[Senate Document 105-28]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
105th Congress Document
2d Session No. 105-28
________________________________________________________________________
COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS UNITED STATES SENATE
_________________________________________________________________________
MILLENNIUM
EDITION
1816-2000
Ordered to be printed with illustrations
October 2000
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 51-737
WASHINGTON : 2000
COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS
JESSE HELMS, North Carolina, Chairman
RICHARD G. LUGAR, Indiana JOSEPH R. BIDEN, Jr., Delaware
CHUCK HAGEL, Nebraska PAUL S. SARBANES, Maryland
GORDON H. SMITH, Oregon CHRISTOPHER J. DODD, Connecticut
ROD GRAMS, Minnesota JOHN F. KERRY, Massachusetts
SAM BROWNBACK, Kansas RUSSELL D. FEINGOLD, Wisconsin
CRAIG THOMAS, Wyoming PAUL D. WELLSTONE, Minnesota
JOHN ASHCROFT, Missouri BARBARA BOXER, California
BILL FRIST, Tennessee ROBERT G. TORRICELLI, New Jersey
LINCOLN D. CHAFEE, Rhode Island
Stephen E. Biegun, Staff Director
Edwin K. Hall, Minority Staff Director
Background Information
on the
Committee on Foreign Relations
of the
United States Senate
Senator Jesse Helms of North Carolina, Chairman
Senator Joseph R. Biden, Jr., of Delaware,
Ranking Minority Member
United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, First Session,
106th Congress
Dedicated to the memory of
Admiral James W. ``Bud'' Nance
(1921-1999)
Staff Director
(1995-1999)
Minority Staff Director
(1991-1995)
For titles do not reflect honor on men,
but rather men on their titles.
?
C O N T E N T S
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Page
Preface.......................................................... 1
The Committee on Foreign Relations of the United States Senate... 3
Origins of the Committee..................................... 4
Historical Overview.......................................... 5
Membership................................................... 10
Size................................................... 10
Election............................................... 11
Chairman............................................... 12
Jurisdiction................................................. 13
Sequential Referrals................................... 15
Joint Referrals........................................ 15
Simultaneous Referrals................................. 17
Informal Methods....................................... 18
Intelligence Activities................................ 18
Transfers of Jurisdiction.............................. 19
Committee Powers and Responsibilities........................ 19
War Powers............................................. 20
Treaties and Other International Agreements............ 20
(1) Treaties....................................... 20
Conditions and Stipulations.................... 21
Procedure...................................... 23
(2) Other International Agreements................. 25
Nominations............................................ 26
Bills and Resolutions.................................. 30
Legislative Oversight Activities....................... 33
Interparliamentary Activities.......................... 37
Committee Procedure.......................................... 39
Rules of the Committee on Foreign Relations............ 39
Meetings and Hearings.................................. 53
Subcommittees................................................ 55
Standing Subcommittees................................. 55
Study or Oversight Subcommittees....................... 59
Ad Hoc Subcommittees................................... 60
Staff........................................................ 61
Finances..................................................... 65
Appendices
I. Alphabetical list of members of the Committee on Foreign Relatio71
II. Composition of the Committee on Foreign Relations by Congresses.78
III. Chairmen of the Committee on Foreign Relations.................105
IV. Staff Directors of the Committee on Foreign Relations..........109
V. Excerpts from the Standing Rules of the Senate (Committee
Procedure).....................................................110
VI. Selected Bibliography prepared by Congressional Research Service,
Library of Congress............................................119
VII. Authorizing Resolution, S. Res. 310............................129
PREFACE
By Senator Jesse Helms, Chairman
and
Senator Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Ranking Minority Member
Committee on Foreign Relations
From the beginning of the Republic, the process of foreign
policy formulation in the United States has been unique. For
most nations, the role of the legislative branch in foreign
policy is limited to providing a rubber-stamp on the policies
of the executive. The United States is different. The United
States Constitution requires the President to seek the Senate's
``advice and consent'' in the ratification of treaties and the
approval of ambassadorial nominees. It is an arrangement that
gives the Senate, and the Committee on Foreign Relations in
particular, an essential role in the formulation of foreign
policy.
Since its founding on December 10, 1816, the Senate
Committee on Foreign Relations has been at the center of
foreign policy in America. Six Presidents of the United States
have served on the Committee: Andrew Jackson, James Buchanan,
Andrew Johnson, Benjamin Harrison, Warren Harding and John F.
Kennedy. The Committee has also produced 19 Secretaries of
State and the names of many of its Chairmen--Arthur Vandenberg,
Henry Cabot Lodge, William Fulbright--are embossed in the great
foreign policy debates of this Nation.
While nearly 200 years have passed since its founding, many
of the debates within the Committee on Foreign Relations,
surprisingly, remain the same. In responding to international
opportunities and challenges, the Committee must deliberate
between conflict or diplomacy, engagement or isolationism,
assistance or sanctions, and weigh every option in between. The
Committee also considers treaties, the authorization of
appropriations for international affairs, and nominations.
In the latter half of the twentieth century, new issues vie
for the Committee's attention. The proliferation of deadly
weapons and technology, peacekeeping in regional and ethnic
conflicts, the appropriate role of multilateral institutions,
international terrorism, trafficking of illegal drugs, and the
balance between international trade and U.S. moral and national
security interests are critical issues in today's world. In an
effort to make available to the public this discussion of
foreign affairs by Members of the Senate, the Committee
continues to publish transcripts of hearings held on these and
other topics, and has produced a historical series based on
heretofore classified sessions since 1947. These documents
highlight the contribution of Congress to American foreign
policy.
A background document on the Committee was first published
in 1966 in conjunction with the Committee's 150th anniversary.
This document, now in its seventh edition, serves as a source
of information on the Committee's procedures, membership,
jurisdiction and other matters. It is our hope that this
revised edition will serve as a useful introduction to the work
of the Committee.
The Committee on Foreign Relations
of the United States Senate
The Constitution of the United States divides
responsibility for the conduct of American foreign policy
between the President and Congress, and assigns to the Senate
specific approval over treaties and nominations. The powers of
Congress concerning foreign relations are derived from the
following articles:
The Constitution of the United States of America (Excerpts)
Article I
Section 1. All legislative Powers herein granted
shall be vested in a Congress of the United States
which shall consist of a Senate and House of
Representatives. * * *
Section 8. The Congress shall have Power * * * To
regulate Commerce with foreign Nations * * * To define
and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the high
Seas, and Offenses against the Law of Nations; To
declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and
make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water. * * *
To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper
for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and
all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the
Government of the United States, or in any Department
or Officer thereof. * * *
Section 9. * * * No Money shall be drawn from the
Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by
Law; and a regular Statement and Account of the
Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be
published from time to time. No Title of Nobility shall
be granted by the United States: And no Person holding
any Office of Profit or Trust under them, shall,
without the Consent of Congress, accept any present,
Emolument, Office, or Title, of any kind whatever, from
any King, Prince, or foreign State.
Section 10. No State shall enter into any Treaty,
Alliance, or Confederation; * * *
Article II
Section 1. The executive Power shall be vested in a
President of the United States of America. * * *
Section 2. * * * He shall have Power, by and with the
Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties,
provided two-thirds of the Senators present concur; and
he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and
Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other
public Ministers and Consuls, * * *.
Origins of the Committee
During its early years the Senate was a small body that met
often as a committee of the whole. It lacked standing
committees, except for three which handled routine housekeeping
duties. When specific issues arose, the Senate appointed ad hoc
committees to examine them. One source estimates that there
were ``over 200 separate committees dealing with foreign
affairs between 1789 and 1816.'' \1\ The titles of these ad hoc
committees varied, and not until 1812 did the term ``foreign
relations'' appear in the legislative journals.
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\1\ James W. Gould, ``The Origins of the Senate Foreign Relations
Committee,'' Western Political Quarterly, XII (September, 1959).
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In the first session of the First Congress, President
George Washington appeared in person before the Senate to seek
its advice and consent on the terms of a treaty being
negotiated with the Southern Indians. Unwilling to debate the
issue or cast a vote in the presence of the President, Senator
Robert Morris of Pennsylvania moved that the question be
referred to an ad hoc committee. According to Senator William
Maclay, after he had seconded the motion, ``the President of
the United States started up with a violent fret. `This defeats
every purpose of my coming here' were the first words that he
said.'' Consideration was postponed for two days when the
Senate resumed discussion and voted on the questions at hand,
again with Washington present. This was the President's last
attempt to participate in Senate deliberations, and thereafter
presidential communications were generally delivered by written
message.
Although the Senate continued to name numerous committees
each session, certain Senators gained reputations in particular
fields and were repeatedly named to committees dealing with
their areas of interest. From 1789 to 1797, nineteen committees
with a total of sixty-eight members dealt with treaties. Yet
only twenty-four senators filled those sixty-eight positions.
Members of the majority Federalist party predominated in the
early committees dealing with foreign relations.
By 1816, the increased business of the Senate, especially
in the handling of nominations, and the pressing needs of
national defense that had arisen during the War of 1812, moved
the Senate toward creation of standing committees. On December
10, 1816, the Senate adopted a resolution introduced by Senator
James Barbour of Virginia, establishing eleven standing
committees:
Resolved, That it shall be one of the rules of the
Senate that the following standing committees shall be
appointed at each session: a Committee on Foreign
Relations, a Committee on Finance, a Committee on
Commerce and Manufacturers, a Committee on Military
Affairs, a Committee on Militia, a Committee on Naval
Affairs, a Committee on Public Lands, a Committee on
Claims, a Committee on the Judiciary, a Committee on
the Post Office and Post Roads, a Committee on
Pensions.
Three days later, Senator Barbour became the first chairman
of the new five-member standing Committee on Foreign Relations.
Since the Foreign Relations Committee was named first in
the resolution, it has sometimes been referred to as the
``ranking'' Senate Committee. However, the Senate does not rank
committees. The only reflection of the relative importance
attached by the Senate in the recent past to its various
committees was contained in a Standing Rule of the Senate from
1969 to the present, that ``no Senator may serve at any time on
more than one of the following committees: Appropriations,
Armed Services, Finance, or Foreign Relations.''
Historical Overview
From its beginning, the Foreign Relations Committee
attracted prominent leaders of the Senate and the nation. Six
Presidents of the United States have served on the committee:
Andrew Jackson, James Buchanan, Andrew Johnson, Benjamin
Harrison, Warren Harding and John Kennedy. So too have nineteen
Secretaries of State, from Henry Clay to Edmund Muskie.
Although representing a separate branch of the government,
the Committee has worked closely with the Department of State.
During its early years, these relations were enhanced by the
many Senators who served as Secretary of State. From 1816 to
1877, all but two of the eighteen Secretaries of State had
previously served in the Senate and nine had been members of
the Foreign Relations Committee.
But that close relationship has not prevented conflict
between the Executive Branch and the Committee. Early on, the
Committee's chairmen established that it would not be a rubber
stamp for administration policies, and often said ``no'' to
Presidential initiatives. Senator Nathaniel Macon of North
Carolina, who served as chairman from 1825 to 1829, was a
fierce opponent of any and all measures to expand the power of
the new federal government. Indeed, it was said that during his
entire tenure in Congress, Macon cast more ``no'' votes than
did any ten other members combined.
Another influential chairman of that era was Charles Sumner
of Massachusetts, who served as chairman from 1861 to 1871.
With administration attention focused on issues of civil war
and reconstruction, Sumner exerted considerable influence over
the nation's foreign affairs. During the presidency of Ulysses
S. Grant, Sumner led the opposition which blocked Grant's
efforts to annex Santo Domingo. As a result of his break with
the administration, the Republican Caucus voted to remove
Sumner as chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee, only the
second time in the Senate's history when a committee chairman
was removed against his will.\2\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\2\ In 1858 the Democratic Caucus had removed Senator Stephen A.
Douglas as chairman of the Committee on Territories.
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In the late nineteenth century the Senate repeatedly
demonstrated its authority over foreign policy through its
ratification power. Between 1860 and 1897, the Senate rejected
ten treaties, four of them with Great Britain. As Secretary of
State John Hay observed, ``a treaty entering the Senate is like
a bull going into the arena; no man can say just how or when
the final blow will fall, but one thing is certain it will
never leave the arena alive.'' Despite its reputation as a
``graveyard of treaties,'' however, the Senate ratified the
overwhelming number of treaties it received.\3\
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\3\ George H. Haynes, The Senate of the United States: Its History
and Practice (Boston, 1938), 11:570.
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Many a president has learned the difficult lesson that the
Executive Branch rarely succeeds when it refuses to compromise
with the Foreign Relations Committee. By far the most
monumental struggle between the Committee and the presidency
occurred when Woodrow Wilson submitted the Treaty of Versailles
for ratification in 1919. Under the chairmanship of Henry Cabot
Lodge of Massachusetts, the Foreign Relations Committee agreed
to report the treaty, but with fourteen reservations drafted by
Lodge to protect American sovereignty. These included language
to ensure that the United States remain the judge of its own
internal affairs; that the United States retain the right to
withdraw from the League; that the League not restrict any
individual rights of U.S. citizens; that the United States
assume no obligation to go to war or deploy military forces
through the League without consent of Congress; that Congress
approve all U.S. officials appointed to the League; and that
Congress control all appropriations of U.S. funds for the
League.
But President Wilson refused any compromise with Lodge,
declaring: ``Never, never! I'll never consent to adopt any
policy with which that impossible man is so prominently
identified.'' \4\ Wilson then took his case directly to the
people in a national speaking tour, during which he suffered a
stroke. His efforts failed to sway the Senate, which in both
1919 and 1920 rejected the treaty, and with it its provision
for American participation in the League of Nations. Wilson
could have easily won the Senate's consent to join the League
if he had agreed to compromise with the Committee and accept
Lodge's reservations.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\4\ Walter A. McDougall, Promised Land, Crusader State: The
American Encounter with the World Since 1776 (Houghton Mifflin, 1997),
p. 144.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
During the two decades following World War I, the Foreign
Relations Committee often reflected national sentiments for
isolationism. In the 1920's its chairman, William B. Borah of
Idaho, led the fight against United States membership in the
World Court and other internationalist ventures. In the 1930's,
chairman Key Pittman of Nevada sponsored neutrality legislation
designed to keep the United States out of European conflicts.
By 1940, however, such internationalists on the Committee as
Walter George of Georgia and Tom Connally of Texas were
successful in efforts to repeal neutrality legislation and to
enact Lend-Lease and other measures designed to help in the
struggle against the Axis powers. America's entry into World
War II, after the attack on Pearl Harbor, converted the
Committee's leading isolationists to internationalism. On
January 10, 1945, Senator Arthur Vandenberg of Michigan, a
leader of Senate isolationists, delivered a ``speech heard
round the world,'' in which he declared: ``I do not believe
that any nation hereafter can immunize itself by its own
executive action.''
In 1947, Senator Vandenberg became chairman of the Foreign
Relations Committee and a leading exponent of a bipartisan
foreign policy. During the 80th Congress, with Republican
majorities in the Senate and House and a Democratic President
in the White House, the Senate approved the Marshall Plan, the
Truman Doctrine, and other major cornerstones of America's
postwar foreign policy.
Coincident with Senator Vandenberg's chairmanship, the
Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946 provided for the first
professional committee staffs. The Foreign Relations Committee
selected as its first chief of staff, Dr. Francis O. Wilcox,
foreign policy specialist for the Legislative Reference
Service. Prior to appointment of a professional staff, the
Committee had relied heavily upon the Department of State. As
Dr. Wilcox observed: ``Speeches had to be written there,
committee reports to the Senate were prepared by the executive
branch; there was no mechanism really by which the Senate could
act independently, or could bring to bear the kind of helpful
advice and counsel that a professional staff could bring.''
The bipartisan approach to foreign policy had assumed
strong presidential leadership in foreign affairs. But events
during the 1960's, most significantly the growing
disillusionment over the Vietnam War, led members of the
Committee to call for increased Senate involvement in the
making of foreign policy. In June 1969 the Senate adopted a
``national commitments'' resolution proposed by committee
chairman J. William Fulbright of Arkansas. This resolution
defined American national commitments as resulting ``only from
affirmative action taken by the executive and legislative
branches of the United States Government by means of a treaty,
statute, or concurrent resolution of both Houses of Congress,
specifically providing for such commitment.'' In 1970 Congress
repealed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which Presidents had
used as a justification for military intervention in Vietnam.
And in 1973, over a presidential veto, Congress enacted the War
Powers Resolution, requiring the President to terminate any
troop commitment within sixty days unless Congress approved its
continuation. These actions were designed to restore the shared
responsibility between the legislative and executive branches
which the Constitution provides for the conduct of American
foreign relations.
In 1986, the Committee took a direct role in U.S. diplomacy
when Chairman Richard Lugar of Indiana and Senator Paul Laxalt
of Nevada helped negotiate the departure of Philippine dictator
Ferdinand Marcos, following the ``People Power'' Revolution.
And in the late 1980's and early 1990's, Chairman Claiborne
Pell of Rhode Island forged a bipartisan coalition to enact
some of the nation's most important and effective non-
proliferation laws, which to this day form the cornerstone of
U.S. nonproliferation policy.
In the late 1990's, Chairman Jesse Helms of North Carolina,
and the Committee's Ranking Member, Senator Joseph R. Biden,
Jr. of Delaware, together secured enactment of landmark
legislation to fundamentally reform the U.S. foreign policy
institutions for the post-Cold War world--shutting down two
obsolete federal agencies (United States Information Agency
(USIA) and Arms Control and Disarmament Agency ACDA)) and
merging their functions into the Department of State and
bringing a third (United States Agency for International
Development (USAID)) under the direct control of the Secretary
of State.
Chairman Helms, a long-time critic of the United Nations,
also collaborated with Senator Biden on legislation to pay the
United States arrears to the United Nations in exchange for the
U.N.'s agreement to implementation of a series of reform
benchmarks. On January 21, 2000, Chairman Helms and Senator
Biden led the Foreign Relations Committee to New York for a
field hearing on U.N. reform--the first time the Committee had
ever ventured as a group to visit an international institution.
The previous day, Chairman Helms became the first sitting
legislator to make a scheduled address before the United
Nations Security Council, delivering an address on the United
States' sovereign prerogatives and the American people's
expectations for the United Nations reform.
Accepting an invitation issued by Chairman Helms in that
address, on March 30, 2000, the entire U.N. Security Council
came to Capitol Hill for a day of meetings hosted by the
Foreign Relations Committee. The Ambassadors of the United
States, United Kingdom, France, Russia, China, Argentina,
Bangladesh, Canada, Jamaica, Malaysia, Mali, Namibia,
Netherlands, Tunisia, and Ukraine assembled in the Old Senate
Chamber for a lecture from the Senate Historian on the Senate's
unique role in U.S. foreign policymaking, and participated in a
roundtable discussion of U.N. reform and peacekeeping with
Committee members in the Committee's hearing room.
In 1998, the Committee also took up one of the most
important foreign policy matters to come before the Senate
since the end of the Cold War--the expansion of NATO to include
three new members from the former Warsaw Pact: Poland, Hungary
and the Czech Republic. In stark contrast to President Wilson's
clash with the Committee over the Treaty of Versailles, the
approval of NATO expansion was a textbook example of bi-
partisan cooperation between a Democratic Administration and a
Republican Senate.
Unlike Wilson, who refused to accept any of the Committee's
reservations to the Versailles Treaty, the Clinton
Administration agreed to a series of conditions drafted by
Senators Helms and Biden addressing a number of Senate concerns
about the administration's approach to NATO expansion,
including language requiring that ``the core purpose of NATO
must continue to be the collective defense of the territory of
all NATO members'' (rather than peacekeeping and other
``nonmilitary'' goals); that a ``fire wall'' be built in the
NATO-Russia relationship to ensure that Russia be given neither
a voice nor a veto in NATO decisionmaking; and affirming that
NATO does not require the consent of the United Nations, or any
other international organization, to take action to defend its
members' security. These conditions, negotiated following a
series of eight committee hearings, ensured that by the time
the expansion protocols reached the full Senate, all the major
issues of contention had been resolved and the Senate
overwhelmingly approved NATO expansion.
However, the Senate said ``no'' to a number of Clinton
Administration initiatives. Most notably in the 106th Congress,
the Senate overwhelmingly rejected the Comprehensive Nuclear
Test Ban Treaty--making it the first arms control treaty ever
to be voted down in the U.S. Senate.
The lesson is this: Presidents rarely win when they refuse
to work with the Foreign Relations Committee, expecting it to
rubber-stamp their initiatives. By contrast, when they have
dealt with the Committee in partnership, rather than
confrontation, they have seen many successes. As Senator Helms
put it: ``The Senate Foreign Relations Committee has always
been a source of frustration for utopian idealists in a rush to
remake the world. And this, I believe is exactly what our
Founding Fathers intended. The Senate is slow to action by
design, a brake on impulsive instincts. And the Foreign
Relations Committee was, I believe, intended to be the Senate's
brake on foreign policy.''
Membership
Size
The size of the Committee has varied considerably over the
years. From five members in 1816 it grew, with occasional
cutbacks, to 23 in 1946 when the Legislative Reorganization Act
set it at 13. Since then it has been raised to 15 in 1953, to
17 in 1959, to 19 in 1965, and to 20 in 1987. These increases,
which were made in most other major standing committees at the
same time, reflect partly the growing workload of the Committee
and partly readjustments to the political complexion of the
Senate--that is to say the numerical ratio of members of the
majority party to those of the minority. Anticipating the
eventual enactment of the Legislative Reorganization Act of
1970 which established the size of the Committee at 15 members,
the Committee was reduced to that number on January 14, 1969.
Committee size and ratios are worked out by the party leaders
with approval by the Senate. Beginning with 1971 the membership
was as follows:
16 (92nd Congress, January 28, 1971)
17 (93rd Congress, January 4, 1973)
17 (94th Congress, January 19, 1975)
16 (94th Congress, September 19, 1975)
15 (96th Congress, January 23, 1979)
17 (97th Congress, January 5, 1981)
17 (98th Congress, January 3, 1983)
18 (98th Congress, February 9, 1984)
17 (99th Congress, February 21, 1985)
20 (100th Congress, January 6, 1987)
19 (100th Congress, March 6, 1987) \5\
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\5\ A Senator was not appointed to fill the vacancy created by the
death of Senator Zorinsky.
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19 (101st Congress, January 3, 1989)
19 (102nd Congress, January 3, 1991)
20 (103rd Congress, January 5, 1993)
18 (104th Congress, January 4, 1995)
18 (105th Congress, January 7, 1997)
18 (106th Congress, January 6, 1999)
Election
The Senate rules provide that the membership on the 16
standing committees shall be appointed, unless otherwise
ordered, by ballot at the commencement of each Congress.
The exact rule follows:
Rule XXIV
appointment of committees
1. In the appointment of the standing committees, or
to fill vacancies thereon, the Senate, unless otherwise
ordered, shall by resolution appoint the chairman of
each such committee and the other members thereof. On
demand of any Senator, a separate vote shall be had on
the appointment of the chairman of any such committee
and on the appointment of the other members thereof.
Each such resolution shall be subject to amendment and
to division of the question. [Rule XXIV of the Standing
Rules of the Senate.]
However, by unanimous consent the usual practice has been
for the two major parties to submit slates of committee
assignments for their party members in the form of Senate
resolutions. The two party slates are normally submitted and
voted on at the same time. Assignment to committees must take
into account Rule XXV.4 of the Standing Rules of the Senate
concerning service on committees.
The ratio of majority to minority members of committees is
arrived at prior to the submission of slates by agreement
between the leaders of the two parties and generally reflects
the political complexion of the Senate. For example, during the
80th Congress the Senate was composed of 51 Republicans and 45
Democrats and the composition of the committee was set at seven
to six. Following the election in 1980, the Republicans became
the majority party in the Senate for the first time since 1954
(53 Republicans, 46 Democrats and one Independent). Therefore,
the breakdown of the Committee became nine Republicans and
eight Democrats. At the beginning of 1985, the Senate
composition was 53 Republicans and 47 Democrats, leaving the
membership of the Committee unchanged. During the 105th
Congress, the Senate had 55 Republicans and 45 Democrats and
the Committee alignment of 10 Republicans and 8 Democrats
reflected this composition.
The parties have differing procedures for arriving at their
slates of nominees for committee membership. On the Republican
side, the chairman of the Republican Conference appoints a
committee on committees which in turn recommends assignments
based on members' preferences and seniority. The Democratic
caucus, composed of all Senate Democrats, appoints a steering
committee, on the recommendation of the Democratic leader,
which decides on the Democratic slate, taking into account the
preferences of the members, seniority, and the custom of
assigning two major committee seats to each Democratic Senator.
Moreover, beginning with the 95th Congress, the Democratic
caucus had agreed to choose chairmen of the standing committees
by secret ballot unless waived. Although committees are
appointed anew each Congress, it is traditional that Senators
are reappointed to the committee to which they were assigned
the previous Congress unless they specifically desire
otherwise, or they have vacated their Senate seat, or party
ratio changes enough to bump junior members. For example, in
the 90th Congress, in order to reflect the change in the Senate
ratio, a Democratic seat occupied by Senator Gale W. McGee was
reassigned to the Republicans and filled by Senator John
Sherman Cooper, and in September 1975 Senator Baker lost his
seat on the Committee as a result of a Democratic victory in
the New Hampshire election. Following the death of a Democratic
Senator in late 1983 and the election of a Republican to
succeed him, the Senate ratio changed and the size of the
Committee was increased by one Republican in early 1984.
Finally, after the Republicans obtained a majority following
the 1994 elections, seats on the Committee were reapportioned
in accordance with the new ratio allowing Republicans to
increase their number to ten. Democrats, on the other hand,
were forced to give up three seats leaving them with eight of
the Committee's eighteen slots.
Chairman
The chairman of the Committee is elected on the same slate
as the Committee members of the majority party and is generally
the most senior member in terms of Committee service of that
party's committee slate. Inasmuch as Senate traditions prior to
1970 prohibited a Senator from occupying more than one
chairmanship, there have been instances where a lower ranking
majority member (in terms of committee service) has been
chairman such as 1941-46, when Senator Connally was chairman of
the Foreign Relations Committee while two of his seniors on the
Committee, Senator Walter F. George and Senator Robert F.
Wagner, presided over the Finance and the Banking and Currency
Committees, respectively; in 1947-48 when the senior Republican
member, Senator Capper, was chairman of the Agriculture
Committee and Senator Vandenberg presided over the Foreign
Relations Committee; and again in 1985 when Senator Helms, the
senior Republican, remained as Chairman of the Committee on
Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry, and Senator Lugar assumed
the chairmanship of Foreign Relations. As a result of the 1986
elections, the Senate leadership changed. At that time, Senator
Helms exercised his right to the Ranking Minority Member
position. This tradition was enacted into law by the
Legislative Reorganization Act of 1970, subject to a
``grandfather'' clause.
Standing committees, such as the Committee on Foreign
Relations, continue and have the power to act until their
successors are appointed. For instance, although committees
were not appointed by the Senate in the 88th Congress until
February 25, 1963, the Foreign Relations Committee began
meeting and transacting business on January 9, 1963, when
Congress convened. This also occurred at the beginning of the
99th Congress, when the Committee held hearings on American
Foreign Policy, as well as a business meeting, before the vote
on February 21, 1985 by the Senate to appoint committees. In
1977 the new Members of the Senate were assigned to committees
on a temporary basis. Therefore, Senators Zorinsky, Matsunaga
and Danforth served on Foreign Relations from January 10 until
February 11, 1977 when permanent Members were appointed.
A complete listing of Committee members, composition, and
chairmen is contained in Appendices I, II, and III. The list
shows interesting party identifications as well, such as Anti-
Democrat, Jeffersonian Democrat, Native American, Oldline Whig,
Union Republican, Farm-Labor, and Progressive. There are also
six Presidents, ranging from Andrew Jackson to John F. Kennedy,
and nine Vice Presidents from John C. Calhoun to Hubert H.
Humphrey, who have served on the committee. From its membership
also came 19 Secretaries of State, beginning with Henry Clay
and the most recent being Edmund S. Muskie. In addition, a
great many ambassadorships and positions in international
organizations have been filled by former members of the
Committee. It should also be pointed out that on April 24,
1970, Senator J.W. Fulbright exceeded the length of service of
Senator Shelby Cullom, who served from December 18, 1901 to
March 4, 1913--the previous record for a Foreign Relations
Committee chairman.
