    [House Document 110-50]
    [From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]

    110th Congress                                               Document

                            HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
    1st Session                                                No. 110-50

                                       THE
                                  CONSTITUTION
                                     OF THE
                                  UNITED STATES
                                   OF AMERICA

                                   As Amended

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                              Unratified Amendments

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                                Analytical Index

                             PRESENTED BY MR. BRADY

                                 OF PENNSYLVANIA

                   July 25, 2007        Ordered to be printed

                                  UNITED STATES
                           GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
                                WASHINGTON: 2007

    For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing
    Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov  Phone: toll free (866) 512-1800;  DC
    area (202) 512-1800 Fax: (202) 512-2104  Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC
    20402-001
                           [ISBN 978-0-16-079091-1]

    House Doc. 110-50

        The printing of the revised version of The Constitution of
    the United States of America As Amended (Document Size) is
    hereby ordered pursuant to H. Con. Res. 190 as passed on July
    25, 2007, 110th Congress, 1st Session. This document was
    compiled at the direction of Chairman Robert A. Brady of the
    Joint Committee on Printing, and printed by the U.S. Government
    Printing Office.
                                    CONTENTS

    Historical Note..................................................     v
    Text of the Constitution.........................................     1
    Amendments.......................................................    13
    Proposed Amendments Not Ratified.................................    29
    Index to the Constitution and Amendments.........................    33

                                HISTORICAL NOTE

                                  ----------

        The Delegates who convened at the Federal Convention on May
    25, 1787, quickly rejected the idea of revising the Articles of
    Confederation and agreed to construct a new framework for a
    national government. Throughout the summer months at the
    Convention in Philadelphia, delegates from 12 States debated
    the proper form such a government should take, but few
    questioned the need to establish a more vigorous government to
    preside over the union of States. The 39 delegates who signed
    the Constitution on September 17, 1787, expected the new
    charter to provide a permanent guarantee of the political
    liberties achieved in the Revolution.
        Prior to the adoption of the Federal Constitution, the
    Articles of Confederation, drafted by the Continental Congress
    and approved by 13 States, provided for a union of the former
    British colonies. Even before Maryland became the last State to
    accede to the Articles in 1781, a number of Americans,
    particularly those involved in the prosecution of the
    Revolutionary War, recognized the inadequacies of the Articles
    as a national government. In the 1780s these nationally-minded
    Americans became increasingly disturbed by the Articles'
    failure to provide the central government with authority to
    raise revenue, regulate commerce, or enforce treaties.
        Despite repeated proposals that the Continental Congress
    revise the Articles, the movement for a new national government
    began outside the Congress. Representatives of Maryland and
    Virginia, meeting at Mt. Vernon to discuss trade problems
    between the two States, agreed to invite delegates from all
    States to discuss commercial affairs at a meeting in Annapolis,
    Maryland, in September 1786. Although delegates from only five
    States reached the Annapolis Convention, that group issued a
    call for a meeting of all States to discuss necessary revisions
    of the Articles of Confederation. Responding to this call and
    the endorsement of the Continental Congress, every State except
    Rhode Island selected delegates for the meeting in the State
    House at Philadelphia.
        The document printed here was the product of nearly four
    months of deliberations in the Federal Convention at
    Philadelphia. The challenging task before the delegates was to
    create a republican form of government that could encompass the
    13 States and accommodate the anticipated expansion to the
    West. The distribution of authority between legislative,
    executive, and judicial branches was a boldly original attempt
    to create an energetic central government at the same time that
    the sovereignty of the people was preserved.
        The longest debate of the Convention centered on the proper
    form of representation and election for the Congress. The
    division between small States that wished to perpetuate the
    equal representation of States in the Continental Congress and
    the large States that proposed representation proportional to
    population threatened to bring the Convention proceedings to a
    halt. Over several weeks the delegates developed a complicated
    compromise that provided for equal representation of the States
    in a Senate elected by State legislature and proportional
    representation in a popularly-elected House of Representatives.
        The conflict between large and small States disappeared in
    the early years of the republic. More lasting was the division
    between slave and free States that had been a disturbing
    undercurrent in the Convention debates. The Convention's
    strained attempt to avoid using the word slavery in the
    articles granting recognition and protection to that
    institution scarcely hid the regional divisions that would
    remain unresolved under the terms of union agreed to in 1787.
        The debates in the State ratification conventions of 1787
    and 1788 made clear the need to provide amendments to the basic
    framework drafted in Philadelphia. Beginning with
    Massachusetts, a number of State conventions ratified the
    Constitution with the request that a bill of rights be added to
    protect certain liberties at the core of English and American
    political traditions. The First Congress approved a set of
    amendments which became the Bill of Rights when ratified by the
    States in 1791. The continuing process of amendment, clearly
    described in the note of the following text, has enabled the
    Constitution to accommodate changing conditions in American
    society at the same time that the Founders' basic outline of
    national government remains intact.
                      CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES\1\

                                  ----------

    We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect
            Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide
            for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure
            the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do
            ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of
            America.

                                   Article I.

        Section 1. All legislative Powers herein granted shall be
    vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist
    of a Senate and House of Representatives.
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                                       * * * * *
    \1\This text of the Constitution follows the engrossed copy signed by
    Gen. Washington and the deputies from 12 States. The small superior
    figures preceding the paragraphs designate clauses, and were not in the
    original and have no reference to footnotes.
                                       * * * * *
    The Constitution was adopted by a convention of the States on September
    17, 1787, and was subsequently ratified by the several States, on the
    following dates: Delaware, December 7, 1787; Pennsylvania, December 12,
    1787; New Jersey, December 18, 1787; Georgia, January 2, 1788;
    Connecticut, January 9, 1788; Massachusetts, February 6, 1788;
    Maryland, April 28, 1788; South Carolina, May 23, 1788; New Hampshire,
    June 21, 1788.
                                       * * * * *
    Ratification was completed on June 21, 1788.
                                       * * * * *
    The Constitution was subsequently ratified by Virginia, June 25, 1788;
    New York, July 26, 1788; North Carolina, November 21, 1789; Rhode
    Island, May 29, 1790; and Vermont, January 10, 1791.
                                       * * * * *
    In May 1785, a committee of Congress made a report recommending an
    alteration in the Articles of Confederation, but no action was taken on
    it, and it was left to the State Legislatures to proceed in the matter.
    In January 1786, the Legislature of Virginia passed a resolution
    providing for the appointment of five commissioners, who, or any three
    of them, should meet such commissioners as might be appointed in the
    other States of the Union, at a time and place to be agreed upon, to
    take into consideration the trade of the United States; to consider how
    far a uniform system in their commercial regulations may be necessary
    to their common interest and their permanent harmony; and to report to
    the several States such an act, relative to this great object, as, when
    ratified by them, will enable the United States in Congress effectually
    to provide for the same. The Virginia commissioners, after some
    correspondence, fixed the first Monday in September as the time, and
    the city of Annapolis as the place for the meeting, but only four other
    States were represented, viz: Delaware, New York, New Jersey, and
    Pennsylvania; the commissioners appointed by Massachusetts, New
    Hampshire, North Carolina, and Rhode Island failed to attend. Under the
    circumstances of so partial a representation, the commissioners present
    agreed upon a report (drawn by Mr. Hamilton, of New York) expressing
    their unanimous conviction that it might essentially tend to advance
    the interests of the Union if the States by which they were
    respectively delegated would concur, and use their endeavors to procure
    the concurrence of the other States, in the appointment of
    commissioners to meet at Philadelphia on the second Monday of May
    following, to take into consideration the situation of the United
    States; to devise such further provisions as should appear to them
    necessary to render the Constitution of the Federal Government adequate
    to the exigencies of the Union; and to report such an act for that
    purpose to the United States in Congress assembled as, when agreed to
    by them and afterwards confirmed by the Legislatures of every State,
    would effectually provide for the same.
                                       * * * * *
    Congress, on the 21st of February, 1787, adopted a resolution in favor
    of a convention, and the Legislatures of those States which had not
    already done so (with the exception of Rhode Island) promptly appointed
    delegates. On the 25th of May, seven States having convened, George
    Washington, of Virginia, was unanimously elected President, and the
    consideration of the proposed constitution was commenced. On the 17th
    of September, 1787, the Constitution as engrossed and agreed upon was
    signed by all the members present, except Mr. Gerry of Massachusetts,
    and Messrs. Mason and Randolph, of Virginia. The president of the
    convention transmitted it to Congress, with a resolution stating how
    the proposed Federal Government should be put in operation, and an
    explanatory letter. Congress, on the 28th of September, 1787, directed
    the Constitution so framed, with the resolutions and letter concerning
    the same, to ``be transmitted to the several Legislatures in order to
    be submitted to a convention of delegates chosen in each State by the
    people thereof, in conformity to the resolves of the convention.''
                                       * * * * *
    On the 4th of March, 1789, the day which had been fixed for commencing
    the operations of Government under the new Constitution, it had been
    ratified by the conventions chosen in each State to consider it, as
    follows: Delaware, December 7, 1787; Pennsylvania, December 12, 1787;
    New Jersey, December 18, 1787; Georgia, January 2, 1788; Connecticut,
    January 9, 1788; Massachusetts, February 6, 1788; Maryland, April 28,
    1788; South Carolina, May 23, 1788; New Hampshire, June 21, 1788;
    Virginia, June 25, 1788; and New York, July 26, 1788.
                                       * * * * *
    The President informed Congress, on the 28th of January, 1790, that
    North Carolina had ratified the Constitution November 21, 1789; and he
    informed Congress on the 1st of June, 1790, that Rhode Island had
    ratified the Constitution May 29, 1790. Vermont, in convention,
    ratified the Constitution January 10, 1791, and was, by an act of
    Congress approved February 18, 1791, ``received and admitted into this
    Union as a new and entire member of the United States.''
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        Section 2. \1\The House of Representatives shall be
    composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of
    the several States, and the Electors in each State shall have
    the Qualifications requisite for Electors of the most numerous
    Branch of the State Legislature.
        \2\No Person shall be a Representative who shall not have
    attained to the Age of twenty five Years, and been seven Years
    a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when
    elected, be an Inhabitant of that State in which he shall be
    chosen.
        \3\Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned
    among the several States which may be included within this
    Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be
    determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons,
    including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and
    excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other
    Persons.\2\ The actual Enumeration shall be made within three
    Years after the first Meeting of the Congress of the United
    States, and within every subsequent Term of ten Years, in such
    Manner as they shall by Law direct. The Number of
    Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand,
    but each State shall have at Least one Representative; and
    until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New
    Hampshire shall be entitled to chuse three, Massachusetts
    eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut
    five, New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight,
    Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five,
    South Carolina five, and Georgia three.
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                                       * * * * *
    \2\The part of this clause relating to the mode of apportionment of
    representatives among the several States has been affected by section 2
    of amendment XIV, and as to taxes on incomes without apportionment by
    amendment XVI.
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        \4\When vacancies happen in the Representation from any
    State, the Executive Authority thereof shall issue Writs of
    Election to fill such Vacancies.
        \5\The House of Representatives shall chuse their Speaker
    and other Officers; and shall have the sole Power of
    Impeachment.
        Section 3. \1\The Senate of the United States shall be
    composed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the
    Legislature thereof\3\ for six Years; and each Senator shall
    have one Vote.
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                                       * * * * *
    \3\This clause has been affected by clause 1 of amendment XVII.
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        \2\Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence
    of the first Election, they shall be divided as equally as may
    be into three Classes. The Seats of the Senators of the first
    Class shall be vacated at the Expiration of the second Year, of
    the second Class at the Expiration of the fourth Year, and of
    the third Class at the Expiration of the sixth Year, so that
    one third may be chosen every second Year; and if Vacancies
    happen by Resignation or otherwise, during the Recess of the
    Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make
    temporary Appointments until the next Meeting of the
    Legislature, which shall then fill such Vacancies.\4\
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                                       * * * * *
    \4\This clause has been affected by clause 2 of amendment XVIII.
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        \3\No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained
    to the Age of thirty Years, and been nine Years a Citizen of
    the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an
    Inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen.
        \4\The Vice President of the United States shall be
    President of the Senate, but shall have no Vote, unless they be
    equally divided.
        \5\The Senate shall chuse their other Officers, and also a
    President pro tempore, in the Absence of the Vice President, or
    when he shall exercise the Office of President of the United
    States.
        \6\The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all
    Impeachments. When sitting for that Purpose, they shall be on
    Oath or Affirmation. When the President of the United States is
    tried, the Chief Justice shall preside: And no Person shall be
    convicted without the Concurrence of two thirds of the Members
    present.
        \7\Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend
    further than to removal from Office, and disqualification to
    hold and enjoy any Office of honor, Trust or Profit under the
    United States: but the Party convicted shall nevertheless be
    liable and subject to Indictment, Trial, Judgment and
    Punishment, according to Law.
        Section 4. \1\The Times, Places and Manner of holding
    Elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed
    in each State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may
    at any time by Law make or alter such Regulations, except as to
    the Places of chusing Senators.
        \2\The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Year
    and such Meeting shall be on the first Monday in December,\5\
    unless they shall by Law appoint a different Day.
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                                       * * * * *
    \5\This clause has been affected by amendment XX.
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        Section 5. \1\Each House shall be the Judge of the
    Elections, Returns and Qualifications of its own Members, and a
    Majority of each shall constitute a Quorum to do Business; but
    a smaller Number may adjourn from day to day, and may be
    authorized to compel the Attendance of absent Members, in such
    Manner, and under such Penalties as each House may provide.
        \2\Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings,
    punish its Members for disorderly Behavior, and, with the
    Concurrence of two thirds, expel a Member.
        \3\Each House shall keep a Journal of its Proceedings, and
    from time to time publish the same, excepting such Parts as may
    in their Judgment require Secrecy; and the Yeas and Nays of the
    Members of either House on any question shall, at the Desire of
    one fifth of those Present, be entered on the Journal.
        \4\Neither House, during the Session of Congress, shall,
    without the Consent of the other, adjourn for more than three
    days, nor to any other Place than that in which the two Houses
    shall be sitting.
        Section 6. \1\The Senators and Representatives shall
    receive a Compensation for their Services, to be ascertained by
    Law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States.\6\ They
    shall in all Cases, except Treason, Felony and Breach of the
    Peace, be privileged from Arrest during their Attendance at the
    Session of their respective Houses, and in going to and
    returning from the same; and for any Speech or Debate in either
    House, they shall not be questioned in any other Place.
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                                       * * * * *
    \6\This clause has been affected by amendment XXVII.
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        \2\No Senator or Representative shall, during the Time for
    which he was elected, be appointed to any civil Office under
    the Authority of the United States, which shall have been
    created, or the Emoluments whereof shall have been encreased
    during such time; and no Person holding any Office under the
    United States, shall be a Member of either House during his
    Continuance in Office.
        Section 7. \1\All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate
    in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or
    concur with Amendments as on other Bills.
        \2\Every Bill which shall have passed the House of
    Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a Law,
    be presented to the President of the United States; If he
    approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with
    his Objections to that House in which it shall have originated,
    who shall enter the Objections at large on their Journal, and
    proceed to reconsider it. If after such Reconsideration two
    thirds of that House shall agree to pass the Bill, it shall be
    sent, together with the Objections, to the other House, by
    which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two
    thirds of that House, it shall become a Law. But in all such
    Cases the Votes of both Houses shall be determined by Yeas and
    Nays, and the Names of the Persons voting for and against the
    Bill shall be entered on the Journal of each House
    respectively. If any Bill shall not be returned by the
    President within ten Days (Sundays excepted) after it shall
    have been presented to him, the Same shall be a Law, in like
    Manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their
    Adjournment prevent its Return, in which Case it shall not be a
    Law.
        \3\Every Order, Resolution, or Vote to which the
    Concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be
    necessary (except on a question of Adjournment) shall be
    presented to the President of the United States; and before the
    Same shall take Effect, shall be approved by him, or being
    disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of the
    Senate and House of Representatives, according to the Rules and
    Limitations prescribed in the Case of a Bill.
        Section 8. \1\The Congress shall have Power To lay and
    collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts
    and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the
    United States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be
    uniform throughout the United States;
        \2\To borrow Money on the credit of the United States;
        \3\To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the
    several States, and with the Indian Tribes;
        \4\To establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization, and
    uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the
    United States;
        \5\To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of
    foreign Coin, and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures;
        \6\To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the
    Securities and current Coin of the United States;
        \7\To establish Post Offices and post Roads;
        \8\To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by
    securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the
    exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries;
        \9\To constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court;
        \10\To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on
    the high Seas, and Offences against the Law of Nations;
        \11\To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal,
    and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water;
        \12\To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of
    Money to that Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years;
        \13\To provide and maintain a Navy;
        \14\To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the
    land and naval Forces;
        \15\To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the
    Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions;
        \16\To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining,
    the Militia, and for governing such Part of them as may be
    employed in the Service of the United States, reserving to the
    States respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the
    Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline
    prescribed by Congress;
        \17\To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases
    whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding ten Miles square)
    as may, by Cession of particular States, and the Acceptance of
    Congress, become the Seat of the Government of the United
    States, and to exercise like Authority over all Places
    purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of the State in
    which the Same shall be, for the Erection of Forts, Magazines,
    Arsenals, dock-Yards, and other needful buildings;--And
        \18\To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper
    for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other
    Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the
    United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof.
        Section 9. \1\The Migration or Importation of such Persons
    as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit,
    shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year one
    thousand eight hundred and eight, but a Tax or duty may be
    imposed on such Importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each
    Person.
        \2\The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be
    suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the
    public Safety may require it.
        \3\No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be
    passed.
        \4\No Capitation, or other direct, Tax shall be laid,
    unless in Proportion to the Census or Enumeration herein before
    directed to be taken.\7\
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                                       * * * * *
    \7\This clause has been affected by amendment XVI.
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        \5\No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from
    any State.
        \6\No Preference shall be given by any Regulation of
    Commerce or Revenue to the Ports of one State over those of
    another: nor shall Vessels bound to, or from, one State, be
    obliged to enter, clear, or pay Duties in another.
        \7\No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in
    Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular
    Statement and Account of the Receipts and Expenditures of all
    public Money shall be published from time to time.
        \8\No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United
    States: And no Person holding any Office of Profit or Trust
    under them, shall, without the Consent of the Congress, accept
    of any present, Emolument, Office, or Title, of any kind
    whatever, from any King, Prince, or foreign State.
        Section 10. \1\No State shall enter into any Treaty,
    Alliance, or Confederation; grant Letters of Marque and
    Reprisal; coin Money; emit Bills of Credit; make any Thing but
    gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts; pass any
    Bill of Attainder, ex post facto Law, or Law impairing the
    Obligation of Contracts, or grant any Title of Nobility.
        \2\No State shall, without the Consent of the Congress, lay
    any Imposts or Duties on Imports or Exports, except what may be
    absolutely necessary for executing its inspection Laws: and the
    net Produce of all Duties and Imposts, laid by any State on
    Imports or Exports, shall be for the Use of the Treasury of the
    United States; and all such Laws shall be subject to the
    Revision and Control of the Congress.
        \3\No State shall, without the Consent of Congress, lay any
    Duty of Tonnage, keep Troops, or Ships of War in time of Peace,
    enter into any Agreement or Compact with another State, or with
    a foreign Power, or engage in War, unless actually invaded, or
    in such imminent Danger as will not admit of delay.

                                  Article II.

        Section 1. \1\The executive Power shall be vested in a
    President of the United States of America. He shall hold his
    Office during the Term of four Years, and, together with the
    Vice President, chosen for the same Term, be elected, as
    follows
        \2\Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the
    Legislature thereof may direct, a Number of Electors, equal to
    the whole Number of Senators and Representatives to which the
    State may be entitled in the Congress: but no Senator or
    Representative, or Person holding an Office of Trust or Profit
    under the United States, shall be appointed an Elector.
        \3\The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and
    vote by Ballot for two Persons, of whom one at least shall not
    be an Inhabitant of the same State with themselves. And they
    shall make a List of all the Persons voted for, and of the
    Number of Votes for each; which List they shall sign and
    certify, and transmit sealed to the Seat of the Government of
    the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The
    President of the Senate shall, in the Presence of the Senate
    and House of Representatives, open all the Certificates, and
    the Votes shall then be counted. The Person having the greatest
    Number of Votes shall be the President, if such Number be a
    Majority of the whole Number of Electors appointed; and if
    there be more than one who have such Majority, and have an
    equal Number of Votes, then the House of Representatives shall
    immediately chuse by Ballot one of them for President; and if
    no Person have a Majority, then from the five highest on the
    List the said House shall in like Manner chuse the President.
    But in chusing the President, the Votes shall be taken by
    States, the Representation from each State having one Vote; A
    quorum for this Purpose shall consist of a Member or Members
    from two thirds of the States, and a Majority of all the States
    shall be necessary to a Choice. In every Case, after the Choice
    of the President, the Person having the greatest Number of
    Votes of the Electors shall be the Vice President. But if there
    should remain two or more who have equal Votes, the Senate
    shall chuse from them by Ballot the Vice President.\8\
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                                       * * * * *
    \8\This clause has been superseded by amendment XII.
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        \4\The Congress may determine the Time of chusing the
    Electors, and the Day on which they shall give their Votes;
    which Day shall be the same throughout the United States.
        \5\No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of
    the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this
    Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President;
    neither shall any Person be eligible to that Office who shall
    not have attained to the Age of thirty five Years, and been
    fourteen Years a Resident within the United States.
        \6\In Case of the Removal of the President from Office, or
    of his Death, Resignation, or Inability to discharge the Powers
    and Duties of the said Office,\9\ the Same shall devolve on the
    Vice President, and the Congress may by Law provide for the
    Case of Removal, Death, Resignation or Inability, both of the
    President and Vice President, declaring what Officer shall then
    act as President, and such Officer shall act accordingly, until
    the Disability be removed, or a President shall be elected.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                       * * * * *
    \9\This clause has been affected by amendment XXV.
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        \7\The President shall, at stated Times, receive for his
    Services, a Compensation, which shall neither be encreased nor
    diminished during the Period for which he shall have been
    elected, and he shall not receive within that Period any other
    Emolument from the United States, or any of them.
        \8\Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall
    take the following Oath or Affirmation:--``I do solemnly swear
    (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of
    President of the United States, and will to the best of my
    Ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the
    United States.''
        Section 2. \1\The President shall be Commander in Chief of
    the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of
    the several States, when called into the actual Service of the
    United States; he may require the Opinion, in writing, of the
    principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon
    any Subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices,
    and he shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for
    Offences against the United States, except in Cases of
    Impeachment.
        \2\He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent
    of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the
    Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with
    the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint
    Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the
    supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United States,
    whose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and
    which shall be established by Law: but the Congress may by Law
    vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think
    proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the
    Heads of Departments.
        \3\The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies
    that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting
    Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next
    Session.
        Section 3. He shall from time to time give to the Congress
    Information of the State of the Union, and recommend to their
    Consideration such Measures as he shall judge necessary and
    expedient; he may, on extraordinary Occasions, convene both
    Houses, or either of them, and in Case of Disagreement between
    them, with Respect to the Time of Adjournment, he may adjourn
    them to such Time as he shall think proper; he shall receive
    Ambassadors and other public Ministers; he shall take Care that
    the Laws be faithfully executed, and shall Commission all the
    Officers of the United States.
        Section 4. The President, Vice President and all civil
    Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on
    Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other
    high Crimes and Misdemeanors.

                                  Article III.

        Section 1. The judicial Power of the United States, shall
    be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as
    the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The
    Judges, both of the supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold
    their Offices during good Behaviour, and shall, at stated
    Times, receive for their Services, a Compensation, which shall
    not be diminished during their Continuance in Office.
        Section 2. \1\The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases,
    in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of
    the United States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made,
    under their Authority;--to all Cases affecting Ambassadors,
    other public Ministers and Consuls;--to all Cases of admiralty
    and maritime Jurisdiction;--to Controversies to which the
    United States will be a party;--to Controversies between two or
    more States;--between a State and Citizens of another
    State;\10\--between Citizens of different States,--between
    Citizens of the same State claiming Lands under Grants of
    different States, and between a State, or the Citizens thereof,
    and foreign States, Citizens or Subjects.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                       * * * * *
    \10\This clause has been affected by amendment XI.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        \2\In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public
    Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be
    Party, the supreme Court shall have original Jurisdiction. In
    all the other Cases before mentioned, the supreme Court shall
    have appellate Jurisdiction, both as to Law and Fact, with such
    Exceptions, and under such Regulations as the Congress shall
    make.
        \3\The Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of Impeachment,
    shall be by Jury; and such Trial shall be held in the State
    where the said Crimes shall have been committed; but when not
    committed within any State, the Trial shall be at such Place or
    Places as the Congress may by Law have directed.
        Section 3. \1\Treason against the United States, shall
    consist only in levying War against them, or in adhering to
    their Enemies, giving them Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be
    convicted of Treason unless on the Testimony of two Witnesses
    to the same overt Act, or on Confession in open Court.
        \2\The Congress shall have Power to declare the Punishment
    of Treason, but no Attainder of Treason shall work Corruption
    of Blood, or Forfeiture except during the Life of the Person
    attainted.

                                  Article IV.

        Section 1. Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each
    State to the public Acts, Records, and judicial Proceedings of
    every other State. And the Congress may by general Laws
    prescribe the Manner in which such Acts, Records and
    Proceedings shall be proved, and the Effect thereof.
        Section 2. \1\The Citizens of each State shall be entitled
    to all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several
    States.
        \2\A Person charged in any State with Treason, Felony, or
    other Crime, who shall flee from Justice, and be found in
    another State, shall on Demand of the executive Authority of
    the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to
    the State having Jurisdiction of the Crime.
        \3\No Person held to Service or Labour in one State, under
    the Laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in Consequence
    of any Law or Regulation therein, be discharged from such
    Service or Labour, but shall be delivered up on Claim of the
    Party to whom such Service or Labour may be due.\11\
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                       * * * * *
    \11\This clause has been affected by amendment XIII.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        Section 3. \1\New States may be admitted by the Congress
    into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected
    within the Jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be
    formed by the Junction of two or more States, or Parts of
    States, without the Consent of the Legislatures of the States
    concerned as well as of the Congress.
        \2\The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all
    needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other
    Property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this
    Constitution shall be so construed as to Prejudice any Claims
    of the United States, or of any particular State.
        Section 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State
    in this Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall
    protect each of them against Invasion; and on Application of
    the Legislature, or of the Executive (when the Legislature
    cannot be convened) against domestic Violence.

