[House Document 114-92]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]



114th Congress, 2d Session - - - - - - - - -  - - House Document 114-92

  REVOCATION OF EXECUTIVE ORDERS 13574, 13590, 13622, AND 13645 WITH 
  RESPECT TO IRAN, AMENDMENT OF EXECUTIVE ORDER 13628 WITH RESPECT TO 
   IRAN, AND PROVISION OF IMPLEMENTATION AUTHORITIES FOR ASPECTS OF 
CERTAIN STATUTORY SANCTIONS OUTSIDE THE SCOPE OF U.S. COMMITMENTS UNDER 
        THE JOINT COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF ACTION OF JULY 14, 2015

                               __________

                                MESSAGE

                                  FROM

                     THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES

                              TRANSMITTING

  REVOCATION OF EXECUTIVE ORDERS 13574, 13590, 13622, AND 13645 WITH 
  RESPECT TO IRAN, AMENDMENT OF EXECUTIVE ORDER 13628 WITH RESPECT TO 
   IRAN, AND PROVISION OF IMPLEMENTATION AUTHORITIES FOR ASPECTS OF 
CERTAIN STATUTORY SANCTIONS OUTSIDE THE SCOPE OF U.S. COMMITMENTS UNDER 
        THE JOINT COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF ACTION OF JULY 14, 2015

[GRAPHIC(S) NOT AVAILABLE IN TIFF FORMAT]


     January 25, 2016.--Message and accompanying papers referred to
the Committees on Foreign Affairs, Financial Services, Ways and Means, 
 Oversight and Government Reform, and the Judiciary and ordered to be 
                                printed
                                
                                
                                ___________
                                
                                
                                
                       U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE
59-011                       WASHINGTON : 2016                       
                                
                                
                                
                                
                                                             