Jurisdiction
The Constitutional provisions already cited form the basis
for the Committee's jurisdiction. They are further elaborated
in Rule XXV.1(j)(1) of the Standing Rules of the Senate as
follows:
(j)(1) Committee on Foreign Relations, to which committee
shall be referred all proposed legislation, messages,
petitions, memorials, and other matters relating to the
following subjects;
1. Acquisition of land and buildings for embassies
and legations in foreign countries.
2. Boundaries of the United States.
3. Diplomatic service.
4. Foreign economic, military, technical, and
humanitarian assistance.
5. Foreign loans.
6. International activities of the American National
Red Cross and the International Committee of the Red
Cross.
7. International aspects of nuclear energy, including
nuclear transfer policy.
8. International conferences and congresses.
9. International law as it relates to foreign policy.
10. International Monetary Fund and other
international organizations established primarily for
international monetary purposes (except that, at the
request of the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban
Affairs, any proposed legislation relating to such
subjects reported by the Committee on Foreign Relations
shall be referred to the Committee on Banking, Housing,
and Urban Affairs).
11. Intervention abroad and declarations of war.
12. Measures to foster commercial intercourse with
foreign nations and to safeguard American business
interests abroad.
13. National security and international aspects of
trusteeships of the United States.
14. Oceans and international environmental and
scientific affairs as they relate to foreign policy.
15. Protection of United States citizens abroad and
expatriation.
16. Relations of the United States with foreign
nations generally.
17. Treaties and executive agreements, except
reciprocal trade agreements.
18. United Nations and its affiliated organizations.
19. World Bank group, the regional development banks,
and other international organizations established
primarily for development assistance purposes.
(2) Such committee shall also study and review, on a
comprehensive basis, matters relating to the national security
policy, foreign policy, and international economic policy as it
relates to foreign policy of the United States, and matters
relating to food, hunger, and nutrition in foreign countries,
and report thereon from time to time.
Every bill, resolution, executive communication,
nomination, or report falling within these jurisdictional
limits is referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations. So
are treaties, ipso facto, regardless of subject matter.
In cases of conflicting or overlapping jurisdiction, Rule
XVII of the Standing Rules of the Senate, provides that--
* * * in any case in which a controversy arises as to
the jurisdiction of any committee with respect to any
proposed legislation, the question of jurisdiction
shall be decided by the Presiding Officer, without
debate, in favor of the committee which has
jurisdiction over the subject matter which predominates
in such proposed legislation; but such decision shall
be subject to an appeal.
As a matter of fact, however, frequently these
jurisdictional questions have been resolved, under unanimous-
consent agreements, by joint or sequential or simultaneous
referrals. In other instances more informal methods have been
used.
With the exception of the Appropriations Committee, there
is no standing committee with which the Foreign Relations
Committee has not shared jurisdiction at one time or another.
Sequential Referrals
A frequently used procedure is an agreement for the
sequential referral of bills falling within several
jurisdictions. Generally speaking, jurisdiction over fisheries
and maritime issues is shared with the Commerce, Science, and
Transportation Committee; national security matters with the
Armed Services Committee; certain legal matters with the
Judiciary Committee; foreign agricultural policy with the
Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry Committee; and volunteer
service programs with the Health, Education, Labor, and
Pensions Committee. Examples of such sequential referrals
during the 96th Congress were: a bill to establish an Institute
for Technology and Cooperation (which was referred to
Governmental Affairs after being reported by Foreign
Relations); and a bill increasing the U.S. quota in the IMF
(which was ordered referred to Banking, Housing and Urban
Affairs after being reported by Foreign Relations). In the 98th
Congress sequential referrals included a crime control bill and
one concerning terrorist acts (both with the Judiciary
Committee).
Sequential referrals are often coupled with a limitation on
the time during which the secondary committee(s) must act or
request the Senate for an extension of time.
Joint Referrals
The most frequent joint referrals in the past had been with
the Armed Services Committee and included the early military
assistance acts, the 1951 Far Eastern investigation prompted by
the dismissal of General MacArthur, the so-called ``area''
resolutions (Formosa, 1955; Middle East, 1957; Cuba, 1962; and
Tonkin Gulf, 1964 which, to varying degrees, declared the vital
interests of the United States in the particular area and
authorized the President to take any steps deemed necessary to
maintain peace there), and resolutions relating to troop
deployments in Europe. Joint referrals involving other
committees dealt with the following subjects: defining the act
of state doctrine (Judiciary); implementing legislation for the
International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution
Damage (Commerce); add-on retirement benefits (Post Office and
Civil Service and Armed Services); an amendment to the Trading
with the Enemy Act concerning trade with North Vietnam
(Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs); establishing an Office
of Foreign Policy and National Security Analysis (Armed
Services); pertaining to nuclear proliferation (Joint Committee
on Atomic Energy). In the 96th Congress, an amendment to the
Foreign Assistance Act and the Public Service Act concerning
international cooperation in health was jointly referred to
Labor and Human Resources, Governmental Affairs and Foreign
Relations; legislation to terminate the Interim Convention of
North Pacific Fur Seals went jointly to Commerce, Science and
Transportation and Foreign Relations; and a bill to establish
an observer program on all fishing vessels was referred jointly
to Commerce, Science and Transportation, Environment and
Energy, and Foreign Relations. A new peak in joint referrals
was reached in 1976 when S. 3637, the proposed ``National
Materials Policy, Research, and Organization Act,'' was jointly
referred to 11 standing committees, including Foreign
Relations.
One example of legislation referred jointly was S. 1627,
which dealt with the implementation of the North American Free
Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Introduced in 1993, this particular
bill was referred to the committees on Agriculture, Nutrition,
and Forestry, on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, on
Foreign Relations, on Governmental Affairs, and on the
Judiciary.
On occasion both sequential and joint referrals have been
used for the same measure, such as the bill for combating
international terrorism, which, after being reported from the
Governmental Affairs Committee, was referred jointly to Foreign
Relations, Commerce, Science and Transportation, Intelligence
and Judiciary Committees; and the Deep Sea Bed Hard Mineral
Resources Act, reported from Energy and Natural Resources,
Commerce, Science and Transportation, and Foreign Relations,
and then jointly referred to Finance, and Environment and
Public Works Committees, subject to a time limitation. In 1984,
authorizing legislation for the intelligence community was
jointly referred to Foreign Relations and Armed Services for a
period of 30 days, after it had been reported by the
Intelligence Committee.
In the case of joint referrals, committees need not
necessarily meet together during hearings and markup sessions
but they must file a joint report setting forth their
recommendations.
Simultaneous Referrals
During the 94th Congress for the first time bills were
referred simultaneously to Foreign Relations and other
committees, establishing yet another method of dealing with
jurisdictional problems in the Senate. One bill (S. 3151) would
establish a program for gathering and analyzing information
with respect to multinational enterprises and would require
publication of such material on a regular basis. The unanimous
consent agreement by which this bill was referred
``simultaneously'' to the Foreign Relations and Commerce
committees also specified that ``should either committee report
the bill, the remaining committee will have 45 calendar days
within which to file its report.''
With respect to another item, S. Res. 434, the ``Treaty
Powers Resolution,'' an order to refer it jointly to the
committees on Foreign Relations, Rules and Administration,
Appropriations, Judiciary and Budget was subsequently rescinded
and the measure was then simultaneously referred to the same
committees with the exception of Rules and Administration. The
following colloquy in the Senate of May 6, 1976, clarifies that
latter order:
Mr. Griffin. What is the effect of this request?
The Presiding Officer. The effect will be that each
committee to which the bill is referred would be
entitled to file a separate report without regard to
any other committee or without requiring a joint report
of the several committees.
Mr. Griffin. Whereas under the agreement previously,
the several committees had to file a joint report; as I
understood it.
The Presiding Officer. The Senator is correct.
Mr. Griffin. If one of the named committees, under
the request now pending were to report the resolution,
would it then go on the calendar, or would it still be
pending in the other committee?
The Presiding Officer. Under the practices of the
Senate, that report would be held in abeyance until the
other committee report and it would not go on the
calendar.
Mr. Griffin. It would not go on the calendar.
The Presiding Officer. The Senator is correct.
Mr. Griffin. I wish to be certain of that because, if
it does go on the calendar, this arrangement would, in
effect, set up a kind of race among the committees to
anyone reporting it. It would then go on the calendar
and the referral to the other committee would be
academic.
The Presiding Officer. That has been the practice of
the Senate in the past.
Mr. Griffin. So it would not go on the calendar until
the other committees also reported?
The Presiding Officer. The Senator is correct.
Informal Methods
Informal methods include invitations to interested Senators
(Senators not on the Committee who, by virtue of legislative or
personal interest, have attended hearings on specific topics)
to participate in the Committee's hearings and ask questions
without, however, the right to vote in the Committee;
correspondence with interested committees seeking their views
on provisions falling within their expertise, as for instance
with the Joint Committee on Taxation on double taxation
conventions; or establishment of joint subcommittees as was
done in 1974 by the Judiciary and Foreign Relations Committees
to study wiretapping issues arising out of the confirmation
hearings with Secretary Kissinger. In 1980 two Senators from
the Foreign Relations Committee were appointed to serve as
members of the Special Subcommittee of the Judiciary Committee
to Investigate Activities of Individuals Representing the
Interests of Foreign Governments, which was created to
investigate charges involving President Carter's brother.
Intelligence Activities
Until the creation in 1976 of a Senate Select Committee on
Intelligence, oversight of intelligence operations was a
divided responsibility, exercised principally by a joint
subcommittee of the Appropriations and Armed Services
Committees. For a time in the late 1960's, members of the
Foreign Relations Committee were invited to participate in such
oversight meetings. In 1974, through an amendment to the
Foreign Assistance Act commonly known as the Hughes-Ryan
amendment, the Committee was given joint jurisdiction with
several other committees over certain activities of the Central
Intelligence Agency relating to covert operations. That
arrangement, in turn, was superseded by the oversight
provisions of the Intelligence Authorization Act of 1980, which
placed the principal responsibility for oversight of
intelligence activities, including covert operations, under the
Senate Select Committee on Intelligence.
The Senate Intelligence Committee was established in 1976
in the wake of a series of public disclosures regarding
activities of the CIA. Its creation had been a principal
recommendation of the temporary Select Committee to Study
Governmental Operations with respect to intelligence
activities, chaired by Senator Church. S. Res. 400 mandates
that at least two members of the Foreign Relations Committee
are to serve as members of the Senate Select Committee on
Intelligence. The Committee also is guaranteed referral of the
Intelligence Authorization bill, if requested. Currently,
Senator Lugar and Senator Kerry serve as the Committee's
``cross-over'' members. Under the oversight provision of the
Intelligence Authorization Act of 1980, Senate and House
Intelligence Committees are charged to ``promptly call to the
attention of its respective House, or to any appropriate
committee or committees of its respective House, any matter
relating to intelligence activities requiring the attention of
such House or such committee or committees.''
Transfers of Jurisdiction
With the informal acquiescence of the Senate, there have
been instances in which transfers of jurisdiction have taken
place. For instance, the language of the Reorganization Act of
1946 assigned to Foreign Relations jurisdiction over
``international financial and monetary organizations.'' Yet in
1947 the respective chairmen of the Senate Banking and Currency
and Foreign Relations committees agreed that since the Banking
and Currency Committee originally handled the Bretton Woods
Agreements Act, it would continue to consider legislation
pertaining to the International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development and the International Monetary Fund. In 1959,
however, the Committee on Foreign Relations asserted its
jurisdiction over these and subsequently established
organizations such as the International Development
Association, the Inter-American Development Bank, the
International Finance Corporation and the Asian Development
Bank. Conversely, the St. Lawrence Seaway legislation,
initially referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations since
agreement with a foreign nation was involved, in time became
essentially domestic in nature. Thus, jurisdiction over seaway
legislation has passed to the Environment and Public Works
Committee, with the Foreign Relations Committee reserving its
jurisdiction over international aspects.
Committee Powers and Responsibilities
The principal areas of committee responsibilities can be
broadly broken down as follows: (1) executive--recommending the
advice and consent to treaties and nominations; (2)
legislative--consideration of bills and resolutions; and (3)
legislative oversight. There is, however, no hard and fast
distinction between these activities since treaties, bills, and
resolutions cannot be considered without exercising a degree of
legislative oversight in the process.
War Powers
The War Powers Resolution was passed in 1973 over the veto
of President Nixon. The initiative came from Senator Jacob K.
Javits within the Foreign Relations Committee, where extensive
hearings were held. The resolution arose out of a concern that
the power to declare war, as exclusively reserved to the
Congress by the Constitution in article I, section 8, had
eroded in modern times with Presidents assuming virtual
independence from congressional constraints.
The thrust of the resolution (Public Law 93-148) was to
insure that the collective judgment of the Congress would be
brought to bear on decisions involving the activities of United
States Armed Forces which could lead to ongoing hostilities. It
established a time limit for any military involvement in
hostilities which were not affirmatively authorized by
Congress, as well as a procedure through which the authority of
Congress could be exercised to terminate U.S. involvement in
hostilities at any stage. Attention and some disagreement have
focused on the resolution's provisions concerning Presidential
consultation with Congress in advance of military initiatives
and Presidential reporting on the circumstances and
justification for military actions within 48 hours after their
occurrence. The Foreign Relations Committee has the principal
responsibility for oversight of these matters within the
Senate.
Treaties and Other International Agreements
Treaties have traditionally constituted a large part of the
Committee's work.\6\ Recently the number of treaties submitted
for approval has averaged over 50 per Congress.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\6\ Treaties and Other International Agreements: The Role of the
United States Senate, (See Appendix VI, Bibliography, page 119).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
During the postwar period, however, the number and
importance of executive agreements increased noticeably,
leading to congressional action in this field to increase
timely oversight of such agreements.
(1) Treaties
Senate responsibility for treaties stems directly from
article II, section 2, clause 2 of the Constitution, which
states that the President ``shall have Power, by and with the
Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided
two-thirds of the Senators present concur.''
The making of treaties involves a series of steps which
generally include negotiation, signing, approval by the Senate,
ratification by the President, deposit or exchange of
ratifications with the other party(ies) to the treaty, and
proclamation. Only upon the latter step does a treaty become
legally binding upon the United States. The Senate is
associated in this process principally at the ``advice and
consent'' to ratification stage. Contrary to popular
impression, the Senate does not ratify treaties; the President
ratifies treaties upon receiving the advice and consent of the
Senate to ratification.
While the emphasis historically has been on the ``consent''
part of this clause, beginning in the immediate postwar period
the Committee has repeatedly stressed the ``advice'' part and
claimed a right to advise the President in the negotiation of
treaties and the conduct of diplomacy. This interest has at
times led to the formal adoption of Senate resolutions of
advice, which are briefly discussed elsewhere.
In performing its consent function to treaties the Senate
has several options. Normally, the procedure for unconditional
approval of a treaty is by adoption of a resolution of
ratification which in the case of the limited nuclear test ban
treaty reads as follows:
Be it resolved (two-thirds of the Senators present
concurring therein), That the Senate advise and consent
to the ratification of the treaty banning nuclear
weapon tests in the atmosphere, in outer space, and
under water, which was signed at Moscow on August 5,
1963, on behalf of the United States of America, the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and North Ireland, and
the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
Conditions and stipulations.--The Senate may also qualify
its approval of a treaty by requiring amendments to the text of
the treaty itself, or more frequently, by imposing conditions
known as reservations, understandings, declarations or
provisos. The vehicle for this Senate action is the resolution
of ratification, accession or acceptance which accompanies the
treaty to the Senate floor from the Committee on Foreign
Relations. According to generally accepted definitions,
``amendments'' and ``reservations'' are proposed revisions in
the obligations undertaken by the United States. ``Amendments''
are proposed changes in the actual text of the treaty.
``Reservations'' are specific qualifications or stipulations
which change U.S. obligations without necessarily changing
treaty text. ``Amendments'' and ``reservations'' imposed by the
Senate must be included in the U.S. instrument of treaty
ratification in order to provide notice to our treaty partners
of the Senate action. If the President or a treaty partner
disagrees with the Senate's conditions, renegotiation of the
treaty, consultations among the parties, or other action may be
taken to resolve differences.
In contrast, ``understandings'' are interpretative
statements intended to clarify or elaborate, rather than amend,
treaty text or undertakings. ``Understandings'' provide
importance guidance to treaty partners, U.S. judges or other
parties who may find it necessary to construe the Senate's
intent concerning the relevant treaty. Generally,
``understandings'' must also be included in the relevant U.S.
instrument of ratification to ensure that our treaty partner
understands the Senate's positions.
``Declarations,'' ``provisos,'' or other statements also
reveal the Senate's position, opinion or intentions about
matters related to the treaty in question, but generally not
about its specific provisions. ``Declarations,'' ``provisos,''
and like statements are generally omitted from the instruments
of treaty ratification which the U.S. government deposits with
treaty partners in order to bring treaties into force, because
they do not affect the treaty relationship to the same extent
as ``amendments'' or ``understandings.''
In recent years, the Senate made extensive use of
conditions in approving treaties. For example, in approving the
Chemical Weapons Convention, it included 28 conditions in the
resolution of ratification. Resolutions for several other
treaties, including the Convention on Nuclear Safety, the
Amended Mines Protocol, and the Flank Document Agreement to the
CFE Treaty, also contained significant conditions relating to a
variety of issues. The Senate also made extensive use of such
conditions with the Panama Canal treaties in 1978 and the SALT
II Treaty in 1979. The final resolution of ratification on the
first Panama Canal Treaty, the so-called ``Neutrality Treaty,''
included two amendments, six reservations, and five
understandings, while the second treaty was approved with six
reservations and six understandings. In the Committee's
consideration of the SALT II Treaty, a somewhat different
format was used for the resolution of ratification, but the
total number of conditions and stipulations reported by the
Committee was more than twenty.
In addition, during the chairmanship of Senator Jesse
Helms, the Committee on Foreign Relations routinely included a
variety of additional conditions corresponding to several
different kinds of treaties. For example, with extradition or
mutual legal assistance treaties, conditions were included to
forbid United States cooperation with the eventual
International Criminal Court contemplated in the July 17, 1998
Rome Statute, or release of information to foreign officials
suspected of involvement in narcotics trafficking. Treaties
reported by the Committee on Foreign Relations during Senator
Helms' chairmanship also include routinely a proviso
reiterating the supremacy of the United States Constitution.
To emphasize the Senate's strong views about the principles
of treaty interpretation, by the end of the 106th Congress, the
Committee also routinely included in all resolutions of
ratification a declaration incorporating by reference the
principles of treaty interpretation set forth in Condition (1)
of the resolution of ratification of the INF Treaty, approved
by the Senate on May 27, 1988, and Condition (8) of the
resolution of ratification of the Document Agreed Among the
States Parties to the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in
Europe, approved by the Senate on May 14, 1997. This condition,
known as the ``Biden-Byrd Condition,'' sets forth the
constitutional principle that treaty interpretation will be
governed by the ``shared understandings'' of the Executive and
the Senate, as reflected in the Executive's formal
representations to the Senate at the time the Senate gives its
advice and consent.
The Senate may also reject a treaty completely by failing
to approve it with the necessary two-thirds vote. Few treaties
have been rejected over the years. In the 106th Congress, on
October 13, 1999, the Senate rejected the Comprehensive Nuclear
Test-Ban Treaty. On March 8, 1983, the Senate rejected the
Montreal Protocols to the Warsaw Convention on passenger
carriage by air. The only other treaties rejected by the Senate
during the last century were the protocol to the 1958 Geneva
Law of the Sea Convention concerning the compulsory settlement
of disputes which was rejected on May 26, 1960 by a vote of 49
to 30; U.S. adherence to the Permanent Court of International
Justice, which was rejected on January 29, 1935, by a vote of
52 to 36; and the St. Lawrence Seaway, which was rejected on
March 14, 1934, by a vote of 46 to 42. (The Seaway was
subsequently authorized by Public Law 83-358, approved May 13,
1954.)
Procedure.--Before formal Senate consideration of a treaty
may begin, the treaty must be transmitted to the Senate by the
President for advice and consent. All treaties transmitted by
the President to the Senate for advice and consent are referred
to the Committee. Treaties conceivably could remain on the
Committee calendar indefinitely absent action to approve them,
reject them, or to return them to the President. Treaties
reported by the Committee remain on the Senate's Executive
Calendar for the duration of a Congress, or until otherwise
disposed of. At the end of a Congress, treaties which remain on
the Senate's Executive Calendar are automatically re-referred
to the Committee in accordance with Senate Rule XXX.2.
From time to time, Presidents may request the return of
treaties pending before the Committee or the Senate, or the
Committee itself may take the initiative to return certain
treaties to the President. In either case, the usual procedure
is for the Committee to report an executive resolution to the
full Senate authorizing the return of the treaty or treaties to
the President. That procedure is unusual, and was followed most
recently in the 106th Congress, when the Committee reported
Senate Resolution 267, directing the return of eighteen
treaties to the President. Senate action on reservations,
understandings, interpretations, statements, or amendments
requires a majority of those present and voting. Final adoption
of the resolution of ratification, however, requires the
affirmative vote of two-thirds of the Senators present and
voting.
While there is no Senate rule requiring a roll call vote on
treaties, the practice of taking record votes was begun in 1953
after press attention during the previous year to the fact that
three noncontroversial consular conventions were approved by
the Senate at a time when only two Senators were present.\7\
The requirement for a record vote was also a part of the
Bricker amendment maneuvers and was adopted as a de facto
practice to weaken support for the Bricker amendment. However,
in recent years, the Senate has resumed the practice of
approving non-controversial resolutions of ratification for
treaties by voice vote.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\7\ A discussion of this incident appears in ``A Note on Treaty
Ratification,'' by Carl Marcy in The American Political Science Review,
vol. XLVII, No. 4, December 1953, p. 1130.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Although generally there is a separate vote on each treaty,
when a large number of similar treaties (fisheries, double
taxation conventions, customs treaties, etc.) is on the
executive calendar it has become a practice to consider them
either ``en bloc''--that is, one vote on several resolutions of
ratification--or to have a single vote, which, by unanimous
consent, is shown separately in the Record for each treaty.
This latter technique has been used at times even in the case
of dissimilar treaties, over which no controversy existed, in
order to expedite the business of the Senate.
The Committee's treaty calendar is not necessarily an
accurate reflection of the pending business before the
Committee, because some treaties may have little prospect of
Senate action. For instance, in 1947, at the beginning of the
80th Congress, the Committee had 24 treaties pending before it,
dating as far back as 1923. At the request of the chairman,
Senator Vandenberg, the administration reviewed the treaty
calendar and requested the return of 19 of these treaties,
which was granted. These reviews have continued to take place
from time to time as the occasion demands. At the close of the
106th Congress, the oldest treaty pending on the Committee's
calendar dated to August 27, 1949 (Treaty Doc. 81-19).
Although treaties sometimes pend before the Committee for
considerable periods, the great majority of treaties are
promptly and favorably disposed of. In this connection, it has
become the Committee's practice to leave a treaty pending for a
sufficient period to allow the public time to study the treaty
and to inform the Committee of its views and interest in
testifying on the treaty in question.
(2) Other International Agreements
International agreements other than treaties--so-called
executive agreements--have been used by Presidents since the
earliest days of the Republic. Beginning with World War II the
number and importance of such agreements burgeoned, leading to
an increasing concern on the part of Congress about the
constitutionality of commitments made in this manner. The loose
use of the word ``commitment'' to justify overseas
interventions finally led the Senate, on June 25, 1969, to
adopt a statement of what it considered to be a ``national
commitment.'' The problem was explored in hearings and
executive session consideration over a period beginning in
1967. These touched on such subjects as the 1940 destroyer-for-
bases deal, the British-French-United States tripartite
declaration of 1950 on the Middle East, the so-called
contingency plan for Thailand, and base agreements. In 1969,
the Senate concurred in the Committee's recommendation of the
``National Commitments Resolution,'' which resolved:
That (1) a national commitment for the purpose of
this resolution means the use of the Armed Forces of
the United States on foreign territory, or a promise to
assist a foreign country, government, or people by the
use of the Armed Forces or financial resources of the
United States, either immediately or upon the happening
of certain events, and (2) it is the sense of the
Senate that a national commitment by the United States
results only from affirmative action taken by the
executive and legislative branches of the United States
Government by means of a treaty, statute, or concurrent
resolution of both Houses of Congress specifically
providing for such commitment. (S. Res. 85, 91st Cong.)
One of the first concrete instances to engage the
Committee's attention after adoption of the National Commitment
Resolution was the extension of the so-called Spanish base
agreement on August 6, 1970. As the Committee viewed it, this
agreement contained an implicit commitment to defend Spain in
the event of an attack, as well as substantial financial
support for the Spanish Government. The Committee felt strongly
that the agreement partook of the nature of a treaty and should
be submitted to the Senate for advice and consent, and so
advised the State Department. The executive branch proceeded
otherwise, however, and after a series of executive and public
hearings in which the Committee was assured that the agreement
entailed no U.S. commitment to defend Spain, the Senate, on the
Committee's recommendation, adopted a resolution (S. Res. 469,
91st Cong., agreed to December 11, 1970) stating its sense that
``nothing in the said agreement * * * shall be deemed to be a
national commitment by the United States.'' In time, however,
the Senate's expressions were taken into account and the
renewal of the Spanish base agreement was submitted as a treaty
in 1976.
The Case Act of 1972 (P.L. 92-403) addressed itself
directly to executive agreements and provides in part--
The Secretary of State shall transmit to the Congress
the text of any international agreement (including the
text of any oral international agreement, which
agreement shall be reduced to writing), other than a
treaty, to which the United States is a party as soon
as practicable after such agreement has entered into
force with respect to the United States but in no event
later than sixty days thereafter.
In the event such agreements are classified, they are to be
transmitted instead to the Committees on Foreign Relations of
the Senate and International Relations of the House under an
appropriate injunction of secrecy.
The Committee viewed the Act as ``a significant step toward
redressing the imbalance between Congress and the executive in
the making of foreign policy * * * '' and ``an effective means
of dealing with the prior question of secrecy and of asserting
the obligation of the executive to report its foreign
commitments to Congress.''
In 1978, the Case Act was further amended to make clear the
inclusion of oral agreements, to designate the Secretary of
State as the official within the executive branch who decides
what constitutes an international agreement, and to require a
formal explanation from the President when agreements are not
properly transmitted before the sixty-day deadline. Contrary to
a widespread public perception, however, the Case Act does not
provide for congressional veto of international agreements and
does not require affirmative action by the Congress to approve
international agreements before they enter into force.
Nominations
The Committee's responsibility with respect to nominations,
like that with respect to treaties, arises from article II,
section 2, paragraph 2, of the Constitution (previously cited,
page 3, above).
Pursuant to this provision, the Senate refers to the
Committee nominations of officials to positions in the
Department of State, ambassadors and ministers, representatives
to international organizations, and officials to other
positions established by laws which are within the jurisdiction
of the Committee. These include positions in the Agency for
International Development, the Peace Corps, U.S.
representatives in the various international banking
institutions, and advisory bodies to these agencies.
Appointments, promotions, and designations of Foreign Service
Officers, as well, are referred to the Committee on Foreign
Relations and constitute the bulk, numerically, of the
nominations handled. For instance, in the 106th Congress,
approximately 2000 nominations were referred to the Committee
of which nearly 1800 were career officer promotions.
A detailed description of the confirmation requirements and
processes, together with relevant case histories, is set forth
in the committee print, ``The Senate Role in Foreign Affairs
Appointments.'' \8\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\8\ The Senate Role in Foreign Affairs Appointments, (See Appendix
VI, bibliography, page 119).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Available Committee records do not show the last time the
Senate rejected a nomination within the jurisdiction of the
Foreign Relations Committee. It may have been in 1889 when
``the Senate refused to confirm Benjamin Harrison's nomination
of Murat Halstead, an Ohio journalist, as Minister to Germany,
because of a series of articles he had written denouncing the
purchase of Senate seats.'' \9\ However, one nominee, Ernest W.
Lefever, withdrew his own name from consideration as Assistant
Secretary of State for Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs
after an adverse vote in Committee in June 1981. In March 1983,
the nomination of Kenneth Adelman to be U.S. Arms Control and
Disarmament Agency (ACDA) Director was reported unfavorably by
the Committee, but was approved by the Senate by a vote of 57-
42. Other nominations have been withdrawn by the President as a
result of controversies surrounding them, while still others
have simply not been acted on by the Committee or the Senate,
as, for instance, the withdrawal in 1973 of the nomination of
G. McMurtrie Godley to be Assistant Secretary of State for East
Asian and Pacific Affairs, and the non-action in 1974 on the
nomination of Graham Martin to be Ambassador at Large for
Micronesian negotiations and five others to be members of the
Arms Control and Disarmament Agency's General Advisory
Committee. More recently, in 1997 the nomination of William
Weld to be Ambassador to Mexico was withdrawn after the
chairman prevailed in his decision not to schedule a hearing on
the nomination.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\9\ Harris, The Advice and Consent of the Senate, p. 291 (See
Appendix VI, bibliography, page 119).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
All nominations not confirmed or rejected by the end of a
session lapse with the adjournment or recess of the Senate for
more than 30 days, unless otherwise ordered by the Senate. The
President has the power to issue recess appointments when he
deems it desirable. Such recess appointments, however, have to
be submitted to the Senate not later than 40 days after the
commencement of the next session in order for the incumbent to
continue to receive a salary (5 U.S.C. 5503).