                                   Article V.

        The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem
    it necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution,
    or, on the Application of the Legislatures of two thirds of the
    several States, shall call a Convention for proposing
    Amendments, which, in either Case, shall be valid to all
    Intents and Purposes, as Part of this Constitution, when
    ratified by the Legislatures of three fourths of the several
    States, or by Conventions in three fourths thereof, as the one
    or the other Mode of Ratification may be proposed by the
    Congress; Provided that no Amendment which may be made prior to
    the Year One thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any
    Manner affect the first and fourth Clauses in the Ninth Section
    of the first Article; and that no State, without its Consent,
    shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage in the Senate.

                                  Article VI.

        \1\All Debts contracted and Engagements entered into,
    before the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid
    against the United States under this Constitution, as under the
    Confederation.
        \2\This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States
    which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties
    made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United
    States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in
    every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the
    Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary
    notwithstanding.
        \3\The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and
    the Members of the several State Legislatures, and all
    executive and judicial Officers, both of the United States and
    of the several States, shall be bound by Oath or Affirmation,
    to support this Constitution; but no religious Test shall ever
    be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust
    under the United States.

                                  Article VII.

        The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States, shall
    be sufficient for the Establishment of this Constitution
    between the States so ratifying the Same.

    done in Convention by the Unanimous Consent of the States present the
            Seventeenth Day of September in the Year of our Lord one
            thousand seven hundred and Eighty seven and of the Independence
            of the United States of America the Twelfth

    In witness whereof We have hereunto subscribed our Names,

                                               G\O\. WASHINGTON--Presid\t\.
                                                   and deputy from Virginia

                [Signed also by the deputies of twelve States.]

    Delaware
                                             New Hampshire

      Geo: Read
                                               John Langdon
      Gunning Bedford jun
                                               Nicholas Gilman
      John Dickinson
      Richard Bassett
                                             Massachusetts
      Jaco: Broom
                                               Nathaniel Gorham
    Maryland
                                               Rufus King

      James M\c\Henry
                                             Connecticut
      Dan of S\t\ Tho\s\ Jenifer
      Dan\l\ Carroll
                                               W\m\. Sam\l\. Johnson
                                               Roger Sherman
    Virginia
                                             New York
      John Blair
      James Madison Jr.
                                               Alexander Hamilton

    North Carolina
                                             New Jersey

      W\m\ Blount
                                               Wil: Livingston
      Rich\d\. Dobbs Spaight
                                               David Brearley
      Hu Williamson
                                               W\m\. Paterson
                                               Jona: Dayton
    South Carolina
                                             Pennsylvania
      J. Rutledge
      Charles Cotesworth Pinckney
                                               B Franklin
      Charles Pinckney
                                               Thomas Mifflin
      Pierce Butler
                                               Rob\t\ Morris
                                               Geo. Clymer
    Georgia
                                               Tho\s\. FitzSimons
                                               Jared Ingersoll
      William Few
                                               James Wilson
      Abr Baldwin
                                               Gouv Morris

    Attest:  William Jackson Secretary
    ARTICLES IN ADDITION TO, AND AMENDMENT OF, THE CONSTITUTION OF THE
        UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, PROPOSED BY CONGRESS, AND RATIFIED BY THE
        LEGISLATURES OF THE SEVERAL STATES, PURSUANT TO THE FIFTH ARTICLE
        OF THE ORIGINAL CONSTITUTION\12\

                                Article [I.]\13\

        Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of
    religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or
    abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; of the right
    of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the
    Government for a redress of grievances.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                       * * * * *
    \12\The first ten amendments of the Constitution of the United States
    (and two others, one of which failed of ratification and the other
    which later became the 27th amendment) were proposed to the
    legislatures of the several States by the First Congress on September
    25, 1789. The first ten amendments were ratified by the following
    States, and the notifications of ratification by the Governors thereof
    were successively communicated by the President to Congress: New
    Jersey, November 20, 1789; Maryland, December 19, 1789; North Carolina,
    December 22, 1789; South Carolina, January 19, 1790; New Hampshire,
    January 25, 1790; Delaware, January 28, 1790; New York, February 24,
    1790; Pennsylvania, March 10, 1790; Rhode Island, June 7, 1790;
    Vermont, November 3, 1791; and Virginia, December 15, 1791.
                                       * * * * *
    Ratification was completed on December 15, 1791.
                                       * * * * *
    The amendments were subsequently ratified by the legislatures of
    Massachusetts, March 2, 1939; Georgia, March 18, 1939; and Connecticut,
    April 19, 1939.
                                       * * * * *
    \13\Only the 13th, 14th, 15th, and 16th articles of amendment had
    numbers assigned to them at the time of ratification.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

                                 Article [II.]

        A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security
    of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms,
    shall not be infringed.

                                 Article [III.]

        No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any
    house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war,
    but in a manner to be prescribed by law.

                                 Article [IV.]

        The right of the people to be secure in their persons,
    houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and
    seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue,
    but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and
    particularly describing the place to be searched, and the
    persons or things to be seized.

                                  Article [V.]

        No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or
    otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment
    of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval
    forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of
    War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the
    same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor
    shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against
    himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without
    due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for
    public use, without just compensation.

                                 Article [VI.]

        In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the
    right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the
    State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed,
    which district shall have been previously ascertained by law,
    and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation;
    to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have
    compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to
    have the Assistance of Counsel for his defense.

                                 Article [VII.]

        In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy
    shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall
    be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise
    re-examined in any Court of the United States, than according
    to the rules of the common law.

                                Article [VIII.]

        Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines
    imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.

                                 Article [IX.]

        The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights,
    shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by
    the people.

                                  Article [X.]

        The powers not delegated to the United States by the
    Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved
    to the States respectively, or to the people.

                                 Article [XI.]

        The Judicial power of the United States shall not be
    construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or
    prosecuted against one of the United States by Citizens of
    another State, or by Citizens or Subjects of any Foreign State.

                           Proposal and Ratification

        The eleventh amendment to the Constitution of the United States was
    proposed to the legislatures of the several States by the Third
    Congress, on the 4th of March 1794; and was declared in a message from
    the President to Congress, dated the 8th of January, 1798, to have been
    ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the States. The dates
    of ratification were: New York, March 27, 1794; Rhode Island, March 31,
    1794; Connecticut, May 8, 1794; New Hampshire, June 16, 1794;
    Massachusetts, June 26, 1794; Vermont, between October 9, 1794 and
    November 9, 1794; Virginia, November 18, 1794; Georgia, November 29,
    1794; Kentucky, December 7, 1794; Maryland, December 26, 1794;
    Delaware, January 23, 1795; North Carolina, February 7, 1795.
        Ratification was completed on February 7, 1795.
        The amendment was subsequently ratified by South Carolina on
    December 4, 1797. New Jersey and Pennsylvania did not take action on
    the amendment.

                                 Article [XII.]

        The Electors shall meet in their respective states, and
    vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom,
    at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with
    themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person voted
    for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for
    as Vice-President, and they shall make distinct lists of all
    persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as
    Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each, which
    lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the
    seat of the government of the United States, directed to the
    President of the Senate;--The President of the Senate shall, in
    the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open
    all the certificates and the votes shall then be counted;--The
    person having the greatest number of votes for President, shall
    be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole
    number of Electors appointed; and if no person have such
    majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers not
    exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President,
    the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by
    ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes
    shall be taken by states, the representation from each state
    having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a
    member or members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority
    of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. And if the
    House of Representatives shall not choose a President whenever
    the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth
    day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act
    as President, as in the case of the death or other
    constitutional disability of the President.\14\--The person
    having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President, shall be
    the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole
    number of Electors appointed, and if no person have a majority,
    then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall
    choose the Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose shall
    consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a
    majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice.
    But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of
    President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the
    United States.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                       * * * * *
    \14\This sentence has been superseded by section 3 of amendment XX.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

                           Proposal and Ratification

        The twelfth amendment to the Constitution of the United States was
    proposed to the legislatures of the several States by the Eighth
    Congress, on the 9th of December, 1803, in lieu of the original third
    paragraph of the first section of the second article; and was declared
    in a proclamation of the Secretary of State, dated the 25th of
    September, 1804, to have been ratified by the legislatures of 13 of the
    17 States. The dates of ratification were: North Carolina, December 21,
    1803; Maryland, December 24, 1803; Kentucky, December 27, 1803; Ohio,
    December 30, 1803; Pennsylvania, January 5, 1804; Vermont, January 30,
    1804; Virginia, February 3, 1804; New York, February 10, 1804; New
    Jersey, February 22, 1804; Rhode Island, March 12, 1804; South
    Carolina, May 15, 1804; Georgia, May 19, 1804; New Hampshire, June 15,
    1804.
        Ratification was completed on June 15, 1804.
        The amendment was subsequently ratified by Tennessee, July 27,
    1804.
        The amendment was rejected by Delaware, January 18, 1804;
    Massachusetts, February 3, 1804; Connecticut, at its session begun May
    10, 1804.

                                 Article XIII.

        Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude,
    except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have
    been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or
    any place subject to their jurisdiction.
        Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this
    article by appropriate legislation.

                           Proposal and Ratification

        The thirteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States
    was proposed to the legislatures of the several States by the Thirty-
    eighth Congress, on the 31st day of January, 1865, and was declared, in
    a proclamation of the Secretary of State, dated the 18th of December,
    1865, to have been ratified by the legislatures of twenty-seven of the
    thirty-six States. The dates of ratification were: Illinois, February
    1, 1865; Rhode Island, February 2, 1865; Michigan, February 2, 1865;
    Maryland, February 3, 1865; New York, February 3, 1865; Pennsylvania,
    February 3, 1865; West Virginia, February 3, 1865; Missouri, February
    6, 1865; Maine, February 7, 1865; Kansas, February 7, 1865;
    Massachusetts, February 7, 1865; Virginia, February 9, 1865; Ohio,
    February 10, 1865; Indiana, February 13, 1865; Nevada, February 16,
    1865; Louisiana, February 17, 1865; Minnesota, February 23, 1865;
    Wisconsin, February 24, 1865; Vermont, March 9, 1865; Tennessee, April
    7, 1865; Arkansas, April 14, 1865; Connecticut, May 4, 1865; New
    Hampshire, July 1, 1865; South Carolina, November 13, 1865; Alabama,
    December 2, 1865; North Carolina, December 4, 1865; Georgia, December
    6, 1865.
        Ratification was completed on December 6, 1865.
        The amendment was subsequently ratified by Oregon, December 8,
    1865; California, December 19, 1865; Florida, December 28, 1865
    (Florida again ratified on June 9, 1868, upon its adoption of a new
    constitution); Iowa, January 15, 1866; New Jersey, January 23, 1866
    (after having rejected the amendment on March 16, 1865); Texas,
    February 18, 1870; Delaware, February 12, 1901 (after having rejected
    the amendment on February 8, 1865); Kentucky, March 18, 1976 (after
    having rejected it on February 24, 1865).
        The amendment was rejected (and not subsequently ratified) by
    Mississippi, December 4, 1865.

                                  Article XIV.

        Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United
    States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens
    of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No
    State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the
    privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor
    shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or
    property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person
    within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
        Section 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the
    several States according to their respective numbers, counting
    the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians
    not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the
    choice of electors for President and Vice President of the
    United States, Representatives in Congress, the Executive and
    Judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature
    thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such
    State, being twenty-one years of age,\15\ and citizens of the
    United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation
    in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation
    therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of
    such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male
    citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                       * * * * *
    \15\See amendment XIX and section 1 of amendment XXVI.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        Section 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative
    in Congress, or elector of President and Vice President, or
    hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or
    under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a
    member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or
    as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or
    judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of
    the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or
    rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the
    enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of
    each House, remove such disability.
        Section 4. The validity of the public debt of the United
    States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment
    of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing
    insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither
    the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or
    obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against
    the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of
    any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be
    held illegal and void.
        Section 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by
    appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.

                           Proposal and Ratification

        The fourteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States
    was proposed to the legislatures of the several States by the Thirty-
    ninth Congress, on the 13th of June, 1866. It was declared, in a
    certificate of the Secretary of State dated July 28, 1868 to have been
    ratified by the legislatures of 28 of the 37 States. The dates of
    ratification were: Connecticut, June 25, 1866; New Hampshire, July 6,
    1866; Tennessee, July 19, 1866; New Jersey, September 11, 1866
    (subsequently the legislature rescinded its ratification, and on March
    24, 1868, readopted its resolution of rescission over the Governor's
    veto, and on November 12, 1980, expressed support for the amendment);
    Oregon, September 19, 1866 (and rescinded its ratification on October
    15, 1868); Vermont, October 30, 1866; Ohio, January 4, 1867 (and
    rescinded its ratification on January 15, 1868); New York, January 10,
    1867; Kansas, January 11, 1867; Illinois, January 15, 1867; West
    Virginia, January 16, 1867; Michigan, January 16, 1867; Minnesota,
    January 16, 1867; Maine, January 19, 1867; Nevada, January 22, 1867;
    Indiana, January 23, 1867; Missouri, January 25, 1867; Rhode Island,
    February 7, 1867; Wisconsin, February 7, 1867; Pennsylvania, February
    12, 1867; Massachusetts, March 20, 1867; Nebraska, June 15, 1867; Iowa,
    March 16, 1868; Arkansas, April 6, 1868; Florida, June 9, 1868; North
    Carolina, July 4, 1868 (after having rejected it on December 14, 1866);
    Louisiana, July 9, 1868 (after having rejected it on February 6, 1867);
    South Carolina, July 9, 1868 (after having rejected it on December 20,
    1866).
        Ratification was completed on July 9, 1868.
        The amendment was subsequently ratified by Alabama, July 13, 1868;
    Georgia, July 21, 1868 (after having rejected it on November 9, 1866);
    Virginia, October 8, 1869 (after having rejected it on January 9,
    1867); Mississippi, January 17, 1870; Texas, February 18, 1870 (after
    having rejected it on October 27, 1866); Delaware, February 12, 1901
    (after having rejected it on February 8, 1867); Maryland, April 4, 1959
    (after having rejected it on March 23, 1867); California, May 6, 1959;
    Kentucky, March 18, 1976 (after having rejected it on January 8, 1867).

                                  Article XV.

        Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to
    vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by
    any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of
    servitude.
        Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this
    article by appropriate legislation.

                           Proposal and Ratification

        The fifteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States
    was proposed to the legislatures of the several States by the Fortieth
    Congress, on the 26th of February, 1869, and was declared, in a
    proclamation of the Secretary of State, dated March 30, 1870, to have
    been ratified by the legislatures of twenty-nine of the thirty-seven
    States. The dates of ratification were: Nevada, March 1, 1869; West
    Virginia, March 3, 1869; Illinois, March 5, 1869; Louisiana, March 5,
    1869; North Carolina, March 5, 1869; Michigan, March 8, 1869;
    Wisconsin, March 9, 1869; Maine, March 11, 1869; Massachusetts, March
    12, 1869; Arkansas, March 15, 1869; South Carolina, March 15, 1869;
    Pennsylvania, March 25, 1869; New York, April 14, 1869 (and the
    legislature of the same State passed a resolution January 5, 1870, to
    withdraw its consent to it, which action it rescinded on March 30,
    1970); Indiana, May 14, 1869; Connecticut, May 19, 1869; Florida, June
    14, 1869; New Hampshire, July 1, 1869; Virginia, October 8, 1869;
    Vermont, October 20, 1869; Missouri, January 7, 1870; Minnesota,
    January 13, 1870; Mississippi, January 17, 1870; Rhode Island, January
    18, 1870; Kansas, January 19, 1870; Ohio, January 27, 1870 (after
    having rejected it on April 30, 1869); Georgia, February 2, 1870; Iowa,
    February 3, 1870.
        Ratification was completed on February 3, 1870, unless the
    withdrawal of ratification by New York was effective; in which event
    ratification was completed on February 17, 1870, when Nebraska
    ratified.
        The amendment was subsequently ratified by Texas, February 18,
    1870; New Jersey, February 15, 1871 (after having rejected it on
    February 7, 1870); Delaware, February 12, 1901 (after having rejected
    it on March 18, 1869); Oregon, February 24, 1959; California, April 3,
    1962 (after having rejected it on January 28, 1870); Kentucky, March
    18, 1976 (after having rejected it on March 12, 1869); Tennessee, April
    8, 1997 (after having rejected it on November 16, 1869).
        The amendment was approved by the Governor of Maryland, May 7,
    1973; Maryland having previously rejected it on February 26, 1870.

                                  Article XVI.

        The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on
    incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment
    among the several States, and without regard to any census or
    enumeration.

                           Proposal and Ratification

        The sixteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States
    was proposed to the legislatures of the several States by the Sixty-
    first Congress on the 12th of July, 1909, and was declared, in a
    proclamation of the Secretary of State, dated the 25th of February,
    1913, to have been ratified by 36 of the 48 States. The dates of
    ratification were: Alabama, August 10, 1909; Kentucky, February 8,
    1910; South Carolina, February 19, 1910; Illinois, March 1, 1910;
    Mississippi, March 7, 1910; Oklahoma, March 10, 1910; Maryland, April
    8, 1910; Georgia, August 3, 1910; Texas, August 16, 1910; Ohio, January
    19, 1911; Idaho, January 20, 1911; Oregon, January 23, 1911;
    Washington, January 26, 1911; Montana, January 30, 1911; Indiana,
    January 30, 1911; California, January 31, 1911; Nevada, January 31,
    1911; South Dakota, February 3, 1911; Nebraska, February 9, 1911; North
    Carolina, February 11, 1911; Colorado, February 15, 1911; North Dakota,
    February 17, 1911; Kansas, February 18, 1911; Michigan, February 23,
    1911; Iowa, February 24, 1911; Missouri, March 16, 1911; Maine, March
    31, 1911; Tennessee, April 7, 1911; Arkansas, April 22, 1911 (after
    having rejected it earlier); Wisconsin, May 26, 1911; New York, July
    12, 1911; Arizona, April 6, 1912; Minnesota, June 11, 1912; Louisiana,
    June 28, 1912; West Virginia, January 31, 1913; New Mexico, February 3,
    1913.
        Ratification was completed on February 3, 1913.
        The amendment was subsequently ratified by Massachusetts, March 4,
    1913; New Hampshire, March 7, 1913 (after having rejected it on March
    2, 1911).
        The amendment was rejected (and not subsequently ratified) by
    Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Utah.

                                Article [XVII.]

        The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two
    Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for
    six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors
    in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for
    electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislatures.
        When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in
    the Senate, the executive authority of such State shall issue
    writs of election to fill such vacancies: Provided, That the
    legislature of any State may empower the executive thereof to
    make temporary appointments until the people fill the vacancies
    by election as the legislature may direct.
        This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the
    election or term of any Senator chosen before it becomes valid
    as part of the Constitution.

                           Proposal and Ratification

        The seventeenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States
    was proposed to the legislatures of the several States by the Sixty-
    second Congress on the 13th of May, 1912, and was declared, in a
    proclamation of the Secretary of State, dated the 31st of May, 1913, to
    have been ratified by the legislatures of 36 of the 48 States. The
    dates of ratification were: Massachusetts, May 22, 1912; Arizona, June
    3, 1912; Minnesota, June 10, 1912; New York, January 15, 1913; Kansas,
    January 17, 1913; Oregon, January 23, 1913; North Carolina, January 25,
    1913; California, January 28, 1913; Michigan, January 28, 1913; Iowa,
    January 30, 1913; Montana, January 30, 1913; Idaho, January 31, 1913;
    West Virginia, February 4, 1913; Colorado, February 5, 1913; Nevada,
    February 6, 1913; Texas, February 7, 1913; Washington, February 7,
    1913; Wyoming, February 8, 1913; Arkansas, February 11, 1913; Maine,
    February 11, 1913; Illinois, February 13, 1913; North Dakota, February
    14, 1913; Wisconsin, February 18, 1913; Indiana, February 19, 1913; New
    Hampshire, February 19, 1913; Vermont, February 19, 1913; South Dakota,
    February 19, 1913; Oklahoma, February 24, 1913; Ohio, February 25,
    1913; Missouri, March 7, 1913; New Mexico, March 13, 1913; Nebraska,
    March 14, 1913; New Jersey, March 17, 1913; Tennessee, April 1, 1913;
    Pennsylvania, April 2, 1913; Connecticut, April 8, 1913.
        Ratification was completed on April 8, 1913.
        The amendment was subsequently ratified by Louisiana, June 11,
    1914.
        The amendment was rejected by Utah (and not subsequently ratified)
    on February 26, 1913.

                              Article [XVIII.]\16\

        Section 1. After one year from the ratification of this
    article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of
    intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or
    the exportation thereof from the United States and all
    territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage
    purposes is hereby prohibited.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                       * * * * *
    \16\Repealed by section 1 of amendment XXI.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        Section 2. The Congress and the several States shall have
    concurrent power to enforce this article by appropriate
    legislation.
        Section 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it
    shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by
    the legislatures of the several States, as provided in the
    Constitution, within seven years from the date of the
    submission hereof to the States by the Congress.

                           Proposal and Ratification

        The eighteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States
    was proposed to the legislatures of the several States by the Sixty-
    fifth Congress, on the 18th of December, 1917, and was declared, in a
    proclamation of the Secretary of State, dated the 29th of January,
    1919, to have been ratified by the legislatures of 36 of the 48 States.
    The dates of ratification were: Mississippi, January 8, 1918; Virginia,
    January 11, 1918; Kentucky, January 14, 1918; North Dakota, January 25,
    1918; South Carolina, January 29, 1918; Maryland, February 13, 1918;
    Montana, February 19, 1918; Texas, March 4, 1918; Delaware, March 18,
    1918; South Dakota, March 20, 1918; Massachusetts, April 2, 1918;
    Arizona, May 24, 1918; Georgia, June 26, 1918; Louisiana, August 3,
    1918; Florida, December 3, 1918; Michigan, January 2, 1919; Ohio,
    January 7, 1919; Oklahoma, January 7, 1919; Idaho, January 8, 1919;
    Maine, January 8, 1919; West Virginia, January 9, 1919; California,
    January 13, 1919; Tennessee, January 13, 1919; Washington, January 13,
    1919; Arkansas, January 14, 1919; Kansas, January 14, 1919; Alabama,
    January 15, 1919; Colorado, January 15, 1919; Iowa, January 15, 1919;
    New Hampshire, January 15, 1919; Oregon, January 15, 1919; Nebraska,
    January 16, 1919; North Carolina, January 16, 1919; Utah, January 16,
    1919; Missouri, January 16, 1919; Wyoming, January 16, 1919.
        Ratification was completed on January 16, 1919. See Dillon v.
    Gloss, 256 U.S. 368, 376 (1921).
        The amendment was subsequently ratified by Minnesota on January 17,
    1919; Wisconsin, January 17, 1919; New Mexico, January 20, 1919;
    Nevada, January 21, 1919; New York, January 29, 1919; Vermont, January
    29, 1919; Pennsylvania, February 25, 1919; Connecticut, May 6, 1919;
    and New Jersey, March 9, 1922.
        The amendment was rejected (and not subsequently ratified) by Rhode
    Island.

                                 Article [XIX.]

        The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall
    not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State
    on account of sex.
        Congress shall have power to enforce this article by
    appropriate legislation.

                           Proposal and Ratification

        The nineteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States
    was proposed to the legislatures of the several States by the Sixty-
    sixth Congress, on the 4th of June, 1919, and was declared, in a
    proclamation of the Secretary of State, dated the 26th of August, 1920,
    to have been ratified by the legislatures of 36 of the 48 States. The
    dates of ratification were: Illinois, June 10, 1919 (and that State
    readopted its resolution of ratification June 17, 1919); Michigan, June
    10, 1919; Wisconsin, June 10, 1919; Kansas, June 16, 1919; New York,
    June 16, 1919; Ohio, June 16, 1919; Pennsylvania, June 24, 1919;
    Massachusetts, June 25, 1919; Texas, June 28, 1919; Iowa, July 2, 1919;
    Missouri, July 3, 1919; Arkansas, July 28, 1919; Montana, August 2,
    1919; Nebraska, August 2, 1919; Minnesota, September 8, 1919; New
    Hampshire, September 10, 1919; Utah, October 2, 1919; California,
    November 1, 1919; Maine, November 5, 1919; North Dakota, December 1,
    1919; South Dakota, December 4, 1919; Colorado, December 15, 1919;
    Kentucky, January 6, 1920; Rhode Island, January 6, 1920; Oregon,
    January 13, 1920; Indiana, January 16, 1920; Wyoming, January 27, 1920;
    Nevada, February 7, 1920; New Jersey, February 9, 1920; Idaho, February
    11, 1920; Arizona, February 12, 1920; New Mexico, February 21, 1920;
    Oklahoma, February 28, 1920; West Virginia, March 10, 1920; Washington,
    March 22, 1920; Tennessee, August 18, 1920.
        Ratification was completed on August 18, 1920.
        The amendment was subsequently ratified by Connecticut on September
    14, 1920 (and that State reaffirmed it on September 21, 1920); Vermont,
    February 8, 1921; Delaware, March 6, 1923 (after having rejected it on
    June 2, 1920); Maryland, March 29, 1941 (after having rejected it on
    February 24, 1920, ratification certified on February 25, 1958);
    Virginia, February 21, 1952 (after having rejected it on February 12,
    1920); Alabama, September 8, 1953 (after having rejected it on
    September 22, 1919); Florida, May 13, 1969; South Carolina, July 1,
    1969 (after having rejected it on January 28, 1920, ratification
    certified on August 22, 1973); Georgia, February 20, 1970 (after having
    rejected it on July 24, 1919); Louisiana, June 11, 1970 (after having
    rejected it on July 1, 1920); North Carolina, May 6, 1971; Mississippi,
    March 22, 1984 (after having rejected it on March 29, 1920).

                                 Article [XX.]

