Substances in Environmental Samples'', EPA-600/R-93-100, August
1993. Available at NTIS, PB94-121811.
\7\ The procedure shall be done in accordance with the Technical Bulletin 601 ``Standard Method of Test for
Nitrate in Drinking Water'', July 1994, PN 221890-001, Analytical Technology, Inc. This incorporation by
reference was approved by the Director of the Federal Register in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR
Part 51. Copies may be obtained from ATI Orion, 529 Main Street, Boston, MA 02129. Copies may be inspected at
EPA's Drinking Water Docket, 401 M Street, SW., Washington, DC 20460; or at the Office of the Federal
Register, 800 North Capitol Street, NW., Suite 700, Washington, DC.
\8\ Method B-1011, ``Waters Test Method for Determination of Nitrite/Nitrate in Water Using Single Column Ion
Chromatography'', Millipore Corporation, Waters Chromatography Division, 34 Maple Street, Milford, MA 01757.
\9\ Method 100.1, ``Analytical Method For Determination of Asbestos Fibers in Water'', EPA-600/4-83-043, EPA,
September 1983. Available at NTIS, PB83-260471.
\10\ Method 100.2, ``Determination Of Asbestos Structure Over 10-m In Length In Drinking Water'', EPA-
600/R-94-134, June 1994. Available at NTIS, PB94-201902.
\11\ The procedures shall be done in accordance with the Industrial Method No. 129-71W, ``Fluoride in Water and
Wastewater'', December 1972, and Method No. 380-75WE, ``Fluoride in Water and Wastewater'', February 1976,
Technicon Industrial Systems. This incorporation by reference was approved by the Director of the Federal
Register in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR Part 51. Copies may be obtained from the Technicon
Industrial Systems, Tarrytown, NY 10591. Copies may be inspected at EPA's Drinking Water Docket, 401 M Street,
SW., Washington, DC 20460; or at the Office of Federal Register, 800 Capitol Street, NW., Suite 700,
Washington, DC.
\12\ Unfiltered, no digestion or hydrolysis.
[[Page 312]]
(2) Sample collection for antimony, asbestos, barium, beryllium,
cadmium, chromium, cyanide, fluoride, mercury, nickel, nitrate, nitrite,
selenium, and thallium under this section shall be conducted using the
sample preservation, container, and maximum holding time procedures
specified in the table below:
[[Page 313]]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Contaminant Preservative \1\ Container \2\ Time \3\
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Antimony................................. Conc HNO3 to pH <2................... P or G........... 6 months.
Asbestos................................. Cool, 4C............................. P or G........... ...........
Barium................................... Conc HNO3 to pH <2................... P or G........... 6 months.
Beryllium................................ Conc HNO3 to pH <2................... P or G........... 6 months.
Cadmium.................................. Conc HNO3 to pH <2................... P or G........... 6 months.
Chromium................................. Conc HNO3 to pH <2................... P or G........... 6 months.
Cyanide.................................. Cool, 4 deg.C, NaOH to pH>12 \3\..... P or G........... 14 days
Fluoride................................. None................................. P or G........... 1 month.
Mercury.................................. Conc HNO3 to pH <2................... P or G........... 28 days.
Nickel................................... Conc HNO3 to pH <2................... P or G........... 6 months.
Nitrate
Chlorinated............................ Cool, 4C............................. P or G........... 28 days.
Non-chlorinated........................ Conc H2SO4 to pH <2.................. P or G........... 14 days.
Nitrite.................................. Cool, 4C............................. P or G........... 48 hours.
Selenium................................. Conc HNO3 to pH <2................... P or G........... 6 months.
Thallium................................. Conc HNO3 to pH <2................... P or G........... 6 months.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ P=plastic, hard or soft; G=glass, hard or soft.
\2\ In all cases, samples should be analyzed as soon after collection as possible.
\3\ See method(s) for the information for preservation.
[[Page 314]]
(3) Analysis under this section shall only be conducted by
laboratories that have been certified by EPA or the State. Laboratories
may conduct sample analysis under provisional certification until
January 1, 1996. To receive certification to conduct analyses for
antimony, asbestos, barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cyanide,
fluoride, mercury, nickel, nitrate, nitrite and selenium and thallium,
the laboratory must:
(i) Analyze Performance Evaluation samples which include those
substances provided by EPA Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
or equivalent samples provided by the State.
(ii) Achieve quantitative results on the analyses that are within
the following acceptance limits:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Contaminant Acceptance limit
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Antimony............................ 30 at 0.006 mg/1
Asbestos............................ 2 standard deviations based on
study statistics.
Barium.............................. 15% at 0.15 mg/1
Beryllium........................... 15% at 0.001 mg/1
Cadmium............................. 20% at 0.002 mg/1
Chromium............................ 15% at 0.01 mg/1
Cyanide............................. 25% at 0.1 mg/1
Fluoride............................ 10% at 1 to 10 mg/1
Mercury............................. 30% at 0.0005 mg/1
Nickel.............................. 15% at 0.01 mg/1
Nitrate............................. 10% at 0.4 mg/1
Nitrite............................. 15% at 0.4 mg/1
Selenium............................ 20% at 0.01 mg/1
Thallium............................ 30% at 0.002 mg/1
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(l) Analyses for the purpose of determining compliance with
Sec. 141.11 shall be conducted using the requirements specified in
paragraphs (l) through (q) of this section.
(1) Analyses for all community water systems utilizing surface water
sources shall be completed by June 24, 1978. These analyses shall be
repeated at yearly intervals.
(2) Analyses for all community water systems utilizing only ground
water sources shall be completed by June 24, 1979. These analyses shall
be repeated at three-year intervals.
(3) For non-community water systems, whether supplied by surface or
ground sources, analyses for nitrate shall be completed by December 24,
1980. These analyses shall be repeated at intervals determined by the
State.
(4) The State has the authority to determine compliance or initiate
enforcement action based upon analytical results and other information
compiled by their sanctioned representatives and agencies.
(m) If the result of an analysis made under paragraph (l) of this
section indicates that the level of any contaminant listed in
Sec. 141.11 exceeds the maximum contaminant level, the supplier of the
water shall report to the State within 7 days and initiate three
additional analyses at the same sampling point within one month.
(n) When the average of four analyses made pursuant to paragraph (m)
of this section, rounded to the same number of significant figures as
the maximum contaminant level for the substance in question, exceeds the
maximum contaminant level, the supplier of water shall notify the State
pursuant to Sec. 141.31 and give notice to the public pursuant to
Sec. 141.32. Monitoring after public notification shall be at a
frequency designated by the State and shall continue until the maximum
contaminant level has not been exceeded in two successive samples or
until a monitoring schedule as a condition to a variance, exemption or
enforcement action shall become effective.
(o) The provisions of paragraphs (m) and (n) of this section
notwithstanding, compliance with the maximum contaminant level for
nitrate shall be determined on the basis of the mean of two analyses.
When a level exceeding the maximum contaminant level for nitrate is
found, a second analysis shall be initiated within 24 hours, and if the
mean of the two analyses exceeds the maximum contaminant level, the
supplier of water shall report his findings to the State pursuant to
Sec. 141.31 and shall notify the public pursuant to Sec. 141.32.
(p) For the initial analyses required by paragraph (l) (1), (2) or
(3) of this section, data for surface waters acquired within one year
prior to the effective date and data for ground waters acquired within 3
years prior to the effective date of this part may be substituted at the
discretion of the State.
(q) [Reserved]
[56 FR 3579, Jan. 30, 1991, as amended at 56 FR 30274, July 1, 1991; 57
FR 31838, July 17, 1992; 59 FR 34322, July 1, 1994; 59 FR 62466, Dec. 5,
1994; 60 FR 33932, 34085, June 29, 1995]
[[Page 315]]
Sec. 141.24 Organic chemicals other than total trihalomethanes, sampling and analytical requirements.
(a)-(d) [Reserved]
(e) Analyses for the contaminants in this section shall be conducted
using the following EPA methods or their equivalent as approved by EPA.
Methods 502.2, 505, 507, 508, 508A, 515.1 and 531.1 are in Methods for
the Determination of Organic Compounds in Drinking Water, EPA-600/4-88-
039, December 1988, Revised, July 1991. Methods 506, 547, 550, 550.1 and
551 are in Methods for the Determination of Organic Compounds in
Drinking Water--Supplement I, EPA-600-4-90-020, July 1990. Methods
515.2, 524.2, 548.1, 549.1, 552.1 and 555 are in Methods for the
Determination of Organic Compounds in Drinking Water--Supplement II,
EPA-600/R-92-129, August 1992. Method 1613 is titled ``Tetra-through
Octa-Chlorinated Dioxins and Furans by Isotope-Dilution HRGC/HRMS'',
EPA-821-B-94-005, October 1994. These documents are available from the
National Technical Information Service, NTIS PB91-231480, PB91-146027,
PB92-207703 and PB95-104774, U.S. Department of Commerce, 5285 Port
Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22161. The toll-free number is 800-
553-6847. Method 6651 shall be followed in accordance with the 18th
edition of Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater,
1992, American Public Health Association. This incorporation by
reference was approved by the Director of the Federal Register in
accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR Part 51. Copies may be
obtained from the American Public Health Association, 1015 Fifteenth
Street NW., Washington, DC 20005. Copies may be inspected at EPA's
Drinking Water Docket, 401 M Street, SW., Washington, DC 20460; or at
the Office of the Federal Register, 800 North Capitol Street, NW., Suite
700, Washington, DC. Method 6610 shall be followed in accordance with
the Supplement to the 18th edition of Standard Methods for the
Examination of Water and Wastewater, 1994, American Public Health
Association. This incorporation by reference was approved by the
Director of the Federal Register in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and
1 CFR Part 51. Copies may be obtained from the American Public Health
Association, 1015 Fifteenth Street NW., Washington, DC 20005. Copies may
be inspected at EPA's Drinking Water Docket, 401 M Street, SW.,
Washington, DC 20460; or at the Office of the Federal Register, 800
North Capitol Street, NW., Suite 700, Washington, DC. Other analytical
test procedures are contained in Technical Notes on Drinking Water
Methods, EPA-600/R-94-173, October 1994, NTIS PB95-104766. This document
also contains approved analytical methods which remain available for
compliance monitoring until July 1, 1996. These methods will not be
available for use after July 1, 1996. EPA Methods 504.1, 508.1 and 525.2
are available from US EPA EMSL, Cincinnati, OH 45268. The phone number
is 513-569-7586.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Contaminant Method
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Benzene................................... 502.2, 524.2.
Carbon tetrachloride...................... 502.2, 524.2, 551.
Chlorobenzene............................. 502.2, 524.2.
1,2-Dichlorobenzene....................... 502.2, 524.2.
1,4-Dichlorobenzene....................... 502.2, 524.2.
1,2-Dichloroethane........................ 502.2, 524.2.
cis-Dichloroethylene...................... 502.2, 524.2.
trans-Dichloroethylene.................... 502.2, 524.2.
Dichloromethane........................... 502.2, 524.2.
1,2-Dichloropropane....................... 502.2, 524.2.
Ethylbenzene.............................. 502.2, 524.2.
Styrene................................... 502.2, 524.2.
Tetrachloroethylene....................... 502.2, 524.2, 551.
1,1,1-Trichloroethane..................... 502.2, 524.2, 551.
Trichloroethylene......................... 502.2, 524.2, 551.
Toluene................................... 502.2, 524.2.
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene.................... 502.2, 524.2.
1,1-Dichloroethylene...................... 502.2, 524.2.
1,1,2-Trichloroethane..................... 502.2, 524.2.
Vinyl chloride............................ 502.2, 524.2.
Xylenes (total)........................... 502.2, 524.2.
2,3,7,8-TCDD (dioxin)..................... 1613.
2,4-D..................................... 515.2, 555, 515.1.
2,4,5-TP (Silvex)......................... 515.2, 555, 515.1.
Alachlor.................................. 505 \1\, 507, 525.2, 508.1.
Atrazine.................................. 505 \1\, 507, 525.2, 508.1.
Benzo(a)pyrene............................ 525.2, 550, 550.1.
Carbofuran................................ 531.1, 6610.
Chlordane................................. 505, 508, 525.2, 508.1.
Dalapon................................... 552.1, 515.1.
Di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate.................. 506, 525.2.
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate................ 506, 525.2.
Dibromochloropropane (DBCP)............... 504.1, 551.
Dinoseb................................... 515.2, 555, 515.1.
Diquat.................................... 549.1.
Endothall................................. 548.1.
Endrin.................................... 505, 508, 525.2, 508.1.
Ethylene dibromide (EDB).................. 504.1, 551.
Glyphosate................................ 547, 6651.
Heptachlor................................ 505, 508, 525.2, 508.1.
Heptachlor Epoxide........................ 505, 508, 525.2, 508.1.
Hexachlorobenzene......................... 505, 508, 525.2, 508.1.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene................. 505, 525.2, 508, 508.1.
Lindane................................... 505, 508, 525.2, 508.1.
Methoxychlor.............................. 505, 508, 525.2, 508.1.
Oxamyl.................................... 531.1, 6610.
[[Page 316]]
PCBs \2\ (as decachlorobiphenyl).......... 508A.
(as Aroclors)........................... 505, 508.
Pentachlorophenol......................... 515.2, 525.2, 555, 515.1.
Picloram.................................. 515.2, 555, 515.1.
Simazine.................................. 505 \1\, 507, 525.2, 508.1.
Toxaphene................................. 505, 508, 525.2.
Total Trihalomethanes..................... 502.2, 524.2, 551.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ A nitrogen-phosphorous detector should be substituted for the
electron capture detector in Method 505 (or another approved method
should be used) to determine alachlor, atrazine and simazine, if lower
detection limits are required.
\2\ PCBs are qualitatively identified as Aroclors and measured for
compliance purposes as decachlorobiphenyl.
(f) Beginning with the initial compliance period, analysis of the
contaminants listed in Sec. 141.61(a) (1) through (21) for the purpose
of determining compliance with the maximum contaminant level shall be
conducted as follows:
(1) Groundwater systems shall take a minimum of one sample at every
entry point to the distribution system which is representative of each
well after treatment (hereafter called a sampling point). Each sample
must be taken at the same sampling point unless conditions make another
sampling point more representative of each source, treatment plant, or
within the distribution system.
(2) Surface water systems (or combined surface/ground) shall take a
minimum of one sample at points in the distribution system that are
representative of each source or at each entry point to the distribution
system after treatment (hereafter called a sampling point). Each sample
must be taken at the same sampling point unless conditions make another
sampling point more representative of each source, treatment plant, or
within the distribution system.
(3) If the system draws water from more than one source and the
sources are combined before distribution, the system must sample at an
entry point to the distribution system during periods of normal
operating conditions (i.e., when water representative of all sources is
being used).
(4) Each community and non-transient non-community water system
shall take four consecutive quarterly samples for each contaminant
listed in Sec. 141.61(a) (2) through (21) during each compliance period,
beginning in the initial compliance period.
(5) If the initial monitoring for contaminants listed in
Sec. 141.61(a) (1) through (8) and the monitoring for the contaminants
listed in Sec. 141.61(a) (9) through (21) as allowed in paragraph
(f)(18) has been completed by December 31, 1992, and the system did not
detect any contaminant listed in Sec. 141.61(a) (1) through (21), then
each ground and surface water system shall take one sample annually
beginning with the initial compliance period.
(6) After a minimum of three years of annual sampling, the State may
allow groundwater systems with no previous detection of any contaiminant
listed in Sec. 141.61(a) to take one sample during each compliance
period.
(7) Each community and non-transient non-community ground water
system which does not detect a contaminant listed in Sec. 141.61(a) (1)
through (21) may apply to the State for a waiver from the requirements
of paragraphs (f)(5) and (f)(6) of this section after completing the
initial monitoring. (For purposes of this section, detection is defined
as 0.0005 mg/l.) A waiver shall be effective for no more than
six years (two compliance periods). States may also issue waivers to
small systems for the initial round of monitoring for 1,2,4-
trichlorobenzene.
(8) A State may grant a waiver after evaluating the following
factor(s):
(i) Knowledge of previous use (including transport, storage, or
disposal) of the contaminant within the watershed or zone of influence
of the system. If a determination by the State reveals no previous use
of the contaminant within the watershed or zone of influence, a waiver
may be granted.
(ii) If previous use of the contaminant is unknown or it has been
used previously, then the following factors shall be used to determine
whether a waiver is granted.
(A) Previous analytical results.
(B) The proximity of the system to a potential point or non-point
source of contamination. Point sources include spills and leaks of
chemicals at or near a water treatment facility or at manufacturing,
distribution, or storage facilities, or from hazardous and municipal
waste landfills and other waste handling or treatment facilities.
[[Page 317]]
(C) The environmental persistence and transport of the contaminants.
(D) The number of persons served by the public water system and the
proximity of a smaller system to a larger system.
(E) How well the water source is protected against contamination,
such as whether it is a surface or groundwater system. Groundwater
systems must consider factors such as depth of the well, the type of
soil, and wellhead protection. Surface water systems must consider
watershed protection.
(9) As a condition of the waiver a groundwater system must take one
sample at each sampling point during the time the waiver is effective
(i.e., one sample during two compliance periods or six years) and update
its vulnerability assessment considering the factors listed in paragraph
(f)(8) of this section. Based on this vulnerability assessment the State
must reconfirm that the system is non-vulnerable. If the State does not
make this reconfirmation within three years of the initial
determination, then the waiver is invalidated and the system is required
to sample annually as specified in paragraph (5) of this section.
(10) Each community and non-transient non-community surface water
system which does not detect a contaminant listed in Sec. 141.61(a) (1)
through (21) may apply to the State for a waiver from the requirements
of (f)(5) of this section after completing the initial monitoring.
Composite samples from a maximum of five sampling points are allowed,
provided that the detection limit of the method used for analysis is
less than one-fifth of the MCL. Systems meeting this criterion must be
determined by the State to be non-vulnerable based on a vulnerability
assessment during each compliance period. Each system receiving a waiver
shall sample at the frequency specified by the State (if any).
(11) If a contaminant listed in Sec. 141.61(a) (2) through (21) is
detected at a level exceeding 0.0005 mg/l in any sample, then:
(i) The system must monitor quarterly at each sampling point which
resulted in a detection.
(ii) The State may decrease the quarterly monitoring requirement
speci fied in paragraph (f)(11)(i) of this section provided it has
determined that the system is reliably and consistently below the
maximum contaminant level. In no case shall the State make this
determination unless a groundwater system takes a minimum of two
quarterly samples and a surface water system takes a minimum of four
quarterly samples.
(iii) If the State determines that the system is reliably and
consistently below the MCL, the State may allow the system to monitor
annually. Systems which monitor annually must monitor during the
quarter(s) which previously yielded the highest analytical result.
(iv) Systems which have three consecutive annual samples with no
detection of a contaminant may apply to the State for a waiver as
specified in paragraph (f)(7) of this section.
(v) Groundwater systems which have detected one or more of the
following two-carbon organic compounds: trichloroethylene,
tetrachloroethylene, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, cis-1,2-
dichloroethylene, trans-1,2-dichloroethylene, or 1,1-dichloroethylene
shall monitor quarterly for vinyl chloride. A vinyl chloride sample
shall be taken at each sampling point at which one or more of the two-
carbon organic compounds was detected. If the results of the first
analysis do not detect vinyl chloride, the State may reduce the
quarterly monitoring frequency of vinyl chloride monitoring to one
sample during each compliance period. Surface water systems are required
to monitor for vinyl chloride as specified by the State.
(12) Systems which violate the requirements of Sec. 141.61(a) (1)
through (21), as determined by paragraph (f)(15) of this section, must
monitor quarterly. After a minimum of four consecutive quarterly samples
which show the system is in compliance as specified in paragraph (f)(15)
of this section the system and the State determines that the system is
reliably and consistently below the maximum contaminant level, the
system may monitor at the frequency and times specified in paragraph
(f)(11)(iii) of this section.
[[Page 318]]
(13) The State may require a confirmation sample for positive or
negative results. If a confirmation sample is required by the State, the
result must be averaged with the first sampling result and the average
is used for the compliance determination as specified by paragraph
(f)(15). States have discretion to delete results of obvious sampling
errors from this calculation.
(14) The State may reduce the total number of samples a system must
analyze by allowing the use of compositing. Composite samples from a
maximum of five sampling points are allowed, provided that the detection
limit of the method used for analysis is less than one-fifth of the MCL.
Compositing of samples must be done in the laboratory and analyzed
within 14 days of sample collection.
(i) If the concentration in the composite sample is greater than or
equal to 0.0005 mg/l for any contaminant listed in Sec. 141.61(a), then
a follow-up sample must be taken within 14 days at each sampling point
included in the composite, and be analyzed for that contaminant.
(ii) If duplicates of the original sample taken from each sampling
point used in the composite are available, the system may use these
instead of resampling. The duplicate must be analyzed and the results
reported to the State within 14 days of collection.
(iii) If the population served by the system is > 3,300 persons,
then compositing may only be permitted by the State at sampling points
within a single system. In systems serving 3,300 persons,
the State may permit compositing among different systems provided the 5-
sample limit is maintained.
(iv) Compositing samples prior to GC analysis.
(A) Add 5 ml or equal larger amounts of each sample (up to 5 samples
are allowed) to a 25 ml glass syringe. Special precautions must be made
to maintain zero headspace in the syringe.
(B) The samples must be cooled at 4 deg.C during this step to
minimize volatilization losses.
(C) Mix well and draw out a 5-ml aliquot for analysis.
(D) Follow sample introduction, purging, and desorption steps
described in the method.
(E) If less than five samples are used for compositing, a
proportionately small syringe may be used.
(v) Compositing samples prior to GC/MS analysis.
(A) Inject 5-ml or equal larger amounts of each aqueous sample (up
to 5 samples are allowed) into a 25-ml purging device using the sample
introduction technique described in the method.
(B) The total volume of the sample in the purging device must be 25
ml.
(C) Purge and desorb as described in the method.
(15) Compliance with Sec. 141.61(a) (1) through (21) shall be
determined based on the analytical results obtained at each sampling
point.
(i) For systems which are conducting monitoring at a frequency
greater than annual, compliance is determined by a running annual
average of all samples taken at each sampling point. If the annual
average of any sampling point is greater than the MCL, then the system
is out of compliance. If the initial sample or a subsequent sample would
cause the annual average to be exceeded, then the system is out of
compliance immediately.
(ii) If monitoring is conducted annually, or less frequently, the
system is out of compliance if the level of a contaminant at any
sampling point is greater than the MCL. If a confirmation sample is
required by the State, the determination of compliance will be based on
the average of two samples.
(iii) If a public water system has a distribution system separable
from other parts of the distribution system with no interconnections,
the State may allow the system to give public notice to only that area
served by that portion of the system which is out of compliance.
(16) [Reserved]
(17) Analysis under this section shall only be conducted by
laboratories that are certified by EPA or the State according to the
following conditions (laboratories may conduct sample analysis under
provisional certification until January 1, 1996):
[[Page 319]]
(i) To receive certification to conduct analyses for the
contaminants in Sec. 141.61(a) (2) through (21) the laboratory must:
(A) Analyze Performance Evaluation samples which include these
substances provided by EPA Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
or equivalent samples provided by the State.
(B) Achieve the quantitative acceptance limits under paragraphs
(f)(17)(i) (C) and (D) of this section for at least 80 percent of the
regulated organic chemicals listed in Sec. 141.61(a) (2) through (21).
(C) Achieve quantitative results on the analyses performed under
paragraph (f)(17)(i)(A) of this section that are within 20%
of the actual amount of the substances in the Performance Evaluation
sample when the actual amount is greater than or equal to 0.010 mg/l.
(D) Achieve quantitative results on the analyses performed under
paragraph (f)(17)(i)(A) of this section that are within 40
percent of the actual amount of the substances in the Performance
Evaluation sample when the actual amount is less than 0.010 mg/l.
(E) Achieve a method detection limit of 0.0005 mg/l, according to
the procedures in Appendix B of Part 136.
(ii) To receive certification for vinyl chloride, the laboratory
must:
(A) Analyze Performance Evaluation samples provided by EPA
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory or equivalent samples
provided by the State.
(B) Achieve quantitative results on the analyses performed under
paragraph (f)(17)(ii)(A) of this section that are within 40
percent of the actual amount of vinyl chloride in the Performance
Evaluation sample.
(C) Achieve a method detection limit of 0.0005 mg/l, according to
the procedures in appendix B of part 136.
(D) Obtain certification for the contaminants listed in
Sec. 141.61(a)(2) through (21).
(18) States may allow the use of monitoring data collected after
January 1, 1988, required under section 1445 of the Act for purposes of
initial monitoring compliance. If the data are generally consistent with
the other requirements of this section, the State may use these data
(i.e., a single sample rather than four quarterly samples) to satisfy
the initial monitoring requirement of paragraph (f)(4) of this section.
Systems which use grandfathered samples and did not detect any
contaminant listed Sec. 141.61(a)(2) through (21) shall begin monitoring
annually in accordance with paragraph (f)(5) of this section beginning
with the initial compliance period.
(19) States may increase required monitoring where necessary to
detect variations within the system.
(20) Each certified laboratory must determine the method detection
limit (MDL), as defined in appendix B to part 136, at which it is
capable of detecting VOCs. The acceptable MDL is 0.0005 mg/l. This
concentration is the detection concentration for purposes of this
section.
(21) Each public water system shall monitor at the time designated
by the State within each compliance period.
(g) [Reserved]
(h) Analysis of the contaminants listed in Sec. 141.61(c) for the
purposes of determining compliance with the maximum contaminant level
shall be conducted as follows: \7\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\7\ Monitoring for the contaminants aldicarb, aldicarb sulfoxide,
and aldicarb sulfone shall be conducted in accordance with Sec. 141.40.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Groundwater systems shall take a minimum of one sample at every
entry point to the distribution system which is representative of each
well after treatment (hereafter called a sampling point). Each sample
must be taken at the same sampling point unless conditions make another
sampling point more representative of each source or treatment plant.
(2) Surface water systems shall take a minimum of one sample at
points in the distribution system that are representative of each source
or at each entry point to the distribution system after treatment
(hereafter called a sampling point). Each sample must be taken at the
same sampling point unless conditions make another sampling point more
representative of each source or treatment plant.
Note: For purposes of this paragraph, surface water systems include
systems
[[Page 320]]
with a combination of surface and ground sources.
(3) If the system draws water from more than one source and the
sources are combined before distribution, the system must sample at an
entry point to the distribution system during periods of normal
operating conditions (i.e., when water representative of all sources is
being used).
(4) Monitoring frequency:
(i) Each community and non-transient non-community water system
shall take four consecutive quarterly samples for each contaminant
listed in Sec. 141.61(c) during each compliance period beginning with
the initial compliance period.
(ii) Systems serving more than 3,300 persons which do not detect a
contaminant in the initial compliance period may reduce the sampling
frequency to a minimum of two quarterly samples in one year during each
repeat compliance period.
(iii) Systems serving less than or equal to 3,300 persons which do
not detect a contaminant in the initial compliance period may reduce the
sampling frequency to a minimum of one sample during each repeat
compliance period.
(5) Each community and non-transient water system may apply to the
State for a waiver from the requirement of paragraph (h)(4) of this
section. A system must reapply for a waiver for each compliance period.
(6) A State may grant a waiver after evaluating the following
factor(s): Knowledge of previous use (including transport, storage, or
disposal) of the contaminant within the watershed or zone of influence
of the system. If a determination by the State reveals no previous use
of the contaminant within the watershed or zone of influence, a waiver
may be granted. If previous use of the contaminant is unknown or it has
been used previously, then the following factors shall be used to
determine whether a waiver is granted.
(i) Previous analytical results.
(ii) The proximity of the system to a potential point or non-point
source of contamination. Point sources include spills and leaks of
chemicals at or near a water treatment facility or at manufacturing,
distribution, or storage facilities, or from hazardous and municipal
waste landfills and other waste handling or treatment facilities. Non-
point sources include the use of pesticides to control insect and weed
pests on agricultural areas, forest lands, home and gardens, and other
land application uses.
(iii) The environmental persistence and transport of the pesticide
or PCBs.
(iv) How well the water source is protected against contamination
due to such factors as depth of the well and the type of soil and the
integrity of the well casing.
(v) Elevated nitrate levels at the water supply source.
(vi) Use of PCBs in equipment used in the production, storage, or
distribution of water (i.e., PCBs used in pumps, transformers, etc.).
(7) If an organic contaminant listed in Sec. 141.61(c) is detected
(as defined by paragraph (h)(18) of this section) in any sample, then:
(i) Each system must monitor quarterly at each sampling point which
resulted in a detection.
(ii) The State may decrease the quarterly monitoring requirement
specified in paragraph (h)(7)(i) of this section provided it has
determined that the system is reliably and consistently below the
maximum contaminant level. In no case shall the State make this
determination unless a groundwater system takes a minimum of two
quarterly samples and a surface water system takes a minimum of four
quarterly samples.
(iii) After the State determines the system is reliably and
consistently below the maximum contaminant level the State may allow the
system to monitor annually. Systems which monitor annually must monitor
during the quarter that previously yielded the highest analytical
result.
(iv) Systems which have 3 consecutive annual samples with no
detection of a contaminant may apply to the State for a waiver as
specified in paragraph (h)(6) of this section.
(v) If monitoring results in detection of one or more of certain
related contaminants (aldicarb, aldicarb sulfone,
[[Page 321]]
aldicarb sulfoxide and heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide), then subsequent
monitoring shall analyze for all related contaminants.
(8) Systems which violate the requirements of Sec. 141.61(c) as
determined by paragraph (h)(11) of this section must monitor quarterly.
After a minimum of four quarterly samples show the system is in
compliance and the State determines the system is reliably and
consistently below the MCL, as specified in paragraph (h)(11) of this
section, the system shall monitor at the frequency specified in
paragraph (h)(7)(iii) of this section.
(9) The State may require a confirmation sample for positive or
negative results. If a confirmation sample is required by the State, the
result must be averaged with the first sampling result and the average
used for the compliance determination as specified by paragraph (h)(11)
of this section. States have discretion to delete results of obvious
sampling errors from this calculation.
(10) The State may reduce the total number of samples a system must
analyze by allowing the use of compositing. Composite samples from a
maximum of five sampling points are allowed, provided that the detection
limit of the method used for analysis is less than one-fifth of the MCL.
Compositing of samples must be done in the laboratory and analyzed
within 14 days of sample collection.
(i) If the concentration in the composite sample detects one or more
contaminants listed in Sec. 141.61(c), then a follow-up sample must be
taken within 14 days at each sampling point included in the composite,
and be analyzed for that contaminant.
(ii) If duplicates of the original sample taken from each sampling
point used in the composite are available, the system may use these
duplicates instead of resampling. The duplicate must be analyzed and the
results reported to the State within 14 days of collection.
(iii) If the population served by the system is >3,300 persons, then
compositing may only be permitted by the State at sampling points within
a single system. In systems serving 3,300 persons, the State
may permit compositing among different systems provided the 5-sample
limit is maintained.
(11) Compliance with Sec. 141.61(c) shall be determined based on the
analytical results obtained at each sampling point.
(i) For systems which are conducting monitoring at a frequency
greater than annual, compliance is determined by a running annual
average of all samples taken at each sampling point. If the annual
average of any sampling point is greater than the MCL, then the system
is out of compliance. If the initial sample or a subsequent sample would
cause the annual average to be exceeded, then the system is out of
compliance immediately. Any samples below the detection limit shall be
calculated as zero for purposes of determining the annual average.
(ii) If monitoring is conducted annually, or less frequently, the
system is out of compliance if the level of a contaminant at any
sampling point is greater than the MCL. If a confirmation sample is
required by the State, the determination of compliance will be based on
the average of two samples.
(iii) If a public water system has a distribution system separable
from other parts of the distribution system with no interconnections,
the State may allow the system to give public notice to only that
portion of the system which is out of compliance.
(12) [Reserved]
(13) Analysis for PCBs shall be conducted as follows using the
methods in paragraph (e) of this section:
(i) Each system which monitors for PCBs shall analyze each sample
using either Method 505 or Method 508.
(ii) If PCBs (as one of seven Aroclors) are detected (as designated
in this paragraph) in any sample analyzed using Method 505 or 508, the
system shall reanalyze the sample using Method 508A to quantitate PCBs
(as decachlorobiphenyl).
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Detection
Aroclor limit (mg/l)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1016...................................................... 0.00008
1221...................................................... 0.02
1232...................................................... 0.0005
1242...................................................... 0.0003
1248...................................................... 0.0001
1254...................................................... 0.0001
[[Page 322]]
1260...................................................... 0.0002
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(iii) Compliance with the PCB MCL shall be determined based upon the
quantitative results of analyses using Method 508A.
(14) If monitoring data collected after January 1, 1990, are
generally consistent with the requirements of Sec. 141.24(h), then the
State may allow systems to use that data to satisfy the monitoring
requirement for the initial compliance period beginning January 1, 1993.
(15) The State may increase the required monitoring frequency, where
necessary, to detect variations within the system (e.g., fluctuations in
concentration due to seasonal use, changes in water source).
(16) The State has the authority to determine compliance or initiate
enforcement action based upon analytical results and other information
compiled by their sanctioned representatives and agencies.
(17) Each public water system shall monitor at the time designated
by the State within each compliance period.
(18) Detection as used in this paragraph shall be defined as greater
than or equal to the following concentrations for each contaminant.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Detection
Contaminant limit (mg/
l)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Alachlor................................................... .0002
Aldicarb................................................... .0005
Aldicarb sulfoxide......................................... .0005
Aldicarb sulfone........................................... .0008
Atrazine................................................... .0001
Benzo[a]pyrene............................................. .00002
Carbofuran................................................. .0009
Chlordane.................................................. .0002
Dalapon.................................................... .001
1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP)......................... .00002
Di (2-ethylhexyl) adipate.................................. .0006
Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate................................ .0006
Dinoseb.................................................... .0002
Diquat..................................................... .0004
2,4-D...................................................... .0001
Endothall.................................................. .009
Endrin..................................................... .00001
Ethylene dibromide (EDB)................................... .00001
Glyphosate................................................. .006
Heptachlor................................................. .00004
Heptachlor epoxide......................................... .00002
Hexachlorobenzene.......................................... .0001
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene.................................. .0001
Lindane.................................................... .00002
Methoxychlor............................................... .0001
Oxamyl..................................................... .002
Picloram................................................... .0001
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (as decachlorobiphenyl)... .0001
Pentachlorophenol.......................................... .00004
Simazine................................................... .00007
Toxaphene.................................................. .001
2,3,7,8-TCDD (Dioxin)...................................... .000000005
2,4,5-TP (Silvex).......................................... .0002
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(19) Anaylsis under this section shall only be conducted by
laboratories that have received certification by EPA or the State and
have met the following conditions:
(i) To receive certification to conduct analyses for the
contaminants in Sec. 141.61(c) the laboratory must:
(A) Analyze Performance Evaluation samples which include those
substances provided by EPA Environmental Monitoring and Support
Laboratory or equivalent samples provided by the State.
(B) Achieve quantitative results on the analyses that are within the
following acceptance limits:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Contaminant Acceptance limits (percent)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
DBCP...................................... 40
EDB....................................... 40.
Alachlor.................................. 45.
Atrazine.................................. 45.
Benzo[a]pyrene............................ 2 standard deviations.
Carbofuran................................ 45.
Chlordane................................. 45.
Dalapon................................... 2 standard deviations.