                                           The White House,
                                      Washington, January 16, 2016.
Hon. Paul D. Ryan,
Speaker of the House of Representatives,
Washington, DC.
    Dear Mr. Speaker: Pursuant to the International Emergency 
Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.) (IEEPA), I hereby 
report that I have issued an Executive Order (the ``order'') 
revoking Executive Orders 13574, 13590, 13622, and 13645 with 
respect to Iran and amending Executive Order 13628 with respect 
to Iran in order to give effect to the United States 
commitments with respect to sanctions described in section 4 of 
Annex II and section 17.4 of Annex V of the Joint Comprehensive 
Plan of Action of July 14, 2015 (JCPOA) between the P5+1 
(China, France, Germany, the Russian Federation, the United 
Kingdom, and the United States), the European Union (EU), and 
Iran. In addition, the order takes steps to provide 
implementation authorities for aspects of certain statutory 
sanctions that are outside the scope of the U.S. commitments to 
lift nuclear-related sanctions under the JCPOA.
    In Executive Order 12957 of March 15, 1995, the President 
found that the actions and policies of the Government of Iran 
threaten the national security, foreign policy, and economy of 
the United States. To deal with that threat, the President 
declared a national emergency and imposed prohibitions on 
certain transactions with respect to the development of Iranian 
petroleum resources. To further respond to that threat and to 
provide implementing authority for Iran-related sanctions 
legislation--including the Iran Sanctions Act of 1996 (Public 
Law 104-172) (50 U.S.C. 1701 note); certain statutory 
requirements of the Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, 
Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010 (Public Law 111-195) 
(22 U.S.C. 8501 et seq.); section 1245(c) of the National 
Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012 (Public Law 112-
81) (22 U.S.C. 8513a); certain statutory requirements of the 
Iran Threat Reduction and Syria Human Rights Act of 2012 
(Public Law 112-158) (22 U.S.C. 8701 et seq.); and certain 
statutory requirements of the Iran Freedom and Counter-
Proliferation Act of 2012 (subtitle D of title XII of Public 
Law 112-239) (22 U.S.C. 8801 et seq.) (IFCA)--the President 
issued Executive Order 12959 of May 6, 1995, Executive Order 
13059 of August 19, 1997, Executive Order 13553 of September 
28, 2010, Executive Order 13574 of May 23, 2011, Executive 
Order 13590 of November 20, 2011, Executive Order 13599 of 
February 5, 2012, Executive Order 13606 of April 22, 2012, 
Executive Order 13608 of May 1, 2012, Executive Order 13622 of 
July 30, 2012, Executive Order 13628 of October 9, 2012, and 
Executive Order 13645 of June 3, 2013.
    On July 14, 2015, the P5+1, the EU, and Iran announced the 
JCPOA, which will verifiably prevent Iran from acquiring a 
nuclear weapon and ensure that Iran's nuclear program will be 
exclusively peaceful. The JCPOA provides for the lifting of 
nuclear-related sanctions on Iran in exchange for Iran's 
completion of specified nuclear-related steps, as verified by 
the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).
    I have determined that Iran's implementation of the 
nuclear-related measures specified in sections 15.1-15.11 of 
Annex V of the JCPOA, as verified by the IAEA, marks a 
fundamental shift in circumstances with respect to Iran's 
nuclear program. In order to give effect to the United States 
commitments with respect to sanctions described in section 4 of 
Annex II and section 17.4 of Annex V of the JCPOA, section 1 of 
the order revokes Executive Orders 13574, 13590, 13622, and 
13645 in their entirety. Section 2 of the order amends 
Executive Order 13628 by revoking sections 5 through 7 and 
section 15 of that order, revising cross references in the 
remaining sections of that order to the revoked sections, and 
renumbering the remaining sections of that order.
    Section 3(a) of the order provides implementation authority 
for aspects of section 1244(c)(1)(A) of IFCA; this provision 
only applies to the extent sanctions are imposed with respect 
to transactions or activities that are outside the scope of the 
JCPOA, specifically, providing significant financial, material, 
technological, or other support to, or goods and services in 
support of, any activity or transaction on behalf of or for the 
benefit of persons described in section 1244(c)(2)(C)(iii) of 
IFCA (i.e., Iranian persons on the list of Specially Designated 
Nationals and Blocked Persons (SDN List)).
    Section 3(b) of the order provides implementation authority 
for aspects of sections 1244(d)(1)(A), 1245(a)(1), and 
1246(a)(1) of IFCA; this provision only applies to the extent 
sanctions 3 are imposed with respect to transactions or 
activities that are outside the scope of the JCPOA, as 
reflected in waiver determinations as to sections 
1244(d)(1)(A), 1245(a)(1), and 1246(a)(1) of IFCA issued by the 
Secretary of State to give effect to sanctions commitments 
described in sections 17.1-17.3 and 17.5 of Annex V of the 
JCPOA (including any transactions or activities involving 
persons on the SDN List), and any renewals thereof.
    Section 3(c) of the order provides implementation authority 
for section 1249 of IFCA, which is outside the scope of the 
JCPOA.
    I have delegated to the Secretary of the Treasury the 
authority, in consultation with the Secretary of State, to take 
such actions, including the promulgation of rules and 
regulations, and to employ all powers granted to the President 
by IEEPA, as may be necessary to carry out the purposes of the 
order, other than the purposes described in section 6 of the 
order. All agencies of the United States Government are 
directed to take all appropriate measures within their 
authority to carry out the provisions of the order.
    I am enclosing a copy of the Executive Order I have issued.
            Sincerely,
                                                      Barack Obama.

                            Executive Order

                              ----------                              

 
  Revocation of Executive Orders 13574, 13590, 13622, and 13645 With 
  Respect to Iran, Amendment of Executive Order 13628 With Respect to 
   Iran, and Provision of Implementation Authorities for Aspects of 
Certain Statutory Sanctions Outside the Scope of U.S. Commitments Under 
        the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action of July 14, 2015