        Section 1. The terms of the President and Vice President
    shall end at noon on the 20th day of January, and the terms of
    Senators and Representatives at noon on the 3d day of January,
    of the years in which such terms would have ended if this
    article had not been ratified; and the terms of their
    successors shall then begin.
        Section 2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in
    every year, and such meeting shall begin at noon on the 3d day
    of January, unless they shall by law appoint a different day.
        Section 3. If, at the time fixed for the beginning of the
    term of the President, the President elect shall have died, the
    Vice President elect shall become President. If a President
    shall not have been chosen before the time fixed for the
    beginning of his term, or if the President elect shall have
    failed to qualify, then the Vice President elect shall act as
    President until a President shall have qualified; and the
    Congress may by law provide for the case wherein neither a
    President elect nor a Vice President elect shall have
    qualified, declaring who shall then act as President, or the
    manner in which one who is to act shall be selected, and such
    person shall act accordingly until a President or Vice
    President shall have qualified.
        Section 4. The Congress may by law provide for the case of
    the death of any of the persons from whom the House of
    Representatives may choose a President whenever the right of
    choice shall have devolved upon them, and for the case of the
    death of any of the persons from whom the Senate may choose a
    Vice President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved
    upon them.
        Section 5. Sections 1 and 2 shall take effect on the 15th
    day of October following the ratification of this article.
        Section 6. This article shall be inoperative unless it
    shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by
    the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within
    seven years from the date of its submission.

                           Proposal and Ratification

        The twentieth amendment to the Constitution was proposed to the
    legislatures of the several states by the Seventy-Second Congress, on
    the 2d day of March, 1932, and was declared, in a proclamation by the
    Secretary of State, dated on the 6th day of February, 1933, to have
    been ratified by the legislatures of 36 of the 48 States. The dates of
    ratification were: Virginia, March 4, 1932; New York, March 11, 1932;
    Mississippi, March 16, 1932; Arkansas, March 17, 1932; Kentucky, March
    17, 1932; New Jersey, March 21, 1932; South Carolina, March 25, 1932;
    Michigan, March 31, 1932; Maine, April 1, 1932; Rhode Island, April 14,
    1932; Illinois, April 21, 1932; Louisiana, June 22, 1932; West
    Virginia, July 30, 1932; Pennsylvania, August 11, 1932; Indiana, August
    15, 1932; Texas, September 7, 1932; Alabama, September 13, 1932;
    California, January 4, 1933; North Carolina, January 5, 1933; North
    Dakota, January 9, 1933; Minnesota, January 12, 1933; Arizona, January
    13, 1933; Montana, January 13, 1933; Nebraska, January 13, 1933;
    Oklahoma, January 13, 1933; Kansas, January 16, 1933; Oregon, January
    16, 1933; Delaware, January 19, 1933; Washington, January 19, 1933;
    Wyoming, January 19, 1933; Iowa, January 20, 1933; South Dakota,
    January 20, 1933; Tennessee, January 20, 1933; Idaho, January 21, 1933;
    New Mexico, January 21, 1933; Georgia, January 23, 1933; Missouri,
    January 23, 1933; Ohio, January 23, 1933; Utah, January 23, 1933.
        Ratification was completed on January 23, 1933.
        The amendment was subsequently ratified by Massachusetts on January
    24, 1933; Wisconsin, January 24, 1933; Colorado, January 24, 1933;
    Nevada, January 26, 1933; Connecticut, January 27, 1933; New Hampshire,
    January 31, 1933; Vermont, February 2, 1933; Maryland, March 24, 1933;
    Florida, April 26, 1933.

                                 Article [XXI.]

        Section 1. The eighteenth article of amendment to the
    Constitution of the United States is hereby repealed.
        Section 2. The transportation or importation into any
    State, Territory, or possession of the United States for
    delivery or use therein of intoxicating liquors, in violation
    of the laws thereof, is hereby prohibited.
        Section 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it
    shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by
    conventions in the several States, as provided in the
    Constitution, within seven years from the date of the
    submission hereof to the States by the Congress.

                           Proposal and Ratification

        The twenty-first amendment to the Constitution was proposed to the
    several states by the Seventy-Second Congress, on the 20th day of
    February, 1933, and was declared, in a proclamation by the Secretary of
    State, dated on the 5th day of December, 1933, to have been ratified by
    36 of the 48 States. The dates of ratification were: Michigan, April
    10, 1933; Wisconsin, April 25, 1933; Rhode Island, May 8, 1933;
    Wyoming, May 25, 1933; New Jersey, June 1, 1933; Delaware, June 24,
    1933; Indiana, June 26, 1933; Massachusetts, June 26, 1933; New York,
    June 27, 1933; Illinois, July 10, 1933; Iowa, July 10, 1933;
    Connecticut, July 11, 1933; New Hampshire, July 11, 1933; California,
    July 24, 1933; West Virginia, July 25, 1933; Arkansas, August 1, 1933;
    Oregon, August 7, 1933; Alabama, August 8, 1933; Tennessee, August 11,
    1933; Missouri, August 29, 1933; Arizona, September 5, 1933; Nevada,
    September 5, 1933; Vermont, September 23, 1933; Colorado, September 26,
    1933; Washington, October 3, 1933; Minnesota, October 10, 1933; Idaho,
    October 17, 1933, Maryland, October 18, 1933; Virginia, October 25,
    1933; New Mexico, November 2, 1933; Florida, November 14, 1933; Texas,
    November 24, 1933; Kentucky, November 27, 1933; Ohio, December 5, 1933;
    Pennsylvania, December 5, 1933; Utah, December 5, 1933.
        Ratification was completed on December 5, 1933.
        The amendment was subsequently ratified by Maine, on December 6,
    1933, and by Montana, on August 6, 1934.
        The amendment was rejected (and not subsequently ratified) by South
    Carolina, on December 4, 1933.

                                Article [XXII.]

        Section 1. No person shall be elected to the office of the
    President more than twice, and no person who has held the
    office of President, or acted as President, for more than two
    years of a term of which some other person was elected
    President shall be elected to the office of the President more
    than once. But this Article shall not apply to any person
    holding the office of President when this Article was proposed
    by the Congress, and shall not prevent any person who may be
    holding the office of President, or acting as President, during
    the term within which this Article becomes operative from
    holding the office of President or acting as President during
    the remainder of such term.
        Section 2. This article shall be inoperative unless it
    shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by
    the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within
    seven years from the date of its submission to the States by
    the Congress.

                           Proposal and Ratification

        This amendment was proposed to the legislatures of the several
    States by the Eightieth Congress on March 21, 1947 by House Joint Res.
    No. 27, and was declared by the Administrator of General Services, on
    March 1, 1951, to have been ratified by the legislatures of 36 of the
    48 States. The dates of ratification were: Maine, March 31, 1947;
    Michigan, March 31, 1947; Iowa, April 1, 1947; Kansas, April 1, 1947;
    New Hampshire, April 1, 1947; Delaware, April 2, 1947; Illinois, April
    3, 1947; Oregon, April 3, 1947; Colorado, April 12, 1947; California,
    April 15, 1947; New Jersey, April 15, 1947; Vermont, April 15, 1947;
    Ohio, April 16, 1947; Wisconsin, April 16, 1947; Pennsylvania, April
    29, 1947; Connecticut, May 21, 1947; Missouri, May 22, 1947; Nebraska,
    May 23, 1947; Virginia, January 28, 1948; Mississippi, February 12,
    1948; New York, March 9, 1948; South Dakota, January 21, 1949; North
    Dakota, February 25, 1949; Louisiana, May 17, 1950; Montana, January
    25, 1951; Indiana, January 29, 1951; Idaho, January 30, 1951; New
    Mexico, February 12, 1951; Wyoming, February 12, 1951; Arkansas,
    February 15, 1951; Georgia, February 17, 1951; Tennessee, February 20,
    1951; Texas, February 22, 1951; Nevada, February 26, 1951; Utah,
    February 26, 1951; Minnesota, February 27, 1951.
        Ratification was completed on February 27, 1951.
        The amendment was subsequently ratified by North Carolina on
    February 28, 1951; South Carolina, March 13, 1951; Maryland, March 14,
    1951; Florida, April 16, 1951; Alabama, May 4, 1951.
        The amendment was rejected (and not subsequently ratified) by
    Oklahoma in June 1947, and Massachusetts on June 9, 1949.

                           Certification of Validity

        Publication of the certifying statement of the Administrator of
    General Services that the amendment had become valid was made on March
    1, 1951, F.R. Doc. 51-2940, 16 F.R. 2019.

                                Article [XXIII.]

        Section 1. The District constituting the seat of Government
    of the United States shall appoint in such manner as the
    Congress may direct:
        A number of electors of President and Vice President equal
    to the whole number of Senators and Representatives in Congress
    to which the District would be entitled if it were a State, but
    in no event more than the least populous State; they shall be
    in addition to those appointed by the States, but they shall be
    considered, for the purposes of the election of President and
    Vice President, to be electors appointed by a State; and they
    shall meet in the District and perform such duties as provided
    by the twelfth article of amendment.
        Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this
    article by appropriate legislation.

                           Proposal and Ratification

        This amendment was proposed by the Eighty-sixth Congress on June
    17, 1960 and was declared by the Administrator of General Services on
    April 3, 1961, to have been ratified by 38 of the 50 States. The dates
    of ratification were: Hawaii, June 23, 1960 (and that State made a
    technical correction to its resolution on June 30, 1960);
    Massachusetts, August 22, 1960; New Jersey, December 19, 1960; New
    York, January 17, 1961; California, January 19, 1961; Oregon, January
    27, 1961; Maryland, January 30, 1961; Idaho, January 31, 1961; Maine,
    January 31, 1961; Minnesota, January 31, 1961; New Mexico, February 1,
    1961; Nevada, February 2, 1961; Montana, February 6, 1961; South
    Dakota, February 6, 1961; Colorado, February 8, 1961; Washington,
    February 9, 1961; West Virginia, February 9, 1961; Alaska, February 10,
    1961; Wyoming, February 13, 1961; Delaware, February 20, 1961; Utah,
    February 21, 1961; Wisconsin, February 21, 1961; Pennsylvania, February
    28, 1961; Indiana, March 3, 1961; North Dakota, March 3, 1961;
    Tennessee, March 6, 1961; Michigan, March 8, 1961; Connecticut, March
    9, 1961; Arizona, March 10, 1961; Illinois, March 14, 1961; Nebraska,
    March 15, 1961; Vermont, March 15, 1961; Iowa, March 16, 1961;
    Missouri, March 20, 1961; Oklahoma, March 21, 1961; Rhode Island, March
    22, 1961; Kansas, March 29, 1961; Ohio, March 29, 1961.
        Ratification was completed on March 29, 1961.
        The amendment was subsequently ratified by New Hampshire on March
    30, 1961 (when that State annulled and then repeated its ratification
    of March 29, 1961).
        The amendment was rejected (and not subsequently ratified) by
    Arkansas on January 24, 1961.

                           Certification of Validity

        Publication of the certifying statement of the Administrator of
    General Services that the amendment had become valid was made on April
    3, 1961, F.R. Doc. 61-3017, 26 F.R. 2808.

                                Article [XXIV.]

        Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to
    vote in any primary or other election for President or Vice
    President, for electors for President or Vice President, or for
    Senator or Representative in Congress, shall not be denied or
    abridged by the United States or any State by reason of failure
    to pay any poll tax or other tax.
        Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this
    article by appropriate legislation.

                           Proposal and Ratification

        This amendment was proposed by the Eighty-seventh Congress by
    Senate Joint Resolution No. 29, which was approved by the Senate on
    March 27, 1962, and by the House of Representatives on August 27, 1962.
    It was declared by the Administrator of General Services on February 4,
    1964, to have been ratified by the legislatures of 38 of the 50 States.
        This amendment was ratified by the following States: Illinois,
    November 14, 1962; New Jersey, December 3, 1962; Oregon, January 25,
    1963; Montana, January 28, 1963; West Virginia, February 1, 1963; New
    York, February 4, 1963; Maryland, February 6, 1963; California,
    February 7, 1963; Alaska, February 11, 1963; Rhode Island, February 14,
    1963; Indiana, February 19, 1963; Utah, February 20, 1963; Michigan,
    February 20, 1963; Colorado, February 21, 1963; Ohio, February 27,
    1963; Minnesota, February 27, 1963; New Mexico, March 5, 1963; Hawaii,
    March 6, 1963; North Dakota, March 7, 1963; Idaho, March 8, 1963;
    Washington, March 14, 1963; Vermont, March 15, 1963; Nevada, March 19,
    1963; Connecticut, March 20, 1963; Tennessee, March 21, 1963;
    Pennsylvania, March 25, 1963; Wisconsin, March 26, 1963; Kansas, March
    28, 1963; Massachusetts, March 28, 1963; Nebraska, April 4, 1963;
    Florida, April 18, 1963; Iowa, April 24, 1963; Delaware, May 1, 1963;
    Missouri, May 13, 1963; New Hampshire, June 12, 1963; Kentucky, June
    27, 1963; Maine, January 16, 1964; South Dakota, January 23, 1964;
    Virginia, February 25, 1977.
        Ratification was completed on January 23, 1964.
        The amendment was subsequently ratified by North Carolina on May 3,
    1989.
        The amendment was rejected by Mississippi (and not subsequently
    ratified) on December 20, 1962.

                           Certification of Validity

        Publication of the certifying statement of the Administrator of
    General Services that the amendment had become valid was made on
    February 5, 1964, F.R. Doc. 64-1229, 29 F.R. 1715.

                                 Article [XXV.]

        Section 1. In case of the removal of the President from
    office or of his death or resignation, the Vice President shall
    become President.
        Section 2. Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the
    Vice President, the President shall nominate a Vice President
    who shall take office upon confirmation by a majority vote of
    both Houses of Congress.
        Section 3. Whenever the President transmits to the
    President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the
    House of Representatives his written declaration that he is
    unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, and
    until he transmits to them a written declaration to the
    contrary, such powers and duties shall be discharged by the
    Vice President as Acting President.
        Section 4. Whenever the Vice President and a majority of
    either the principal officers of the executive departments or
    of such other body as Congress may by law provide, transmit to
    the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the
    House of Representatives their written declaration that the
    President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his
    office, the Vice President shall immediately assume the powers
    and duties of the office as Acting President.
        Thereafter, when the President transmits to the President
    pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of
    Representatives his written declaration that no inability
    exists, he shall resume the powers and duties of his office
    unless the Vice President and a majority of either the
    principal officers of the executive department\17\ or of such
    other body as Congress may by law provide, transmit within four
    days to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker
    of the House of Representatives their written declaration that
    the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of
    his office. Thereupon Congress shall decide the issue,
    assembling within forty-eight hours for that purpose if not in
    session. If the Congress, within twenty-one days after receipt
    of the latter written declaration, or, if Congress is not in
    session, within twenty-one days after Congress is required to
    assemble, determines by two-thirds vote of both Houses that the
    President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his
    office, the Vice President shall continue to discharge the same
    as Acting President; otherwise, the President shall resume the
    powers and duties of his office.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                       * * * * *
    \17\So in original. Probably should be ``departments''.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

                           Proposal and Ratification

        This amendment was proposed by the Eighty-ninth Congress by Senate
    Joint Resolution No. 1, which was approved by the Senate on February
    19, 1965, and by the House of Representatives, in amended form, on
    April 13, 1965. The House of Representatives agreed to a Conference
    Report on June 30, 1965, and the Senate agreed to the Conference Report
    on July 6, 1965. It was declared by the Administrator of General
    Services, on February 23, 1967, to have been ratified by the
    legislatures of 39 of the 50 States.
        This amendment was ratified by the following States: Nebraska, July
    12, 1965; Wisconsin, July 13, 1965; Oklahoma, July 15, 1965;
    Massachusetts, August 9, 1965; Pennsylvania, August 18, 1965; Kentucky,
    September 15, 1965; Arizona, September 22, 1965; Michigan, October 5,
    1965; Indiana, October 20, 1965; California, October 21, 1965;
    Arkansas, November 4, 1965; New Jersey, November 29, 1965; Delaware,
    December 7, 1965; Utah, January 17, 1966; West Virginia, January 20,
    1966; Maine, January 24, 1966; Rhode Island, January 28, 1966;
    Colorado, February 3, 1966; New Mexico, February 3, 1966; Kansas,
    February 8, 1966; Vermont, February 10, 1966; Alaska, February 18,
    1966; Idaho, March 2, 1966; Hawaii, March 3, 1966; Virginia, March 8,
    1966; Mississippi, March 10, 1966; New York, March 14, 1966; Maryland,
    March 23, 1966; Missouri, March 30, 1966; New Hampshire, June 13, 1966;
    Louisiana, July 5, 1966; Tennessee, January 12, 1967; Wyoming, January
    25, 1967; Washington, January 26, 1967; Iowa, January 26, 1967; Oregon,
    February 2, 1967; Minnesota, February 10, 1967; Nevada, February 10,
    1967.
        Ratification was completed on February 10, 1967.
        The amendment was subsequently ratified by Connecticut, February
    14, 1967; Montana, February 15, 1967; South Dakota, March 6, 1967;
    Ohio, March 7, 1967; Alabama, March 14, 1967; North Carolina, March 22,
    1967; Illinois, March 22, 1967; Texas, April 25, 1967; Florida, May 25,
    1967.

                           Certification of Validity

        Publication of the certifying statement of the Administrator of
    General Services that the amendment had become valid was made on
    February 25, 1967, F.R. Doc. 67-2208, 32 F.R. 3287.

                                Article [XXVI.]

        Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States, who
    are eighteen years of age or older, to vote shall not be denied
    or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of
    age.
        Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this
    article by appropriate legislation.

                           Proposal and Ratification

        This amendment was proposed by the Ninety-second Congress by Senate
    Joint Resolution No. 7, which was approved by the Senate on March 10,
    1971, and by the House of Representatives on March 23, 1971. It was
    declared by the Administrator of General Services on July 5, 1971, to
    have been ratified by the legislature of 39 of the 50 States.
        This amendment was ratified by the following States: Connecticut,
    March 23, 1971; Delaware, March 23, 1971; Minnesota, March 23, 1971;
    Tennessee, March 23, 1971; Washington, March 23, 1971; Hawaii, March
    24, 1971; Massachusetts, March 24, 1971; Montana, March 29, 1971;
    Arkansas, March 30, 1971; Idaho, March 30, 1971; Iowa, March 30, 1971;
    Nebraska, April 2, 1971; New Jersey, April 3, 1971; Kansas, April 7,
    1971; Michigan, April 7, 1971; Alaska, April 8, 1971; Maryland, April
    8, 1971; Indiana, April 8, 1971; Maine, April 9, 1971; Vermont, April
    16, 1971; Louisiana, April 17, 1971; California, April 19, 1971;
    Colorado, April 27, 1971; Pennsylvania, April 27, 1971; Texas, April
    27, 1971; South Carolina, April 28, 1971; West Virginia, April 28,
    1971; New Hampshire, May 13, 1971; Arizona, May 14, 1971; Rhode Island,
    May 27, 1971; New York, June 2, 1971; Oregon, June 4, 1971; Missouri,
    June 14, 1971; Wisconsin, June 22, 1971; Illinois, June 29, 1971;
    Alabama, June 30, 1971; Ohio, June 30, 1971; North Carolina, July 1,
    1971; Oklahoma, July 1, 1971.
        Ratification was completed on July 1, 1971.
        The amendment was subsequently ratified by Virginia, July 8, 1971;
    Wyoming, July 8, 1971; Georgia, October 4, 1971.

                           Certification of Validity

        Publication of the certifying statement of the Administrator of
    General Services that the amendment had become valid was made on July
    7, 1971, F.R. Doc. 71-9691, 36 F.R. 12725.

                                Article [XXVII.]

        No law, varying the compensation for the services of the
    Senators and Representatives, shall take effect, until an
    election of Representatives shall have intervened.

                           Proposal and Ratification

        This amendment, being the second of twelve articles proposed by the
    First Congress on Sept. 25, 1789, was declared by the Archivist of the
    United States on May 18, 1992, to have been ratified by the
    legislatures of 40 of the 50 States.
        This amendment was ratified by the following States: Maryland,
    December 19, 1789; North Carolina, December 22, 1789; South Carolina,
    January 19, 1790; Delaware, January 28, 1790; Vermont, November 3,
    1791; Virginia, December 15, 1791; Ohio, May 6, 1873; Wyoming, March 6,
    1978; Maine, April 27, 1983; Colorado, April 22, 1984; South Dakota,
    February 21, 1985; New Hampshire, March 7, 1985; Arizona, April 3,
    1985; Tennessee, May 23, 1985; Oklahoma, July 10, 1985; New Mexico,
    February 14, 1986; Indiana, February 24, 1986; Utah, February 25, 1986;
    Arkansas, March 6, 1987; Montana, March 17, 1987; Connecticut, May 13,
    1987; Wisconsin, July 15, 1987; Georgia, February 2, 1988; West
    Virginia, March 10, 1988; Louisiana, July 7, 1988; Iowa, February 9,
    1989; Idaho, March 23, 1989; Nevada, April 26, 1989; Alaska, May 6,
    1989; Oregon, May 19, 1989; Minnesota, May 22, 1989; Texas, May 25,
    1989; Kansas, April 5, 1990; Florida, May 31, 1990; North Dakota, March
    25, 1991; Alabama, May 5, 1992; Missouri, May 5, 1992; Michigan, May 7,
    1992; New Jersey, May 7, 1992.
        Ratification was completed on May 7, 1992.
        The amendment was subsequently ratified by Illinois on May 12, 1992
    and California on June 26, 1992.

                           Certification of Validity

        Publication of the certifying statement of the Archivist of the
    United States that the amendment had become valid was made on May 18,
    1992, F.R. Doc. 92-11951, 57 F.R. 21187.

        [Editorial note: There is some conflict as to the exact
    dates of ratification of the amendments by the several States.
    In some cases, the resolutions of ratification were signed by
    the officers of the legislatures on dates subsequent to that on
    which the second house had acted. In other cases, the Governors
    of several of the States ``approved'' the resolutions (on a
    subsequent date), although action by the Governor is not
    contemplated by article V, which required ratification by the
    legislatures (or conventions) only. In a number of cases, the
    journals of the State legislatures are not available. The dates
    set out in this document are based upon the best information
    available.]
       PROPOSED AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION NOT RATIFIED BY THE STATES

        During the course of our history, in addition to the 27
    amendments that have been ratified by the required three-
    fourths of the States, six other amendments have been submitted
    to the States but have not been ratified by them.
        Beginning with the proposed Eighteenth Amendment, Congress
    has customarily included a provision requiring ratification
    within seven years from the time of the submission to the
    States. The Supreme Court in Coleman v. Miller, 307 U.S. 433
    (1939), declared that the question of the reasonableness of the
    time within which a sufficient number of States must act is a
    political question to be determined by the Congress.
        In 1789, twelve proposed articles of amendment were
    submitted to the States. Of these, Articles III-XII were
    ratified and became the first ten amendments to the
    Constitution, popularly known as the Bill of Rights. In 1992,
    proposed Article II was ratified and became the 27th amendment
    to the Constitution. Proposed Article I which was not ratified
    is as follows:

                              ``Article the first

        ``After the first enumeration required by the first article of the
    Constitution, there shall be one Representative for every thirty
    thousand, until the number shall amount to one hundred, after which the
    proportion shall be so regulated by Congress, that there shall be not
    less than one-hundred Representatives, nor less than one Representative
    for every forty thousand persons, until the number of Representatives
    shall amount to two hundred; after which the proportion shall be so
    regulated by Congress, that there shall not be less than two hundred
    Representatives, nor more than one Representative for every fifty
    thousand persons.''
                                    ------

        Thereafter, in the 2d session of the Eleventh Congress, the
    Congress proposed the following article of amendment to the
    Constitution relating to acceptance by citizens of the United
    States of titles of nobility from any foreign government.
        The proposed amendment, which was not ratified by three-
    fourths of the States, is as follows:

        Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
    States of America in Congress assembled, two thirds of both houses
    concurring, That the following section be submitted to the legislatures
    of the several states, which, when ratified by the legislatures of
    three fourths of the states, shall be valid and binding, as a part of
    the constitution of the United States.

        If any citizen of the United States shall accept, claim, receive or
    retain any title of nobility or honour, or shall, without the consent
    of Congress, accept and retain any present, pension, office or
    emolument of any kind whatever, from any emperor, king, prince or
    foreign power, such person shall cease to be a citizen of the United
    States, and shall be incapable of holding any office of trust or profit
    under them, or either of them.

        The following amendment to the Constitution relating to
    slavery was proposed by the 2d session of the Thirty-sixth
    Congress on March 2, 1861, when it passed the Senate, having
    previously passed the House on February 28, 1861. It is
    interesting to note in this connection that this is the only
    proposed (and not ratified) amendment to the Constitution to
    have been signed by the President. The President's signature is
    considered unnecessary because of the constitutional provision
    that on the concurrence of two-thirds of both Houses of
    Congress the proposal shall be submitted to the States for
    ratification.

        Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
    States of America in Congress assembled, That the following article be
    proposed to the Legislatures of the several States as an amendment to
    the Constitution of the United States, which, when ratified by three-
    fourths of said Legislatures, shall be valid, to all intents and
    purposes, as part of the said Constitution, viz:

                               ``Article Thirteen

        ``No amendment shall be made to the Constitution which will
    authorize or give to Congress the power to abolish or interfere, within
    any State, with the domestic institutions thereof, including that of
    persons held to labor or service by the laws of said State.''
                                    ------

        A child labor amendment was proposed by the 1st session of
    the Sixty-eighth Congress on June 2, 1926, when it passed the
    Senate, having previously passed the House on April 26, 1926.
    The proposed amendment, which has been ratified by 28 States,
    to date, is as follows:

      Joint Resolution Proposing an Amendment to the Constitution of the
                                 United States

        Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
    States of America in Congress assembled (two-thirds of each House
    concurring therein), That the following article is proposed as an
    amendment to the Constitution of the United States, which, when
    ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States,
    shall be valid to all intends and purposes as a part of the
    Constitution:

                                  ``Article--.