The Committee on Foreign Relations has been continually
interested in the caliber and qualifications of nominees. The
rules adopted by the Committee to govern its consideration of
nominations appear on page 30.
On January 14, 1953, the Committee adopted a rule requiring
an FBI investigation of nominees prior to the submission of
names to the Senate. Only twice has the question of Committee
access to the FBI files themselves come up. In the first case,
that of Charles E. Bohlen in 1953, a subcommittee of two
Senators reviewed a summary of the FBI file. In the second,
that of Helmut Sonnenfeldt in 1973, a staff member was
authorized to review his security files. In 1981, however, the
Committee adopted a policy of requesting access for any member
of the Committee who wished to review summaries of such files.
On February 17, 1953, the Committee adopted a six-day rule,
which calls for the passage of six calendar days after the
receipt of a nomination by the Senate before the Committee will
consider the nomination. This rule has been waived
occasionally, mainly in the case of career appointments when
the nominee was already abroad, in situations of urgent need to
get the nominee to his post, or in the case of nominations
received just before congressional adjournment.
At about the same time, in 1953 the Committee commenced the
practice of examining the appointees to all important positions
in Washington and abroad whenever possible. Prior to this time
hearings, executive or open, were held on a nomination only
when someone requested to be heard on the nomination, and not
as a matter of regular procedure. The practice initiated in
1953 was acknowledged and further refined on July 30, 1957,
when the Committee adopted a motion ``that from now on all
nominees for ambassadorial and ministerial posts be heard in
open session unless a majority of the Committee decrees
otherwise.'' By custom, the Committee has allowed any committee
members to request that any nominee be held off the agenda of a
business meeting with the understanding that the nominee would
be considered at the next meeting.
In 1972 the Committee increased the number of nominations
to be submitted to it by providing that the names of all
persons granted the rank of ambassador be submitted for
confirmation ``except that the personal rank of ambassador or
minister may be conferred by the President in connection with
special missions for the President of an essentially limited
and temporary nature of not exceeding six months.'' That
provision was further modified by the Foreign Service Act of
1980 to require advance notice of Presidential intent to
nominate such ambassadors with personal rank and to provide
justifications for these appointments.
The age-old question of political contributions by
ambassadorial nominees was dealt with in the Department of
State Authorization Act of 1973 (Public Law 93-126, signed
October 18, 1973). Sec. 6 of that act required that each person
appointed by the President as ambassador or minister should
file a report of contributions made by such persons and by
members of his immediate family. The Act of 1974 added the
further requirement that ``The Chairman of the Committee on
Foreign Relations of the Senate shall have printed in the
Congressional Record each such report.''
However, these provisions were revised by the Foreign
Service Act of 1980 (Public Law 96-465, signed October 17,
1980). Sec. 304(b)(2) of that act provides that:
Each individual nominated by the President to be a
chief of mission, ambassador at large, or minister
shall, at the time of nomination, file with the
Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the
Speaker of the House of Representatives a report of
contributions made by such individual and by members of
his or her immediate family during the period beginning
on the first day of the fourth calendar year preceding
the calendar year of the nomination and ending on the
date of the nomination. The report shall be verified by
the oath of the nominee, taken before any individual
authorized to administer oaths. The chairman of the
Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate shall have
each such report printed in the Congressional Record.
As used in this paragraph, the term ``contribution''
has the same meaning given such term by section 301(8)
of the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 (2 U.S.C.
431(8)) and the term ``immediate family'' means the
spouse of the nominee, and any child, parent,
grandparent, brother, or sister of the nominee and the
spouses of any of them.
Section 304(4) of the 1980 Act also established the new
requirement that:
(4) The President shall provide the Committee on
Foreign Relations of the Senate with each nomination
for an appointment as a chief of mission, a report on
the demonstrated competence of that nominee to perform
the duties of the position in which he or she is to
serve.
The report of demonstrated competence, which sets forth the
rationale for the selection and assignment of the chief of
mission, is now provided to the Committee as a matter of
regular course by the State Department prior to the scheduling
of the prospective nominee's confirmation hearing.
Subsequent amendments to the Federal Election Campaign Act
of 1971 also provided for reporting campaign contributions and
overlap to a certain degree those of the Foreign Relations
Authorization Act.
At present, the Committee requires each nominee to file a
signed statement prior to his confirmation hearing, covering
the following areas: (A) Biographical Information, (B)
Financial Information (including a confidential statement), (C)
Future Employment Plans, (D) Conflict of Interest, and (E)
Ethical Matters.
Bills and Resolutions
Since the document, ``How a Bill Becomes a Law,'' issued
periodically by Congress, describes the legislative process in
detail, only a few aspects of it will be noted here.
Legislative matters are comprised of bills, joint
resolutions, concurrent resolutions and resolutions. Bills and
joint resolutions both become law upon signature by the
President and therefore carry equal weight. The basic
distinction between them is a matter of intent. Bills are the
most widely used legislative vehicles; joint resolutions are
used mainly for the approval of international agreements,
membership in international organizations, and expressing views
of both Houses of Congress that are meant to have the force of
law. Concurrent and simple resolutions express the sense of the
Congress in the former case and the sense of the Senate or the
House in the latter case. They do not require signature by the
President and therefore do not have the force of law.
Simple resolutions, while in a sense the lowest form of
congressional action, can at times carry considerable weight,
such as the Connally and Fulbright resolutions of 1943 pledging
U.S. participation in a post World War II international
organization; the Vandenberg resolution of 1948 which presaged
the formation of NATO; and the National Commitments Resolution
of 1969 which defined what the Senate will consider to be a
commitment binding on the United States. In fact one Senate
resolution was deemed to be so important as to have the nature
of a treaty requiring a two-thirds vote for adoption--the 1946
resolution by which the Senate advised the President to accept
on behalf of the United States the compulsory jurisdiction of
the International Court of Justice in certain matters. The use
of Senate resolutions to advise the President, under the advice
and consent clause of the Constitution, has become relatively
widespread in the postwar period, as previously noted.
To give such advice the maximum weight possible, the
Committee has made it a practice to append a provision
directing the Secretary of the Senate to transmit the
resolution to the President for appropriate action and for a
report on such action to the Senate within a specified time
period.
The most important recurring legislative responsibilities
of the Committee are the bi-annual authorization bills for
agencies and programs under the Committee's jurisdiction--
principally the State Department, Agency for International
Development, Peace Corps, and the Overseas Private Investment
Corporation. With the enactment of the Congressional Budget Act
of 1974, all standing committees are required to submit to the
Committee on the Budget, by March 15 each year, their estimates
of the total amounts of new budget authority to be provided in
such authorizing legislation, in order to enable the Senate, by
May 15, to pass the first concurrent resolution on the Budget,
setting levels of government spending and revenue for the
fiscal year ahead. All authorizing legislation must also be
reported to the Senate by the same date. Any money-carrying
bills reported after May 15 are subject to a point of order
unless a waiver is obtained by the adoption of a resolution by
the Senate. These new procedures, which went fully into effect
in 1976, are designed to give the Congress a better overview of
the expected outlays and also revenues for the upcoming year.
They have also affected the Committee's scheduling of
legislation and other matters to give early priority to the so
called money bills.
Committee procedures with respect to bills, joint,
concurrent and simple resolutions are the same.
The Committee files written reports on major matters it
sends to the Senate. Pursuant to the Foreign Relations
Committee (and Senate procedures), Committee reports are
technically prepared and submitted by the Chairman of the
Committee. Therefore the Chairman maintains the ``power of the
pen'' in drafting reports of the Foreign Relations Committee
and there technically is no requirement for the Chairman to
consult with the ranking member, or with any other Senator, in
the preparation of such documents. Senators who do not concur
with the views expressed by the Chairman in the Committee
report, or who wish to add additional views of their own, are
afforded the opportunity to append their views as separate and
distinct annexes to the actual report.
However, as a practical matter, most committee reports are
negotiated with the ranking member and reflect his views, in
addition to those of the Chairman. It has been the practice in
recent years to allow clear differentiation of views on
contentious issues within the main text of the report, rather
than shunting alternate views into appendices to the Chairman's
report. Examples of this include Exec. Rept. 104-10, the
Committee's report on the resolution of ratification for START
II that reflects differing views on the merits of the 1972
Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty and on the importance of missile
defense.
In the case of the Committee report that was submitted in
connection with the resolution of ratification for the Chemical
Weapons Convention (Exec. Rept. 104-33), the Chairman allowed
proponents of the treaty to prepare their own section of the
report and to title it ``Majority Views.'' The Chairman, who
opposed the treaty, prepared an alternate section of the report
and titled it ``Minority Views.'' This unusual formulation was
proposed by Senator Helms since he had agreed to schedule
Committee consideration of the CWC despite his personal
objections to this treaty. The Chairman nevertheless maintains
final decisionmaking authority over the contents of all aspects
of any Committee report (other than Minority or Additional
Views). However, the Committee in recent years has sought to
reflect the general practice of comity among Senators, even on
issues as contentious as the Chemical Weapons Convention.
Occasionally the Committee has filed adverse reports,
recommending that a measure not be adopted. Senate Resolution
116, by Senator Joe McCarthy of Wisconsin, would have expressed
the sense of the Senate that prior to any conference between
heads of state (referring to the proposed Geneva Summit
Conference in 1955), the Secretary of State should secure the
agreement of other parties at the Conference that one of the
subjects for discussion should be the present and future status
of the nations of Eastern Europe and Asia then under Communist
control. The Committee's adverse finding was sustained by the
Senate on June 22, 1955, by a vote of 4 to 77. Instances of
adverse Committee reports were on a concurrent resolution
disapproving of the proposed sale of F-16 aircraft to Pakistan
in 1981, a joint resolution dealing with nuclear arms
reductions in 1983, and a joint resolution concerning sales of
avionics system kits to China in 1986. It should be noted that
the Senate does not always sustain the Committee's adverse
finding.
As a general rule, measures of which the Committee does not
approve are either tabled, held over, or postponed without any
written explanation. However, in October 1983, the Committee
reported unfavorably two joint resolutions concerning nuclear
arms control. While portions of the resolutions were considered
by the Senate, action on the resolutions was not taken.
The Committee has occasionally reported a measure without
recommendation, such as: the first International Wheat
Agreement in 1948; a St. Lawrence Seaway bill in 1952; in 1965
H.R. 30, a bill authorizing U.S. participation in a cultural
and trade center in Florida; in 1968, an amendment to the
Agriculture Act of 1956 relating to long-staple cotton, which
was subsequently pocket-vetoed; S. Con. Res. 86 relating to
sales of armaments to Egypt, Israel and Saudi Arabia in 1978;
in 1979 a concurrent resolution opposing sanctions against
Zimbabwe-Rhodesia; in 1981 a bill seeking a particular form of
legislative settlement for outstanding property claims against
the Government of Czechoslovakia. In 1999, legislation was
introduced by Senator John McCain that was determined by the
Senate Parliamentarian to have met the standard of the War
Powers Resolution. Rather than allow the legislation to be
automatically discharged from the Foreign Relations Committee,
the committee met to consider the legislation, and reported it
without recommendation.
Legislative Oversight Activities
The Committee on Foreign Relations, along with other
standing committees, is specifically charged with exercising
legislative oversight by Rule XXVI of the Standing Rules of the
Senate, which reads as follows:
8. (a) In order to assist the Congress in--
(1) its analysis, appraisal, and evaluation
of the application, administration, and
execution of the laws enacted by the Congress,
and
(2) its formulation, consideration, and
enactment of such modifications of or changes
in those laws, and of such additional
legislation, as may be necessary or
appropriate,
each standing committee (except the committees on
Appropriations and the Budget), shall review and study,
on a continuing basis, the application, administration,
and execution of those laws, or parts of laws, the
subject matter of which is within the legislative
jurisdiction of that committee. Such committees may
carry out the required analysis, appraisal, and
evaluation themselves, or by contract, or may require a
Government agency to do so and furnish a report thereon
to the Senate. Such committees may rely on such
techniques as pilot testing, analysis of costs in
comparison with benefits or provision for evaluation
after a defined period of time.
(b) In each odd-numbered year each such committee
shall submit, not later than March 31, to the Senate, a
report on the activities of that committee under this
paragraph during the Congress ending at noon on January
3 of such year.
It has already been noted that in recent years the
Committee's legislative oversight activities have burgeoned.
This has resulted from a variety of factors--the increasing
number of programs within the Committee's jurisdiction, the
numerous provisions in laws requiring the submission of
determinations and reports, the transmittal of executive
agreements as of 1973 and of budget rescissions and deferrals
as of 1975, the notifications of proposed arms sales and arms
transfers, reporting under the War Powers Resolution,
submission of arms control impact statements, and other
factors.
A few statistics will serve to illustrate this growth.
During the 92d Congress, 83 communications from the executive
branch in the foreign affairs area were received by the Senate
and referred to the Foreign Relations Committee. This number
increased to 184 in the 93d Congress and reached over 500 at
the end of the 106th Congress. During the 93rd Congress, 396
executive agreements (not including classified agreements) were
referred to the Committee; in the 98th Congress this number
jumped to 461 and stood at approximately 300 by the end of the
106th Congress. Thirty-one messages advising of budget
rescissions and deferrals had been received during the 94th
Congress as against none the previous Congresses. During the
106th Congress, approximately 11 messages advising of budget
rescissions and deferrals were received. Finally, in the 94th
Congress, the Committee had received over 250 reports required
by provisions of various laws whereas in the 106th Congress
well over 2100 reports were received.
The Committee is responsible for having this mass of
material analyzed and for proposing remedial action where
deemed necessary. Such action can take the form of amendments
to existing laws or by means of a resolution of disapproval, as
is provided for in such laws as the Arms Export Control Act.
This area of Committee operations is largely invisible since
only when some question is raised about an executive branch
proposal does public action result, as for instance over the
projected sale of Hawk missiles to Jordan and of Airborne
Warning Aircraft to NATO in 1976 or armaments to Israel, Egypt,
and Saudi Arabia in 1978, and again to Saudi Arabia in 1981.
The Committee has developed varying techniques in
exercising legislative oversight: scrutiny of foreign aid
allocations and arms sales through the congressionally mandated
notification process; day-to-day personal contacts with
administration officials; correspondence with officials growing
out of difficulties brought to the Committee's attention by the
public or Government employees (a collection of such
correspondence relating to the State Department was published
in 1960 under the title ``Administration of the Department of
State'' and supplemented in 1962); on-the-spot inspections
abroad by Committee members or staff (generally followed by
reports, either printed or confidential, to the Committee);
special short-term studies of foreign policy problems (such as
the investigation of events relating to the Dominican Republic
intervention in 1965, U.S. security interests and policies in
Southwest Asia in 1980, military presence in Panama in 1997,
and the multiple afflictions facing Sudan in 1998); public
hearings on proposals such as nuclear reactor sales to South
Africa in 1976; and the establishment of special subcommittees
to study in depth a particular area, problem, or program.
Activities of legislative oversight subcommittees are described
elsewhere.
Contacts with administration officials can be formal or
informal and normally take place at all levels throughout the
year. It is customary for the Secretary of State to launch this
process at the beginning of a year by giving the Committee a
world review soon after the Congress convenes. It is also
customary for the Secretary to appear before the Committee
before the United States exercises military force and during
times of international crisis. Heads of other departments,
officers of the Armed Forces, under secretaries, assistant
secretaries, and American ambassadors on Washington visits
appear likewise on problems within their areas of
responsibilities either before the full Committee or the
appropriate subcommittee.
Travel by Committee members and staff also serves the
oversight function. Indeed Committee members are encouraged to
visit other countries and to meet with government officials and
other leaders in those countries in order to evaluate the
effectiveness of United States overseas programs and meet their
legislative oversight responsibilities. Members and staff of
the Committee on Foreign Relations are required to report their
findings to the Committee, and these reports are frequently
printed as committee documents.
The official travel expenses of members of the Committee
and staff are paid either from the contingent fund of the
Senate or by the use of U.S.-owned foreign currencies which are
available to appropriate committees of the Congress engaged in
carrying out their duties under the Standing Rules of the
Senate. In accordance with Sec. 502 of the Mutual Security Act
of 1954, as amended, and 22 U.S.C. 1754(b), as amended, each
Senator and committee staff member who uses funds is required
to submit an itemized report showing the amounts expended and
the purposes for which expended. Such reports are open to
public inspection.
Also in the line of legislative oversight, as well as
advising the executive, Senators and Representatives have been
appointed to delegations, or as congressional advisers, to
international conferences. This practice began as early as
1814, when President Madison appointed Senator Thomas F. Bayard
and Representative Henry Clay as two of the five members of the
Peace Commission which negotiated the Treaty of Ghent. It was
more marked throughout the 1900's, beginning with the
appointments of Senators Connally and Vandenberg and
Representatives Bloom and Eaton to the U.S. delegation to the
United Nations Conference on International Organization at San
Francisco in 1945.
It was customary for the State Department to ask the
Presiding Officer of the Senate to designate Senators to attend
meetings of the governing bodies of U.N. specialized agencies;
important conferences, such as the sessions of the Law of the
Sea Conference; and special sessions of the U.N. General
Assembly such as those sessions on disarmament and the
environment. In this capacity, Senators serve as congressional
advisers and gain some insight into the work of the
organizations, including budget and financing questions. At the
same time, they have an opportunity to share the concerns of
the U.S. Congress on these issues. This practice diminished in
the 1990's as congressional participation on U.S. delegations
to international meetings has been directed more to those with
significant domestic implications. For example, some of the 12
Senators appointed to the Global Climate Change Observer Group
attended the December 1997 meeting at Kyoto, Japan, on the
Protocol on the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Control.
Most international organizations also have annual or
biennial meetings of their membership, and it has become
customary also to include Members of Congress in the U.S.
delegations to those sessions as observers or advisers, when
deemed desirable. For instance, a few years after the United
Nations came into being an informal arrangement was made
between the House, Senate, and the Department of State whereby
in non-election years, two members of the House International
Relations Committee would be on the U.S. delegation to the
United Nations General Assembly, and in election years, two
Senators, generally members of the Senate Foreign Relations
Committee would be U.S. delegates. The Senators serving on the
U.S. delegation to the United Nations General Assembly have
been as follows:
1946--Senators Connally and Vandenberg.
1947--Senators Vandenberg and Connally.
1950--Senators Sparkman (not a committee member) and Lodge.
1952--Senators Green and Wiley.
1954--Senators (H. Alexander) Smith and Fulbright
1956--Senators Humphrey and Knowland.
1958--Senators Mansfield and Hickenlooper.
1960--Senators Morse and Aiken.
1962--Senators Gore and Allott (not a committee member).
1964--Senators (Russell B.) Long and Carlson.
1966--Senators Church and (Clifford P.) Case.
1968--Senators Symington and Cooper.
1970--Senators Pell and Javits.
1972--Senators McGee and Pearson.
1974--Senators Symington and Percy.
1976--Senators McGovern and Baker.
1978--Senators Ribicoff (not a committee member) and
Pearson.
1980--Senators Tsongas and Javits.
1982--Senators Kasten and Johnston (not committee members).
1984--Senators Mathias and Glenn.
1986--Senators Pressler and Eagleton
1988--Senators Boschwitz and Dodd
1990--Senators Mack and Biden
1992--Senators Pressler and Sarbanes
1994--Senators Murkowski and Leahy
1996--Senators Grams and Pell
1998--Senators Grams and Biden
2000--Senators Grams and Biden
Interparliamentary Activities
Interparliamentary activities concern and involve the
entire Congress. For instance, every Member of Congress is ipso
facto a member of the Interparliamentary Union. Legislation
authorizing the participation in such activities, however, has
been referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations and it is,
therefore, more directly responsible and involved than other
committees. Moreover, as the principal committee dealing with
international relations, the Committee has taken an active
interest in assuring adequate preparation and representation at
the various interparliamentary meetings.
In addition, Public Law 86-42 and Public Law 86-420, which
authorize participation in the Canada-United States and the
Mexico-United States Interparliamentary Groups, respectively,
include the provision that not less than four of the 12
Senators appointed by the President of the Senate to
participate in such meetings be from the Foreign Relations
Committee. And in 1975, an amendment to the Act authorizing
U.S. participation in the Interparliamentary Union specified
that no less than two of the delegates shall be members of the
Senate Foreign Relations Committee.
The oldest formally organized interparliamentary body is
the Interparliamentary Union, to which all nations with
national parliamentary bodies may apply for membership. The
Congress has participated in the Union since its establishment
in 1889. Current legislative authority for such participation
dates from 1935.
The next oldest group with which the U.S. Congress has been
associated is the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association,
formed as the Empire Parliamentary Association in 1911.
Although the Congress is, of course, not a member of this
organization, the association has made it a practice to invite
Congress to participate in that portion of its annual meetings
devoted to a discussion of international issues. These
invitations have been accepted by the Senate upon occasion.
Senate resolutions have been passed to authorize participation.
U.S. participation in the North Atlantic Assembly, formerly
the NATO Parliamentarians' Conference, was authorized in 1956
on a permanent basis. The law provides for the appointment of
not to exceed 24 Members of the Congress (12 from each House)
to each conference (Public Law 84-689).
The Canada-United States Interparliamentary Group is an
outgrowth of discussions in 1959 between United States and
Canadian legislators authorized by Senate Resolution 359 in
1958. Following these initial discussions, participation by the
United States in parliamentary conferences with Canada was
authorized on a permanent basis by Public Law 86-42, enacted in
1959. The appointment each year of not to exceed 12 Senators
and 12 Representatives is authorized for this purpose. The
participating countries alternate in acting as host to the
conferences.
To balance the arrangement with its northern neighbor, the
U.S. Congress in 1960 approved similar participation in a
Mexico-United States Interparliamentary Group by Public Law 86-
420.
In addition to the formal or regular meetings of the above-
described organizations, there are other contacts on informal
or irregular basis. For instance, the Council of Europe has
occasionally invited Members of Congress to meet with it.
Likewise, it has become customary for a small congressional
group to meet some years with a similar group from the British
Parliament. In 1974, 1978 and 1985, the Congress entertained a
parliamentary delegation from the Soviet Union. Additional
bilateral exchanges have been suggested by certain countries
and invitations for congressional visits have been received
from others. In 1965, for the first time, the Senate, at the
recommendation of the Committee, adopted a resolution
authorizing the President of the Senate to respond, for the
duration of the 89th Congress, to invitations officially
received from foreign governmental or parliamentary bodies by
naming official Senate delegates to accept such invitations and
providing for the payment of expenses of such delegations, not
to exceed $25,000 per delegation. Similar resolutions covering
the 90th Congress (S. Res. 115) and the 91st Congress (S. Res.
65) were passed by the Senate on May 19, 1967, and February 17,
1969, respectively. After a lapse of five years, this authority
was renewed in 1975 (S. Res. 86, agreed to February 24, 1975)
and the financial ceiling raised to $35,000 per delegation.
Delegation expenses are now paid out of the Senate's
contingency fund (S. Res. 179, approved May 25, 1977).
To deal with the reverse flow of official visitors to the
United States, the Senate on March 6, 1958 agreed to S. Res.
259, which provided $5,000 ``to provide assistance to Members
of the Senate in the discharge of their responsibilities in
connection with visiting foreign dignitaries, and for other
purposes.''
In March 1975, the amount was raised to $10,000 to cover
the cost of inflation, the increase in the number of visitors,
and to include officials of Intergovernmental Organizations in
addition to foreign government officials. In June 1976 this sum
was further raised to $15,000 in view of the large bicentennial
influx of foreign dignitaries, and in 1977 to $25,000. In 2000,
the Senate agreed to S. Res. 370 which increased the amount to
$30,000.
Committee Procedure
Up to the time of enactment of the Legislative
Reorganization Act of 1970, the Committee on Foreign Relations
had no formal rules of procedure additional to those contained
in the earlier Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946. The new
act, however, provided that all committees, standing, select,
or special, adopt rules and publish them in the Congressional
Record no later than March 1 of each year (now Rule XXVI.2 of
the Standing Rules of the Senate). The most recent rules are as
follows:
Rules of the Committee on Foreign Relations
(adopted february 12, 1999)
RULE 1--JURISDICTION
(a) Substantive.--In accordance with Senate Rule XXV.1(j),
the jurisdiction of the Committee shall extend to all proposed
legislation, messages, petitions, memorials, and other matters
relating to the following subjects:
1. Acquisition of land and buildings for embassies
and legations in foreign countries.
2. Boundaries of the United States.
3. Diplomatic service.
4. Foreign economic, military, technical, and
humanitarian assistance.
5. Foreign loans.
6. International activities of the American National
Red Cross and the International Committee of the Red
Cross.
7. International aspects of nuclear energy,
including nuclear transfer policy.
8. International conferences and congresses.
9. International law as it relates to foreign
policy.
10. International Monetary Fund and other
international organizations established primarily for
international monetary purposes (except that, at the
request of the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban
Affairs, any proposed legislation relating to such
subjects reported by the Committee on Foreign Relations
shall be referred to the Committee on Banking, Housing,
and Urban Affairs).
11. Intervention abroad and declarations of war.
12. Measures to foster commercial intercourse with
foreign nations and to safeguard American business
interests abroad.
13. National security and international aspects of
trusteeships of the United States.
14. Ocean and international environmental and
scientific affairs as they relate to foreign policy.
15. Protection of United States citizens abroad and
expatriation.
16. Relations of the United States with foreign
nations generally.
17. Treaties and executive agreements, except
reciprocal trade agreements.
18. United Nations and its affiliated organizations.
19. World Bank group, the regional development banks,
and other international organizations established
primarily for development assistance purposes.
The Committee is also mandated by Senate Rule XXV.1(j) to
study and review, on a comprehensive basis, matters relating to
the national security policy, foreign policy, and international
economic policy as it relates to foreign policy of the United
States, and matters relating to food, hunger, and nutrition in
foreign countries, and report thereon from time to time.
(b) Oversight.--The Committee also has a responsibility
under Senate Rule XXVI.8, which provides that ``* * * each
standing Committee * * * shall review and study, on a
continuing basis, the application, administration, and
execution of those laws or parts of laws, the subject matter of
which is within the jurisdiction of the Committee.''
(c) ``Advice and Consent'' Clauses.--The Committee has a
special responsibility to assist the Senate in its
constitutional function of providing ``advice and consent'' to
all treaties entered into by the United States and all
nominations to the principal executive branch positions in the
field of foreign policy and diplomacy.
RULE 2--SUBCOMMITTEES
(a) Creation.--Unless otherwise authorized by law or Senate
resolution, subcommittees shall be created by majority vote of
the Committee and shall deal with such legislation and
oversight of programs and policies as the Committee directs.
Legislative measures or other matters may be referred to a
subcommittee for consideration in the discretion of the
Chairman or by vote of a majority of the Committee. If the
principal subject matter of a measure or matter to be referred
falls within the jurisdiction of more than one subcommittee,
the Chairman or the Committee may refer the matter to two or
more subcommittees for joint consideration.
(b) Assignments.--Assignments of members to subcommittees
shall be made in an equitable fashion. No member of the
Committee may receive assignment to a second subcommittee
until, in order of seniority, all members of the Committee have
chosen assignments to one subcommittee, and no member shall
receive assignments to a third subcommittee until, in order of
seniority, all members have chosen assignments to two
subcommittees.
No member of the Committee may serve on more than four
subcommittees at any one time.
The Chairman and Ranking Minority Member of the Committee
shall be ex officio members, without vote, of each
subcommittee.
(c) Meetings.--Except when funds have been specifically
made available by the Senate for a subcommittee purpose, no
subcommittee of the Committee on Foreign Relations shall hold
hearings involving expenses without prior approval of the
Chairman of the full Committee or by decision of the full
Committee. Meetings of subcommittees shall be scheduled after
consultation with the Chairman of the Committee with a view
toward avoiding conflicts with meetings of other subcommittees
insofar as possible. Meetings of subcommittees shall not be
scheduled to conflict with meetings of the full Committee.