Di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate................... 2 standard deviations.
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate................. 2 standard deviations.
Dinoseb................................... 2 standard deviations.
Diquat.................................... 2 standard deviations.
Endothall................................. 2 standard deviations.
Endrin.................................... 30.
Glyphosate................................ 2 standard deviations.
Heptachlor................................ 45.
Heptachlor epoxide........................ 45.
Hexachlorobenzene......................... 2 standard deviations.
Hexachloro- cyclopentadiene 2 standard deviations.
Lindane................................... 45.
Methoxychlor.............................. 45.
Oxamyl.................................... 2 standard deviations.
PCBs (as Decachlorobiphenyl) 0-200.
Picloram.................................. 2 standard deviations.
Simazine.................................. 2 standard deviations.
Toxaphene................................. 45.
Aldicarb.................................. 2 standard deviations.
Aldicarb sulfoxide........................ 2 standard deviations.
Aldicarb sulfone.......................... 2 standard deviations.
Pentachlorophenol......................... 50.
2,3,7,8-TCDD (Dioxin)..................... 2 standard deviations.
2,4-D..................................... 50.
2,4,5-TP (Silvex)......................... 50.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 323]]
(ii) [Reserved]
(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under control number
2040-0090)
[40 FR 59570, Dec. 24, 1975, as amended at 44 FR 68641, Nov. 29, 1979;
45 FR 57345, Aug. 27, 1980; 47 FR 10998, Mar. 12, 1982; 52 FR 25712,
July 8, 1987; 53 FR 5147, Feb. 19, 1988; 53 FR 25110, July 1, 1988; 56
FR 3583, Jan. 30, 1991; 56 FR 30277, July 1, 1991; 57 FR 22178, May 27,
1992; 57 FR 31841, July 17, 1992; 59 FR 34323, July 1, 1994; 59 FR
62468, Dec. 5, 1994; 60 FR 34085, June 29, 1995]
Sec. 141.25 Analytical methods for radioactivity.
(a) The methods specified in Interim Radiochemical Methodology for
Drinking Water, Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, EPA-
600/4-75-008, USEPA, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, or those listed below, are
to be used to determine compliance with Secs. 141.15 and 141.16
(radioactivity) except in cases where alternative methods have been
approved in accordance with Sec. 141.27.
(1) Gross Alpha and Beta--Method 302 ``Gross Alpha and Beta
Radioactivity in Water'' Standard Methods for the Examination of Water
and Wastewater, 13th Edition, American Public Health Association, New
York, NY., 1971.
(2) Total Radium--Method 304 ``Radium in Water by Precipitation''
Ibid.
(3) Radium-226--Method 305 ``Radium-226 by Radon in Water'' Ibid.
(4) Strontium-89,90 -- Method 303 ``Total Strontium and Strontium-90
in Water'' Ibid.
(5) Tritium--Method 306 ``Tritium in Water'' Ibid.
(6) Cesium-134 -- ASTM D-2459 ``Gamma Spectrometry in Water,'' 1975
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Water and Atmospheric Analysis, Part 31,
American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA. (1975).
(7) Uranium--ASTM D-2907 ``Microquantities of Uranium in Water by
Fluorometry,'' Ibid.
(b) When the identification and measurement of radionuclides other
than those listed in paragraph (a) of this section is required, the
following references are to be used, except in cases where alternative
methods have been approved in accordance with Sec. 141.27.
(1) Procedures for Radiochemical Analysis of Nuclear Reactor Aqueous
Solutions, H. L. Krieger and S. Gold, EPA-R4-73-014. USEPA, Cincinnati,
Ohio, May 1973.
(2) HASL Procedure Manual, Edited by John H. Harley. HASL 300, ERDA
Health and Safety Laboratory, New York, NY., 1973.
(c) For the purpose of monitoring radioactivity concentrations in
drinking water, the required sensitivity of the radioanalysis is defined
in terms of a detection limit. The detection limit shall be that
concentration which can be counted with a precision of plus or minus 100
percent at the 95 percent confidence level (1.96 where
is the standard deviation of the net counting rate of the
sample).
(1) To determine compliance with Sec. 141.15(a) the detection limit
shall not exceed 1 pCi/1. To determine compliance with Sec. 141.15(b)
the detection limit shall not exceed 3 pCi/1.
(2) To determine compliance with Sec. 141.16 the detection limits
shall not exceed the concentrations listed in Table B.
Table B--Detection Limits for Man-made Beta Particle and Photon Emitters
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Radionuclide Detection limit
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tritium................................... 1,000 pCi/1.
Strontium-89.............................. 10 pCi/1.
Strontium-90.............................. 2 pCi/1.
Iodine-131................................ 1 pCi/1.
Cesium-134................................ 10 pCi/1.
Gross beta................................ 4 pCi/1.
Other radionuclides....................... \1/10\ of the applicable
limit.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(d) To judge compliance with the maximum contaminant levels listed
in Secs. 141.15 and 141.16, averages of data shall be used and shall be
rounded to the same number of significant figures as the maximum
contaminant level for the substance in question.
(e) The State has the authority to determine compliance or initiate
enforcement action based upon analytical results or other information
compiled by their sanctioned representatives and agencies.
[41 FR 28404, July 9, 1976, as amended at 45 FR 57345, Aug. 27, 1980]
Sec. 141.26 Monitoring frequency for radioactivity in community water systems.
(a) Monitoring requirements for gross alpha particle activity,
radium-226 and radium-228.
[[Page 324]]
(1) Initial sampling to determine compliance with Sec. 141.15 shall
begin within two years of the effective date of these regulations and
the analysis shall be completed within three years of the effective date
of these regulations. Compliance shall be based on the analysis of an
annual composite of four consecutive quarterly samples or the average of
the analyses of four samples obtained at quarterly intervals.
(i) A gross alpha particle activity measurement may be substituted
for the required radium-226 and radium-228 analysis Provided, That the
measured gross alpha particle activity does not exceed 5 pCi/1 at a
confidence level of 95 percent (1.65 where is the
standard deviation of the net counting rate of the sample). In
localities where radium-228 may be present in drinking water, it is
recommended that the State require radium-226 and/or radium-228 analyses
when the gross alpha particle activity exceeds 2 pCi/1.
(ii) When the gross alpha particle activity exceeds 5 pCi/1, the
same or an equivalent sample shall be analyzed for radium-226. If the
concentration of radium-226 exceeds 3 pCi/1 the same or an equivalent
sample shall be analyzed for radium-228.
(2) For the initial analysis required by paragraph (a)(1) of this
section, data acquired within one year prior to the effective date of
this part may be substituted at the discretion of the State.
(3) Suppliers of water shall monitor at least once every four years
following the procedure required by paragraph (a)(1) of this section. At
the discretion of the State, when an annual record taken in conformance
with paragraph (a)(1) of this section has established that the average
annual concentration is less than half the maximum contaminant levels
established by Sec. 141.15, analysis of a single sample may be
substituted for the quarterly sampling procedure required by paragraph
(a)(1) of this section.
(i) More frequent monitoring shall be conducted when ordered by the
State in the vicinity of mining or other operations which may contribute
alpha particle radioactivity to either surface or ground water sources
of drinking water.
(ii) A supplier of water shall monitor in conformance with paragraph
(a)(1) of this section within one year of the introduction of a new
water source for a community water system. More frequent monitoring
shall be conducted when ordered by the State in the event of possible
contamination or when changes in the distribution system or treatment
processing occur which may increase the concentration of radioactivity
in finished water.
(iii) A community water system using two or more sources having
different concentrations of radioactivity shall monitor source water, in
addition to water from a free-flowing tap, when ordered by the State.
(iv) Monitoring for compliance with Sec. 141.15 after the initial
period need not include radium-228 except when required by the State,
Provided, That the average annual concentration of radium-228 has been
assayed at least once using the quarterly sampling procedure required by
paragraph (a)(1) of this section.
(v) Suppliers of water shall conduct annual monitoring of any
community water system in which the radium-226 concentration exceeds 3
pCi/1, when ordered by the State.
(4) If the average annual maximum contaminant level for gross alpha
particle activity or total radium as set forth in Sec. 141.15 is
exceeded, the supplier of a community water system shall give notice to
the State pursuant to Sec. 141.31 and notify the public as required by
Sec. 141.32. Monitoring at quarterly intervals shall be continued until
the annual average concentration no longer exceeds the maximum
contaminant level or until a monitoring schedule as a condition to a
variance, exemption or enforcement action shall become effective.
(b) Monitoring requirements for manmade radioactivity in community
water systems.
(1) Within two years of the effective date of this part, systems
using surface water sources and serving more than 100,000 persons and
such other community water systems as are designated by the State shall
be monitored for compliance with Sec. 141.16 by analysis of
[[Page 325]]
a composite of four consecutive quarterly samples or analysis of four
quarterly samples. Compliance with Sec. 141.16 may be assumed without
further analysis if the average annual concentration of gross beta
particle activity is less than 50 pCi/1 and if the average annual
concentrations of tritium and strontium-90 are less than those listed in
Table A, Provided, That if both radionuclides are present the sum of
their annual dose equivalents to bone marrow shall not exceed 4
millirem/year.
(i) If the gross beta particle activity exceeds 50 pCi/1, an
analysis of the sample must be performed to identify the major
radioactive constituents present and the appropriate organ and total
body doses shall be calculated to determine compliance with Sec. 141.16.
(ii) Suppliers of water shall conduct additional monitoring, as
ordered by the State, to determine the concentration of man-made
radioactivity in principal watersheds designated by the State.
(iii) At the discretion of the State, suppliers of water utilizing
only ground waters may be required to monitor for man-made
radioactivity.
(2) For the initial analysis required by paragraph (b)(1) of this
section data acquired within one year prior to the effective date of
this part may be substituted at the discretion of the State.
(3) After the initial analysis required by paragraph (b)(1) of this
section suppliers of water shall monitor at least every four years
following the procedure given in paragraph (b)(1) of this section.
(4) Within two years of the effective date of these regulations the
supplier of any community water system designated by the State as
utilizing waters contaminated by effluents from nuclear facilities shall
initiate quarterly monitoring for gross beta particle and iodine-131
radioactivity and annual monitoring for strontium-90 and tritium.
(i) Quarterly monitoring for gross beta particle activity shall be
based on the analysis of monthly samples or the analysis of a composite
of three monthly samples. The former is recommended. If the gross beta
particle activity in a sample exceeds 15 pCi/1, the same or an
equivalent sample shall be analyzed for strontium-89 and cesium-134. If
the gross beta particle activity exceeds 50 pCi/1, an analysis of the
sample must be performed to identify the major radioactive constituents
present and the appropriate organ and total body doses shall be
calculated to determine compliance with Sec. 141.16.
(ii) For iodine-131, a composite of five consecutive daily samples
shall be analyzed once each quarter. As ordered by the State, more
frequent monitoring shall be conducted when iodine-131 is identified in
the finished water.
(iii) Annual monitoring for strontium-90 and tritium shall be
conducted by means of the analysis of a composite of four consecutive
quarterly samples or analysis of four quarterly samples. The latter
procedure is recommended.
(iv) The State may allow the substitution of environmental
surveillance data taken in conjunction with a nuclear facility for
direct monitoring of manmade radioactivity by the supplier of water
where the State determines such data is applicable to a particular
community water system.
(5) If the average annual maximum contaminant level for man-made
radioactivity set forth in Sec. 141.16 is exceeded, the operator of a
community water system shall give notice to the State pursuant to
Sec. 141.31 and to the public as required by Sec. 141.32. Monitoring at
monthly intervals shall be continued until the concentration no longer
exceeds the maximum contaminant level or until a monitoring schedule as
a condition to a variance, exemption or enforcement action shall become
effective.
[41 FR 28404, July 9, 1976]
Sec. 141.27 Alternate analytical techniques.
(a) With the written permission of the State, concurred in by the
Administrator of the U.S. EPA, an alternate analytical technique may be
employed. An alternate technique shall be accepted only if it is
substantially equivalent to the prescribed test in both precision and
accuracy as it relates to the determination of compliance with any MCL.
The use of the alternate analytical
[[Page 326]]
technique shall not decrease the frequency of monitoring required by
this part.
[45 FR 57345, Aug. 27, 1980]
Sec. 141.28 Certified laboratories.
(a) For the purpose of determining compliance with Secs. 141.21
through 141.27, 141.41 and 141.42, samples may be considered only if
they have been analyzed by a laboratory certified by the State except
that measurements for turbidity, free chlorine residual, temperature and
pH may be performed by any person acceptable to the State.
(b) Nothing in this part shall be construed to preclude the State or
any duly designated representative of the State from taking samples or
from using the results from such samples to determine compliance by a
supplier of water with the applicable requirements of this part.
[45 FR 57345, Aug. 27, 1980; 47 FR 10999, Mar. 12, 1982, as amended at
59 FR 34323, July 1, 1994]
Sec. 141.29 Monitoring of consecutive public water systems.
When a public water system supplies water to one or more other
public water systems, the State may modify the monitoring requirements
imposed by this part to the extent that the interconnection of the
systems justifies treating them as a single system for monitoring
purposes. Any modified monitoring shall be conducted pursuant to a
schedule specified by the State and concurred in by the Administrator of
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Sec. 141.30 Total trihalomethanes sampling, analytical and other requirements.
(a) Community water system which serve a population of 10,000 or
more individuals and which add a disinfectant (oxidant) to the water in
any part of the drinking water treatment process shall analyze for total
trihalomethanes in accordance with this section. For systems serving
75,000 or more individuals, sampling and analyses shall begin not later
than 1 year after the date of promulgation of this regulation. For
systems serving 10,000 to 74,999 individuals, sampling and analyses
shall begin not later than 3 years after the date of promulgation of
this regulation. For the purpose of this section, the minimum number of
samples required to be taken by the system shall be based on the number
of treatment plants used by the system, except that multiple wells
drawing raw water from a single aquifer may, with the State approval, be
considered one treatment plant for determining the minimum number of
samples. All samples taken within an established frequency shall be
collected within a 24-hour period.
(b)(1) For all community water systems utilizing surface water
sources in whole or in part, and for all community water systems
utilizing only ground water sources that have not been determined by the
State to qualify for the monitoring requirements of paragraph (c) of
this section, analyses for total trihalomethanes shall be performed at
quarterly intervals on at least four water samples for each treatment
plant used by the system. At least 25 percent of the samples shall be
taken at locations within the distribution system reflecting the maximum
residence time of the water in the system. The remaining 75 percent
shall be taken at representative locations in the distribution system,
taking into account number of persons served, different sources of water
and different treatment methods employed. The results of all analyses
per quarter shall be arithmetically averaged and reported to the State
within 30 days of the system's receipt of such results. Results shall
also be reported to EPA until such monitoring requirements have been
adopted by the State. All samples collected shall be used in the
computation of the average, unless the analytical results are
invalidated for technical reasons. Sampling and analyses shall be
conducted in accordance with the methods listed in paragraph (e) of this
section.
(2) Upon the written request of a community water system, the
monitoring frequency required by paragraph (b)(1) of this section may be
reduced by the State to a minimum of one sample analyzed for TTHMs per
quarter taken at a point in the distribution system reflecting the
maximum residence time of the water in the system, upon a
[[Page 327]]
written determination by the State that the data from at least 1 year of
monitoring in accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of this section and local
conditions demonstrate that total trihalomethane concentrations will be
consistently below the maximum contaminant level.
(3) If at any time during which the reduced monitoring frequency
prescribed under this paragraph applies, the results from any analysis
exceed 0.10 mg/l of TTHMs and such results are confirmed by at least one
check sample taken promptly after such results are received, or if the
system makes any significant change to its source of water or treatment
program, the system shall immediately begin monitoring in accordance
with the requirements of paragraph (b)(1) of this section, which
monitoring shall continue for at least 1 year before the frequency may
be reduced again. At the option of the State, a system's monitoring
frequency may and should be increased above the minimum in those cases
where it is necessary to detect variations of TTHM levels within the
distribution system.
(c)(1) Upon written request to the State, a community water system
utilizing only ground water sources may seek to have the monitoring
frequency required by paragraph (b)(1) of this section reduced to a
minimum of one sample for maximum TTHM potential per year for each
treatment plant used by the system taken at a point in the distribution
system reflecting maximum residence time of the water in the system. The
system shall submit the results of at least one sample for maximum TTHM
potential using the procedure specified in paragraph (g) of this
section. A sample must be analyzed from each treatment plant used by the
system and be taken at a point in the distribution system reflecting the
maximum residence time of the water in the system. The system's
monitoring frequency may only be reduced upon a written determination by
the State that, based upon the data submitted by the system, the system
has a maximum TTHM potential of less than 0.10 mg/l and that, based upon
an assessment of the local conditions of the system, the system is not
likely to approach or exceed the maximum contaminant level for total
TTHMs. The results of all analyses shall be reported to the State within
30 days of the system's receipt of such results. Results shall also be
reported to EPA until such monitoring requirements have been adopted by
the State. All samples collected shall be used for determining whether
the system must comply with the monitoring requirements of paragraph (b)
of this section, unless the analytical results are invalidated for
technical reasons. Sampling and analyses shall be conducted in
accordance with the methods listed in paragraph (e) of this section.
(2) If at any time during which the reduced monitoring frequency
prescribed under paragraph (c)(1) of this section applies, the results
from any analysis taken by the system for maximum TTHM potential are
equal to or greater than 0.10 mg/l, and such results are confirmed by at
least one check sample taken promptly after such results are received,
the system shall immediately begin monitoring in accordance with the
requirements of paragraph (b) of this section and such monitoring shall
continue for at least one year before the frequency may be reduced
again. In the event of any significant change to the system's raw water
or treatment program, the system shall immediately analyze an additional
sample for maximum TTHM potential taken at a point in the distribution
system reflecting maximum residence time of the water in the system for
the purpose of determining whether the system must comply with the
monitoring requirements of paragraph (b) of this section. At the option
of the State, monitoring frequencies may and should be increased above
the minimum in those cases where this is necessary to detect variation
of TTHM levels within the distribution system.
(d) Compliance with Sec. 141.12(c) shall be determined based on a
running annual average of quarterly samples collected by the system as
prescribed in paragraph (b)(1) or (2) of this section. If the average of
samples covering any 12 month period exceeds the Maximum Contaminant
Level, the supplier of
[[Page 328]]
water shall report to the State pursuant to Sec. 141.31 and notify the
public pursuant to Sec. 141.32. Monitoring after public notification
shall be at a frequency designated by the State and shall continue until
a monitoring schedule as a condition to a variance, exemption or
enforcement action shall become effective.
(e) Sampling and analyses made pursuant to this section shall be
conducted by one of the total trihalomethane methods as directed in
Sec. 141.24(e), and the Technical Notes on Drinking Water Methods, EPA-
600/R-94-173, October 1994, which is available from NTIS, PB-104766.
Samples for TTHM shall be dechlorinated upon collection to prevent
further production of trihalomethanes, according to the procedures
described in the methods, except acidification is not required if only
THMs or TTHMs are to be determined. Samples for maximum TTHM potential
should not be dechlorinated or acidified, and should be held for seven
days at 25 deg.C (or above) prior to analysis.
(f) Before a community water system makes any significant
modifications to its existing treatment process for the purposes of
achieving compliance with Sec. 141.12(c), such system must submit and
obtain State approval of a detailed plan setting forth its proposed
modification and those safeguards that it will implement to ensure that
the bacteriological quality of the drinking water served by such system
will not be adversely affected by such modification. Each system shall
comply with the provisions set forth in the State-approved plan. At a
minimum, a State approved plan shall require the system modifying its
disinfection practice to:
(1) Evaluate the water system for sanitary defects and evaluate the
source water for biological quality;
(2) Evaluate its existing treatment practices and consider
improvements that will minimize disinfectant demand and optimize
finished water quality throughout the distribution system;
(3) Provide baseline water quality survey data of the distribution
system. Such data should include the results from monitoring for
coliform and fecal coliform bacteria, fecal streptococci, standard plate
counts at 35 deg. C and 20 deg. C, phosphate, ammonia nitrogen and total
organic carbon. Virus studies should be required where source waters are
heavily contaminated with sewage effluent;
(4) Conduct additional monitoring to assure continued maintenance of
optimal biological quality in finished water, for example, when
chloramines are introduced as disinfectants or when pre-chlorination is
being discontinued. Additional monitoring should also be required by the
State for chlorate, chlorite and chlorine dioxide when chlorine dioxide
is used. Standard plate count analyses should also be required by the
State as appropriate before and after any modifications;
(5) Consider inclusion in the plan of provisions to maintain an
active disinfectant residual throughout the distribution system at all
times during and after the modification.
(g) The water sample for determination of maximum total
trihalomethane potential is taken from a point in the distribution
system that reflects maximum residence time. Procedures for sample
collection and handling are given in the methods. No reducing agent is
added to ``quench'' the chemical reaction producing THMs at the time of
sample collection. The intent is to permit the level of THM precursors
to be depleted and the concentration of THMs to be maximized for the
supply being tested. Four experimental parameters affecting maximum THM
production are pH, temperature, reaction time and the presence of a
disinfectant residual. These parameters are dealt with as follows:
Measure the disinfectant residual at the selected sampling point.
Proceed only if a measurable disinfectant residual is present. Collect
triplicate 40 ml water samples at the pH prevailing at the time of
sampling, and prepare a method blank according to the methods. Seal and
store these samples together for seven days at 25 deg.C or above. After
this time period, open one of the sample containers and check for
disinfectant residual. Absence of a disinfectant residual invalidates
the sample for further analysis. Once a disinfectant residual has been
demonstrated, open another of the sealed
[[Page 329]]
samples and determine total THM concentration using an approved
analytical method.
[44 FR 68641, Nov. 29, 1979, as amended at 45 FR 15545, 15547, Mar. 11,
1980; 58 FR 41345, Aug. 3, 1993; 59 FR 62469, Dec. 5, 1994; 60 FR 34085,
June 29, 1995]
Subpart D--Reporting, Public Notification and Recordkeeping
Sec. 141.31 Reporting requirements.
(a) Except where a shorter period is specified in this part, the
supplier of water shall report to the State the results of any test
measurement or analysis required by this part within (1) The first ten
days following the month in which the result is received, or (2) the
first ten days following the end of the required monitoring period as
stipulated by the State, whichever of these is shortest.
(b) Except where a different reporting period is specified in this
part, the supplier of water must report to the State within 48 hours the
failure to comply with any national primary drinking water regulation
(including failure to comply with monitoring requirements) set forth in
this part.
(c) The supplier of water is not required to report analytical
results to the State in cases where a State laboratory performs the
analysis and reports the results to the State office which would
normally receive such notification from the supplier.
(d) The water supply system, within ten days of completion of each
public notification required pursuant to Sec. 141.32, shall submit to
the State a representative copy of each type of notice distributed,
published, posted, and/or made available to the persons served by the
system and/or to the media.
(e) The water supply system shall submit to the State within the
time stated in the request copies of any records required to be
maintained under Sec. 141.33 hereof or copies of any documents then in
existence which the State or the Administrator is entitled to inspect
pursuant to the authority of section 1445 of the Safe Drinking Water Act
or the equivalent provisions of State law.
[40 FR 59570, Dec. 24, 1975, as amended at 45 FR 57345, Aug. 27, 1980]
Sec. 141.32 Public notification.
The requirements in this section are effective April 28, 1989. The
requirements of Sec. 141.36 apply until April 28, 1989.
(a) Maximum contaminant level (MCL), treatment technique, and
variance and exemption schedule violations. The owner or operator of a
public water system which fails to comply with an applicable MCL or
treatment technique established by this part or which fails to comply
with the requirements of any schedule prescribed pursuant to a variance
or exemption, shall notify persons served by the system as follows:
(1) Except as provided in paragraph (a)(3) of this section, the
owner or operator of a public water system must give notice:
(i) By publication in a daily newspaper of general circulation in
the area served by the system as soon as possible, but in no case later
than 14 days after the violation or failure. If the area served by a
public water system is not served by a daily newspaper of general
circulation, notice shall instead be given by publication in a weekly
newspaper of general circulation serving the area; and
(ii) By mail delivery (by direct mail or with the water bill), or by
hand delivery, not later than 45 days after the violation or failure.
The State may waive mail or hand delivery if it determines that the
owner or operator of the public water system in violation has corrected
the violation or failure within the 45-day period. The State must make
the waiver in writing and within the 45-day period; and
(iii) For violations of the MCLs of contaminants that may pose an
acute risk to human health, by furnishing a copy of the notice to the
radio and television stations serving the area served by the public
water system as soon as possible but in no case later than 72 hours
after the violation. The following violations are acute violations:
(A) Any violations specified by the State as posing an acute risk to
human health.
[[Page 330]]
(B) Violation of the MCL for nitrate or nitrite as defined in
Sec. 141.62 and determined according to Sec. 141.23(i)(3).
(C) Violation of the MCL for total coliforms, when fecal coliforms
or E. coli are present in the water distribution system, as specified in
Sec. 141.63(b).
(D) Occurrence of a waterborne disease outbreak, as defined in
Sec. 141.2, in an unfiltered system subject to the requirements of
subpart H of this part, after December 30, 1991 (see Sec. 141.71(b)(4)).
(2) Except as provided in paragraph (a)(3) of this section,
following the initial notice given under paragraph (a)(1) of this
section, the owner or operator of the public water system must give
notice at least once every three months by mail delivery (by direct mail
or with the water bill) or by hand delivery, for as long as the
violation or failure exists.
(3)(i) In lieu of the requirements of paragraphs (a) (1) and (2) of
this section, the owner or operator of a community water system in an
area that is not served by a daily or weekly newspaper of general
circulation must give notice by hand delivery or by continuous posting
in conspicuous places within the area served by the system. Notice by
hand delivery or posting must begin as soon as possible, but no later
than 72 hours after the violation or failure for acute violations (as
defined in paragraph (a)(1)(iii) of this section), or 14 days after the
violation or failure (for any other violation). Posting must continue
for as long as the violation or failure exists. Notice by hand delivery
must be repeated at least every three months for as long as the
violation or failure exists.
(ii) In lieu of the requirements of paragraphs (a) (1) and (2) of
this section, the owner or operator of a non-community water system may
give notice by hand delivery or by continuous posting in conspicuous
places within the area served by the system. Notice by hand delivery or
posting must begin as soon as possible, but no later than 72 hours after
the violation or failure for acute violations (as defined in paragraph
(a)(1)((iii) of this section), or 14 days after the violation or failure
(for any other violation). Posting must continue for as long as the
violation or failure exists. Notice by hand delivery must be repeated at
least every three months for as long as the violation or failure exists.
(b) Other violations, variances, exemptions. The owner or operator
of a public water system which fails to perform monitoring required by
section 1445(a) of the Act (including monitoring required by the
National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWRs) of this part),
fails to comply with a testing procedure established by this part, is
subject to a variance granted under section 1415(a)(1)(A) or 1415(a)(2)
of the Act, or is subject to an exemption under section 1416 of the Act,
shall notify persons served by the system as follows:
(1) Except as provided in paragraph (b)(3) or (b)(4) of this
section, the owner or operator of a public water system must give notice
within three months of the violation or granting of a variance or
exemption by publication in a daily newspaper of general circulation in
the area served by the system. If the area served by a public water
system is not served by a daily newspaper of general circulation, notice
shall instead be given by publication in a weekly newspaper of general
circulation serving the area.
(2) Except as provided in paragraph (b)(3) or (b)(4) of this
section, following the initial notice given under paragraph (b)(1) of
this section, the owner or operator of the public water system must give
notice at least once every three months by mail delivery (by direct mail
or with the water bill) or by hand delivery, for as long as the
violation exists. Repeat notice of the existence of a variance or
exemption must be given every three months for as long as the variance
or exemption remains in effect.
(3) (i) In lieu of the requirements of paragraphs (b)(1) and (b)(2)
of this section, the owner or operator of a community water system in an
area that is not served by a daily or weekly newspaper of general
circulation must give notice, within three months of the violation or
granting of the variance or exemption, by hand delivery or by continuous
posting in conspicuous places with the area served by the system.
Posting must continue for as long as
[[Page 331]]
the violation exists or a variance or exemption remains in effect.
Notice by hand delivery must be repeated at least every three months for
as long as the violation exists or a variance or exemption remains in
effect.
(ii) In lieu of the requirements of paragraphs (b)(1) and (b)(2) of
this section, the owner or operator of a non-community water system may
give notice, within three months of the violation or the granting of the
variance or exemption, by hand delivery or by continuous posting in
conspicuous places within the area served by the system. Posting must
continue for as long as the violation exists, or a variance or exemption
remains in effect. Notice by hand delivery must be repeated at least
every three months for as long as the violation exists or a variance or
exemption remains in effect.
(4) In lieu of the requirements of paragraphs (b)(1), (b)(2), and
(b)(3) of this section, the owner or operator of a public water system,
at the discretion of the State, may provide less frequent notice for
minor monitoring violations as defined by the State, if EPA has approved
the State's application for a program revision under Sec. 142.16. Notice
of such violations must be given no less frequently than annually.
(c) Notice to new billing units. The owner or operator of a
community water system must give a copy of the most recent public notice
for any outstanding violation of any maximum contaminant level, or any
treatment technique requirement, or any variance or exemption schedule
to all new billing units or new hookups prior to or at the time service
begins.
(d) General content of public notice. Each notice required by this
section must provide a clear and readily understandable explanation of
the violation, any potential adverse health effects, the population at
risk, the steps that the public water system is taking to correct such
violation, the necessity for seeking alternative water supplies, if any,
and any preventive measures the consumer should take until the violation
is corrected. Each notice shall be conspicuous and shall not contain
unduly technical language, unduly small print, or similar problems that
frustrate the purpose of the notice. Each notice shall include the
telephone number of the owner, operator, or designee of the public water
system as a source of additional information concerning the notice.
Where appropriate, the notice shall be multi-lingual.
(e) Mandatory health effects language. When providing the
information on potential adverse health effects required by paragraph
(d) of this section in notices of violations of maximum contaminant
levels or treatment technique requirements, or notices of the granting
or the continued existence of exemptions or variances, or notices of
failure to comply with a variance or exemption schedule, the owner or
operator of a public water system shall include the language specified
below for each contaminant. (If language for a particular contaminant is
not specified below at the time notice is required, this paragraph does
not apply.)
(1) Trichloroethylene. The United States Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that
trichloroethylene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure.
This chemical is a common metal cleaning and dry cleaning fluid. It
generally gets into drinking water by improper waste disposal. This
chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as
rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their
lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may
increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed at lower levels
over long periods of time. EPA has set forth the enforceable drinking
water standard for trichloroethylene at 0.005 parts per million (ppm) to
reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have
been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water which meets this
standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be
considered safe.
(2) Carbon tetrachloride. The United States Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that
carbon tetrachloride is a health concern at certain levels of exposure.
This chemical was once a popular household cleaning fluid. It generally
gets into
[[Page 332]]
drinking water by improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown
to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the
animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that
cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer
in humans who are exposed at lower levels over long periods of of time.
EPA has set the enforceable drinking water standard for carbon
tetrachloride at 0.005 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of
cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in
laboratory animals. Drinking water which meets this standard is
associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered
safe.
(3) 1,2-Dichloroethane. The United States Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that 1,2-
dichloroethane is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This
chemical is used as a cleaning fluid for fats, oils, waxes, and resins.
It generally gets into drinking water from improper waste disposal. This
chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as
rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their
lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may
increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed at lower levels
over long periods of time. EPA has set the enforceable drinking water
standard for 1,2-dichloroethane at 0.005 parts per million (ppm) to
reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have
been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water which meets this
standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be
considered safe.
(4) Vinyl chloride. The United States Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that vinyl
chloride is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This
chemical is used in industry and is found in drinking water as a result
of the breakdown of related solvents. The solvents are used as cleaners
and degreasers of metals and generally get into drinking water by
improper waste disposal. This chemical has been associated with
significantly increased risks of cancer among certain industrial workers
who were exposed to relatively large amounts of this chemical during
their working careers. This chemical has also been shown to cause cancer
in laboratory animals when the animals are exposed at high levels over
their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause increased risk of cancer among
exposed industrial workers and in laboratory animals also may increase
the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed at lower levels over long
periods of time. EPA has set the enforceable drinking water standard for
vinyl chloride at 0.002 part per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of
cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in
humans and laboratory animals. Drinking water which meets this standard
is associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered
safe.
(5) Benzene. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
sets drinking water standards and has determined that benzene is a
health concern at certain levels of exposure. This chemical is used as a
solvent and degreaser of metals. It is also a major component of
gasoline. Drinking water contamination generally results from leaking
undergound gasoline and petroleum tanks or improper waste disposal. This
chemical has been associated with significantly increased risks of
leukemia among certain industrial workers who were exposed to relatively
large amounts of this chemical during their working careers. This
chemical has also been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals when
the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals
that cause increased risk of cancer among exposed industrial workers and
in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who
are exposed at lower levels over long periods of time. EPA has set the
enforceable drinking water standard for benzene at 0.005 parts per
million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health
effects which have been observed in humans and laboratory animals.
Drinking water which meets this standard is associated with little to
none of this risk and should be considered safe.
[[Page 333]]
(6) 1,1-Dichloroethylene. The United States Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that 1,1-
dichloroethylene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This
chemical is used in industry and is found in drinking water as a result
of the breakdown of related solvents. The solvents are used as cleaners
and degreasers of metals and generally get into drinking water by
improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to cause liver and
kidney damage in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the
animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals which
cause adverse effects in laboratory animals also may cause adverse
health effects in humans who are exposed at lower levels over long
periods of time. EPA has set the enforceable drinking water standard for
1,1-dichloroethylene at 0.007 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk
of these adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory
animals. Drinking water which meets this standard is associated with
little to none of this risk and should be considered safe.
(7) Para-dichlorobenzene. The United States Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that para-
dichlorobenzene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This
chemical is a component of deodorizers, moth balls, and pesticides. It
generally gets into drinking water by improper waste disposal. This
chemical has been shown to cause liver and kidney damage in laboratory
animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed to high
levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals which cause adverse effects in
laboratory animals also may cause adverse health effects in humans who
are exposed at lower levels over long periods of time. EPA has set the
enforceable drinking water standard for para-dichlorobenzene at 0.075
parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of these adverse health
effects which have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water
which meets this standard is associated with little to none of this risk
and should be considered safe.
(8) 1,1,1-Trichloroethane. The United States Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined
that the 1,1,1-trichloroethane is a health concern at certain levels of
exposure. This chemical is used as a cleaner and degreaser of metals. It
generally gets into drinking water by improper waste disposal. This
chemical has been shown to damage the liver, nervous system, and
circulatory system of laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the
animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Some industrial
workers who were exposed to relatively large amounts of this chemical
during their working careers also suffered damage to the liver, nervous
system, and circulatory system. Chemicals which cause adverse effects
among exposed industrial workers and in laboratory animals also may
cause adverse health effects in humans who are exposed at lower levels
over long periods of time. EPA has set the enforceable drinking water
standard for 1,1,1-trichloroethane at 0.2 parts per million (ppm) to
protect against the risk of these adverse health effects which have been
observed in humans and laboratory animals. Drinking water which meets
this standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should
be considered safe.
(9) Fluoride.
[Note: EPA is not specifying language that must be included in a
public notice for a violation of the fluoride maximum contaminant level
in this section because Sec. 143.5 of this part includes the necessary
information. See paragraph (f) of this section.]