        ``Section 1. The Congress shall have power to limit, regulate, and
    prohibit the labor of persons under eighteen years of age.
        ``Section 2. The power of the several States is unimpaired by this
    article except that the operation of State laws shall be suspended to
    the extent necessary to give effect to legislation enacted by the
    Congress.''
                                    ------

        An amendment relative to equal rights for men and women was
    proposed by the 2d session of the Ninety-second Congress on
    March 22, 1972, when it passed the Senate, having previously
    passed the House on October 12, 1971. The seven-year deadline
    for ratification of the proposed amendment was extended to June
    30, 1982, by the 2d session of the Ninety-fifth Congress. The
    proposed amendment, which was not ratified by three-fourths of
    the States by June 30, 1982, is as follows:

      Joint Resolution Proposing an Amendment to the Constitution of the
            United States Relative to Equal Rights for Men and Women

        Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
    States of America in Congress assembled (two-thirds of each House
    concurring therein), That the following article is proposed as an
    amendment to the Constitution of the United States, which shall be
    valid to all intents and purposes as part of the Constitution when
    ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States
    within seven years from the date of its submission by the Congress:

                                  ``Article--

        ``Section 1. Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied
    or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.
        ``Sec. 2. The Congress shall have the power to enforce, by
    appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.
        ``Sec. 3. This amendment shall take effect two years after the date
    of ratification.''
                                    ------

        An amendment relative to voting rights for the District of
    Columbia was proposed by the 2d session of the Ninety-fifth
    Congress on August 22, 1978, when it passed the Senate, having
    previously passed the House on March 2, 1978. The proposed
    amendment, which was not ratified by three-fourths of the
    States within the specified seven-year period, is as follows:

    Joint Resolution Proposing an Amendment to the Constitution to Provide
        for Representation of the District of Columbia in the Congress.

        Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
    States of America in Congress assembled (two-thirds of each House
    concurring therein), That the following article is proposed as an
    amendment to the Constitution of the United States, which shall be
    valid to all intents and purposes as part of the Constitution when
    ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States
    within seven years from the date of its submission by the Congress:

                                  ``Article--

        ``Section 1. For purposes of representation in the Congress,
    election of the President and Vice President, and article V of this
    Constitution, the District constituting the seat of government of the
    United States shall be treated as though it were a State.
        ``Sec. 2. The exercise of the rights and powers conferred under
    this article shall be by the people of the District constituting the
    seat of government, and as shall be provided by the Congress.
        ``Sec. 3. The twenty-third article of amendment to the Constitution
    of the United States is hereby repealed.
        ``Sec. 4. This article shall be inoperative, unless it shall have
    been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures
    of three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the date
    of its submission.''

    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                       * * * * *
    \1\Article of original Constitution or of amendment.

                    INDEX TO THE CONSTITUTION AND AMENDMENTS

    ------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                 Article\1\  Section  Clause
    ------------------------------------------------------------------------

                         A
    Abridged. The privileges or immunities of          14          1  ......
     citizens of the United States shall not
     be. [Amendments].........................
    Absent members, in such manner and under            1          5       1
     such penalties as it may provide. Each
     House is authorized to compel the
     attendance of............................
    Accounts of receipts and expenditures of            1          9       7
     public money shall be published from time
     to time. A statement of the..............
    Accusation. In all criminal prosecutions            6    .......  ......
     the accused shall be informed of the
     cause and nature of the. [Amendments]....
    Accused shall have a speedy public trial.           6    .......  ......
     In all criminal prosecutions the.
     [Amendments].............................
        He shall be tried by an impartial jury          6    .......  ......
         of the State and district where the
         crime was committed. [Amendments]....
        He shall be informed of the nature of           6    .......  ......
         the accusation. [Amendments].........
        He shall be confronted with the                 6    .......  ......
         witnesses against him. [Amendments]..
        He shall have compulsory process for            6    .......  ......
         obtaining witnesses in his favor.
         [Amendments].........................
        He shall have the assistance of                 6    .......  ......
         counsel for his defense. [Amendments]
    Actions at common law involving over                7    .......  ......
     twenty dollars shall be tried by jury.
     [Amendments].............................
    Acts, records, and judicial proceedings of          4          1  ......
     another State. Full faith and credit
     shall be given in each State to the......
    Acts. Congress shall prescribe the manner           4          1  ......
     of proving such acts, records, and
     proceedings..............................
    Adjourn from day to day. A smaller number           1          5       1
     than a quorum of each House may..........
    Adjourn for more than three days, nor to            1          5       4
     any other place than that in which they
     shall be sitting. Neither House shall,
     during the session of Congress, without
     the consent of the other.................
    Adjournment, the President may adjourn              2          3  ......
     them to such time as he shall think
     proper. In case of disagreement between
     the two Houses as to.....................
    Admiralty and maritime jurisdiction. The            3          2       1
     judicial power shall extend to all cases
     of.......................................
    Admitted by the Congress into this Union,           4          3       1
     but no new States shall be formed or
     erected within the jurisdiction of any
     other State. New States may be...........
        Nor shall any State be formed by the            4          3       1
         junction of two or more States, or
         parts of States, without the consent
         of the legislatures and of Congress..
    Adoption of the Constitution shall be               6    .......       1
     valid. All debts and engagements
     contracted by the confederation and
     before the...............................
    Advice and consent of the Senate. The               2          2       2
     President shall have power to make
     treaties by and with the.................
        To appoint ambassadors or other public          2          2       2
         ministers and consuls by and with the
        To appoint all other officers of the            2          2       2
         United States not herein otherwise
         provided for by and with the.........
    Affirmation. Senators sitting to try                1          3       6
     impeachments shall be on oath or.........
        To be taken by the President of the             2          1       8
         United States. Form of the oath or...
        No warrants shall be issued but upon            4    .......  ......
         probable cause and on oath or.
         [Amendments].........................
        To support the Constitution. Senators           6    .......       3
         and Representatives, members of State
         legislatures, executive and judicial
         officers, both State and Federal,
         shall be bound by oath or............
    Age. No person shall be a Representative            1          2       2
     who shall not have attained twenty-five
     years of.................................
        No person shall be a Senator who shall          1          3       3
         not have attained thirty years of....
        Right of citizens of the United                26          1  ......
         States, who are eighteen years of age
         or older, to vote shall not be denied
         or abridged by the United States or
         any State on account of age.
         [Amendments].........................
    Agreement or compact with another State             1         10       3
     without the consent of Congress. No State
     shall enter into any.....................
    Aid and comfort. Treason against the                3          3       1
     United States shall consist in levying
     war against them, adhering to their
     enemies, and giving them.................
    Alliance or confederation. No State shall           1         10       1
     enter into any treaty of.................
    Ambassadors, or other public ministers and          2          2       2
     consuls. The President may appoint.......
        The judicial power of the United                3          2       1
         States shall extend to all cases
         affecting............................
    Amendments to the Constitution. Whenever            5    .......  ......
     two-thirds of both Houses shall deem it
     necessary, Congress shall propose........
        On application of the legislatures of           5    .......  ......
         two-thirds of the States, Congress
         shall call a convention to propose...
        Shall be valid when ratified by the             5    .......  ......
         legislatures of, or by conventions
         in, three-fourths of the States......
    Answer for a capital or infamous crime              5    .......  ......
     unless on presentment of a grand jury. No
     person shall be held to. [Amendments]....
        Except in cases in the land or naval            5    .......  ......
         forces, or in the militia when in
         actual service. [Amendments].........
    Appellate jurisdiction both as to law and           3          2       2
     fact, with such exceptions and under such
     regulations as Congress shall make. In
     what cases the Supreme Court shall have..
    Application of the legislature or the               4          4  ......
     executive of a State. The United States
     shall protect each State against invasion
     and domestic violence on the.............
    Application of the legislatures of two-             5    .......  ......
     thirds of the States, Congress shall call
     a convention for proposing amendments to
     the Constitution. On the.................
    Appointment. Of officers and authority to           1          8      16
     train the militia reserved to the States
     respectively.............................
        Of such inferior officers as they may           2          2       2
         think proper in the President alone.
         Congress may by law vest the.........
        In the courts of law or in the heads            2          2       2
         of departments. Congress may by law
         vest the.............................
        Of Presidential and Vice-Presidential          23          1  ......
         electors. District of Columbia to
         have power of. [Amendments]..........
    Apportionment of representation and direct          1          2       3
     taxation among the several States.
     Provisions relating to the...............
        Congress shall have power to lay and           16    .......  ......
         collect taxes on incomes, from
         whatever source derived, without
         apportionment among the several
         States. [Amendments].................
      Of Representatives among the several             14    .......  ......
       States. Provisions relating to the.
       [Amendments]...........................
    Appropriate legislation. Congress shall             1          8      18
     have power to make all laws necessary and
     proper for carrying into execution the
     foregoing powers, and all other powers
     vested by the Constitution in the
     Government of the United States, or on
     any department or officer thereof........
        Congress shall have power to enforce           13          2  ......
         the thirteenth article, prohibiting
         slavery by. [Amendments].............
        Congress shall have power to enforce           14          5  ......
         the provisions of the fourteenth
         article by. [Amendments].............
        Congress shall have power to enforce           15          2  ......
         the provisions of the fifteenth
         article by. [Amendments].............
        Congress and the several States shall          18          2  ......
         have concurrent power to enforce the
         provisions of the eighteenth article.
         [Amendments].........................
        Congress shall have power to enforce           19    .......  ......
         the provisions of the nineteenth
         article. [Amendments]................
        Congress shall have power to enforce           23          2  ......
         the provisions of the twenty-third
         article by. [Amendments].............
        Congress shall have power to enforce           24          2  ......
         the provisions of the twenty-fourth
         article by. [Amendments].............
        Congress shall have power to enforce           26          2  ......
         the provisions of the twenty-sixth
         article by. [Amendments].............
    Appropriation of money for raising and              1          8      12
     supporting armies shall be for a longer
     term than two years. But no..............
    Appropriations made by law. No money shall          1          9       7
     be drawn from the Treasury but in
     consequence of...........................
    Approve and sign a bill before it shall             1          7       2
     become a law. The President shall........
        He shall return it to the House in              1          7       2
         which it originated with his
         objections, if he does not...........
    Armies, but no appropriation for that use           1          8      12
     shall be for a longer term than two
     years. Congress shall have power to raise
     and support..............................
    Armies. Congress shall make rules for the           1          8      14
     government and regulation of the land and
     naval forces.............................
    Arms shall not be infringed. A well-                2    .......  ......
     regulated militia being necessary to the
     security of a free State, the right of
     the people to keep and bear. [Amendments]
    Arrest during their attendance at the               1          6       1
     session of their respective Houses, and
     in going to and returning from the same.
     Members shall in all cases, except
     treason, felony, and breach of the peace,
     be privileged from.......................
    Arsenals. Congress shall exercise                   1          8      17
     exclusive authority over all places
     purchased for the erection of............
    Articles exported from any State. No tax            1          9       5
     or duty shall be laid on.................
    Arts by securing to authors and inventors           1          8       8
     their patent rights. Congress may promote
     the progress of science and the useful...
    Assistance of counsel for his defense. In           6    .......  ......
     all criminal prosecutions the accused
     shall have the. [Amendments].............
    Assumption of the debt or obligations              14          4  ......
     incurred in aid of rebellion or
     insurrection against the United States.
     Provisions against the. [Amendments].....
    Attainder of treason shall not work                 3          3       2
     corruption of blood or forfeiture, except
     during the life of the person attainted..
    Attainder or ex post facto law shall be             1          9       3
     passed. No bill of.......................
    Attainder, ex post facto law, or law                1         10       1
     impairing the obligation of contracts. No
     State shall pass any bill of.............
    Authors and inventors the exclusive right           1          8       8
     to their writings and inventions.
     Congress shall have power to secure to...

                         B

    Bail. Excessive bail shall not be                   8    .......  ......
     required, nor excessive fines nor cruel
     and unusual punishments imposed.
     [Amendments].............................
    Ballot for President and Vice President.           12    .......  ......
     The electors shall vote by. [Amendments].
    Ballot. If no person have a majority of            12    .......  ......
     the electoral votes for President and
     Vice President, the House of
     Representatives shall immediately choose
     the President by. [Amendments]...........
    Bankruptcies. Congress shall have power to          1          8       4
     pass uniform laws on the subject of......
    Basis of representation among the several          14          2  ......
     States. Provisions relating to the.
     [Amendments].............................
    Bear arms shall not be infringed. A well-           2    .......  ......
     regulated militia being necessary to the
     security of a free State, the right of
     the people to keep and. [Amendments].....
    Behavior. The judges of the Supreme and             3          1  ......
     inferior courts shall hold their offices
     during good..............................
    Bill of attainder or ex post facto law              1          9       3
     shall be passed. No......................
    Bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or            1         10       1
     law impairing the obligation of
     contracts. No State shall pass any.......
    Bills of credit. No State shall emit......          1         10       1
    Bills for raising revenue shall originate           1          7       1
     in the House of Representatives. All.....
    Bills which shall have passed the Senate            1          7       2
     and House of Representatives shall,
     before they become laws, be presented to
     the President............................
        If he approve, he shall sign them: if           1          7       2
         he disapprove, he shall return them,
         with his objections, to that House in
         which they originated................
        Upon the reconsideration of a bill              1          7       2
         returned by the President with his
         objections, if two-thirds of each
         House agree to pass the same, it
         shall become a law...................
        Upon the reconsideration of a bill              1          7       2
         returned by the President, the
         question shall be taken by yeas and
         nays.................................
        Not returned by the President within            1          7       2
         ten days (Sundays excepted) shall,
         unless Congress adjourn, become laws.
    Borrow money on the credit of the United            1          8       2
     States. Congress shall have power to.....
    Bounties and pensions, shall not be                14          4  ......
     questioned. The validity of the public
     debt incurred in suppressing insurrection
     and rebellion against the United States,
     including the debt for. [Amendments].....
    Breach of the peace, shall be privileged            1          6       1
     from arrest while attending the session,
     and in going to and returning from the
     same. Senators and Representatives,
     except for treason, felony, and..........
    Bribery, or other high crimes and                   2          4  ......
     misdemeanors. The President, Vice
     President, and all civil officers shall
     be removed on impeachment for and
     conviction of treason....................

                         C

    Capital or otherwise infamous crime,                5    .......  ......
     unless on indictment of a grand jury,
     except in certain specified cases. No
     person shall be held to answer for a.
     [Amendments].............................
    Capitation or other direct tax shall be             1          9       4
     laid unless in proportion to the census
     or enumeration. No.......................
    Captures on land and water. Congress shall          1          8      11
     make rules concerning....................
    Casting vote. The Vice President shall              1          3       4
     have no vote unless the Senate be equally
     divided..................................
    Census or enumeration. Of the inhabitants           1          2       3
     shall be made within three years after
     the first meeting of Congress, and within
     every subsequent term of ten years
     thereafter...............................
        No capitation or other direct tax               1          9       4
         shall be laid except in proportion to
         the..................................
    Chief Justice shall preside when the                1          3       6
     President of the United States is tried
     upon impeachment. The....................
    Choosing the electors and the day on which          2          1       4
     they shall give their votes, which shall
     be the same throughout the United States.
     Congress may determine the time of.......
    Citizen of the United States at the                 2          1       5
     adoption of the Constitution shall be
     eligible to the office of President. No
     person not a natural-born................
        No person shall be a Senator who shall          1          3       3
         not have attained the age of thirty
         years, and been nine years a.........
        No person shall be a Representative             1          2       2
         who shall not have attained the age
         of twenty-five years, and been seven
         years a..............................
        Right of citizens to vote shall not be         19    .......  ......
         denied or abridged by the United
         States or any State on account of
         sex. [Amendments]....................
        Right to vote shall not be denied or           24          1  ......
         abridged by the United States or any
         State for failure to pay any poll tax
         or other tax. [Amendments]...........
        Right to vote shall not be denied or           26          1  ......
         abridged by the United States or any
         State to any citizen eighteen years
         or older, on account of age.
         [Amendments].........................
    Citizens or subjects of a foreign state.           11    .......  ......
     The judicial power of the United States
     shall not extend to suits in law or
     equity brought against one of the States
     by the citizens of another State or by.
     [Amendments].............................
    Citizenship. Citizens of each State shall           4          2       1
     be entitled to all the privileges and
     immunities of citizens of the several
     States...................................
        All persons born or naturalized in the         14          1  ......
         United States, and subject to the
         jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of
         the United States and of the State in
         which they reside. [Amendments]......
        No State shall make or enforce any law         14          1  ......
         which shall abridge the privileges or
         immunities of citizens of the United
         States. [Amendments].................
        Nor shall any State deprive any person         14          1  ......
         of life, liberty, or property without
         due process of law. [Amendments].....
        Nor deny to any person within its              14          1  ......
         jurisdiction the equal protection of
         the laws. [Amendments]...............
    Civil officers of the United States shall,          2          4  ......
     on impeachment for and conviction of
     treason, bribery, and other high crimes
     and misdemeanors be removed. All.........
    Claims of the United States or any                  4          3       2
     particular State in the territory or
     public property. Nothing in this
     Constitution shall be construed to
     prejudice................................
    Classification of Senators. Immediately             1          3       2
     after they shall be assembled after the
     first election, they shall be divided as
     equally as may be into three classes.....
        The seats of the Senators of the first          1          3       2
         class shall be vacated at the
         expiration of the second year........
        The seats of the Senators of the                1          3       2
         second class at the expiration of the
         fourth year..........................
        The seats of the Senators of the third          1          3       2
         class at the expiration of the sixth
         year.................................
    Coin a tender in payment of debts. No               1         10       1
     State shall make anything but gold and
     silver...................................
    Coin money and regulate the value thereof           1          8       5
     and of foreign coin. Congress shall have
     power to.................................
    Coin of the United States. Congress shall           1          8       6
     provide for punishing the counterfeiting
     the securities and current...............
    Color, or previous condition of servitude.         15          1  ......
     The right of citizens of the United
     States to vote shall not be denied or
     abridged by the United States or any
     State on account of race. [Amendments]...
    Comfort. Treason against the United States          3          3       1
     shall consist in levying war against
     them, and giving the enemies aid and.....
    Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy,            2          2       1
     and of their militia when in actual
     service. The President shall be..........
    Commerce with foreign nations, among the            1          8       3
     States, and with Indian tribes. Congress
     shall have power to regulate.............
    Commerce or revenue. No preference shall            1          9       6
     be given to the ports of one State over
     those of another by any regulation of....
        Vessels clearing from the ports of one          1          9       6
         State shall not pay duties in those
         of another...........................
    Commissions to expire at the end of the             2          2       3
     next session. The President may fill
     vacancies that happen in the recess of
     the Senate by granting...................
    Common defense, promote the general         ...........  .......  ......
     welfare, &c. To insure the. [Preamble]...
    Common defense and general welfare.                 1          8       1
     Congress shall have power to provide for
     the......................................
    Common law, where the amount involved               7    .......  ......
     exceeds twenty dollars, shall be tried by
     jury. Suits at. [Amendments].............
        No fact tried by a jury shall be                7    .......  ......
         otherwise reexamined in any court of
         the United States than according to
         the rules of the. [Amendments].......
    Compact with another State. No State                1         10       3
     shall, without consent of Congress, enter
     into any agreement or....................
    Compact with a foreign power. No state              1         10       3
     shall, without the consent of Congress,
     enter into any agreement or..............
    Compensation of Senators and                        1          6       1
     Representatives to be ascertained by law.
    Compensation of the President shall not be          2          1       7
     increased nor diminished during the
     period for which he shall be elected.....
    Compensation of the judges of the Supreme           3          1  ......
     and inferior courts shall not be
     diminished during their continuance in
     office...................................
    Compensation. Private property shall not            5    .......  ......
     be taken for public use without just.
     [Amendments].............................
    Compulsory process for obtaining witnesses          6    .......  ......
     in his favor. In criminal prosecutions
     the accused shall have. [Amendments].....
    Confederation. No State shall enter into            1         10       1
     any treaty, alliance, or.................
        All debts contracted and engagements            6    .......       1
         entered into before the adoption of
         this Constitution shall be valid
         against the United States under it,
         as under the.........................
    Confession in open court. Conviction of             3          3       1
     treason shall be on the testimony of two
     persons to the overt act, or upon........
    Congress of the United States. All                  1          1  ......
     legislative powers shall be vested in a..
        Shall consist of a Senate and House of          1          1  ......
         Representatives......................
        Shall assemble at least once in every           1          4       2
         year, which shall be on the first
         Monday of December, unless they by
         law appoint a different day..........
        May at any time alter regulations for           1          4       1
         elections of Senators and
         Representatives, except as to the
         places of choosing Senators..........
        Each House shall be the judge of the            1          5       1
         elections, returns, and
         qualifications of its own members....
        A majority of each House shall                  1          5       1
         constitute a quorum to do business...
        A smaller number may adjourn from day           1          5       1
         to day and compel the attendance of
         absent members.......................
        Each House may determine the rules of           1          5       2
         its proceedings, punish its members
         for disorderly behavior, and, with
         the concurrence of two-thirds, expel
         a member.............................
        Each House shall keep a journal of its          1          5       3
         proceedings..........................
        Neither House, during the session of            1          5       4
         Congress, shall, without the consent
         of the other, adjourn for more than
         three days...........................
        Senators and Representatives shall              1          6       1
         receive a compensation to be
         ascertained by law...................
        They shall in all cases, except                 1          6       1
         treason, felony, and breach of peace,
         be privileged from arrest during
         attendance at their respective
         Houses, and in going to and returning
         from the same........................
        No Senator or Representative shall,             1          6       2
         during his term, be appointed to any
         civil office which shall have been
         created, or of which the emoluments
         shall have been increased, during
         such term............................
        No person holding any office under the          1          6       2
         United States, shall, while in
         office, be a member of either House
         of Congress..........................
        All bills for raising revenue shall             1          7       1
         originate in the House of
         Representatives......................
        Proceedings in cases of bills returned          1          7       2
         by the President with his objections.
        Shall have power to lay and collect             1          8       1
         duties, imposts, and excises, pay the
         debts, and provide for the common
         defense and general welfare..........
        Shall have power to borrow money on             1          8       2
         the credit of the United States......
        To regulate foreign and domestic                1          8       3
         commerce, and with the Indian tribes.
        To establish uniform rule of                    1          8       4
         naturalization and uniform laws on
         the subject of bankruptcies..........
        To coin money, regulate its value and           1          8       5
         the value of foreign coin, and to fix
         the standard of weights and measures.
        To punish counterfeiting of securities          1          8       6
         and current coin of the United States
        To establish post-offices and post-             1          8       7
         roads................................
        To promote the progress of science and          1          8       8
         the useful arts......................
        To constitute tribunals inferior to             1          8       9
         the Supreme Court....................
        To define and punish piracies and               1          8      10
         felonies on the high seas and to
         punish offenses against the law of
         nations..............................
        To declare war, grant letters of                1          8      11
         marque and reprisal, and make rules
         concerning captures on land and water
        To raise and support armies, but no             1          8      12
         appropriation of money to that use
         shall be for a longer term than two
         years................................
        To provide and maintain a Navy........          1          8      13
        To make rules for the government of             1          8      14
         the Army and Navy....................
        To call out the militia to execute the          1          8      15
         laws, suppress insurrections, and
         repeal invasions.....................
        To provide for organizing, arming, and          1          8      16
         equipping the militia................
        To exercise exclusive legislation over          1          8      17
         the District fixed for the seat of
         government, and over forts,
         magazines, arsenals, and dockyards...
        To make all laws necessary and proper           1          8      18
         to carry into execution all powers
         vested by the Constitution in the
         Government of the United States......
        No person holding any office under the          1          9       8
         United States shall accept of any
         present, emolument, office, or title
         of any kind from any foreign state,
         without the consent of...............
        May determine the time of choosing the          2          1       4
         electors for President and Vice
         President and the day on which they
         shall give their votes...............
        The President may, on extraordinary             2          3  ......
         occasions, convene either House of...
        The manner in which the acts, records,          4          1  ......
         and judicial proceedings of the
         States shall be prescribed by........
        New States may be admitted by Congress          4          3       1
         into this Union......................
        Shall have power to make all needful            4          3       2
         rules and regulations respecting the
         territory or other property belonging
         to the United States.................
        Amendments to the Constitution shall            5    .......  ......
         be proposed whenever it shall be
         deemed necessary by two-thirds of
         both Houses of.......................
        Shall have power to enforce, by                13          2  ......
         appropriate legislation, the
         thirteenth amendment. [Amendments]...
        Persons engaged in insurrection or             14          3  ......
         rebellion against the United States
         disqualified for Senators or
         Representatives in. [Amendments].....
        But such disqualification may be               14          3  ......
         removed by a vote of two-thirds of
         both Houses of. [Amendments].........
        Shall have power to enforce, by                14          5  ......
         appropriate legislation, the
         fourteenth amendment. [Amendments]...
        Shall have power to enforce, by                15          2  ......
         appropriate legislation, the
         fifteenth amendment. [Amendments]....
        Shall have power to enforce, by                19    .......  ......
         appropriate legislation, the
         nineteenth amendment. [Amendments]...
        Sessions, time of assembling.                  20          2  ......
         [Amendments].........................
        To direct appointment of electors for          23          1  ......
         President and Vice President by
         District of Columbia. [Amendments]...
        Shall have power to enforce, by                23          2  ......
         appropriate legislation, the twenty-
         third amendment. [Amendments]........
        Shall have power to enforce, by                24          2  ......
         appropriate legislation, the twenty-
         fourth amendment. [Amendments].......
        Confirmation by majority vote of Vice          25          2  ......
         President nominated by the President
         where vacancy in office occurs.
         [Amendments].........................
        Shall decide the issue of the                  25          4  ......
         inability of the President to
         discharge the powers and duties of
         his office. [Amendments].............
        Shall have power to enforce, by                26          2  ......
         appropriate legislation, the twenty-
         sixth amendment. [Amendments]........
        No law, varying the compensation for           27    .......  ......
         the services of the Senators and
         Representatives, shall take effect,
         until an election of Representatives
         shall have intervened. [Amendments]..
    Consent. No State shall be deprived of its          5    .......  ......
     equal suffrage in the Senate without its.
    Consent of Congress. No person holding any          1          9       8
     office of profit or trust under the
     United States shall accept of any
     present, emolument, office, or title of
     any kind whatever, from any king, prince,
     or foreign potentate, without the........
        No State shall lay any imposts, or              1         10       2
         duties on imports, except what may be
         absolutely necessary for executing
         its inspection laws, without the.....
        No State shall lay any duty of                  1         10       3
         tonnage, keep troops or ships of war
         in time of peace, without the........
        No State shall enter into any                   1         10       3
         agreement or compact with another
         State, or with a foreign power,
         without the..........................
        No State shall engage in war unless             1         10       3
         actually invaded, or in such imminent
         danger as will not admit of delay,
         without the..........................
        No new State shall be formed or                 4          3       1
         erected within the jurisdiction of
         any other State, nor any State be
         formed by the junction of two or more
         States, or parts of States, without
         the consent of the legislatures
         thereof, as well as the..............
    Consent of the legislature of the State in          1          8      17
     which the same may be. Congress shall
     exercise exclusive authority over all
     places purchased for the erection of
     forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards,
     and other needful buildings by the.......
    Consent of the legislatures of the States           4          3       1
     and of Congress. No States shall be
     formed by the junction of two or more
     States or parts of States without the....
    Consent of the other. Neither House,                1          5       4
     during the session of Congress, shall
     adjourn for more than three days, nor to
     any other place than that in which they
     shall be sitting, without the............
    Consent of the owner. No soldier shall be           3    .......  ......
     quartered in time of peace in any house
     without the. [Amendments]................
    Consent of the Senate. The President shall          2          2       2
     have power to make treaties, by and with
     the advice and...........................
        The President shall appoint                     2          2       2
         ambassadors, other public ministers
         and consuls, judges of the Supreme
         Court, and all other officers created
         by law and not otherwise herein
         provided for, by and with the advice
         and..................................
    Constitution, in the Government of the              1          8      18
     United States, or in any department or
     officer thereof. Congress shall have
     power to pass all laws necessary to the
     execution of the powers vested by the....
    Constitution, shall be eligible to the              2          1       5
     office of President. No person except a
     natural-born citizen, or a citizen at the
     time of the adoption of the..............
    Constitution. The President, before he              2          1       8
     enters upon the execution of his office,
     shall take an oath to preserve, protect,
     and defend the...........................
    Constitution, laws, and treaties of the             3          2       1
     United States. The judicial power shall
     extend to all cases arising under the....
    Constitution shall be so construed as to            4          3       2
     prejudice any claims of the United
     States, or of any State (in respect to
     territory or other property of the United
     States). Nothing in the..................
    Constitution. The manner in which                   5    .......  ......
     amendments may be proposed and ratified..
    Constitution as under the Confederation             6    .......       1
     shall be valid. All debts and engagements
     contracted before the adoption of the....
    Constitution and the laws made in                   6    .......       2
     pursuance thereof, and all treaties made,
     or which shall be made, by the United
     States, shall be the supreme law of the
     land. The................................
        The judges in every State, anything in          6    .......       2
         the constitution or laws of a State
         to the contrary notwithstanding,
         shall be bound thereby...............
    Constitution. All officers, legislative,            6    .......       3
     executive, and judicial, of the United
     States, and of the several States, shall
     be bound by an oath to support the.......
        But no religious test shall ever be             6    .......       3
         required as a qualification for any
         office or public trust...............
    Constitution between the States so                  7    .......  ......
     ratifying the same. The ratification of
     the conventions of nine States shall be
     sufficient for the establishment of the..
    Constitution, of certain rights, shall not          9    .......  ......
     be construed to deny or disparage others
     retained by the people. The enumeration
     in the. [Amendments].....................
    Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the          10    .......  ......
     States, are reserved to the States
     respectively or to the people. Powers not
     delegated to the United States by the.
     [Amendments].............................
    Constitution, and then engaged in                  14          3  ......
     rebellion against the United States.
     Disqualification for office imposed upon
     certain class of persons who took an oath
     to support the. [Amendments].............
    Constitution. Done in convention by the             7    .......       2
     unanimous consent of the States present,
     September 17, 1787.......................
    Contracts. No State shall pass any ex post          1         10       1
     facto law, or law impairing the
     obligation of............................
    Controversies to which the United States            3          2       1
     shall be a party: between two or more
     States; between a State and citizens of
     another State; between citizens of
     different States; between citizens of the
     same State claiming lands under grants of
     different States; between a State or its
     citizens and foreign states, citizens, or
     subjects. The judicial power shall extend
     to.......................................
    Convene Congress or either House, on                2          3  ......
     extraordinary occasions. The President
     may......................................
    Convention for proposing amendments to the          5    .......  ......
     Constitution. Congress, on the
     application of two-thirds of the
     legislatures of the States, may call a...
    Convention, by the unanimous consent of             7    .......       2
     the States present on the 17th of
     September, 1787. Adoption of the
     Constitution in..........................
    Conventions of nine States shall be                 7    .......  ......
     sufficient for the establishment of the
     Constitution. The ratification of the....
    Conviction in cases of impeachment shall            1          3       6
     not be had without the concurrence of two-
     thirds of the members present............
    Copyrights to authors for limited times.            1          8       8
     Congress shall have power to provide for.
    Corruption of blood. Attainder of treason           3          3       2
     shall not work...........................
    Counsel for his defense. In all criminal            6    .......  ......
     prosecutions the accused shall have the
     assistance of. [Amendments]..............
    Counterfeiting the securities and current           1          8       6
     coin of the United States. Congress shall
     provide for the punishment of............
    Courts. Congress shall have power to                1          8       9
     constitute tribunals inferior to the
     Supreme Court............................
    Courts as Congress may establish. The               3          1  ......
     judicial power of the United States shall
     be vested in one Supreme Court and such
     inferior.................................
    Courts. The judges of the Supreme and               3          1  ......
     inferior courts shall hold their offices
     during good behavior.....................
        Their compensation shall not be                 3          1  ......
         diminished during their continuance
         in office............................
    Courts of law. Congress may by law vest             2          2       2
     the appointment of such inferior officers
     as they think proper in the President
     alone, in the heads of departments, or in
     the......................................
    Credit. No State shall emit bills of......          1         10       1
    Credit of the United States. Congress               1          8       2
     shall have power to borrow money on the..
    Credit shall be given in every other State          4          1  ......
     to the public acts, records, and judicial
     proceedings of each State. Full faith and
    Crime, unless on a presentment of a grand           5    .......  ......
     jury. No person shall be held to answer
     for a capital or otherwise infamous.
     [Amendments].............................
        Except in cases in the military and             5    .......  ......
         naval forces, or in the militia when
         in actual service. [Amendments]......
    Crimes, except in cases of impeachment,             3          2       3
     shall be tried by jury. All..............
        They shall be tried in the State                3          2       3
         within which they may be committed...
        When not committed in a State, they             3          2       3
         shall be tried at the places which
         Congress may by law have provided....
    Crimes and misdemeanors. The President,             2          4  ......
     Vice President, and all civil officers
     shall be removed on impeachment for and
     conviction of treason, bribery, or other.
    Criminal prosecutions, the accused shall            6    .......  ......
     have a speedy and public trial by jury in
     the State and district where the crime
     was committed. In all. [Amendments]......
        He shall be informed of the nature and          6    .......  ......
         cause of the accusation. [Amendments]
        He shall be confronted with the                 6    .......  ......
         witnesses against him. [Amendments]..
        He shall have compulsory process for            6    .......  ......
         obtaining witnesses in his favor.
         [Amendments].........................
        He shall have the assistance of                 6    .......  ......
         counsel in his defense. [Amendments].
    Criminate himself. No person as a witness           5    .......  ......
     shall be compelled to. [Amendments]......
    Cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.            8    .......  ......
     Excessive bail shall not be required, nor
     excessive fines imposed, nor.
     [Amendments].............................