The proceedings of each subcommittee shall be governed by
the rules of the full Committee, subject to such authorizations
or limitations as the Committee may from time to time
prescribe.
RULE 3--MEETINGS
(a) Regular Meeting Day.--The regular meeting day of the
Committee on Foreign Relations for the transaction of Committee
business shall be on Tuesday of each week, unless otherwise
directed by the Chairman.
(b) Additional Meetings.--Additional meetings and hearings
of the Committee may be called by the Chairman as he may deem
necessary. If at least three members of the Committee desire
that a special meeting of the Committee be called by the
Chairman, those members may file in the offices of the
Committee their written request to the Chairman for that
special meeting. Immediately upon filing of the request, the
Chief Clerk of the Committee shall notify the Chairman of the
filing of the request. If, within three calendar days after the
filing of the request, the Chairman does not call the requested
special meeting, to be held within seven calendar days after
the filing of the request, a majority of the members of the
Committee may file in the offices of the Committee their
written notice that a special meeting of the Committee will be
held, specifying the date and hour of that special meeting. The
Committee shall meet on that date and hour. Immediately upon
the filing of the notice, the Clerk shall notify all members of
the Committee that such special meeting will be held and inform
them of its date and hour.
(c) Minority Request.--Whenever any hearing is conducted by
the Committee or a subcommittee upon any measure or matter, the
minority on the Committee shall be entitled, upon request made
by a majority of the minority members to the Chairman before
the completion of such hearing, to call witnesses selected by
the minority to testify with respect to the measure or matter
during at least one day of hearing thereon.
(d) Public Announcement.--The Committee, or any
subcommittee thereof, shall make public announcement of the
date, place, time, and subject matter of any hearing to be
conducted on any measure or matter at least one week in advance
of such hearings, unless the Chairman of the Committee, or
subcommittee, determines that there is good cause to begin such
hearing at an earlier date.
(e) Procedure.--Insofar as possible, proceedings of the
Committee will be conducted without resort to the formalities
of parliamentary procedure and with due regard for the views of
all members. Issues of procedure which may arise from time to
time shall be resolved by decision of the Chairman, in
consultation with the Ranking Minority Member. The Chairman, in
consultation with the Ranking Minority Member, may also propose
special procedures to govern the consideration of particular
matters by the Committee.
(f) Closed Sessions.--Each meeting of the Committee on
Foreign Relations, or any subcommittee thereof, including
meetings to conduct hearings, shall be open to the public,
except that a meeting or series of meetings by the Committee or
a subcommittee on the same subject for a period of no more than
fourteen calendar days may be closed to the public on a motion
made and seconded to go into closed session to discuss only
whether the matters enumerated in paragraphs (1) through (6)
would require the meeting to be closed followed immediately by
a record vote in open session by a majority of the members of
the Committee or subcommittee when it is determined that the
matters to be discussed or the testimony to be taken at such
meeting or meetings--
(1) will disclose matters necessary to be kept secret
in the interests of national defense or the
confidential conduct of the foreign relations of the
United States;
(2) will relate solely to matters of Committee staff
personnel or internal staff management or procedure;
(3) will tend to charge an individual with crime or
misconduct; to disgrace or injure the professional
standing of an individual, or otherwise to expose an
individual to public contempt or obloquy, or will
represent a clearly unwarranted invasion of the privacy
of an individual;
(4) will disclose the identity of any informer or law
enforcement agent or will disclose any information
relating to the investigation or prosecution of a
criminal offense that is required to be kept secret in
the interests of effective law enforcement;
(5) will disclose information relating to the trade
secrets or financial or commercial information
pertaining specifically to a given person if--
(A) an Act of Congress requires the
information to be kept confidential by
Government officers and employees; or
(B) the information has been obtained by the
Government on a confidential basis, other than
through an application by such person for a
specific Government financial or other benefit,
and is required to be kept secret in order to
prevent undue injury to the competitive
position of such person, or
(6) may divulge matters required to be kept
confidential under other provisions of law or
Government regulations.
A closed meeting may be opened by a majority vote of the
Committee.
(g) Staff Attendance.--A member of the Committee may have
one member of his or her personal staff, for whom that member
assumes personal responsibility, accompany and be seated nearby
at Committee meetings.
Each member of the Committee may designate members of his
or her personal staff, who hold a Top Secret security
clearance, for the purpose of their eligibility to attend
closed sessions of the Committee, subject to the same
conditions set forth for Committee staff under Rules 12, 13,
and 14.
In addition, the Majority Leader and the Minority Leader of
the Senate, if they are not otherwise members of the Committee,
may designate one member of their staff with a Top Secret
security clearance to attend closed sessions of the Committee,
subject to the same conditions set forth for Committee staff
under Rules 12, 13, and 14. Staff of other Senators who are not
members of the Committee may not attend closed sessions of the
Committee.
Attendance of Committee staff at meetings shall be limited
to those designated by the Staff Director or the Minority Staff
Director.
The Committee, by majority vote, or the Chairman, with the
concurrence of the Ranking Minority Member, may limit staff
attendance at specified meetings.
RULE 4--QUORUMS
(a) Testimony.--For the purpose of taking sworn or unsworn
testimony at any duly scheduled meeting a quorum of the
Committee and each subcommittee thereof shall consist of one
member.
(b) Business.--A quorum for the transaction of Committee or
subcommittee business, other than for reporting a measure or
recommendation to the Senate or the taking of testimony, shall
consist of one-third of the members of the Committee or
subcommittee, including at least one member from each party.
(c) Reporting.--A majority of the membership of the
Committee shall constitute a quorum for reporting any measure
or recommendation to the Senate. No measure or recommendation
shall be ordered reported from the Committee unless a majority
of the Committee members are physically present. The vote of
the Committee to report a measure or matter shall require the
concurrence of a majority of those members who are physically
present at the time the vote is taken.
RULE 5--PROXIES
Proxies must be in writing with the signature of the absent
member. Subject to the requirements of Rule 4 for the physical
presence of a quorum to report a matter, proxy voting shall be
allowed on all measures and matters before the Committee.
However, proxies shall not be voted on a measure or matter
except when the absent member has been informed of the matter
on which he is being recorded and has affirmatively requested
that he or she be so recorded.
RULE 6--WITNESSES
(a) General.--The Committee on Foreign Relations will
consider requests to testify on any matter or measure pending
before the Committee.
(b) Presentation.--If the Chairman so determines, the oral
presentation of witnesses shall be limited to 10 minutes.
However, written statements of reasonable length may be
submitted by witnesses and other interested persons who are
unable to testify in person.
(c) Filing of Statements.--A witness appearing before the
Committee, or any subcommittee thereof, shall file a written
statement of his proposed testimony at least 48 hours prior to
his appearance, unless this requirement is waived by the
Chairman and the Ranking Minority Member following their
determination that there is good cause for failure to file such
a statement.
(d) Expenses.--Only the Chairman may authorize expenditures
of funds for the expenses of witnesses appearing before the
Committee or its subcommittees.
(e) Requests.--Any witness called for a hearing may submit
a written request to the Chairman no later than 24 hours in
advance for his testimony to be in closed or open session, or
for any other unusual procedure. The Chairman shall determine
whether to grant any such request and shall notify the
Committee members of the request and of his decision.
RULE 7--SUBPOENAS
(a) Authorization.--The Chairman or any other member of the
Committee, when authorized by a majority vote of the Committee
at a meeting or by proxies, shall have authority to subpoena
the attendance of witnesses or the production of memoranda,
documents, records, or any other materials. When the Committee
authorizes a subpoena, it may be issued upon the signature of
the Chairman or any other member designated by the Committee.
(b) Return.--A subpoena, or a request to an agency, for
documents may be issued whose return shall occur at a time and
place other than that of a scheduled Committee meeting. A
return on such a subpoena or request which is incomplete or
accompanied by an objection constitutes good cause for a
hearing on shortened notice. Upon such a return, the Chairman
or any other member designated by him may convene a hearing by
giving 2 hours notice by telephone to all other members. One
member shall constitute a quorum for such a hearing. The sole
purpose of such a hearing shall be to elucidate further
information about the return and to rule on the objection.
(c) Depositions.--At the direction of the Committee, staff
is authorized to take depositions from witnesses.
RULE 8--REPORTS
(a) Filing.--When the Committee has ordered a measure or
recommendation reported, the report thereon shall be filed in
the Senate at the earliest practicable time.
(b) Supplemental, Minority and Additional Views.--A member
of the Committee who gives notice of his intentions to file
supplemental, minority, or additional views at the time of
final Committee approval of a measure or matter, shall be
entitled to not less than 3 calendar days in which to file such
views, in writing, with the Chief Clerk of the Committee, with
the 3 days to begin at 11:00 p.m. on the same day that the
Committee has ordered a measure or matter reported. Such views
shall then be included in the Committee report and printed in
the same volume, as a part thereof, and their inclusion shall
be noted on the cover of the report. In the absence of timely
notice, the Committee report may be filed and printed
immediately without such views.
(c) Rollcall Votes.--The results of all rollcall votes
taken in any meeting of the Committee on any measure, or
amendment thereto, shall be announced in the Committee report.
The announcement shall include a tabulation of the votes cast
in favor and votes cast in opposition to each such measure and
amendment by each member of the Committee.
RULE 9--TREATIES
(a) The Committee is the only Committee of the Senate with
jurisdiction to review and report to the Senate on treaties
submitted by the President for Senate advice and consent.
Because the House of Representatives has no role in the
approval of treaties, the Committee is therefore the only
congressional committee with responsibility for treaties.
(b) Once submitted by the President for advice and consent,
each treaty is referred to the Committee and remains on its
calendar from Congress to Congress until the Committee takes
action to report it to the Senate or recommend its return to
the President, or until the Committee is discharged of the
treaty by the Senate.
(c) In accordance with Senate Rule XXX.2, treaties which
have been reported to the Senate but not acted on before the
end of a Congress ``shall be resumed at the commencement of the
next Congress as if no proceedings had previously been had
thereon.''
(d) Insofar as possible, the Committee should conduct a
public hearing on each treaty as soon as possible after its
submission by the President. Except in extraordinary
circumstances, treaties reported to the Senate shall be
accompanied by a written report.
RULE 10--NOMINATIONS
(a) Waiting Requirement.--Unless otherwise directed by the
Chairman and the Ranking Minority Member, the Committee on
Foreign Relations shall not consider any nomination until 6
calendar days after it has been formally submitted to the
Senate.
(b) Public Consideration.--Nominees for any post who are
invited to appear before the Committee shall be heard in public
session, unless a majority of the Committee decrees otherwise.
(c) Required Data.--No nomination shall be reported to the
Senate unless (1) the nominee has been accorded a security
clearance on the basis of a thorough investigation by executive
branch agencies; (2) in appropriate cases, the nominee has
filed a financial disclosure report and a confidential
statement with the Committee; (3) the Committee has been
assured that the nominee does not have any interests which
could conflict with the interests of the government in the
exercise of the nominee's proposed responsibilities; (4) for
persons nominated to be chief of mission, ambassador-at-large,
or minister, the Committee has received a complete list of any
contributions made by the nominee or members of his immediate
family to any Federal election campaign during the year of his
or her nomination and for the 4 preceding years; and (5) for
persons nominated to be chiefs of mission, a report on the
demonstrated competence of that nominee to perform the duties
of the position to which he or she has been nominated.
RULE 11--TRAVEL
(a) Foreign Travel.--No member of the Committee on Foreign
Relations or its staff shall travel abroad on Committee
business unless specifically authorized by the Chairman, who is
required by law to approve vouchers and report expenditures of
foreign currencies, and the Ranking Minority Member. Requests
for authorization of such travel shall state the purpose and,
when completed, a full substantive and financial report shall
be filed with the Committee within 30 days. This report shall
be furnished to all members of the Committee and shall not be
otherwise disseminated without the express authorization of the
Committee. Except in extraordinary circumstances, staff travel
shall not be approved unless the reporting requirements have
been fulfilled for all prior trips. Except for travel that is
strictly personal, travel funded by non-U.S. Government sources
is subject to the same approval and substantive reporting
requirements as U.S. Government-funded travel. In addition,
members and staff are reminded of Senate Rule XXXV.4 requiring
a determination by the Senate Ethics Committee in the case of
foreign-sponsored travel.
Any proposed travel by Committee staff for a subcommittee
purpose must be approved by the subcommittee chairman and
ranking minority member prior to submission of the request to
the Chairman and Ranking Minority Member of the full Committee.
When the Chairman and the Ranking Minority Member approve
the foreign travel of a member of the staff of the committee
not accompanying a member of the Committee, all members of the
Committee shall be advised, prior to the commencement of such
travel of its extent, nature, and purpose.
(b) Domestic Travel.--All official travel in the United
States by the Committee staff shall be approved in advance by
the Staff Director, or in the case of minority staff, by the
Minority Staff Director.
(c) Personal Staff.--As a general rule, no more than one
member of the personal staff of a member of the Committee may
travel with that member with the approval of the Chairman and
the Ranking Minority Member of the Committee. During such
travel, the personal staff member shall be considered to be an
employee of the Committee.
(d) Personal Representatives of the Member (PRM).--For the
purposes of Rule 11 as regards staff foreign travel, the
officially-designated personal representative of the member
(PRM) shall be deemed to have the same rights, duties, and
responsibilities as members of the staff of the Committee on
Foreign Relations. Furthermore, for the purposes of this
section, each Member of the Committee may designate one
personal staff member as the ``Personal Representative of the
Member.''
RULE 12--TRANSCRIPTS
(a) General.--The Committee on Foreign Relations shall keep
verbatim transcripts of all Committee and subcommittee meetings
and such transcripts shall remain in the custody of the
Committee, unless a majority of the Committee decides
otherwise. Transcripts of public hearings by the Committee
shall be published unless the Chairman, with the concurrence of
the Ranking Minority Member, determines otherwise.
(b) Classified or Restricted Transcripts.--
(1) The Chief Clerk of the Committee shall have
responsibility for the maintenance and security of
classified or restricted transcripts.
(2) A record shall be maintained of each use of
classified or restricted transcripts.
(3) Classified or restricted transcripts shall be
kept in locked combination safes in the Committee
offices except when in active use by authorized persons
for a period not to exceed 2 weeks. Extensions of this
period may be granted as necessary by the Chief Clerk.
They must never be left unattended and shall be
returned to the Chief Clerk promptly when no longer
needed.
(4) Except as provided in paragraph 7 below,
transcripts classified secret or higher may not leave
the Committee offices except for the purpose of
declassification.
(5) Classified transcripts other than those
classified secret or higher may leave the Committee
offices in the possession of authorized persons with
the approval of the Chairman. Delivery and return shall
be made only by authorized persons. Such transcripts
may not leave Washington, DC, unless adequate
assurances for their security are made to the Chairman.
(6) Extreme care shall be exercised to avoid taking
notes or quotes from classified transcripts. Their
contents may not be divulged to any unauthorized
person.
(7) Subject to any additional restrictions imposed by
the Chairman with the concurrence of the Ranking
Minority Member, only the following persons are
authorized to have access to classified or restricted
transcripts.
(i) Members and staff of the Committee in the
Committee rooms;
(ii) Designated personal representatives of
members of the Committee, and of the Majority
and Minority Leaders, with appropriate security
clearances, in the Committee's Capitol office;
(iii) Senators not members of the Committee,
by permission of the Chairman in the Committee
rooms; and
(iv) Members of the executive departments
involved in the meeting, in the Committee's
Capitol office, or, with the permission of the
Chairman, in the offices of the officials who
took part in the meeting, but in either case,
only for a specified and limited period of
time, and only after reliable assurances
against further reproduction or dissemination
have been given.
(8) Any restrictions imposed upon access to a meeting
of the Committee shall also apply to the transcript of
such meeting, except by special permission of the
Chairman and notice to the other members of the
Committee. Each transcript of a closed session of the
Committee shall include on its cover a description of
the restrictions imposed upon access, as well as any
applicable restrictions upon photocopying, note-taking
or other dissemination.
(9) In addition to restrictions resulting from the
inclusion of any classified information in the
transcript of a Committee meeting, members and staff
shall not discuss with anyone the proceedings of the
Committee in closed session or reveal information
conveyed or discussed in such a session unless that
person would have been permitted to attend the session
itself, or unless such communication is specifically
authorized by the Chairman, the Ranking Minority
Member, or in the case of staff, by the Staff Director
or Minority Staff Director. A record shall be kept of
all such authorizations.
(c) Declassification.--
(1) All restricted transcripts and classified
Committee reports shall be declassified on a date
twelve years after their origination unless the
Committee by majority vote decides against such
declassification, and provided that the executive
departments involved and all former Committee members
who participated directly in the sessions or reports
concerned have been consulted in advance and given a
reasonable opportunity to raise objections to such
declassification.
(2) Any transcript or classified Committee report, or
any portion thereof, may be declassified fewer than
twelve years after their origination if:
(i) the Chairman originates such action or
receives a written request for such action, and
notifies the other members of the Committee;
(ii) the Chairman, Ranking Minority Member,
and each member or former member who
participated directly in such meeting or report
give their approval, except that the Committee
by majority vote may overrule any objections
thereby raised to early declassification; and
(iii) the executive departments and all
former Committee members are consulted in
advance and have a reasonable opportunity to
object to early declassification.
RULE 13--CLASSIFIED MATERIAL
(a) All classified material received or originated by the
Committee shall be logged in at the Committee's offices in the
Dirksen Senate Office Building, and except for material
classified as ``Top Secret'' shall be filed in the Dirksen
Senate Building offices for Committee use and safekeeping.
(b) Each such piece of classified material received or
originated shall be card indexed and serially numbered, and
where requiring onward distribution shall be distributed by
means of an attached indexed form approved by the Chairman. If
such material is to be distributed outside the Committee
offices, it shall, in addition to the attached form, be
accompanied also by an approved signature sheet to show onward
receipt.
(c) Distribution of classified material among offices shall
be by Committee members or authorized staff only. All
classified material sent to members' offices, and that
distributed within the working offices of the Committee, shall
be returned to the offices designated by the Chief Clerk. No
classified material is to be removed from the offices of the
members or of the Committee without permission of the Chairman.
Such classified material will be afforded safe handling and
safe storage at all times.
(d) Material classified ``Top Secret,'' after being indexed
and numbered shall be sent to the Committee's Capitol office
for use by the members and authorized staff in that office only
or in such other secure Committee offices as may be authorized
by the Chairman or Staff Director.
(e) In general, members and staff undertake to confine
their access to classified information on the basis of a ``need
to know'' such information related to their Committee
responsibilities.
(f) The Staff Director is authorized to make such
administrative regulations as may be necessary to carry out the
provisions of these regulations.
RULE 14--STAFF
(a) Responsibilities.--
(1) The staff works for the Committee as a whole,
under the general supervision of the Chairman of the
Committee, and the immediate direction of the Staff
Director; provided, however, that such part of the
staff as is designated Minority Staff, shall be under
the general supervision of the Ranking Minority Member
and under the immediate direction of the Minority Staff
Director.
(2) Any member of the Committee should feel free to
call upon the staff at any time for assistance in
connection with Committee business. Members of the
Senate not members of the Committee who call upon the
staff for assistance from time to time should be given
assistance subject to the overriding responsibility of
the staff to the Committee.
(3) The staff's primary responsibility is with
respect to bills, resolutions, treaties, and
nominations.
In addition to carrying out assignments from the
Committee and its individual members, the staff has a
responsibility to originate suggestions for Committee
or subcommittee consideration. The staff also has a
responsibility to make suggestions to individual
members regarding matters of special interest to such
members.
(4) It is part of the staff's duty to keep itself as
well informed as possible in regard to developments
affecting foreign relations and in regard to the
administration of foreign programs of the United
States. Significant trends or developments which might
otherwise escape notice should be called to the
attention of the Committee, or of individual Senators
with particular interests.
(5) The staff shall pay due regard to the
constitutional separation of powers between the Senate
and the executive branch. It therefore has a
responsibility to help the Committee bring to bear an
independent, objective judgment of proposals by the
executive branch and when appropriate to originate
sound proposals of its own. At the same time, the staff
shall avoid impinging upon the day-to-day conduct of
foreign affairs.
(6) In those instances when Committee action requires
the expression of minority views, the staff shall
assist the minority as fully as the majority to the end
that all points of view may be fully considered by
members of the Committee and of the Senate. The staff
shall bear in mind that under our constitutional system
it is the responsibility of the elected Members of the
Senate to determine legislative issues in the light of
as full and fair a presentation of the facts as the
staff may be able to obtain.
(b) Restrictions.--
(1) The staff shall regard its relationship to the
Committee as a privileged one, in the nature of the
relationship of a lawyer to a client. In order to
protect this relationship and the mutual confidence
which must prevail if the Committee-staff relationship
is to be a satisfactory and fruitful one, the following
criteria shall apply:
(i) members of the staff shall not be
identified with any special interest group in
the field of foreign relations or allow their
names to be used by any such group;
(ii) members of the staff shall not accept
public speaking engagements or write for
publication in the field of foreign relations
without specific advance permission from the
Staff Director, or, in the case of minority
staff, from the Minority Staff Director. In the
case of the Staff Director and the Minority
Staff Director, such advance permission shall
be obtained from the Chairman or the Ranking
Minority Member, as appropriate. In any event,
such public statements should avoid the
expression of personal views and should not
contain predictions of future, or
interpretations of past, Committee action; and
(iii) staff shall not discuss their private
conversations with members of the Committee
without specific advance permission from the
Senator or Senators concerned.
(2) The staff shall not discuss with anyone the
proceedings of the Committee in closed session or
reveal information conveyed or discussed in such a
session unless that person would have been permitted to
attend the session itself, or unless such communication
is specifically authorized by the Staff Director or
Minority Staff Director. Unauthorized disclosure of
information from a closed session or of classified
information shall be cause for immediate dismissal and
may, in the case of some kinds of information, be
grounds for criminal prosecution.
RULE 15--STATUS AND AMENDMENT OF RULES
(a) Status.--In addition to the foregoing, the Committee on
Foreign Relations is governed by the Standing Rules of the
Senate which shall take precedence in the event of a clear
inconsistency. In addition, the jurisdiction and
responsibilities of the Committee with respect to certain
matters, as well as the timing and procedure for their
consideration in Committee, may be governed by statute.
(b) Amendment.--These Rules may be modified, amended, or
repealed by a majority of the Committee, provided that a notice
in writing of the proposed change has been given to each member
at least 48 hours prior to the meeting at which action thereon
is to be taken. However, Rules of the Committee which are based
upon Senate Rules may not be superseded by Committee vote
alone.
______
These rules speak for themselves. It should be noted that
attendance of members at Committee meetings is voluntary and
not compulsory.
Meetings and Hearings
Committee meetings are held at the call of the chairman.
During consideration of important and complex measures, it is
not unusual for the Committee to meet daily, both mornings and
afternoons, the Senate permitting. Under normal circumstances,
it is a routine courtesy to give standing committees permission
to meet while the Senate is in session. Thus, for example, the
Committee and its subcommittees met some 330 times during the
93rd Congress, 311 times in the 98th Congress, and over 200
times in the 106th Congress.
Meetings and agenda are initiated by the chairman and
ranking minority member with the advice of members. Members
have the right to suggest meetings on particular subjects and
that certain bills and resolutions be placed on the agenda or
scheduled for hearings.
In accordance with Senate rules (S. Res. 9, adopted
November 7, 1975), all meetings are open to the public, except
when the Committee, by majority vote, decides otherwise.
Because of the sensitive nature of certain of the information
required by the Committee, some hearings are voted to be closed
to the public. Briefings by Department of State officials on
negotiations in process or of current U.S. policy on various
issues, for example, often fall into that category.
The Committee holds hearings on legislation, nominations,
treaties, general oversight, and current international
situations which are of interest to the Chairman or
Subcommittee Chairmen. By custom, but not by rule, the
Committee has permitted administration representatives to
appear on the first witness panel, to be followed by one or
more panels of private witnesses. Every effort is made to
maintain a two to one witness ratio, with two witnesses on the
private panel appearing at the request of the majority for each
witness appearing at the request of the minority to ensure that
a diversity of views is heard on matters before the Committee.
If there are numerous witnesses to be heard on a particular
bill or treaty, the Committee may limit the oral presentation
of witnesses to 10 minutes. The Committee has adopted a time
limit for questioning witnesses by its own members so as to
give every Senator an equal chance at examining a witness. On
certain occasions, the Committee has also set a time limit on
the period during which requests to be heard will be accepted
by the Committee. Written statements, submitted by witnesses
limited in their oral presentation, are printed in the hearing
records, if of reasonable length and if received within a
reasonable period after the hearings. Other information
directly pertaining to a hearing has also been printed in
hearing records. For example, during the 105th Congress,
additional material was included in the printed record relating
to NATO enlargement, and during the 106th Congress on the
future of ABM. Major hearings and many others are printed by
the Committee. However, it has become the practice of the
Committee, for reasons of economy, not to print all hearings,
especially on nominations. In many cases, brief hearings or
principal witness statements are printed in the appendix to the
Committee's report on the measure under consideration; in all
cases, the typed transcript of public proceedings is available
to the public to read in the Committee offices.
Beginning in the fall of 1973, the Committee started a
pioneering project of publishing its hitherto classified
executive sessions dating from the 80th Congress in 1947, when
pursuant to the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946,
verbatim records of committee meetings were ordered to be kept.
This so-called historical series has become a continuing
activity, complementing the Department of State's collection of
diplomatic papers in the Foreign Relations of the United States
series with a record of congressional action and views.
Subcommittees
It is the tradition of the Committee on Foreign Relations
to consider legislation, resolutions, treaties, and nominations
in the full committee on the theory that most questions of
foreign relations are not divisible by geographic or
substantive matter. A major exception was made in 1975 with the
creation of the Subcommittee on Foreign Assistance, which was
given jurisdiction over all legislation on foreign aid and
international financial institutions. In recent years, the
Committee has returned to the practice of approving all
legislation, treaties, and nominations on the full committee
level.
Standing, temporary, or ad hoc, and oversight subcommittees
have been utilized by the Committee at various times.
Subcommittees are appointed by majority vote of the Committee,
unless otherwise authorized by law or Senate resolution.
Standing Subcommittees
From 1950 to 1975, the Committee on Foreign Relations
maintained a series of consultative subcommittees,
corresponding to the organization of the Department of State to
a greater or lesser degree at various times.
The consultative subcommittee system was designed to foster
more extensive consultations between the members of the Foreign
Relations Committee and officers of the Department of State and
to undertake independent studies in areas of special Committee
interest. Since World War II the U.S. role in the world thrust
new and important responsibilities upon the Congress. Moreover,
the problems which confront the United States in various parts
of the world increased tremendously in number and complexity.
This meant that a degree of specialization in the work of the
Committee on Foreign Relations became desirable. By organizing
along subcommittee lines it was possible for the members to
keep abreast of the more important developments within each of
the geographic and substantive areas of concern in the conduct
of foreign policy.
While the word ``consultative'' has been dropped from the
subcommittee system, the role of the subcommittees in
developing specialized information has continued much the same.
During the 106th Congress, the subcommittee structure was
as follows:
(Subcommittees are listed in the order of chairmen's
seniority within the full committee.)
(The Chairman and Ranking Minority Member of the full
committee are ex officio members of each subcommittee on which
they do not serve as members.)
Subcommittee on International Economic Policy, Export and Trade
Promotion
Chuck Hagel, Chair Paul S. Sarbanes, Ranking
Craig Thomas John F. Kerry
Bill Frist Barbara Boxer
Richard G. Lugar
Jurisdiction:
The subcommittee's responsibilities encompass U.S. foreign
economic policy, including export enhancement and trade
promotion, and international economic growth and development.
The subcommittee's jurisdiction includes measures that address:
(1) the enhancement of American exports and promotion
of U.S. trade opportunities and commercial interests
abroad;
(2) the promotion of and protection of economic
interests of U.S. citizens abroad;
(3) international investment, management,
intellectual property, technological transfer and
general commercial policies;
(4) international monetary policy, including U.S.
participation in international financial institutions;
and
(5) U.S. bilateral humanitarian, development,
economic, trade and security assistance programs and
policies carried out by the Agency for International
Development and other U.S. agencies and U.S. voluntary
contributions to international organizations providing
assistance to foreign nations.
The subcommittee is also responsible for matters and
policies involving the use, development and protection of the
environment, including the oceans and space.
Subcommittee on European Affairs
Gordon H. Smith, Chair Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Ranking
Richard G. Lugar Paul S. Sarbanes
John Ashcroft Christopher J. Dodd
Chuck Hagel Paul D. Wellstone
Lincoln D. Chafee
Jurisdiction:
The subcommittee deals with matters concerning the
continent of Europe, including the newly independent states of
the former Soviet Union and member states of the North Atlantic
Treaty Organization. Matters relating to Greenland, Iceland,
and the north polar region are also the responsibilities of
this subcommittee.