(10) Microbiological contaminants (for use when there is a violation
of the treatment technique requirements for filtration and disinfection
in Subpart H of this part). The United States Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that the
presence of microbiological contaminants are a health concern at certain
levels of exposure. If water is inadequately treated, microbiological
contaminants in that water may cause disease. Disease symptoms may
include diarrhea, cramps, nausea, and possibly jaundice, and any
associated headaches and fatigue. These
[[Page 334]]
symptoms, however, are not just associated with disease-causing
organisms in drinking water, but also may be caused by a number of
factors other than your drinking water. EPA has set enforceable
requirements for treating drinking water to reduce the risk of these
adverse health effects. Treatment such as filtering and disinfecting the
water removes or destroys microbiological contaminants. Drinking water
which is treated to meet EPA requirements is associated with little to
none of this risk and should be considered safe.
(11) Total coliforms (To be used when there is a violation of
Sec. 141.63(a), and not a violation of Sec. 141.63(b)). The United
States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water
standards and has determined that the presence of total coliforms is a
possible health concern. Total coliforms are common in the environment
and are generally not harmful themselves. The presence of these bacteria
in drinking water, however, generally is a result of a problem with
water treatment or the pipes which distribute the water, and indicates
that the water may be contaminated with organisms that can cause
disease. Disease symptoms may include diarrhea, cramps, nausea, and
possibly jaundice, and any associated headaches and fatigue. These
symptoms, however, are not just associated with disease-causing
organisms in drinking water, but also may be caused by a number of
factors other than your drinking water. EPA has set an enforceable
drinking water standard for total coliforms to reduce the risk of these
adverse health effects. Under this standard, no more than 5.0 percent of
the samples collected during a month can contain these bacteria, except
that systems collecting fewer than 40 samples/month that have one total
coliform-positive sample per month are not violating the standard.
Drinking water which meets this standard is usually not associated with
a health risk from disease-causing bacteria and should be considered
safe.
(12) Fecal Coliforms/E. coli (To be used when there is a violation
of Sec. 141.63(b) or both Sec. 141.63 (a) and (b)). The United States
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and
has determined that the presence of fecal coliforms or E. coli is a
serious health concern. Fecal coliforms and E. coli are generally not
harmful themselves, but their presence in drinking water is serious
because they usually are associated with sewage or animal wastes. The
presence of these bacteria in drinking water is generally a result of a
problem with water treatment or the pipes which distribute the water,
and indicates that the water may be contaminated with organisms that can
cause disease. Disease symptoms may include diarrhea, cramps, nausea,
and possibly jaundice, and associated headaches and fatigue. These
symptoms, however, are not just associated with disease-causing
organisms in drinking water, but also may be caused by a number of
factors other than your drinking water. EPA has set an enforceable
drinking water standard for fecal coliforms and E. coli to reduce the
risk of these adverse health effects. Under this standard all drinking
water samples must be free of these bacteria. Drinking water which meets
this standard is associated with little or none of this risk and should
be considered safe. State and local health authorities recommend that
consumers take the following precautions: [To be inserted by the public
water system, according to instructions from State or local
authorities].
(13) Lead. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
sets drinking water standards and has determined that lead is a health
concern at certain exposure levels. Materials that contain lead have
frequently been used in the construction of water supply distribution
systems, and plumbing systems in private homes and other buildings. The
most commonly found materials include service lines, pipes, brass and
bronze fixtures, and solders and fluxes. Lead in these materials can
contaminate drinking water as a result of the corrosion that takes place
when water comes into contact with those materials. Lead can cause a
variety of adverse health effects in humans. At relatively low levels of
exposure, these effects may include interference with red blood cell
chemistry, delays in normal physical and mental development in babies
and young children, slight
[[Page 335]]
deficits in the attention span, hearing, and learning abilities of
children, and slight increases in the blood pressure of some adults.
EPA's national primary drinking water regulation requires all public
water systems to optimize corrosion control to minimize lead
contamination resulting from the corrosion of plumbing materials. Public
water systems serving 50,000 people or fewer that have lead
concentrations below 15 parts per billion (ppb) in more than 90% of tap
water samples (the EPA ``action level'') have optimized their corrosion
control treatment. Any water system that exceeds the action level must
also monitor their source water to determine whether treatment to remove
lead in source water is needed. Any water system that continues to
exceed the action level after installation of corrosion control and/or
source water treatment must eventually replace all lead service lines
contributing in excess of 15 (ppb) of lead to drinking water. Any water
system that exceeds the action level must also undertake a public
education program to inform consumers of ways they can reduce their
exposure to potentially high levels of lead in drinking water.
(14) Copper. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
sets drinking water standards and has determined that copper is a health
concern at certain exposure levels. Copper, a reddish-brown metal, is
often used to plumb residential and commercial structures that are
connected to water distribution systems. Copper contaminating drinking
water as a corrosion byproduct occurs as the result of the corrosion of
copper pipes that remain in contact with water for a prolonged period of
time. Copper is an essential nutrient, but at high doses it has been
shown to cause stomach and intestinal distress, liver and kidney damage,
and anemia. Persons with Wilson's disease may be at a higher risk of
health effects due to copper than the general public. EPA's national
primary drinking water regulation requires all public water systems to
install optimal corrosion control to minimize copper contamination
resulting from the corrosion of plumbing materials. Public water systems
serving 50,000 people or fewer that have copper concentrations below 1.3
parts per million (ppm) in more than 90% of tap water samples (the EPA
``action level'') are not required to install or improve their
treatment. Any water system that exceeds the action level must also
monitor their source water to determine whether treatment to remove
copper in source water is needed.
(15) Asbestos. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that asbestos
fibers greater than 10 micrometers in length are a health concern at
certain levels of exposure. Asbestos is a naturally occurring mineral.
Most asbestos fibers in drinking water are less than 10 micrometers in
length and occur in drinking water from natural sources and from
corroded asbestos-cement pipes in the distribution system. The major
uses of asbestos were in the production of cements, floor tiles, paper
products, paint, and caulking; in transportation-related applications;
and in the production of textiles and plastics. Asbestos was once a
popular insulating and fire retardent material. Inhalation studies have
shown that various forms of asbestos have produced lung tumors in
laboratory animals. The available information on the risk of developing
gastrointestinal tract cancer associated with the ingestion of asbestos
from drinking water is limited. Ingestion of intermediate-range
chrysotile asbestos fibers greater than 10 micrometers in length is
associated with causing benign tumors in male rats. Chemicals that cause
cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in
humans who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the
drinking water standard for asbestos at 7 million long fibers per liter
to reduce the potential risk of cancer or other adverse health effects
which have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water which
meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk
and should be considered safe with respect to asbestos.
(16) Barium. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
sets drinking water standards and has determined that barium is a health
concern at certain levels of exposure.
[[Page 336]]
This inorganic chemical occurs naturally in some aquifers that serve as
sources of ground water. It is also used in oil and gas drilling muds,
automotive paints, bricks, tiles and jet fuels. It generally gets into
drinking water after dissolving from naturally occurring minerals in the
ground. This chemical may damage the heart and cardiovascular system,
and is associated with high blood pressure in laboratory animals such as
rats exposed to high levels during their lifetimes. In humans, EPA
believes that effects from barium on blood pressure should not occur
below 2 parts per million (ppm) in drinking water. EPA has set the
drinking water standard for barium at 2 parts per million (ppm) to
protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water
that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this
risk and is considered safe with respect to barium.
(17) Cadmium. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that cadmium is a
health concern at certain levels of exposure. Food and the smoking of
tobacco are common sources of general exposure. This inorganic metal is
a contaminant in the metals used to galvanize pipe. It generally gets
into water by corrosion of galvanized pipes or by improper waste
disposal. This chemical has been shown to damage the kidney in animals
such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over
their lifetimes. Some industrial workers who were exposed to relatively
large amounts of this chemical during working careers also suffered
damage to the kidney. EPA has set the drinking water standard for
cadmium at 0.005 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of
these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard
is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe
with respect to cadmium.
(18) Chromium. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that chromium is
a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This inorganic metal
occurs naturally in the ground and is often used in the electroplating
of metals. It generally gets into water from runoff from old mining
operations and improper waste disposal from plating operations. This
chemical has been shown to damage the kidney, nervous system, and the
circulatory system of laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the
animals are exposed at high levels. Some humans who were exposed to high
levels of this chemical suffered liver and kidney damage, dermatitis and
respiratory problems. EPA has set the drinking water standard for
chromium at 0.1 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of
these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard
is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe
with respect to chromium.
(19) Mercury. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that mercury is a
health concern at certain levels of exposure. This inorganic metal is
used in electrical equipment and some water pumps. It usually gets into
water as a result of improper waste disposal. This chemical has been
shown to damage the kidney of laboratory animals such as rats when the
animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. EPA has set the
drinking water standard for mercury at 0.002 parts per million (ppm) to
protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water
that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this
risk and is considered safe with respect to mercury.
(20) Nitrate. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that nitrate
poses an acute health concern at certain levels of exposure. Nitrate is
used in fertilizer and is found in sewage and wastes from human and/or
farm animals and generally gets into drinking water from those
activities. Excessive levels of nitrate in drinking water have caused
serious illness and sometimes death in infants under six months of age.
The serious illness in infants is caused because nitrate is converted to
nitrite in the body. Nitrite interferes with the oxygen carrying
capacity of the child's blood. This is an acute disease in that
[[Page 337]]
symptoms can develop rapidly in infants. In most cases, health
deteriorates over a period of days. Symptoms include shortness of breath
and blueness of the skin. Clearly, expert medical advice should be
sought immediately if these symptoms occur. The purpose of this notice
is to encourage parents and other responsible parties to provide infants
with an alternate source of drinking water. Local and State health
authorities are the best source for information concerning alternate
sources of drinking water for infants. EPA has set the drinking water
standard at 10 parts per million (ppm) for nitrate to protect against
the risk of these adverse effects. EPA has also set a drinking water
standard for nitrite at 1 ppm. To allow for the fact that the toxicity
of nitrate and nitrite are additive, EPA has also established a standard
for the sum of nitrate and nitrite at 10 ppm. Drinking water that meets
the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is
considered safe with respect to nitrate.
(21) Nitrite. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that nitrite
poses an acute health concern at certain levels of exposure. This
inorganic chemical is used in fertilizers and is found in sewage and
wastes from humans and/or farm animals and generally gets into drinking
water as a result of those activities. While excessive levels of nitrite
in drinking water have not been observed, other sources of nitrite have
caused serious illness and sometimes death in infants under six months
of age. The serious illness in infants is caused because nitrite
interferes with the oxygen carrying capacity of the child's blood. This
is an acute disease in that symptoms can develop rapidly. However, in
most cases, health deteriorates over a period of days. Symptoms include
shortness of breath and blueness of the skin. Clearly, expert medical
advice should be sought immediately if these symptoms occur. The purpose
of this notice is to encourage parents and other responsible parties to
provide infants with an alternate source of drinking water. Local and
State health authorities are the best source for information concerning
alternate sources of drinking water for infants. EPA has set the
drinking water standard at 1 part per million (ppm) for nitrite to
protect against the risk of these adverse effects. EPA has also set a
drinking water standard for nitrate (converted to nitrite in humans) at
10 ppm and for the sum of nitrate and nitrite at 10 ppm. Drinking water
that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this
risk and is considered safe with respect to nitrite.
(22) Selenium. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that selenium is
a health concern at certain high levels of exposure. Selenium is also an
essential nutrient at low levels of exposure. This inorganic chemical is
found naturally in food and soils and is used in electronics, photocopy
operations, the manufacture of glass, chemicals, drugs, and as a
fungicide and a feed additive. In humans, exposure to high levels of
selenium over a long period of time has resulted in a number of adverse
health effects, including a loss of feeling and control in the arms and
legs. EPA has set the drinking water standard for selenium at 0.05 parts
per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health
effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with
little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to
selenium.
(23) Acrylamide. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that acrylamide
is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. Polymers made from
acrylamide are sometimes used to treat water supplies to remove
particulate contaminants. Acrylamide has been shown to cause cancer in
laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at
high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in
laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who
are exposed over long periods of time. Sufficiently large doses of
acrylamide are known to cause neurological injury. EPA has set the
drinking water standard for acrylamide using a treatment technique to
reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse
[[Page 338]]
health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals. This
treatment technique limits the amount of acrylamide in the polymer and
the amount of the polymer which may be added to drinking water to remove
particulates. Drinking water systems which comply with this treatment
technique have little to no risk and are considered safe with respect to
acrylamide.
(24) Alachlor. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that alachlor is
a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is
a widely used pesticide. When soil and climatic conditions are
favorable, alachlor may get into drinking water by runoff into surface
water or by leaching into ground water. This chemical has been shown to
cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the
animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that
cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer
in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the
drinking water standard for alachlor at 0.002 parts per million (ppm) to
reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have
been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water that meets this
standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is
considered safe with respect to alachlor.
(25) Aldicarb. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that aldicarb is
a health concern at certain levels of exposure. Aldicarb is a widely
used pesticide. Under certain soil and climatic conditions (e.g., sandy
soil and high rainfall), aldicarb may leach into ground water after
normal agricultural applications to crops such as potatoes or peanuts or
may enter drinking water supplies as a result of surface runoff. This
chemical has been shown to damage the nervous system in laboratory
animals such as rats and dogs exposed to high levels. EPA has set the
drinking water standard for aldicarb at 0.003 parts per million (ppm) to
protect against the risk of adverse health effects. Drinking water that
meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk
and is considered safe with respect to aldicarb.
(26) Aldicarb sulfoxide. The United States Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that
aldicarb sulfoxide is a health concern at certain levels of exposure.
Aldicarb is a widely used pesticide. Aldicarb sulfoxide in ground water
is primarily a breakdown product of aldicarb. Under certain soil and
climatic conditions (e.g., sandy soil and high rainfall), aldicarb
sulfoxide may leach into ground water after normal agricultural
applications to crops such as potatoes or peanuts or may enter drinking
water supplies as a result of surface runoff. This chemical has been
shown to damage the nervous system in laboratory animals such as rats
and dogs exposed to high levels. EPA has set the drinking water standard
for aldicarb sulfoxide at 0.004 parts per million (ppm) to protect
against the risk of adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets
the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is
considered safe with respect to aldicarb sulfoxide.
(27) Aldicarb sulfone. The United States Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that
aldicarb sulfone is a health concern at certain levels of exposure.
Aldicarb is a widely used pesticide. Aldicarb sulfone is formed from the
breakdown of aldicarb and is considered for registration as a pesticide
under the name aldoxycarb. Under certain soil and climatic conditions
(e.g., sandy soil and high rainfall), aldicarb sulfone may leach into
ground water after normal agricultural applications to crops such as
potatoes or peanuts or may enter drinking water supplies as a result of
surface runoff. This chemical has been shown to damage the nervous
system in laboratory animals such as rats and dogs exposed to high
levels. EPA has set the drinking water standard for aldicarb sulfone at
0.002 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of adverse
health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated
with little to none of this
[[Page 339]]
risk and is considered safe with respect to aldicarb sulfone.
(28) Atrazine. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that atrazine is
a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is
a herbicide. When soil and climatic conditions are favorable, atrazine
may get into drinking water by runoff into surface water or by leaching
into ground water. This chemical has been shown to affect offspring of
rats and the heart of dogs. EPA has set the drinking water standard for
atrazine at 0.003 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of
these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard
is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe
with respect to atrazine.
(29) Carbofuran. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that carbofuran
is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical
is a pesticide. When soil and climatic conditions are favorable,
carbofuran may get into drinking water by runoff into surface water or
by leaching into ground water. This chemical has been shown to damage
the nervous and reproductive systems of laboratory animals such as rats
and mice exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Some humans who
were exposed to relatively large amounts of this chemical during their
working careers also suffered damage to the nervous system. Effects on
the nervous system are generally rapidly reversible. EPA has set the
drinking water standard for carbofuran at 0.04 parts per million (ppm)
to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking
water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of
this risk and is considered safe with respect to carbofuran.
(30) Chlordane. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA sets drinking water standards and has determined that chlordane is
a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is
a pesticide used to control termites. Chlordane is not very mobile in
soils. It usually gets into drinking water after application near water
supply intakes or wells. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in
laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at
high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in
laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who
are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the drinking water
standard for chlordane at 0.002 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the
risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed
in laboratory animals. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is
associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with
respect to chlordane.
(31) Dibromochloropropane (DBCP). The United States Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined
that DBCP is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This
organic chemical was once a popular pesticide. When soil and climatic
conditions are favorable, dibromochloropropane may get into drinking
water by runoff into surface water or by leaching into ground water.
This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such
as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their
lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may
increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods
of time. EPA has set the drinking water standard for DBCP at 0.0002
parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse
health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking
water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of
this risk and is considered safe with respect to DBCP.
(32) o-Dichlorobenzene. The United States Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that o-
dichlorobenzene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This
organic chemical is used as a solvent in the production of pesticides
and dyes. It generally gets into water by improper waste disposal. This
chemical has been shown to damage the liver, kidney and the blood cells
of laboratory animals
[[Page 340]]
such as rats and mice exposed to high levels during their lifetimes.
Some industrial workers who were exposed to relatively large amounts of
this chemical during working careers also suffered damage to the liver,
nervous system, and circulatory system. EPA has set the drinking water
standard for o-dichlorobenzene at 0.6 parts per million (ppm) to protect
against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water that
meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk
and is considered safe with respect to o-dichlorobenzene.
(33) cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene. The United States Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) establishes drinking water standards and has
determined that cis-1,2-dichloroethylene is a health concern at certain
levels of exposure. This organic chemical is used as a solvent and
intermediate in chemical production. It generally gets into water by
improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to damage the
liver, nervous system, and circulatory system of laboratory animals such
as rats and mice when exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Some
humans who were exposed to relatively large amounts of this chemical
also suffered damage to the nervous system. EPA has set the drinking
water standard for cis-1,2-dichloroethylene at 0.07 parts per million
(ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects.
Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to
none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to cis-1,2-
dichloroethylene.
(34) trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene. The United States Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) establishes drinking water standards and has
determined that trans-1,2-dichloroethylene is a health concern at
certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is used as a solvent
and intermediate in chemical production. It generally gets into water by
improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to damage the
liver, nervous system, and the circulatory system of laboratory animals
such as rats and mice when exposed at high levels over their lifetimes.
Some humans who were exposed to relatively large amounts of this
chemical also suffered damage to the nervous system. EPA has set
drinking water standard for trans-1,2-dichloroethylene at 0.1 parts per
million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health
effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with
little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to
trans-1,2-dichloroethylene.
(35) 1,2-Dichloropropane. The United States Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that 1,2-
dichloropropane is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This
organic chemical is used as a solvent and pesticide. When soil and
climatic conditions are favorable, 1,2-dichloropropane may get into
drinking water by runoff into surface water or by leaching into ground
water. It may also get into drinking water through improper waste
disposal. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory
animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high
levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory
animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed
over long periods of time. EPA has set the drinking water standard for
1,2-dichloropropane at 0.005 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk
of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in
laboratory animals. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is
associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with
respect to 1,2-dichloropropane.
(36) 2,4-D. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
sets drinking water standards and has determined that 2,4-D is a health
concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is used as
a herbicide and to control algae in reservoirs. When soil and climatic
conditions are favorable, 2,4-D may get into drinking water by runoff
into surface water or by leaching into ground water. This chemical has
been shown to damage the liver and kidney of laboratory animals such as
rats exposed at high levels during their lifetimes. Some humans who were
exposed to relatively large amounts of this chemical also suffered
damage to the nervous system.
[[Page 341]]
EPA has set the drinking water standard for 2,4-D at 0.07 parts per
million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health
effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with
little to none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to 2,4-
D.
(37) Epichlorohydrin. The United States Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that
epichlorohydrin is a health concern at certain levels of exposure.
Polymers made from epichlorohydrin are sometimes used in the treatment
of water supplies as a flocculent to remove particulates.
Epichlorohydrin generally gets into drinking water by improper use of
these polymers. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in
laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at
high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in
laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who
are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the drinking water
standard for epichlorohydrin using a treatment technique to reduce the
risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed
in laboratory animals. This treatment technique limits the amount of
epichlorohydrin in the polymer and the amount of the polymer which may
be added to drinking water as a flocculent to remove particulates.
Drinking water systems which comply with this treatment technique have
little to no risk and are considered safe with respect to
epichlorohydrin.
(38) Ethylbenzene. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined ethylbenzene is a
health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is a
major component of gasoline. It generally gets into water by improper
waste disposal or leaking gasoline tanks. This chemical has been shown
to damage the kidney, liver, and nervous system of laboratory animals
such as rats exposed to high levels during their lifetimes. EPA has set
the drinking water standard for ethylbenzene at 0.7 part per million
(ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects.
Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to
none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to ethylbenzene.
(39) Ethylene dibromide (EDB). The United States Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined
that EDB is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic
chemical was once a popular pesticide. When soil and climatic conditions
are favorable, EDB may get into drinking water by runoff into surface
water or by leaching into ground water. This chemical has been shown to
cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the
animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that
cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer
in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the
drinking water standard for EDB at 0.00005 part per million (ppm) to
reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have
been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water that meets this
standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is
considered safe with respect to EDB.
(40) Heptachlor. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that heptachlor
is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical
was once a popular pesticide. When soil and climatic conditions are
favorable, heptachlor may get into drinking water by runoff into surface
water or by leaching into ground water. This chemical has been shown to
cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the
animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that
cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer
in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the
drinking water standards for heptachlor at 0.0004 part per million (ppm)
to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have
been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water that meets this
standard is associated with little to none of this
[[Page 342]]
risk and is considered safe with respect to heptachlor.
(41) Heptachlor epoxide. The United States Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that
heptachlor epoxide is a health concern at certain levels of exposure.
This organic chemical was once a popular pesticide. When soil and
climatic conditions are favorable, heptachlor expoxide may get into
drinking water by runoff into surface water or by leaching into ground
water. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory
animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high
levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory
animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed
over long periods of time. EPA has set the drinking water standards for
heptachlor epoxide at 0.0002 part per million (ppm) to reduce the risk
of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in
laboratory animals. Drinking water that meets this standard is
associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with
respect to heptachlor epoxide.
(42) Lindane. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that lindane is a
health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is
used as a pesticide. When soil and climatic conditions are favorable,
lindane may get into drinking water by runoff into surface water or by
leaching into ground water. This chemical has been shown to damage the
liver, kidney, nervous system, and immune system of laboratory animals
such as rats, mice and dogs exposed at high levels during their
lifetimes. Some humans who were exposed to relatively large amounts of
this chemical also suffered damage to the nervous system and circulatory
system. EPA has established the drinking water standard for lindane at
0.0002 part per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these
adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is
associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with
respect to lindane.
(43) Methoxychlor. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that methoxychlor
is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical
is used as a pesticide. When soil and climatic conditions are favorable,
methoxychlor may get into drinking water by runoff into surface water or
by leaching into ground water. This chemical has been shown to damage
the liver, kidney, nervous system, and reproductive system of laboratory
animals such as rats exposed at high levels during their lifetimes. It
has also been shown to produce growth retardation in rats. EPA has set
the drinking water standard for methoxychlor at 0.04 part per million
(ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects.
Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to
none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to methoxychlor.
(44) Monochlorobenzene. The United States Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that
monochlorobenzene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure.
This organic chemical is used as a solvent. It generally gets into water
by improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to damage the
liver, kidney and nervous system of laboratory animals such as rats and
mice exposed to high levels during their lifetimes. EPA has set the
drinking water standard for monochlorobenzene at 0.1 part per million
(ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects.
Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to
none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to
monochlorobenzene.
(45) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The United States
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and
has determined that polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a health
concern at certain levels of exposure. These organic chemicals were once
widely used in electrical transformers and other industrial equipment.
They generally get into drinking water by improper waste disposal or
leaking electrical industrial equipment. This chemical has been
[[Page 343]]
shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when
the animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals
that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of
cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set
the drinking water standard for PCBs at 0.0005 part per million (ppm) to
reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have
been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water that meets this
standard is associated with little to none of this risk and is
considered safe with respect to PCBs.
(46) Pentachlorophenol. The United States Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that
pentachlorophenol is a health concern at certain levels of exposure.
This organic chemical is used as a wood preservative, herbicide,
disinfectant, and defoliant. It generally gets into drinking water by
runoff into surface water or leaching into ground water. This chemical
has been shown to produce adverse reproductive effects and to damage the
liver and kidneys of laboratory animals such as rats exposed to high
levels during their lifetimes. Some humans who were exposed to
relatively large amounts of this chemical also suffered damage to the
liver and kidneys. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in
laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed to
high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in
laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who
are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the drinking water
standard for pentachlorophenol at 0.001 parts per million (ppm) to
protect against the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects.
Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to
none of this risk and is considered safe with respect to
pentachlorophenol.
(47) Styrene. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that styrene is a
health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is
commonly used to make plastics and is sometimes a component of resins
used for drinking water treatment. Styrene may get into drinking water
from improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to damage the
liver and nervous system in laboratory animals when exposed at high
levels during their lifetimes. EPA has set the drinking water standard
for styrene at 0.1 part per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of
these adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard
is associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe
with respect to styrene.
(48) Tetrachloroethylene. The United States Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that
tetrachloroethylene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure.
This organic chemical has been a popular solvent, particularly for dry
cleaning. It generally gets into drinking water by improper waste
disposal. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory
animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high
levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory
animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed
over long periods of time. EPA has set the drinking water standard for
tetrachloroethylene at 0.005 part per million (ppm) to reduce the risk
of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed in
laboratory animals. Drinking water that meets this standard is
associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with
respect to tetrachloroethylene.
(49) Toluene. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that toluene is a
health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is
used as a solvent and in the manufacture of gasoline for airplanes. It
generally gets into water by improper waste disposal or leaking
underground storage tanks. This chemical has been shown to damage the
kidney, nervous system, and circulatory system of laboratory animals
such as rats and mice exposed to high levels during their lifetimes.
[[Page 344]]
Some industrial workers who were exposed to relatively large amounts of
this chemical during working careers also suffered damage to the liver,
kidney and nervous system. EPA has set the drinking water standard for
toluene at 1 part per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of
adverse health effects. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is
associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with
respect to toluene.
(50) Toxaphene. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that toxaphene is
a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical
was once a pesticide widely used on cotton, corn, soybeans, pineapples
and other crops. When soil and climatic conditions are favorable,
toxaphene may get into drinking water by runoff into surface water or by
leaching into ground water. This chemical has been shown to cause cancer
in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed
at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in
laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in humans who
are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the drinking water
standard for toxaphene at 0.003 part per million (ppm) to reduce the
risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which have been observed
in laboratory animals. Drinking water that meets this standard is
associated with little to none of this risk and is considered safe with
respect to toxaphene.
(51) 2,4,5-TP. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that 2,4,5-TP is
a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is
used as a herbicide. When soil and climatic conditions are favorable,
2,4,5-TP may get into drinking water by runoff into surface water or by
leaching into ground water. This chemical has been shown to damage the
liver and kidney of laboratory animals such as rats and dogs exposed to
high levels during their lifetimes. Some industrial workers who were
exposed to relatively large amounts of this chemical during working
careers also suffered damage to the nervous system. EPA has set the
drinking water standard for 2,4,5-TP at 0.05 part per million (ppm) to
protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water
that meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this
risk and is considered safe with respect to 2,4,5-TP.
(52) Xylenes. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that xylene is a
health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is
used in the manufacture of gasoline for airplanes and as a solvent for
pesticides, and as a cleaner and degreaser of metals. It usually gets
into water by improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to
damage the liver, kidney and nervous system of laboratory animals such
as rats and dogs exposed to high levels during their lifetimes. Some
humans who were exposed to relatively large amounts of this chemical
also suffered damage to the nervous system. EPA has set the drinking
water standard for xylene at 10 parts per million (ppm) to protect
against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water that
meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this risk
and is considered safe with respect to xylene.
(53) Antimony. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that antimony is
a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This inorganic chemical
occurs naturally in soils, ground water and surface waters and is often
used in the flame retardant industry. It is also used in ceramics,
glass, batteries, fireworks and explosives. It may get into drinking
water through natural weathering of rock, industrial production,
municipal waste disposal or manufacturing processes. This chemical has
been shown to decrease longevity, and altered blood levels of
cholesterol and glucose in laboratory animals such as rats exposed to
high levels during their lifetimes. EPA has set the drinking water
standard for antimony at 0.006 parts per million (ppm) to protect
against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water which
meets the EPA standard is associated with
[[Page 345]]
little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect
to antimony.
(54) Beryllium. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that beryllium is
a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This inorganic metal
occurs naturally in soils, ground water and surface waters and is often
used in electrical equipment and electrical components. It generally
gets into water from runoff from mining operations, discharge from
processing plants and improper waste disposal. Beryllium compounds have
been associated with damage to the bones and lungs and induction of
cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are
exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. There is limited evidence
to suggest that beryllium may pose a cancer risk via drinking water
exposure. Therefore, EPA based the health assessment on noncancer
effects with an extra uncertainty factor to account for possible
carcinogenicity. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also
may increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed over long
periods of time. EPA has set the drinking water standard for beryllium
at 0.004 part per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these
adverse health effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is
associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered
safe with respect to beryllium.
(55) Cyanide. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that cyanide is a
health concern at certain levels of exposure. This inorganic chemical is
used in electroplating, steel processing, plastics, synthetic fabrics
and fertilizer products. It usually gets into water as a result of
improper waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to damage the
spleen, brain and liver of humans fatally poisoned with cyanide. EPA has
set the drinking water standard for cyanide at 0.2 parts per million
(ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects.
Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is associated with little to
none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to cyanide.
(56) [Reserved]
(57) Thallium. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that thallium is
a health concern at certain high levels of exposure. This inorganic
metal is found naturally in soils and is used in electronics,
pharmaceuticals, and the manufacture of glass and alloys. This chemical
has been shown to damage the kidney, liver, brain and intestines of
laboratory animals when the animals are exposed at high levels over
their lifetimes. EPA has set the drinking water standard for thallium at
0.002 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these
adverse health effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is
associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered
safe with respect to thallium.
(58) Benzo[a]pyrene. The United States Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that
benzo[a]pyrene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure.
Cigarette smoke and charbroiled meats are common source of general
exposure. The major source of benzo[a]pyrene in drinking water is the
leaching from coal tar lining and sealants in water storage tanks. This
chemical has been shown to cause cancer in animals such as rats and mice
when the animals are exposed at high levels. EPA has set the drinking
water standard for benzo[a]pyrene at 0.0002 parts per million (ppm) to
protect against the risk of cancer. Drinking water which meets the EPA
standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be
considered safe with respect to benzo[a]pyrene.
(59) Dalapon. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that dalapon is a
health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is a
widely used herbicide. It may get into drinking water after application
to control grasses in crops, drainage ditches and along railroads. This
chemical has been shown to cause damage to the kidney
[[Page 346]]
and liver in laboratory animals when the animals are exposed to high
levels over their lifetimes. EPA has set the drinking water standard for
dalapon at 0.2 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of
these adverse health effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA
standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be
considered safe with respect to dalapon.
(60) Dichloromethane. The United States Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that
dichloromethane (methylene chloride) is a health concern at certain
levels of exposure. This organic chemical is a widely used solvent. It
is used in the manufacture of paint remover, as a metal degreaser and as
an aerosol propellant. It generally gets into drinking water after
improper discharge of waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to
cause cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the
animals are exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. Chemicals that
cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer
in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the
drinking water standard for dichloromethane at 0.005 parts per million
(ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health effects which
have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water which meets
this standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should
be considered safe with respect to dichloromethane.
(61) Di (2-ethylhexyl)adipate. The United States Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined
that di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate is a health concern at certain levels of
exposure. Di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate is a widely used plasticizer in a
variety of products, including synthetic rubber, food packaging
materials and cosmetics. It may get into drinking water after improper
waste disposal. This chemical has been shown to damage liver and testes
in laboratory animals such as rats and mice exposed to high levels. EPA
has set the drinking water standard for di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate at 0.4
parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of adverse health
effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA standards is associated with
little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect
to di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate.
(62) Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate. The United States Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined
that di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate is a health concern at certain levels of
exposure. Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate is a widely used plasticizer, which
is primarily used in the production of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) resins.
It may get into drinking water after improper waste disposal. This
chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as
rats and mice exposed to high levels over their lifetimes. EPA has set
the drinking water standard for di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate at 0.006 parts
per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health
effects which have been observed in laboratory animals. Drinking water
which meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this
risk and should be considered safe with respect to di(2-
ethylhexyl)phthalate.
(63) Dinoseb. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that dinoseb is a
health concern at certain levels of exposure. Dinoseb is a widely used
pesticide and generally gets into drinking water after application on
orchards, vineyards and other crops. This chemical has been shown to
damage the thyroid and reproductive organs in laboratory animals such as
rats exposed to high levels. EPA has set the drinking water standard for
dinoseb at 0.007 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of
adverse health effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is
associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered
safe with respect to dinoseb.
(64) Diquat. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
sets drinking water standards and has determined that diquat is a health
concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is a
herbicide used to control terrestrial and aquatic weeds. It may get into
drinking water by runoff into surface water. This chemical
[[Page 347]]
has been shown to damage the liver, kidney and gastrointestinal tract
and causes cataract formation in laboratory animals such as dogs and
rats exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. EPA has set the
drinking water standard for diquat at 0.02 parts per million (ppm) to
protect against the risk of these adverse health effects. Drinking water
which meets the EPA standard is associated with little to none of this
risk and should be considered safe with respect to diquat.
(65) Endothall. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) has determined that endothall is a health concern at certain
levels of exposure. This organic chemical is a herbicide used to control
terrestrial and aquatic weeds. It may get into water by runoff into
surface water. This chemical has been shown to damage the liver, kidney,
gastrointestinal tract and reproductive system of laboratory animals
such as rats and mice exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. EPA
has set the drinking water standard for endothall at 0.1 parts per
million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health
effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is associated with
little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect
to endothall.
(66) Endrin. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
sets drinking water standards and has determined that endrin is a health
concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is a
pesticide no longer registered for use in the United States. However,
this chemical is persistent in treated soils and accumulates in
sediments and aquatic and terrestrial biota. This chemical has been
shown to cause damage to the liver, kidney and heart in laboratory
animals such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high
levels over their lifetimes. EPA has set the drinking water standard for
endrin at 0.002 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of
these adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory
animals. Drinking water that meets the EPA standard is associated with
little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect
to endrin.
(67) Glyphosate. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that glyphosate
is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical
is a herbicide used to control grasses and weeds. It may get into
drinking water by runoff into surface water. This chemical has been
shown to cause damage to the liver and kidneys in laboratory animals
such as rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over
their lifetimes. EPA has set the drinking water standard for glyphosate
at 0.7 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these
adverse health effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is
associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered
safe with respect to glyphosate.
(68) Hexachlorobenzene. The United States Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that
hexachlorobenzene is a health concern at certain levels of exposure.
This organic chemical is produced as an impurity in the manufacture of
certain solvents and pesticides. This chemical has been shown to cause
cancer in laboratory animals such as rats and mice when the animals are
exposed to high levels during their lifetimes. Chemicals that cause
cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the risk of cancer in
humans who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA has set the
drinking water standard for hexachlorobenzene at 0.001 parts per million
(ppm) to protect against the risk of cancer and other adverse health
effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is associated with
little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect
to hexachlorobenzene.