    By the authority vested in me as President by the 
Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, 
including the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 
U.S.C. 1701 et seq.) (IEEPA), the National Emergencies Act (50 
U.S.C. 1601 et seq.) (NEA), the Iran Sanctions Act of 1996 
(Public Law 104-172) (50 U.S.C. 1701 note), the Comprehensive 
Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010 
(Public Law 111-195) (22 U.S.C. 8501 et seq.), the Iran Threat 
Reduction and Syria Human Rights Act of 2012 (Public Law 112-
158), the Iran Freedom and Counter-Proliferation Act of 2012 
(subtitle D of title XII of Public Law 112-239) (22 U.S.C. 8801 
et seq.) (IFCA), section 212(f) of the Immigration and 
Nationality Act of 1952 (8 U.S.C. 1182(f)), and section 301 of 
title 3, United States Code,
    I, BARACK OBAMA, President of the United States of America, 
have determined that Iran's implementation of the nuclear-
related measures specified in sections 15.1-15.11 of Annex V of 
the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action of July 14, 2015 (JCPOA) 
between the P5+1 (China, France, Germany, the Russian 
Federation, the United Kingdom, and the United States), the 
European Union, and Iran, as verified by the International 
Atomic Energy Agency, marks a fundamental shift in 
circumstances with respect to Iran's nuclear program. In order 
to give effect to the United States commitments with respect to 
sanctions described in section 4 of Annex II and section 17.4 
of Annex V of the JCPOA, I am revoking Executive Orders 13574 
of May 23, 2011, 13590 of November 20, 2011, 13622 of July 30, 
2012, and 13645 of June 3, 2013, and amending Executive Order 
13628 of October 9, 2012, by revoking sections 5 through 7 and 
section 15. In addition, in section 3 of this order, I am 
taking steps with respect to the national emergency declared in 
Executive Order 12957 of March 15, 1995, to provide 
implementation authorities for aspects of certain statutory 
sanctions that are outside the scope of the U.S. commitment to 
lift nuclear-related sanctions under the JCPOA.
    This action is not intended to, and does not, limit the 
applicability of waiver determinations or any renewals thereof 
issued by the Secretary of State, or licenses issued by the 
Secretary of the Treasury, to give effect to sanctions 
commitments described in sections 17.1-17.3 and 17.5 of Annex V 
of the JCPOA, or otherwise affect the national emergency 
declared in Executive Order 12957, which shall remain in place, 
or any Executive Order issued in furtherance of that national 
emergency other than Executive Orders 13574, 13590, 13622, 
13628, and 13645.
    I hereby order:
    Section 1. Revocation of Executive Orders. The following 
Executive Orders are revoked:
    (a) Executive Order 13574 of May 23, 2011 (Authorizing the 
Implementation of Certain Sanctions Set Forth in the Iran 
Sanctions Act of 1996, as Amended);
    (b) Executive Order 13590 of November 20, 2011 (Authorizing 
the Imposition of Certain Sanctions With Respect to the 
Provision of Goods, Services, Technology, or Support for Iran's 
Energy and Petrochemical Sectors);
    (c) Executive Order 13622 of July 30, 2012 (Authorizing 
Additional Sanctions With Respect to Iran); and
    (d) Executive Order 13645 of June 3, 2013 (Authorizing the 
Implementation of Certain Sanctions Set Forth in the Iran 
Freedom and Counter-Proliferation Act of 2012 and Additional 
Sanctions With Respect To Iran).
    Sec. 2. Amendment of Executive Order. Executive Order 13628 
of October 9, 2012 (Authorizing the Implementation of Certain 
Sanctions Set Forth in the Iran Threat Reduction and Syria 
Human Rights Act of 2012 and Additional Sanctions with Respect 
to Iran), is amended by:
    (a) Revoking current sections 5 through 7 and 15;
    (b) Revising current section 4 by removing ``section 5 of 
Executive Order 13622 of July 30, 2012,'' in subsection (a), 
replacing ``section 12'' with ``section 9'' in subsection (a), 
and replacing ``section 12'' with ``section 9'' in subsection 
(b);
    (c) Revising current section 8 by inserting ``and'' between 
``2(a),'' and ``3(a)'' and removing ``, and 7(a)(iv)'';
    (d) Revising current section 9 by inserting ``and'' between 
``2(a),'' and ``3(a)'' and removing ``, and 7(a)(iv)'';
    (e) Revising current section 14 by inserting ``and'' 
between ``2(a),'' and ``3(a)'' and removing ``, and 7(a)(iv)'';
    (f) Renumbering current sections 8 through 14 as sections 5 
through 11, respectively; and
    (g) Renumbering current sections 16 through 19 as sections 
12 through 15, respectively.
    Sec. 3. Provision of Implementation Authorities for 
Sanctions Outside the Scope of the JCPOA.
          (a)(i) The Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation 
        with the Secretary of State, is hereby authorized to 
        impose on a person the measures described in subsection 
        (a)(ii) of this section upon determining, pursuant to 
        authority delegated by the President and in accordance 
        with the terms of such delegation, that sanctions shall 