This subcommittee's responsibilities include all matters,
problems and policies involving promotion of U.S. trade and
export; terrorism, crime and the flow of illegal drugs; and
oversight over U.S. foreign assistance programs that fall
within this subcommittee's regional jurisdiction.
Subcommittee on International Operations
Rod Grams, Chair Barbara Boxer, Ranking
Jesse Helms John F. Kerry
Sam Brownback Russell D. Feingold
Bill Frist
Jurisdiction:
The subcommittee's responsibilities include all matters,
problems and policies involving international operations. This
jurisdiction includes the general oversight responsibility for
the Department of State, the United States Information Agency,
the Foreign Service, international educational and cultural
affairs, foreign broadcasting activities, foreign buildings,
United States participation in the United Nations, its
affiliated organizations, and other international organizations
not under the jurisdiction of other subcommittees. The
subcommittee also has jurisdiction over general matters of
international law, law enforcement, and illegal activities.
Subcommittee on Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs
Sam Brownback, Chair Paul D. Wellstone, Ranking
John Ashcroft Robert G. Torricelli
Gordon H. Smith Paul S. Sarbanes
Rod Grams Christopher J. Dodd
Craig Thomas
Jurisdiction:
This subcommittee deals with all matters and problems
relating to the Middle East and Arab North Africa, including
Arab-Israeli and inter-Arab issues, economic relations, and
general security in the Persian Gulf, Mediterranean, the Middle
East and North Africa. This subcommittee also deals with
matters and problems relating to Afghanistan, Bangladesh,
Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.
This subcommittee's responsibilities include all matters,
problems and policies involving promotion of U.S. trade and
export; terrorism, crime and the flow of illegal drugs; and
oversight over U.S. foreign assistance programs that fall
within this subcommittee's regional jurisdiction.
Subcommittee on East Asian and Pacific Affairs
Craig Thomas, Chair John Kerry, Ranking
Jesse Helms Russell D. Feingold
Chuck Hagel Paul D. Wellstone
Gordon H. Smith Robert G. Torricelli
Lincoln D. Chafee
Jurisdiction:
The geographic scope of the subcommittee extends from China
and Mongolia to Burma, inclusive of the mainland of Asia,
Japan, Taiwan, Hong Kong, the Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia,
Australia and New Zealand, Oceania, and the South Pacific
Islands.
This subcommittee's responsibilities include all matters,
problems and policies involving promotion of U.S. trade and
export; terrorism, crime and the flow of illegal drugs; and
oversight over U.S. foreign assistance programs that fall
within this subcommittee's regional jurisdiction.
Subcommittee on African Affairs
Bill Frist, Chair Russell D. Feingold, Ranking
Rod Grams Paul S. Sarbanes
Sam Brownback
Jurisdiction:
The subcommittee has geographic responsibilities
corresponding to those of the Bureau of African Affairs in the
Department of State. The subcommittee considers all matters and
problems relating to Africa, with the exception of countries
bordering on the Mediterranean Sea from Egypt to Morocco, which
are under the purview of the Subcommittee on Near Eastern
Affairs.
This subcommittee's responsibilities include all matters,
problems and policies involving promotion of U.S. trade and
export; terrorism, crime and the flow of illegal drugs; and
oversight over U.S. foreign assistance programs that fall
within this subcommittee's regional jurisdiction.
Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere, Peace Corps, Narcotics and
Terrorism
Lincoln D. Chafee, Chair Christopher J. Dodd, Ranking
Jesse Helms Barbara Boxer
Richard G. Lugar Robert G. Torricelli
John Ashcroft
Jurisdiction:
The geographic scope of this subcommittee extends from the
Arctic Ocean to Tierra del Fuego, including the Caribbean.
Problems which are of concern to the subcommittee include
relations between the American nations, U.S.-Canadian affairs,
boundary matters, the implementation of various treaties and
conventions, economic relations and security matters affecting
the Western Hemisphere, and the Organization of American
States.
This subcommittee's responsibilities include all matters,
problems and policies involving promotion of U.S. trade and
export; crime; and oversight over U.S. foreign assistance
programs that fall within this subcommittee's regional
jurisdiction.
This subcommittee also exercises general oversight over:
(1) all of the activities and programs of the Peace
Corps;
(2) all U.S. foreign policy, programs and
international cooperative efforts to combat the flow of
illegal drugs or substances; and
(3) all U.S. foreign policy, programs and cooperative
efforts to combat international terrorism.
In the recent past the practice was to follow preferences
of Committee members with respect to subcommittee assignments
which resulted in varied sizes and differing ratios between
majority and minority members. However, beginning in the 95th
Congress, ratios were set and minority members assumed
different ``ranking'' positions on each subcommittee.
Except for the practice noted above, that legislation is
considered by full committee, there is no rule as to whether a
matter is considered by the full committee or a subcommittee.
Study or Oversight Subcommittees
In the past, when the Committee on Foreign Relations
decided on a major oversight undertaking, requiring more staff
and funds than available under its ordinary budget, the
Committee has sought special authority and funds for the
conduct of such studies. The first such study authorized by the
Senate after passage of the Legislative Reorganization Act of
1946 was a study of overseas information programs of the United
States in 1952 (S. Res. 74, 82d Cong.) which ended in 1954.
This study set the pattern for most of the subsequent studies
during the 1950's, namely, studies of the United Nations
Charter (S. Res. 126, 1953), of the technical assistance
program (S. Res. 214, 1954), of disarmament issues (S. Res. 93,
1955), of foreign assistance programs (S. Res. 285, 1956), and
U.S. foreign policy (S. Res. 336, 1958). A subcommittee was
appointed to conduct the study or oversight and included non
Committee members as well as Committee members. The procedure
generally was to collect and publish relevant documents;
problem areas were explored in staff studies; questionnaires
were sent to groups having special knowledge of the subject
matter (American businessmen and reporters overseas,
ambassadors, or retired Foreign Service Officers); on the spot
surveys were made overseas, hearings were held on the
accumulated data; and a final report was submitted to the
Senate, giving the subcommittee's recommendations and
conclusions.
Ad Hoc Subcommittees
For many years Ad hoc subcommittees were the only kind of
subcommittees appointed by the Committee on Foreign Relations.
They were normally authorized to consider only one item or a
related group of items, such as a series of double taxation
conventions or broadcasting agreements. As the Committee began
more and more to consider treaties and legislation as a whole,
the appointment of ad hoc subcommittees decreased. No such
subcommittees were appointed between 1959, when one was set up
to consider certain broadcasting agreements, and 1965, when
three ad hoc subcommittees were appointed to handle certain
international organization matters, claims legislation, and
double tax conventions. In 1967 four additional ad hoc
subcommittees were set up to consider customs and maritime
matters, human rights conventions, deployment of U.S. troops in
Europe, and a Foreign Service Information corps. Since then,
similar subcommittees have gone into passport matters, the
International Grain Arrangement, the Genocide Convention, the
International Wheat Agreement of 1971, and the operation of the
War Powers Resolution.
Ad hoc subcommittees cease to exist the moment the matters
referred to them are disposed of or upon adjournment of
Congress.
Staff
The following provisions of the amended Standing Rules of
the Senate are applicable to the Committee staff.
RULE XXVII
committee staff
1. Staff members appointed to assist minority members
of committees pursuant to authority of a resolution
described in paragraph 9 of rule XXVI or other Senate
resolution shall be accorded equitable treatment with
respect to the fixing of salary rates, the assignment
of facilities, and the accessibility of committee
records. \10\
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\10\ See page 65, below, for paragraph 9 of rule XXVI.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. The minority shall receive fair consideration in
the appointment of staff personnel pursuant to
authority of a resolution described in paragraph 9 of
rule XXVI.
3. The staffs of committees (including personnel
appointed pursuant to authority of a resolution
described in paragraph 9 of rule XXVI or other Senate
resolution) should reflect the relative number of
majority and minority members of committees. A majority
of the minority members of any committee may, by
resolution, request that at least one-third of all
funds of the committee for personnel (other than those
funds determined by the chairman and ranking minority
members to be allocated for the administrative and
clerical functions of the committee as a whole) to be
allocated to the minority members of such committee for
compensation of minority staff as the minority members
may decide. The committee shall thereafter adjust its
budget to comply with such resolution. Such adjustment
shall be equitably made over a four-year period,
commencing July 1, 1977, with not less than one-half
being made in two years. Upon request by a majority of
the minority members of any committee by resolution,
proportionate space, equipment, and facilities shall be
provided for such minority staff.
4. No committee shall appoint to its staff any
experts or other personnel detailed or assigned from
any department or agency of the Government, except with
the written permission of the Committee on Rules and
Administration.
As of September 29, 1999, the Committee's annual budget
which provides funding for the exercise of its legislative
oversight and for all staffing is included in S. Res. 189, the
omnibus committee funding resolution. From March 1 until
September 30, 1999 temporary funding was authorized by S. Res.
49. Portions of S. Res. 49 and S. Res. 189 are set forth on
pages 66 and 68.
Prior to 1981, staff funding was included in the budget and
also in separate resolutions. For example, in 1958 the position
of an interparliamentary assistant was authorized as visits of
foreign dignitaries to Washington increased and as the Congress
became more involved in interparliamentary activities. This
position was made permanent in 1962.
The size of the staff has increased over the years. At the
beginning of the 80th Congress, when the Committee began to
organize its independent professional staff, it employed four
persons; as of October 2000, 48 persons, professional and
clerical, were employed on a permanent basis.
As a rule, the staff is assigned to the full committee, and
subcommittees are not separately staffed. Members of the full
committee staff have the responsibility for taking care of the
needs of subcommittees.
In accordance with the Legislative Reorganization Act of
1946, as amended, members of the full committee staff were
occasionally assigned to work primarily for the minority, but
were also available for general committee assignments. However,
in January 1979 the minority members of the Committee elected
to establish a minority staff as stipulated in Rule XXVII.2.
Since then, formal coordination of relations between the
majority and minority staffs has been accomplished through the
two staff directors, and various members of the staff
performing administrative and clerical functions for the
Committee have been considered as ``nondesignated.'' It should
be noted that prior to the hiring of a minority staff in 1979,
the Committee had appointed a personnel subcommittee in early
1958 which made recommendations to the full committee, and
filled professional staff vacancies at the discretion of the
Chairman as they developed. This subcommittee consisted of the
two ranking majority and minority members.
In the case of long-term special oversight studies,
however, it has been occasionally necessary to augment the
regular Committee staff with specialists for a limited period
of time. For shorter periods, consultants have been hired by
the Committee, as in 1979 for consideration of the SALT II
treaty, in 1981 for the nomination of Alexander M. Haig, Jr.,
to be Secretary of State, and in 1988 for consideration of the
INF Treaty.
S. Res. 60 of the 94th Congress (June 12, 1975) authorized
the hiring of additional persons by Committee members on their
personal staff to assist them on Committee matters. This
resolution was superseded by the Legislative Branch
Appropriations Act, 1978, which contains provisions for the
hiring of Personal Representatives of Members as follows:
Public Law 95-94 [Excerpt]
AN ACT Making appropriations for the Legislative Branch for the fiscal
year ending September 30, 1978, and for other purposes
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of
Representatives of the United States of America in
Congress assembled, That the following sums are
appropriated, out of any money in the Treasury not
otherwise appropriated, for the Legislative Branch for
the fiscal year ending September 30, 1978, and for
other purposes, namely:
* * * * * * *
Sec. 111. (a) Except as provided in subsection (b), the
aggregate of the gross compensation which may be paid to
employees in the office of a Senator during each fiscal year
under section 105(d) of the Legislative Branch Appropriation
Act, 1968, as amended and modified (2 U.S.C. 611(d)), is
increased by an amount equal to three times the amount referred
to in section 105(e)(1) of such Act, as amended and modified.
(b)(1) In the case of a Senator who is the chairman or
ranking minority member of any committee, or of any
subcommittee that receives funding to employ staff assistance
separately from the funding authority for staff of the full
committee, the amount referred to in subsection (a) shall be
reduced by the amount referred to in section 105(e)(1) of the
Legislative Branch Appropriation Act, 1968, as amended and
modified, for each such committee or subcommittee.
(2) In the case of a Senator who is authorized by a
committee, a subcommittee thereof, or the chairman of a
committee or subcommittee, as appropriate, to recommend or
approve the appointment to the staff of such committee or
subcommittee of one or more individuals for the purpose of
assisting such Senator solely and directly in his duties as a
member of such committee or subcommittee, the amount referred
to in subsection (a) shall be reduced, for each such committee
or subcommittee, by the amount equal to (A) the aggregate
annual gross rates of compensation of all staff employees of
that committee or subcommittee (i) whose appointment is made
approved, or recommended and (ii) whose continued employment is
not disapproved by such Senator, if such employees are employed
for the purpose of assisting such Senator solely and directly
in his duties as a member of such committee or subcommittee
thereof as the case may be, or (B) the amount referred to in
section 105(e)(1) of the Legislative Branch Appropriation Act,
1968, as amended and modified, whichever is less.
(3) In the case of a Senator who is serving on more than
three committees, one of the committees on which he is serving,
as selected by him, shall not be taken into account for
purposes of paragraphs (1) and (2). Any such Senator shall
notify the Secretary of the Senate of the committee selected by
him under this paragraph.
(c)(1) A Senator may designate employees in his office to
assist him in connection with his membership on committees of
the Senate. An employee may be designated with respect to only
one committee.
(2) An employee designated by a Senator under this
subsection shall be certified by him to the chairman and
ranking minority member of the committee with respect to which
such designation is made. Such employee shall be accorded all
privileges of a professional staff member (whether permanent or
investigatory) of such committee including access to all
committee sessions and files, except that any such committee
may restrict access to its sessions to one staff member per
Senator at a time and require, if classified material is being
handled or discussed, that any staff member possess the
appropriate security clearance before being allowed access to
such material or to discussion of it. Nothing contained in this
paragraph shall be construed to prohibit a committee from
adopting policies and practices with respect to the application
of this subsection which are similar to the policies and
practices adopted with respect to the application of section
705(c)(1) of Senate Resolution 4, 95th Congress, and section
106(c)(1) of the Supplemental Appropriations Act, 1977.
(3) A Senator shall notify the chairman and ranking
minority member of a committee whenever a designation of an
employee under this subsection with respect to such committee
is terminated.
(d) The second sentence of section 105(d)(2) of the
Legislative Branch Appropriation Act, 1968, as amended and
modified, is amended--
(1) by inserting after ``(i)'' the following: ``the
salaries of three employees may be fixed at rates of
not more than the rate referred to in subsection
(e)(1), (ii)''; and
(2) by striking out ``(ii)'' and inserting in lieu
thereof ``(iii)''.
The amendments made by this subsection shall have no effect on
section 6(c) of the Order of the President pro tempore issued
on October 8, 1976, under section 4 of the Federal Pay
Comparability Act of 1970.
(e)(1) Section 106 of the Supplemental Appropriations Act,
1977 (other than subsection (f) thereof) is repealed.
(2) As an exercise of the rulemaking power of the Senate,
section 705 of Senate Resolution 4, 95th Congress (other than
subsection (h) thereof) is repealed.
(f) This section, and the amendments made by subsection (d)
and the repeals made by subsection (e), shall take effect on
October 1, 1977.
In accordance with a provision of the Legislative Branch
Appropriations Act of 1965, the name, title, and total salary
of each staff member is reported semiannually in the report of
the Secretary of the Senate which is printed as a Senate
document.
Finances
In accordance with Rule XXVI of the Standing Rules of the
Senate:
1. Each standing committee, including any subcommittee of
any such committee is authorized to hold such hearings, to sit
and act at such times and places during the sessions, recesses,
and adjourned periods of the Senate, to require by subpoena or
otherwise the attendance of such witnesses and the production
of such correspondence, books, papers, and documents, to take
such testimony and to make such expenditures out of the
contingent fund of the Senate as may be authorized by
resolutions of the Senate. Each such committee may make
investigations into any matter within its jurisdiction, may
report such hearings as may be had by it, and may employ
stenographic assistance at a cost not exceeding the amount
prescribed by the Committee on Rules and Administration. The
expenses of the committee shall be paid from the contingent
fund of the Senate upon vouchers approved by the chairman.
Rule XXVI.9 requires that each committee report a
resolution authorizing the committee to make expenditures out
of the contingent fund of the Senate to defray its expenses,
including the compensation of members of its staff and agency
contribution (i.e., retirement, life and health insurances)
related to such compensation during a budget period beginning
on March 1 of each year and ending on the last day of February
of the following year:
Rule XXVI.9 reads as follows:
9. (a) Except as provided in subparagraph (b), each
committee shall report one authorization resolution each year
authorizing the committee to make expenditures out of the
contingent fund of the Senate to defray its expenses, including
the compensation of members of its staff and agency
contributions related to such compensation, during the period
beginning on March 1 of such year and ending on the last day of
February of the following year. Such annual authorization
resolution shall be reported not later than January 31 of each
year, except that, whenever the designation of members of
standing committees of the Senate occurs during the first
session of a Congress at a date later than January 20, such
resolution may be reported at any time within thirty days after
the date on which the designation of such members is completed.
After the annual authorization resolution of a committee for a
year has been agreed to, such committee may procure
authorization to make additional expenditures out of the
contingent fund of the Senate during that year only by
reporting a supplemental authorization resolution. Each
supplemental authorization resolution reported by a committee
shall amend the annual authorization resolution of such
committee for that year and shall be accompanied by a report
specifying with particularity the purpose for which such
authorization is sought and the reason why such authorization
could not have been sought at the time of the submission by
such committee of its annual authorization resolution for that
year.
(b) In lieu of the procedure provided in subparagraph (a),
the Committee on Rules and Administration may--
(1) direct each committee to report an authorization
resolution for a two-year budget period beginning on
March 1 of the first session of a Congress; and
(2) report one authorization resolution containing
more than one committee authorization resolution for a
one-year or two-year budget period.
The following are excerpts from S. Res. 49 and S. Res. 189
which provide funds to be spent by the Foreign Relations and
other Senate committees in budget year 1999-2001.
[S. Res. 49, 106th Congress, 1st Session]
Approved February 24, 1999
RESOLUTION
To authorize expenditures for the committees of the Senate for the
period March 1, 1999, through September 30, 1999.
Resolved,
SECTION 1. AGGREGATE AUTHORIZATION.
(a) In General.--For purposes of carrying out the powers,
duties, and functions of the Senate under the Standing Rules of
the Senate, and under the appropriate authorizing resolutions
of the Senate, there is authorized for the period March 1,
1999, through September 30, 1999, in the aggregate of
$28,632,851, in accordance with the provisions of this
resolution, for all Standing Committees of the Senate, for the
Committee on Indian Affairs, the Special Committee on Aging,
and the Select Committee on Intelligence.
(b) Reporting Legislation.--Each committee referred to in
subsection (a) shall report its findings, together with such
recommendations for legislation as it deems advisable, to the
Senate at the earliest practicable date, but not later than
September 30, 1999.
(c) Expenses of Committees.--
(1) In general.--Except as provided in paragraph (2),
any expenses of a committee under this resolution shall
be paid from the contingent fund of the Senate upon
vouchers approved by the chairman of the committee.
(2) Vouchers not required.--Vouchers shall not be
required--
(A) for the disbursement of salaries of
employees of the committee who are paid at an
annual rate;
(B) for the payment of telecommunications
expenses provided by the Office of the Sergeant
at Arms and Doorkeeper, United States Senate,
Department of Telecommunications;
(C) for the payment of stationery supplies
purchased through the Keeper of Stationery,
United States Senate;
(D) for payments to the Postmaster, United
States Senate;
(E) for the payment of metered charges on
copying equipment provided by the Office of the
Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper, United States
Senate; or
(F) for the payment of Senate Recording and
Photographic Services.
(d) Agency Contributions.--There are authorized such sums
as may be necessary for agency contributions related to the
compensation of employees of the committees from March 1, 1999,
through September 30, 1999, to be paid from the appropriations
account for ``Expenses of Inquiries and Investigations'' of the
Senate.
* * * * * * *
SEC. 10. COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS
(a) General Authority.--In carrying out its powers, duties,
and functions under the Standing Rules of the Senate, in
accordance with its jurisdiction under rule XXV of the Standing
Rules of the Senate, including holding hearings, reporting such
hearings, and making investigations as authorized by paragraphs
1 and 8 of rule XXVI of the Standing Rules of the Senate, the
Committee on Foreign Relations is authorized from March 1,
1999, through September 30, 1999, in its discretion--
(1) to make expenditures from the contingent fund of
the Senate;
(2) to employ personnel; and
(3) with the prior consent of the Government
department or agency concerned and the Committee on
Rules and Administration to use, on a reimbursable or
nonreimbursable basis, the services of personnel of any
such department or agency.
(b) Expenses.--The expenses of the committee for the period
March 1, 1999, through September 30, 1999, under this section
shall not exceed $1,697,074, of which amount--
(1) not to exceed $45,000, may be expended for the
procurement of the services of individual consultants,
or organizations thereof (as authorized by section
202(i) of the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946);
and
(2) not to exceed $1,000, may be expended for the
training of the professional staff of such committee
(under procedures specified by section 202(j) of the
Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946).
* * * * * * *
__________
[S. Res. 189, 106th Congress, 1st Session]
Approved September 29, 1999
RESOLUTION
Authorizing Expenditures by Committees of the Senate for the periods
October 1, 1999, through September 30, 2000, and October 1, 2000,
through February 28, 2001
Resolved,
SECTION 1. AGGREGATE AUTHORIZATION
(a) In General.--For purposes of carrying out the powers,
duties, and functions under the Standing Rules of the Senate,
and under the appropriate authorizing resolutions of the Senate
there is authorized for the period October 1, 1999, through
September 30, 2000, in the aggregate of $52,933,922, and for
the period October 1, 2000, through February 28, 2001, in the
aggregate of $22,534,293, in accordance with the provisions of
this resolution, for standing committees of the Senate, the
Special Committee on Aging, the Select Committee on
Intelligence, and the Select Committee on Indian Affairs.
(b) Expenses of Committees.--
(1) In general.--Except as provided in paragraph (2),
any expenses of a committee under this resolution shall
be paid from the contingent fund of the Senate upon
vouchers approved by the chairman of the committee.
(2) Vouchers not required.--Vouchers shall not be
required--
(A) for the disbursement of salaries of
employees of the committee who are paid at an
annual rate;
(B) for the payment of telecommunications
expenses provided by the Office of the Sergeant
at Arms and Doorkeeper and the Department of
Telecommunications;
(C) for the payment of stationery supplies
purchased through the Keeper of Stationery;
(D) for payments to the Postmaster;
(E) for the payment of metered charges on
copying equipment provided by the Office of the
Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper; or
(F) for the payment of Senate Recording and
Photographic Services.
(c) Agency Contributions.--There are authorized such sums
as may be necessary for agency contributions related to the
compensation of employees on the committees for the period
October 1, 1999, through September 30, 2000, and for the period
October 1, 2000, through February 28, 2001, to be paid from the
appropriations account for ``Expenses of Inquiries and
Investigations'' of the Senate.
* * * * * * *
SEC. 10. COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS.
(a) General Authority.--In carrying out its powers, duties,
and functions under the Standing Rules of the Senate, in
accordance with its jurisdiction under rule XXV of such rules,
including holding hearings, reporting such hearings, and making
investigations as authorized by paragraphs 1 and 8 of rule XXVI
of the Standing Rules of the Senate, the Committee on Foreign
Relations is authorized from October 1, 1999, through February
28, 2001, in its discretion--
(1) to make expenditures from the contingent fund of
the Senate;
(2) to employ personnel; and
(3) with the prior consent of the Government
department or agency concerned and the Committee on
Rules and Administration, to use on a reimbursable, or
nonreimbursable, basis the services of personnel of any
such department or agency.
(b) Expenses for Fiscal Year 2000 Period.--The expenses of
the committee for the period October 1, 1999, through September
30, 2000, under this section shall not exceed $3,158,449, of
which amount--
(1) not to exceed $45,000, may be expended for the
procurement of the services of individual consultants,
or organizations thereof (as authorized by section
202(i) of the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946);
and
(2) not to exceed $1,000, may be expended for the
training of the professional staff of such committee
(under procedures specified by section 202(j) of such
Act).
(c) Expenses for Period Ending February 20, 2001.--For the
period October 1, 2000, through February 28, 2001, expenses of
the committee under this section shall not exceed $1,347,981,
of which amount--
(1) not to exceed $45,000, may be expended for the
procurement of the services of individual consultants,
or organizations thereof (as authorized by section
202(i) of the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946);
and
(2) not to exceed $1,000, may be expended for the
training of the professional staff of such committee
(under procedures specified by section 202(j) of such
Act).