                         D

    Dangers as will not admit of delay. No              1         10       3
     State shall, without the consent of
     Congress, engage in war, unless actually
     invaded, or in such imminent.............
    Day on which they shall vote for President          2          1       4
     and Vice President, which shall be the
     same throughout the United States.
     Congress may determine the time of
     choosing the electors, and the...........
    Day to day, and may be authorized to                1          5       1
     compel the attendance of absent members.
     A smaller number than a quorum of each
     House may adjourn from...................
    Death, resignation, or inability of the             2          1       6
     President. In case of, powers and duties
     of his office shall devolve on the Vice
     President................................
      [Amendments]............................         25    .......  ......
        Congress may provide by law for the             2          1       6
         case of the removal..................
          [Amendments]........................         25    .......  ......
    Debt of the United States, including debts         14          4  ......
     for pensions and bounties incurred in
     suppressing insurrection or rebellion,
     shall not be questioned. The validity of
     the public. [Amendments].................
    Debts. No State shall make anything but             1         10       1
     gold and silver coin a tender in payment
     of.......................................
    Debts and provide for the common defense            1          8       1
     and general welfare of the United States.
     Congress shall have power to pay the.....
    Debts and engagements contracted before             6    .......       1
     the adoption of this Constitution shall
     be as valid against the United States,
     under it, as under the Confederation.....
    Debts or obligations incurred in aid of            14          4  ......
     insurrection or rebellion against the
     United States, or claims for the loss or
     emancipation of any slave. Neither the
     United States nor any State shall assume
     or pay any. [Amendments].................
    Declare war, grant letters of marque and            1          8      11
     reprisal, and make rules concerning
     captures on land and water. Congress
     shall have power to......................
    Defense, promote the general welfare, &c.   ...........  .......  ......
     To insure the common. [Preamble].........
    Defense and general welfare throughout the          1          8       1
     United States. Congress shall have power
     to pay the debts and provide for the
     common...................................
    Defense. In all criminal prosecutions the           6    .......  ......
     accused shall have the assistance of
     counsel for his. [Amendments]............
    Delaware entitled to one Representative in          1          2       3
     the first Congress.......................
    Delay. No State shall, without the consent          1         10       3
     of Congress, engage in war unless
     actually invaded, or in such imminent
     danger as will not admit of..............
    Delegated to the United States, nor                10    .......  ......
     prohibited to the States, are reserved to
     the States or to the people. The powers
     not. [Amendments]........................
    Deny or disparage others retained by the            9    .......  ......
     people. The enumeration in the
     Constitution of certain rights shall not
     be construed to. [Amendments]............
    Departments upon any subject relating to            2          2       1
     their duties. The President may require
     the written opinion of the principal
     officers in each of the executive........
    Departments. Congress may by law vest the           2          2       2
     appointment of inferior officers in the
     heads of.................................
    Direct tax shall be laid unless in                  1          9       4
     proportion to the census or enumeration.
     No capitation or other...................
    Direct taxes and Representatives, how               1          2       3
     apportioned among the several States.....
    Disability of the President and Vice                2          1       6
     President. Provisions in case of the.....
      [Amendments]............................         25    .......  ......
    Disability. No person shall be a Senator           14          3  ......
     or Representative in Congress, or
     presidential elector, or hold any office,
     civil or military, under the United
     States, or any State, who having
     previously taken an oath as a
     legislative, executive, or judicial
     officer of the United States, or of any
     State, to support the Constitution,
     afterward engaged in insurrection or
     rebellion against the United States.
     [Amendments].............................
        But Congress may, by a vote of two-            14          3  ......
         thirds of each House, remove such.
         [Amendments].........................
    Disagreement between the two Houses as to           2          3  ......
     the time of adjournment, the President
     may adjourn them to such time as he may
     think proper. In case of.................
    Disorderly behavior. Each House may punish          1          5       2
     its members for..........................
        And with the concurrence of two-thirds          1          5       2
         expel a member.......................
    Disparage others retained by the people.            9    .......  ......
     The enumeration in the Constitution of
     certain rights shall not be construed to
     deny or. [Amendments]....................
    Disqualification. No Senator or                     1          6       2
     Representative shall, during the time for
     which he was elected, be appointed to any
     office under the United States which
     shall have been created or its emoluments
     increased during such term...............
        No person holding any office under the          1          6       2
         United States shall be a member of
         either House during his continuance
         in office............................
        No person shall be a member of either          14          3  ......
         House, presidential elector, or hold
         any office under the United States,
         or any State, who, having previously
         sworn to support the Constitution,
         afterward engaged in insurrection or
         rebellion. [Amendments]..............
        But Congress may, by a vote of two-            14          3  ......
         thirds of each House, remove such
         disability. [Amendments].............
    District of Columbia. Congress shall                1          8      17
     exercise exclusive legislation in all
     cases over the...........................
        Electors for President and Vice                23          1  ......
         President, appointment in such manner
         as the Congress may direct.
         [Amendments].........................
    Dockyards. Congress shall have exclusive            1          8      17
     authority over all places purchased for
     the erection of..........................
    Domestic tranquility, provide for the       ...........  .......  ......
     common defense, &c. To insure. [Preamble]
    Domestic violence. The United States shall          4          4  ......
     protect each State against invasion and..
    Due process of law. No person shall be              5    .......  ......
     compelled, in any criminal case, to be a
     witness against himself, nor be deprived
     of life, liberty, or property without.
     [Amendments].............................
        No State shall deprive any person of           14          1  ......
         life, liberty, or property without.
         [Amendments].........................
    Duties, imposts, and excises. Congress              1          8       1
     shall have power to lay and collect taxes
        Shall be uniform throughout the United          1          8       1
         States...............................
    Duties shall be laid on articles exported           1          9       5
     from any State. No tax or................
    Duties in another State. Vessels clearing           1          9       6
     in the ports of one State shall not be
     obliged to pay...........................
        On imports and exports, without the             1         10       2
         consent of Congress, except where
         necessary for executing its
         inspection laws. No State shall lay
         any..................................
        The net produce of all such duties              1         10       2
         shall be for the use of the Treasury
         of the United States.................
        All laws laying such duties shall be            1         10       2
         subject to the revision and control
         of Congress..........................
    Duties and powers of the office of                  2          1       6
     President, in case of his death, removal,
     or inability to act, shall devolve on the
     Vice President...........................
      [Amendments]............................         25    .......  ......
        In case of the disability of the                2          1       6
         President and Vice President,
         Congress shall declare what officer
         shall act............................
          [Amendments]........................         25    .......  ......
    Duty of tonnage without the consent of              1         10       3
     Congress. No State shall lay any.........

                         E

    Eighteenth Amendment. Repeal. [Amendments]         21          1  ......
    Election of President and Vice President.           2          1       4
     Congress may determine the day for the...
        Shall be the same throughout the                2          1       4
         United States. The day of the........
    Elections. The right of citizens of the            24          1  ......
     United States to vote in shall not be
     denied or abridged by the United States
     or any State by reason of failure to pay
     any poll tax or other tax. [Amendments]..
    Elections for Senators and                          1          4       1
     Representatives. The legislatures of the
     States shall prescribe the times, places,
     and manner of holding....................
        But Congress may, at any time, alter            1          4       1
         such regulations, except as to the
         places of choosing Senators..........
        Returns and qualifications of its own           1          5       1
         members. Each House shall be the
         judge of the.........................
        Senators elected by the people.                17          1  ......
         [Amendments].........................
    Electors for members of the House of                1          2       1
     Representatives. Qualifications of.......
    Electors for Senators. Qualifications of.          17          1  ......
     [Amendments].............................
    Electors for President and Vice President.          2          1       2
     Each State shall appoint, in such manner
     as the legislature thereof may direct, a
     number of electors equal to the whole
     number of Senators and Representatives to
     which the State may be entitled in the
     Congress.................................
        But no Senator or Representative, or            2          1       2
         person holding an office of trust or
         profit under the United States, shall
         be appointed an elector..............
        Congress may determine the time of              2          1       4
         choosing the electors and the day on
         which they shall give their votes....
        Which day shall be the same throughout          2          1       4
         the United States....................
        The electors shall meet in their               12    .......  ......
         respective States and vote by ballot
         for President and Vice President, one
         of whom, at least, shall not be an
         inhabitant of the same State with
         themselves. [Amendments].............
        The District of Columbia to appoint,           23          1  ......
         in such manner as the Congress may
         direct, a number of electors equal to
         the whole number of Senators and
         Representatives to which the District
         would be entitled if a State.
         [Amendments].........................
    Electors shall name, in their ballots, the         12    .......  ......
     person voted for as President; and in
     distinct ballots the person voted for as
     Vice President. [Amendments].............
        They shall make distinct lists of the          12    .......  ......
         persons voted for as President and of
         persons voted for as Vice President,
         which they shall sign and certify,
         and transmit sealed to the seat of
         government, directed to the President
         of the Senate. [Amendments]..........
        No person having taken an oath as a            14          3  ......
         legislative, executive or judicial
         officer of the United States, or of
         any State, and afterwards engaged in
         insurrection or rebellion against the
         United States, shall be an elector...
        But Congress may, by a vote of two-            14          3  ......
         thirds of each House, remove such
         disability. [Amendments].............
    Emancipation of any slave shall be held to         14          4  ......
     be illegal and void. Claims for the loss
     or. [Amendments].........................
    Emit bills of credit. No State shall......          1         10       1
    Emolument of any kind from any king,                1          9       8
     prince, or foreign state, without the
     consent of Congress. No person holding
     any office under the United States shall
     accept any...............................
    Enemies. Treason shall consist in levying           3          3       1
     war against the United States, in
     adhering to, or giving aid and comfort to
     their....................................
    Engagements contracted before the adoption          6    .......       1
     of this Constitution shall be valid. All
     debts and................................
    Enumeration of the inhabitants shall be             1          2       3
     made within three years after the first
     meeting of Congress, and within every
     subsequent term of ten years thereafter..
        Ratio of representation not to exceed           1          2       3
         one of every 30,000 until the first
         enumeration shall be made............
        Income tax authorized without regard           16    .......  ......
         to. [Amendments].....................
    Enumeration in the Constitution of certain          9    .......  ......
     rights shall not be construed to deny or
     disparage others retained by the people.
     The. [Amendments]........................
    Equal protection of the laws. No State             14          1  ......
     shall deny to any person within its
     jurisdiction the. [Amendments]...........
    Equal suffrage in the Senate. No State              5    .......  ......
     shall be deprived without its consent, of
     its......................................
    Establishment of this Constitution between          7    .......  ......
     the States ratifying the same. The
     ratification of nine States shall be
     sufficient for the.......................
    Ex post facto law shall be passed. No bill          1          9       3
     of attainder or..........................
    Ex post facto law, or law impairing the             1         10       1
     obligation of contracts. No State shall
     pass any bill of attainder...............
    Excessive bail shall not be required, nor           8    .......  ......
     excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and
     unusual punishments inflicted.
     [Amendments].............................
    Excises. Congress shall have power to lay           1          8       1
     and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and..
        Shall be uniform throughout the United          1          8       1
         States. All duties, imposts, and.....
    Exclusive legislation, in all cases, over           1          8      17
     such district as may become the seat of
     government. Congress shall exercise......
        Over all places purchased for the               1          8      17
         erection of forts, magazines,
         arsenals, dock-yards and other
         needful buildings. Congress shall
         exercise.............................
    Executive and judicial officers of the              6    .......       3
     United States and of the several States
     shall be bound by an oath to support the
     Constitution.............................
    Executive departments. On subjects                  2          2       1
     relating to their duties the President
     may require the written opinions of the
     principal officers in each of the........
        Congress may by law vest the                    2          2       2
         appointment of inferior officers in
         the heads of.........................
    Executive of a State. The United States             4          4  ......
     shall protect each State against invasion
     and domestic violence, on the application
     of the legislature or the................
    Executive power shall be vested in a                2          1       1
     President of the United States of
     America. The.............................
    Expel a member. Each House, with the                1          5       2
     concurrence of two-thirds, may...........
    Expenditures of public money shall be               1          9       7
     published from time to time. A regular
     statement of the receipts and............
    Exportations from any State. No tax or              1          9       5
     duty shall be laid on....................
    Exports or imports, except upon certain             1         10       2
     conditions. No State shall, without the
     consent of Congress, lay any duties on...
        Laid by any State, shall be for the             1         10       2
         use of the Treasury. The net produce
         of all duties on.....................
        Shall be subject to the revision and            1         10       2
         control of Congress. All laws of the
         States laying duties on..............
    Extraordinary occasions. The President may          2          3  ......
     convene both Houses, or either House of
     Congress, on.............................

                         F

    Faith and credit in each State shall be             4          1  ......
     given to the acts, records, and judicial
     proceedings of another State. Full.......
    Felonies committed on the high seas.                1          8      10
     Congress shall have power to define and
     punish piracies and......................
    Felony, and breach of the peace. Members            1          6       1
     of Congress shall not be privileged from
     arrest for treason.......................
    Fines. Excessive fines shall not be                 8    .......  ......
     imposed. [Amendments]....................
    Foreign coin. Congress shall have power to          1          8       5
     coin money, fix the standard of weights
     and measures, and to regulate the value
     of.......................................
    Foreign nations, among the States, and              1          8       3
     with the Indian tribes. Congress shall
     have power to regulate commerce with.....
    Foreign power. No State shall, without the          1         10       3
     consent of Congress, enter into any
     compact or agreement with any............
    Forfeiture, except during the life of the           3          3       2
     person attainted. Attainder of treason
     shall not work...........................
    Form of government. The United States               4          4  ......
     shall guarantee to every State in this
     Union a republican.......................
        And shall protect each of them against          4          4  ......
         invasion; and on application of the
         legislature or of the executive (when
         the legislature cannot be convened),
         against domestic violence............
    Formation of new States. Provisions                 4          3       1
     relating to the..........................
    Forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards,             1          8      17
     and other needful buildings. Congress
     shall exercise exclusive authority over
     all places purchased for the erection of.
    Free State, the right of the people to              2    .......  ......
     keep and bear arms shall not be
     infringed. A well-regulated militia being
     necessary to the security of a.
     [Amendments].............................
    Freedom of speech or the press. Congress            1    .......  ......
     shall make no law abridging the.
     [Amendments].............................
    Fugitives from crime found in another               4          2       2
     State shall, on demand, be delivered up
     to the authorities of the State from
     which they may flee......................
    Fugitives from service or labor in one              4          2       3
     State, escaping into another State, shall
     be delivered up to the party to whom such
     service or labor may be due..............

                         G

    General welfare and secure the blessings    ...........  .......  ......
     of liberty, &c. To promote the.
     [Preamble.]..............................
    General welfare. Congress shall have power          1          8       1
     to provide for the common defense and....
    Georgia entitled to three Representatives           1          2       3
     in the first Congress....................
    Gold and silver coin a tender in payment            1         10       1
     of debts. No State shall make anything
     but......................................
    Good behavior. The judges of the Supreme            3          1  ......
     and inferior courts shall hold their
     offices during...........................
    Government. The United States shall                 4          4  ......
     guarantee to every State in this Union a
     republican form of.......................
        And shall protect each of them against          4          4  ......
         invasion, and on application of the
         legislature or of the executive (when
         the legislature cannot be convened)
         against domestic violence............
    Grand jury. No person shall be held to              5    .......  ......
     answer for a capital or otherwise
     infamous crime, unless on the presentment
     of a. [Amendments].......................
        Except in cases arising in the land             5    .......  ......
         and naval forces, and in the militia
         when in actual service. [Amendments].
    Guarantee to every State in this Union a            4          4  ......
     republican form of government. The United
     States shall.............................
        And shall protect each of them against          4          4  ......
         invasion; and on application of the
         legislature or of the executive (when
         the legislature cannot be convened),
         against domestic violence............

                         H

    Habeas corpus shall not be suspended                1          9       2
     unless in cases of rebellion or invasion.
     The writ of..............................
    Heads of departments. Congress may, by              2          2       2
     law, vest the appointment of inferior
     officers in the..........................
        On any subject relating to their                2          2       1
         duties, the President may require the
         written opinion of the principal
         officers in each of the executive
         departments..........................
    High crimes and misdemeanors. The                   2          4  ......
     President, Vice President, and all civil
     officers shall be removed on impeachment
     for and conviction of treason, bribery,
     or other.................................
    House of Representatives. Congress shall            1          1  ......
     consist of a Senate and..................
        Shall be composed of members chosen             1          2       1
         every second year....................
        Qualifications of electors for members          1          2       1
         of the...............................
        No person shall be a member who shall           1          2       2
         not have attained the age of twenty-
         five years, and been seven years a
         citizen of the United States.........
        The executives of the several States            1          2       4
         shall issue writs of election to fill
         vacancies in the.....................
        Shall choose their Speaker and other            1          2       5
         officers.............................
        Shall have the sole power of                    1          2       5
         impeachment..........................
        Shall be the judge of the elections,            1          5       1
         returns, and qualifications of its
         own members..........................
        A majority shall constitute a quorum            1          5       1
         to do business.......................
        Less than a majority may adjourn from           1          5       1
         day to day, and compel the attendance
         of absent members....................
        May determine its own rules of                  1          5       2
         proceedings..........................
        May punish its members for disorderly           1          5       2
         behavior, and, with the concurrence
         of two-thirds, expel a member........
        Shall keep a journal of its                     1          5       3
         proceedings..........................
        Shall not adjourn for more than three           1          5       4
         days during the session of Congress
         without the consent of the Senate....
        Members shall not be questioned for             1          6       1
         any speech or debate in either House
         or in any other place................
        No person holding any office under the          1          6       2
         United States shall, while holding
         such office, be a member of the......
        No person, while a member of either             1          6       2
         House, shall be appointed to an
         office which shall have been created
         or the emoluments increased during
         his membership.......................
        All bills for raising revenue shall             1          7       1
         originate in the.....................
        The votes for President and Vice               12    .......  ......
         President shall be counted in the
         presence of the Senate and.
         [Amendments].........................
        If no person have a majority of                12    .......  ......
         electoral votes, then from the three
         highest on the list the House of
         Representatives shall immediately, by
         ballot, choose a President.
         [Amendments].........................
        They shall vote by States, each State          12    .......  ......
         counting one vote. [Amendments]......
        A quorum shall consist of a member or          12    .......  ......
         members from two-thirds of the
         States, and a majority of all the
         States shall be necessary to the
         choice of a President. [Amendments]..
        No person having as a legislative,             14          3  ......
         executive, or judicial officer of the
         United States, or of any State, taken
         an oath to support the Constitution,
         and afterwards engaged in
         insurrection or rebellion against the
         United States, shall be a member of
         the. [Amendments]....................
        But Congress may, by a vote of two-            14          3  ......
         thirds of each house, remove such
         disability. [Amendments].............