        be imposed on such person pursuant to section 
        1244(c)(1)(A) of IFCA for knowingly providing 
        significant financial, material, technological, or 
        other support to, or goods or services in support of 
        any activity or transaction on behalf of or for the 
        benefit of persons described in section 
        1244(c)(2)(C)(iii) of IFCA.
          (ii) With respect to any person determined by the 
        Secretary of the Treasury in accordance with this 
        subsection to meet the criteria set forth in subsection 
        (a)(i) of this section, all property and interests in 
        property that are in the United States, that hereafter 
        come within the United States, or that are or hereafter 
        come within the possession or control of any United 
        States person (including any foreign branch) of such 
        person are blocked and may not be transferred, paid, 
        exported, withdrawn, or otherwise dealt in.
          (iii) The prohibitions in subsection (a)(ii) of this 
        section apply except to the extent provided by 
        statutes, or in regulations, orders, directives, or 
        licenses that may be issued pursuant to this order, and 
        notwithstanding any contract entered into or any 
        license or permit granted prior to the date of this 
        order.
          (b)(i) When the Secretary of State or the Secretary 
        of the Treasury, pursuant to authority delegated by the 
        President and in accordance with the terms of such 
        delegation, has determined that sanctions shall be 
        imposed on a person pursuant to sections 1244(d)(1)(A), 
        1245(a)(1), or 1246(a)(1) of IFCA (including in each 
        case as informed by section 1253(c)(2) of IFCA) for 
        engaging in transactions or activities outside the 
        scope of the waiver determinations as to IFCA issued by 
        the Secretary of State to give effect to sanctions 
        commitments described in sections 17.1-17.3 and 17.5 of 
        Annex V of the JCPOA, and any renewals thereof, such 
        Secretary may select one or more of the sanctions set 
        forth below to impose on that person, and the Secretary 
        of the Treasury, in consultation with the Secretary of 
        State, shall take the following actions where necessary 
        to implement the sanctions selected and maintained by 
        the Secretary of State or the Secretary of the 
        Treasury:
                  (A) prohibit any United States financial 
                institution from making loans or providing 
                credits to the sanctioned person totaling more 
                than $10,000,000 in any 12-month period, unless 
                such person is engaged in activities to relieve 
                human suffering and the loans or credits are 
                provided for such activities;
                  (B) prohibit any transactions in foreign 
                exchange that are subject to the jurisdiction 
                of the United States and in which the 
                sanctioned person has any interest;
                  (C) prohibit any transfers of credit or 
                payments between financial institutions or by, 
                through, or to any financial institution, to 
                the extent that such transfers or payments are 
                subject to the jurisdiction of the United 
                States and involve any interest of the 
                sanctioned person;
                  (D) block all property and interests in 
                property that are in the United States, that 
                hereafter come within the United States, or 
                that are or hereafter come within the 
                possession or control of any United States 
                person (including any foreign branch) of the 
                sanctioned person, and provide that such 
                property and interests in property may not be 
                transferred, paid, exported, withdrawn, or 
                otherwise dealt in;
                  (E) prohibit any United States person from 
                investing in or purchasing significant amounts 
                of equity or debt instruments of a sanctioned 
                person;
                  (F) restrict or prohibit imports of goods, 
                technology, or services, directly or 
                indirectly, into the United States from the 
                sanctioned person; or
                  (G) impose on the principal executive officer 
                or officers, or persons performing similar 
                functions and with similar authorities, of a 
                sanctioned person the sanctions described in 
                subsections (b)(1)(A)-(F) of this section, as 
                selected by the Secretary of State or the 
                Secretary of the Treasury, as appropriate.
          (ii) The prohibitions in subsection (b)(i) of this 
        section apply except to the extent provided by 
        statutes, or in regulations, orders, directives, or 