(69) Hexachlorocyclopentadiene. The United States Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) establishes drinking water standards and has
determined that hexachlorocyclopentadiene is a health concern at certain
levels of exposure. This organic chemical is used as an intermediate in
the manufacture of pesticides and flame retardants. It may get into
water by discharge from production facilities. This chemical
[[Page 348]]
has been shown to damage the kidney and the stomach of laboratory
animals when exposed at high levels over their lifetimes. EPA has set
the drinking water standard for hexachlorocyclopentadiene at 0.05 parts
per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health
effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is associated with
little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect
to hexachlorocyclopentadiene.
(70) Oxamyl. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
establishes drinking water standards and has determined that oxamyl is a
health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is
used as a pesticide for the control of insects and other pests. It may
get into drinking water by runoff into surface water or leaching into
ground water. This chemical has been shown to damage the kidneys of
laboratory animals such as rats when exposed at high levels over their
lifetimes. EPA has set the drinking water standard for oxamyl at 0.2
parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse
health effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is
associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered
safe with respect to oxamyl.
(71) Picloram. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that picloram is
a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is
used as a pesticide for broadleaf weed control. It may get into drinking
water by runoff into surface water or leaching into ground water as a
result of pesticide application and improper waste disposal. This
chemical has been shown to cause damage to the kidneys and liver in
laboratory animals such as rats when the animals are exposed at high
levels over their lifetimes. EPA has set the drinking water standard for
picloram at 0.5 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of
these adverse health effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA
standard is associated with little to none of this risk and should be
considered safe with respect to picloram.
(72) Simazine. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined that simazine is
a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This organic chemical is
a herbicide used to control annual grasses and broadleaf weeds. It may
leach into ground water or runs off into surface water after
application. This chemical may cause cancer in laboratory animals such
as rats and mice exposed at high levels during their lifetimes.
Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may increase the
risk of cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods of time. EPA
has set the drinking water standard for simazine at 0.004 parts per
million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other adverse health
effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is associated with
little to none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect
to simazine.
(73) 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene. The United States Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined
that 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene is a health concern at certain levels of
exposure. This organic chemical is used as a dye carrier and as a
precursor in herbicide manufacture. It generally gets into drinking
water by discharges from industrial activities. This chemical has been
shown to cause damage to several organs, including the adrenal glands.
EPA has set the drinking water standard for 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene at
0.07 parts per million (ppm) to protect against the risk of these
adverse health effects. Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is
associated with little to none of this risk and should be considered
safe with respect to 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene.
(74) 1,1,2-Trichloroethane. The United States Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined
1,1,2-trichloroethane is a health concern at certain levels of exposure.
This organic chemical is an intermediate in the production of 1,1-
dichloroethylene. It generally gets into water by industrial discharge
of wastes. This chemical has been shown to damage the kidney and liver
of laboratory animals such as rats
[[Page 349]]
exposed to high levels during their lifetimes. EPA has set the drinking
water standard for 1,1,2-trichloroethane at 0.005 parts per million
(ppm) to protect against the risk of these adverse health effects.
Drinking water which meets the EPA standard is associated with little to
none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to 1,1,2-
trichloroethane.
(75) 2,3,7,8-TCDD (Dioxin). The United States Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) sets drinking water standards and has determined
that dioxin is a health concern at certain levels of exposure. This
organic chemical is an impurity in the production of some pesticides. It
may get into drinking water by industrial discharge of wastes. This
chemical has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals such as
rats and mice when the animals are exposed at high levels over their
lifetimes. Chemicals that cause cancer in laboratory animals also may
increase the risk of cancer in humans who are exposed over long periods
of time. EPA has set the drinking water standard for dioxin at
0.00000003 parts per million (ppm) to reduce the risk of cancer or other
adverse health effects which have been observed in laboratory animals.
Drinking water which meets this standard is associated with little to
none of this risk and should be considered safe with respect to dioxin.
(f) Public notices for fluoride. Notice of violations of the maximum
contaminant level for fluoride, notices of variances and exemptions from
the maximum contaminant level for fluoride, and notices of failure to
comply with variance and exemption schedules for the maximum contaminant
level for fluoride shall consist of the public notice prescribed in
Sec. 143.5(b), plus a description of any steps which the system is
taking to come into compliance.
(g) Public notification by the State. The State may give notice to
the public required by this section on behalf of the owner or operator
of the public water system if the State complies with the requirements
of this section. However, the owner or operator of the public water
system remains legally responsible for ensuring that the requirements of
this section are met.
[52 FR 41546, Oct. 28, 1987, as amended at 54 FR 15188, Apr. 17, 1989;
54 FR 27527, 27566, June 29, 1989; 55 FR 25064, June 19, 1990; 56 FR
3587, Jan. 30, 1991; 56 FR 26548, June 7, 1991; 56 FR 30279, July 1,
1991; 57 FR 31843, July 17, 1992; 59 FR 34323, July 1, 1994; 60 FR
33932, June 29, 1995]
Sec. 141.33 Record maintenance.
Any owner or operator of a public water system subject to the
provisions of this part shall retain on its premises or at a convenient
location near its premises the following records:
(a) Records of bacteriological analyses made pursuant to this part
shall be kept for not less than 5 years. Records of chemical analyses
made pursuant to this part shall be kept for not less than 10 years.
Actual laboratory reports may be kept, or data may be transferred to
tabular summaries, provided that the following information is included:
(1) The date, place, and time of sampling, and the name of the
person who collected the sample;
(2) Identification of the sample as to whether it was a routine
distribution system sample, check sample, raw or process water sample or
other special purpose sample;
(3) Date of analysis;
(4) Laboratory and person responsible for performing analysis;
(5) The analytical technique/method used; and
(6) The results of the analysis.
(b) Records of action taken by the system to correct violations of
primary drinking water regulations shall be kept for a period not less
than 3 years after the last action taken with respect to the particular
violation involved.
(c) Copies of any written reports, summaries or communications
relating to sanitary surveys of the system conducted by the system
itself, by a private consultant, or by any local, State or Federal
agency, shall be kept for a period not less than 10 years after
completion of the sanitary survey involved.
(d) Records concerning a variance or exemption granted to the system
shall be kept for a period ending not less than 5 years following the
expiration of such variance or exemption.
[[Page 350]]
Sec. 141.34 [Reserved]
Sec. 141.35 Reporting and public notification for certain unregulated contaminants.
(a) The requirements of this section only apply to the contaminants
listed in Sec. 141.40.
(b) The owner or operator of a community water system or non-
transient, non-community water system who is required to monitor under
Sec. 141.40 shall send a copy of the results of such monitoring within
30 days of receipt and any public notice under paragraph (d) of this
section to the State.
(c) The State, or the community water system or non-transient, non-
community water system if the State has not adopted regulations
equivalent to Sec. 141.40, shall furnish the following information to
the Administrator for each sample analyzed under Sec. 141.40:
(1) Results of all analytical methods, including negatives;
(2) Name and address of the system that supplied the sample;
(3) Contaminant(s);
(4) Analytical method(s) used;
(5) Date of sample;
(6) Date of analysis.
(d) The owner or operator shall notify persons served by the system
of the availability of the results of sampling conducted under
Sec. 141.40 by including a notice in the first set of water bills issued
by the system after the receipt of the results or written notice within
three months. The notice shall identify a person and supply the
telephone number to contact for information on the monitoring results.
For surface water systems, public notification is required only after
the first quarter's monitoring and must include a statement that
additional monitoring will be conducted for three more quarters with the
results available upon request.
[52 FR 25714, July 8, 1987; 53 FR 25110, July 1, 1988]
Subpart E--Special Regulations, Including Monitoring Regulations and
Prohibition on Lead Use
Sec. 141.40 Special monitoring for inorganic and organic contaminants.
(a) All community and non-transient, non-community water systems
shall monitor for the contaminants listed in paragraph (e) in this
section by date specified in Table 1:
Table 1--Monitoring Schedule by System Size
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Monitoring to begin no later
Number of persons served than--
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Over 10,000............................... Jan. 1, 1988.
3,300 to 10,000........................... Jan. 1, 1989.
Less than 3,300........................... Jan. 1, 1991.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(b) Surface water systems shall sample at points in the distribution
system representative of each water source or at entry points to the
distribution system after any application of treatment. The minimum
number of samples is one year of quarterly samples per water source.
(c) Ground water systems shall sample at points of entry to the
distribution system representative of each well after any application of
treatment. The minimum number of samples is one sample per entry point
to the distribution system.
(d) The State may require confirmation samples for positive or
negative results.
(e) Community water systems and non-transient, non-community water
systems shall monitor for the following contaminants except as provided
in paragraph (f) of this section:
(1) Chloroform
(2) Bromodichloromethane
(3) Chlorodibromomethane
(4) Bromoform
(5) Dibromomethane
(6) m-Dichlorobenzene
(7) [Reserved]
(8) 1,1-Dichloropropene
(9) 1,1-Dichloroethane
[[Page 351]]
(10) 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
(11) 1,3-Dichloropropane
(12) Chloromethane
(13) Bromomethane
(14) 1,2,3-Trichloropropane
(15) 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane
(16) Chloroethane
(17) 2,2-Dichloropropane
(18) o-Chlorotoluene
(19) p-Chlorotoluene
(20) Bromobenzene
(21) 1,3-Dichloropropene
(f) [Reserved]
(g) Analysis for the unregulated contaminants listed under
paragraphs (e) and (j) of this section shall be conducted using EPA
Methods 502.2 or 524.2, or their equivalent as determined by EPA, except
analysis for bromodichloromethane, bromoform, chlorodibromomethane and
chloroform under paragraph (e) of this section also may be conducted by
EPA Method 551, and analysis for 1,2,3-trichloropropane also may be
conducted by EPA Method 504.1. A source for the EPA methods is
referenced at Sec. 141.24(e).
(h) Analysis under this section shall only be conducted by
laboratories certified under Sec. 141.24(f)(17).
(i) Public water systems may use monitoring data collected any time
after January 1, 1983 to meet the requirements for unregulated
monitoring, provided that the monitoring program was consistent with the
requirements of this section. In addition, the results of EPA's Ground
Water Supply Survey may be used in a similar manner for systems supplied
by a single well.
(j) Monitoring for the following compounds is required at the
discretion of the State:
(1) 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene;
(2) 1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene;
(3) n-Propylbenzene;
(4) n-Butylbenzene;
(5) Naphthalene;
(6) Hexachlorobutadiene;
(7) 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene;
(8) p-Isopropyltoluene;
(9) Isopropylbenzene;
(10) Tert-butylbenzene;
(11) Sec-butylbenzene;
(12) Fluorotrichloromethane;
(13) Dichlorodifluoromethane;
(14) Bromochloromethane.
(k) Instead of performing the monitoring required by this section, a
community water system or non-transient non-community water system
serving fewer than 150 service connections may send a letter to the
State stating that the system is available for sampling. This letter
must be sent to the State no later than January 1, 1991. The system
shall not send such samples to the State, unless requested to do so by
the State.
(l) All community and non-transient, non-community water systems
shall repeat the monitoring required in Sec. 141.40 no less frequently
than every five years from the dates specified in Sec. 141.40(a).
(m) States or public water systems may composite up to five samples
when monitoring for substances in Sec. 141.40 (e) and (j) of this
section.
(n) Monitoring of the contaminants listed in Sec. 141.40(n) (11) and
(12) shall be conducted as follows:
(1) Each community and non-transient, non-community water system
shall take four consecutive quarterly samples at each sampling point for
each contaminant listed in paragraph (n)(11) of this section and report
the results to the State. Monitoring must be completed by December 31,
1995.
(2) Each community and non-transient non-community water system
shall take one sample at each sampling point for each contaminant listed
in paragraph (n)(12) of this section and report the results to the
States. Monitoring must be completed by December 31, 1995.
(3) Each community and non-transient non-community water system may
apply to the State for a waiver from the requirements of paragraph (n)
(1) and (2) of this section.
(4) The State may grant a waiver for the requirement of paragraph
(n)(1) of this section based on the criteria specified in
Sec. 141.24(h)(6). The State may grant a waiver from the requirement of
paragraph (n)(2) of this section if previous analytical results indicate
contamination would not occur, provided this data was collected after
January 1, 1990.
(5) Groundwater systems shall take a minimum of one sample at every
entry point to the distribution system which is representative of each
well after treatment (hereafter called a sampling
[[Page 352]]
point). Each sample must be taken at the same sampling point unless
conditions make another sampling point more representative of each
source or treatment plant.
(6) Surface water systems shall take a minimum of one sample at
points in the distribution system that are representative of each source
or at each entry point to the distribution system after treatment
(hereafter called a sampling point). Each sample must be taken at the
same sampling point unless conditions make another sampling point more
representative of each source or treatment plant.
Note: For purposes of this paragraph, surface water systems include
systems with a combination of surface and ground sources.
(7) If the system draws water from more than one source and the
sources are combined before distribution, the system must sample at an
entry point to the distribution system during periods of normal
operating conditions (i.e., when water representative of all sources is
being used).
(8) The State may require a confirmation sample for positive or
negative results.
(9) The State may reduce the total number of samples a system must
analyze by allowing the use of compositing. Composite samples from a
maximum of five sampling points are allowed. Compositing of samples must
be done in the laboratory and the composite sample must be analyzed
within 14 days of collection. If the population served by the system is
>3,300 persons, then compositing may only be permitted by the State at
sampling points within a single system. In systems serving
3,300 persons, the State may permit compositing among
different systems provided the 5-sample limit is maintained.
(10) Instead of performing the monitoring required by this section,
a community water system or non-transient non-community water system
serving fewer than 150 service connections may send a letter to the
State stating that the system is available for sampling. This letter
must be sent to the State by January 1, 1994. The system shall not send
such samples to the State, unless requested to do so by the State.
(11) Systems shall monitor for the unregulated organic contaminants
listed below, using the method(s) identified below and using the
analytical test procedures contained in Technical Notes on Drinking
Water Methods, EPA-600/R-94-173, October 1994, which is available at
NTIS, PB95-104766. Method 6610 shall be followed in accordance with the
Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater 18th
Edition Supplement, 1994, American Public Health Association. This
incorporation by reference was approved by the Director of the Federal
Register in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR Part 51. Copies
may be obtained from the American Public Health Association, 1015
Fifteenth Street NW, Washington, DC 20005. Copies may be inspected at
EPA's Drinking Water Docket, 401 M Street, SW., Washington, DC 20460; or
at the Office of the Federal Register, 800 North Capitol Street, NW.,
Suite 700, Washington, DC. A source for EPA methods 505, 507, 508,
508.1, 515.2, 525.2 and 531.1 is referenced at Sec. 141.24(e).
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Contaminants Method
------------------------------------------------------------------------
aldicarb.................................. 531.1, 6610.
aldicarb sulfone.......................... 531.1, 6610.
aldicarb sulfoxide........................ 531.1, 6610.
aldrin.................................... 505, 508, 525.2, 508.1.
butachlor................................. 507, 525.2.
carbaryl.................................. 531.1, 6610.
dicamba................................... 515.2, 555, 515.1.
dieldrin.................................. 505, 508, 525.2, 508.1.
3-hydroxycarbofuran....................... 531.1, 6610.
methomyl.................................. 531.1, 6610.
metolachlor............................... 507, 525.2, 508.1.
metribuzin................................ 507, 525.2, 508.1.
propachlor................................ 508, 525.2, 508.1.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(12) Systems shall monitor for sulfate, an unregulated inorganic
contaminant, by using the methods listed at Sec. 143.4(b).
[52 FR 25715, July 8, 1987; 53 FR 25110, July 1, 1988, as amended at 56
FR 3592, Jan. 30, 1991; 57 FR 31845, July 17, 1992; 59 FR 34323, July 1,
1994; 59 FR 62469, Dec. 5, 1994]
Sec. 141.41 Special monitoring for sodium.
(a) Suppliers of water for community public water systems shall
collect and analyze one sample per plant at the entry point of the
distribution system
[[Page 353]]
for the determination of sodium concentration levels; samples must be
collected and analyzed annually for systems utilizing surface water
sources in whole or in part, and at least every three years for systems
utilizing solely ground water sources. The minimum number of samples
required to be taken by the system shall be based on the number of
treatment plants used by the system, except that multiple wells drawing
raw water from a single aquifer may, with the State approval, be
considered one treatment plant for determining the minimum number of
samples. The supplier of water may be required by the State to collect
and analyze water samples for sodium more frequently in locations where
the sodium content is variable.
(b) The supplier of water shall report to EPA and/or the State the
results of the analyses for sodium within the first 10 days of the month
following the month in which the sample results were received or within
the first 10 days following the end of the required monitoring period as
stipulated by the State, whichever of these is first. If more than
annual sampling is required the supplier shall report the average sodium
concentration within 10 days of the month following the month in which
the analytical results of the last sample used for the annual average
was received. The supplier of water shall not be required to report the
results to EPA where the State has adopted this regulation and results
are reported to the State. The supplier shall report the results to EPA
where the State has not adopted this regulation.
(c) The supplier of water shall notify appropriate local and State
public health officials of the sodium levels by written notice by direct
mail within three months. A copy of each notice required to be provided
by this paragraph shall be sent to EPA and/or the State within 10 days
of its issuance. The supplier of water is not required to notify
appropriate local and State public health officials of the sodium levels
where the State provides such notices in lieu of the supplier.
(d) Analyses for sodium shall be conducted as directed in
Sec. 141.23(k)(1).
[45 FR 57345, Aug. 27, 1980, as amended at 59 FR 62470, Dec. 5, 1994]
Sec. 141.42 Special monitoring for corrosivity characteristics.
(a)--(c) [Reserved]
(d) Community water supply systems shall identify whether the
following construction materials are present in their distribution
system and report to the State:
Lead from piping, solder, caulking, interior lining of distribution
mains, alloys and home plumbing.
Copper from piping and alloys, service lines, and home plumbing.
Galvanized piping, service lines, and home plumbing.
Ferrous piping materials such as cast iron and steel.
Asbestos cement pipe.
In addition, States may require identification and reporting of other
materials of construction present in distribution systems that may
contribute contaminants to the drinking water, such as:
Vinyl lined asbestos cement pipe.
Coal tar lined pipes and tanks.
[45 FR 57346, Aug. 27, 1980; 47 FR 10999, Mar. 12, 1982, as amended at
59 FR 62470, Dec. 5, 1994]
Sec. 141.43 Prohibition on use of lead pipes, solder, and flux.
(a) In general--(1) Prohibition. Any pipe, solder, or flux, which is
used after June 19, 1986, in the installation or repair of--
(i) Any public water system, or
(ii) Any plumbing in a residential or nonresidential facility
providing water for human consumption which is connected to a public
water system shall be lead free as defined by paragraph (d) of this
section. This paragraph (a)(1) shall not apply to leaded joints
necessary for the repair of cast iron pipes.
(2) Each public water system shall identify and provide notice to
persons that may be affected by lead contamination of their drinking
water where such contamination results from either or both of the
following:
(i) The lead content in the construction materials of the public
water distribution system,
(ii) Corrosivity of the water supply sufficient to cause leaching of
lead.
Notice shall be provided notwithstanding the absence of a violation
of any national drinking water standard.
[[Page 354]]
The manner and form of notice are specified in Sec. 141.34 of this part.
(b) State enforcement--(1) Enforcement of prohibition. The
requirements of paragraph (a)(1) of this section shall be enforced in
all States effective June 19, 1988. States shall enforce such
requirements through State or local plumbing codes, or such other means
of enforcement as the State may determine to be appropriate.
(2) Enforcement of public notice requirements. The requirements of
paragraph (a)(2) of this section, shall apply in all States effective
June 19, 1988.
(c) Penalties. If the Administrator determines that a State is not
enforcing the requirements of paragraph (a) of this section, as required
pursuant to paragraph (b) of this section, the Administrator may
withhold up to 5 percent of Federal funds available to that State for
State program grants under section 1443(a) of the Act.
(d) Definition of lead free. For purposes of this section, the term
lead free
(1) When used with respect to solders and flux refers to solders and
flux containing not more than 0.2 percent lead, and
(2) When used with respect to pipes and pipe fittings refers to
pipes and pipe fittings containing not more than 8.0 percent lead.
[52 FR 20674, June 2, 1987]
Subpart F--Maximum Contaminant Level Goals
Sec. 141.50 Maximum contaminant level goals for organic contaminants.
(a) MCLGs are zero for the following contaminants:
(1) Benzene
(2) Vinyl chloride
(3) Carbon tetrachloride
(4) 1,2-dichloroethane
(5) Trichloroethylene
(6) Acrylamide
(7) Alachlor
(8) Chlordane
(9) Dibromochloropropane
(10) 1,2-Dichloropropane
(11) Epichlorohydrin
(12) Ethylene dibromide
(13) Heptachlor
(14) Heptachlor epoxide
(15) Pentachlorophenol
(16) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
(17) Tetrachloroethylene
(18) Toxaphene
(19) Benzo[a]pyrene
(20) Dichloromethane (methylene chloride)
(21) Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
(22) Hexachlorobenzene
(23) 2,3,7,8-TCDD (Dioxin)
(b) MCLGs for the following contaminants are as indicated:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
MCLG in
Contaminant mg/l
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) 1,1-Dichloroethylene..................................... 0.007
(2) 1,1,1-Trichloroethane.................................... 0.20
(3) para-Dichlorobenzene..................................... 0.075
(4) Aldicarb................................................. 0.001
(5) Aldicarb sulfoxide....................................... 0.001
(6) Aldicarb sulfone......................................... 0.001
(7) Atrazine................................................. 0.003
(8) Carbofuran............................................... 0.04
(9) o-Dichlorobenzene........................................ 0.6
(10) cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene................................ 0.07
(11) trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene.............................. 0.1
(12) 2,4-D................................................... 0.07
(13) Ethylbenzene............................................ 0.7
(14) Lindane................................................. 0.0002
(15) Methoxychlor............................................ 0.04
(16) Monochlorobenzene....................................... 0.1
(17) Styrene................................................. 0.1
(18) Toluene................................................. 1
(19) 2,4,5-TP................................................ 0.05
(20) Xylenes (total)......................................... 10
(21) Dalapon................................................. 0.2
(22) Di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate................................. .4
(23) Dinoseb................................................. .007
(24) Diquat.................................................. .02
(25) Endothall............................................... .1
(26) Endrin.................................................. .002
(27) Glyphosate.............................................. .7
(28) Hexachlorocyclopentadiene............................... .05
(29) Oxamyl (Vydate)......................................... .2
(30) Picloram................................................ .5
(31) Simazine................................................ .004
(32) 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene.................................. .07
(33) 1,1,2-Trichloroethane................................... .003
------------------------------------------------------------------------
[50 FR 46901, Nov. 13, 1985, as amended at 52 FR 20674, June 2, 1987; 52
FR 25716, July 8, 1987; 56 FR 3592, Jan. 30, 1991; 56 FR 30280, July 1,
1991; 57 FR 31846, July 17, 1992]
Sec. 141.51 Maximum contaminant level goals for inorganic contaminants.
(a) [Reserved]
(b) MCLGs for the following contaminants are as indicated:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Contaminant MCLG (mg/l)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Antimony...................................... 0.006
Asbestos...................................... 7 Million fibers/liter
(longer than 10 m).
Barium........................................ 2
Beryllium..................................... .004
Cadmium....................................... 0.005
Chromium...................................... 0.1
Copper........................................ 1.3
[[Page 355]]
Cyanide (as free Cyanide)..................... .2
Fluoride...................................... 4.0
Lead.......................................... zero
Mercury....................................... 0.002
Nitrate....................................... 10 (as Nitrogen).
Nitrite....................................... 1 (as Nitrogen).
Total Nitrate+Nitrite......................... 10 (as Nitrogen).
Selenium...................................... 0.05
Thallium...................................... .0005
------------------------------------------------------------------------
[50 FR 47155, Nov. 14, 1985, as amended at 52 FR 20674, June 2, 1987; 56
FR 3593, Jan. 30, 1991; 56 FR 26548, June 7, 1991; 56 FR 30280, July 1,
1991; 57 FR 31846, July 17, 1992; 60 FR 33932, June 29, 1995]
Sec. 141.52 Maximum contaminant level goals for microbiological contaminants.
MCLGs for the following contaminants are as indicated:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Contaminant MCLG
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Giardia lamblia....................... zero
(2) Viruses............................... zero
(3) Legionella............................ zero
(4) Total coliforms (including fecal zero.
coliforms and Escherichia coli).
------------------------------------------------------------------------
[54 FR 27527, 27566, June 29, 1989; 55 FR 25064, June 19, 1990]
Subpart G--National Revised Primary Drinking Water Regulations: Maximum
Contaminant Levels
Sec. 141.60 Effective dates.
(a) The effective dates for Sec. 141.61 are as follows:
(1) The effective date for paragraphs (a)(1) through (a)(8) of
Sec. 141.61 is January 9, 1989.
(2) The effective date for paragraphs (a)(9) through (a)(18) and
(c)(1) through (c)(18) of Sec. 141.61 is July 30, 1992.
(3) The effective date for paragraphs (a)(19) through (a)(21),
(c)(19) through (c)(25), and (c)(27) through (c)(33) of Sec. 141.61 is
January 17, 1994. The effective date of Sec. 141.61(c)(26) is August 17,
1992.
(b) The effective dates for Sec. 141.62 are as follows:
(1) The effective date of paragraph (b)(1) of Sec. 141.62 is October
2, 1987.
(2) The effective date for paragraphs (b)(2) and (b)(4) through
(b)(10) of Sec. 141.62 is July 30, 1992.
(3) The effective date for paragraphs (b)(11) through (b)(15) of
Sec. 141.62 is January 17, 1994.
[56 FR 3593, Jan. 30, 1991, as amended at 57 FR 31846, July 17, 1992; 59
FR 34324, July 1, 1994]
Sec. 141.61 Maximum contaminant levels for organic contaminants.
(a) The following maximum contaminant levels for organic
contaminants apply to community and non-transient, non-community water
systems.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
CAS No. Contaminant MCL (mg/l)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) 75-01-4.................. Vinyl chloride....... 0.002
(2) 71-43-2.................. Benzene.............. 0.005
(3) 56-23-5.................. Carbon tetrachloride. 0.005
(4) 107-06-2................. 1,2-Dichloroethane... 0.005
(5) 79-01-6.................. Trichloroethylene.... 0.005
(6) 106-46-7................. para-Dichlorobenzene. 0.075
(7) 75-35-4.................. 1,1-Dichloroethylene. 0.007
(8) 71-55-6.................. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 0.2
(9) 156-59-2................. cis-1,2- 0.07
Dichloroethylene.
(10) 78-87-5................. 1,2-Dichloropropane.. 0.005
(11) 100-41-4................ Ethylbenzene......... 0.7
(12) 108-90-7................ Monochlorobenzene.... 0.1
(13) 95-50-1................. o-Dichlorobenzene.... 0.6
(14) 100-42-5................ Styrene.............. 0.1
(15) 127-18-4................ Tetrachloroethylene.. 0.005
(16) 108-88-3................ Toluene.............. 1
(17) 156-60-5................ trans-1,2- 0.1
Dichloroethylene.
(18) 1330-20-7............... Xylenes (total)...... 10
(19) 75-09-2................. Dichloromethane...... 0.005
(20) 120-82-1................ 1,2,4-Trichloro- .07
benzene.
(21) 79-00-5................. 1,1,2-Trichloro- .005
ethane.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 356]]
(b) The Administrator, pursuant to section 1412 of the Act, hereby
identifies as indicated in the Table below granular activated carbon
(GAC), packed tower aeration (PTA), or oxidation (OX) as the best
technology treatment technique, or other means available for achieving
compliance with the maximum contaminant level for organic contaminants
identified in paragraphs (a) and (c) of this section:
BAT for Organic Contaminants Listed in Sec. 141.61 (a) and (c)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CAS No. Contaminant GAC PTA OX
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
15972-60-8.................................. Alachlor............................ X ........ ........
116-06-3.................................... Aldicarb............................ X ........ ........
1646-88-4................................... Aldicarb sulfone.................... X ........ ........
1646-87-3................................... Aldicarb sulfoxide.................. X ........ ........
1912-24-9................................... Atrazine............................ X ........ ........
71-43-2..................................... Benzene............................. X X ........
50-32-8..................................... Benzo[a]pyrene...................... X ........ ........
1563-66-2................................... Carbofuran.......................... X ........ ........
56-23-5..................................... Carbon tetrachloride................ X X ........
57-74-9..................................... Chlordane........................... X ........ ........
75-99-0..................................... Dalapon............................. X ........ ........
94-75-7..................................... 2,4-D............................... X ........ ........
103-23-1.................................... Di (2-ethylhexyl) adipate........... X X ........
117-81-7.................................... Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate......... X ........ ........
96-12-8..................................... Dibromochloropropane (DBCP)......... X X ........
95-50-1..................................... o-Dichlorobenzene................... X X ........
106-46-7.................................... para-Dichlorobenzene................ X X ........
107-06-2.................................... 1,2-Dichloroethane.................. X X ........
75-35-4..................................... 1,1-Dichloroethylene................ X X ........
156-59-2.................................... cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene............ X X ........
156-60-5.................................... trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene.......... X X ........
75-09-2..................................... Dichloromethane..................... ........ X ........
78-87-5..................................... 1,2-Dichloropropane................. X X ........
88-85-7..................................... Dinoseb............................. X ........ ........
85-00-7..................................... Diquat.............................. X ........ ........
145-73-3.................................... Endothall........................... X ........ ........
72-20-8..................................... Endrin.............................. X ........ ........
100-41-4.................................... Ethylbenzene........................ X X ........
106-93-4.................................... Ethylene Dibromide (EDB)............ X X ........
1071-83-6................................... Gylphosate.......................... ........ ........ X
76-44-8..................................... Heptachlor.......................... X ........ ........
1024-57-3................................... Heptachlor epoxide.................. X ........ ........
118-74-1.................................... Hexachlorobenzene................... X ........ ........
77-47-3..................................... Hexachlorocyclopentadiene........... X X ........
58-89-9..................................... Lindane............................. X ........ ........
72-43-5..................................... Methoxychlor........................ X ........ ........
108-90-7.................................... Monochlorobenzene................... X X ........
23135-22-0.................................. Oxamyl (Vydate)..................... X ........ ........
87-86-5..................................... Pentachlorophenol................... X ........ ........
1918-02-1................................... Picloram............................ X ........ ........
1336-36-3................................... Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB)..... X ........ ........
122-34-9.................................... Simazine............................ X ........ ........
100-42-5.................................... Styrene............................. X X ........
1746-01-6................................... 2,3,7,8-TCDD (Dioxin)............... X ........ ........
127-18-4.................................... Tetrachloroethylene................. X X ........
108-88-3.................................... Toluene............................. X X ........
8001-35-2................................... Toxaphene........................... X ........ ........
93-72-1..................................... 2,4,5-TP (Silvex)................... X ........ ........
120-82-1.................................... 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene.............. X X ........
71-55-6..................................... 1,1,1-Trichloroethane............... X X ........
79-00-5..................................... 1,1,2-Trichloroethane............... X X ........
79-01-6..................................... Trichloroethylene................... X X ........
75-01-4..................................... Vinyl chloride...................... ........ X ........
1330-20-7................................... Xylene.............................. X X ........
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(c) The following maximum contaminant levels for synthetic organic
contaminants apply to community water systems and non-transient, non-
community water systems:
[[Page 357]]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
CAS No. Contaminant MCL (mg/l)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) 15972-60-8............... Alachlor............. 0.002
(2) 116-06-3................. Aldicarb............. 0.003
(3) 1646-87-3................ Aldicarb sulfoxide... 0.004
(4) 1646-87-4................ Aldicarb sulfone..... 0.002
(5) 1912-24-9................ Atrazine............. 0.003
(6) 1563-66-2................ Carbofuran........... 0.04
(7) 57-74-9.................. Chlordane............ 0.002
(8) 96-12-8.................. Dibromochloropropane. 0.0002
(9) 94-75-7.................. 2,4-D................ 0.07
(10) 106-93-4................. Ethylene dibromide... 0.00005
(11) 76-44-8.................. Heptachlor........... 0.0004
(12) 1024-57-3................ Heptachlor epoxide... 0.0002
(13) 58-89-9.................. Lindane.............. 0.0002
(14) 72-43-5.................. Methoxychlor......... 0.04
(15) 1336-36-3................ Polychlorinated 0.0005
biphenyls.
(16) 87-86-5.................. Pentachlorophenol.... 0.001
(17) 8001-35-2................ Toxaphene............ 0.003
(18) 93-72-1.................. 2,4,5-TP............. 0.05
(19) 50-32-8.................. Benzo[a]pyrene....... 0.0002
(20) 75-99-0.................. Dalapon.............. 0.2
(21) 103-23-1................. Di(2-ethylhexyl) 0.4
adipate.
(22) 117-81-7................. Di(2-ethylhexyl) 0.006
phthalate.
(23) 88-85-7.................. Dinoseb.............. 0.007
(24) 85-00-7.................. Diquat............... 0.02
(25) 145-73-3................. Endothall............ 0.1
(26) 72-20-8.................. Endrin............... 0.002
(27) 1071-53-6................ Glyphosate........... 0.7
(28) 118-74-1................. Hexacholorbenzene.... 0.001
(29) 77-47-4.................. Hexachlorocyclopentad 0.05
iene.
(30) 23135-22-0............... Oxamyl (Vydate)...... 0.2
(31) 1918-02-1................ Picloram............. 0.5
(32) 122-34-9................. Simazine............. 0.004
(33) 1746-01-6................ 2,3,7,8-TCDD (Dioxin) 3 x 10-8
------------------------------------------------------------------------
[56 FR 3593, Jan. 30, 1991, as amended at 56 FR 30280, July 1, 1991; 57
FR 31846, July 17, 1992; 59 FR 34324, July 1, 1994]
Sec. 141.62 Maximum contaminant levels for inorganic contaminants.
(a) [Reserved]
(b) The maximum contaminant levels for inorganic contaminants
specified in paragraphs (b)(2)--(6), (b)(10), and (b)(11)--(15) of this
section apply to community water systems and non-transient, non-
community water systems. The maximum contaminant level specified in
paragraph (b)(1) of this section only applies to community water
systems. The maximum contaminant levels specified in (b)(7), (b)(8), and
(b)(9) of this section apply to community water systems; non-transient,
non-community water systems; and transient non-community water systems.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Contaminant MCL (mg/l)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Fluoride.............................. 4.0
(2) Asbestos.............................. 7 Million Fibers/liter
(longer than 10 m).
(3) Barium................................ 2
(4) Cadmium............................... 0.005
(5) Chromium.............................. 0.1
(6) Mercury............................... 0.002
(7) Nitrate............................... 10 (as Nitrogen)
(8) Nitrite............................... 1 (as Nitrogen)
(9) Total Nitrate and Nitrite............. 10 (as Nitrogen)
(10) Selenium............................. 0.05
(11) Antimony............................. 0.006
(12) Beryllium............................ 0.004
(13) Cyanide (as free Cyanide)............ 0.2
(14) [Reserved]........................... ............................