                         I

    Imminent danger as will not admit of                1         10       3
     delay. No State shall, without the
     consent of Congress, engage in war,
     unless actually invaded or in such.......
    Immunities. Members of Congress shall, in           1          6       1
     all cases except treason, felony, and
     breach of the peace, be privileged from
     arrest during their attendance at the
     session of their respective houses, and
     in going and returning from the same.....
        No soldier shall be quartered in any            3    .......  ......
         house without the consent of the
         owner in time of peace. [Amendments].
        No person shall be twice put in                 5    .......  ......
         jeopardy of life and limb for the
         same offense. [Amendments]...........
        All persons born or naturalized in the         14          1  ......
         United States, and subject to the
         jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of
         the United States and of the State in
         which they reside. [Amendments]......
        No State shall make or enforce any law         14          1  ......
         which shall abridge the privileges or
         immunities of citizens of the United
         States. [Amendments].................
        Nor shall any State deprive any person         14          1  ......
         of life, liberty, or property without
         due process of law. [Amendments].....
        Nor deny to any person within its              14          1  ......
         jurisdiction the equal protection of
         the law. [Amendments]................
    Impeachment. The President may grant                2          2       1
     reprieves and pardons except in cases of.
        The House of Representatives shall              1          2       5
         have the sole power of...............
    Impeachment for and conviction of treason,          2          4  ......
     bribery, and other high crimes and
     misdemeanors. The President, Vice
     President, and all civil officers shall
     be removed upon..........................
    Impeachments. The Senate shall have the             1          3       6
     sole power to try all....................
        The Senate shall be on oath, or                 1          3       6
         affirmation, when sitting for the
         trial of.............................
        When the President of the United                1          3       6
         States is tried the Chief Justice
         shall preside........................
        No person shall be convicted without            1          3       6
         the concurrence of two-thirds of the
         members present......................
        Judgment shall not extend beyond                1          3       7
         removal from office and
         disqualification to hold office......
        But the party convicted shall be                1          3       7
         liable to indictment and punishment
         according to law.....................
    Importation of slaves prior to 1808 shall           1          9       1
     not be prohibited by the Congress........
        But a tax or duty of ten dollars for            1          9       1
         each person may be imposed on such...
    Imports or exports except what may be               1         10       2
     absolutely necessary for executing its
     inspection laws. No State shall, without
     the consent of Congress, lay any imposts
     or duties on.............................
    Imports or exports laid by any State shall          1         10       2
     be for the use of the Treasury. The net
     produce of all duties on.................
    Imports or exports shall be subject to the          1         10       2
     revision and control of Congress. All
     laws of States laying duties on..........
    Imposts and excises. Congress shall have            1          8       1
     power to lay and collect taxes, duties...
        Shall be uniform throughout the United          1          8       1
         States. All taxes, duties............
    Inability of the President. The powers and          2          1       6
     duties of his office shall devolve on the
     Vice President. In case of the death,
     resignation, or..........................
      [Amendments]............................         25    .......  ......
        The Vice President shall succeed to            25    .......  ......
         the office of the President. In case
         of the death, resignation, or
         removal, or [Amendments].............
    Inability of the President or Vice                  2          1       6
     President. Congress may provide by law
     for the case of the removal, death,
     resignation, or..........................
      [Amendments]............................         25    .......  ......
    Income taxes. Congress shall have power to         16    .......  ......
     lay and collect without apportionment
     among the several States, and without
     regard to any census or enumeration.
     [Amendments].............................
    Indian tribes. Congress shall have power            1          8       3
     to regulate commerce with the............
    Indictment or presentment of a grand jury.          5    .......  ......
     No person shall be held to answer for a
     capital or infamous crime unless on
     [Amendments].............................
        Except in cases arising in the land             5    .......  ......
         and naval forces, and in the militia
         when in actual service. [Amendments].
    Indictment, trial, judgment, and                    1          3       7
     punishment, according to law. The party
     convicted in case of impeachment shall
     nevertheless be liable and subject to....
    Infamous crime unless on presentment or             5    .......  ......
     indictment of a grand jury. No person
     shall be held to answer for a capital or
     [Amendments].............................
    Inferior courts. Congress shall have power          1          8       9
     to constitute tribunals inferior to the
     Supreme Court............................
    Inferior courts as Congress may establish.          3          1  ......
     The judicial power of the United States
     shall be vested in one Supreme Court and
     such.....................................
        The judges of both the Supreme and              3          1  ......
         inferior courts shall hold their
         offices during good behavior.........
        Their compensation shall not be                 3          1  ......
         diminished during their continuance
         in office............................
    Inferior officers, Congress, if they think          2          2       2
     proper, may by law vest the appointment
     of in the President alone, in the courts
     of law, or in the heads of Departments...
    Inhabitant of the State for which he shall          1          3       3
     be chosen. No person shall be a Senator
     who shall not have attained the age of
     thirty years, been nine years a citizen
     of the United States, and who shall not,
     when elected, be an......................
    Insurrection or rebellion against the              14          3  ......
     United States. No person shall be a
     Senator or Representative in Congress, or
     presidential elector, or hold any office,
     civil or military, under the United
     States, or any State, who, having taken
     an oath as a legislative, executive, or
     judicial officer of the United States, or
     of a State, afterwards engaged in.
     [Amendments].............................
        But Congress may, by a vote of two-            14          3  ......
         thirds of each House, remove such
         disabilities. [Amendments]...........
        Debts declared illegal and void which          14          4  ......
         were contracted in aid of.
         [Amendments].........................
    Insurrections and repel invasions.                  1          8      15
     Congress shall provide for calling forth
     the militia to suppress..................
    Intoxicating liquors. Prohibition of               18          1  ......
     manufacture, sale, transportation,
     importation, or exportation of.
     [Amendments].............................
        Repeal of Eighteenth Amendment.                21          1  ......
         [Amendments].........................
        Transportation or importation into any         21          2  ......
         State, Territory or possession, for
         delivery or use therein in violation
         of their laws, prohibited.
         [Amendments].........................
    Invasion. No State shall, without the               1         10       3
     consent of Congress, engage in war unless
     actually invaded, or in such imminent
     danger as will not admit of delay........
        The writ of habeas corpus shall not be          1          9       2
         suspended unless in case of rebellion
         or...................................
    Invasion and domestic violence. The United          4          4  ......
     States shall protect each State against..
    Invasions. Congress shall provide for               1          8      15
     calling forth the militia to suppress
     insurrections and repel..................
    Inventors and authors in their inventions           1          8       8
     and writings. Congress may pass laws to
     secure for limited times exclusive rights
     to.......................................
    Involuntary servitude, except as a                 13          1  ......
     punishment for crime, abolished in the
     United States. Slavery and. [Amendments].

                         J

    Jeopardy of life and limb for the same              5    .......  ......
     offense. No person shall be twice put in.
     [Amendments].............................
    Journal of its proceedings. Each House              1          5       3
     shall keep a.............................
    Judges in every State shall be bound by             6    .......       2
     the Constitution, the laws and treaties
     of the United States, which shall be the
     supreme law of the land..................
    Judges of the Supreme and inferior courts           3          1  ......
     shall hold their offices during good
     behavior.................................
        Their compensation shall not be                 3          1  ......
         diminished during their continuance
         in office............................
    Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not          1          3       7
     extend further than to removal from
     office, and disqualification to hold any
     office of honor, trust, or profit under
     the United States........................
        But the party convicted shall                   1          3       7
         nevertheless be liable and subject to
         indictment, trial, judgment, and
         punishment according to law..........
    Judicial and executive officers of the              6    .......       3
     United States and of the several States
     shall be bound by an oath to support the
     Constitution.............................
    Judicial power of the United States.                1          8       9
     Congress shall have power to constitute
     tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court..
        The judicial power of the United                3          1  ......
         States shall be vested in one Supreme
         Court, and in such inferior courts as
         Congress may from time to time ordain
         and establish........................
        The judges of the Supreme and inferior          3          1  ......
         courts shall hold their offices
         during good behavior.................
        Their compensation shall not be                 3          1  ......
         diminished during their continuance
         in office............................
        It shall extend to all cases in law             3          2       1
         and equity arising under the
         Constitution, laws, and treaties of
         the United States....................
        To all cases affecting ambassadors,             3          2       1
         other public ministers, and consuls..
        To all cases of admiralty and maritime          3          2       1
         jurisdiction.........................
        To controversies to which the United            3          2       1
         States shall be a party..............
        To controversies between two or more            3          2       1
         States...............................
        To controversies between a State and            3          2       1
         citizens of another State............
          [Amendments]........................         11    .......  ......
        To controversies between citizens of            3          2       1
         different States.....................
        To citizens of the same State claiming          3          2       1
         lands under grants of different
         States...............................
        To controversies between a State or             3          2       1
         its citizens and foreign states,
         citizens, or subjects................
        In all cases affecting ambassadors,             3          2       2
         other public ministers and consuls,
         and those in which a State shall be a
         party, the Supreme Court shall have
         original jurisdiction................
        In all other cases before mentioned,            3          2       2
         it shall have appellate jurisdiction,
         both as to law and fact, with such
         exceptions and under such regulations
         as Congress shall make...............
        The trial of all crimes, except in              3          2       3
         cases of impeachment, shall be by
         jury.................................
        The trial shall be held in the State            3          2       3
         where the crimes shall have been
         committed............................
        But when not committed in a State, the          3          2       3
         trial shall be at such place or
         places as Congress may by law have
         directed.............................
        The judicial power of the United               11    .......  ......
         States shall not be held to extend to
         any suit in law or equity commenced
         or prosecuted against one of the
         United States by citizens of another
         State, or by citizens or subjects of
         any Foreign State. [Amendments]......
    Judicial proceedings of every other State.          4          1  ......
     Full faith and credit shall be given in
     each State to the acts, records, and.....
        Congress shall prescribe the manner of          4          1  ......
         proving such acts, records, and
         proceedings..........................
    Judiciary. The Supreme Court shall have             3          2       2
     original jurisdiction in all cases
     affecting ambassadors, other public
     ministers and consuls, and those in which
     a State may be a party...................
        The Supreme Court shall have appellate          3          2       2
         jurisdiction both as to law and fact,
         with such exceptions and regulations
         as Congress may make.................
    Junction of two or more States or parts of          4          3       1
     States without the consent of the
     legislatures and of Congress. No State
     shall be formed by the...................
    Jurisdiction of another State. No new               4          3       1
     State shall, without the consent of
     Congress, be formed or erected within the
    Jurisdiction, both as to law and fact,              3          2       2
     with such exceptions and under such
     regulations as Congress may make. The
     Supreme Court shall have appellate.......
    Jurisdiction. In all cases affecting                3          2       2
     ambassadors and other public ministers
     and consuls, and in cases where a State
     is a party, the Supreme Court shall have
     original.................................
    Jury. The trial of all crimes, except in            3          2       3
     cases of impeachment, shall be by........
        In all criminal prosecutions the                6    .......  ......
         accused shall have a speedy and
         public trial by. [Amendments]........
        All suits at common law, where the              7    .......  ......
         value exceeds twenty dollars, shall
         be tried by. [Amendments]............
        Where a fact has been tried by a jury           7    .......  ......
         it shall not be reexamined except by
         the rules of the common law.
         [Amendments].........................
    Just compensation. Private property shall           5    .......  ......
     not be taken for public use without.
     [Amendments].............................
    Justice, insure domestic tranquility, &c.   ...........  .......  ......
     To establish. [Preamble].................

                         L

    Labor, in one State escaping into another           4          2       3
     State shall be delivered up to the party
     to whom such service or labor may be due.
     Fugitives from service or................
    Land and naval forces. Congress shall make          1          8      14
     rules for the government and regulation
     of the...................................
    Law and fact, with exceptions and under             3          2       2
     regulations to be made by Congress. The
     Supreme Court shall have appellate
     jurisdiction as to.......................
    Law of nations. Congress shall provide for          1          8      10
     punishing offenses against the...........
    Law of the land. The Constitution, the              6    .......       2
     laws made in pursuance thereof, and
     treaties of the United States, shall be
     the supreme..............................
        The judges in every State shall be              6    .......       2
         bound thereby........................
    Laws. Congress shall provide for calling            1          8      15
     forth the militia to suppress
     insurrection, repel invasion, and to
     execute the..............................
    Laws necessary to carry into execution the          1          8      18
     powers vested in the government, or in
     any department or officer of the United
     States. Congress shall make all..........
    Laws and treaties of the United States.             3          2       1
     The judicial power shall extend to all
     cases in law and equity arising under the
     Constitution, or the.....................
    Legal tender in payment of debts. No State          1         10       1
     shall make anything but gold and silver
     coin a...................................
    Legislation in all cases over such                  1          8      17
     district as may become the seat of
     government. Congress shall exercise
     exclusive................................
        Over all places purchased for the               1          8      17
         erection of forts, magazines,
         arsenals, dock-yards, and other
         needful buildings. Congress shall
         exercise exclusive...................
    Legislation. Congress shall have power to           1          8      18
     make all laws necessary and proper for
     carrying into execution all the powers
     vested by the Constitution in the
     Government of the United States or in any
     department or officer thereof............
        Congress shall have power to enforce           13          2  ......
         the thirteenth amendment, prohibiting
         slavery, by appropriate. [Amendments]
        Congress shall have power to enforce           14          5  ......
         the fourteenth amendment by
         appropriate. [Amendments]............
        Congress shall have power to enforce           15          2  ......
         the fifteenth amendment by
         appropriate. [Amendments]............
        Congress and the several States shall          18          2  ......
         have concurrent power to enforce the
         eighteenth amendment by appropriate.
         [Amendments].........................
        Congress shall have power to enforce           19    .......  ......
         the nineteenth amendment by
         appropriate. [Amendments]............
        Congress shall have power to enforce           23          2  ......
         the twenty-third amendment by
         appropriate. [Amendments]............
        Congress shall have power to enforce           24          2  ......
         the twenty-fourth amendment by
         appropriate. [Amendments]............
        Congress shall have power to enforce           26          2  ......
         the twenty-sixth amendment by
         appropriate. [Amendments]............
    Legislative powers herein granted shall be          1          1  ......
     vested in Congress. All..................
    Legislature, or the Executive (when the             4          4  ......
     legislature cannot be convened). The
     United States shall protect each State
     against invasion and domestic violence,
     on the application of the................
    Legislatures of two-thirds of the States,           5    .......  ......
     Congress shall call a convention for
     proposing amendments to the Constitution.
     On the application of the................
    Letters of marque and reprisal. Congress            1          8      11
     shall have power to grant................
        No State shall grant..................          1         10       1
    Liberty to ourselves and our posterity,     ...........  .......  ......
     &c. To secure the blessings of.
     [Preamble]...............................
    Life or limb for the same offense. No               5    .......  ......
     person shall be twice put in jeopardy of.
     [Amendments].............................
    Life, liberty, and property without due             5    .......  ......
     process of law. No person shall be
     compelled in any criminal case to be a
     witness against himself, nor be deprived
     of. [Amendments].........................
        No State shall abridge the privileges          14          1  ......
         or immunities of citizens of the
         United States, nor deprive any person
         of. [Amendments].....................
    Loss or emancipation of any slave shall be         14          4  ......
     held illegal and void. Claims for the.
     [Amendments].............................

                         M

    Magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other          1          8      17
     needful buildings. Congress shall have
     exclusive authority over all places
     purchased for the erection of............
    Majority of each House shall constitute a           1          5       1
     quorum to do business. A.................
        But a smaller number may adjourn from           1          5       1
         day to day and may be authorized to
         compel the attendance of absent
         members..............................
    Majority of all the States shall be                12    .......  ......
     necessary to a choice. When the choice of
     a President shall devolve on the House of
     Representatives, a quorum shall consist
     of a member or members from two-thirds of
     the States; but a. [Amendments]..........
        When the choice of a Vice President            12    .......  ......
         shall devolve on the Senate, a quorum
         shall consist of two-thirds of the
         whole number of Senators, and a
         majority of the whole number shall be
         necessary to a choice. [Amendments]..
    Maritime jurisdiction. The judicial power           3          2       1
     shall extend to all cases of admiralty
     and......................................
    Marque and reprisal. Congress shall have            1          8      11
     power to grant letters of................
        No State shall grant any letters of...          1         10       1
    Maryland entitled to six Representatives            1          2       3
     in the first Congress....................
    Massachusetts entitled to eight                     1          2       3
     Representatives in the first Congress....
    Measures. Congress shall fix the standard           1          8       5
     of weights and...........................
    Meeting of Congress. The Congress shall             1          4       2
     assemble at least once in every year, and
     such meeting shall be on the first Monday
     in December, unless they shall by law
     appoint a different day..................
    Meeting of Electors. The Electors shall            12    .......  ......
     meet in their respective States and vote
     by ballot for President and Vice
     President, one of whom, at least, shall
     not be an inhabitant of the same State
     with themselves. [Amendments]............
        District of Columbia, electors for             23          1  ......
         President and Vice President
         appointed by District. [Amendments]..
    Members of Congress and of State                    6    .......       3
     legislatures shall be bound by oath or
     affirmation to support the Constitution..
    Militia to execute the laws, suppress               1          8      15
     insurrections, and repel invasions.
     Congress shall provide for calling forth
     the......................................
        Congress shall provide for organizing,          1          8      16
         arming, and disciplining the.........
        Congress shall provide for governing            1          8      16
         such part of them as may be employed
         by the United States.................
        Reserving to the States the                     1          8      16
         appointment of the officers and the
         right to train the militia according
         to the discipline prescribed by
         Congress.............................
        A well-regulated militia being                  2    .......  ......
         necessary to the security of a free
         State, the right of the people to
         keep and bear arms shall not be
         infringed. [Amendments]..............
    Misdemeanors. The President, Vice                   2          4  ......
     President, and all civil officers shall
     be removed on impeachment for and
     conviction of treason, bribery, or other
     high crimes and..........................
    Money on the credit of the United States.           1          8       2
     Congress shall have power to borrow......
        Regulate the value thereof and of               1          8       5
         foreign coin. Congress shall have
         power to coin........................
        Shall be drawn from the Treasury but            1          9       7
         in consequence of appropriations made
         by law. No...........................
        Shall be published from time to time.           1          9       7
         A regular statement and account of
         receipts and expenditures of public..
        For raising and supporting armies. No           1          8      12
         appropriation of money shall be for a
         longer term than two years...........

                         N

    Nations. Congress shall have power to               1          8       3
     regulate commerce with foreign...........
        Congress shall provide for punishing            1          8      10
         offenses against the law of..........
    Natural-born citizen, or a citizen at the           2          1       5
     adoption of the Constitution, shall be
     eligible for the office of President. No
     person except a..........................
    Naturalization. Congress shall have power           1          8       4
     to establish a uniform rule of...........
    Naturalized in the United States, and              14          1  ......
     subject to their jurisdiction, shall be
     citizens of the United States and of the
     States in which they reside. All persons
     born, or. [Amendments]...................
    Naval forces. Congress shall make rules             1          8      14
     and regulations for the government and
     regulation of the land and...............
    Navy. Congress shall have power to provide          1          8      13
     and maintain a...........................
    New Hampshire entitled to three                     1          2       3
     Representatives in the first Congress....
    New Jersey entitled to four                         1          2       3
     Representatives in the first Congress....
    New States may be admitted by Congress              4          3       1
     into this Union..........................
        But no new State shall be formed                4          3       1
         within the jurisdiction of another
         State without the consent of Congress
        Nor shall any State be formed by the            4          3       1
         junction of two or more States or
         parts of States, without the consent
         of the legislatures and of Congress..
    New York entitled to six Representatives            1          2       3
     in the first Congress....................
    Nobility shall be granted by the United             1          9       8
     States. No title of......................
        No State shall grant any title of.....          1         10       1
    Nominations for office by the President.            2          2       2
     The President shall nominate, and, by and
     with the advice and consent of the
     Senate, shall appoint ambassadors and
     other public officers....................
        He may grant commissions to fill                2          2       3
         vacancies that happen in the recess
         of the Senate, which shall expire at
         the end of their next session........
        The President shall nominate a                 25          2  ......
         successor to the Vice President
         whenever a vacancy in office occurs
         [Amendments].........................
    North Carolina entitled to five                     1          2       3
     Representatives in the first Congress....
    Number of electors for President and Vice           2          1       2
     President in each State shall be equal to
     the number of Senators and
     Representatives to which such State may
     be entitled in Congress..................

                         O

    Oath of office of the President of the              2          1       8
     United States. Form of the...............
    Oath or affirmation. No warrants shall be           4    .......  ......
     issued but upon probable cause supported
     by. [Amendments].........................
    Oath or affirmation to support the                  6    .......       3
     Constitution. Senators and
     Representatives, members of State
     legislatures, executive and judicial
     officers of the United States and of the
     several States, shall be bound by........
        But no religious test shall ever be             6    .......       3
         required as a qualification for
         office...............................
        The Senators when sitting to try                1          3       6
         impeachment shall be on..............
    Objections. If he shall not approve it,             1          7       2
     the President shall return the bill to
     the House in which it originated with his
    Obligation of contracts. No State shall             1         10       1
     pass any ex post facto law, or law
     impairing the............................
    Obligations incurred in aid of                     14          4  ......
     insurrection or rebellion against the
     United States to be held illegal and
     void. All debts or. [Amendments].........
    Offense. No person shall be twice put in            5    .......  ......
     jeopardy of life or limb for the same.
     [Amendments].............................
    Offenses against the law of nations.                1          8      10
     Congress shall provide for punishing.....
        Against the United States, except in            2          2       1
         cases of impeachment. The President
         may grant reprieves or pardons for...
    Office under the United States. No person           1          6       2
     shall be a member of either House while
     holding any civil........................
        No Senator or Representative shall be           1          6       2
         appointed to any office under the
         United States which shall have been
         created, or its emoluments increased,
         during the term for which he is
         elected..............................
        Or title of any kind from any king,             1          9       8
         prince, or foreign State, without the
         consent of Congress. No person
         holding any office under the United
         States shall accept any present,
         emolument............................
    Office of President, in case of his                 2          1       6
     removal, death, resignation, or
     inability, shall devolve on the Vice
     President. The powers and duties of the..
      [Amendments]............................         25    .......  ......
        During the term of four years. The              2          1       1
         President and Vice President shall
         hold.................................
        Of trust or profit under the United             2          1       2
         States shall be an elector for
         President and Vice President. No
         person holding an....................
        Civil or military under the United             14          3  ......
         States, or any State, who had taken
         an oath as a legislative, executive,
         or judicial officer of the United
         States, or of any State, and
         afterward engaged in insurrection or
         rebellion. No person shall be a
         Senator, Representative or President
         elector, or hold any. [Amendments]...
    Officers in the President alone, in the             2          2       2
     courts of law, or in the heads of
     Departments. Congress may vest the
     appointment of inferior..................
        Of the United States shall be removed           2          4  ......
         on impeachment for and conviction of
         treason, bribery, or other high
         crimes and misdemeanors. The
         President, Vice President, and all
         civil................................
        The House of Representatives shall              1          2       5
         choose their Speaker and other.......
        The Senate, in the absence of the Vice          1          3       5
         President, shall choose a President
         pro tempore, and also their other....
    Offices becoming vacant in the recess of            2          2       3
     the Senate may be filled by the
     President, the commissions to expire at
     the end of the next session..............
    One-fifth of the members present, be                1          5       3
     entered on the journal of each House. The
     yeas and nays shall, at the desire of....
    Opinion of the principal officers in each           2          2       1
     of the Executive Departments on any
     subject relating to their duties. The
     President may require the written........
    Order, resolution, or vote (except on a             1          7       3
     question of adjournment) requiring the
     concurrence of the two Houses, shall be
     presented to the President. Every........
    Original jurisdiction, in all cases                 3          2       2
     affecting ambassadors, other public
     ministers, and consuls, and in which a
     State may be a party. The Supreme Court
     shall have...............................
    Overt act, or on confession in open court.          3          3       1
     Conviction of treason shall be on the
     testimony of two witnesses to the........