* * * * * * *
A P P E N D I C E S
______
Appendix I
Alphabetical List of Members of the Committee on Foreign Relations
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Name State Term of Service
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Adams, Brock................. Washington...... 1987-1989
Aiken, George................ Vermont......... 1954-1975
Aldrich, Nelson W............ Rhode Island.... 1881
Allen, William............... Ohio............ 1839-1841, 1845-1846
Archer, William S............ Virginia........ 1842-1847
Ashcroft, John............... Missouri........ 1995-2000
Atchison, David R............ Virginia........ 1850
Atherton, Charles G.......... New Hampshire... 1845-1847
Austin, Warren R............. Vermont......... 1943-1946
Bachman, Nathan L............ Tennessee....... 1933-1937
Bacon, Augustus O............ Georgia......... 1899-1914
Bailey, Joseph W............. Texas........... 1901-1903
Baker, Howard H., Jr......... Tennessee....... 1975, 1977-1985
Barbour, James............... Virginia........ 1816-1825
Barkley, Alben W............. Kentucky........ 1938-1949, 1955-1956
Bell, Samuel................. New Hampshire... 1826-1833
Benton, Thomas H............. Missouri........ 1847-1850
Berrien, John McPherson...... Georgia......... 1828-1829, 1841-1845
Beveridge, Albert J.......... Indiana......... 1905-1911
Bibb, George M............... Kentucky........ 1832-1833
Biden, Joseph R., Jr......... Delaware........ 1975-
Black, Hugo L................ Alabama......... 1929-1937
Bogy, Lewis V................ Missouri........ 1875-1979
Borah, William E............. Idaho........... 1911-1940
Boschwitz, Rudy.............. Minnesota....... 1981-1991
Boxer, Barbara............... California...... 1999-
Brandegee, Frank B........... Connecticut..... 1915-1924
Breckinridge, John C......... Kentucky........ 1861-1863
Brewster, Owen............... Maine........... 1951-1953
Bridges, Styles.............. New Hampshire... 1945-1947
Brown, Bedford............... North Carolina.. 1839-1841
Brown, Hank.................. Colorado........ 1991-1997
Brown, James................. Louisiana....... 1819-1823
Brown, Joseph E.............. Georgia......... 1883-1891
Brownback, Sam............... Kansas.......... 1997-
Browning Orville H........... Illinois........ 1861-1863
Buchanan, James.............. Pennsylvania.... 1836-1845
Buchalew, Charles R.......... Pennsylvania.... 1865-1867
Bulkley, Robert J............ Ohio............ 1933-1936
Burnside, Ambrose............ Rhode Island.... 1881-1883
Burton, Theodore E........... Ohio............ 1911-1915
Butler, Matthew C............ South Carolina.. 1891-1895
Butler, William M............ Massachusetts... 1925
Byrnes, James F.............. South Carolina.. 1941
Calhoun John C............... South Carolina.. 1840-1841
Call, Wilkinson.............. Florida......... 1881
Cameron, J. Donald........... Pennsylvania.... 1895-1897
Cameron, Simon............... Pennsylvania.... 1867-1879
Capehart, Homer E............ Indiana......... 1954-1963
Capper, Arthur............... Kansas.......... 1925-1949
Carlson, Frank............... Kansas.......... 1959-1969
Carpenter, Matthew........... Wisconsin....... 1879-1881
Carter, Thomas H............. Montana......... 1907-1911
Case, Clifford P............. New Jersey...... 1965-1979
Cass, Lewis.................. Michigan........ 1845-1851
Casserly, Eugene............. California...... 1869-1873
Chafee, Lincoln D............ Rhode Island.... 1999-
Chambers, Ezekiel F.......... Maryland........ 1826-1827
Chavez, Dennis............... New Mexico...... 1935-1938
Choate, Rufus................ Massachusetts... 1841-1845
Church, Frank................ Idaho........... 1959-1981
Clark, Bennett Champ......... Missouri........ 1939-1949
Clark, Clarence.............. Wyoming......... 1897-1917
Clark, Dick.................. Iowa............ 1975-1978
Clark, Joseph S.............. Pennsylvania.... 1965-1969
Clark, William A............. Montana......... 1901-1907
Clarke, James P.............. Arkansas........ 1911-1916
Clarke, John H............... Rhode Island.... 1851-1858
Clay, Henry.................. Kentucky........ 1834-1841
Clayton, John M.............. Delaware........ 1853-1857
Collamer, Jacob.............. Vermont......... 1861-1863
Conkling, Roscoe............. New York........ 1873-1881
Connally, Tom................ Texas........... 1931-1953
Cooper, John Sherman......... Kentucky........ 1967-1973
Coverdell, Paul.............. Georgia......... 1993-2000
Cranston, Alan............... California...... 1981-1993
Crittenden, John J........... Kentucky........ 1857-1859
Cullom, Shelby M............. Illinois........ 1895-1913
Cutting, Bronson............. New Mexico...... 1931-1935
Dagget, David................ Connecticut..... 1818-1819
Dana, Samuel W............... Connecticut..... 1816-1817
Daniel, John W............... Virginia........ 1893-1903
Davis, Cushman K............. Minnesota....... 1891-1901
Davis, Garrett............... Kentucky........ 1862-1867
Davis, James J............... Pennsylvania.... 1943-1945
Dillingham, William P........ Vermont......... 1912-1913
Dodd, Christopher J.......... Connecticut..... 1981-
Dodd, Thomas J............... Connecticut..... 1961-1971
Dodge, Henry................. Wisconsin....... 1850-1853
Dolph, Joseph N.............. Oregon.......... 1887-1895
Doolittle, James R........... Wisconsin....... 1861-1869
Douglas, Stephen A........... Illinois........ 1850-1863
Duffy, F. Ryan............... Wisconsin....... 1933-1938
Eagleton, Thomas F........... Missouri........ 1985-1987
Eaton, William W............. Connecticut..... 1875-1881
Edge, Walter F............... New Jersey...... 1924-1929
Edmunds, George F............ Vermont......... 1881-1891
Elliot, John................. Georgia......... 1821-1825
Eustice, James B............. Louisiana....... 1889-1891
Evans, Daniel J.............. Washington...... 1985-1989
Evarts, William M............ New York........ 1885-1891
Everett, Edward.............. Massachusetts... 1853-1855
Fairbanks, Charles W......... Indiana......... 1901-1905
Fall, Albert B............... New Mexico...... 1917-1923
Feingold, Russell............ Wisconsin....... 1993-
Feinstein, Dianne............ California...... 1995-1998
Ferguson, Homer.............. Michigan........ 1953-1955
Ferris, Woodbridge N......... Michigan........ 1927-1928
Ferry, Thomas W.............. Michigan........ 1881-1883
Fess, Simeon D............... Ohio............ 1928-1934
Fessenden, William P......... Maine........... 1867-1869
Fish, Hamilton............... New York........ 1855-1857
Fogg, George G............... New Hampshire... 1866-1867
Foot, Solomon................ Vermont......... 1857-1861, 1865-1867
Foote, Henry S............... Mississippi..... 1849-1853
Foraker, Joseph B............ Ohio............ 1897-1909
Forsyth, John................ Georgia......... 1832-1835
Foster, Lafayette S.......... Connecticut..... 1862-1865
Fowler, Joseph S............. Tennessee....... 1966
Frazier, James B............. Tennessee....... 1907-1911
Frelinghuysen, F. T.......... New Jersey...... 1873-1877
Frist, Bill.................. Tennessee....... 1997-
Frye, William P.............. Maine........... 1885-1911
Fulbright, J. W.............. Arkansas........ 1949-1975
Gaillard, John............... South Carolina.. 1825-1826
George, Walter F............. Georgia......... 1928-1957
Gillett, Fred H.............. Massachusetts... 1926-1931
Gillette, Guy M.............. Iowa............ 1939-1945, 1951-1953
Glass, Carter................ Virginia........ 1941-1946
Glenn, John.................. Ohio............ 1977-1985
Glenn, Otis.................. Illinois........ 1931-1933
Goff, Guy D.................. West Virginia... 1929-1931
Gore, Albert................. Tennessee....... 1959-1971
Grams, Rod................... Minnesota....... 1995-2000
Gray, George................. Delaware........ 1891-1899
Green, Theodore F............ Rhode Island.... 1937-1947, 1949-1959
Gregg, Judd.................. New Hampshire... 1993-1995
Griflin, Robert P............ Michigan........ 1973-1979
Griffey, Joseph F............ Pennsylvania.... 1939-1947
Gurney, Chan................. South Dakota.... 1945-1947
Hagel, Chuck................. Nebraska........ 1997-
Hamlin, Hannibal............. Maine........... 1871-1881
Hannegan, Edward A........... Indiana......... 1847-1849
Harding, Warren G............ Ohio............ 1919
Harlan, James................ Iowa............ 1867-1873
Harris, Ira.................. New York........ 1861-1867
Harrison, Benjamin........... Indiana......... 1886-1887
Harrison, Pat................ Mississippi..... 1925-1941
Hatch, Carl A................ New Mexico...... 1945-1949
Hawkins, Paula............... Florida......... 1984-1985
Hayakawa, S. I............... California...... 1979-1983
Helms, Jesse................. North Carolina.. 1979-
Henderson, John B............ Missouri........ 1865-1867
Hickenlooper, Bourke B....... Iowa............ 1947-1969
Hicks, Thomas H.............. Maryland........ 1863-1867
Hill, Benjamin............... Georgia......... 1879-1883
Hill, Lister................. Alabama......... 1945-1947
Hiscock, Frank............... New York........ 1891-1893
Hitchcock, Gilbert M......... Nebraska........ 1911-1923
Howe, Timothy O.............. Wisconsin....... 1872-1879
Huger, Daniel................ South Carolina.. 1845-1847
Humphrey, Gordon J........... New Hampshire... 1989-1991
Humphrey, Herbert H.......... Minnesota....... 1953-1965, 1973-1978
Humphrey, Muriel............. Minnesota....... 1978
Hunter, Robert M. T.......... Virginia........ 1850-1851
Hunter, William.............. Rhode Island.... 1819-1821
Jackson, Andrew.............. Tennessee....... 1823-1825
Javits, Jacob K.............. New York........ 1969-1981
Jeffords, James M............ Vermont......... 1991-1995
Johnson, Andrew.............. Tennessee....... 1875-1877
Johnson, Hiram............... California...... 1919-1945
Johnson, Reverdy............. Maryland........ 1863-1869
Johnston, John W............. Virginia........ 1877-1883
Kassebaum, Nancy L........... Kansas.......... 1981-1996
Kean, John................... New Jersey...... 1901-1911
Kellogg, Frank B............. Minnesota....... 1921-1923
Kenna, John E................ West Virginia... 1891-1893
Kennedy, John F.............. Massachusetts... 1957-1960
Kerry, John F................ Massachusetts... 1985-
King, John P................. Georgia......... 1834-1839
King, Rufus.................. New York........ 1816-1823
King, William R.............. Alabama......... 1829-1833, 1847-1850
Kirkwood, Samuel J........... Iowa............ 1877-1881
Knowland, William F.......... California...... 1953-1959
Knox, Philander C............ Pennsylvania.... 1917-1921
Lacock, Abner................ Pennsylvania.... 1816-1819
LaFollette, Robert, Jr....... Wisconsin....... 1929-1947
Langer, William.............. North Dakota.... 1953-1959
Lapham, Elbridge G........... New York........ 1881-1885
Lausche, Frank J............. Ohio............ 1959-1969
Lee, Josh.................... Oklahoma........ 1941-1943
Lenroot, Irvine L............ Wisconsin....... 1923-1927
Lewis, J. Hamilton........... Illinois........ 1931-1939
Lodge, Henry Cabot........... Massachusetts... 1895-1924
Lodge, Henry Cabot, Jr....... Massachusetts... 1947-1953
Long, Russell B.............. Louisiana....... 1956-1966
Lucas, Scott W............... Illinois........ 1945-1947
Lugar, Richard G............. Indiana......... 1979-
Mack, Connie................. Florida......... 1989-1991
Macon, Nathaniel............. North Carolina.. 1816-1829
Mangum, Willie P............. North Carolina.. 1832-1837, 1847-1853
Mansfield, Mike.............. Montana......... 1953-1977
Mason, James M............... Virginia........ 1848-1861
Mathews, Harlan.............. Tennessee....... 1993-1995
Mathias, Charles McC., Jr.... Maryland........ 1981-1987
Matthews, Stanley............ Ohio............ 1877-1879
McCarthy, Eugene J........... Minnesota....... 1965-1969
McConnell, Mitch............. Kentucky........ 1987-1993
McCormick, Medill............ Illinois........ 1921-1925
McCreary, James B............ Kentucky........ 1903-1909
McCreery, Thomas C........... Kentucky........ 1873-1879
McCumber, Porter J........... North Dakota.... 1911-1923
McDougall, James A........... California...... 1863-1865
McDuffie, George............. South Carolina.. 1846-1847
McGee, Gale W................ Wyoming......... 1966-1967, 1969-1977
McGovern, George............. South Dakota.... 1973-1981
McLean, George P............. Connecticut..... 1924-1929
McMahon, Brien............... Connecticut..... 1949-1952
Miller, John F............... California...... 1881-1886
Mills, Elijah................ Massachusetts... 1823-1827
Mills, Roger Q............... Texas........... 1895-1899
Money, Hernando.............. Mississippi..... 1899-1911
Morehead, James T............ Kentucky........ 1843-1845, 1899
Morgan, John T............... Alabama......... 1879-1907
Morse, Wayne................. Oregon.......... 1955-1969
Morton, Oliver P............. Indiana......... 1867-1879
Moses, George H.............. New Hampshire... 1919-1933
Moynihan, Daniel P........... New York........ 1987-1995
Mundt, Karl E................ South Dakota.... 1963-1972
Murkowski, Frank H........... Alaska.......... 1983-1995
Murray, James E.............. Montana......... 1936-1947
Muskie, Edmund S............. Maine........... 1971-1975, 1979-1980
New, Harry S................. Indiana......... 1919-1923
Niles, John M................ Connecticut..... 1838-1839
Norris, Moses................ New Hampshire... 1851-1855
Nye, Gerald P................ North Dakota.... 1940-1945
O'Gorman, James A............ New York........ 1913-1917
Oliver, George T............. Pennsylvania.... 1915-1917
Owen, Robert L............... Oklahoma........ 1923-1925
Patterson, James W........... New Hampshire... 1867-1873
Payne, Henry B............... Ohio............ 1885-1891
Pearson, James B............. Kansas.......... 1971-1979
Pell, Claiborne.............. Rhode Island.... 1965-1997
Pendleton, George H.......... Ohio............ 1879-1885
Pepper, Claude............... Florida......... 1937-1947, 1949-1951
Pepper, George Wharton....... Pennsylvania.... 1923-1927
Percy, Charles H............. Illinois........ 1972-1985
Phelps, Samuel S............. Vermont......... 1850-1851
Pittman, Key................. Nevada.......... 1916-1940
Polk, Trusten................ Missouri........ 1857-1862
Pomerene, Atlee.............. Ohio............ 1913-1923
Pope, James P................ Idaho........... 1933-1938
Porter, Alexander............ Louisiana....... 1835-1837
Pratt, Thomas G.............. Maryland........ 1856-1857
Pressler, Larry.............. South Dakota.... 1981-1995
Preston, William C........... South Carolina.. 1841-1843
Rawlias, Joseph L............ Utah............ 1901-1905
Rayner, Isidor............... Maryland........ 1911-1912
Reed, David A................ Pennsylvania.... 1927-1934
Reed, James A................ Missouri........ 1925-1929
Reynolds, Robert R........... North Carolina.. 1939-1945
Rives, William C............. Virginia........ 1833-1839, 1841-1843
Roane, William H............. Virginia........ 1839-1841
Robb, Charles S.............. Virginia........ 1989-1998
Robinson, Arthur R........... Indiana......... 1930-1934
Robinson, Joseph T........... Arkansas........ 1918-1919, 1923-1937
Root, Elihu.................. New York........ 1909-1915
Sanford, Nathan.............. New York........ 1826-1831
Sanford, Terry............... North Carolina.. 1987-1993
Sarbanes, Paul S............. Maryland........ 1977-
Saulsbury, Eli............... Delaware........ 1885-1889
Saulsbury, Willard........... Delaware........ 1914-1919
Schurz, Carl................. Missouri........ 1869-1875
Schwellenbach, Lewis B....... Washington...... 1937-1941
Scott, Hugh.................. Pennsylvania.... 1971-1977
Sevier, Ambrose H............ Arkansas........ 1845-1848
Seward, William H............ New York........ 1857-1861
Sherman, John................ Ohio............ 1883-1897
Shields, John K.............. Tennessee....... 1916-1925
Shipstead, Henrik............ Minnesota....... 1923-1947
Shively, Benjamin F.......... Indiana......... 1909-1916
Simon, Paul.................. Illinois........ 1987-1995
Slidell, John................ Louisiana....... 1853-1861
Smathers, George A........... Florida......... 1963-1965
Smith, Gordon................ Oregon.......... 1997-
Smith, H. Alexander.......... New Jersey...... 1947-1959
Smith, Marcus A.............. Arizona......... 1913-1921
Smith, William A............. Michigan........ 1909-1919
Snowe, Olympia J............. Maine........... 1995-1997
Sparkman, John............... Alabama......... 1951-1979
Spong, William B., Jr........ Virginia........ 1971-1973
Spooner, John C.............. Wisconsin....... 1901-1907
Sprague, Peleg............... Maine........... 1833-1835
Stockton, John P............. New Jersey...... 1873-1875
Stone, Richard (Dick)........ Florida......... 1977-1980
Stone, William J............. Missouri........ 1908-1918
Sumner, Charles.............. Massachusetts... 1859-1871
Sutherland, George........... Utah............ 1911-1917
Swanson, Claude A............ Virginia........ 1913-1931
Symington, Stuart............ Missouri........ 1961-1976
Taft, Robert A............... Ohio............ 1953
Tallmadge, Nathaniel P....... New York........ 1834-1839, 1841-1845
Tazewell, Littleton W........ Virginia........ 1825-1833
Thomas, Charles S............ Colorado........ 1917-1919
Thomas, Craig................ Wyoming......... 1995-
Thomas, Elbert D............. Utah............ 1933-1951
Thompson, Fred............... Tennessee....... 1995-1997
Tobey, Charles W............. New Hampshire... 1951-1953
Tomlinson, Gideon............ Connecticut..... 1832-1833
Torricelli, Robert G......... New Jersey...... 1999-
Trible, Paul S., Jr.......... Virginia........ 1985-1989
Troup, George M.............. Georgia......... 1817-1819
Tsongas, Paul E.............. Massachusetts... 1980-1985
Tunnell, James M............. Delaware........ 1941-1947
Turpie, David................ Indiana......... 1893-1899
Tydings, Millard E........... Maryland........ 1949-1951
Underwood, Joseph R.......... Kentucky........ 1851-1853
Underwood, Oscar W........... Alabama......... 1923-1927
Van Nuys, Frederick.......... Indiana......... 1933-1943
Vance, Zebulon B............. North Carolina.. 1883-1885
Vandenberg, Arthur H......... Michigan........ 1929-1951
Wade, Benjamin F............. Ohio............ 1865-1867
Wadsworth, James W., Jr...... New York........ 1921-1925
Wagner, Robert F............. New York........ 1929-1949
Walker, Freeman.............. Georgia......... 1819-1821
Wallace, William A........... Pennsylvania.... 1877-1879
Walsh, Thomas J.............. Montana......... 1923-1933
Webster, Daniel.............. Massachusetts... 1846-1850
Weller, John B............... California...... 1853-1857
Wellstone, Paul.............. Minnesota....... 1997-
White, Hugh Lawson........... Tennessee....... 1825-1833
White, Wallace H............. Maine........... 1935-1949
Whyte, William Pinkney....... Maryland........ 1907-1908
Wiley, Alexander............. Wisconsin....... 1945-1963
Wilkins, William............. Pennsylvania.... 1833-1835
Williams, John J............. Delaware........ 1960-1971
Williams, John Sharp......... Mississippi..... 1913-1923
Willis, Frank B.............. Ohio............ 1923-1932
Wilmot, David................ Pennsylvania.... 1861-1863
Wilson, James F.............. Iowa............ 1883-1885
Windon, William.............. Minnesota....... 1881-1883
Wofford, Harris.............. Pennsylvania.... 1991-1995
Wolcott, Edward O............ Colorado........ 1899-1901
Wright, Joseph A............. Indiana......... 1862-1863
Zorinsky, Edward............. Nebraska........ 1977, 1979-1987
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Appendix II
Composition of the Committee on Foreign Relations
by Congress
The data for the 14th through the 77th Congress is taken
from Eleanor Dennison (see bibliography) whose introductory
statement is as follows:
The party designations given are unavoidably subject
to error in the early period, owing to the vagueness of
party lines and the shifting of men from one party to
another on critical issues at that time. The
information as to party affiliation here included is
from the Biographical Dictionary of the American
Congress, 1774-1927, and the various Congressional
Directories. For the 28th to the 33d and the 35th and
36th Congresses the designations are those given in the
Congressional Globe. Where a designation in the latter
has differed from that in the Biographical Dictionary,
preference has been given to the Congressional Globe.
Other authorities employed are the Dictionary of
American Biography, 1928-36, Appleton's Cyclopaedia of
American Biography, 1888-1918, and the National
Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1893-1939.
14th Congress, 1816-1817
Committee (5 members)
2d Session
James Barbour, Virginia, Chairman Rufus King, New York (Fed.)
(Anti- Samuel W. Dana, Connecticut (Fed.)
Dem. and States Rights) Abner Lacock, Pennsylvania (Dem.)
Nathaniel Macon, North Carolina
(Dem.)
15th Congress, 1817-1819
Committee (5 members)
1st Session
James Barbour, Virginia, Chairman George M. Troup, Georgia (Dem.)
(Anti- Rufus King, New York (Fed.)
Dem. and States Rights) Abner Lacock, Pennsylvania (Dem.)
Nathaniel Macon, North Carolina
(Dem.)
2d Session
Nathaniel Macon, North Carolina, Rufus King, New York (Fed.)
Chairman Abner Lacock, Pennsylvania (Dem.)
(Dem.) David Daggett, Connecticut (Fed.)
James Barbour, Virginia (Anti-Dem.)
16th Congress, 1819-1821
Committee (5 members)
1st Session
James Brown, Louisiana, Chairman James Barbour, Virginia (Anti-
William Hunter, Rhode Island (Fed.) Dem.)
Nathaniel Macon, North Carolina Freeman Walker, Georgia (Dem.)
(Dem.)
2d Session
James Barbour, Virginia, Chairman James Brown, Louisiana
(Anti-Dem.) William Hunter, Rhode Island
Nathaniel Macon, North Carolina (Fed.)
(Dem.) Rufus King, New York (Fed.)
17th Congress, 1821-1823
Committee (5 members)
1st Session
Rufus King, New York, Chairman James Brown, Louisiana
(Fed.) James Barbour, Virginia (Anti-
Nathaniel Macon, North Carolina Dem.)
(Dem.) John Elliott, Georgia
2d Session
James Barbour, Virginia, Chairman Nathaniel Macon, North Carolina
(Anti-Dem.) (Dem.)
James Brown, Louisiana Rufus King, New York (Fed.)
John Elliott, Georgia
18th Congress, 1823-1825
Committee (5 members)
1st Session
James Barbour, Virginia, Chairman Andrew Jackson, Tennessee (Dem.)
(Anti-Dem.) John Elliott, Georgia
Rufus King, New York (Fed.) Elijah Mills, Massachusetts (Fed.)
Excused December 16, 1823 Appointed December 16, 1823
Nathaniel Macon, North Carolina
(Dem.)
2d Session
James Barbour, Virginia, Chairman Nathaniel Macon, North Carolina
(Anti-Dem.) (Dem.)
Andrew Jackson, Tennessee (Dem.) John Elliott, Georgia
Elijah Mills, Massachusetts (Fed.)
19th Congress, 1825-1827
Committee (5 members)
Special Session
No committee appointed
1st Session
Nathaniel Macon, North Carolina, Elijah Mills, Massachusetts (Fed.)
Chairman Hugh Lawson White, Tennessee
(Dem.) (Dem.)
Littleton W. Tazewell, Virginia Nathan Sanford, New York (Dem.)
(Dem.) Appointed March 1, 1826
John Gaillard, South Carolina
(Dem.)
Died February 26, 1826
2d Session
Nathan Sanford, New York, Chairman Samuel Bell, New Hampshire
(Dem.) (Jeffersonian
Littleton W. Tazewell, Virginia Rep.)
(Dem.) Ezekiel F. Chambers, Maryland
Nathaniel Macon, North Carolina (Whig)
(Dem.)
20th Congress, 1827-1829
Committee (5 members)
1st Session
Nathaniel Macon, North Carolina, Samuel Bell, New Hampshire
Chairman (Dem.) (Jeffersonian Dem.)
Nathan Sanford, New York (Dem.) Hugh Lawson White, Tennessee
Littleton W. Tazewell, Virginia (Dem.)
(Dem.)
2d Session
Littleton W. Tazewell, Virginia, John McPherson Berrien, Georgia
Chairman (Dem.)
(Dem.) Samuel Bell, New Hampshire
Nathan Sanford, New York (Dem.) (Jeffersonian
Hugh Lawson White, Tennessee (Dem.) Dem.)
21st Congress, 1829-1831
Committee (5 members)
1st Session
Littleton W. Tazewell, Virginia, Samuel Bell, New Hampshire
Chairman (Dem.) (Jeffersonian Dem.)
Nathan Sanford, New York (Dem.) William R. King, Alabama (Dem.)
Hugh Lawson White, Tennessee (Dem.)
2d Session
Littleton W. Tazewell, Virginia, Samuel Bell, New Hampshire
Chairman (Dem.) (Jeffersonian Dem)
Nathan Sanford, New York (Dem.) William R. King, Alabama (Dem.)
Hugh Lawson White, Tennessee (Dem.)
22d Congress, 1831-1833
Committee (5 members)
1st Session
Littleton W. Tazewell, Virginia, William R. King, Alabama (Dem.)
Chairman (Dem.) John Forsyth, Georgia (Dem.)
Hugh Lawson White, Tennessee (Dem.) Samuel Bell, New Hampshire
(Jeffersonian Dem.)
2d Session
John Forsyth, Georgia, Chairman Willie P. Mangum, North Carolina
(Dem.) (Dem.)
Rufus King, New York (Fed.) Gideon Tomlinson, Connecticut
George M. Bibb, Kentucky (Dem.)
23d Congress, 1833-1835
Committee (5 members)
1st Session
William Wilkins, Pennsylvania, John Forsyth, Georgia (Dem.)
Chairman (Dem.) Peleg Sprague, Maine (National
William C. Rives, Virginia (Dem.) Rep.)
Resigned February 22, 1834 Willie P. Mangum, North Carolina
Henry Clay, Kentucky (Whig) (Whig)
Appointed May 12, 1834
2nd Session
Henry Clay, Kentucky, Chairman Peleg Sprague, Maine (National
(Whig) Rep.)
John P. King, Georgia (Dem.) Resigned January 1, 1835
Willie P. Mangum, \1\ North N.P. Tallmadge, New York (Dem.)
Carolina, (Whig) Alexander Porter, Louisiana (Whig)
Appointed January 7, 1835
24th Congress, 1835-1837
Committee (5 members)
1st Session
Henry Clay, Kentucky, Chairman Willie P. Mangum, North Carolina
(Whig) (Whig)
N.P. Tallmadge, New York (Dem.) John P. King, Georgia (Dem.)
Alexander Porter, Louisiana (Whig)
2d Session
James Buchanan, Pennsylvania, John P. King, Georgia (Dem.)
Chairman (Dem.) Henry Clay, Kentucky (Whig)
N.P. Tallmadge, New York (Dem.) William C. Rives, Virginia (Dem.)
__________
\1\ Although Mangum supported Jackson at first, he subsequently broke
with the administration. He refused to follow instructions from the
North Carolina Legislature, and later resigned. Because of his
opposition to Jackson in 1834 he is listed in the 23rd and 24th
Congresses as a Whig.
25th Congress, 1837-1839
Committee (5 members)
Special Session
No committee appointed
1st Session
James Buchanan, Pennsylvania, John P. King, Georgia (Dem.)
Chairman (Dem.) Henry Clay, Kentucky (Whig)
N.P. Tallmadge, New York (Dem.) William C. Rives, Virginia (Dem.)
2d Session
James Buchanan, Pennsylvania, Henry Clay, Kentucky (Whig)
Chairman (Dem.) William C. Rives, Virginia (Dem.)
N.P. Tallmadge, New York (Dem.) William R. King, Alabama (Dem.)
3d Session
James Buchanan, Pennsylvania, Henry Clay, Kentucky (Whig)
Chairman (Dem.) William C. Rives, Virginia (Dem.)
N.P. Tallmadge, New York (Dem.) John M. Niles, Connecticut (Dem.)
26th Congress, 1839-1841
Committee (5 members)
1st Session
James Buchanan, Pennsylvania, Bedford Brown, North Carolina
Chairman (Dem.) (Dem.)
Henry Clay, Kentucky (Whig) William H. Roane, Virginia (Dem.)
William Allen, Ohio (Dem.)
2d Session
James Buchanan, Pennsylvania, John C. Calhoun, South Carolina
Chairman (Dem.) (Dem.)
Henry Clay, Kentucky (Whig) William H. Roane, Virginia (Dem.)
William Allen, Ohio (Dem.)
27th Congress, 1841-1843
Committee (5 members)
Special Session
No committee appointed
1st Session
William C. Rives,\2\ Virginia, James Buchanan, Pennsylvania
Chairman (Dem.) (Dem.)
William C. Preston, South Carolina N.P Tallmadge,\3\ New York (Whig)
(Calhoun Rufus Choate, Massachusetts (Whig)
nullifier)
2d Session
William C. Rives, Virginia, James Buchanan, Pennsylvania
Chairman (Dem.) (Dem.)
William C. Preston, South Carolina N.P Tallmadge, New York (Whig)
(Calhoun Rufus Choate, Massachusetts (Whig)
nullifier)
3d Session
William S. Archer, Virginia, James Buchanan, Pennsylvania
Chairman (Whig) (Dem.)
John McPherson Berrien, Georgia N.P. Tallmadge, New York (Whig)
(Whig) Rufus Choate, Massachusetts (Whig)
__________
\2\ Rives had supported Harrison for the Presidency, and the
Congressional Biographical Directory states that he was elected as a
Whig in 1841; but the Congressional Globe, 27th Cong., 1st sess., p. 1,
lists him as a Democrat.
\3\ Listed as a Whig in the Congressional Globe, loc. cit. This change
is not mentioned in the Congressional Biographical Directory.
28th Congress, 1843-1845
Committee (5 members)
1st Session
William S. Archer, Virginia, James Buchanan, Pennsylvania
Chairman (Whig) (Dem.)
John McPherson Berrien, Georgia N.P. Tallmadge, New York (Whig)
(Whig) Rufus Choate, Massachusetts (Whig)
2d Session
William S. Archer, Virginia, James Buchanan, Pennsylvania
Chairman (Whig) (Dem.)
John McPherson Berrien, Georgia James T. Morehead, Kentucky (Whig)
(Whig) Rufus Choate, Massachusetts (Whig)
29th Congress, 1845-1847
Committee (5 members)
Special Session
William Allen, Ohio, Chairman Charles G. Atherton, New Hampshire
(Dem.) (Dem.)
Lewis Cass, Michigan (Dem.) Daniel E. Huger,\4\ South Carolina
William S. Archer, Virginia (Whig) (State
Rights Dem.)
1st Session
William Allen, Ohio, Chairman Charles G. Atherton, New Hampshire
(Dem.) (Dem.)
Excused June 15, 1846 George McDuffie, South Carolina,
Lewis Cass, Michigan (Dem.) (Dem.) Chairman
William S. Archer, Virginia (Whig) Elected June 18, 1846
Ambrose H. Sevier, Arkansas (Dem.)
2d Session
Ambrose H. Sevier, Arkansas, Charles G. Atherton, New Hampshire
Chairman (Dem.) (Dem.)
Lewis Cass, Michigan (Dem.) Daniel Webster, Massachusetts
William S. Archer, Virginia (Whig) (Whig)
30th Congress, 1847-1849
Committee (5 Members)
Ambrose H. Sevier, Arkansas, Edward A. Hannegan, Indiana (Dem.)