(15) Thallium............................. 0.002
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(c) The Administrator, pursuant to Section 1412 of the Act, hereby
identifies the following as the best technology, treatment technique, or
other means available for achieving compliance with the maximum
contaminant levels for inorganic contaminants identified in paragraph
(b) of this section, except fluoride:
BAT for Inorganic Compounds Listed in Section 141.62(B)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chemical Name BAT(s)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Antimony................................................ 2,7
Asbestos................................................ 2,3,8
[[Page 358]]
Barium.................................................. 5,6,7,9
Beryllium............................................... 1,2,5,6,7
Cadmium................................................. 2,5,6,7
Chromium................................................ 2,5,6 \2\,7
Cyanide................................................. 5,7,10
Mercury................................................. 2 \1\,4,6 \1\,
7 \1\
Nickel.................................................. 5,6,7
Nitrate................................................. 5,7,9
Nitrite................................................. 5,7
Selenium................................................ 1,2 \3\,6,7,9
Thallium................................................ 1,5
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ BAT only if influent Hg concentrations 10g/1.
\2\ BAT for Chromium III only.
\3\ BAT for Selenium IV only.
Key to BATS in Table
1=Activated Alumina
2=Coagulation/Filtration
3=Direct and Diatomite Filtration
4=Granular Activated Carbon
5=Ion Exchange
6=Lime Softening
7=Reverse Osmosis
8=Corrosion Control
9=Electrodialysis
10=Chlorine
11=Ultraviolet
[56 FR 3594, Jan. 30, 1991, as amended at 56 FR 30280, July 1, 1991; 57
FR 31847, July 17, 1992; 59 FR 34325, July 1, 1994; 60 FR 33932, June
29, 1995]
Sec. 141.63 Maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) for microbiological contaminants.
(a) The MCL is based on the presence or absence of total coliforms
in a sample, rather than coliform density.
(1) For a system which collects at least 40 samples per month, if no
more than 5.0 percent of the samples collected during a month are total
coliform-positive, the system is in compliance with the MCL for total
coliforms.
(2) For a system which collects fewer than 40 samples/month, if no
more than one sample collected during a month is total coliform-
positive, the system is in compliance with the MCL for total coliforms.
(b) Any fecal coliform-positive repeat sample or E. coli-positive
repeat sample, or any total coliform-positive repeat sample following a
fecal coliform-positive or E. coli-positive routine sample constitutes a
violation of the MCL for total coliforms. For purposes of the public
notification requirements in Sec. 141.32, this is a violation that may
pose an acute risk to health.
(c) A public water system must determine compliance with the MCL for
total coliforms in paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section for each month
in which it is required to monitor for total coliforms.
(d) The Administrator, pursuant to section 1412 of the Act, hereby
identifies the following as the best technology, treatment techniques,
or other means available for achieving compliance with the maximum
contaminant level for total coliforms in paragraphs (a) and (b) of this
section:
(1) Protection of wells from contamination by coliforms by
appropriate placement and construction;
(2) Maintenance of a disinfectant residual throughout the
distribution system;
(3) Proper maintenance of the distribution system including
appropriate pipe replacement and repair procedures, main flushing
programs, proper operation and maintenance of storage tanks and
reservoirs, and continual maintenance of positive water pressure in all
parts of the distribution system;
(4) Filtration and/or disinfection of surface water, as described in
subpart H, or disinfection of ground water using strong oxidants such as
chlorine, chlorine dioxide, or ozone; and
(5) For systems using ground water, compliance with the requirements
of an EPA-approved State Wellhead Protection Program developed and
implemented under Section 1428 of the SDWA.
[54 FR 27566, June 29, 1989; 55 FR 25064, June 19, 1990]
Subpart H--Filtration and Disinfection
Source: 54 FR 27527, June 29, 1989, unless otherwise noted.
Sec. 141.70 General requirements.
(a) The requirements of this subpart H constitute national primary
drinking water regulations. These regulations establish criteria under
which filtration is required as a treatment technique for public water
systems supplied by a surface water source and public
[[Page 359]]
water systems supplied by a ground water source under the direct
influence of surface water. In addition, these regulations establish
treatment technique requirements in lieu of maximum contaminant levels
for the following contaminants: Giardia lamblia, viruses, heterotrophic
plate count bacteria, Legionella, and turbidity. Each public water
system with a surface water source or a ground water source under the
direct influence of surface water must provide treatment of that source
water that complies with these treatment technique requirements. The
treatment technique requirements consist of installing and properly
operating water treatment processes which reliably achieve:
(1) At least 99.9 percent (3-log) removal and/or inactivation of
Giardia lamblia cysts between a point where the raw water is not subject
to recontamination by surface water runoff and a point downstream before
or at the first customer; and
(2) At least 99.99 percent (4-log) removal and/or inactivation of
viruses between a point where the raw water is not subject to
recontamination by surface water runoff and a point downstream before or
at the first customer.
(b) A public water system using a surface water source or a ground
water source under the direct influence of surface water is considered
to be in compliance with the requirements of paragraph (a) of this
section if:
(1) It meets the requirements for avoiding filtration in Sec. 141.71
and the disinfection requirements in Sec. 141.72(a); or
(2) It meets the filtration requirements in Sec. 141.73 and the
disinfection requirements in Sec. 141.72(b).
(c) Each public water system using a surface water source or a
ground water source under the direct influence of surface water must be
operated by qualified personnel who meet the requirements specified by
the State.
Sec. 141.71 Criteria for avoiding filtration.
A public water system that uses a surface water source must meet all
of the conditions of paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section, and is
subject to paragraph (c) of this section, beginning December 30, 1991,
unless the State has determined, in writing pursuant to
Sec. 1412(b)(7)(C)(iii), that filtration is required. A public water
system that uses a ground water source under the direct influence of
surface water must meet all of the conditions of paragraphs (a) and (b)
of this section and is subject to paragraph (c) of this section,
beginning 18 months after the State determines that it is under the
direct influence of surface water, or December 30, 1991, whichever is
later, unless the State has determined, in writing pursuant to
Sec. 1412(b)(7)(C)(iii), that filtration is required. If the State
determines in writing pursuant to Sec. 1412(b)(7)(C)(iii) before
December 30, 1991, that filtration is required, the system must have
installed filtration and meet the criteria for filtered systems
specified in Secs. 141.72(b) and 141.73 by June 29, 1993. Within 18
months of the failure of a system using surface water or a ground water
source under the direct influence of surface water to meet any one of
the requirements of paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section or after June
29, 1993, whichever is later, the system must have installed filtration
and meet the criteria for filtered systems specified in Secs. 141.72(b)
and 141.73.
(a) Source water quality conditions. (1) The fecal coliform
concentration must be equal to or less than 20/100 ml, or the total
coliform concentration must be equal to or less than 100/100 ml
(measured as specified in Sec. 141.74 (a)(1) and (2) and (b)(1)), in
representative samples of the source water immediately prior to the
first or only point of disinfectant application in at least 90 percent
of the measurements made for the 6 previous months that the system
served water to the public on an ongoing basis. If a system measures
both fecal and total coliforms, the fecal coliform criterion, but not
the total coliform criterion, in this paragraph must be met.
(2) The turbidity level cannot exceed 5 NTU (measured as specified
in Sec. 141.74 (a)(4) and (b)(2)) in representative samples of the
source water immediately prior to the first or only point of
disinfectant application unless: (i) the State determines that any such
event was caused by circumstances that were unusual and unpredictable;
and (ii) as a result of any such event, there have
[[Page 360]]
not been more than two events in the past 12 months the system served
water to the public, or more than five events in the past 120 months the
system served water to the public, in which the turbidity level exceeded
5 NTU. An ``event'' is a series of consecutive days during which at
least one turbidity measurement each day exceeds 5 NTU.
(b) Site-specific conditions. (1)(i) The public water system must
meet the requirements of Sec. 141.72(a)(1) at least 11 of the 12
previous months that the system served water to the public, on an
ongoing basis, unless the system fails to meet the requirements during 2
of the 12 previous months that the system served water to the public,
and the State determines that at least one of these failures was caused
by circumstances that were unusual and unpredictable.
(ii) The public water system must meet the requirements of
Sec. 141.72(a)(2) at all times the system serves water to the public.
(iii) The public water system must meet the requirements of
Sec. 141.72(a)(3) at all times the system serves water to the public
unless the State determines that any such failure was caused by
circumstances that were unusual and unpredictable.
(iv) The public water system must meet the requirements of
Sec. 141.72(a)(4) on an ongoing basis unless the State determines that
failure to meet these requirements was not caused by a deficiency in
treatment of the source water.
(2) The public water system must maintain a watershed control
program which minimizes the potential for contamination by Giardia
lamblia cysts and viruses in the source water. The State must determine
whether the watershed control program is adequate to meet this goal. The
adequacy of a program to limit potential contamination by Giardia
lamblia cysts and viruses must be based on: the comprehensiveness of the
watershed review; the effectiveness of the system's program to monitor
and control detrimental activities occurring in the watershed; and the
extent to which the water system has maximized land ownership and/or
controlled land use within the watershed. At a minimum, the watershed
control program must:
(i) Characterize the watershed hydrology and land ownership;
(ii) Identify watershed characteristics and activities which may
have an adverse effect on source water quality; and
(iii) Monitor the occurrence of activities which may have an adverse
effect on source water quality.
The public water system must demonstrate through ownership and/or
written agreements with landowners within the watershed that it can
control all human activities which may have an adverse impact on the
microbiological quality of the source water. The public water system
must submit an annual report to the State that identifies any special
concerns about the watershed and how they are being handled; describes
activities in the watershed that affect water quality; and projects what
adverse activities are expected to occur in the future and describes how
the public water system expects to address them. For systems using a
ground water source under the direct influence of surface water, an
approved wellhead protection program developed under section 1428 of the
Safe Drinking Water Act may be used, if the State deems it appropriate,
to meet these requirements.
(3) The public water system must be subject to an annual on-site
inspection to assess the watershed control program and disinfection
treatment process. Either the State or a party approved by the State
must conduct the on-site inspection. The inspection must be conducted by
competent individuals such as sanitary and civil engineers, sanitarians,
or technicians who have experience and knowledge about the operation and
maintenance of a public water system, and who have a sound understanding
of public health principles and waterborne diseases. A report of the on-
site inspection summarizing all findings must be prepared every year.
The on-site inspection must indicate to the State's satisfaction that
the watershed control program and disinfection treatment process are
adequately designed and maintained. The on-site inspection must include:
[[Page 361]]
(i) A review of the effectiveness of the watershed control program;
(ii) A review of the physical condition of the source intake and how
well it is protected;
(iii) A review of the system's equipment maintenance program to
ensure there is low probability for failure of the disinfection process;
(iv) An inspection of the disinfection equipment for physical
deterioration;
(v) A review of operating procedures;
(vi) A review of data records to ensure that all required tests are
being conducted and recorded and disinfection is effectively practiced;
and
(vii) Identification of any improvements which are needed in the
equipment, system maintenance and operation, or data collection.
(4) The public water system must not have been identified as a
source of a waterborne disease outbreak, or if it has been so
identified, the system must have been modified sufficiently to prevent
another such occurrence, as determined by the State.
(5) The public water system must comply with the maximum contaminant
level (MCL) for total coliforms in Sec. 141.63 at least 11 months of the
12 previous months that the system served water to the public, on an
ongoing basis, unless the State determines that failure to meet this
requirement was not caused by a deficiency in treatment of the source
water.
(6) The public water system must comply with the requirements for
trihalomethanes in Secs. 141.12 and 141.30.
(c) Treatment technique violations. (1) A system that (i) fails to
meet any one of the criteria in paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section
and/or which the State has determined that filtration is required, in
writing pursuant to Sec. 1412(b)(7)(C)(iii), and (ii) fails to install
filtration by the date specified in the introductory paragraph of this
section is in violation of a treatment technique requirement.
(2) A system that has not installed filtration is in violation of a
treatment technique requirement if:
(i) The turbidity level (measured as specified in Sec. 141.74(a)(4)
and (b)(2)) in a representative sample of the source water immediately
prior to the first or only point of disinfection application exceeds 5
NTU; or
(ii) The system is identified as a source of a waterborne disease
outbreak.
Sec. 141.72 Disinfection.
A public water system that uses a surface water source and does not
provide filtration treatment must provide the disinfection treatment
specified in paragraph (a) of this section beginning December 30, 1991,
unless the State determines that filtration is required in writing
pursuant to Sec. 1412 (b)(7)(C)(iii). A public water system that uses a
ground water source under the direct influence of surface water and does
not provide filtration treatment must provide disinfection treatment
specified in paragraph (a) of this section beginning December 30, 1991,
or 18 months after the State determines that the ground water source is
under the influence of surface water, whichever is later, unless the
State has determined that filtration is required in writing pursuant to
Sec. 1412(b)(7)(C)(iii). If the State has determined that filtration is
required, the system must comply with any interim disinfection
requirements the State deems necessary before filtration is installed. A
system that uses a surface water source that provides filtration
treatment must provide the disinfection treatment specified in paragraph
(b) of this section beginnng June 29, 1993, or beginning when filtration
is installed, whichever is later. A system that uses a ground water
source under the direct influence of surface water and provides
filtration treatment must provide disinfection treatment as specified in
paragraph (b) of this section by June 29, 1993, or beginning when
filtration is installed, whichever is later. Failure to meet any
requirement of this section after the applicable date specified in this
introductory paragraph is a treatment technique violation.
(a) Disinfection requirements for public water systems that do not
provide filtration. Each public water system that does not provide
filtration treatment must provide disinfection treatment as follows:
[[Page 362]]
(1) The disinfection treatment must be sufficient to ensure at least
99.9 percent (3-log) inactivation of Giardia lamblia cysts and 99.99
percent (4-log) inactivation of viruses, every day the system serves
water to the public, except any one day each month. Each day a system
serves water to the public, the public water system must calculate the
CT value(s) from the system's treatment parameters, using the procedure
specified in Sec. 141.74(b)(3), and determine whether this value(s) is
sufficient to achieve the specified inactivation rates for Giardia
lamblia cysts and viruses. If a system uses a disinfectant other than
chlorine, the system may demonstrate to the State, through the use of a
State-approved protocol for on-site disinfection challenge studies or
other information satisfactory to the State, that CT99.9 values
other than those specified in Tables 2.1 and 3.1 in Sec. 141.74(b)(3) or
other operational parameters are adequate to demonstrate that the system
is achieving minimum inactivation rates required by paragraph (a)(1) of
this section.
(2) The disinfection system must have either (i) redundant
components, including an auxiliary power supply with automatic start-up
and alarm to ensure that disinfectant application is maintained
continuously while water is being delivered to the distribution system,
or (ii) automatic shut-off of delivery of water to the distribution
system whenever there is less than 0.2 mg/l of residual disinfectant
concentration in the water. If the State determines that automatic shut-
off would cause unreasonable risk to health or interfere with fire
protection, the system must comply with paragraph (a)(2)(i) of this
section.
(3) The residual disinfectant concentration in the water entering
the distribution system, measured as specified in Sec. 141.74(a)(5) and
(b)(5), cannot be less than 0.2 mg/l for more than 4 hours.
(4)(i) The residual disinfectant concentration in the distribution
system, measured as total chlorine, combined chlorine, or chlorine
dioxide, as specified in Sec. 141.74(a)(5) and (b)(6), cannot be
undetectable in more than 5 percent of the samples each month, for any
two consecutive months that the system serves water to the public. Water
in the distribution system with a heterotrophic bacteria concentration
less than or equal to 500/ml, measured as heterotrophic plate count
(HPC) as specified in Sec. 141.74(a)(3), is deemed to have a detectable
disinfectant residual for purposes of determining compliance with this
requirement. Thus, the value ``V'' in the following formula cannot
exceed 5 percent in one month, for any two consecutive months.
c+d+e
V= --------------------------- x 100
a+b
where:
a=number of instances where the residual disinfectant concentration is
measured;
b=number of instances where the residual disinfectant concentration is
not measured but heterotrophic bacteria plate count (HPC) is
measured;
c=number of instances where the residual disinfectant concentration is
measured but not detected and no HPC is measured;
d=number of instances where the residual disinfectant concentration is
measured but not detected and where the HPC is >500/ml; and
e=number of instances where the residual disinfectant concentration is
not measured and HPC is >500/ml.
(ii) If the State determines, based on site-specific considerations,
that a system has no means for having a sample transported and analyzed
for HPC by a certified laboratory under the requisite time and
temperature conditions specified by Sec. 141.74(a)(3) and that the
system is providing adequate disinfection in the distribution system,
the requirements of paragraph (a)(4)(i) of this section do not apply to
that system.
(b) Disinfection requirements for public water systems which provide
filtration. Each public water system that provides filtration treatment
must provide disinfection treatment as follows.
(1) The disinfection treatment must be sufficient to ensure that the
total treatment processes of that system achieve at least 99.9 percent
(3-log) inactivation and/or removal of Giardia lamblia cysts and at
least 99.99 percent (4-log) inactivation and/or removal of viruses, as
determined by the State.
(2) The residual disinfectant concentration in the water entering
the
[[Page 363]]
distribution system, measured as specified in Sec. 141.74 (a)(5) and
(c)(2), cannot be less than 0.2 mg/l for more than 4 hours.
(3)(i) The residual disinfectant concentration in the distribution
system, measured as total chlorine, combined chlorine, or chlorine
dioxide, as specified in Sec. 141.74 (a)(5) and (c)(3), cannot be
undetectable in more than 5 percent of the samples each month, for any
two consecutive months that the system serves water to the public. Water
in the distribution system with a heterotrophic bacteria concentration
less than or equal to 500/ml, measured as heterotrophic plate count
(HPC) as specified in Sec. 141.74(a)(3), is deemed to have a detectable
disinfectant residual for purposes of determining compliance with this
requirement. Thus, the value ``V'' in the following formula cannot
exceed 5 percent in one month, for any two consecutive months.
c+d+e
V= --------------------------- x 100
a+b
where:
a=number of instances where the residual disinfectant concentration is
measured;
b=number of instances where the residual disinfectant concentration is
not measured but heterotrophic bacteria plate count (HPC) is
measured;
c=number of instances where the residual disinfectant concentration is
measured but not detected and no HPC is measured;
d=number of instances where no residual disinfectant concentration is
detected and where the HPC is >500/ml; and
e=number of instances where the residual disinfectant concentration is
not measured and HPC is >500/ml.
(ii) If the State determines, based on site-specific considerations,
that a system has no means for having a sample transported and analyzed
for HPC by a certified laboratory under the requisite time and
temperature conditions specified in Sec. 141.74(a)(3) and that the
system is providing adequate disinfection in the distribution system,
the requirements of paragraph (b)(3)(i) of this section do not apply.
Sec. 141.73 Filtration.
A public water system that uses a surface water source or a ground
water source under the direct influence of surface water, and does not
meet all of the criteria in Sec. 141.71 (a) and (b) for avoiding
filtration, must provide treatment consisting of both disinfection, as
specified in Sec. 141.72(b), and filtration treatment which complies
with the requirements of paragraph (a), (b), (c), (d), or (e) of this
section by June 29, 1993, or within 18 months of the failure to meet any
one of the criteria for avoiding filtration in Sec. 141.71 (a) and (b),
whichever is later. Failure to meet any requirement of this section
after the date specified in this introductory paragraph is a treatment
technique violation.
(a) Conventional filtration treatment or direct filtration. (1) For
systems using conventional filtration or direct filtration, the
turbidity level of representative samples of a system's filtered water
must be less than or equal to 0.5 NTU in at least 95 percent of the
measurements taken each month, measured as specified in Sec. 141.74
(a)(4) and (c)(1), except that if the State determines that the system
is capable of achieving at least 99.9 percent removal and/or
inactivation of Giardia lamblia cysts at some turbidity level higher
than 0.5 NTU in at least 95 percent of the measurements taken each
month, the State may substitute this higher turbidity limit for that
system. However, in no case may the State approve a turbidity limit that
allows more than 1 NTU in more than 5 percent of the samples taken each
month, measured as specified in Sec. 141.74 (a)(4) and (c)(1).
(2) The turbidity level of representative samples of a system's
filtered water must at no time exceed 5 NTU, measured as specified in
Sec. 141.74 (a)(4) and (c)(1).
(b) Slow sand filtration. (1) For systems using slow sand
filtration, the turbidity level of representative samples of a system's
filtered water must be less than or equal to 1 NTU in at least 95
percent of the measurements taken each month, measured as specified in
Sec. 141.74 (a)(4) and (c)(1), except that if the State determines there
is no significant interference with disinfection at a higher turbidity
level, the State may substitute this higher turbidity limit for that
system.
[[Page 364]]
(2) The turbidity level of representative samples of a system's
filtered water must at no time exceed 5 NTU, measured as specified in
Sec. 141.74 (a)(4) and (c)(1).
(c) Diatomaceous earth filtration. (1) For systems using
diatomaceous earth filtration, the turbidity level of representative
samples of a system's filtered water must be less than or equal to 1 NTU
in at least 95 percent of the measurements taken each month, measured as
specified in Sec. 141.74 (a)(4) and (c)(1).
(2) The turbidity level of representative samples of a system's
filtered water must at no time exceed 5 NTU, measured as specified in
Sec. 141.74 (a)(4) and (c)(1).
(d) Other filtration technologies. A public water system may use a
filtration technology not listed in paragraphs (a)-(c) of this section
if it demonstrates to the State, using pilot plant studies or other
means, that the alternative filtration technology, in combination with
disinfection treatment that meets the requirements of Sec. 141.72(b),
consistently achieves 99.9 percent removal and/or inactivation of
Giardia lamblia cysts and 99.99 percent removal and/or inactivation of
viruses. For a system that makes this demonstration, the requirements of
paragraph (b) of this section apply.
Sec. 141.74 Analytical and monitoring requirements.
(a) Analytical requirements. Only the analytical method(s) specified
in this paragraph, or otherwise approved by EPA, may be used to
demonstrate compliance with the requirements of Secs. 141.71, 141.72,
and 141.73. Measurements for pH, temperature, turbidity, and residual
disinfectant concentrations must be conducted by a party approved by the
State. Measurements for total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and HPC must
be conducted by a laboratory certified by the State or EPA to do such
analysis. Until laboratory certification criteria are developed for the
analysis of HPC and fecal coliforms, any laboratory certified for total
coliform analysis by EPA is deemed certified for HPC and fecal coliform
analysis. The following procedures shall be performed in accordance with
the publications listed in the following section. This incorporation by
reference was approved by the Director of the Federal Register in
accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. Copies of the methods
published in Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and
Wastewater may be obtained from the American Public Health Association
et al., 1015 Fifteenth Street, NW., Washington, DC 20005; copies of the
Minimal Medium ONPG-MUG Method as set forth in the article ``National
Field Evaluation of a Defined Substrate Method for the Simultaneous
Enumeration of Total Coliforms and Esherichia coli from Drinking Water:
Comparison with the Standard Multiple Tube Fermentation Method'' (Edberg
et al.), Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Volume 54, pp. 1595-
1601, June 1988 (as amended under Erratum, Applied and Environmental
Microbiology, Volume 54, p. 3197, December, 1988), may be obtained from
the American Water Works Association Research Foundation, 6666 West
Quincy Avenue, Denver, Colorado, 80235; and copies of the Indigo Method
as set forth in the article ``Determination of Ozone in Water by the
Indigo Method'' (Bader and Hoigne), may be obtained from Ozone Science &
Engineering, Pergamon Press Ltd., Fairview Park, Elmsford, New York
10523. Copies may be inspected at the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Room EB15, 401 M Street, SW., Washington, DC 20460 or at the
Office of the Federal Register, 800 North Capitol Street, NW., suite
700, Washington, DC.
(1) Public water systems must conduct analysis of pH and temperature
in accordance with one of the methods listed at Sec. 141.23(k)(1).
Public water systems must conduct analysis of total coliforms, fecal
coliforms, heterotrophic bacteria, and turbidity in accordance with one
of the following analytical methods and by using analytical test
procedures contained in Technical Notes on Drinking Water Methods, EPA-
600/R-94-173, October 1994, which is available at NTIS PB95-104766.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Organism Methodology Citation \1\
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Coliforms \2\............ Total Coliform 9221A, B, C
Fermentation
Technique 3,4,5.
[[Page 365]]
Total Coliform 9222A, B, C
Membrane Filter
Technique.
ONPG-Mug Test \6\. 9223
Fecal Coliforms \2\............ Fecal Coliform 9221E
Procedure \7\.
Fecal Coliform 9222D
Membrane Filter
Procedure.
Heterotrophic bacteria \2\..... Pour Plate method. 9215B
Turbidity...................... Nephelometric 2130B
Method.
Nephelometric 180.1 \8\
Method.
Great Lakes Method 2 \9\
Instruments.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Except where noted, all methods refer to the 18th edition of
Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 1992,
American Public Health Association, 1015 Fifteenth Street NW,
Washington, D.C. 20005.
\2\ The time from sample collection to initiation of analysis may not
exceed 8 hours. Systems are encouraged but not required to hold
samples below 10 deg.C during transit.
\3\ Lactose broth, as commercially available, may be used in lieu of
lauryl tryptose broth, if the system conducts at least 25 parallel
tests between this medium and lauryl tryptose broth using the water
normally tested, and this comparison demonstrates that the false
positive rate and false negative rate for total coliforms, using
lactose broth, is less than 10 percent.
\4\ Media should cover inverted tubes at least one-half to two-thirds
after the sample is added.
\5\ No requirement exists to run the completed phase on 10 percent of
all total coliform-positive confirmed tubes.
\6\ The ONPG-MUG Test is also known as the Autoanalysis Colilert System.
\7\ A-1 Broth may be held up to three months in a tightly closed
screwcap tube at 4 deg.C.
\8\ ``Methods for the Determination of Inorganic Substances in
Environmental Samples'', EPA-600/R-93-100, August 1993. Available at
NTIS, PB94-121811.
\9\ GLI Method 2, ``Turbidity'', November 2, 1992, Great Lakes
Instruments, Inc., 8855 North 55th Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53223.
(2) Public water systems must measure residual disinfectant
concentrations with one of the analytical methods in the following
table. The methods are contained in the 18th edition of Standard Methods
for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 1992. Other analytical test
procedures are contained in Technical Notes on Drinking Water Methods,
EPA-600/R-94-173, October 1994, which is available at NTIS PB95-104766.
If approved by the State, residual disinfectant concentrations for free
chlorine and combined chlorine also may be measured by using DPD
colorimetric test kits. Free and total chlorine residuals may be
measured continuously by adapting a specified chlorine residual method
for use with a continuous monitoring instrument provided the chemistry,
accuracy, and precision remain same. Instruments used for continuous
monitoring must be calibrated with a grab sample measurement at least
every five days, or with a protocol approved by the State.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Residual Methodology Methods
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Free Chlorine................. Amperometric 4500-Cl D
Titration.
DPD Ferrous 4500-Cl F
Titrimetric.
DPD Colorimetric. 4500-Cl G
Syringaldazine 4500-Cl H
(FACTS).
Total Chlorine................ Amperometric 4500-Cl D
Titration.
Amperometric 4500-Cl E
Titration (low
level
measurement).
DPD Ferrous 4500-Cl F
Titrimetric.
DPD Colorimetric. 4500-Cl G
Iodometric 4500-Cl I
Electrode.
Chlorine Dioxide.............. Amperometric 4500-ClO2 C
Titration.
DPD Method....... 4500-ClO2 D
Amperometric 4500-ClO2 E
Titration.
Ozone......................... Indigo Method.... 4500-O3 B
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(b) Monitoring requirements for systems that do not provide
filtration. A public water system that uses a surface water source and
does not provide filtration treatment must begin monitoring, as
specified in this paragraph (b), beginning December 31, 1990, unless the
State has determined that filtration is required in writing pursuant to
Sec. 1412(b)(7)(C)(iii), in which case the State may specify alternative
monitoring requirements, as appropriate, until filtration is in place. A
public water system that uses a ground water source under the direct
influence of surface water and does not provide filtration treatment
must begin monitoring as specified in this paragraph (b) beginning
December 31, 1990, or 6 months after the State determines that the
ground water source is under the direct influence of surface water,
whichever is later, unless the State has determined that filtration is
required in writing pursuant to Sec. 1412(b)(7)(C)(iii), in which case
the State may specify alternative monitoring requirements, as
appropriate, until filtration is in place.
(1) Fecal coliform or total coliform density measurements as
required by Sec. 141.71(a)(1) must be performed on representative source
water samples immediately prior to the first or only point of
disinfectant application. The system must sample for fecal or total
coliforms at the following minimum frequency each week the system serves
water to the public:
[[Page 366]]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Samples/
System size (persons served) week\1\
------------------------------------------------------------------------
500.......................................................... 1
501 to 3,300................................................. 2
3,301 to 10,000.............................................. 3
10,001 to 25,000............................................. 4
>25,000...................................................... 5
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Must be taken on separate days.
Also, one fecal or total coliform density measurement must be made
every day the system serves water to the public and the turbidity of the
source water exceeds 1 NTU (these samples count towards the weekly
coliform sampling requirement) unless the State determines that the
system, for logistical reasons outside the system's control, cannot have
the sample analyzed within 30 hours of collection.
(2) Turbidity measurements as required by Sec. 141.71(a)(2) must be
performed on representative grab samples of source water immediately
prior to the first or only point of disinfectant application every four
hours (or more frequently) that the system serves water to the public. A
public water system may substitute continuous turbidity monitoring for
grab sample monitoring if it validates the continuous measurement for
accuracy on a regular basis using a protocol approved by the State.
(3) The total inactivation ratio for each day that the system is in
operation must be determined based on the CT99.9 values in Tables
1.1-1.6, 2.1, and 3.1 of this section, as appropriate. The parameters
necessary to determine the total inactivation ratio must be monitored as
follows:
(i) The temperature of the disinfected water must be measured at
least once per day at each residual disinfectant concentration sampling
point.
(ii) If the system uses chlorine, the pH of the disinfected water
must be measured at least once per day at each chlorine residual
disinfectant concentration sampling point.
(iii) The disinfectant contact time(s) (``T'') must be determined
for each day during peak hourly flow.
(iv) The residual disinfectant concentration(s) (``C'') of the water
before or at the first customer must be measured each day during peak
hourly flow.
(v) If a system uses a disinfectant other than chlorine, the system
may demonstrate to the State, through the use of a State-approved
protocol for on-site disinfection challenge studies or other information
satisfactory to the State, that CT99.9 values other than those
specified in Tables 2.1 and 3.1 in this section other operational
parameters are adequate to demonstrate that the system is achieving the
minimum inactivation rates required by Sec. 141.72(a)(1).
Table 1.1--CT Values (CT99.9) for 99.9 Percent Inactivation of Giardia Lamblia Cysts by Free Chlorine at 0.5
deg.C or Lower \1\
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
pH
Residual (mg/l) ------------------------------------------------------------------
6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0.4.......................................... 137 163 195 237 277 329 390
0.6.......................................... 141 168 200 239 286 342 407
0.8.......................................... 145 172 205 246 295 354 422
1.0.......................................... 148 176 210 253 304 365 437
1.2.......................................... 152 180 215 259 313 376 451
1.4.......................................... 155 184 221 266 321 387 464
1.6.......................................... 157 189 226 273 329 397 477
1.8.......................................... 162 193 231 279 338 407 489
2.0.......................................... 165 197 236 286 346 417 500
2.2.......................................... 169 201 242 297 353 426 511
2.4.......................................... 172 205 247 298 361 435 522
2.6.......................................... 175 209 252 304 368 444 533
2.8.......................................... 178 213 257 310 375 452 543
3.0.......................................... 181 217 261 316 382 460 552
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ These CT values achieve greater than a 99.99 percent inactivation of viruses. CT values between the
indicated pH values may be determined by linear interpolation. CT values between the indicated temperatures of
different tables may be determined by linear interpolation. If no interpolation is used, use the CT99.9 value
at the lower temperature and at the higher pH.
Table 1.2--CT Values (CT 99.9) for 99.9 Percent Inactivation of Giardia Lamblia Cysts by Free Chlorine at 5.0
deg.C\1\
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
pH
Free residual (mg/l) ------------------------------------------------------------------
6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0.4............................... 97 117 139 166 198 236 279
0.6........................................ 100 120 143 171 204 244 291
0.8........................................ 103 122 146 175 210 252 301
1.0........................................ 105 125 149 179 216 260 312
1.2........................................ 107 127 152 183 221 267 320
1.4........................................ 109 130 155 187 227 274 329
1.6........................................ 111 132 158 192 232 281 337
1.8........................................ 114 135 162 196 238 287 345
2.0........................................ 116 138 165 200 243 294 353
2.2........................................ 118 140 169 204 248 300 361
2.4........................................ 120 143 172 209 253 306 368
2.6........................................ 122 146 175 213 258 312 375
2.8........................................ 124 148 178 217 263 318 382
[[Page 367]]
3.0........................................ 126 151 182 221 268 324 389
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ These CT values achieve greater than a 99.99 percent inactivation of viruses. CT values between the
indicated pH values may be determined by linear interpolation. CT values between the indicated temperatures of
different tables may be determined by linear interpolation. If no interpolation is used, use the CT99.9 value
at the lower temperature, and at the higher pH.
Table 1.3--CT Values (CT 99.9) for 99.9 Percent Inactivation of Giardia Lamblia Cysts by Free Chlorine at 10.0
deg.C\1\
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
pH
Free residual (mg/l) ------------------------------------------------------------------
6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0.4............................... 73 88 104 125 149 177 209
0.6........................................ 75 90 107 128 153 183 218
0.8........................................ 78 92 110 131 158 189 226
1.0........................................ 79 94 112 134 162 195 234
1.2........................................ 80 95 114 137 166 200 240
1.4........................................ 82 98 116 140 170 206 247
1.6........................................ 83 99 119 144 174 211 253
1.8........................................ 86 101 122 147 179 215 259
2.0........................................ 87 104 124 150 182 221 265
2.2........................................ 89 105 127 153 186 225 271
2.4........................................ 90 107 129 157 190 230 276
2.6........................................ 92 110 131 160 194 234 281
2.8........................................ 93 111 134 163 197 239 287
3.0........................................ 95 113 137 166 201 243 292
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ These CT values achieve greater than a 99.99 percent inactivation of viruses. CT values between the
indicated pH values may be determined by linear interpolation. CT values between the indicated temperatures of
different tables may be determined by linear interpolation. If no interpolation is used, use the CT99.9 value
at the lower temperature, and at the higher pH.
Table 1.4--CT Values (CT 99.9) for 99.9 Percent Inactivation of Giardia Lamblia Cysts by Free Chlorine at 15.0
deg.C\1\
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
pH
Free residual (mg/l) ------------------------------------------------------------------
6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0.4............................... 49 59 70 83 99 118 140
0.6........................................ 50 60 72 86 102 122 146
0.8........................................ 52 61 73 88 105 126 151
1.0........................................ 53 63 75 90 108 130 156
1.2........................................ 54 64 76 92 111 134 160
1.4........................................ 55 65 78 94 114 137 165
1.6........................................ 56 66 79 96 116 141 169
1.8........................................ 57 68 81 98 119 144 173
2.0........................................ 58 69 83 100 122 147 177
2.2........................................ 59 70 85 102 124 150 181
2.4........................................ 60 72 86 105 127 153 184
2.6........................................ 61 73 88 107 129 156 188
2.8........................................ 62 74 89 109 132 159 191
3.0........................................ 63 76 91 111 134 162 195
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ These CT values achieve greater than a 99.99 percent inactivation of viruses. CT values between the
indicated pH values may be determined by linear interpolation. CT values between the indicated temperatures of
different tables may be determined by linear interpolation. If no interpolation is used, use the CT99.9 value
at the lower temperature, and at the higher pH.