        licenses that may be issued pursuant to this order, and 
        notwithstanding any contract entered into or any 
        license or permit granted prior to the date of this 
        order.
          (c)(i) All property and interests in property that 
        are in the United States, that hereafter come within 
        the United States, or that are or hereafter come within 
        the possession or control of any United States person 
        (including any foreign branch) of the following persons 
        are blocked and may not be transferred, paid, exported, 
        withdrawn, or otherwise dealt in: any person determined 
        by the Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with 
        or at the recommendation of the Secretary of State:
                  (A) to have engaged, on or after January 2, 
                2013, in corruption or other activities 
                relating to the diversion of goods, including 
                agricultural commodities, food, medicine, and 
                medical devices, intended for the people of 
                Iran;
                  (B) to have engaged, on or after January 2, 
                2013, in corruption or other activities 
                relating to the misappropriation of proceeds 
                from the sale or resale of goods described in 
                subsection (c)(i)(A) of this section;
                  (C) to have materially assisted, sponsored, 
                or provided financial, material, or 
                technological support for, or goods or services 
                to or in support of, the activities described 
                in subsection (c)(i)(A) or (c)(i)(B) of this 
                section or any person whose property and 
                interests in property are blocked pursuant to 
                subsection (c)(i) of this section; or
                  (D) to be owned or controlled by, or to have 
                acted or purported to act for or on behalf of, 
                directly or indirectly, any person whose 
                property and interests in property are blocked 
                pursuant to subsection (c)(i) of this section.
          (ii) The prohibitions in subsection (c)(i) of this 
        section apply except to the extent provided by 
        statutes, or in regulations, orders, directives, or 
        licenses that may be issued pursuant to this order, and 
        notwithstanding any contract entered into or any 
        license or permit granted prior to the date of this 
        order.
    Sec. 4. Donations. I hereby determine that, to the extent 
section 203(b)(2) of IEEPA (50 U.S.C. 1702(b)(2)) may apply, 
the making of donations of the types of articles specified in 
such section by, to, or for the benefit of any person whose 
property and interests in property are blocked pursuant to this 
order would seriously impair my ability to deal with the 
national emergency declared in Executive Order 12957, and I 
hereby prohibit such donations as provided by subsections 
3(a)(ii), 3(b)(i)(D), and 3(c)(i) of this order.
    Sec. 5. Prohibitions. The prohibitions in subsections 
3(a)(ii) 3(b)(i)(D), and 3(c)(i) of this order include but are 
not limited to:
    (a) the making of any contribution or provision of funds, 
goods, or services by, to, or for the benefit of any person 
whose property and interests in property are blocked pursuant 
to this order; and
    (b) the receipt of any contribution or provision of funds, 
goods, or services from any such person.
    Sec. 6. Entry into the United States. I hereby find that 
the unrestricted immigrant and nonimmigrant entry into the 
United States of aliens who are determined to meet one or more 
of the criteria in subsections 3(a)(i) and 3(c)(i) of this 
order would be detrimental to the interests of the United 
States, and I hereby suspend the entry into the United States, 
as immigrants or nonimmigrants, of such persons as of the date 
of this order. Such persons shall be treated as persons covered 
by section 1 of Proclamation 8693 of July 24, 2011 (Suspension 
of Entry of Aliens Subject to United Nations Security Council 
Travel Bans and International Emergency Economic Powers Act 
Sanctions).
    Sec. 7. General Authorities. The Secretary of the Treasury, 
in consultation with the Secretary of State, is hereby 
authorized to take such actions, including the promulgation of 
rules and regulations, and to employ all powers granted to the 
President by IEEPA as may be necessary to carry out the 
purposes of this order, other than the purposes described in 
section 6 of this order. The Secretary of the Treasury may 
redelegate any of these functions to other officers and 
agencies of the United States Government consistent with 
applicable law.
    Sec. 8. Evasion and Conspiracy. (a) Any transaction that 
evades or avoids, has the purpose of evading or avoiding, 
causes a violation of, or attempts to violate any of the 
prohibitions set forth in this order is prohibited.
    (b) Any conspiracy formed to violate any of the 
prohibitions set forth in this order is prohibited.
    Sec. 9. Definitions. For the purposes of this order:
    (a) the term ``entity'' means a partnership, association, 
trust, joint venture, corporation, group, subgroup, or other 
organization;
    (b) the term ``financial institution,'' as used in 
subsection 3(b) of this order, includes:
          (i) a depository institution (as defined in section 
        3(c)(1) of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act) (12 
        U.S.C. 1813(c)(1)), including a branch or agency of a 
        foreign bank (as defined in section 1(b)(7) ofthe 
International Banking Act of 1978) (12 U.S.C. 3101(7));
          (ii) a credit union;
          (iii) a securities firm, including a broker or 
        dealer;
          (iv) an insurance company, including an agency or 
        underwriter; and
          (v) any other company that provides financial 
        services;
    (c) the term ``Government of Iran'' includes the Government 
of Iran, any political subdivision, agency, or instrumentality 
thereof, including the Central Bank of Iran, and any person 
owned or controlled by, or acting for or on behalf of, the 
Government of Iran;
    (d) the term ``Iran'' means the Government of Iran and the 
territory of Iran and any other territory or marine area, 
including the exclusive economic zone and continental shelf, 
over which the Government of Iran claims sovereignty, sovereign 
rights, or jurisdiction, provided that the Government of Iran 
exercises partial or total de facto control over the area or 
derives a benefit from economic activity in the area pursuant 
to international arrangements;
    (e) the term ``person'' means an individual or entity;
    (f) the term ``sanctioned person'' means a person that the 
Secretary of State or the Secretary of the Treasury, pursuant 
to authority delegated by the President and in accordance with 
the terms of such delegation, has determined is a person on 
whom sanctions shall be imposed pursuant to section 
1244(d)(1)(A), 1245(a)(1), or 1246(a)(1) of IFCA (including in 
each case as informed by section 1253(c)(2) of IFCA) for 
engaging in transactions or activities outside the scope of the 
waiver determinations as to IFCA issued by the Secretary of 
State to give effect to sanctions commitments described in 
sections 17.1-17.3 and 17.5 of Annex V of the JCPOA, and any 
renewals thereof, and on whom the Secretary of State or the 
Secretary of the Treasury has imposed any of the sanctions in 
subsection 3(b) of this order;
    (g) the term ``United States financial institution'' means 
a financial institution as defined in subsection (b) of this 
section (including its foreign branches) organized under the 
laws of the United States or any jurisdiction within the United 
States or located in the United States; and
    (h) the term ``United States person'' means any United 
States citizen, permanent resident alien, entity organized 
under the laws of the United States or any jurisdiction within 
the United States (including foreign branches), or any person 
in the United States.
    Sec. 10. Notice. For those persons whose property and 
interests in property are blocked pursuant to this order who 
might have a constitutional presence in the United States, I 
find that because of the ability to transfer funds or other 
assets instantaneously, prior notice to such persons of 
measures to be taken pursuant to this order would render those 
measures ineffectual. I therefore determine that for these 
measures to be effective in addressing the national emergency 
declared in Executive Order 12957, there need be no prior 
notice of an action taken pursuant to subsection 3(a)(ii), 
3(b)(i)(D), or 3(c)(i) of this order.
    Sec. 11. Direction to Agencies. All agencies of the United 
States Government are hereby directed to take all appropriate 
measures within their authority to carry out the provisions of 
this order.
    Sec. 12. Rights. This order is not intended to, and does 
not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, 
enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United 
States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, 
employees, or agents, or any other person.
    Sec. 13. Effect on Actions or Proceedings. Pursuant to 
section 202 of the NEA (50 U.S.C. 1622), the revocation of 
Executive Orders 13574, 13590, 13622, and 13645 and the 
amendments to Executive Order 13628 as set forth in sections 1 
and 2 of this order, shall not affect any action taken or 
proceeding pending not finally concluded or determined as of 
the date of this order, or any action or proceeding based on 
any act committed prior to the date of this order, or any 
rights or duties that matured or penalties that were incurred 
prior to the date of this order.
    Sec. 14. Relationship to Algiers Accords. The measures 
taken pursuant to this order are in response to actions of the 
Government of Iran occurring after the conclusion of the 1981 
Algiers Accords, and are intended solely as a response to those 
later actions.

                                                      Barack Obama.
    The White House, January 16, 2016.

                                  [all]