                         P

    Pardons, except in cases of impeachment.            2          2       1
     The President may grant reprieves and....
    Patent rights to inventors. Congress may            1          8       8
     pass laws for securing...................
    Peace. Members of Congress shall not be             1          6       1
     privileged from arrest for treason,
     felony, and breach of the................
        No State shall, without the consent of          1         10       3
         Congress, keep troops or ships of war
         in time of...........................
        No soldier shall be quartered in any            3    .......  ......
         house without the consent of the
         owner in time of. [Amendments].......
    Pennsylvania entitled to eight                      1          2       3
     Representatives in the first Congress....
    Pensions and bounties shall not be                 14          4  ......
     questioned. The validity of the public
     debt incurred in suppressing insurrection
     and rebellion against the United States,
     including the debt for. [Amendments].....
    People, peaceably to assemble and petition          1    .......  ......
     for redress of grievances, shall not be
     abridged by Congress. The right of the.
     [Amendments].............................
        To keep and bear arms shall not be              2    .......  ......
         infringed. A well-regulated militia
         being necessary to the security of a
         free State, the right of the.
         [Amendments].........................
        To be secure in their persons, houses,          4    .......  ......
         papers, and effects, against
         unreasonable searches and seizures
         shall not be violated. The right of
         the. [Amendments]....................
    People. The enumeration of certain rights           9    .......  ......
     in the Constitution shall not be held to
     deny or disparage others retained by the.
     [Amendments].............................
        Powers not delegated to the United             10    .......  ......
         States, nor prohibited to the States,
         are reserved to the States or to the.
         [Amendments].........................
    Perfect Union, &c. To establish a more.     ...........  .......  ......
     [Preamble]...............................
    Persons, houses, papers, and effects                4    .......  ......
     against unreasonable searches and
     seizures. The people shall be secure in
     their. [Amendments]......................
    Persons, as any State may think proper to           1          9       1
     admit, shall not be prohibited prior to
     1808. The migration or importation of
     such.....................................
        But a tax or duty of ten dollars shall          1          9       1
         be imposed on the importation of each
         of such..............................
    Petition for the redress of grievances.             1    .......  ......
     Congress shall make no law abridging the
     right of the people peaceably to assemble
     and to. [Amendments].....................
    Piracies and felonies committed on the              1          8      10
     high seas. Congress shall define and
     punish...................................
    Place than that in which the two Houses             1          5       4
     shall be sitting. Neither House during
     the session shall, without the consent of
     the other, adjourn for more than three
     days, nor to any other...................
    Places of choosing Senators. Congress may           1          4       1
     by law make or alter regulations for the
     election of Senators and Representatives,
     except as to the.........................
    Poll tax. The right of citizens of the             24          1  ......
     United States to vote shall not be denied
     or abridged by the United States or any
     State by reason of failure to pay.
     [Amendments].............................
    Ports of one State over those of another.           1          9       6
     Preference shall not be given by any
     regulation of commerce or revenue to the.
        Vessels clearing from the ports of one          1          9       6
         State shall not pay duties in another
    Post offices and post roads. Congress               1          8       7
     shall establish..........................
    Powers herein granted shall be vested in            1          1  ......
     Congress. All legislative................
    Powers vested by the Constitution in the            1          8      18
     Government or in any Department or
     officer of the United States. Congress
     shall make all laws necessary to carry
     into execution the.......................
    Powers and duties of the office shall               2          1       6
     devolve on the Vice President, on the
     removal, death, resignation, or inability
     of the President. The....................
      [Amendments]............................         25    .......  ......
    Powers not delegated to the United States          10    .......  ......
     nor prohibited to the States are reserved
     to the States and to the people.
     [Amendments].............................
        The enumeration of certain rights in            9    .......  ......
         this Constitution shall not be held
         to deny or disparage others retained
         by the people. [Amendments]..........
    Preference, by any regulation of commerce           1          9       6
     or revenue, shall not be given to the
     ports of one State over those of another.
    Prejudice any claims of the United States           4          3       2
     or of any particular State in the
     territory or property of the United
     States. Nothing in this Constitution
     shall....................................
    Present, emolument, office, or title of             1          9       8
     any kind whatever from any king, prince,
     or foreign State. No person holding any
     office under the United States shall,
     without the consent of Congress, accept
     any......................................
    Presentment or indictment of a grand jury,          5    .......  ......
     except in cases arising in the land or
     naval forces, or in the militia when in
     actual service. No person shall be held
     to answer for a capital or otherwise
     infamous crime unless on a. [Amendments].
    President of the United States. The Senate          1          3       5
     shall choose a President pro tempore when
     the Vice President shall exercise the
     office of................................
        Additional provision for succession            20          4  ......
         through act of Congress. [Amendments]
        Succession in case of death.                   20          3  ......
         [Amendments].........................
        Succession in case of failure to be            20          3  ......
         chosen or qualified. [Amendments]....
        Term of office, beginning and ending.          20          1  ......
         [Amendments].........................
        The Chief Justice shall preside upon            1          3       6
         the trial of the.....................
        Shall approve and sign all bills                1          7       2
         passed by Congress before they shall
         become laws..........................
        Shall return to the House in which it           1          7       2
         originated, with his objections, any
         bill which he shall not approve......
        If not returned within ten days                 1          7       2
         (Sundays excepted), it shall become a
         law, unless Congress shall adjourn
         before the expiration of that time...
        Every order, resolution, or vote which          1          7       3
         requires the concurrence of both
         Houses, except on a question of
         adjournment, shall be presented to
         the..................................
        If disapproved by him, shall be                 1          7       3
         returned and proceeded on as in the
         case of a bill.......................
        The executive power shall be vested in          2          1       1
         a....................................
        He shall hold his office during the             2          1       1
         term of four years...................
        In case of the removal of the                   2          1       6
         President from office, or of his
         death, resignation, or inability to
         discharge the duties of his office,
         the Vice President shall perform the
         duties of............................
          [Amendments]........................         25    .......  ......
        Congress may declare, by law, in the            2          1       6
         case of the removal, death,
         resignation, or inability of the
         President, what officer shall act as.
          [Amendments]........................         25    .......  ......
        The President shall receive a                   2          1       7
         compensation which shall not be
         increased nor diminished during his
         term, nor shall he receive any other
         emolument from the United States.....
        Before he enters upon the execution of          2          1       8
         his office he shall take an oath of
         office...............................
        Shall be Commander in Chief of the              2          2       1
         Army and Navy and of the militia of
         the States when called into actual
         service..............................
        He may require the opinion, in                  2          2       1
         writing, of the principal officer in
         each of the Executive Departments....
        He may grant reprieves or pardons for           2          2       1
         offenses, except in cases of
         impeachment..........................
        He may make treaties by and with the            2          2       2
         advice and consent of the Senate, two-
         thirds of the Senators present
         concurring...........................
        He may appoint, by and with the advice          2          2       2
         and consent of the Senate,
         ambassadors, other public ministers
         and consuls, judges of the Supreme
         Court, and all other officers whose
         appointments may be authorized by law
         and not herein provided for..........
        Congress may vest the appointment of            2          2       2
         inferior officers in the.............
        He may fill up all vacancies that may           2          2       3
         happen in the recess of the Senate by
         commissions which shall expire at the
         end of their next session............
        He shall give information to Congress           2          3  ......
         of the state of the Union, and
         recommend measures...................
        On extraordinary occasions he may               2          3  ......
         convene both Houses or either........
        In case of disagreement between the             2          3  ......
         two Houses as to the time of
         adjournment, he may adjourn them to
         such time as he may think proper.....
        He shall receive ambassadors and other          2          3  ......
         public ministers.....................
        He shall take care that the laws be             2          3  ......
         faithfully executed..................
        He shall commission all the officers            2          3  ......
         of the United States.................
        On impeachment for, and conviction of,          2          4  ......
         treason, bribery, or other high
         crimes and misdemeanors, shall be
         removed from office. The.............
        No person except a natural-born                 2          1       5
         citizen, or a citizen of the United
         States at the adoption of the
         Constitution, shall be eligible to
         the office of........................
        No person shall be elected to office           22    .......  ......
         more than twice. [Amendments]........
        No person who shall not have attained           2          1       5
         the age of thirty-five years and been
         fourteen years a resident of the
         United States shall be eligible for
         the office of........................
        Congress to decide the issue of the            25          4  ......
         President's ability to discharge the
         powers and duties of his office.
         [Amendments].........................
        Declaration of his inability to                25          3  ......
         discharge the powers and duties of
         his office. [Amendments].............
        Nomination of successor to the Vice            25          2  ......
         President whenever a vacancy in the
         office of the Vice President occurs.
         [Amendments].........................
        Succession of Vice President to office         25    .......  ......
         in case of death, resignation,
         removal, or inability of President to
         discharge the powers and duties of
         his office. [Amendments].............
    President and Vice President. Manner of             2          1       2
     choosing. Each State by its legislature,
     shall appoint a number of electors equal
     to the whole number of Senators and
     Representatives to which the State may be
     entitled in the Congress.................
        No Senator or Representative or person          2          1       2
         holding an office of trust or profit
         under the United States shall be an
         elector..............................
        Congress may determine the time of              2          1       4
         choosing the electors and the day on
         which they shall give their votes,
         which day shall be the same
         throughout the United States.........
        The electors shall meet in their               12    .......  ......
         respective States and vote by ballot
         for President and Vice President, one
         of whom, at least, shall not be an
         inhabitant of the same State with
         themselves. [Amendments].............
        They shall name in distinct ballots            12    .......  ......
         the person voted for as President and
         the person voted for as Vice
         President. [Amendments]..............
        They shall make distinct lists of the          12    .......  ......
         persons voted for as President and as
         Vice President, which they shall sign
         and certify and transmit sealed to
         the President of the Senate at the
         seat of government. [Amendments].....
        The President of the Senate shall, in          12    .......  ......
         the presence of the Senate and House
         of Representatives, open all the
         certificates, and the votes shall
         then be counted. [Amendments]........
        The person having the greatest number          12    .......  ......
         of votes shall be the President, if
         such number be a majority of the
         whole number of electors appointed.
         [Amendments].........................
        If no person have such majority, then          12    .......  ......
         from the persons having the highest
         numbers, not exceeding three, on the
         list of those voted for as President,
         the House of Representatives shall
         choose immediately, by ballot, the
         President. [Amendments]..............
        In choosing the President, the votes           12    .......  ......
         shall be taken by States, the
         representation from each State having
         one vote. [Amendments]...............
        A quorum for this purpose shall                12    .......  ......
         consist of a member or members from
         two-thirds of the States, and a
         majority of all the States shall be
         necessary to a choice. [Amendments]..
        But if no choice shall be made before          12    .......  ......
         the 4th of March next following, then
         the Vice President shall act as
         President, as in the case of the
         death or disability of the President.
         [Amendments].........................
        The District of Columbia shall                 23          1  ......
         appoint, in such manner as the
         Congress may direct, a number of
         electors equal to the whole number of
         Senators and Representatives to which
         the District would be entitled if a
         State. [Amendments]..................
    President of the Senate, but shall have no          1          3       4
     vote unless the Senate be equally
     divided. The Vice President shall be.....
    President pro tempore. In the absence of            1          3       5
     the Vice President the Senate shall
     choose a.................................
        When the Vice President shall exercise          1          3       5
         the office of President of the United
         States, the Senate shall choose a....
        President to transmit his declaration          25          3  ......
         of inability to discharge the powers
         and duties of his office to.
         [Amendments].........................
        Vice President and a majority of the           25          4  ......
         principal officers of the executive
         departments to transmit their
         declaration of the President's
         inability to discharge the powers and
         duties of his office to. [Amendments]
    Press. Congress shall pass no law                   1    .......  ......
     abridging the freedom of speech or of
     the. [Amendments]........................
    Previous condition of servitude. The right         15          1  ......
     of citizens of the United States to vote
     shall not be denied or abridged by the
     United States, or by any State, on
     account of race, color, or. [Amendments].
    Primary elections. The right of citizens           24          1  ......
     of the United States to vote in shall not
     be denied or abridged by the United
     States or any State by reason of failure
     to pay any poll tax or other tax.
     [Amendments].............................
    Private property shall not be taken for             5    .......  ......
     public use without just compensation.
     [Amendments].............................
    Privilege. Senators and Representatives             1          6       1
     shall, in all cases except treason,
     felony, and breach of the peace, be
     privileged from arrest during their
     attendance at the session of their
     respective Houses, and in going to and
     returning from the same..................
        They shall not be questioned for any            1          6       1
         speech or debate in either House in
         any other place......................
    Privileges and immunities of citizens of            4          2       1
     the United States. The citizens of each
     State shall be entitled to all the
     privileges and immunities of the citizens
     of the several States....................
        No soldier shall be quartered in any            3    .......  ......
         house without the consent of the
         owner in time of peace. [Amendments].
        No person shall be twice put in                 5    .......  ......
         jeopardy of life and limb for the
         same offense. [Amendments]...........
        All persons born or naturalized in the         14          1  ......
         United States, and subject to the
         jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of
         the United States and of the State in
         which they reside. [Amendments]......
        No State shall make or enforce any law         14          1  ......
         which shall abridge the privileges or
         immunities of citizens of the United
         States. [Amendments].................
        No State shall deprive any person of           14          1  ......
         life, liberty, or property without
         due process of law. [Amendments].....
        Nor deny to any person within its              14          1  ......
         jurisdiction the equal protection of
         its laws. [Amendments]...............
    Prizes captured on land or water. Congress          1          8      11
     shall make rules concerning..............
    Probable cause. The right of the people to          4    .......  ......
     be secure in their persons, houses,
     papers, and effects, against unreasonable
     searches and seizures, shall not be
     violated. And no warrant shall issue for
     such but upon. [Amendments]..............
    Process for obtaining witnesses in his              6    .......  ......
     favor. In all criminal prosecutions the
     accused shall have. [Amendments].........
    Process of law. No person shall be                  5    .......  ......
     compelled in any criminal case to be a
     witness against himself, nor be deprived
     of life, liberty, or property, without
     due. [Amendments]........................
        No State shall deprive any person of           14          1  ......
         life, liberty, or property, without
         due. [Amendments]....................
    Progress of science and useful arts.                1          8       8
     Congress shall have power to promote the.
    Property of the United States. Congress             4          3       3
     may dispose of and make all needful rules
     and regulations respecting the territory
     or.......................................
    Property, without due process of law. No            5    .......  ......
     person shall be compelled in any criminal
     case to be a witness against himself; nor
     shall he be deprived of his life,
     liberty, or. [Amendments]................
        No State shall abridge the privileges          14          1  ......
         or immunities of citizens of the
         United States; nor deprive any person
         of his life, liberty, or.
         [Amendments].........................
    Prosecutions. The accused shall have a              6    .......  ......
     speedy and public trial in all criminal.
     [Amendments].............................
        He shall be tried by a jury in the              6    .......  ......
         State or district where the crime was
         committed. [Amendments]..............
        He shall be informed of the nature and          6    .......  ......
         cause of the accusation. [Amendments]
        He shall be confronted with the                 6    .......  ......
         witnesses against him. [Amendments]..
        He shall have compulsory process for            6    .......  ......
         obtaining witnesses. [Amendments]....
        He shall have counsel for his defense.          6    .......  ......
         [Amendments].........................
    Protection of the laws. No State shall             14          1  ......
     deny to any person within its
     jurisdiction the equal. [Amendments].....
    Public debt of the United States incurred          14          4  ......
     in suppressing insurrection or rebellion
     shall not be questioned. The validity of
     the. [Amendments]........................
    Public safety must require it. The writ of          1          9       2
     habeas corpus shall not be suspended,
     unless when in cases of rebellion or
     invasion the.............................
    Public trial by jury. In all criminal               6    .......  ......
     prosecutions the accused shall have a
     speedy and. [Amendments].................
    Public use. Private property shall not be           5    .......  ......
     taken for, without just compensation.
     [Amendments].............................
    Punishment according to law. Judgment in            1          3       7
     cases of impeachment shall not extend
     further than to removal from, and
     disqualification for, office; but the
     party convicted shall nevertheless be
     liable and subject to indictment, trial,
     judgment, and............................
    Punishments inflicted. Excessive bail               8    .......  ......
     shall not be required nor excessive fines
     imposed nor cruel and unusual.
     [Amendments].............................

                         Q

    Qualification for office. No religious              6    .......       3
     test shall ever be required as a.........
    Qualifications of electors of members of            1          2       1
     the House of Representatives shall be the
     same as electors for the most numerous
     branch of the State legislature..........
    Qualifications of electors of Senators             17          1  ......
     shall be the same as electors of the most
     numerous branch of the State legislature.
     [Amendments].............................
    Qualifications of members of the House of           1          2       2
     Representatives. They shall be twenty-
     five years of age, seven years a citizen
     of the United States, and an inhabitant
     of the State in which chosen.............
        Of Senators. They shall be thirty               1          3       3
         years of age, nine years a citizen of
         the United States, and an inhabitant
         of the State in which chosen.........
        Of its own members. Each House shall            1          5       1
         be the judge of the election,
         returns, and.........................
        Of the President. No person except a            2          1       5
         natural-born citizen, or a citizen of
         the United States at the time of the
         adoption of the Constitution, shall
         be eligible to the office of
         President............................
        Neither shall any person be eligible            2          1       5
         to the office of President who shall
         not have attained the age of thirty-
         five years and been fourteen years a
         resident within the United States....
        Of the Vice President. No person               12    .......  ......
         constitutionally ineligible to the
         office of President shall be eligible
         to that of Vice President.
         [Amendments].........................
    Quartered in any house without the consent          3    .......  ......
     of the owner in time of peace. No soldier
     shall be. [Amendments]...................
    Quorum to do business. A majority of each           1          5       1
     House shall constitute a.................
        But a smaller number than a quorum may          1          5       1
         adjourn from day to day and may be
         authorized to compel the attendance
         of absent members....................
        Of the House of Representatives for            12    .......  ......
         choosing a President shall consist of
         a member or members from two-thirds
         of the States, and a majority of all
         the States shall be necessary to a
         choice. [Amendments].................
    Quorum to elect a Vice President by the            12    .......  ......
     Senate. Two-thirds of the whole number of
     Senators shall be a. [Amendments]........
        A majority of the whole number shall           12    .......  ......
         be necessary to a choice.
         [Amendments].........................

                         R

    Race, color, or previous condition of              15          1  ......
     servitude. The right of citizens of the
     United States to vote shall not be denied
     or abridged by the United States or by
     any State on account of. [Amendments]....
    Ratification of amendments to the                   5    .......  ......
     Constitution shall be by the legislatures
     of three-fourths of the several States or
     by conventions in three-fourths of the
     States, accordingly as Congress may
     propose..................................
    Ratification of the conventions of nine             7    .......  ......
     States shall be sufficient to establish
     the Constitution between the States so
     ratifying the same.......................
    Ratio of representation until the first             1          2       3
     enumeration under the Constitution shall
     be made not to exceed one for every
     thirty thousand..........................
    Ratio of representation shall be                   14          2  ......
     apportioned among the several States
     according to their respective numbers,
     counting the whole number of persons in
     each State, excluding Indians not taxed.
     [Amendments].............................
        But when the right to vote for                 14          2  ......
         Presidential electors or members of
         Congress, or the legislative,
         executive, and judicial officers of
         the State, except for engaging in
         rebellion or other crime, shall be
         denied or abridged by a State, the
         basis of representation shall be
         reduced therein in the proportion of
         such denial or abridgment of the
         right to vote. [Amendments]..........
    Rebellion against the United States.               14          3  ......
     Persons who, while holding certain
     Federal and State offices, took an oath
     to support the Constitution, afterward
     engaged in insurrection or rebellion,
     disabled from holding office under the
     United States. [Amendments]..............
        But Congress may by a vote of two-             14          3  ......
         thirds of each House remove such
         disability. [Amendments].............
        Debts incurred for pensions and                14          4  ......
         bounties for services in suppressing
         the rebellion shall not be
         questioned. [Amendments].............
        All debts and obligations incurred in          14          4  ......
         aid of the rebellion, and all claims
         for the loss or emancipation of
         slaves, declared and held to be
         illegal and void. [Amendments].......
    Rebellion or invasion. The writ of habeas           1          9       2
     corpus shall not be suspended except when
     the public safety may require it in cases
     of.......................................
    Receipts and expenditures of all public             1          9       7
     money shall be published from time to
     time. A regular statement of.............
    Recess of the Senate. The President may             2          2       3
     grant commissions, which shall expire at
     the end of the next session, to fill
     vacancies that may happen during the.....
    Reconsideration of a bill returned by the           1          7       2
     President with his objections.
     Proceedings to be had upon the...........
    Records, and judicial proceedings of every          4          1  ......
     other State. Full faith and credit shall
     be given in each State to the acts.......
        Congress shall prescribe the manner of          4          1  ......
         proving such acts, records, and
         proceedings..........................
    Redress of grievances. Congress shall make          1    .......  ......
     no law abridging the right of the people
     peaceably to assemble and to petition for
     the. [Amendments]........................
    Regulations, except as to the places of             1          4       1
     choosing Senators. The time, places, and
     manner of holding elections for Senators
     and Representatives shall be prescribed
     by the legislatures of the States, but
     Congress may at any time by law make or
     alter such...............................
    Regulations of commerce or revenue.                 1          9       6
     Preference to the ports of one State over
     those of another shall not be given by
     any......................................
    Religion or prohibiting the free exercise           1    .......  ......
     thereof. Congress shall make no law
     respecting the establishment of.
     [Amendments].............................
    Religious test shall ever be required as a          6    .......       3
     qualification for any office or public
     trust under the United States. No........
    Removal of the President from office. The           2          1       6
     same shall devolve on the Vice President.
     In case of the...........................
      [Amendments]............................         25    .......  ......
        The Vice President shall succeed to            25    .......  ......
         the office of the President. In case
         of the death, resignation, inability,
         or. [Amendments].....................
    Representation. No State, without its               5    .......  ......
     consent, shall be deprived of its equal
     suffrage in the Senate...................
    Representation and direct taxation, how             1          2       3
     apportioned among the several States.....
    Representation until the first enumeration          1          2       3
     under the Constitution not to exceed one
     for every thirty thousand. The ratio of..
    Representation in any State. The executive          1          2       4
     thereof shall issue writs of election to
     fill vacancies in the....................
    Representation among the several States            14          2  ......
     shall be according to their respective
     numbers, counting the whole number of
     persons in each State, excluding Indians
     not taxed. The ratio of. [Amendments]....
        But where the right to vote in certain         14          2  ......
         Federal and State elections is
         abridged for any cause other than
         rebellion or other crime, the basis
         of representation shall be reduced.
         [Amendments].........................
    Representatives. Congress shall consist of          1          1  ......
     a Senate and House of....................
        Qualifications of electors of members           1          2       1
         of the House of......................
        No person shall be a Representative             1          2       2
         who shall not have attained the age
         of twenty-five years, been seven
         years a citizen of the United States,
         and an inhabitant of the State in
         which he shall be chosen.............
        And direct taxes, how apportioned               1          2       3
         among the several States.............
        Executives of the State shall issue             1          2       4
         writs of election to fill vacancies
         in the House of......................
        Shall choose their Speaker and other            1          2       5
         officers. The House of...............
        Shall have the sole power of                    1          2       5
         impeachment. The House of............
        The times, places, and manner of                1          4       1
         choosing Representatives shall be
         prescribed by the legislatures of the
         States...............................
        But Congress may make by law at any             1          4       1
         time or alter such regulations except
         as to the places of choosing Senators
        And Senators shall receive a                    1          6       1
         compensation, to be ascertained by
         law..................................
        Shall in all cases, except treason,             1          6       1
         felony, and breach of the peace, be
         privileged from arrest during
         attendance at the session of the
         House, and in going to and returning
         from the same........................
        Shall not be questioned in any other            1          6       1
         place for any speech or debate.
         Members of the House of..............
        No member shall be appointed during             1          6       2
         his term to any civil office which
         shall have been created, or the
         emoluments of which shall have been
         increased, during such term..........
        No person holding any office under the          1          6       2
         United States shall, while holding
         such office, be a member of the House
         of...................................
        All bills for raising revenue shall             1          7       1
         originate in the House of............
        No Senator or Representative shall be           2          1       2
         an elector for President or Vice
         President............................
        No law, varying the compensation for           27    .......  ......
         the services of the Senators and
         Representatives, shall take effect,
         until an election of Representatives
         shall have intervened. [Amendments]..
    Representatives shall be bound by an oath           6    .......       3
     or affirmation to support the
     Constitution of the United States. The
     Senators and.............................
    Representatives among the several States.          14          2  ......
     Provisions relative to the apportionment
     of. [Amendments].........................
    Representatives and Senators. Prescribing          14          3  ......
     certain disqualifications for office as.
     [Amendments].............................
        But Congress may, by a vote of two-            14          3  ......
         thirds of each House, remove such
         disqualification. [Amendments].......
    Reprieves and pardons except in cases of            2          2       1
     impeachment. The President may grant.....
    Reprisal. Congress shall have power to              1          8      11
     grant letters of marque and..............
        No State shall grant any letters of             1         10       1
         marque and...........................
    Republican form of government. The United           4          4  ......
     States shall guarantee to every State in
     this Union a.............................
        And shall protect each of them against          4          4  ......
         invasion; and on the application of
         the legislature, or of the executive
         (when the legislature cannot be
         convened), against domestic violence.
    Reserved rights of the States and the               9    .......  ......
     people. The enumeration in the
     Constitution of certain rights shall not
     be construed to deny or disparage others
     retained by the people. [Amendments].....
        The powers not delegated to the United         10    .......  ......
         States by the Constitution, nor
         prohibited by it to the States, are
         reserved to the States respectively,
         or to the people. [Amendments].......
    Resignation of the President. The duties            2          1       6
     and powers of his office shall devolve on
     the Vice President. In case of the death.
        Congress may by law provide for the             2          1       6
         case of the removal, death...........
        The Vice President shall succeed to            25    .......  ......
         the office of the President. In case
         of the death, removal, inability, or
         [Amendments].........................
    Resolution, or vote (except on a question           1          7       3
     of adjournment) requiring the concurrence
     of the two Houses shall, before it
     becomes a law, be presented to the
     President. Every order...................
    Revenue shall originate in the House of             1          7       1
     Representatives. All bills for raising...
    Revenue. Preference shall not be given to           1          9       6
     the ports of one State over those of
     another by any regulations of commerce or
    Rhode Island entitled to one                        1          2       3
     Representative in the first Congress.....
    Right of petition. Congress shall make no           1    .......  ......
     law abridging the right of the people
     peaceably to assemble and to petition for
     the redress of grievances. [Amendments]..
    Right to keep and bear arms. A well-                2    .......  ......
     regulated militia being necessary to the
     security of a free State, the right of
     the people to keep and bear arms shall
     not be infringed. [Amendments]...........
    Rights in the Constitution shall not be             9    .......  ......
     construed to deny or disparage others
     retained by the people. The enumeration
     of certain. [Amendments].................
    Rights not delegated to the United States          10    .......  ......
     nor prohibited to the States are reserved
     to the States or to the people.
     [Amendments].............................
    Rules of its proceedings. Each House may            1          5       2
     determine the............................
    Rules and regulations respecting the                4          3       2
     territory or other property of the United
     States. Congress shall dispose of and
     make all needful.........................
    Rules of the common law. All suits                  7    .......  ......
     involving over twenty dollars shall be
     tried by jury according to the.
     [Amendments].............................
        No fact tried by a jury shall be re-            7    .......  ......
         examined except according to the.
         [Amendments].........................