Table 1.5--CT Values (CT99.9) for 99.9 Percent Inactivation of Giardia Lamblia Cysts by Free Chlorine at 20
deg.C\1\
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
pH
------------------------------------------------------------
Free residual (mg/l) 6.0 9.0
6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0.4............................................... 36 44 52 62 74 89 105
0.6................................................ 38 45 54 64 77 92 109
0.8................................................ 39 46 55 66 79 95 113
1.0................................................ 39 47 56 67 81 98 117
1.2................................................ 40 48 57 69 83 100 120
1.4................................................ 41 49 58 70 85 103 123
1.6................................................ 42 50 59 72 87 105 126
1.8................................................ 43 51 61 74 89 108 129
2.0................................................ 44 52 62 75 91 110 132
2.2................................................ 44 53 63 77 93 113 135
2.4................................................ 45 54 65 78 95 115 138
2.6................................................ 46 55 66 80 97 117 141
2.8................................................ 47 56 67 81 99 119 143
3.0................................................ 47 57 68 83 101 122 146
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ These CT values achieve greater than a 99.99 percent inactivation of viruses. CT values between the
indicated pH values may be determined by linear interpolation. CT values between the indicated temperatures of
different tables may be determined by linear interpolation. If no interpolation is used, use the CT99.9 value
at the lower temperature, and at the higher pH.
Table 1.6--CT Values (CT99.9) for 99.9 Percent Inactivation of Giardia Lamblia Cysts by Free Chlorine at 25
deg.C\1\ and Higher
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
pH
------------------------------------------------------------
Free residual (mg/l) 6.0 9.0
6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0.4............................................... 24 29 35 42 50 59 70
0.6................................................ 25 30 36 43 51 61 73
0.8................................................ 26 31 37 44 53 63 75
1.0................................................ 26 31 37 45 54 65 78
1.2................................................ 27 32 38 46 55 67 80
1.4................................................ 27 33 39 47 57 69 82
1.6................................................ 28 33 40 48 58 70 84
1.8................................................ 29 34 41 49 60 72 86
2.0................................................ 29 35 41 50 61 74 88
2.2................................................ 30 35 42 51 62 75 90
2.4................................................ 30 36 43 52 63 77 92
2.6................................................ 31 37 44 53 65 78 94
2.8................................................ 31 37 45 54 66 80 96
[[Page 368]]
3.0................................................ 32 38 46 55 67 81 97
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ These CT values achieve greater than a 99.99 percent inactivation of viruses. CT values between the
indicated pH values may be determined by linear interpolation. CT values between the indicated temperatures of
different tables may be determined by linear interpolation. If no interpolation is used, use the CT99.9 value
at the lower temperature, and at the higher pH.
Table 2.1--CT Values (CT99.9) for 99.9 Percent Inactivation of Giardia Lamblia Cysts by Chlorine Dioxide and
Ozone\1\
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Temperature
-----------------------------------------------------------------
< 1 25 deg.C
deg.C 5 deg.C 10 deg.C 15 deg.C 20 deg.C
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chlorine dioxide.............................. 63 26 23 19 15 11
Ozone......................................... 2.9 1.9 1.4 0.95 0.72 0.48
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ These CT values achieve greater than 99.99 percent inactivation of viruses. CT values between the indicated
temperatures may be determined by linear interpolation. If no interpolation is used, use the CT99.9 value at
the lower temperature for determining CT99.9 values between indicated temperatures.
Table 3.1--CT Values (CT 99.9) for 99.9 Percent Inactivation of Giardia
Lamblia Cysts By Chloramines\1\
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Temperature
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
< 1 deg.C 5 deg.C 10 deg.C 15 deg.C 20 deg.C 25 deg.C
------------------------------------------------------------------------
3,800 2,200 1,850 1,500 1,100 750
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ These values are for pH values of 6 to 9. These CT values may be
assumed to achieve greater than 99.99 percent inactivation of viruses
only if chlorine is added and mixed in the water prior to the addition
of ammonia. If this condition is not met, the system must demonstrate,
based on on-site studies or other information, as approved by the
State, that the system is achieving at least 99.99 percent
inactivation of viruses. CT values between the indicated temperatures
may be determined by linear interpolation. If no interpolation is
used, use the CT99.9 value at the lower temperature for determining
CT99.9 values between indicated temperatures.
(4) The total inactivation ratio must be calculated as follows:
(i) If the system uses only one point of disinfectant application,
the system
may determine the total inactivation ratio based on either of the
following two methods:
(A) One inactivation ratio (CTcalc/CT99.9) is determined before
or at the first customer during peak hourly flow and if the CTcalc/
CT99.9 1.0, the 99.9 percent Giardia lamblia
inactivation requirement has been achieved; or
(B) Successive CTcalc/CT99.9 values, representing sequential
inactivation ratios, are determined between the point of disinfectant
application and a point before or at the first customer during peak
hourly flow. Under this alternative, the following method must be used
to calculate the total inactivation ratio:
[[Page 369]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TC02JY92.060
lamblia inactivation requirement has been achieved.
(ii) If the system uses more than one point of disinfectant
application before or at the first customer, the system must determine
the CT value of each disinfection sequence immediately prior to the next
point of disinfectant application during peak hourly flow. The CTcalc/
CT99.9 value of each sequence and
CTcalc
<3-ln-grk-S> -----------------------------------
CT99.9
must be calculated using the method in paragraph (b)(4)(i)(B) of
this section to determine if the system is in compliance with
Sec. 142.72(a).
(iii) Although not required, the total percent inactivation for a
system with one or more points of residual disinfectant concentration
monitoring may be calculated by solving the following equation:
100
Percent inactivation = 100 - ----
10z
CTcalc
where z=3 x <3-ln-grk-S> <3-ln (> --------------- <3-ln )>
CT99.9
(5) The residual disinfectant concentration of the water entering
the distribution system must be monitored continuously, and the lowest
value must be recorded each day, except that if there is a failure in
the continuous monitoring equipment, grab sampling
every 4 hours may be conducted in lieu of continuous monitoring, but for
no more than 5 working days following the failure of the equipment, and
systems serving 3,300 or fewer persons may take grab samples in lieu of
providing continuous monitoring on an ongoing basis at the frequencies
prescribed below:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Samples/
System size by population day\1\
------------------------------------------------------------------------
<500......................................................... 1
501 to 1,000................................................. 2
1,001 to 2,500............................................... 3
2,501 to 3,300............................................... 4
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ The day's samples cannot be taken at the same time. The sampling
intervals are subject to State review and approval.
If at any time the residual disinfectant concentration falls below 0.2
mg/l in a system using grab sampling in lieu of continuous monitoring,
the system must take a grab sample every 4 hours until the residual
concentration is equal to or greater than 0.2 mg/l.
(6)(i) The residual disinfectant concentration must be measured at
least at the same points in the distribution system and at the same time
as total coliforms are sampled, as specified in Sec. 141.21, except that
the State may allow a public water system which uses both a surface
water source or a ground water source under direct influence of surface
water, and a ground water source, to take disinfectant residual samples
at points other than the total coliform sampling points if the State
determines that such points are more representative of treated
(disinfected) water quality within the distribution
[[Page 370]]
system. Heterotrophic bacteria, measured as heterotrophic plate count
(HPC) as specified in paragraph (a)(3) of this section, may be measured
in lieu of residual disinfectant concentration.
(ii) If the State determines, based on site-specific considerations,
that a system has no means for having a sample transported and analyzed
for HPC by a certified laboratory under the requisite time and
temperature conditions specified by paragraph (a)(3) of this section and
that the system is providing adequate disinfection in the distribution
system, the requirements of paragraph (b)(6)(i) of this section do not
apply to that system.
(c) Monitoring requirements for systems using filtration treatment.
A public water system that uses a surface water source or a ground water
source under the influence of surface water and provides filtration
treatment must monitor in accordance with this paragraph (c) beginning
June 29, 1993, or when filtration is installed, whichever is later.
(1) Turbidity measurements as required by Sec. 141.73 must be
performed on representative samples of the system's filtered water every
four hours (or more frequently) that the system serves water to the
public. A public water system may substitute continuous turbidity
monitoring for grab sample monitoring if it validates the continuous
measurement for accuracy on a regular basis using a protocol approved by
the State. For any systems using slow sand filtration or filtration
treatment other than conventional treatment, direct filtration, or
diatomaceous earth filtration, the State may reduce the sampling
frequency to once per day if it determines that less frequent monitoring
is sufficient to indicate effective filtration performance. For systems
serving 500 or fewer persons, the State may reduce the turbidity
sampling frequency to once per day, regardless of the type of filtration
treatment used, if the State determines that less frequent monitoring is
sufficient to indicate effective filtration performance.
(2) The residual disinfectant concentration of the water entering
the distribution system must be monitored continuously, and the lowest
value must be recorded each day, except that if there is a failure in
the continuous monitoring equipment, grab sampling every 4 hours may be
conducted in lieu of continuous monitoring, but for no more than 5
working days following the failure of the equipment, and systems serving
3,300 or fewer persons may take grab samples in lieu of providing
continuous monitoring on an ongoing basis at the frequencies each day
prescribed below:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Samples/
System size by population day \1\
------------------------------------------------------------------------
500.............................................. 1
501 to 1,000................................................. 2
1,001 to 2,500............................................... 3
2,501 to 3,300............................................... 4
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ The day's samples cannot be taken at the same time. The sampling
intervals are subject to State review and approval.
If at any time the residual disinfectant concentration falls below 0.2
mg/l in a system using grab sampling in lieu of continuous monitoring,
the system must take a grab sample every 4 hours until the residual
disinfectant concentration is equal to or greater than 0.2 mg/l.
(3)(i) The residual disinfectant concentration must be measured at
least at the same points in the distribution system and at the same time
as total coliforms are sampled, as specified in Sec. 141.21, except that
the State may allow a public water system which uses both a surface
water source or a ground water source under direct influence of surface
water, and a ground water source to take disinfectant residual samples
at points other than the total coliform sampling points if the State
determines that such points are more representative of treated
(disinfected) water quality within the distribution system.
Heterotrophic bacteria, measured as heterotrophic plate count (HPC) as
specified in paragraph (a)(3) of this section, may be measured in lieu
of residual disinfectant concentration.
(ii) If the State determines, based on site-specific considerations,
that a system has no means for having a sample transported and analyzed
for HPC by a certified laboratory under the requisite time and
temperature conditions specified by paragraph (a)(3) of this section and
that the system is providing adequate disinfection in the distribution
system, the requirements of paragraph
[[Page 371]]
(c)(3)(i) of this section do not apply to that system.
[54 FR 27527, June 29, 1989, as amended at 59 FR 62470, Dec. 5, 1994; 60
FR 34086, June 29, 1995]
Sec. 141.75 Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.
(a) A public water system that uses a surface water source and does
not provide filtration treatment must report monthly to the State the
information specified in this paragraph (a) beginning December 31, 1990,
unless the State has determined that filtration is required in writing
pursuant to section 1412(b)(7)(C)(iii), in which case the State may
specify alternative reporting requirements, as appropriate, until
filtration is in place. A public water system that uses a ground water
source under the direct influence of surface water and does not provide
filtration treatment must report monthly to the State the information
specified in this paragraph (a) beginning December 31, 1990, or 6 months
after the State determines that the ground water source is under the
direct influence of surface water, whichever is later, unless the State
has determined that filtration is required in writing pursuant to
Sec. 1412(b)(7)(C)(iii), in which case the State may specify alternative
reporting requirements, as appropriate, until filtration is in place.
(1) Source water quality information must be reported to the State
within 10 days after the end of each month the system serves water to
the public. Information that must be reported includes:
(i) The cumulative number of months for which results are reported.
(ii) The number of fecal and/or total coliform samples, whichever
are analyzed during the month (if a system monitors for both, only fecal
coliforms must be reported), the dates of sample collection, and the
dates when the turbidity level exceeded 1 NTU.
(iii) The number of samples during the month that had equal to or
less than 20/100 ml fecal coliforms and/or equal to or less than 100/100
ml total coliforms, whichever are analyzed.
(iv) The cumulative number of fecal or total coliform samples,
whichever are analyzed, during the previous six months the system served
water to the public.
(v) The cumulative number of samples that had equal to or less than
20/100 ml fecal coliforms or equal to or less than 100/100 ml total
coliforms, whichever are analyzed, during the previous six months the
system served water to the public.
(vi) The percentage of samples that had equal to or less than 20/100
ml fecal coliforms or equal to or less than 100/100 ml total coliforms,
whichever are analyzed, during the previous six months the system served
water to the public.
(vii) The maximum turbidity level measured during the month, the
date(s) of occurrence for any measurement(s) which exceeded 5 NTU, and
the date(s) the occurrence(s) was reported to the State.
(viii) For the first 12 months of recordkeeping, the dates and
cumulative number of events during which the turbidity exceeded 5 NTU,
and after one year of recordkeeping for turbidity measurements, the
dates and cumulative number of events during which the turbidity
exceeded 5 NTU in the previous 12 months the system served water to the
public.
(ix) For the first 120 months of recordkeeping, the dates and
cumulative number of events during which the turbidity exceeded 5 NTU,
and after 10 years of recordkeeping for turbidity measurements, the
dates and cumulative number of events during which the turbidity
exceeded 5 NTU in the previous 120 months the system served water to the
public.
(2) Disinfection information specified in Sec. 141.74(b) must be
reported to the State within 10 days after the end of each month the
system serves water to the public. Information that must be reported
includes:
(i) For each day, the lowest measurement of residual disinfectant
concentration in mg/l in water entering the distribution system.
(ii) The date and duration of each period when the residual
disinfectant concentration in water entering the distribution system
fell below 0.2 mg/l and when the State was notified of the occurrence.
[[Page 372]]
(iii) The daily residual disinfectant concentration(s) (in mg/l) and
disinfectant contact time(s) (in minutes) used for calculating the CT
value(s).
(iv) If chlorine is used, the daily measurement(s) of pH of
disinfected water following each point of chlorine disinfection.
(v) The daily measurement(s) of water temperature in deg.C
following each point of disinfection.
(vi) The daily CTcalc and CTcalc/CT99.9 values for each
disinfectant measurement or sequence and the sum of all CTcalc/
CT99.9 values ((CTcalc/CT99.9)) before or at the first
customer.
(vii) The daily determination of whether disinfection achieves
adequate Giardia cyst and virus inactivation, i.e., whether (CTcalc/
CT99.9) is at least 1.0 or, where disinfectants other than chlorine
are used, other indicator conditions that the State determines are
appropriate, are met.
(viii) The following information on the samples taken in the
distribution system in conjunction with total coliform monitoring
pursuant to Sec. 141.72:
(A) Number of instances where the residual disinfectant
concentration is measured;
(B) Number of instances where the residual disinfectant
concentration is not measured but heterotrophic bacteria plate count
(HPC) is measured;
(C) Number of instances where the residual disinfectant
concentration is measured but not detected and no HPC is measured;
(D) Number of instances where the residual disinfectant
concentration is detected and where HPC is >500/ml;
(E) Number of instances where the residual disinfectant
concentration is not measured and HPC is >500/ml;
(F) For the current and previous month the system served water to
the public, the value of ``V'' in the following formula:
c+d+e
V= --------------------------- x 100
a+b
where
a=the value in paragraph (a)(2)(viii)(A) of this section,
b=the value in paragraph (a)(2)(viii)(B) of this section,
c=the value in paragraph (a)(2)(viii)(C) of this section,
d=the value in paragraph (a)(2)(viii)(D) of this section, and
e=the value in paragraph (a)(2)(viii)(E) of this section.
(G) If the State determines, based on site-specific considerations,
that a system has no means for having a sample transported and analyzed
for HPC by a certified laboratory under the requisite time and
temperature conditions specified by Sec. 141.74(a)(3) and that the
system is providing adequate disinfection in the distribution system,
the requirements of paragraph (a)(2)(viii)(A)-(F) of this section do not
apply to that system.
(ix) A system need not report the data listed in paragraphs
(a)(2)(i), and (iii)-(vi) of this section if all data listed in
paragraphs (a)(2) (i)-(viii) of this section remain on file at the
system, and the State determines that:
(A) The system has submitted to the State all the information
required by paragraphs (a)(2) (i)-(viii) of this section for at least 12
months; and
(B) The State has determined that the system is not required to
provide filtration treatment.
(3) No later than ten days after the end of each Federal fiscal year
(September 30), each system must provide to the State a report which
summarizes its compliance with all watershed control program
requirements specified in Sec. 141.71(b)(2).
(4) No later than ten days after the end of each Federal fiscal year
(September 30), each system must provide to the State a report on the
on-site inspection conducted during that year pursuant to
Sec. 141.71(b)(3), unless the on-site inspection was conducted by the
State. If the inspection was conducted by the State, the State must
provide a copy of its report to the public water system.
(5)(i) Each system, upon discovering that a waterborne disease
outbreak potentially attributable to that water system has occurred,
must report that occurrence to the State as soon as possible, but no
later than by the end of the next business day.
(ii) If at any time the turbidity exceeds 5 NTU, the system must
inform the State as soon as possible, but no
[[Page 373]]
later than the end of the next business day.
(iii) If at any time the residual falls below 0.2 mg/l in the water
entering the distribution system, the system must notify the State as
soon as possible, but no later than by the end of the next business day.
The system also must notify the State by the end of the next business
day whether or not the residual was restored to at least 0.2 mg/l within
4 hours.
(b) A public water system that uses a surface water source or a
ground water source under the direct influence of surface water and
provides filtration treatment must report monthly to the State the
information specified in this paragraph (b) beginning June 29, 1993, or
when filtration is installed, whichever is later.
(1) Turbidity measurements as required by Sec. 141.74(c)(1) must be
reported within 10 days after the end of each month the system serves
water to the public. Information that must be reported includes:
(i) The total number of filtered water turbidity measurements taken
during the month.
(ii) The number and percentage of filtered water turbidity
measurements taken during the month which are less than or equal to the
turbidity limits specified in Sec. 141.73 for the filtration technology
being used.
(iii) The date and value of any turbidity measurements taken during
the month which exceed 5 NTU.
(2) Disinfection information specified in Sec. 141.74(c) must be
reported to the State within 10 days after the end of each month the
system serves water to the public. Information that must be reported
includes:
(i) For each day, the lowest measurement of residual disinfectant
concentration in mg/l in water entering the distribution system.
(ii) The date and duration of each period when the residual
disinfectant concentration in water entering the distribution system
fell below 0.2 mg/l and when the State was notified of the occurrence.
(iii) The following information on the samples taken in the
distribution system in conjunction with total coliform monitoring
pursuant to Sec. 141.72:
(A) Number of instances where the residual disinfectant
concentration is measured;
(B) Number of instances where the residual disinfectant
concentration is not measured but heterotrophic bacteria plate count
(HPC) is measured;
(C) Number of instances where the residual disinfectant
concentration is measured but not detected and no HPC is measured;
(D) Number of instances where no residual disinfectant concentration
is detected and where HPC is >500/ml;
(E) Number of instances where the residual disinfectant
concentration is not measured and HPC is >500/ml;
(F) For the current and previous month the system serves water to
the public, the value of ``V'' in the following formula:
c+d+e
V= --------------------------- x 100
a+b
where
a=the value in paragraph (b)(2)(iii)(A) of this section,
b=the value in paragraph (b)(2)(iii)(B) of this section,
c=the value in paragraph (b)(2)(iii)(C) of this section,
d=the value in paragraph (b)(2)(iii)(D) of this section, and
e=the value in paragraph (b)(2)(iii)(E) of this section.
(G) If the State determines, based on site-specific considerations,
that a system has no means for having a sample transported and analyzed
for HPC by a certified laboratory within the requisite time and
temperature conditions specified by Sec. 141.74(a)(3) and that the
system is providing adequate disinfection in the distribution system,
the requirements of paragraph (b)(2)(iii)(A)-(F) of this section do not
apply.
(iv) A system need not report the data listed in paragraph (b)(2)(i)
of this section if all data listed in paragraphs (b)(2)(i)-(iii) of this
section remain on file at the system and the State determines that the
system has submitted all the information required by paragraphs
(b)(2)(i)-(iii) of this section for at least 12 months.
(3)(i) Each system, upon discovering that a waterborne disease
outbreak potentially attributable to that water
[[Page 374]]
system has occurred, must report that occurrence to the State as soon as
possible, but no later than by the end of the next business day.
(ii) If at any time the turbidity exceeds 5 NTU, the system must
inform the State as soon as possible, but no later than the end of the
next business day.
(iii) If at any time the residual falls below 0.2 mg/l in the water
entering the distribution system, the system must notify the State as
soon as possible, but no later than by the end of the next business day.
The system also must notify the State by the end of the next business
day whether or not the residual was restored to at least 0.2 mg/l within
4 hours.
Subpart I--Control of Lead and Copper
Source: 56 FR 26548, June 7, 1991, unless otherwise noted.
Sec. 141.80 General requirements.
(a) Applicability and effective dates. (1) The requirements of this
subpart I constitute the national primary drinking water regulations for
lead and copper. Unless otherwise indicated, each of the provisions of
this subpart applies to community water systems and non-transient, non-
community water systems (hereinafter referred to as ``water systems'' or
``systems'').
(2) The requirements set forth in Secs. 141.86 to 141.91 shall take
effect on July 7, 1991. The requirements set forth in Secs. 141.80 to
141.85 shall take effect on December 7, 1992.
(b) Scope. These regulations establish a treatment technique that
includes requirements for corrosion control treatment, source water
treatment, lead service line replacement, and public education. These
requirements are triggered, in some cases, by lead and copper action
levels measured in samples collected at consumers' taps.
(c) Lead and copper action levels. (1) The lead action level is
exceeded if the concentration of lead in more than 10 percent of tap
water samples collected during any monitoring period conducted in
accordance with Sec. 141.86 is greater than 0.015 mg/L (i.e., if the
``90th percentile'' lead level is greater than 0.015 mg/L).
(2) The copper action level is exceeded if the concentration of
copper in more than 10 percent of tap water samples collected during any
monitoring period conducted in accordance with Sec. 141.86 is greater
than 1.3 mg/L (i.e., if the ``90th percentile'' copper level is greater
than 1.3 mg/L).
(3) The 90th percentile lead and copper levels shall be computed as
follows:
(i) The results of all lead or copper samples taken during a
monitoring period shall be placed in ascending order from the sample
with the lowest concentration to the sample with the highest
concentration. Each sampling result shall be assigned a number,
ascending by single integers beginning with the number 1 for the sample
with the lowest contaminant level. The number assigned to the sample
with the highest contaminant level shall be equal to the total number of
samples taken.
(ii) The number of samples taken during the monitoring period shall
be multiplied by 0.9.
(iii) The contaminant concentration in the numbered sample yielded
by the calculation in paragraph (c)(3)(ii) is the 90th percentile
contaminant level.
(iv) For water systems serving fewer than 100 people that collect 5
samples per monitoring period, the 90th percentile is computed by taking
the average of the highest and second highest concentrations.
(d) Corrosion control treatment requirements. (1) All water systems
shall install and operate optimal corrosion control treatment as defined
in Sec. 141.2.
(2) Any water system that complies with the applicable corrosion
control treatment requirements specified by the State under Secs. 141.81
and 141.82 shall be deemed in compliance with the treatment requirement
contained in paragraph (d)(1) of this section.
(e) Source water treatment requirements. Any system exceeding the
lead or copper action level shall implement all applicable source water
treatment requirements specified by the State under Sec. 141.83.
(f) Lead service line replacement requirements. Any system exceeding
the lead action level after implementation
[[Page 375]]
of applicable corrosion control and source water treatment requirements
shall complete the lead service line replacement requirements contained
in Sec. 141.84.
(g) Public education requirements. Any system exceeding the lead
action level shall implement the public education requirements contained
in Sec. 141.85.
(h) Monitoring and analytical requirements. Tap water monitoring for
lead and copper, monitoring for water quality parameters, source water
monitoring for lead and copper, and analyses of the monitoring results
under this subpart shall be completed in compliance with Secs. 141.86,
141.87, 141.88, and 141.89.
(i) Reporting requirements. Systems shall report to the State any
information required by the treatment provisions of this subpart and
Sec. 141.90.
(j) Recordkeeping requirements. Systems shall maintain records in
accordance with Sec. 141.91.
(k) Violation of national primary drinking water regulations.
Failure to comply with the applicable requirements of Secs. 141.80-
141.91, including requirements established by the State pursuant to
these provisions, shall constitute a violation of the national primary
drinking water regulations for lead and/or copper.
[56 FR 26548, June 7, 1991; 57 FR 28788, June 29, 1992]
Sec. 141.81 Applicability of corrosion control treatment steps to small, medium-size and large water systems.
(a) Systems shall complete the applicable corrosion control
treatment requirements described in Sec. 141.82 by the deadlines
established in this section.
(1) A large system (serving >50,000 persons) shall complete the
corrosion control treatment steps specified in paragraph (d) of this
section, unless it is deemed to have optimized corrosion control under
paragraph (b)(2) or (b)(3) of this section.
(2) A small system (serving 3300 persons) and a medium-
size system (serving >3,300 and 50,000 persons) shall
complete the corrosion control treatment steps specified in paragraph
(e) of this section, unless it is deemed to have optimized corrosion
control under paragraph (b)(1), (b)(2), or (b)(3) of this section.
(b) A system is deemed to have optimized corrosion control and is
not required to complete the applicable corrosion control treatment
steps identified in this section if the system satisfies one of the
following criteria:
(1) A small or medium-size water system is deemed to have optimized
corrosion control if the system meets the lead and copper action levels
during each of two consecutive six-month monitoring periods conducted in
accordance with Sec. 141.86.
(2) Any water system may be deemed by the State to have optimized
corrosion control treatment if the system demonstrates to the
satisfaction of the State that it has conducted activities equivalent to
the corrosion control steps applicable to such system under this
section. If the State makes this determination, it shall provide the
system with written notice explaining the basis for its decision and
shall specify the water quality control parameters representing optimal
corrosion control in accordance with Sec. 141.82(f). A system shall
provide the State with the following information in order to support a
determination under this paragraph:
(i) The results of all test samples collected for each of the water
quality parameters in Sec. 141.82(c)(3).
(ii) A report explaining the test methods used by the water system
to evaluate the corrosion control treatments listed in
Sec. 141.82(c)(1), the results of all tests conducted, and the basis for
the system's selection of optimal corrosion control treatment;
(iii) A report explaining how corrosion control has been installed
and how it is being maintained to insure minimal lead and copper
concentrations at consumers' taps; and
(iv) The results of tap water samples collected in accordance with
Sec. 141.86 at least once every six months for one year after corrosion
control has been installed.
(3) Any water system is deemed to have optimized corrosion control
if it submits results of tap water monitoring conducted in accordance
with Sec. 141.86 and source water monitoring conducted in accordance
with Sec. 141.88 that demonstrates for two consecutive six-month
monitoring periods that the difference between the 90th percentile
[[Page 376]]
tap water lead level computed under Sec. 141.80(c)(3), and the highest
source water lead concentration, is less than the Practical Quantitation
Level for lead specified in Sec. 141.89(a)(1)(ii).
(c) Any small or medium-size water system that is required to
complete the corrosion control steps due to its exceedance of the lead
or copper action level may cease completing the treatment steps whenever
the system meets both action levels during each of two consecutive
monitoring periods conducted pursuant to Sec. 141.86 and submits the
results to the State. If any such water system thereafter exceeds the
lead or copper action level during any monitoring period, the system (or
the State, as the case may be) shall recommence completion of the
applicable treatment steps, beginning with the first treatment step
which was not previously completed in its entirety. The State may
require a system to repeat treatment steps previously completed by the
system where the State determines that this is necessary to implement
properly the treatment requirements of this section. The State shall
notify the system in writing of such a determination and explain the
basis for its decision. The requirement for any small- or medium-size
system to implement corrosion control treatment steps in accordance with
paragraph (e) of this section (including systems deemed to have
optimized corrosion control under paragraph (b)(1) of this section) is
triggered whenever any small- or medium-size system exceeds the lead or
copper action level.
(d) Treatment steps and deadlines for large systems. Except as
provided in paragraph (b) (2) and (3) of this section, large systems
shall complete the following corrosion control treatment steps
(described in the referenced portions of Secs. 141.82, 141.86, and
141.87) by the indicated dates.
(1) Step 1: The system shall conduct initial monitoring
(Sec. 141.86(d)(1) and Sec. 141.87(b)) during two consecutive six-month
monitoring periods by January 1, 1993.
(2) Step 2: The system shall complete corrosion control studies
(Sec. 141.82(c)) by July 1, 1994.
(3) Step 3: The State shall designate optimal corrosion control
treatment (Sec. 141.82(d)) by January 1, 1995.
(4) Step 4: The system shall install optimal corrosion control
treatment (Sec. 141.82(e)) by January 1, 1997.
(5) Step 5: The system shall complete follow-up sampling
(Sec. 141.86(d)(2) and Sec. 141.87(c)) by January 1, l998.
(6) Step 6: The State shall review installation of treatment and
designate optimal water quality control parameters (Sec. 141.82(f)) by
July 1, 1998.
(7) Step 7: The system shall operate in compliance with the State-
specified optimal water quality control parameters (Sec. 141.82(g)) and
continue to conduct tap sampling (Sec. 141.86(d)(3) and Sec. 141.87(d)).
(e) Treatment Steps and deadlines for small and medium-size systems.
Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, small and medium-
size systems shall complete the following corrosion control treatment
steps (described in the referenced portions of Secs. 141.82, 141.86 and
141.87) by the indicated time periods.
(1) Step 1: The system shall conduct initial tap sampling
(Sec. 141.86(d)(1) and Sec. 141.87(b)) until the system either exceeds
the lead or copper action level or becomes eligible for reduced
monitoring under Sec. 141.86(d)(4). A system exceeding the lead or
copper action level shall recommend optimal corrosion control treatment
(Sec. 141.82(a)) within six months after it exceeds one of the action
levels.
(2) Step 2: Within 12 months after a system exceeds the lead or
copper action level, the State may require the system to perform
corrosion control studies (Sec. 141.82(b)). If the State does not
require the system to perform such studies, the State shall specify
optimal corrosion control treatment (Sec. 141.82(d)) within the
following timeframes:
(i) For medium-size systems, within 18 months after such system
exceeds the lead or copper action level,
(ii) For small systems, within 24 months after such system exceeds
the lead or copper action level.
(3) Step 3: If the State requires a system to perform corrosion
control studies under step 2, the system shall complete the studies
(Sec. 141.82(c)) within 18 months after the State requires that such
studies be conducted.
[[Page 377]]
(4) Step 4: If the system has performed corrosion control studies
under step 2, the State shall designate optimal corrosion control
treatment (Sec. 141.82(d)) within 6 months after completion of step 3.
(5) Step 5: The system shall install optimal corrosion control
treatment (Sec. 141.82(e)) within 24 months after the State designates
such treatment.
(6) Step 6: The system shall complete follow-up sampling
(Sec. 141.86(d)(2) and Sec. 141.87(c)) within 36 months after the State
designates optimal corrosion control treatment.
(7) Step 7: The State shall review the system's installation of
treatment and designate optimal water quality control parameters
(Sec. 141.82(f)) within 6 months after completion of step 6.
(8) Step 8: The system shall operate in compliance with the State-
designated optimal water quality control parameters (Sec. 141.82(g)) and
continue to conduct tap sampling (Sec. 141.86(d)(3) and Sec. 141.87(d)).
[56 FR 26548, June 7, 1991, as amended at 59 FR 33862, June 30, 1994]
Sec. 141.82 Description of corrosion control treatment requirements.
Each system shall complete the corrosion control treatment
requirements described below which are applicable to such system under
Sec. 141.81.
(a) System recommendation regarding corrosion control treatment.
Based upon the results of lead and copper tap monitoring and water
quality parameter monitoring, small and medium-size water systems
exceeding the lead or copper action level shall recommend installation
of one or more of the corrosion control treatments listed in paragraph
(c)(1) of this section which the system believes constitutes optimal
corrosion control for that system. The State may require the system to
conduct additional water quality parameter monitoring in accordance with
Sec. 141.87(b) to assist the State in reviewing the system's
recommendation.
(b) State decision to require studies of corrosion control treatment
(applicable to small and medium-size systems). The State may require any
small or medium-size system that exceeds the lead or copper action level
to perform corrosion control studies under paragraph (c) of this section
to identify optimal corrosion control treatment for the system.
(c) Performance of corrosion control studies. (1) Any public water
system performing corrosion control studies shall evaluate the
effectiveness of each of the following treatments, and, if appropriate,
combinations of the following treatments to identify the optimal
corrosion control treatment for that system:
(i) Alkalinity and pH adjustment;
(ii) Calcium hardness adjustment; and
(iii) The addition of a phosphate or silicate based corrosion
inhibitor at a concentration sufficient to maintain an effective
residual concentration in all test tap samples.
(2) The water system shall evaluate each of the corrosion control
treatments using either pipe rig/loop tests, metal coupon tests,
partial-system tests, or analyses based on documented analogous
treatments with other systems of similar size, water chemistry and
distribution system configuration.
(3) The water system shall measure the following water quality
parameters in any tests conducted under this paragraph before and after
evaluating the corrosion control treatments listed above:
(i) Lead;
(ii) Copper;
(iii) pH;
(iv) Alkalinity;
(v) Calcium;
(vi) Conductivity;
(vii) Orthophosphate (when an inhibitor containing a phosphate
compound is used);
(viii) Silicate (when an inhibitor containing a silicate compound is
used);
(ix) Water temperature.
(4) The water system shall identify all chemical or physical
constraints that limit or prohibit the use of a particular corrosion
control treatment and document such constraints with at least one of the
following:
(i) Data and documentation showing that a particular corrosion
control treatment has adversely affected other water treatment processes
when used by another water system with comparable water quality
characteristics; and/or
[[Page 378]]
(ii) Data and documentation demonstrating that the water system has
previously attempted to evaluate a particular corrosion control
treatment and has found that the treatment is ineffective or adversely
affects other water quality treatment processes.
(5) The water system shall evaluate the effect of the chemicals used
for corrosion control treatment on other water quality treatment
processes.
(6) On the basis of an analysis of the data generated during each
evaluation, the water system shall recommend to the State in writing the
treatment option that the corrosion control studies indicate constitutes
optimal corrosion control treatment for that system. The water system
shall provide a rationale for its recommendation along with all
supporting documentation specified in paragraphs (c)(1) through (5) of
this section.
(d) State designation of optimal corrosion control treatment. (1)
Based upon consideration of available information including, where
applicable, studies performed under paragraph (c) of this section and a
system's recommended treatment alternative, the State shall either
approve the corrosion control treatment option recommended by the
system, or designate alternative corrosion control treatment(s) from
among those listed in paragraph (c)(1) of this section. When designating
optimal treatment the State shall consider the effects that additional
corrosion control treatment will have on water quality parameters and on
other water quality treatment processes.
(2) The State shall notify the system of its decision on optimal
corrosion control treatment in writing and explain the basis for this
determination. If the State requests additional information to aid its
review, the water system shall provide the information.
(e) Installation of optimal corrosion control. Each system shall
properly install and operate throughout its distribution system the
optimal corrosion control treatment designated by the State under
paragraph (d) of this section.