Chairman Elected Chairman, March 14,
(Dem.) Resigned March 14, 1848 1848, to
Thomas H. Benton, Missouri (Dem.) succeed Sevier
Daniel Webster, Massachusetts Willie P. Mangum, North Carolina
(Whig) (Whig)
James M. Mason, Virginia (Dem.)
Appointed March 14, 1848
2nd Session
Edward A. Hannegan, Indiana (Dem.) Willie P. Mangum, North Carolina
Thomas H. Benton, Missouri (Dem.) (Whig)
Daniel Webster, Massachusetts William R. King, Alabama (Dem.)
(Whig)
__________
\4\ The Biographical Dictionary of the American Congress (H. Doc. 783,
69th Cong., 2d sess., p. 1126) states that Huger resigned March 3,
1845; but the Senate Journal for the 28th Cong., 2d sess., credits him
with the Special Session.
31st Congress, 1849-1851
Committee (5 members)
Special Session
Thomas H. Benton, Missouri, Daniel Webster, Massachusetts
Chairman (Dem.) (Whig)
Lewis Cass, Michigan (Dem.) Willie P. Mangum, North Carolina
Henry S. Foote, Mississippi (Dem.) (Whig)
1st Session
William R. King, Alabama, Chairman Willie P. Mangum, North Carolina
(Dem.) (Whig)
Excused July 26, 1850 Daniel Webster, Massachusetts
Henry S. Foote, Mississippi (Dem.) (Whig)
Succeeded King as Chairman, July Resigned July 22, 1850
26, Robert M.T. Hunter, Virginia
1850 (Dem.)
Thomas H. Benton, Missouri (Dem.) Samuel S. Phelps, Vermont (Whig)
Excused April 2, 1850 Stephen A. Douglas, Illinois
David R. Atchison, Missouri (Dem.) (Dem.)
Appointed April 4, 1850; resigned Hunter, Phelps, and Douglas were
July 26, 1850 all
appointed July 26, 1850
2d Session
Henry S. Foote, Mississippi, Stephen A. Douglas, Illinois
Chairman (Dem.) (Dem.)
Willie P. Mangum, North Carolina Excused December 19, 1850
(Whig) James M. Mason, Virginia (Dem.)
Samuel S. Phelps, Vermont (Whig) Henry Dodge, Wisconsin (Dem.)
Appointed December 19, 1850
32d Congress, 1851-1853
Committee (5 members)
Special Session
Henry S. Foote, Mississippi, Henry Dodge, Wisconsin (Dem.)
Chairman (Dem.) James M. Mason, Virginia (Dem.)
Willie P. Mangum, North Carolina John H. Clarke, Rhode Island
(Whig)
1st Session
James M. Mason Virginia, Chairman Willie P. Mangum, North Carolina
(Dem.) (Whig)
Stephen A. Douglas, Illinois (Dem.) Joseph R. Underwood, Kentucky
Moses Norris, New Hampshire (Dem.) (Whig)
2d Session
James M. Mason, Virginia, Chairman Willie P. Mangum, North Carolina
(Dem.) (Whig)
Stephen A. Douglas, Illinois (Dem.) Joseph R. Underwood, Kentucky
Moses Norris, New Hampshire (Dem.) (Whig)
33d Congress, 1853-1855
Committee (5-6-5 members)
Special Session
James M. Mason, Virginia, Chairman John M. Clayton, Delaware (Whig)
(Dem.) Moses Norris, New Hampshire (Dem.)
Stephen A. Douglas, Illinois (Dem.) Edward Everett, Massachusetts
(Whig)
1st Session
James M. Mason, Virginia, Chairman John M. Clayton, Delaware (Whig)
(Dem.) John B. Weller, California (Union
Stephen A. Douglas, Illinois (Dem.) Dem.)
John Slidell, Louisiana (State Edward Everett, Massachusetts
Rights Dem.) (Whig)
2d Session
Same committee reappointed \5\
__________
\5\ Committee reduced to 5 after motion to continue same committee as
first session. There is no record of who was dropped; but presumably it
was Everett, as he is at the bottom of the list.
34th Congress, 1855-1857
Committee (6 members)
1st Session
James M. Mason, Virginia, Chairman John Slidell, Louisiana (State
(Dem.) Rights Dem.)
Stephen A. Douglas, Illinois (Dem.) John M. Clayton, Delaware (Whig)
Expelled February 20 and John B. Weller, California (Union
restored February 26, 1856 Dem.)
Hamilton Fish, New York (Whig)
2d Session
Same committee reappointed
3d Session
James M. Mason, Virginia, Chairman John B. Weller, California (Union
(Dem.) Dem.)
Stephen A. Douglas, Illinois (Dem.) Hamilton Fish, New York (Whig)
John Slidell, Louisiana (State Thomas G. Pratt, Maryland (Whig)
Rights Dem.)
35th Congress, 1857-1859
Committee (7 members)
Special Session
James M. Mason, Virginia, Chairman Trusten Polk, Missouri (Dem.)
(Dem.) John J. Crittenden,\6\ Kentucky
Stephen A. Douglas, Illinois (Dem.) (Whig)
John Slidell, Louisiana (State William H. Seward, New York (Rep.)
Rights Dem.) Solomon Foot, Vermont (Rep.)
1st Session
Same committee reappointed
2d Special Session
Same committee reappointed
2d Session
Same committee reappointed
36th Congress, 1859-1861
Committee (7 members)
Special Session
James M. Mason, Virginia, Chairman Trusten Polk, Missouri (Dem.)
(Dem.) John J. Crittenden, Kentucky
Stephen A. Douglas, Illinois (Dem.) (Whig)
John Slidell, Louisiana (State William H. Seward, New York (Rep.)
Rights Dem.) Solomon Foot, Vermont (Rep.)
1st Session
Same committee reappointed, except that Charles Sumner, Massachusetts
(Rep.),
replaced Solomon Foot
2d Special Session
Same committee reappointed
2d Session
Same committee reappointed
37th Congress, 1861-1863
Committee (7 members)
Special Session
Charles Sumner, Massachusetts, Ira Harris, New York (Rep.)
Chairman (Rep.) Stephen A. Douglas, Illinois
Jacob Collamer, Vermont (Rep.) (Dem.)
James R. Doolittle, Wisconsin Trusten Polk, Missouri (Dem.)
(Rep.) John C. Breckinridge, Kentucky
(Dem.)
1st Session
Charles Sumner, Massachusetts, David Wilmot, Pennsylvania (Rep.)
Chairman (Rep.) Orville H. Browning, Illinois
Jacob Collamer, Vermont (Rep.) (Rep.)
James R. Doolittle, Wisconsin Trusten Polk, Missouri (Dem.)
(Rep.) John C. Breckinridge, Kentucky
(Dem.)
__________
\6\ Listed as ``Native American'' in Congressional Globe, 35th Cong.,
1st sess., p. 1.
37th Congress, 1861-1863 (continued)
Committee (7 members)
2d Session
Charles Sumner, Massachusetts, Trusten Polk, Missouri (Dem.)
Chairman (Rep.) Expelled January 10, 1862
Jacob Collamer, Vermont (Rep.) Garrett Davis, Kentucky (Old-line
James R. Doolittle, Wisconsin Whig) Appointed January 10, 1862
(Rep.) Ira Harris, New York (Rep.)
David Wilmot, Pennsylvania (Rep.)
Orville H. Browning, Illinois
(Rep.)
3d Session
Charles Sumner, Massachusetts, John B. Henderson, Missouri (Dem.)
Chairman (Rep.) Appointed February 2, 1863
Lafayette S. Foster, Connecticut Garrett Davis, Kentucky (Old-line
(Rep.) Whig)
James R. Doolittle, Wisconsin Joseph A. Wright, Indiana (Dem.)
(Rep.) Withdrew January 23, 1863
David Wilmot, Pennsylvania (Rep.) Thomas H. Hicks, Maryland (Dem.)
Orville H. Browning, Illinois Appointed January 23, 1863
(Rep.)
Retired February 2, 1863
38th Congress, 1863-1865
Committee (7 members)
Special Session
Charles Sumner, Massachusetts, Reverdy Johnson, Maryland (Dem.)
Chairman (Rep.) James A. Bayard, Delaware (Dem.)
Lafayette S. Foster, Connecticut Ira Harris, New York (Rep.)
(Rep.)
James R. Doolittle, Wisconsin
(Rep.)
Garrett Davis, Kentucky (Whig)
1st Session
Same committee appointed, except that James A. McDougall,
California (Dem.), replaced Bayard
2d Session
Charles Sumner, Massachusetts, Ira Harris, New York (Rep.)
Chairman (Rep.) Garrett Davis, Kentucky (Whig)
Lafayette S. Foster, Connecticut Reverdy Johnson, Maryland (Dem.)
(Rep.) James A. McDougall, California
James R. Doolittle, Wisconsin (Dem.)
(Rep.)
39th Congress, 1865-1867
Committee (7 members)
Special Session
Charles Sumner, Massachusetts, Solomon T. Foot, Vermont (Rep.)
Chairman (Rep.) Benjamin F. Wade, Ohio (Rep.)
James R. Doolittle, Wisconsin Garrett Davis, Kentucky (Whig)
(Rep.) Reverdy Johnson, Maryland (Dem.)
Ira Harris, New York (Rep.)
1st Session
Charles Sumner, Massachusetts, Benjamin F. Wade, Ohio (Rep.)
Chairman (Rep.) Reverdy Johnson, Maryland (Dem.)
James R. Doolittle, Wisconsin Charles R. Buckalew, Pennsylvania
(Rep.) (Dem.)
Ira Harris, New York (Rep.)
John B. Henderson, Missouri (Dem.)
2d Session
Charles Sumner, Massachusetts, Joseph S. Fowler, Tennessee (Union
Chairman (Rep.) Rep.)
Ira Harris, New York (Rep.) George G. Fogg, New Hamphire
Benjamin F. Wade, Ohio (Rep.) (Rep.)
Reverdy Johnson, Maryland (Dem.)
James R. Doolittle, Wisconsin
(Rep.)
40th Congress, 1867-1869
Committee (7 members)
1st Session
Charles Sumner, Massachusetts, Oliver P. Morton, Indiana (Union
Chairman (Rep.) Rep.)
William Pitt Fessendan, Maine James W. Patterson, New Hampshire
(Rep.) (Rep.)
Simon Cameron, Pennsylvania (Rep.) Reverdy Johnson, Maryland (Dem)
James Harlan, Iowa (Rep.)
Special Session
Same committee reappointed
2d Session
Charles Sumner, Massachusetts, James W. Patterson, New Hampshire
Chairman (Rep.) (Rep.)
William Pitt Fessenden, Maine Reverdy Johnson, Maryland (Dem.)
(Rep.) Resigned July 10, 1868
Simon Cameron, Pennsylvania (Rep.) James R. Doolittle, Wisconsin
James Harlan, Iowa (Rep.) (Rep.)
Oliver P. Morton, Indiana (Union Appointed July 15, 1868
Rep.)
3d Session
Same committee reappointed except that James A. Bayard, Delaware
(Dem.),
replaced Doolittle
41st Congress, 1869-1871
Committee (7 members)
1st Session
Charles Sumner, Massachusetts, Oliver P. Morton, Indiana (Union
Chairman (Rep.) Rep.)
William Pitt Fessenden, Maine James W. Patterson, New Hampshire
(Rep.) (Rep.)
Simon Cameron, Pennsylvania (Rep.) Eugene Casserly, California (Dem.)
James Harlan, Iowa (Rep.)
Special Session
Same committee reappointed
2d Session
Same committee reappointed, except that Carl Schurz, Missouri (Rep.),
replaced Fessenden
3d Session
Same committee reappointed as in 2d Session
42d Congress, 1871-1873
Committee (7 members)
1st Session
Simon Cameron, Pennsylvania, James W. Patterson, New Hampshire
Chairman (Rep.) (Rep.)
James Harlan, Iowa (Rep.) Carl Schurz, Missouri (Rep.)
Oliver P. Morton, Indiana (Union Hannibal Hamlin, Maine (Rep.)
Rep.) Eugene Casserly, California (Dem.)
Special Session
Same committee reappointed
2d Session
Same committee reappointed
3d Session
Same committee reappointed, except that Timothy O. Howe, Wisconsin
(Union Rep.), replaced Casserly
43d Congress, 1873-1875
Committee (7-9 members)
Special Session
Simon Cameron, Pennsylvania, Frederick T. Frelinghuysen,
Chairman New Jersey (Rep.)
(Union Rep.) Roscoe Conklin, New York (Union
Oliver P. Morton, Indiana (Rep.) Rep.)
Hannibal Hamlin, Maine (Rep.) Carl Schurz, Missouri (Rep.)
Timothy O. Howe, Wisconsin (Union
Rep.)
1st Session
Committee enlarged to 9. Same committee reappointed and the following
added:
John P. Stockton, New Jersey (Dem.) Thomas Clay McCreary, Kentucky
(Dem.)
2d Session
Same committee reappointed
44th Congress, 1875-1877
Committee (9 members)
Special Session
Simon Cameron, Pennsylvania, Roscoe Conkling, New York (Union
Chairman (Rep.) Rep.)
Oliver P. Morton, Indiana (Union Thomas C. McCreary, Kentucky
(Rep.) (Dem.)
Hannibal Hamlin, Maine (Rep.) Lewis V. Bogy, Missouri (Dem.)
Timothy O. Howe, Wisconsin (Union Andrew Johnson, Tennessee (Dem.)
Rep.)
F.T. Frelinghuysen, New Jersey
(Rep.)
1st Session
Same committee reappointed, except that William W. Eaton,
Connecticut (Dem.), replaced Johnson
2d Session
Same committee reappointed as 1st Session
45th Congress, 1877-1879
Committee (9 members)
Special Session
Simon Cameron, Pennsylvania, Roscoe Conkling, New York (Rep.)
Chairman (Rep.) Thomas C. McCreary, Kentucky
Oliver P. Morton, Indiana (Union (Dem.)
Rep.) Lewis V. Bogy, Missouri (Dem.)
Hannibal Hamlin, Maine (Union Rep.) William W. Eaton, Connecticut
Timothy O. Howe, Wisconsin (Union (Dem.)
Rep.) John W. Johnston, Virginia (Dem.)
1st Session
Hannibal Hamlin, Maine, Chairman Stanley Matthews, Ohio (Rep.)
(Union Rep.) Thomas C. MeCreary, Kentucky
Oliver P. Morton, Indiana (Union (Dem.)
Rep.) William W. Eaton, Connecticut
Timothy O. Howe, Wisconsin (Union (Dem.)
Rep.) John W. Johnston, Virginia (Dem.)
Roscoe Conkling, New York (Rep.) William A. Wallace, Pennsylvania
(Dem.)
2d Session
Same committee reappointed, except that Samuel J. Kirkwood,
Iowa (Rep.), replaced Morton
3d Session
Same committee reappointed as 2d Session
46th Congress, 1879-1881
Committee (9 members--5 Dem., 4 Rep.)
1st Session
William W. Eaton, Connecticut, Hannibal Hamlin, Maine (Rep.)
Chairman Roscoe Conkling, New York (Rep.)
(Dem.) Samuel J. Kirkwood, Iowa (Rep.)
John W. Johnston, Virginia (Dem.) Matthew H. Carpenter, Wisconsin
John Morgan, Alabama (Dem.) (Rep.)
Benjamin H. Hill, Georgia (Dem.)
George H. Pendleton, Ohio (Dem.)
2d Session
Same committee reappointed
3d Session
Same committee reappointed
47th Congress, 1881-1883
Committee (9 members--5 Rep., 4 Dem.)
1st Special Session
Ambrose E. Burnside, Rhode Island, Thomas W. Ferry, Michigan (Rep.)
Chairman (Rep.) John W. Johnston, Virginia (Dem.)
Roscoe Conkling, New York (Rep.) John T. Morgan, Alabama (Dem.)
Resigned May 17, 1881 Benjamin H. Hill, Georgia (Dem.)
George F. Edmunds, Vermont (Rep.) George W. Pendleton, Ohio (Dem.)
John F. Miller, California (Rep.)
2d Special Session
Same committee with the following exceptions:
George F. Edmunds, Vermont, became Elbridge G. Lapham, New York
Chairman (Rep.)
Nelson W. Aldrich, Rhode Island Appointed for Conkling, October
(Rep.) 17, 1881
Appointed for Burnside, October
17, 1881
1st Session
Same committee reappointed except that William Windon, Minnesota
(Rep.), replaced Aldrich on December 16, 1881, and was made Chairman in
place of Edmunds on day of appointment
2d Session
Same committee reappointed, except that Wilkinson Call,
Florida (Dem.), replaced Hill
48th Congress, 1883-1885
Committee (9 members--5 Rep., 4 Dem.)
1st Session
John F. Miller, California, John T. Morgan, Alabama (Dem.)
Chairman (Rep.) George W. Pendleton, Ohio (Dem.)
John Sherman, Ohio (Rep.) Zebulon B. Vance, North Carolina
Elbridge G. Lapham, New York (Rep.) (Dem.)
George F. Edmunds, Vermont (Rep.) Joseph E. Brown, Georgia (Dem.)
James F. Wilson, Iowa (Rep.)
2d Session
Same committee reappointed
49th Congress, 1885-1887
Committee\7\ (9 members--5 Rep., 4 Dem.)
John F. Miller, California, William P. Frye, Maine (Rep.)
Chairman (Rep.) William M. Evarts, New York (Rep.)
Died March 8, 1886 John T. Morgan, Alabama (Dem.)
Benjamin Harrison, Indiana (Rep.) Joseph E. Brown, Georgia (Dem.)
Appointed April 5, 1886 Eli Saulsbury, Delaware (Dem.)
John Sherman, Ohio (Rep.) Henry B. Payne, Ohio (Dem.)
Made Chairman, April 5, 1886
George F. Edmunds, Vermont (Rep.)
__________
\7\ Beginning with the 49th Congress, committee appointments were made
for the duration of the Congress instead of by sessions.
50th Congress, 1887-1889
Committee (9 members--5 Rep., 4 Dem.)
John Sherman, Ohio, Chairman (Rep.) John T. Morgan, Alabama (Dem.)
George F. Edmunds, Vermont (Rep.) Joseph E. Brown, Georgia (Dem.)
William P. Frye, Maine (Rep.) Eli Saulsbury, Delaware (Dem.)
William M. Evarts, New York (Rep.) Henry B. Payne, Ohio (Dem.)
Joseph N. Dolph, Oregon (Rep.)
51st Congress, 1889-1891
Committee (9 members--5 Rep., 4 Dem.)
John Sherman, Ohio, Chairman (Rep.) John T. Morgan, Alabama (Dem.)
George F. Edmunds, Vermont (Rep.) Joseph E. Brown, Georgia (Dem.)
William P. Frye, Maine (Rep.) Henry B. Payne, Ohio (Dem.)
William M. Evarts, New York (Rep.) James B. Eustis, Louisiana (Dem.)
Joseph N. Dolph, Oregon (Rep.)
52d Congress, 1891-1893
Committee (9 members--5 Rep., 4 Dem.)
John Sherman, Ohio, Chairman (Rep.) John T. Morgan, Alabama (Dem.)
William P. Frye, Maine (Rep.) Matthew C. Butler, South Carolina
Joseph N. Dolph, Oregon (Rep.) (Dem.)
Cushman K. Davis, Minnesota (Rep.) John E. Kenna, West Virginia
Frank Hiscock, New York (Rep.) (Dem.)
George Gray, Delaware (Dem.)
53d Congress, 1893-1895
Committee (9 members--5 Dem., 4 Rep.)
John T. Morgan, Alabama, Chairman John W. Daniel, Virginia (Dem.)
(Dem.) John Sherman, Ohio (Rep.)
Matthew C. Butler, South Carolina William P. Frye, Maine (Rep.)
(Dem.) Joseph N. Dolph, Oregon (Rep.)
George Gray, Delaware (Dem.) Cushman K. Davis, Minnesota (Rep.)
David Turpie, Indiana (Dem.)
54th Congress, 1895-1897
Committee (11 members--6 Rep., 5 Dem.)
John Sherman, Ohio, Chairman (Rep.) Henry Cabot Lodge, Massachusetts
William P. Frye, Maine (Rep.) (Rep.)
Cushman K. Davis, Minnesota (Rep.) John T. Morgan, Alabama (Dem.)
J. Donald Cameron, Pennsylvania George Gray, Delaware (Dem.)
(Rep.) David Turpie, Indiana (Dem.)
Shelby M. Cullom, Illinois (Rep.) John W. Daniel, Virginia (Dem.)
Roger Q. Mills, Texas (Dem.)
55th Congress, 1897-1899
Committee (9 members--4 Reps., 5 Dem.)
Special Session (and half of 1st) \8\
William P. Frye, Maine, Acting John T. Morgan, Alabama (Dem.)
Chairman George Gray, Delaware (Dem.)
(Rep.) David Turpie, Indiana (Dem.)
Cushman K. Davis, Minnesota (Rep.) John W. Daniel, Virginia (Dem.)
Shelby M. Cullom, Illinois (Rep.) Roger Q. Mills, Texas (Dem.)
Henry Cabot Lodge, Massachusetts
(Rep.)
Committee (11 members--6 Rep., 5 Dem.--appointed May 10, 1897)
Cushman K. Davis, Minnesota, David Turpie, Indiana (Dem.)
Chairman Excused last day of the Congress
(Rep.) Augustus O. Bacon, Georgia (Dem.)
William P. Frye, Maine (Rep.) Appointed last day of the
Shelby M. Cullom, Illinois (Rep.) Congress
Henry Cabot Lodge, Massachusetts John W. Daniel, Virginia (Dem.)
(Rep.) Roger Q. Mills, Texas (Dem.)
Clarence D. Clark, Wyoming (Rep.) Excused last day of the Congress
Joseph B. Foraker, Ohio (Rep.) Hernando Money, Mississippi (Dem.)
John T. Morgan, Alabama (Dem.) Appointed last day of the
George Gray, Delaware (Dem.) Congress
56th Congress, 1899-1901
Committee (11 members--7 Rep., 4 Dem.)
Cushman K. Davis, Minnesota, Joseph B. Foraker, Ohio (Rep.)
Chairman Edward O. Wolcott, Colorado (Rep.)
(Rep.) John T. Morgan, Alabama (Dem.)
William P. Frye, Maine (Rep.) John W. Daniel, Virginia (Dem.)
Shelby M. Cullom, Illinois (Rep.) Augustus O. Bacon, Georgia (Dem.)
Henry Cabot Lodge, Massachusetts Hernando Money, Mississippi (Dem.)
(Rep.)
Clarence D. Clark, Wyoming (Rep.)
57th Congress, 1901-1903
Committee\9\ (9 members--5 Rep., 4 Dem.)
Special Session
William P. Frye, Maine, Acting Joseph B. Foraker, Ohio (Rep.)
Chairman John T. Morgan, Alabama (Dem.)
(Rep.) John W. Daniel, Virginia (Dem.)
Shelby M. Cullom, Illinois (Rep.) Augustus O. Bacon, Georgia (Dem.)
Henry Cabot Lodge, Massachusetts Hernando Money, Mississippi (Dem.)
(Rep.)
Clarence D. Clark, Wyoming (Rep.)
Committee (13 members--8 Rep., 5 Dem.)
Shelby M. Cullom, Illinois, John T. Morgan, Alabama (Dem.)
Chairman (Rep.) Augustus O. Bacon, Georgia (Dem.)
William P. Frye, Maine (Rep.) Hernando Money, Mississippi (Dem.)
Henry Cabot Lodge, Massachusetts Joseph L. Rawlins, Utah (Dem.)
(Rep.) Joseph W. Bailey, Texas (Dem.)
Clarence D. Clark, Wyoming (Rep.) Resigned March 3, 1903
Joseph B. Foraker, Ohio (Rep.) William A. Clark, Montana (Dem.)
John C. Spooner, Wisconsin (Rep.) Appointed March 3, 1903
Charles W. Fairbanks, Indiana
(Rep.)
John Kean, New Jersey (Rep.)
__________
\8\ By resolution of March 3, 1897, the committees of the 54th Congress
were continued until the first Monday in December or until new
committees should be appointed. The number did not remain the same
because the Senate terms of some had expired. Committees of the 55th
Congress were appointed May 10, 1897.
\9\ Committees of the 56th Congress were continued by resolution of
March 2, 1901. Committees of the 57th Congress were appointed December
18, 1901.
58th Congress, 1903-1905
Committee\10\ (13 members--8 Rep., 5 Dem.)
Special Session (and half of 1st)
Shelby M. Cullom, Illinois, Charles W. Fairbanks, Indiana
Chairman (Rep.) (Rep.)
William P. Frye, Maine (Rep.) John Kean, New Jersey (Rep.)
Henry Cabot Lodge, Massachusetts John T. Morgan, Alabama (Dem.)
(Rep.) Augustus O. Bacon, Georgia (Dem.)
Clarence D. Clark, Wyoming (Rep.) Hernando Money, Mississippi (Dem.)
Joseph B. Foraker, Ohio (Rep.) Joseph L. Rawlins, Utah (Dem.)
John C. Spooner, Wisconsin (Rep.) William A. Clark, Montana (Dem.)
Committee (13 members--8 Rep., 5 Dem.)
Shelby M. Cullom, Illinois, Charles W. Fairbanks, Indiana
Chairman (Rep.) (Rep.)
William P. Frye, Maine (Rep.) John Kean, New Jersey (Rep.)
Henry Cabot Lodge, Massachusetts John T. Morgan, Alabama (Dem.)
(Rep.) Augustus O. Bacon, Georgia (Dem.)
Clarence D. Clark, Wyoming (Rep.) Hernando Money, Mississippi (Dem.)
Joseph B. Foraker, Ohio (Rep.) William A. Clark, Montana (Dem.)
John C. Spooner, Wisconsin (Rep.) James B. McCreary, Kentucky (Dem.)
59th Congress, 1905-1907
Committee\11\ (12 members--7 Rep., 5 Dem.)
Special Session
Shelby M. Cullom, Illinois, John C. Spooner, Wisconsin (Rep.)
Chairman, (Rep.) John Kean, New Jersey (Rep.)
William P. Frye, Maine (Rep.) John T. Morgan, Alabama (Dem.)
Henry Cabot Lodge, Massachusetts Augustus O. Bacon, Georgia (Dem.)
(Rep.) Hernando Money, Mississippi (Dem.)
Clarence D. Clark, Wyoming (Rep.) William A. Clark, Montana (Dem.)
Joseph B. Foraker, Ohio (Rep.) James B. McCreary, Kentucky (Dem.)
Committee (13 members--8 Rep., 5 Dem.)
Shelby M. Cullom, Illinois, John C. Spooner, Wisconsin (Rep.)
Chairman, (Rep.) John Kean, New Jersey (Rep.)
William P. Frye, Maine (Rep.) John T. Morgan, Alabama (Dem.)
Henry Cabot Lodge, Massachusetts Augustus O. Bacon, Georgia (Dem.)
(Rep.) Hernando Money, Mississippi (Dem.)
Clarence D. Clark, Wyoming (Rep.) William A. Clark, Montana (Dem.)
Joseph B. Foraker, Ohio (Rep.) James B. McCreary, Kentucky (Dem.)
John C. Spooner, Wisconsin (Rep.)
60th Congress, 1907-1909
Committee (13 members--8 Rep., 5 Dem.)
Shelby M. Cullom, Illinois, Augustus O. Bacon, Georgia (Dem.)
Chairman, (Rep.) Hernando Money, Mississippi (Dem.)
William P. Frye, Maine (Rep.) James B. McCreary, Kentucky (Dem.)
Henry Cabot Lodge, Massachusetts James B. Frazier, Tennessee (Dem.)
(Rep.) William Pinckney Whyte, Maryland
Clarence D. Clark, Wyoming (Rep.) (Dem.)
Joseph B. Foraker, Ohio (Rep.) Died March 17, 1908
John Kean, New Jersey (Rep.) William J. Stone, Missouri (Dem.)
Albert J. Beveridge, Indiana (Rep.) Appointed April 23, 1908
Thomas H. Carter, Montana (Rep.)
__________
\10\ Committees of the 57th Congress were continued by resolution of
March 3, 1903. Committees of the 58th Congress were appointed November
25, 1903.
\11\ Committees of the 58th Congress continued by resolution, February
27, 1905. Committees of the 59th Congress appointed December 18, 1905.
61st Congress, 1909-1911
Committee (14 members--9 Rep., 5 Dem.)