                         S

    Science and the useful arts by securing to          1          8       8
     authors and inventors the exclusive right
     to their writings and discoveries.
     Congress shall have power to promote the
     progress of..............................
    Searches and seizures shall not be                  4    .......  ......
     violated. The right of the people to be
     secure against unreasonable. [Amendments]
        And no warrants shall be issued but             4    .......  ......
         upon probable cause, on oath or
         affirmation, describing the place to
         be searched and the persons or things
         to be seized. [Amendments]...........
    Seat of Government. Congress shall                  1          8      17
     exercise exclusive legislation in all
     cases over such district as may become
     the......................................
    Securities and current coin of the United           1          8       6
     States. Congress shall provide for
     punishing the counterfeiting of the......
    Security of a free State, the right of the          2    .......  ......
     people to keep and bear arms shall not be
     infringed. A well-regulated militia being
     necessary to the. [Amendments]...........
    Senate and House of Representatives. The            1          1  ......
     Congress of the United States shall
     consist of a.............................
    Senate of the United States. The Senate             1          3       1
     shall be composed of two Senators from
     each State, chosen by the legislature for
     six years................................
        The Senate shall be composed of two            17          1  ......
         Senators from each State, elected by
         the people thereof, for six years.
         [Amendments].........................
        Qualifications of electors of                  17          1  ......
         Senators. [Amendments]...............
        If vacancies happen during the recess           1          3       2
         of the legislature of a State, the
         executive thereof may make temporary
         appointments until the next meeting
         of the legislature...................
        When vacancies happen the executive            17          2  ......
         authority of the State shall issue
         writs of election to fill such
         vacancies; provided, that the
         legislature of any State may empower
         the executive thereof to make
         temporary appointment until the
         people fill the vacancies by election
         as the legislature may direct.
         [Amendments].........................
        The Vice President shall be President           1          3       4
         of the Senate, but shall have no vote
         unless the Senate be equally divided.
        The Senate shall choose their other             1          3       5
         officers, and also a President pro
         tempore in the absence of the Vice
         President or when he shall exercise
         the office of President..............
        The Senate shall have the sole power            1          3       6
         to try all impeachments. When sitting
         for that purpose they shall be on
         oath or affirmation..................
        When the President of the United                1          3       6
         States is tried the Chief Justice
         shall preside; and no person shall be
         convicted without the concurrence of
         two-thirds of the members present....
        It shall be the judge of the                    1          5       1
         elections, returns, and
         qualifications of its own members....
        A majority shall constitute a quorum            1          5       1
         to do business, but a smaller number
         may adjourn from day to day, and may
         be authorized to compel the
         attendance of absent members.........
        It may determine the rules of its               1          5       2
         proceedings, punish a member for
         disorderly behavior, and with the
         concurrence of two-thirds expel a
         member...............................
        It shall keep a journal of its                  1          5       3
         proceedings and from time to time
         publish the same, except such parts
         as may in their judgment require
         secrecy..............................
        It shall not adjourn for more than              1          5       4
         three days during a session without
         the consent of the other House.......
        It may propose amendments to bills for          1          7       1
         raising revenue, but such bills shall
         originate in the House of
         Representatives......................
        The Senate shall advise and consent to          2          2       2
         the ratification of all treaties,
         provided two-thirds of the members
         present concur.......................
        It shall advise and consent to the              2          2       2
         appointment of ambassadors, other
         public ministers and consuls, judges
         of the Supreme Court, and all other
         officers not herein otherwise
         provided for.........................
        It may be convened by the President on          2          3       1
         extraordinary occasions..............
        No State, without its consent, shall            5    .......  ......
         be deprived of its equal suffrage in
         the Senate...........................
    Senators. They shall, immediately after             1          3       2
     assembling, under their first election,
     be divided into three classes, so that
     the seats of one-third shall become
     vacant at the expiration of every second
     year.....................................
        No person shall be a Senator who shall          1          3       3
         not be thirty years of age, nine
         years a citizen of the United States,
         and an inhabitant when elected of the
         State for which he shall be chosen...
        The times, places, and manner of                1          4       1
         choosing Senators may be fixed by the
         legislature of a State, but Congress
         may by law make or alter such
         regulations, except as the places of
         choosing.............................
        If vacancies happen during the recess           1          3       2
         of the legislature of a State, the
         executive thereof may make temporary
         appointments until the next meeting
         of the legislature...................
        If vacancies happen the executive              17          2  ......
         authority of the State shall issue
         writs of election to fill such
         vacancies; provided, that the
         legislature of any State may empower
         the executive thereof to make
         temporary appointment until the
         people fill the vacancies by election
         as the legislature may direct.
         [Amendments].........................
        They shall in all cases, except                 1          6       1
         treason, felony, and breach of the
         peace, be privileged from arrest
         during their attendance at the
         session of the Senate and in going to
         and returning from the same..........
        Senators and Representatives shall              1          6       1
         receive a compensation to be
         ascertained by law...................
        Senators and Representatives shall not          1          6       1
         be questioned for any speech or
         debate in either House in any other
         place................................
        No Senator or Representative shall,             1          6       2
         during the time for which he was
         elected, be appointed to any civil
         office under the United States which
         shall have been created, or of which
         the emoluments shall have been
         increased during such term...........
        No person holding any office under the          1          6       2
         United States shall be a member of
         either House during his continuance
         in office............................
        No Senator or Representative or person          2          1       2
         holding an office of trust or profit
         under the United States shall be an
         elector for President and Vice
         President............................
        Senators and Representatives shall be           6    .......       3
         bound by an oath or affirmation to
         support the Constitution.............
        No person shall be a Senator or                14          3  ......
         Representative who, having, as a
         Federal or State officer, taken an
         oath to support the Constitution,
         afterward engaged in rebellion
         against the United States.
         [Amendments].........................
        But Congress may, by a vote of two-            14          3  ......
         thirds of each House, remove such
         disability. [Amendments].............
        No law, varying the compensation for           27    .......  ......
         the services of the Senators and
         Representatives, shall take effect,
         until an election of Representatives
         shall have intervened. [Amendments]..
    Service or labor in one State, escaping             4          2       3
     into another State, shall be delivered up
     to the party to whom such service or
     labor may be due. Fugitives from.........
    Servitude, except as a punishment for              13          1  ......
     crime, whereof the party shall have been
     duly convicted, shall exist in the United
     States or any place subject to their
     jurisdiction. Neither slavery nor
     involuntary. [Amendments]................
    Servitude. The right of citizens of the            15          1  ......
     United States to vote shall not be denied
     or abridged by the United States or by
     any State, on account of race, color, or
     previous condition of. [Amendments]......
    Sex. Right of citizens to vote shall not           19    .......  ......
     be denied or abridged by the United
     States or any State on account of.
     [Amendments].............................
    Ships of war in time of peace, without the          1         10       3
     consent of Congress. No State shall keep
     troops or................................
    Silver coin a tender in payment of debts.           1         10       1
     No State shall make anything but gold and
    Slave. Neither the United States nor any           14          4  ......
     State shall assume or pay any debt or
     obligation incurred in aid of
     insurrection or rebellion, or any claim
     for the loss or emancipation of any.
     [Amendments].............................
    Slavery nor involuntary servitude, except          13          1  ......
     as a punishment for crime, whereof the
     party shall have been duly convicted,
     shall exist in the United States, or any
     places subject to their jurisdiction.
     Neither. [Amendments]....................
    Soldiers shall not be quartered, in time            3    .......  ......
     of peace, in any house without the
     consent of the owner. [Amendments].......
    South Carolina entitled to five                     1          2       3
     Representatives in the first Congress....
    Speaker and other officers. The House of            1          2       5
     Representatives shall choose their.......
    Speaker of the House of Representatives.           25          3  ......
     President to transmit his declaration of
     inability to discharge the powers and
     duties of his office to. [Amendments]....
        Vice President and a majority of the           25          4  ......
         principal officers of the executive
         departments to transmit their
         declaration of the President's
         inability to discharge the powers and
         duties of his office to. [Amendments]
    Speech or of the press. Congress shall              1    .......  ......
     make no law abridging the freedom of.
     [Amendments].............................
    Speedy and public trial by a jury. In all           6    .......  ......
     criminal prosecutions the accused shall
     have a. [Amendments].....................
    Standard of weights and measures. Congress          1          8       5
     shall fix the............................
    State legislatures, and all executive and           6    .......       3
     judicial officers of the United States,
     shall take an oath to support the
     Constitution. All members of the several.
    State of the Union. The President shall,            2          3  ......
     from time to time, give Congress
     information of the.......................
    States. When vacancies happen in the                1          2       4
     representation from any State, the
     executive authority shall issue writs of
     election to fill such vacancies..........
        When vacancies happen in the                   17          2  ......
         representation of any State in the
         Senate, the executive authority shall
         issue writs of election to fill such
         vacancies. [Amendments]..............
        Congress shall have power to regulate           1          8       3
         commerce among the several...........
        No State shall enter into any treaty,           1         10       1
         alliance, or confederation...........
        Shall not grant letters of marque and           1         10       1
         reprisal.............................
        Shall not coin money..................          1         10       1
        Shall not emit bills of credit........          1         10       1
        Shall not make anything but gold and            1         10       1
         silver coin a tender in payment of
         debts................................
        Shall not pass any bill of attainder,           1         10       1
         ex post facto law, or law impairing
         the obligation of contracts..........
        Shall not grant any title of nobility.          1         10       1
        Shall not, without the consent of               1         10       2
         Congress, lay any duties on imports
         or exports, except what may be
         absolutely necessary for executing
         its inspection laws..................
        Shall not, without the consent of               1         10       3
         Congress, lay any duty of tonnage,
         keep troops or ships of war in time
         of peace, enter into any agreement or
         compact with another State or with a
         foreign power, or engage in war
         unless actually invaded or in such
         imminent danger as will not admit of
         delay................................
        Full faith and credit in every other            4          1  ......
         State shall be given to the public
         acts, records, and judicial
         proceedings of each State............
        Congress shall prescribe the manner of          4          1  ......
         providing such acts, records, and
         proceedings..........................
        Citizens of each State shall be                 4          2       1
         entitled to all privileges and
         immunities of citizens in the several
         States...............................
        New States may be admitted by Congress          4          3       1
         into this Union......................
        But no new State shall be formed or             4          3       1
         erected within the jurisdiction of
         another State........................
        Nor any State formed by the junction            4          3       1
         of two or more States or parts of
         States, without the consent of the
         legislatures as well as of Congress..
        No State shall be deprived, without             5    .......  ......
         its consent, of its equal suffrage in
         the Senate...........................
        Three-fourths of the legislatures of            5    .......  ......
         the States, or conventions of three-
         fourths of the States, as Congress
         shall prescribe, may ratify
         amendments to the Constitution.......
        The United States shall guarantee a             4          4  ......
         republican form of government to
         every State in the Union.............
        They shall protect each State against           4          4  ......
         invasion.............................
        And on application of the legislature,          4          4  ......
         or the executive (when the
         legislature cannot be convened),
         against domestic violence............
        The ratification by nine States shall           7    .......  ......
         be sufficient to establish the
         Constitution between the States so
         ratifying the same...................
        When the choice of President shall             12    .......  ......
         devolve on the House of
         Representatives, the vote shall be
         taken by States. [Amendments]........
        But in choosing the President the vote         12    .......  ......
         shall be taken by States, the
         representation from each State having
         one vote. [Amendments]...............
        A quorum for choice of President shall         12    .......  ......
         consist of a member or members from
         two-thirds of the States, and a
         majority of all the States shall be
         necessary to a choice. [Amendments]..
    States or the people. Powers not delegated         10    .......  ......
     to the United States, nor prohibited to
     the States, are reserved to the.
     [Amendments].............................
    Succession to the offices of the President         25    .......  ......
     and Vice President. [Amendments].........
    Suffrage in the Senate. No State shall be           5    .......  ......
     deprived without its consent of its equal
        No denial of right to vote on account          19    .......  ......
         of sex. [Amendments].................
    Suits at common law, where the value in             7    .......  ......
     controversy shall exceed $20, shall be
     tried by jury. [Amendments]..............
        In law or equity against one of the            11    .......  ......
         States, by citizens of another State,
         or by citizens of a foreign State.
         The judicial power of the United
         States shall not extend to.
         [Amendments].........................
    Suppress insurrections and repel                    1          8      15
     invasions. Congress shall provide for
     calling forth the militia to execute the
     laws.....................................
    Suppression of insurrection or rebellion           14          4  ......
     shall not be questioned. The public debt,
     including the debt for pensions and
     bounties, incurred in the. [Amendments]..
    Supreme Court. Congress shall have power            1          8       9
     to constitute tribunals inferior to the..
        And such inferior courts as Congress            3          1  ......
         may establish. The judicial power of
         the United States shall be vested in
         one..................................
        The judges of the Supreme Court and             3          1  ......
         inferior courts shall hold their
         offices during good behavior.........
        The compensation of the judges shall            3          1  ......
         not be diminished during their
         continuance in office................
        Shall have original jurisdiction. In            3          2       2
         all cases affecting ambassadors,
         other public ministers and consuls,
         and in which a State may be a party,
         the..................................
        Shall have appellate jurisdiction,              3          2       2
         both as to law and the fact, with
         such exceptions and regulations as
         Congress may make. The...............
    Supreme law of the land. This                       6    .......       2
     Constitution, the laws made in pursuance
     thereof, and the treaties of the United
     States, shall be the.....................
        The judges in every State shall be              6    .......       2
         bound thereby........................

                         T

    Tax shall be laid unless in proportion to           1          9       4
     the census or enumeration. No capitation
     or other direct..........................
    Tax on incomes authorized without                  16    .......  ......
     apportionment among the several States,
     and without regard to any census or
     enumeration. [Amendments]................
    Tax or duty shall be laid on articles               1          9       5
     exported from any State. No..............
    Tax. The right of citizens of the United           24          1  ......
     States to vote shall not be denied or
     abridged by the United States or any
     State by reason of failure to pay.
     [Amendments].............................
    Taxes (direct) and Representatives, how             1          2       3
     apportioned among the several States.....
    Taxes, duties, imposts, and excises.                1          8       1
     Congress shall have power to lay.........
        They shall be uniform throughout the            1          8       1
         United States........................
    Temporary appointments until the next               1          3       2
     meeting of the legislature. If vacancies
     happen in the Senate in the recess of the
     legislature of a State, the executive of
     the State shall make.....................
    Tender in payment of debts. No State shall          1         10       1
     make anything but gold and silver coin a.
    Term for which he is elected. No Senator            1          6       2
     or Representative shall be appointed to
     any office under the United States which
     shall have been created or its emoluments
     increased during the.....................
    Term of office. President, not more than           22    .......  ......
     twice. [Amendments]......................
    Terms of four years. The President and              2          1       1
     Vice President shall hold their offices
     for the..................................
    Territory or other property of the United           4          3       2
     States. Congress shall dispose of and
     make all needful rules and regulations
     respecting the...........................
    Test as a qualification for any office or           6    .......       3
     public trust shall ever be required. No
     religious................................
    Testimony of two witnesses to the same              3          3       1
     overt act, or on confession in open
     court. No person shall be convicted of
     treason except on the....................
    Three-fourths of the legislatures of the            5    .......  ......
     States, or conventions in three-fourths
     of the States, as Congress shall
     prescribe, may ratify amendments to the
     Constitution.............................
    Tie. The Vice President shall have no vote          1          3       4
     unless the Senate be equally divided.....
    Times, places, and manner of holding                1          4       1
     elections for Senators and
     Representatives shall be prescribed in
     each State by the legislature thereof....
        But Congress may at any time by law             1          4       1
         make or alter such regulations,
         except as to the places of choosing
         Senators.............................
    Title of any kind, from any king, prince,           1          9       8
     or foreign State, without the consent of
     Congress. No person holding any office
     under the United States shall accept of
     any......................................
    Title of nobility. The United States shall          1          9       8
     not grant any............................
        No State shall grant any..............          1         10       1
    Tonnage without the consent of Congress.            1         10       3
     No State shall lay any duty of...........
    Tranquility, provide for the common         ...........  .......  ......
     defense, &c. To insure domestic.
     [Preamble]...............................
    Treason shall consist only in levying war           3          3       1
     against the United States, or in adhering
     to their enemies, giving them aid and
     comfort..................................
        No person shall, unless on the                  3          3       1
         testimony of two witnesses to the
         same overt act, or on confession in
         open court, be convicted of..........
        Congress shall have power to declare            3          3       2
         the punishment of....................
        Shall not work corruption of blood.             3          3       2
         Attainder of.........................
        Shall not work forfeiture, except               3          3       2
         during the life of the person
         attainted. Attainder of..............
    Treason, bribery, or other high crimes and          2          4       1
     misdemeanors. The President, Vice
     President, and all civil officers shall
     be removed from office on impeachment for
     and conviction of........................
    Treason, felony, and breach of the peace.           1          6       1
     Senators and Representatives shall be
     privileged from arrest while attending or
     while going to or returning from the
     sessions of Congress, except in cases of.
    Treasury, but in consequence of                     1          9       7
     appropriations made by law. No money
     shall be drawn from the..................
    Treaties. The President shall have power,           2          2       2
     with the advice and consent of the
     Senate, provided two-thirds of the
     Senators present concur, to make.........
        The judicial power shall extend to all          3          2       1
         cases arising under the Constitution,
         laws, and............................
        They shall be the supreme law of the            6    .......       2
         land, and the judges in every State
         shall be bound thereby...............
    Treaty, alliance, or confederation. No              1         10       1
     State shall enter into any...............
    Trial, judgment, and punishment according           1          3       7
     to law. Judgment in cases of impeachment
     shall not extend further than to removal
     from, and disqualification for, office;
     but the party convicted shall
     nevertheless be liable and subject to
     indictment...............................
    Trial by jury. All crimes, except in cases          3          2       3
     of impeachment, shall be tried by jury...
        Such trial shall be held in the State           3          2       3
         within which the crime shall have
         been committed.......................
        But when not committed within a State,          3          2       3
         the trial shall be at such a place as
         Congress may by law have directed....
        In all criminal prosecutions the                6    .......  ......
         accused shall have a speedy and
         public. [Amendments].................
        Suits at common law, when the amount            7    .......  ......
         exceeds $20, shall be by.
         [Amendments].........................
    Tribunals, inferior to the Supreme Court.           1          8       9
     Congress shall have power to constitute..
    Troops or ships of war in time of peace             1         10       3
     without the consent of Congress. No State
     shall keep...............................
    Trust or profit under the United States,            2          1       2
     shall be an elector for President and
     Vice President. No Senator,
     Representative, or person holding any
     office of................................
    Two-thirds of the members present. No               1          3       6
     person shall be convicted on an
     impeachment without the concurrence of...
    Two-thirds, may expel a member. Each                1          5       2
     House, with the concurrence of...........
    Two-thirds. A bill returned by the                  1          7       2
     President with his objections, may be
     repassed by each House by a vote of......
    Two-thirds of the Senators present concur.          2          2       2
     The President shall have power, by and
     with the advice and consent of the
     Senate, to make treaties, provided.......
    Two-thirds of the legislatures of the               5    .......  ......
     several States. Congress shall call a
     convention for proposing amendments to
     the Constitution on the application of...
    Two-thirds of both Houses shall deem it             5    .......  ......
     necessary. Congress shall propose
     amendments to the Constitution whenever..
    Two-thirds of the States. When the choice          12    .......  ......
     of a President shall devolve on the House
     of Representatives, a quorum shall
     consist of a member or members from.
     [Amendments].............................
    Two-thirds of the whole number of                  12    .......  ......
     Senators. A quorum of the Senate, when
     choosing a Vice President, shall consist
     of. [Amendments].........................
    Two-thirds may remove the disabilities             14          3  ......
     imposed by the third section of the
     fourteenth amendment. Congress, by a vote
     of. [Amendments].........................
    Two years. Appropriations for raising and           1          8      12
     supporting armies shall not be for a
     longer term than.........................

                         U

    Union. To establish a more perfect.         ...........  .......  ......
     [Preamble]...............................
        The President shall, from time to               2          3       1
         time, give to Congress information of
         the state of the.....................
        New States may be admitted by Congress          4          3       1
         into this............................
        But no new States shall be formed or            4          3       1
         erected within the jurisdiction of
         another..............................
    Unreasonable searches and seizures. The             4    .......  ......
     people shall be secured in their persons,
     houses, papers, and effects against.
     [Amendments].............................
        And no warrants shall be issued but             4    .......  ......
         upon probable cause, supported by
         oath or affirmation, and particularly
         describing the place to be searched,
         and the persons or things to be
         seized. [Amendments].................
    Unusual punishments inflicted. Excessive            8    .......  ......
     bail shall not be required, nor excessive
     fines imposed, nor cruel and.
     [Amendments].............................
    Use without just compensation. Private              5    .......  ......
     property shall not be taken for public.
     [Amendments].............................
    Useful arts, by securing for limited times          1          8       8
     to authors and inventors the exclusive
     right to their writings and inventions.
     Congress shall have power to promote the
     progress of science and the..............

                         V

    Vacancies happening in the representation           1          2       4
     of a State. The executive thereof shall
     issue writs of election to fill..........
    Vacancies happening in the representation          17          2  ......
     of a State in the Senate. The executive
     thereof shall issue writs of election to
     fill. [Amendments].......................
    Vacancies happening in the Senate in the            1          3       2
     recess of the legislature of a State. How
     filled...................................
    Vacancies that happen during the recess of          2          2       3
     the Senate, by granting commissions which
     shall expire at the end of the next
     session. The President shall have power
     to fill..................................
    Validity of the public debt incurred in            14          4  ......
     suppressing insurrection against the
     United States, including debt for
     pensions and bounties, shall not be
     questioned. [Amendments].................
    Vessels bound to or from the ports of one           1          9       6
     State, shall not be obliged to enter,
     clear, or pay duties in another State....
    Veto of a bill by the President.                    1          7       2
     Proceedings of the two Houses upon the...
    Vice President of the United States shall           1          3       4
     be President of the Senate...............
        He shall have no vote unless the                1          3       4
         Senate be equally divided............
        The Senate shall choose a President             1          3       5
         pro tempore in the absence of the....
        He shall be chosen for the term of              2          1       1
         four years...........................
        The number and the manner of                    2          1       2
         appointing electors for President and
        In case of the removal, death,                  2          1       6
         resignation, or inability of the
         President, the powers and duties of
         his office shall devolve on the......
          [Amendments]........................         25    .......  ......
        Congress may provide by law for the             2          1       6
         case of the removal, death,
         resignation, or inability both of the
         President and........................
          [Amendments]........................         25    .......  ......
        On impeachment for and conviction of            2          4  ......
         treason, bribery, and other high
         crimes and misdemeanors, shall be
         removed from office. The.............
    Vice President. The manner of choosing             12    .......  ......
     the. The electors shall meet in their
     respective States and vote by ballot for
     President and Vice President, one of
     whom, at least, shall not be an
     inhabitant of the same State with
     themselves. [Amendments].................
        Additionial provision for succession           20          4  ......
         through act of Congress. [Amendments]
        Nomination by President in case of             25          2  ......
         vacancy in office. [Amendments]......
        Term of office, beginning and ending.          20          1  ......
         [Amendments].........................
        The electors shall name, in distinct           12    .......  ......
         ballots, the person voted for as Vice
         President. [Amendments]..............
        They shall make distinct lists of the          12    .......  ......
         persons voted for as Vice President,
         which lists they shall sign and
         certify, and send sealed to the seat
         of Government, directed to the
         President of the Senate. [Amendments]
        The President of the Senate shall, in          12    .......  ......
         the presence of the Senate and House
         of Representatives, open all the
         certificates, and the votes shall be
         then counted. [Amendments]...........
        The person having the greatest number          12    .......  ......
         of votes shall be Vice President, if
         such number be a majority of the
         whole number of electors.
         [Amendments].........................
        If no person have a majority, then             12    .......  ......
         from the two highest numbers on the
         list the Senate shall choose the Vice
         President. [Amendments]..............
        A quorum for this purpose shall                12    .......  ......
         consist of two-thirds of the whole
         number of Senators; and a majority of
         the whole number shall be necessary
         to a choice. [Amendments]............
        But if the House shall make no choice          12    .......  ......
         of a President before the 4th of
         March next following, then the Vice
         President shall act as President, as
         in the case of the death or other
         constitutional disability of the
         President. [Amendments]..............
        No person constitutionally ineligible          12    .......  ......
         as President shall be eligible as.
         [Amendments].........................
        In case of the removal, death,                 25    .......  ......
         resignation, or inability of the
         President, the powers and duties of
         his office shall succeed to.
         [Amendments].........................
        Nomination by President of successor           25          2  ......
         in event of vacancy in office of.
         [Amendments].........................
    Violence. The United States shall                   4          4  ......
     guarantee to every State a republican
     form of government, and shall protect
     each State against invasion and domestic.
    Virginia entitled to ten Representatives            1          2       3
     in the first Congress....................
    Vote. Each Senator shall have one.........          1          3       1
        The Vice President, unless the Senate           1          3       4
         be equally divided, shall have no....
        Requiring the concurrence of the two            1          7       3
         Houses (except upon a question of
         adjournment) shall be presented to
         the President. Every order,
         resolution, or.......................
        Shall not be denied or abridged by the         15          1  ......
         United States or by any State on
         account of race, color, or previous
         condition of servitude. The right of
         citizens of the United States to.
         [Amendments].........................
        Right of citizens to vote shall not be         19    .......  ......
         denied or abridged by the United
         States or any State on account of
         sex. [Amendments]....................
        Shall not be denied or abridged by the         24          1  ......
         United States or any State by reason
         of failure to pay any poll tax or
         other tax. The right of citizens of
         the United States to. [Amendments]...
        Right of citizens who are eighteen             26          1  ......
         years of age or older to vote shall
         not be denied or abridged by the
         United States or any State, on
         account of age. [Amendments].........
    Vote of two-thirds. Each House may expel a          1          5       2
     member by a..............................
        A bill vetoed by the President may be           1          7       2
         repassed in each House by a..........
        No person shall be convicted on an              1          3       6
         impeachment except by a..............
        Whenever both Houses shall deem it              5    .......  ......
         necessary, Congress may propose
         amendments to the Constitution by a..

        The President may make treaties with            2          2       2
         the advice and consent of the Senate,
         by a.................................
        Disabilities incurred by participation         14          3  ......
         in insurrection or rebellion, may be
         relieved by Congress by a.
         [Amendments].........................

                         W

    War, grant letters of marque and reprisal,          1          8      11
     and make rules concerning captures on
     land and water. Congress shall have power
     to declare...............................
        For governing the land and naval                1          8      14
         forces. Congress shall have power to
         make rules and articles of...........
        No State shall, without the consent of          1         10       3
         Congress, unless actually invaded, or
         in such imminent danger as will not
         admit of delay, engage in............
    War against the United States, adhering to          3          3       1
     their enemies, and giving them aid and
     comfort. Treason shall consist only in
     levying..................................
    Warrants shall issue but upon probable              4    .......  ......
     cause, on oath or affirmation, describing
     the place to be searched, and the person
     or things to be seized. No. [Amendments].
    Weights and measures. Congress shall fix            1          8       5
     the standard of..........................
    Welfare and to secure the blessings of      ...........  .......  ......
     liberty, &c. To promote the general.
     [Preamble]...............................
    Welfare. Congress shall have power to               1          8       1
     provide for the common defense and
     general..................................
    Witness against himself. No person shall,           5    .......  ......
     in a criminal case, be compelled to be a.
     [Amendments].............................
    Witnesses against him. In all criminal              6    .......  ......
     prosecutions the accused shall be
     confronted with the. [Amendments]........
    Witnesses in his favor. In all criminal             6    .......  ......
     prosecutions the accused shall have
     compulsory process for obtaining.
     [Amendments].............................
    Witnesses to the same overt act, or on              3          3       1
     confession in open court. No person shall
     be convicted of treason unless on the
     testimony of two.........................
    Writ of habeas corpus shall not be                  1          9       2
     suspended unless in case of rebellion or
     invasion the public safety may require it
    Writs of election to fill vacancies in the          1          2       4
     representation of any State. The
     executives of the State shall issue......
    Written opinion of the principal officer            2          2       1
     in each of the Executive Departments on
     any subject relating to the duties of his
     office. The President may require the....

                         Y

    Yeas and nays of the members of either              1          5       3
     House shall, at the desire of one-fifth
     of those present, be entered on the
     journals.................................
        The votes of both Houses upon the               1          7       2
         reconsideration of a bill returned by
         the President with his objections
         shall be determined by...............
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