(f) State review of treatment and specification of optimal water
quality control parameters. The State shall evaluate the results of all
lead and copper tap samples and water quality parameter samples
submitted by the water system and determine whether the system has
properly installed and operated the optimal corrosion control treatment
designated by the State in paragraph (d) of this section. Upon reviewing
the results of tap water and water quality parameter monitoring by the
system, both before and after the system installs optimal corrosion
control treatment, the State shall designate:
(1) A minimum value or a range of values for pH measured at each
entry point to the distribution system;
(2) A minimum pH value, measured in all tap samples. Such value
shall be equal to or greater than 7.0, unless the State determines that
meeting a pH level of 7.0 is not technologically feasible or is not
necessary for the system to optimize corrosion control;
(3) If a corrosion inhibitor is used, a minimum concentration or a
range of concentrations for the inhibitor, measured at each entry point
to the distribution system and in all tap samples, that the State
determines is necessary to form a passivating film on the interior walls
of the pipes of the distribution system;
(4) If alkalinity is adjusted as part of optimal corrosion control
treatment, a minimum concentration or a range of concentrations for
alkalinity, measured at each entry point to the distribution system and
in all tap samples;
(5) If calcium carbonate stabilization is used as part of corrosion
control, a minimum concentration or a range of concentrations for
calcium, measured in all tap samples.
The values for the applicable water quality control parameters listed
above shall be those that the State determines to reflect optimal
corrosion control treatment for the system. The State may designate
values for additional water quality control parameters determined by the
State to reflect optimal corrosion control for the system. The State
shall notify the system in writing of these determinations and explain
the basis for its decisions.
(g) Continued operation and monitoring. All systems shall maintain
water quality parameter values at or above
[[Page 379]]
minimum values or within ranges designated by the State under paragraph
(f) of this section in each sample collected under Sec. 141.87(d). If
the water quality parameter value of any sample is below the minimum
value or outside the range designated by the State, then the system is
out of compliance with this paragraph. As specified in Sec. 141.87(d),
the system may take a confirmation sample for any water quality
parameter value no later than 3 days after the first sample. If a
confirmation sample is taken, the result must be averaged with the first
sampling result and the average must be used for any compliance
determinations under this paragraph. States have discretion to delete
results of obvious sampling errors from this calculation.
(h) Modification of State treatment decisions. Upon its own
initiative or in response to a request by a water system or other
interested party, a State may modify its determination of the optimal
corrosion control treatment under paragraph (d) of this section or
optimal water quality control parameters under paragraph (f) of this
section. A request for modification by a system or other interested
party shall be in writing, explain why the modification is appropriate,
and provide supporting documentation. The State may modify its
determination where it concludes that such change is necessary to ensure
that the system continues to optimize corrosion control treatment. A
revised determination shall be made in writing, set forth the new
treatment requirements, explain the basis for the State's decision, and
provide an implementation schedule for completing the treatment
modifications.
(i) Treatment decisions bv EPA in lieu of the State. Pursuant to the
procedures in Sec. 142.19, the EPA Regional Administrator may review
treatment determinations made by a State under paragraphs (d), (f), or
(h) of this section and issue federal treatment determinations
consistent with the requirements of those paragraphs where the Regional
Administrator finds that:
(1) A State has failed to issue a treatment determination by the
applicable deadlines contained in Sec. 141.81,
(2) A State has abused its discretion in a substantial number of
cases or in cases affecting a substantial population, or
(3) The technical aspects of a State's determination would be
indefensible in an expected Federal enforcement action taken against a
system.
Sec. 141.83 Source water treatment requirements.
Systems shall complete the applicable source water monitoring and
treatment requirements (described in the referenced portions of
paragraph (b) of this section, and in Secs. 141.86, and 141.88) by the
following deadlines.
(a) Deadlines for completing source water treatment steps--(1) Step
1: A system exceeding the lead or copper action level shall complete
lead and copper source water monitoring (Sec. 141.88(b)) and make a
treatment recommendation to the State (Sec. 141.83(b)(1)) within 6
months after exceeding the lead or copper action level.
(2) Step 2: The State shall make a determination regarding source
water treatment (Sec. 141.83(b)(2)) within 6 months after submission of
monitoring results under step 1.
(3) Step 3: If the State requires installation of source water
treatment, the system shall install the treatment (Sec. 141.83(b)(3))
within 24 months after completion of step 2.
(4) Step 4: The system shall complete follow-up tap water monitoring
(Sec. 141.86(d)(2) and source water monitoring (Sec. 141.88(c)) within
36 months after completion of step 2.
(5) Step 5: The State shall review the system's installation and
operation of source water treatment and specify maximum permissible
source water levels (Sec. 141.83(b)(4)) within 6 months after completion
of step 4.
(6) Step 6: The system shall operate in compliance with the State-
specified maximum permissible lead and copper source water levels
(Sec. 141.83(b)(4)) and continue source water monitoring
(Sec. 141.88(d)).
(b) Description of source water treatment requirements--(1) System
treatment recommendation. Any system which exceeds the lead or copper
action level shall recommend in writing to the State the installation
and operation of one of the source water treatments
[[Page 380]]
listed in paragraph (b)(2) of this section. A system may recommend that
no treatment be installed based upon a demonstration that source water
treatment is not necessary to minimize lead and copper levels at users'
taps.
(2) State determination regarding source water treatment. The State
shall complete an evaluation of the results of all source water samples
submitted by the water system to determine whether source water
treatment is necessary to minimize lead or copper levels in water
delivered to users' taps. If the State determines that treatment is
needed, the State shall either require installation and operation of the
source water treatment recommended by the system (if any) or require the
installation and operation of another source water treatment from among
the following: Ion exchange, reverse osmosis, lime softening or
coagulation/filtration. If the State requests additional information to
aid in its review, the water system shall provide the information by the
date specified by the State in its request. The State shall notify the
system in writing of its determination and set forth the basis for its
decision.
(3) Installation of source water treatment. Each system shall
properly install and operate the source water treatment designated by
the State under paragraph (b)(2) of this section.
(4) State review of source water treatment and specification of
maximum permissible source water levels. The State shall review the
source water samples taken by the water system both before and after the
system installs source water treatment, and determine whether the system
has properly installed and operated the source water treatment
designated by the State. Based upon its review, the State shall
designate the maximum permissible lead and copper concentrations for
finished water entering the distribution system. Such levels shall
reflect the contaminant removal capability of the treatment properly
operated and maintained. The State shall notify the system in writing
and explain the basis for its decision.
(5) Continued operation and maintenance. Each water system shall
maintain lead and copper levels below the maximum permissible
concentrations designated by the State at each sampling point monitored
in accordance with Sec. 141.88. The system is out of compliance with
this paragraph if the level of lead or copper at any sampling point is
greater than the maximum permissible concentration designated by the
State.
(6) Modification of State treatment decisions. Upon its own
initiative or in response to a request by a water system or other
interested party, a State may modify its determination of the source
water treatment under paragraph (b)(2) of this section, or maximum
permissible lead and copper concentrations for finished water entering
the distribution system under paragraph (b)(4) of this section. A
request for modification by a system or other interested party shall be
in writing, explain why the modification is appropriate, and provide
supporting documentation. The State may modify its determination where
it concludes that such change is necessary to ensure that the system
continues to minimize lead and copper concentrations in source water. A
revised determination shall be made in writing, set forth the new
treatment requirements, explain the basis for the State's decision, and
provide an implementation schedule for completing the treatment
modifications.
(7) Treatment decisions by EPA in lieu of the State. Pursuant to the
procedures in Sec. 142.19, the EPA Regional Administrator may review
treatment determinations made by a State under paragraphs (b) (2), (4),
or (6) of this section and issue Federal treatment determinations
consistent with the requirements of those paragraphs where the
Administrator finds that:
(i) A State has failed to issue a treatment determination by the
applicable deadlines contained in Sec. 141.83(a),
(ii) A state has abused its discretion in a substantial number of
cases or in cases affecting a substantial population, or
(iii) The technical aspects of a State's determination would be
indefensible in an expected Federal enforcement action taken against a
system.
[[Page 381]]
Sec. 141.84 Lead service line replacement requirements.
(a) Systems that fail to meet the lead action level in tap samples
taken pursuant to Sec. 141.86(d)(2), after installing corrosion control
and/or source water treatment (whichever sampling occurs later), shall
replace lead service lines in accordance with the requirements of this
section. If a system is in violation of Sec. 141.81 or Sec. 141.83 for
failure to install source water or corrosion control treatment, the
State may require the system to commence lead service line replacement
under this section after the date by which the system was required to
conduct monitoring under Sec. 141.86(d)(2) has passed.
(b) A system shall replace annually at least 7 percent of the
initial number of lead service lines in its distribution system. The
initial number of lead service lines is the number of lead lines in
place at the time the replacement program begins. The system shall
identify the initial number of lead service lines in its distribution
system based upon a materials evaluation, including the evaluation
required under Sec. 141.86(a). The first year of lead service line
replacement shall begin on the date the action level was exceeded in tap
sampling referenced in paragraph (a) of this section.
(c) A system is not required to replace an individual lead service
line if the lead concentration in all service line samples from that
line, taken pursuant to Sec. 141.86(b)(3), is less than or equal to
0.015 mg/L.
(d) A water system shall replace the entire service line (up to the
building inlet) unless it demonstrates to the satisfaction of the State
under paragraph (e) of this section that it controls less than the
entire service line. In such cases, the system shall replace the portion
of the line which the State determines is under the system's control.
The system shall notify the user served by the line that the system will
replace the portion of the service line under its control and shall
offer to replace the building owner's portion of the line, but is not
required to bear the cost of replacing the building owner's portion of
the line. For buildings where only a portion of the lead service line is
replaced, the water system shall inform the resident(s) that the system
will collect a first flush tap water sample after partial replacement of
the service line is completed if the resident(s) so desire. In cases
where the resident(s) accept the offer, the system shall collect the
sample and report the results to the resident(s) within 14 days
following partial lead service line replacement.
(e) A water system is presumed to control the entire lead service
line (up to the building inlet) unless the system demonstrates to the
satisfaction of the State, in a letter submitted under
Sec. 141.90(e)(4), that it does not have any of the following forms of
control over the entire line (as defined by state statutes, municipal
ordinances, public service contracts or other applicable legal
authority): authority to set standards for construction, repair, or
maintenance of the line, authority to replace, repair, or maintain the
service line, or ownership of the service line. The State shall review
the information supplied by the system and determine whether the system
controls less than the entire service line and, in such cases, shall
determine the extent of the system's control. The State's determination
shall be in writing and explain the basis for its decision.
(f) The State shall require a system to replace lead service lines
on a shorter schedule than that required by this section, taking into
account the number of lead service lines in the system, where such a
shorter replacement schedule is feasible. The State shall make this
determination in writing and notify the system of its finding within 6
months after the system is triggered into lead service line replacement
based on monitoring referenced in paragraph (a) of this section.
(g) Any system may cease replacing lead service lines whenever first
draw samples collected pursuant to Sec. 141.86(b)(2) meet the lead
action level during each of two consecutive monitoring periods and the
system submits the results to the State. If first draw tap samples
collected in any such system thereafter exceeds the lead action level,
the system shall recommence replacing lead service lines pursuant to
paragraph (b) of this section.
[[Page 382]]
(h) To demonstrate compliance with paragraphs (a) through (d) of
this section, a system shall report to the State the information
specified in Sec. 141.90(e).
[56 FR 26548, June 7, 1991; 57 FR 28788, June 29, 1992]
Sec. 141.85 Public education and supplemental monitoring requirements.
A water system that exceeds the lead action level based on tap water
samples collected in accordance with Sec. 141.86 shall deliver the
public education materials contained in paragraphs (a) and (b) of this
section in accordance with the requirements in paragraph (c) of this
section.
(a) Content of written materials. A water system shall include the
following text in all of the printed materials it distributes through
its lead public education program. Any additional information presented
by a system shall be consistent with the information below and be in
plain English that can be understood by laypersons.
(1) Introduction. The United States Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) and [insert name of water supplier] are concerned about lead in
your drinking water. Although most homes have very low levels of lead in
their drinking water, some homes in the community have lead levels above
the EPA action level of 15 parts per billion (ppb), or 0.015 milligrams
of lead per liter of water (mg/L). Under Federal law we are required to
have a program in place to minimize lead in your drinking water by
[insert date when corrosion control will be completed for your system].
This program includes corrosion control treatment, source water
treatment, and public education. We are also required to replace each
lead service line that we control if the line contributes lead
concentrations of more than 15 ppb after we have completed the
comprehensive treatment program. If you have any questions about how we
are carrying out the requirements of the lead regulation please give us
a call at [insert water system's phone number]. This brochure explains
the simple steps you can take to protect you and your family by reducing
your exposure to lead in drinking water.
(2) Health effects of lead. Lead is a common metal found throughout
the environment in lead-based paint, air, soil, household dust, food,
certain types of pottery porcelain and pewter, and water. Lead can pose
a significant risk to your health if too much of it enters your body.
Lead builds up in the body over many years and can cause damage to the
brain, red blood cells and kidneys. The greatest risk is to young
children and pregnant women. Amounts of lead that won't hurt adults can
slow down normal mental and physical development of growing bodies. In
addition, a child at play often comes into contact with sources of lead
contamination--like dirt and dust--that rarely affect an adult. It is
important to wash children's hands and toys often, and to try to make
sure they only put food in their mouths.
(3) Lead in drinking water. (i) Lead in drinking water, although
rarely the sole cause of lead poisoning, can significantly increase a
person's total lead exposure, particularly the exposure of infants who
drink baby formulas and concentrated juices that are mixed with water.
The EPA estimates that drinking water can make up 20 percent or more of
a person's total exposure to lead.
(ii) Lead is unusual among drinking water contaminants in that it
seldom occurs naturally in water supplies like rivers and lakes. Lead
enters drinking water primarily as a result of the corrosion, or wearing
away, of materials containing lead in the water distribution system and
household plumbing. These materials include lead-based solder used to
join copper pipe, brass and chrome plated brass faucets, and in some
cases, pipes made of lead that connect your house to the water main
(service lines). In 1986, Congress banned the use of lead solder
containing greater than 0.2% lead, and restricted the lead content of
faucets, pipes and other plumbing materials to 8.0%.
(iii) When water stands in lead pipes or plumbing systems containing
lead for several hours or more, the lead may dissolve into your drinking
water. This means the first water drawn from the tap in the morning, or
later in the afternoon after returning from work or
[[Page 383]]
school, can contain fairly high levels of lead.
(4) Steps you can take in the home to reduce exposure to lead in
drinking water. (i) Despite our best efforts mentioned earlier to
control water corrosivity and remove lead from the water supply, lead
levels in some homes or buildings can be high. To find out whether you
need to take action in your own home, have your drinking water tested to
determine if it contains excessive concentrations of lead. Testing the
water is essential because you cannot see, taste, or smell lead in
drinking water. Some local laboratories that can provide this service
are listed at the end of this booklet. For more information on having
your water tested, please call [insert phone number of water system].
(ii) If a water test indicates that the drinking water drawn from a
tap in your home contains lead above 15 ppb, then you should take the
following precautions:
(A) Let the water run from the tap before using it for drinking or
cooking any time the water in a faucet has gone unused for more than six
hours. The longer water resides in your home's plumbing the more lead it
may contain. Flushing the tap means running the cold water faucet until
the water gets noticeably colder, usually about 15-30 seconds. If your
house has a lead service line to the water main, you may have to flush
the water for a longer time, perhaps one minute, before drinking.
Although toilet flushing or showering flushes water through a portion of
your home's plumbing system, you still need to flush the water in each
faucet before using it for drinking or cooking. Flushing tap water is a
simple and inexpensive measure you can take to protect your family's
health. It usually uses less than one or two gallons of water and costs
less than [insert a cost estimate based on flushing two times a day for
30 days] per month. To conserve water, fill a couple of bottles for
drinking water after flushing the tap, and whenever possible use the
first flush water to wash the dishes or water the plants. If you live in
a high-rise building, letting the water flow before using it may not
work to lessen your risk from lead. The plumbing systems have more, and
sometimes larger pipes than smaller buildings. Ask your landlord for
help in locating the source of the lead and for advice on reducing the
lead level.
(B) Try not to cook with, or drink water from the hot water tap. Hot
water can dissolve more lead more quickly than cold water. If you need
hot water, draw water from the cold tap and heat it on the stove.
(C) Remove loose lead solder and debris from the plumbing materials
installed in newly constructed homes, or homes in which the plumbing has
recently been replaced, by removing the faucet strainers from all taps
and running the water from 3 to 5 minutes. Thereafter, periodically
remove the strainers and flush out any debris that has accumulated over
time.
(D) If your copper pipes are joined with lead solder that has been
installed illegally since it was banned in 1986, notify the plumber who
did the work and request that he or she replace the lead solder with
lead-free solder. Lead solder looks dull gray, and when scratched with a
key looks shiny. In addition, notify your State [insert name of
department responsible for enforcing the Safe Drinking Water Act in your
State] about the violation.
(E) Determine whether or not the service line that connects your
home or apartment to the water main is made of lead. The best way to
determine if your service line is made of lead is by either hiring a
licensed plumber to inspect the line or by contacting the plumbing
contractor who installed the line. You can identify the plumbing
contractor by checking the city's record of building permits which
should be maintained in the files of the [insert name of department that
issues building permits]. A licensed plumber can at the same time check
to see if your homes's plumbing contains lead solder, lead pipes, or
pipe fittings that contain lead. The public water system that delivers
water to your home should also maintain records of the materials located
in the distribution system. If the service line that connects your
dwelling to the water main contributes more than 15 ppb to drinking
water, after our comprehensive treatment program is in place, we are
required to replace the line. If the line
[[Page 384]]
is only partially controlled by the [insert name of the city, county, or
water system that controls the line], we are required to provide you
with information on how to replace your portion of the service line, and
offer to replace that portion of the line at your expense and take a
follow-up tap water sample within 14 days of the replacement. Acceptable
replacement alternatives include copper, steel, iron, and plastic pipes.
(F) Have an electrician check your wiring. If grounding wires from
the electrical system are attached to your pipes, corrosion may be
greater. Check with a licensed electrician or your local electrical code
to determine if your wiring can be grounded elsewhere. DO NOT attempt to
change the wiring yourself because improper grounding can cause
electrical shock and fire hazards.
(iii) The steps described above will reduce the lead concentrations
in your drinking water. However, if a water test indicates that the
drinking water coming from your tap contains lead concentrations in
excess of 15 ppb after flushing, or after we have completed our actions
to minimize lead levels, then you may want to take the following
additional measures:
(A) Purchase or lease a home treatment device. Home treatment
devices are limited in that each unit treats only the water that flows
from the faucet to which it is connected, and all of the devices require
periodic maintenance and replacement. Devices such as reverse osmosis
systems or distillers can effectively remove lead from your drinking
water. Some activated carbon filters may reduce lead levels at the tap,
however all lead reduction claims should be investigated. Be sure to
check the actual performance of a specific home treatment device before
and after installing the unit.
(B) Purchase bottled water for drinking and cooking.
(iv) You can consult a variety of sources for additional
information. Your family doctor or pediatrician can perform a blood test
for lead and provide you with information about the health effects of
lead. State and local government agencies that can be contacted include:
(A) [insert the name of city or county department of public
utilities] at [insert phone number] can provide you with information
about your community's water supply, and a list of local laboratories
that have been certified by EPA for testing water quality;
(B) [insert the name of city or county department that issues
building permits] at [insert phone number] can provide you with
information about building permit records that should contain the names
of plumbing contractors that plumbed your home; and
(C) [insert the name of the State Department of Public Health] at
[insert phone number] or the [insert the name of the city or county
health department] at [insert phone number] can provide you with
information about the health effects of lead and how you can have your
child's blood tested.
(v) The following is a list of some State approved laboratories in
your area that you can call to have your water tested for lead. [Insert
names and phone numbers of at least two laboratories].
(b) Content of broadcast materials. A water system shall include the
fol-
lowing information in all public service announcements submitted under
its lead public education program to television and radio stations for
broadcasting:
(1) Why should everyone want to know the facts about lead and
drinking water? Because unhealthy amounts of lead can enter drinking
water through the plumbing in your home. That's why I urge you to do
what I did. I had my water tested for [insert free or $ per sample]. You
can contact the [insert the name of the city or water system] for
information on testing and on simple ways to reduce your exposure to
lead in drinking water.
(2) To have your water tested for lead, or to get more information
about this public health concern, please call [insert the phone number
of the city or water system].
(c) Delivery of a public education program. (1) In communities where
a significant proportion of the population speaks a language other than
English, public education materials shall be communicated in the
appropriate language(s).
[[Page 385]]
(2) A community water system that fails to meet the lead action
level on the basis of tap water samples collected in accordance with
Sec. 141.86 shall, within 60 days:
(i) Insert notices in each customer's water utility bill containing
the information in paragraph (a) of this section, along with the
following alert on the water bill itself in large print: ``SOME HOMES IN
THIS COMMUNITY HAVE ELEVATED LEAD LEVELS IN THEIR DRINKING WATER. LEAD
CAN POSE A SIGNIFICANT RISK TO YOUR HEALTH. PLEASE READ THE ENCLOSED
NOTICE FOR FURTHER INFORMATION.''
(ii) Submit the information in paragraph (a) of this section to the
editorial departments of the major daily and weekly newspapers
circulated throughout the community.
(iii) Deliver pamphlets and/or brochures that contain the public
education materials in paragraphs (a) (2) and (4) of this section to
facilities and organizations, including the following:
(A) Public schools and/or local school boards;
(B) City or county health department;
(C) Women, Infants, and Children and/or Head Start Program(s)
whenever available;
(D) Public and private hospitals and/or clinics;
(E) Pediatricians;
(F) Family planning clinics; and
(G) Local welfare agencies.
(iv) Submit the public service announcement in paragraph (b) of this
section to at least five of the radio and television stations with the
largest audiences that broadcast to the community served by the water
system.
(3) A community water system shall repeat the tasks contained in
paragraphs (c)(2) (i), (ii) and (iii) of this section every 12 months,
and the tasks contained in paragraphs (c)(2)(iv) of this section every 6
months for as long as the system exceeds the lead action level.
(4) Within 60 days after it exceeds the lead action level, a non-
transient non-community water system shall deliver the public education
materials contained in paragraphs (a) (1), (2), and (4) of this section
as follows:
(i) Post informational posters on lead in drinking water in a public
place or common area in each of the buildings served by the system; and
(ii) Distribute informational pamphlets and/or brochures on lead in
drinking water to each person served by the non-transient non-community
water system.
(5) A non-transient non-community water system shall repeat the
tasks contained in paragraph (c)(4) of this section at least once during
each calendar year in which the system exceeds the lead action level.
(6) A water system may discontinue delivery of public education
materials if the system has met the lead action level during the most
recent six-month monitoring period conducted pursuant to Sec. 141.86.
Such a system shall recommence public education in accordance with this
section if it subsequently exceeds the lead action level during any
monitoring period.
(d) Supplemental monitoring and notification of results. A water
system that fails to meet the lead action level on the basis of tap
samples collected in accordance with Sec. 141.86 shall offer to sample
the tap water of any customer who requests it. The system is not
required to pay for collecting or analyzing the sample, nor is the
system required to collect and analyze the sample itself.
[56 FR 26548, June 7, 1991; 57 FR 28788, June 29, 1992]
Sec. 141.86 Monitoring requirements for lead and copper in tap water.
(a) Sample site location. (1) By the applicable date for
commencement of monitoring under paragraph (d)(1) of this section, each
water system shall complete a materials evaluation of its distribution
system in order to identify a pool of targeted sampling sites that meets
the requirements of this section, and which is sufficiently large to
ensure that the water system can collect the number of lead and copper
tap samples required in paragraph (c) of this section. All sites from
which first draw samples are collected shall be selected from this pool
of targeted sampling sites. Sampling sites may not include faucets that
have point-of-use or point-
[[Page 386]]
of-entry treatment devices designed to remove inorganic contaminants.
(2) A water system shall use the information on lead, copper, and
galvanized steel that it is required to collect under Sec. 141.42(d) of
this part [special monitoring for corrosivity characteristics] when
conducting a materials evaluation. When an evaluation of the information
collected pursuant to Sec. 141.42(d) is insufficient to locate the
requisite number of lead and copper sampling sites that meet the
targeting criteria in paragraph (a) of this section, the water system
shall review the sources of information listed below in order to
identify a sufficient number of sampling sites. In addition, the system
shall seek to collect such information where possible in the course of
its normal operations (e.g., checking service line materials when
reading water meters or performing maintenance activities):
(i) All plumbing codes, permits, and records in the files of the
building department(s) which indicate the plumbing materials that are
installed within publicly and privately owned structures connected to
the distribution system;
(ii) All inspections and records of the distribution system that
indicate the material composition of the service connections that
connect a structure to the distribution system; and
(iii) All existing water quality information, which includes the
results of all prior analyses of the system or individual structures
connected to the system, indicating locations that may be particularly
susceptible to high lead or copper concentrations.
(3) The sampling sites selected for a community water system's
sampling pool (``tier l sampling sites'') shall consist of single family
structures that:
(i) Contain copper pipes with lead solder installed after 1982 or
contain lead pipes; and/or
(ii) Are served by a lead service line. When multiple-family
residences comprise at least 20 percent of the structures served by a
water system, the system may include these types of structures in its
sampling pool.
(4) Any community water system with insufficient tier 1 sampling
sites shall complete its sampling pool with ``tier 2 sampling sites'',
consisting of buildings, including multiple-family residences that:
(i) Contain copper pipes with lead solder installed after 1982 or
contain lead pipes; and/or
(ii) Are served by a lead service line.
(5) Any community water system with insufficient tier 1 and tier 2
sampling sites shall complete its sampling pool with ``tier 3 sampling
sites'', consisting of single family structures that contain copper
pipes with lead solder installed before 1983.
(6) The sampling sites selected for a non-transient noncommunity
water system (``tier l sampling sites'') shall consist of buildings
that:
(i) Contain copper pipes with lead solder installed after 1982 or
contain lead pipes; and/or
(ii) Are served by a lead service line.
(7) A non-transient non-community water system with insufficient
tier 1 sites that meet the targeting criteria in paragraph (a)(6) of
this section shall complete its sampling pool with sampling sites that
contain copper pipes with lead solder installed before 1983.
(8) Any water system whose sampling pool does not consist
exclusively of tier 1 sites shall demonstrate in a letter submitted to
the State under Sec. 141.90(a)(2) why a review of the information listed
in paragraph (a)(2) of this section was inadequate to locate a
sufficient number of tier l sites. Any community water system which
includes tier 3 sampling sites in its sampling pool shall demonstrate in
such a letter why it was unable to locate a sufficient number of tier l
and tier 2 sampling sites.
(9) Any water system whose distribution system contains lead service
lines shall draw 50 percent of the samples it collects during each
monitoring period from sites that contain lead pipes, or copper pipes
with lead solder, and 50 percent of the samples from sites served by a
lead service line. A water system that cannot identify a sufficient
number of sampling sites served by a lead service line shall demonstrate
in a letter submitted to the State under Sec. 141.90(a)(4) why the
system was unable to locate a sufficient number of such sites. Such a
water system shall collect first draw samples
[[Page 387]]
from all of the sites identified as being served by such lines.
(b) Sample collection methods. (1) All tap samples for lead and
copper collected in accordance with this subpart, with the exception of
lead service line samples collected under Sec. 141.84(c), shall be first
draw samples.
(2) Each first draw tap sample for lead and copper shall be one
liter in volume and have stood motionless in the plumbing system of each
sampling site for at least six hours. First draw samples from
residential housing shall be collected from the cold water kitchen tap
or bathroom sink tap. First-draw samples from a nonresidential building
shall be collected at an interior tap from which water is typically
drawn for consumption. First draw samples may be collected by the system
or the system may allow residents to collect first draw samples after
instructing the residents of the sampling procedures specified in this
paragraph. To avoid problems of residents handling nitric acid,
acidification of first draw samples may be done up to 14 days after the
sample is collected. If the sample is not acidified immediately after
collection, then the sample must stand in the original container for at
least 28 hours after acidification. If a system allows residents to
perform sampling, the system may not challenge, based on alleged errors
in sample collection, the accuracy of sampling results.
(3) Each service line sample shall be one liter in volume and have
stood motionless in the lead service line for at least six hours. Lead
service line samples shall be collected in one of the following three
ways:
(i) At the tap after flushing the volume of water between the tap
and the lead service line. The volume of water shall be calculated based
on the interior diameter and length of the pipe between the tap and the
lead service line;
(ii) Tapping directly into the lead service line; or
(iii) If the sampling site is a building constructed as a single-
family residence, allowing the water to run until there is a significant
change in temperature which would be indicative of water that has been
standing in the lead service line.
(4) A water system shall collect each first draw tap sample from the
same sampling site from which it collected a previous sample. If, for
any reason, the water system cannot gain entry to a sampling site in
order to collect a follow-up tap sample, the system may collect the
follow-up tap sample from another sampling site in its sampling pool as
long as the new site meets the same targeting criteria, and is within
reasonable proximity of the original site.
(c) Number of samples. Water systems shall collect at least one
sample during each monitoring period specified in paragraph (d) of this
section from the number of sites listed in the first column below
(``standard monitoring''). A system conducting reduced monitoring under
paragraph (d)(4) of this section may collect one sample from the number
of sites specified in the second column below during each monitoring
period specified in paragraph (d)(4) of this section.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
No. of sites No. of sites
System size (No. people served) (standard (reduced
monitoring) monitoring)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
>100,000................................ 100 50
10,001-100,000.......................... 60 30
3,301 to 10,000......................... 40 20
501 to 3,300............................ 20 10
101 to 500.............................. 10 5
100..................................... 5 5
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(d) Timing of monitoring--(1) Initial tap sampling.
The first six-month monitoring period for small, medium-size and
large systems shall begin on the following dates:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
First six-month monitoring
System size (No. people served) period begins on
------------------------------------------------------------------------
>50,000............................... January 1, 1992.
3,301 to 50,000....................... July 1, 1992.
3,300...................... July 1, 1993.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(i) All large systems shall monitor during two consecutive six-month
periods.
(ii) All small and medium-size systems shall monitor during each
six-month monitoring period until:
(A) The system exceeds the lead or copper action level and is
therefore required to implement the corrosion control treatment
requirements under Sec. 141.81, in which case the system shall
[[Page 388]]
continue monitoring in accordance with paragraph (d)(2) of this section,
or
(B) The system meets the lead and copper action levels during two
consecutive six-month monitoring periods, in which case the system may
reduce monitoring in accordance with paragraph (d)(4) of this section.
(2) Monitoring after installation of corrosion control and source
water treatment. (i) Any large system which installs optimal corrosion
control treatment pursuant to Sec. 141.81(d)(4) shall monitor during two
consecutive six-month monitoring periods by the date specified in
Sec. 141.81(d)(5).
(ii) Any small or medium-size system which installs optimal
corrosion control treatment pursuant to Sec. 141.81(e)(5) shall monitor
during two consecutive six-month monitoring periods by the date
specified in Sec. 141.81(e)(6).
(iii) Any system which installs source water treatment pursuant to
Sec. 141.83(a)(3) shall monitor during two consecutive six-month
monitoring periods by the date specified in Sec. 141.83(a)(4).
(3) Monitoring after State specifies water quality parameter values
for optimal corrosion control. After the State specifies the values for
water quality control parameters under Sec. 141.82(f), the system shall
monitor during each subsequent six-month monitoring period, with the
first monitoring period to begin on the date the State specifies the
optimal values under Sec. 141.82(f).
(4) Reduced monitoring. (i) A small or medium-size water system that
meets the lead and copper action levels during each of two consecutive
six-month monitoring periods may reduce the number of samples in
accordance with paragraph (c) of this section, and reduce the frequency
of sampling to once per year.
(ii) Any water system that maintains the range of values for the
water quality control parameters reflecting optimal corrosion control
treatment specified by the State under Sec. 141.82(f) during each of two
consecutive six-month monitoring periods may request that the State
allow the system to reduce the frequency of monitoring to once per year
and to reduce the number of lead and copper samples in accordance with
paragraph (c) of this section. The State shall review the information
submitted by the water system and shall make its decision in writing,
setting forth the basis for its determination. The State shall review,
and where appropriate, revise its determination when the system submits
new monitoring or treatment data, or when other data relevant to the
number and frequency of tap sampling becomes available.
(iii) A small or medium-size water system that meets the lead and
copper action levels during three consecutive years of monitoring may
reduce the frequency of monitoring for lead and copper from annually to
once every three years. Any water system that maintains the range of
values for the water quality control parameters reflecting optimal
corrosion control treatment specified by the State under Sec. 141.82(f)
during three consecutive years of monitoring may request that the State
allow the system to reduce the frequency of monitoring from annually to
once every three years. The State shall review the information submitted
by the water system and shall make its decision in writing, setting
forth the basis for its determination. The State shall review, and where
appropriate, revise its determination when the system submits new
monitoring or treatment data, or when other data relevant to the number
and frequency of tap sampling becomes available.
(iv) A water system that reduces the number and frequency of
sampling shall collect these samples from sites included in the pool of
targeted sampling sites identified in paragraph (a) of this section.
Systems sampling annually or less frequently shall conduct the lead and
copper tap sampling during the months of June, July, August or
September.
(v) A small- or medium-size water system subject to reduced
monitoring that exceeds the lead or copper action level shall resume
sampling in accordance with paragraph (d)(3) of this section and collect
the number of samples specified for standard monitoring under paragraph
(d) of this section. Such system shall also conduct water quality
parameter monitoring in accordance with Sec. 141.87 (b), (c) or (d) (as
[[Page 389]]
appropriate) during the monitoring period in which it exceeded the
action level. Any water system subject to the reduced monitoring
frequency that fails to operate within the range of values for the water
quality parameters specified by the State under Sec. 141.82(f) shall
resume tap water sampling in accordance with paragraph (d)(3) of this
section and collect the number of samples specified for standard
monitoring under paragraph (c) of this section.
(e) Additional monitoring by systems. The results of any monitoring
conducted in addition to the minimum requirements of this section shall
be considered by the system and the State in making any determinations
(i.e., calculating the 90th percentile lead or copper level) under this
subpart.
[56 FR 26548, June 7, 1991; 56 FR 32113, July 15, 1991; 57 FR 28788,
June 29, 1992]
Sec. 141.87 Monitoring requirements for water quality parameters.
All large water systems, and all small- and medium-size systems that
exceed the lead or copper action level shall monitor water quality
parameters in addition to lead and copper in accordance with this
section. The requirements of this section are summarized in the table at
the end of this section.
(a) General requirements--(1) Sample collection methods. (i) Tap
samples shall be representative of water quality throughout the
distribution system taking into account the number of persons served,
the different sources of water, the different treatment methods employed
by the system, and seasonal variability. Tap sampling under this section
is not required to be conducted at taps targeted for lead and copper
sampling under Sec. 141.86(a). [Note: Systems may find it convenient to
conduct tap sampling for water quality parameters at sites used for
coliform sampling under 40 CFR 141.21.]
(ii) Samples collected at the entry point(s) to the distribution
system shall be from locations representative of each source after
treatment. If a system draws water from more than one source and the
sources are combined before distribution, the system must sample at an
entry point to the distribution system during periods of normal
operating conditions (i.e., when water is representative of all sources
being used).
(2) Number of samples. (i) Systems shall collect two tap samples for
applicable water quality parameters during each monitoring period
specified under paragraphs (b) through (e) of this section from the
following number of sites.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
No. of sites
for water
System size (No. people served) quality
parameters
------------------------------------------------------------------------
>100,000................................................ 25
10,001-100,000.......................................... 10
3,301 to 10,000......................................... 3
501 to 3,300............................................ 2
101 to 500.............................................. 1
100..................................................... 1
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(ii) Systems shall collect two samples for each applicable water
quality parameter at each entry point to the distribution system during
each monitoring period specified in paragraph (b) of this section.
During each monitoring period specified in paragraphs (c)-(e) of this
section, systems shall collect one sample for each applicable water
quality parameter at each entry point to the distribution system.
(b) Initial sampling All large water systems shall measure the
applicable water quality parameters as specified below at taps and at
each entry point to the distribution system during each six-month
monitoring period specified in Sec. 141.86(d)(1). All small and medium-
size systems shall measure the applicable water quality parameters at
the locations specified below during each six-month monitoring period
specified in Sec. 141.86(d)(1) during which the system exceeds the lead
or copper action level.
(1) At taps:
(i) pH;
(ii) Alkalinity;
(iii) Orthophosphate, when an inhibitor containing a phosphate
compound is used;
(iv) Silica, when an inhibitor containing a silicate compound is
used;
(v) Calcium;
(vi) Conductivity; and
(vii) Water temperature.
(2) At each entry point to the distribution system: all of the
applicable parameters listed in paragraph (b)(1) of this section.
[[Page 390]]
(c) Monitoring after installation of corrosion control. Any large
system which installs optimal corrosion control treatment pursuant to
Sec. 141.81(d)(4) shall measure the water quality parameters at the
locations and frequencies specified below during each six-month
monitoring period specified in Sec. 141.86(d)(2)(i). Any small or
medium-size system which installs optimal corrosion control treatment
shall conduct such monitoring during each six-month monitoring period
specified in Sec. 141.86(d)(2)(ii) in which the system exceeds the lead
or copper action level.
(1) At taps, two samples for:
(i) pH;
(ii) Alkalinity;
(iii) Orthophosphate, when an inhibitor containing a phosphate
compound is used;
(iv) Silica, when an inhibitor containing a silicate compound is
used;
(v) Calcium, when calcium carbonate stabilization is used as part of
corrosion control.
(2) At each entry point to the distribution system, one sample every
two weeks (bi-weekly) for:
(i) pH;
(ii) When alkalinity is adjusted as part of optimal corrosion
control, a reading of the dosage rate of the chemical used to adjust
alkalinity, and the alkalinity concentration; and
(iii) When a corrosion inhibitor is used as part of optimal
corrosion control, a reading of the dosage rate of the inhibitor used,
and the concentration of orthophosphate or silica (whichever is
applicable).
(d) Monitoring after State specifies water quality parameter values
for optimal corrosion control. After the State specifies the values for
applicable water quality control parameters reflecting optimal corrosion
control treatment under Sec. 141.82(f), all large systems shall measure
the applicable water quality parameters in accordance with paragraph (c)
of this section during each monitoring period specified in
Sec. 141.86(d)(3). Any small or medium-size system shall conduct such
monitoring during each monitoring period specified in Sec. 141.86(d)(3)
in which the system exceeds the lead or copper action level. The system
may take a confirmation sample for any water quality parameter value no
later than 3 days after the first sample. If a confirmation sample is
taken, the result must be averaged with the first sampling result and
the average must be used for any compliance determinations under
Sec. 141.82(g). States have discretion to delete results of obvious
sampling errors from this calculation.
(e) Reduced monitoring. (1) Any water system that maintains the
range of values for the water quality parameters reflecting optimal
corrosion control treatment during each of two consecutive six-month
monitoring periods under paragraph (d) of this section shall continue
monitoring at the entry point(s) to the distribution system as specified
in paragraph (c)(2) of this section. Such system may collect two tap
samples for applicable water quality parameters from the following
reduced number of sites during each six-month monitoring period.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Reduced No. of
sites for
System size (No. of people served) water quality
parameters
------------------------------------------------------------------------
>100,000................................................ 10
10,001 to 100,000....................................... 7
3,301 to 10,000......................................... 3
501 to 3,300............................................ 2
101 to 500.............................................. 1
100..................................................... 1
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(2) Any water system that maintains the range of values for the
water quality parameters reflecting optimal corrosion control treatment
specified by the State under Sec. 141.82(f) during three consecutive
years of monitoring may reduce the frequency with which it collects the
number of tap samples for applicable water quality parameters specified
in this paragraph (e)(1) of this section from every six months to
annually. Any water system that maintains the range of values for the
water quality parameters reflecting optimal corrosion control treatment
specified by the State under Sec. 141.82(f) during three consecutive
years of annual monitoring under this paragraph may reduce the frequency
with which it collects the number of tap samples for applicable water
quality parameters specified in paragraph (e)(1) from annually to every
three years.
(3) A water system that conducts sampling annually shall collect
these
[[Page 391]]
samples evenly throughout the year so as to reflect seasonal
variability.
(4) Any water system subject to the reduced monitoring frequency
that fails to operate within the range of values for the water quality
parameters specified by the State in Sec. 141.82(f) shall resume tap
water sampling in accordance with the number and frequency requirements
in paragraph (d) of this section.
(f) Additional monitoring by systems. The results of any monitoring
conducted in addition to the minimum requirements of this section shall
be considered by the system and the State in making any determinations
(i.e., determining concentrations of water quality parameters) under
this section or Sec. 141.82.
Summary of Monitoring Requirements for Water Quality Parameters \1\
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Monitoring Period Parameters \2\ Location Frequency
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Initial Monitoring.................. pH, alkalinity, Taps and at entry Every 6 months
orthophosphate or point(s) to
silica \3\, calcium, distribution system.
conductivity,
temperature.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
After Installation of Corrosion pH, alkalinity, Taps.................... Every 6 months
Control. orthophosphate or
silica \3\, calcium
\4\.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
pH, alkalinity dosage Entry point(s) to Biweekly
rate and concentration distribution system.
(if alkalinity
adjusted as part of
corrosion control),
inhibitor dosage rate
and inhibitor residual
\5\.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
After State Specifies Parameter pH, alkalinity, Taps.................... Every 6 months
Values For Optimal Corrosion orthophosphate or
Control. silica \3\, calcium
\4\.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
pH, alkalinity dosage Entry point(s) to Biweekly
rate and concentration distribution system.
(if alkalinity
adjusted as part of
corrosion control),
inhibitor dosage rate
and inhibitor residual
\5\.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Reduced Monitoring.................. pH, alkalinity, Taps.................... Every 6 months at a
orthophosphate or reduced number of
silica \3\, calcium sites
\4\.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
pH, alkalinity dosage Entry point(s) to Biweekly
rate and concentration distribution system.
(if alkalinity
adjusted as part of
corrosion control),
inhibitor dosage rate
and inhibitor residual
\5\.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Table is for illustrative purposes; consult the text of this section for precise regulatory requirements.
\2\ Small and medium-size systems have to monitor for water quality parameters only during monitoring periods in
which the system exceeds the lead or copper action level.
\3\ Orthophosphate must be measured only when an inhibitor containing a phosphate compound is used. Silica must
be measured only when an inhibitor containing silicate compound is used.
\4\ Calcium must be measured only when calcium carbonate stabilization is used as part of corrosion control.
\5\ Inhibitor dosage rates and inhibitor residual concentrations (orthophosphate or silica) must be measured
only when an inhibitor is used.
[56 FR 26548, June 7, 1991; 57 FR 28788, June 29, 1992, as amended at 59
FR 33862, June 30, 1994]
Sec. 141.88 Monitoring requirements for lead and copper in source water.
(a) Sample location, collection methods, and number of samples. (1)
A water system that fails to meet the lead or copper action level on the
basis of tap samples collected in accordance with Sec. 141.86 shall
collect lead and copper source water samples in accordance with the
requirements regarding sample location, number of samples, and
collection methods specified in Sec. 141.23(a)(1)-(4) (inorganic
chemical sampling). (Note: The timing of sampling for lead and copper
shall be in accordance with paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section, and
not dates specified in Sec. 141.23(a)(1) and (2)).
(2) Where the results of sampling indicate an exceedance of maximum
permissible source water levels established under Sec. 141.83(b)(4), the
State may require that one additional sample be collected as soon as
possible after
[[Page 392]]
the initial sample was taken (but not to exceed two weeks) at the same
sampling point. If a State-required confirmation sample is taken for
lead or copper, then the results of the initial and confirmation sample
shall be averaged in determining compliance with the State-specified
maximum permissible levels. Any sample value below the detection limit
shall be considered to be zero. Any value above the detection limit but
below the PQL shall either be considered as the measured value or be
considered one-half the PQL.
(b) Monitoring frequency after system exceeds tap water action
level. Any system which exceeds the lead or copper action level at the
tap shall collect one source water sample from each entry point to the
distribution system within six months after the exceedance.
(c) Monitoring frequency after installation of source water
treatment. Any system which installs source water treatment pursuant to
Sec. 141.83(a)(3) shall collect an additional source water sample from
each entry point to the distribution system during two consecutive six-
month monitoring periods by the deadline specified in Sec. 141.83(a)(4).
(d) Monitoring frequency after State specifies maximum permissible
source water levels or determines that source water treatment is not
needed. (1) A system shall monitor at the frequency specified below in
cases where the State specifies maximum permissible source water levels
under Sec. 141.83(b)(4) or determines that the system is not required to
install source water treatment under Sec. 141.83(b)(2).
(i) A water system using only groundwater shall collect samples once
during the three-year compliance period (as that term is defined in
Sec. 141.2) in effect when the applicable State determination under
paragraph (d)(1) of this section is made. Such systems shall collect
samples once during each subsequent compliance period.
(ii) A water system using surface water (or a combination of surface
and groundwater) shall collect samples once during each year, the first
annual monitoring period to begin on the date on which the applicable
State determination is made under paragraph (d)(1) of this section.
(2) A system is not required to conduct source water sampling for
lead and/or copper if the system meets the action level for the specific
contaminant in tap water samples during the entire source water sampling
period applicable to the system under paragraph (d)(1) (i) or (ii) of
this section.
(e) Reduced monitoring frequency. (1) A water system using only
groundwater which demonstrates that finished drinking water entering the
distribution system has been maintained below the maximum permissible
lead and/or copper concentrations specified by the State in
Sec. 141.83(b)(4) during at least three consecutive compliance periods
under paragraph (d)(1) of this section may reduce the monitoring
frequency for lead and/or copper to once during each nine-year
compliance cycle (as that term is defined in Sec. 141.2).
(2) A water system using surface water (or a combination of surface
and ground waters) which demonstrates that finished drinking water
entering the distribution system has been maintained below the maximum
permissible lead and copper concentrations specified by the State in
Sec. 141.83(b)(4) for at least three consecutive years may reduce the
monitoring frequency in paragraph (d)(1) of this section to once during
each nine-year compliance cycle (as that term is defined in Sec. 141.2).
(3) A water system that uses a new source of water is not eligible
for reduced monitoring for lead and/or copper until concentrations in
samples collected from the new source during three consecutive
monitoring periods are below the maximum permissible lead and copper
concentrations specified by the State in Sec. 141.83(a)(5).
[56 FR 26548, June 7, 1991; 57 FR 28788 and 28789, June 29, 1992]
Sec. 141.89 Analytical methods.
(a) Analyses for lead, copper, pH, conductivity, calcium,
alkalinity, orthophosphate, silica, and temperature shall be conducted
with the methods in Sec. 141.23(k)(1).
(1) Analyses under this section shall only be conducted by
laboratories that have been certified by EPA or the State. To obtain
certification to conduct analyses for lead and copper, laboratories
must:
[[Page 393]]
(i) Analyze performance evaluation samples which include lead and
copper provided by EPA Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory
or equivalent samples provided by the State; and
(ii) Achieve quantitative acceptance limits as follows:
(A) For lead: 30 percent of the actual amount in the
Performance Evaluation sample when the actual amount is greater than or
equal to 0.005 mg/L. The Practical Quantitation Level, or PQL for lead
is 0.005 mg/L.
(B) For Copper: 10 percent of the actual amount in the
Performance Evaluation sample when the actual amount is greater than or
equal to 0.050 mg/L. The Practical Quantitation Level, or PQL for copper
is 0.050 mg/L;
(iii) Achieve method detection limits according to the procedures in
appendix B of part 136 of this title as follows:
(A) Lead: 0.001 mg/L (only if source water compositing is done under
Sec. 141.23(a)(4)); and
(B) Copper: 0.001 mg/L or 0.020 mg/L when atomic absorption direct
aspiration is used (only if source water compositing is done under
Sec. 141.23(a)(4)).
(iv) Be currently certified by EPA or the State to perform analyses
to the specifications described in paragraph (a)(2) of this section.
(2) States have the authority to allow the use of previously
collected monitoring data for purposes of monitoring, if the data were
collected and analyzed in accordance with the requirements of this
subpart.
(3) All lead and copper levels measured between the PQL and MDL must
be either reported as measured or they can be reported as one-half the
PQL specified for lead and copper in paragraph (a)(1)(ii) of this
section. All levels below the lead and copper MDLs must be reported as
zero.
(4) All copper levels measured between the PQL and the MDL must be
either reported as measured or they can be reported as one-half the PQL
(0.025 mg/L). All levels below the copper MDL must be reported as zero.
(b) [Reserved]
[56 FR 26548, June 7, 1991, as amended at 57 FR 28789, June 29, 1992; 57
FR 31847, July 17, 1992; 59 FR 33863, June 30, 1994; 59 FR 62470, Dec.
5, 1994]
Sec. 141.90 Reporting requirements.
All water systems shall report all of the following information to
the State in accordance with this section.
(a) Reporting requirements for tap water monitoring for lead and
copper and for water quality parameter monitoring. (1) A water system
shall report the information specified below for all tap water samples
within the first 10 days following the end of each applicable monitoring
period specified in Sec. 141.86 and Sec. 141.87 and Sec. 141.88 (i.e.,
every six-months, annually, or every 3 years).
(i) The results of all tap samples for lead and copper including the
location of each site and the criteria under Sec. 141.86(a) (3), (4),
(5), (6), and/or (7) under which the site was selected for the system's
sampling pool;
(ii) A certification that each first draw sample collected by the
water system is one-liter in volume and, to the best of their knowledge,
has stood motionless in the service line, or in the interior plumbing of
a sampling site, for at least six hours;
(iii) Where residents collected samples, a certification that each
tap sample collected by the residents was taken after the water system
informed them of proper sampling procedures specified in
Sec. 141.86(b)(2);
(iv) The 90th percentile lead and copper concentrations measured
from among all lead and copper tap water samples collected during each
monitoring period (calculated in accordance with Sec. 141.80(c)(3));
(v) With the exception of initial tap sampling conducted pursuant to
Sec. 141.86(d)(1), the system shall designate any site which was not
sampled during previous monitoring periods, and include an explanation
of why sampling sites have changed;
(vi) The results of all tap samples for pH, and where applicable,
alkalinity, calcium, conductivity, temperature, and orthophosphate or
silica collected under Sec. 141.87(b)-(e);
(vii) The results of all samples collected at the entry point(s) to
the distribution system for applicable water quality parameters under
Sec. 141.87(b)-(e).
(2) By the applicable date in Sec. 141.86(d)(1) for commencement of
monitoring, each community water system which does not complete its
targeted
[[Page 394]]
sampling pool with tier 1 sampling sites meeting the criteria in
Sec. 141.86(a)(3) shall send a letter to the State justifying its
selection of tier 2 and/or tier 3 sampling sites under Sec. 141.86
(a)(4) and/or (a)(5).
(3) By the applicable date in Sec. 141.86(d)(1) for commencement of
monitoring, each non-transient, non-community water system which does
not complete its sampling pool with tier 1 sampling sites meeting the
criteria in Sec. 141.86(a)(6) shall send a letter to the State
justifying its selection of sampling sites under Sec. 141.86(a)(7).
(4) By the applicable date in Sec. 141.86(d)(1) for commencement of
monitoring, each water system with lead service lines that is not able
to locate the number of sites served by such lines required under
Sec. 141.86(a)(9) shall send a letter to the State demonstrating why it
was unable to locate a sufficient number of such sites based upon the
information listed in Sec. 141.86(a)(2).
(5) Each water system that requests that the State reduce the number
and frequency of sampling shall pro-
vide the information required under Sec. 141.86(d)(4).
(b) Source water monitoring reporting requirements. (1) A water
system shall report the sampling results for all source water samples
collected in accordance with Sec. 141.88 within the first 10 days
following the end of each source water monitoring period (i.e.,
annually, per compliance period, per compliance cycle) specified in
Sec. 141.88.
(2) With the exception of the first round of source water sampling
conducted pursuant to Sec. 141.88(b), the system shall specify any site
which was not sampled during previous monitoring periods, and include an
explanation of why the sampling point has changed.
(c) Corrosion control treatment reporting requirements. By the
applicable dates under Sec. 141.81, systems shall report the following
information:
(1) For systems demonstrating that they have already optimized
corrosion control, information required in Sec. 141.81(b) (2) or (3).
(2) For systems required to optimize corrosion control, their
recommendation regarding optimal corrosion control treatment under
Sec. 141.82(a).
(3) For systems required to evaluate the effectiveness of corrosion
control treatments under Sec. 141.82(c), the information required by
that paragraph.
(4) For systems required to install optimal corrosion control
designated by the State under Sec. 141.82(d), a letter certifying that
the system has completed installing that treatment.
(d) Source water treatment reporting requirements. By the applicable
dates in Sec. 141.83, systems shall provide the following information to
the State:
(1) If required under Sec. 141.83(b)(1), their recommendation
regarding source water treatment;
(2) For systems required to install source water treatment under
Sec. 141.83(b)(2), a letter certifying that the system has completed
installing the treatment designated by the State within 24 months after
the State designated the treatment.
(e) Lead service line replacement reporting requirements. Systems
shall report the following information to the State to demonstrate
compliance with the requirements of Sec. 141.84:
(1) Within 12 months after a system exceeds the lead action level in
sampling referred to in Sec. 141.84(a), the system shall demonstrate in
writing to the State that it has conducted a material evaluation,
including the evaluation in Sec. 141.86(a), to identify the initial
number of lead service lines in its distribution system, and shall
provide the State with the system's schedule for replacing annually at
least 7 percent of the initial number of lead service lines in its
distribution system.
(2) Within 12 months after a system exceeds the lead action level in
sampling referred to in Sec. 141.84(a), and every 12 months thereafter,
the system shall demonstrate to the State in writing that the system has
either:
(i) Replaced in the previous 12 months at least 7 percent of the
initial lead service lines (or a greater number of lines specified by
the State under Sec. 141.84(f)) in its distribution system, or
(ii) Conducted sampling which demonstrates that the lead
concentration in all service line samples from an individual line(s),
taken pursuant to Sec. 141.86(b)(3), is less than or equal to 0.015 mg/
L. In such cases, the total number of lines replaced and/or which
[[Page 395]]
meet the criteria in Sec. 141.84(c) shall equal at least 7 percent of
the initial number of lead lines identified under paragraph (a) of this
section (or the percentage specified by the State under Sec. 141.84(f)).
(3) The annual letter submitted to the State under paragraph (e)(2)
of this section shall contain the following information:
(i) The number of lead service lines scheduled to be replaced during
the previous year of the system's replacement schedule;
(ii) The number and location of each lead service line replaced
during the previous year of the system's replacement schedule;
(iii) If measured, the water lead concentration and location of each
lead service line sampled, the sampling method, and the date of
sampling.
(4) As soon as practicable, but in no case later than three months
after a system exceeds the lead action level in sampling referred to in
Sec. 141.84(a), any system seeking to rebut the presumption that it has
control over the entire lead service line pursuant to Sec. 141.84(d)
shall submit a letter to the State describing the legal authority (e.g.,
state statutes, municipal ordinances, public service contracts or other
applicable legal authority) which limits the system's control over the
service lines and the extent of the system's control.
(f) Public education program reporting requirements. By December
31st of each year, any water system that is subject to the public
education requirements in Sec. 141.85 shall submit a letter to the State
demonstrating that the system has delivered the public education
materials that meet the content requirements in Sec. 141.85(a) and (b)
and the delivery requirements in Sec. 141.85(c). This information shall
include a list of all the newspapers, radio stations, television
stations, facilities and organizations to which the system delivered
public education materials during the previous year. The water system
shall submit the letter required by this paragraph annually for as long
as it exceeds the lead action level.
(g) Reporting of additional monitoring data. Any system which
collects sampling data in addition to that required by this subpart
shall report the results to the State within the first ten days
following the end of the applicable monitoring period under
Secs. 141.86, 141.87 and 141.88 during which the samples are collected.
[56 FR 26548, June 7, 1991; 57 FR 28789, June 29, 1992, as amended at 59
FR 33864, June 30, 1994]
Sec. 141.91 Recordkeeping requirements.
Any system subject to the requirements of this subpart shall retain
on its premises original records of all sampling data and analyses,
reports, surveys, letters, evaluations, schedules, State determinations,
and any other information required by Sec. 141.81 through Sec. 141.88.
Each water system shall retain the records required by this section for
no fewer than 12 years.
Subpart J--Use of Non-Centralized Treatment Devices
Source: 52 FR 25716, July 8, 1987, unless otherwise noted.
Sec. 141.100 Criteria and procedures for public water systems using point-of-entry devices.
(a) Public water systems may use point-of-entry devices to comply
with maximum contaminant levels only if they meet the requirements of
this section.
(b) It is the responsibility of the public water system to operate
and maintain the point-of-entry treatment system.
(c) The public water system must develop and obtain State approval
for a monitoring plan before point-of-entry devices are installed for
compliance. Under the plan approved by the State, point-of-entry devices
must provide health protection equivalent to central water treatment.
``Equivalent'' means that the water would meet all national primary
drinking water regulations and would be of acceptable quality similar to
water distributed by a well-operated central treatment plant. In
addition to the VOCs, monitoring must include physical measurements and
observations such as total flow treated and mechanical condition of the
treatment equipment.
(d) Effective technology must be properly applied under a plan ap-
[[Page 396]]
proved by the State and the microbiological safety of the water must be
maintained.
(1) The State must require adequate certification of performance,
field testing, and, if not included in the certification process, a
rigorous engineering design review of the point-of-entry devices.
(2) The design and application of the point-of-entry devices must
consider the tendency for increase in heterotrophic bacteria
concentrations in water treated with activated carbon. It may be
necessary to use frequent backwashing, post-contactor disinfection, and
Heterotrophic Plate Count monitoring to ensure that the microbiological
safety of the water is not compromised.
(e) All consumers shall be protected. Every building connected to
the system must have a point-of-entry device installed, maintained, and
adequately monitored. The State must be assured that every building is
subject to treatment and monitoring, and that the rights and
responsibilities of the public water system customer convey with title
upon sale of property.
[52 FR 25716, July 8, 1987; 53 FR 25111, July 1, 1988]
Sec. 141.101 Use of other non-centralized treatment devices.
Public water systems shall not use bottled water or point-of-use
devices to achieve compliance with an MCL. Bottled water or point-of-use
devices may be used on a temporary basis to avoid an unreasonable risk
to health.
Subpart K--Treatment Techniques
Source: 56 FR 3594, Jan. 30, 1991, unless otherwise noted.
Sec. 141.110 General requirements.
The requirements of subpart K of this part constitute national
primary drinking water regulations. These regulations establish
treatment techniques in lieu of maximum contaminant levels for specified
contaminants.
Sec. 141.111 Treatment techniques for acrylamide and epichlorohydrin.
Each public water system must certify annually in writing to the
State (using third party or manufacturer's certification) that when
acrylamide and epichlorohydrin are used in drinking water systems, the
combination (or product) of dose and monomer level does not exceed the
levels specified as follows:
Acrylamide=0.05% dosed at 1 ppm (or equivalent)
Epichlorohydrin=0.01% dosed at 20 ppm (or equivalent)
Certifications can rely on manufacturers or third parties, as approved
by the State.
Subpart M--Information Collection Requriements (ICR) for Public Water
Systems
Source: 61 FR 24368, May 14, 1996, unless otherwise noted.
Effective Date Note: At 61 FR 24368, May 14, 1996, subpart M
consisting of Secs. 141.140 through 141.144 were added, effective June
18, 1996 and will expire on Dec. 31, 2000.
Sec. 141.140 Definitions specific to subpart M.
The following definitions apply only to the requirements of subpart
M of this part and are arranged alphabetically.
Distribution system means the components of a PWS that are under the
control of that PWS located after the point where the finished water
sample is taken and that provide distribution, storage, and/or booster
disinfection of finished water.
Distribution System Equivalent (DSE) sample means a sample collected
from the distribution system for the purpose of comparing it with the
``simulated distribution system (SDS) sample''. The DSE sample shall be
selected using the following criteria:
(1) No additional disinfectant added between the treatment plant and
the site where the DSE sample is collected;
(2) Approximate detention time of water is available; and
(3) There is no blending with finished water from other treatment
plants.
Entry point to distribution system means a location following one or
more finished water sample points but prior to the beginning of the
distribution system.
[[Page 397]]
Finished water means water that does not undergo further treatment
by a treatment plant other than maintenance of a disinfection residual.
Haloacetic acids (five) (HAA5) means the sum of the concentration in
micrograms per liter of the haloacetic acids mono-, di-, and
trichloroacetic acid; mono-, and di-, bromoacetic acid, rounded to two
significant figures.
Haloacetic acids (six) (HAA6) means the concentration in micrograms
per liter of the haloacetic acids mono-, di-, and trichloroacetic
acid; mono-, and di- bromoacetic acid; and bromochloroacetic acid,
rounded to two significant figures.
Haloacetonitriles (HAN) means the concentration in micrograms per
liter of the haloacetonitriles dichloro-, trichloro-, bromochloro-, and
dibromo- acetonitrile, rounded to two significant figures.
Haloketones (HK) means the concentration in micrograms per liter of
the haloketones 1,1-dichloropropanone and 1,1,1- trichloropropanone,
rounded to two significant figures.
Intake means the physical location at which the PWS takes water from
a water resource. Thereafter, the water is under the control of that
PWS.
Notice of applicability means a notice sent by EPA to a PWS that
indicates that EPA believes that the PWS must comply with some or all
requirements of subpart M. The PWS is required to reply to this notice
by providing information specified in the notice (e.g., retail and
wholesale population served, types of water sources used, volume of
water treated) by the date provided in subpart M.
Process train means some number of unit processes connected in
series starting from the treatment plant influent and ending with
finished water. A particular unit process may be in more than one
process train.
Purchased finished water means finished water purchased by one PWS
from another PWS (the wholesaler). Purchased finished water includes
both purchased finished water that is redisinfected and purchased
finished water that is not.
Simulated distribution system (SDS) sample means a finished water
sample incubated at the temperature and detention time of a ``DSE
sample'' collected from the distribution system. Analytical results of
the SDS sample will be compared with the DSE sample to determine how
well the SDS sample predicts disinfection byproduct formation in the
actual distribution system sample.
Total finished water means the flow (volume per unit of time) of
finished water obtained from all treatment plants operated by a PWS and
includes purchased finished water. This flow includes water entering the
distribution system and water sold to another PWS.
Treatment plant means the PWS components that have as their
exclusive source of water a shared treatment plant influent and that
deliver finished water to a common point which is located prior to the
point at which finished water enters a distribution system or is
diverted for sale to another PWS. For these components of the PWS to be
considered part of one treatment plant, the PWS must be able to collect
one representative treatment plant influent sample, either at a single
sample point or by a composite of multiple influent samples, and there
must exist a single sampling point where a representative sample of
finished water can be collected. For the purpose of subpart M, a
treatment plant is considered to include any site where a disinfectant
or oxidant is added to water prior to the water entering the
distribution system. Facilities in which ground water is disinfected
prior to entering a distribution system, and facilities in which
purchased finished water has a disinfectant added prior to entering a
distribution system, are considered treatment plants.
Treatment plant influent means water that represents the water
quality challenge to a particular plant.
Treatment system means all treatment plants operated by one PWS.
Trihalomethanes (four) (THM4) means the sum of the concentration in
micrograms per liter of the trihalomethanes chloroform,
bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, and bromoform, rounded to
two significant figures.
[[Page 398]]
Unit process means a component of a treatment process train which
serves any treatment purpose such as mixing or sedimentation for which
design and operating information is requested in Sec. 141.142(a), Table
6c, of this subpart.
Water resource means a body of water before it passes through an
intake structure. Examples of a water resource include a river, lake, or
aquifer. For a PWS which purchases finished water, the water resource is
the wholesale PWS which supplies the purchased finished water. Generally
water resources are not under the direct control of a PWS.
Watershed control practice means protection of a water resource from
microbiological contamination prior to the water entering an intake.
These protective measures might include, but are not limited to, a
watershed control program approved under Sec. 141.71(b)(2) of this part,
or land use restrictions.
Sec. 141.141 General requirements, applicability, and schedule for information collection.
(a) General requirements. (1) The purpose of subpart M is to collect
specified information from certain PWSs for a limited period of time.
Accordingly, subpart M is of limited duration and is effective for a
defined period (see Sec. 141.6 (i) and Sec. 141.141(e) of this part).
Since subpart M does not establish continuing obligations, a PWS that
has completed all of its requirements at the required duration and
frequency may discontinue its information collection efforts even if
subpart M is still in effect.
(2) For the purpose of this subpart, a PWS shall make applicability
determinations based on completion of data gathering, calculations, and
treatment plant categorization specified in Appendix A to paragraph (a)
of this section.
(3) For the purpose of this subpart, a PWS that uses multiple wells
drawing from the same aquifer and has no central treatment plant is
considered to have one treatment plant for those wells and shall conduct
required monitoring under this specification. A PWS with multiple wells
in one or more aquifers that are treated in the same treatment plant is
considered to have one treatment plant for those wells and shall conduct
required monitoring under this specification.
(i) To the extent possible, the PWS should sample at the well with
the largest flow and at the same well each month for the duration of
required monitoring.
(ii) A PWS must report information from Sec. 141.142(a) Tables 6a
through 6e of this subpart for each well that the PWS sampled.
(4) For the purpose of this subpart, a PWS shall treat ground water
sources that have been classified by the State as under the direct
influence of surface water by May 14, 1996, as surface water sources. A
PWS shall treat ground water sources that either have not been
classified by the State (as under the direct influence of surface water
or not) or have been classified by the State as ground water, by May 14,
1996, as ground water sources.
Appendix A to 40 CFR 141.141(a)
Purpose. The purpose of this appendix is to enable the PWS to assign
proportional amounts of its retail and wholesale population served to
specific treatment plants. The PWS shall then use these values to
determine which specific requirements in subpart M that it must comply
with and on what schedule.
Period of applicability determination. For the purpose of this
appendix, a PWS shall make applicability determinations based on
population calculated as annual averages based on PWS records of
treatment system or treatment plant operation during calendar year 1995.
--If a natural disaster made a treatment system or treatment plant
inoperable for one or more calendar months in 1995, the applicability
determination will be based on those months in 1995 during which the
treatment system or treatment plant was in operation, plus the calendar
months from 1994 that are representative of those months of 1995 during
which the treatment system or treatment plant was inoperable. The total
time period shall be 12 months.
--If the treatment system or treatment plant was not in operation during
one or more calendar months during 1995 due to a seasonal reduction in
demand for finished water, the months that the treatment system or
treatment plant was not in operation are to be included in the 12 months
of applicability determination with zero flow indicating no operation.
--If the treatment system or treatment plant was not in operation for
one or more
[[Page 399]]
calendar months in 1995 due to construction and/or maintenance, the
applicability determination will be based on those months in 1995 during
which the treatment system or treatment plant was in operation, plus the
calendar months from 1994 that correspond to those months of 1995 during
which the treatment system or treatment plant was inoperable. The total
time period shall be 12 months.
--Treatment systems or treatment plants whose total operational lifetime
is fewer than 12 calendar months as of December 1995 are not required to
comply with subpart M requirements.
--PWSs that purchase all their water from one or more other PWSs and do
not further treat any of their water are not required to comply with
subpart M requirements.
Applicability determination. To determine applicability, the PWS is
required to collect certain operational data and perform specified
mathematical operations. All operational data and calculated values will
be expressed as either ``F'' (for flow) or ``P'' (for population), with
a one or two character subscript. Table A-1 contains a more detailed
explanation.
Table A-1.--: Appendix A Subscript Identification Protocol
General.
1. ``F'' indicates a flow value. The PWS must use million gallons per
day (MGD) to express the flow throughout its calculations.
2. ``P'' indicates a population value, expressed as a number of people.
Subscripts.
1. ``PR'' is retail population, ``FW'' is wholesale flow, and ``FN'' is
purchased finished water that is not further treated.
2. Each ``F'' value (in Table A-2) or ``P'' value (in Table A-4) will
have a two character designator.
a. The first character in the subscript indicates the source type.
Possible entries are ``S'' (for surface water or ground water under
the direct influence of surface water), ``G'' (for ground water not
under the direct influence of surface water), ``P'' (for finished
water purchased from another PWS and further treated at the
entrance to the distribution system, such as by redisinfection),
and ``C'' (for combined, or the sum of all water treated by the
PWS, including purchased water that is further treated at the
entrance to the distribution system).
b. The second character in the subscript indicates the specific
identification of the treatment plant. This will be a number (e.g.,
1, 2, 3, * * *, with # being a non-specific designator) and ``T''
(for a Total).
Data from operational records. The PWS shall determine the following
information based on operational records.
--PR=Retail population served by the PWS
=________ (number of people)
--FN=treated water bought from one or more other PWSs and not
further treated at the entry point to the distribution system
=________ (MGD)
--FW= finished water sold to one or more other PWSs, regardless of
whether buying PWSs further treat the finished water
=________ (MGD)
--Flows from specific water resources to specific treatment plants. For
each treatment plant operated by the PWS, the PWS must determine the
flow from each water resource that provides water to the treatment
plant. In the following table, the PWS must enter flow from each type of
water resource into the appropriate block, using the subscript
identification protocol in Table A-1.
--FS#=surface water treated at treatment plant ``#''
=________ (MGD) (enter into Table A-2)
--FG#=ground water treated at treatment plant ``#''
=________ (MGD) (enter into Table A-2)
--FP#=treated water bought from one or more other PWSs and further
treated at treatment plant ``#'' prior to the entry point to
the distribution system
=________ (MGD) (enter into Table A-2)
Table A-2.--Treated Flow Values
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sources of treated water (FLOW)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Water resources (by type source) Treatment plants
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#1 #2 #3 #4
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Surface water (S)................ (FS1) (FS2) (FS3) (FS4)
Ground water (G)................. (FG1) (FG2) (FG3) (FG4)
Purchased finished water that is (FP1) (FP2) (FP3) (FP4)
further treated (P).
Combined (C)..................... (FC1) (FC2) (FC3) (FC4)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: The FC# value is calculated by adding the FS#, FG#, and FP# values in the column above.
[[Page 400]]
--FCT=finished water produced in all of the PWS's treatment plants
(calculated by adding the combined flows from each treatment
plant ( (FC#)).
=________ (MGD)
Calculated values. The PWS must calculate the following values.
--Population equivalents. Divide the flow values in Table A-2 by the
conversion factor K below (a PWS-specific per capita finished water
usage rate) and enter in the corresponding box in Table A-3 below. For
each treatment plant operated by the PWS, the PWS must determine the
population served by each type of water resource that provides water to
the treatment plant.
Conversion factor=K=(FCT+FN-FW)/PR=________
For Table A-3, P=F/K, using F values from Table A-2 (e.g.,
PS1=FS1/K).
Table A-3: Population Served Values
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Population served by treated water (number of people)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Water resources (by type source) Treatment plants
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#1 #2 #3 #4
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Surface water (S)................ (P