Shelby M. Cullom, Illinois, Thomas H. Carter, Montana (Rep.)
Chairman (Rep.) William Alden Smith, Michigan
William P. Frye, Maine (Rep.) (Rep.)
Henry Cabot Lodge, Massachusetts Elihu Root, New York (Rep.)
(Rep.) Augustus O. Bacon, Georgia (Dem.)
Clarence D. Clark, Wyoming (Rep.) Hernando Money, Mississippi (Dem.)
John Kean, New Jersey (Rep.) James B. Frazier, Tennessee (Dem.)
Albert J. Beveridge, Indiana (Rep.) William J. Stone, Missouri (Dem.)
Benjamin F. Shively, Indiana
(Dem.)
62d Congress, 1911-1913
Committee (15 members--9 Rep., 6 Dem.)
Shelby M. Cullom, Illinois, Theodore E. Burton, Ohio (Rep.)
Chairman (Rep.) Augustus O. Bacon, Georgia (Dem.)
William P. Frye, Maine (Rep.) William J. Stone, Missouri (Dem.)
Died August 8, 1911 Benjamin F. Shively, Indiana
William P. Dillingham, Vermont (Dem.)
(Rep.) James P. Clarke, Arkansas (Dem.)
Appointed January 9, 1912 Isidor Rayner, Maryland (Dem.)
Henry Cabot Lodge, Massachusetts Died November 25, 1912
(Rep.) Gilbert M. Hitchcock, Nebraska
William Alden Smith, Michigan (Dem.)
(Rep.) James A. O'Gorman, New York (Dem.)
Elihu Root, New York (Rep.) Appointed January 4, 1913
Porter J. McCumber, North Dakota
(Rep.)
George Sutherland, Utah (Rep.)
William E. Borah, Idaho (Rep.)
63d Congress, 1913-1915
Committee (17 members--10 Dem., 7 Rep.)
Augustus O. Bacon, Georgia, Claude A. Swanson, Virginia (Dem.)
Chairman Atlee Pomerene, Ohio (Dem.)
(Dem.) Died February 14, 1914 Marcus A. Smith, Arizona (Dem.)
Willard Saulsbury, Delaware (Dem.) Henry Cabot Lodge, Massachusetts
Appointed March 10, 1914 (Rep.)
William J. Stone, Missouri (Dem.) William Alden Smith, Michigan
Made Chairman March 2, 1914 (Rep.)
Benjamin F. Shively, Indiana (Dem.) Elihu Root, New York (Rep.)
James P. Clarke, Arkansas (Dem.) Porter J. McCumber, North Dakota
Gilbert M. Hitchcock, Nebraska (Rep.)
(Dem.) George Sutherland, Utah (Rep.)
James A. O'Gorman, New York (Dem.) William E. Borah, Idaho (Rep.)
John Sharp Williams, Mississippi Theodore E. Burton, Ohio (Rep.)
(Dem.)
64th Congress, 1915-1917
Committee (17 members--10 Dem., 7 Rep.)
William J. Stone, Missouri, Henry Cabot Lodge, Massachusetts
Chairman (Dem.) (Rep.)
Benjamin F. Shively, Indiana (Dem.) William Alden Smith, Michigan
Died March 14, 1916 (Rep.)
James P. Clarke, Arkansas (Dem.) Porter J. McCumber, North Dakota
Died October 1, 1916 (Rep.)
Gilbert M. Hitchcock, Nebraska George Sutherland, Utah (Rep.)
(Dem.) William E. Borah, Idaho (Rep.)
James A. O'Gorman, New York (Dem.) Frank B. Brandegee, Connecticut
John Sharp Williams, Mississippi (Rep.)
(Dem.) George T. Oliver, Pennsylvania
Claude A. Swanson, Virginia (Dem.) (Rep.)
Atlee Pomerene, Ohio (Dem.) Key Pittman, Nevada (Dem.)
Marcus A. Smith, Arizona (Dem.) Appointed March 28, 1916
Willard Saulsbury, Delaware (Dem.) John K. Shields, Tennessee (Dem.)
Appointed December 12, 1916
65th Congress, 1917-1919
Committee (14 members--9 Dem., 5 Rep.)
Special Session, first half \12\
William J. Stone, Missouri, John K. Shields, Tennessee (Dem.)
Chairman (Dem.) Henry Cabot Lodge, Massachusetts
Gilbert M. Hitchcock, Nebraska (Rep.)
(Dem.) William Alden Smith, Michigan
John Sharp Williams, Mississippi (Rep.)
(Dem.) Porter J. McCumber, North Dakota
Claude A. Swanson, Virginia (Dem.) (Rep.)
Atlee Pomerene, Ohio (Dem.) William E. Borah, Idaho (Rep.)
Marcus A. Smith, Arizona (Dem.) Frank B. Brandegee, Connecticut
Willard Saulsbury, Delaware (Dem.) (Rep.)
Key Pittman, Nevada (Dem.)
Committee (17 members--10 Dem., 7 Rep.)
William J. Stone, Missouri, John K. Shields, Tennessee (Dem.)
Chairman (Dem.) Charles D. Thomas, Colorado (Dem.)
Died April 12, 1918 Henry Cabot Lodge, Massachusetts
Gilbert M. Hitchcock, Nebraska (Rep.)
(Dem.) William Alden Smith, Michigan
Made Chairman May 10, 1918 (Rep.)
J.T. Robinson, Arkansas (Dem.) Porter J McCumber, North Dakota
Appointed May 10, 1918 (Rep.)
John Sharp Williams, Mississippi William E. Borah, Idaho (Rep.)
(Dem.) Frank B. Brandegee, Connecticut
Claude A. Swanson, Virginia (Dem.) (Rep.)
Atlee Pomerene, Ohio (Dem.) Albert B. Fall, New Mexico (Rep.)
Marcus A. Smith, Arizona (Dem.) Philander C. Knox, Pennsylvania
Willard Saulsbury, Delaware (Dem.) (Rep.)
Key Pittman, Nevada (Dem.)
66th Congress, 1919-1921
Committee (17 members--10 Rep., 7 Dem.)
Henry Cabot Lodge, Massachusetts, Hiram Johnson, California (Rep.)
Chairman (Rep.) Harry S. New, Indiana (Rep.)
Porter J. McCumber, North Dakota George H. Moses, New Hampshire
(Rep.) (Rep.)
William E. Borah, Idaho (Rep.) Gilbert M. Hitchcock, Nebraska
Frank B. Brandegee, Connecticut (Dem.)
(Rep.) John Sharp Williams, Mississippi
Albert B. Fall, New Mexico (Rep.) (Dem.)
Philander C. Knox, Pennsylvania Claude A. Swanson, Virginia (Dem.)
(Rep.) Atlee Pomerene, Ohio, (Dem.)
Warren G. Harding, Ohio (Rep.) Marcus A. Smith, Arizona (Dem.)
Resigned January 11, 1921; not Key Pittman, Nevada (Dem.)
replaced John K. Shields, Tennessee (Dem.)
67th Congress, 1921-1923
Committee\13\ (15 members--9 Rep., 6 Dem.)
Special Session
Henry Cabot Lodge, Massachusetts, Harry S. New, Indiana (Rep.)
Chairman (Rep.) George H. Moses, New Hampshire
Porter J. McCumber, North Dakota (Rep.)
(Rep.) Gilbert M. Hitchcock, Nebraska
William E. Borah, Idaho (Rep.) (Dem.)
Frank B. Brandegee, Connecticut John Sharp Williams, Mississippi
(Rep.) (Dem.)
Albert B. Fall, New Mexico (Rep.) Claude A. Swanson, Virginia (Dem.)
Philander C. Knox, Pennsylvania Atlee Pomerene, Ohio (Dem.)
(Rep.) Key Pittman, Nevada (Dem.)
Hiram Johnson, California (Rep.) John K. Shields, Tennessee (Dem.)
__________
\12\ Committees of the 64th Congress continued by resolution, March 1,
1917. Committees of the 65th Congress appointed March 12, 1917.
\13\ Committees of the 66th Congress continued by resolution, Jan. 18,
1921. Committees of the 67th Congress appointed April 18, 1921. On
April 18, 1921, a clause was added to Rule XXV of the Senate Rules
providing that all standing committees were to continue until their
successors were appointed.
67th Congress, 1921-1923 (continued)
Committee (16 members--10 Rep., 6 Dem.)
Henry Cabot Lodge, Massachusetts, Harry S. New, Indiana (Rep.)
Chairman (Rep.) George H. Moses, New Hampshire
Porter J. McCumber, North Dakota, (Rep.)
(Rep.) Frank B. Kellogg, Minnesota (Rep.)
William E. Borah, Idaho (Rep.) Medill McCormick, Illinois (Rep.)
Frank B. Brandegee, Connecticut Gilbert M. Hitchcock, Nebraska
(Rep.) (Dem.)
Philander C. Knox, Pennsylvania John Sharp Williams, Mississippi
(Rep.) (Dem.)
Died October 12, 1921 Claude A. Swanson, Virginia (Dem.)
James W. Wadsworth, Jr., New York Atlee Pomerene, Ohio (Dem.)
(Rep.) Key Pittman, Nevada (Dem.)
Appointed October 21, 1921 John K. Shields, Tennessee (Dem.)
Hiram Johnson, California (Rep.)
68th Congress, 1923-1925
Committee (18 members--10 Rep., 7 Dem., 1 Farmer-Labor)
Henry Cabot Lodge, Massachusetts, James W. Wadsworth, Jr., New York
Chairman (Rep.), (Rep.)
Died November 9, 1924 Irvine L. Lenroot, Wisconsin
Walter E. Edge, New Jersey (Rep.) (Rep.)
Appointed December 3, 1924 Frank B. Willis, Ohio (Rep.)
George P. McLean, Connecticut George Wharton Pepper,
(Rep.) Pennsylvania (Rep.)
Appointed December 3, 1924 Claude A. Swanson, Virginia (Dem.)
William E. Borah, Idaho (Rep.) Key Pittman, Nevada (Dem.)
Made Chairman, December 3, 1924 John K. Shields, Tennessee (Dem.)
Frank B. Brandegee, Connecticut J.T. Robinson, Arkansas (Dem.)
(Rep.) Oscar W. Underwood, Alabama (Dem.)
Died October 14, 1924 Thomas J. Walsh, Montana (Dem.)
Hiram Johnson, California (Rep.) Robert L. Owen, Oklahoma (Dem.)
George H. Moses, New Hampshire Henrik Shipstead, Minnesota (F.-
(Rep.) L.)
Medill McCormick, Illinois (Rep.)
69th Congress, 1925-1927
Committee (18 members--10 Rep., 7 Dem., 1 Farmer-Labor)
William E. Borah, Idaho, Chairman Fred H. Gillett, Massachusetts
(Rep.) (Rep.)
Hiram Johnson, California (Rep.) Appointed December 14, 1926
George H. Moses, New Hampshire Claude A. Swanson, Virginia (Dem.)
(Rep.) Key Pittman, Nevada (Dem.)
Irvine L. Lenroot, Wisconsin (Rep.) J.T. Robinson, Arkansas (Dem.)
Frank Willis, Ohio (Rep.) Oscar W. Underwood, Alabama (Dem.)
George Wharton Pepper, Pennsylvania Thomas J. Walsh, Montana (Dem.)
(Rep.) James A. Reed, Missouri (Dem.)
George P. McLean, Connecticut Pat Harrison, Mississippi (Dem.)
(Rep.) Henrik Shipstead, Minnesota (F.-
Walter E. Edge, New Jersey (Rep.) L.)
Arthur Capper, Kansas (Rep.)
William M. Butler, Massachusetts
(Rep.)
Term expired November 1925
70th Congress, 1927-1929
Committee (18 members--9 Rep., 8 Dem., 1 Farmer-Labor)
William E. Borah, Idaho, Chairman Claude A. Swanson, Virginia (Dem.)
(Rep.) Key Pittman, Nevada (Dem.)
Hiram Johnson, California (Rep.) J.T. Robinson, Arkansas (Dem.)
George H. Moses, New Hampshire Thomas J. Walsh, Montana (Dem.)
(Rep.) James A. Reed, Missouri (Dem.)
Frank Willis, Ohio (Rep.) Pat Harrison. Mississippi (Dem.)
Died March 30, 1928 Woodbridge N. Ferris, Michigan
Simeon D. Fess, Ohio (Rep.) (Dem.)
Appointed May 10, 1928 Died March 23, 1928
George P. McLean, Connecticut Walter F. George, Georgia (Dem.)
(Rep.) Appointed April 28, 1928
Walter E. Edge, New Jersey (Rep.) Thomas F. Bayard, Delaware (Dem.)
Arthur Capper, Kansas (Rep.) Henrik Shipstead, Minnesota (F.-
Fred H. Gillett, Massachusetts L.)
(Rep.)
David A. Reed, Pennsylvania (Rep.)
71st Congress, 1929-1931
Committee (15 members--8 Rep., 6 Dem., 1 Farmer-Labor)
Special Session (continuing)
William E. Borah, Idaho, Chairman Simeon D. Fess, Ohio (Rep.)
(Rep.) Claude A. Swanson, Virginia (Dem.)
Hiram Johnson, California (Rep.) Key Pittman, Nevada (Dem.)
George H. Moses, New Hampshire J.T. Robinson, Arkansas (Dem.)
(Rep.) Thomas J. Walsh, Montana (Dem.)
Walter E. Edge, New Jersey (Rep.) Pat Harrison, Mississippi (Dem.)
Arthur Capper, Kansas (Rep.) Walter F. George, Georgia (Dem.)
Fred H. Gillett, Massachusetts Henrik Shipstead, Minnesota (F.-
(Rep.) L.)
David A. Reed, Pennsylvania (Rep.)
Committee (20 members--11 Rep., 8 Dem., 1 Farmer-Labor; appointed April
22, 1929)
William E. Borah, Idaho, Chairman Robert La Follette, Jr.,
(Rep.) Wisconsin (Rep.)
Hiram Johnson, California (Rep.) Arthur Vandenberg, Michigan (Rep.)
George H. Moses, New Hampshire Claude A. Swanson, Virginia (Dem.)
(Rep.) Key Pittman, Nevada (Dem.)
Walter E. Edge, New Jersey (Rep.) J.T. Robinson, Arkansas (Dem.)
Resigned November 21, 1929 Thomas J. Walsh, Montana (Dem.)
Arthur R. Robinson, Indiana (Rep.) Pat Harrison, Mississippi (Dem.)
Appointed January 11, 1930 Walter F. George, Georgia (Dem.)
Arthur Capper, Kansas (Rep.) Hugo Black, Alabama (Dem.)
Fred H. Gillett, Massachusetts Robert F. Wagner, New York (Dem.)
(Rep.) Henrik Shipstead, Minnesota (F.-
David A. Reed, Pennsylvania (Rep.) L.)
Simeon D. Fess, Ohio (Rep.)
Guy D. Goff, West Virginia (Rep.)
72d Congress, 1931-1933
Committee (22 members--11 Rep., 10 Dem., 1 Farmer-Labor)
William E. Borah, Idaho, Chairman Claude Swanson, Virginia (Dem.)
(Rep.) Key Pittman, Nevada (Dem.)
Hiram Johnson, California (Rep.) J.T. Robinson, Arkansas (Dem.)
George H. Moses, New Hampshire Thomas J. Walsh, Montana (Dem.)
(Rep.) Pat Harrison, Mississippi (Dem.)
Arthur Capper, Kansas (Rep.) Walter F. George, Georgia (Dem.)
David A. Reed, Pennsylvania (Rep.) Hugo L. Black, Alabama (Dem.)
Simeon D. Fess, Ohio (Rep.) Robert F. Wagner, New York (Dem.)
Robert La Follette, Jr., Wisconsin Thomas T. Connally, Texas (Dem.)
(Rep.) J. Hamilton Lewis, Illinois (Dem.)
Arthur H. Vandenberg, Michigan Henrik Shipstead, Minnesota (F.-
(Rep.) L.)
Arthur R. Robinson, Indiana (Rep.)
Otis Glenn, Illinois (Rep.)
Bronson Cutting, New Mexico (Rep.)
73d Congress, 1933-1934
Committee (18 members--8 Dem., 9 Rep., 1 Farmer-Labor)
Special Session (continuing)
Key Pittman, Nevada, Chairman Arthur Capper, Kansas (Rep.)
(Dem.) David A. Reed, Pennsylvania (Rep.)
J.T. Robinson, Arkansas (Dem.) Simeon D. Fess, Ohio (Rep.)
Pat Harrison, Mississippi (Dem.) Robert La Follette Jr., Wisconsin
Walter F. George, Georgia (Dem.) (Rep.)
Hugo L. Black, Alabama (Dem.) Arthur H. Vandenberg, Michigan
Robert F. Wagner, New York (Dem.) (Rep.)
Thomas T. Connally, Texas (Dem.) Arthur R. Robinson, Indiana (Rep.)
J. Hamilton Lewis, Illinois (Dem.) Bronson Cutting, New Mexico (Rep.)
William E. Borah, Idaho (Rep.) Henrik Shipstead, Minnesota (F.-
Hiram Johnson, California (Rep.) L.)
Committee (23 members--14 Dem., 8 Rep., 1 Farmer-Labor; appointed March
9, 1933)
Key Pittman, Nevada, Chairman Robert J. Bulkley, Ohio (Dem.)
(Dem.) Appointed June 10, 1933
J.T. Robinson, Arkansas (Dem.) William E. Borah, Idaho (Rep.)
Pat Harrison, Mississippi (Dem.) Hiram Johnson, California (Rep.)
Walter F. George, Georgia (Dem.) Arthur Capper, Kansas (Rep.)
Hugo L. Black, Alabama (Dem.) David A. Reed, Pennsylvania (Rep.)
Robert F. Wagner, New York (Dem.) Simeon D. Fess, Ohio (Rep.)
Thomas T. Connally, Texas (Dem.) Robert La Follette, Jr., Wisconsin
J. Hamilton Lewis, Illinois (Dem.) (Rep.)
Nathan L. Bachman, Tennessee (Dem.) Arthur R. Robinson, Indiana (Rep.)
Elbert D. Thomas, Utah (Dem.) Arthur H. Vandenberg, Michigan
Frederick Van Nuys, Indiana (Dem.) (Rep.)
F. Ryan Duffy, Wisconsin (Dem.) Henrik Shipstead, Minnesota (F.-
James P. Pope, Idaho (Dem.) L.)
74th Congress, 1935-1936
Committee (23 members--16 Dem., 5 Rep., 1 Prog., 1 Farmer-Labor)
Key Pittman, Nevada, Chairman James E. Murry, Montana (Dem.)
(Dem.) Dennis Chavez, New Mexico (Dem.)
J.T. Robinson, Arkansas (Dem.) Appointed May 31, 1935
Pat Harrison, Mississippi (Dem.) William E. Borah, Idaho (Rep.)
Walter F. George, Georgia (Dem.) Hiram Johnson, California (Rep.)
Hugo L Black, Alabama (Dem.) Arthur Capper, Kansas (Rep.)
Robert F. Wagner, New York (Dem.) Robert La Follette, Jr., Wisconsin
Thomas T. Connally, Texas (Dem.) (Prog.)
J. Hamilton Lewis, Illinois (Dem.) Arthur H. Vandenberg, Michigan
Nathan L. Bachman, Tennessee (Dem.) (Rep.)
Elbert D. Thomas, Utah (Dem.) Bronson Cutting, New Mexico (Rep.)
Frederick Van Nuys, Indiana (Dem.) Died May 6, 1935
F. Ryan Duffy, Wisconsin (Dem.) Wallace H. White, Jr., Maine
James P. Pope, Idaho (Dem.) (Rep.)
Robert J. Bulkley, Ohio (Dem.) Appointed May 31, 1935
Henrik Shipstead, Minnesota (F.-
L.)
75th Congress, 1937-1938
Committee (23 members--16 Dem., 5 Rep., 1 Prog., 1 Farmer-Labor)
Key Pittman, Nevada, Chairman Claude Pepper, Florida (Dem.)
(Dem.) Appointed May 11, 1937
J.T. Robinson, Arkansas (Dem.) Elbert D. Thomas, Utah (Dem.)
Died July 4, 1937 Frederick Van Nuys, Indiana
Theodore Francis Green, Rhode (Dem.)
Island (Dem.) F. Ryan Duffy, Wisconsin (Dem.)
Appointed November 30, 1937 James P. Pope, Idaho (Dem.)
Pat Harrison, Mississippi (Dem.) James E. Murray, Montana (Dem.)
Walter F. George, Georgia (Dem.) Dennis Chavez, New Mexico (Dem.)
Hugo L. Black, Alabama (Dem.) Lewis B. Schwellenbach, Washington
Resigned August 20, 1937 (Dem.)
Alben W. Barkley, Kentucky (Dem.) William E. Borah, Idaho (Rep.)
Appointed February 2, 1938 Hiram Johnson, California (Rep.)
Robert F. Wagner, New York (Dem.) Arthur Capper, Kansas (Rep.)
Thomas T. Connally, Texas (Dem.) Robert La Follette, Jr., Wisconsin
J. Hamilton Lewis, Illinois (Dem.) (Prog.)
Nathan L. Bachman, Tennessee (Dem.) Arthur H. Vandenberg, Michigan
Died April 23, 1937 (Rep.)
Wallace H. White, Jr., Maine
(Rep.)
Henrik Shipstead, Minnesota (F.-
L.)
76th Congress, 1939-1941
Committee (23 members--16 Dem., 5 Rep., 1 Prog., 1 Farmer-Labor)
Key Pittman, Nevada, Chairman Theodore Francis Green, Rhode
(Dem.) Island (Dem.)
Died November 11, 1940 Alben W. Barkley, Kentucky (Dem.)
Pat Harrison, Mississippi (Dem.) Robert R. Reynolds, North Carolina
Walter F. George, Georgia (Dem.) (Dem.)
Made Chairman November 25, 1940 Joseph F. Guffey, Pennsylvania
Robert F. Wagner, New York (Dem.) (Dem.)
Thomas T. Connally, Texas (Dem.) Guy M. Gillette, Iowa (Dem.)
J. Hamilton Lewis, Illinois (Dem.) William E. Borah, Idaho (Rep.)
Died April 9, 1939 Died January 19, 1940
Bennett Champ Clark, Missouri Gerald P. Nye, North Dakota (Rep.)
(Dem.) Appointed February 8, 1940
Appointed April 27, 1939 Hiram Johnson, California (Rep.)
Elbert D. Thomas, Utah (Dem.) Arthur Capper, Kansas (Rep.)
Frederick Van Nuys, Indiana (Dem.) Robert La Follette, Jr., Wisconsin
James E. Murray, Montana (Dem.) (Prog.)
Lewis B. Schwellenbach, Washington Arthur H. Vandenberg, Michigan
(Dem.) (Rep.)
Claude Pepper, Florida (Dem.) Wallace H. White, Jr., Maine
(Rep.)
Henrik Shipstead, Minnesota (F.-
L.)
77th Congress, 1941-1942
Committee (23 members--16 Dem., 6 Rep., 1 Prog.)
Walter F. George, Georgia, Chairman Bennett Champ Clark, Missouri
(Dem.) (Dem.)
Excused from Chairmanship June Carter Glass, Virginia (Dem.)
30, 1941 James F. Byrnes, South Carolina
Pat Harrison, Mississippi (Dem.) (Dem.)
Died June 22, 1941 Resigned July 8, 1941
Robert F. Wagner, New York (Dem.) Josh Lee, Oklahoma (Dem.)
Thomas T. Connally, Texas (Dem.) Appointed June 31, 1941
Made Chairman June 30, 1941 James M. Tunnell, Delaware (Dem.)
Elbert D. Thomas, Utah (Dem.) Appointed June 30, 1941
Frederick Van Nuys, Indiana (Dem.) Hiram Johnson, California (Rep.)
James E. Murray, Montana (Dem.) Arthur Capper, Kansas (Rep.)
Claude Pepper, Florida (Dem.) Robert La Follette, Jr., Wisconsin
Theodore Francis Green, Rhode (Prog.)
Island (Dem.) Arthur H. Vandenberg, Michigan
Alben W. Barkley, Kentucky (Dem.) (Rep.)
Robert R. Reynolds, North Carolina Wallace H. White, Jr., Maine
(Dem.) (Rep.)
Joseph F. Guffey, Pennsylvania Henrik Shipstead, Minnesota (Rep.)
(Dem.) Gerald P. Nye, North Dakota (Rep.)
Guy M. Gillette, Iowa (Dem.)
78th Congress, 1943-1944
Committee (23 members--14 Dem., 8 Rep., 1 Prog.)
Tom Connally, Texas, Chairman Bennett Champ Clark, Missouri
(Dem.) (Dem.)
Walter F. George, Georgia (Dem.) Carter Glass, Virginia (Dem.)
Robert F. Wagner, New York (Dem.) James M. Tunnell, Delaware (Dem.)
Elbert D. Thomas, Utah (Dem.) Hiram W. Johnson, California
James E. Murray, Montana (Dem.) (Rep.)
Claude Pepper, Florida (Dem.) Arthur Capper, Kansas (Rep.)
Theodore Francis Green, Rhode Robert La Follette, Jr., Wisconsin
Island (Dem.) (Prog.)
Alben W. Barkley, Kentucky (Dem.) Arthur H. Vandenberg, Michigan
Robert R. Reynolds, North Carolina (Rep.)
(Dem.) Wallace H. White, Jr., Maine
Joseph F. Guffey, Pennsylvania (Rep.)
(Dem.) Henrik Shipstead, Minnesota (Rep.)
Guy M. Gillette, Iowa (Dem.) Gerald P. Nye, North Dakota (Rep.)
James J. Davis, Pennsylvania
(Rep.)
Warren R. Austin, Vermont (Rep.)
79th Congress, 1945-1946
Committee (23 members--14 Dem., 8 Rep., 1 Prog.)
Tom Connally, Texas, Chairman Lister Hill, Alabama (Dem.)
(Dem.) Scott W. Lucas, Illinois (Dem.)
Walter F. George, Georgia (Dem.) Arthur Capper, Kansas (Rep.)
Robert F. Wagner, New York (Dem.) Robert La Follette, Jr., Wisconsin
Elbert D. Thomas, Utah (Dem.) (Prog.)
James E. Murray, Montana (Dem.) Arthur H. Vandenberg, Michigan
Claude Pepper, Florida (Dem.) (Rep.)
Theodore Francis Green, Rhode Wallace H. White, Jr., Maine
Island (Dem.) (Rep.)
Alben W. Barkley, Kentucky (Dem.) Henrik Shipstead, Minnesota (Rep.)
Joseph F. Guffey, Pennsylvania Warren R. Austin, Vermont (Rep.)
(Dem.) Resigned August 2, 1946
Carter Glass, Virginia (Dem.) Styles Bridges, New Hampshire
Died May 28, 1946 (Rep.)
James M. Tunnell, Delaware (Dem.) Alexander Wiley, Wisconsin (Rep.)
Carl A. Hatch, New Mexico (Dem.) Chan Gurney, South Dakota (Rep.)
80th Congress, 1947-1948
Committee (13 members--7 Rep., 6 Dem.)
Arthur H. Vandenberg, Michigan, Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr.,
Chairman (Rep.) Massachusetts (Rep.)
Arthur Capper, Kansas (Rep.) Tom Connally, Texas (Dem.)
Wallace H. White, Jr., Maine (Rep.) Walter F. George, Georgia (Dem.)
Alexander Wiley, Wisconsin (Rep.) Robert F. Wagner, New York (Dem.)
H. Alexander Smith, New Jersey Elbert D. Thomas, Utah (Dem.)
(Rep.) Alben W. Barkley, Kentucky (Dem.)
Bourke B. Hickenlooper, Iowa (Rep.) Carl A. Hatch, New Mexico (Dem.)
81st Congress, 1949-1950
Committee (13 members--8 Dem., 5 Rep.)
Tom Connally, Texas, Chairman J.W. Fulbright, Arkansas (Dem.)
(Dem.) Arthur H. Vandenberg, Michigan
Walter F. George, Georgia (Dem.) (Rep.)
Elbert D. Thomas, Utah (Dem.) Alexander Wiley, Wisconsin (Rep.)
Millard E. Tydings, Maryland (Dem.) H. Alexander Smith, New Jersey
Claude Pepper, Florida (Dem.) (Rep.)
Theodore Francis Green, Rhode Bourke B. Hickenlooper, Iowa
Island (Dem.) (Rep.)
Brien McMahon, Connecticut (Dem.) Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr.,
Massachusetts (Rep.)
82d Congress, 1951-1952
Committee (13 members--7 Dem., 6 Rep.)
Tom Connally, Texas, Chairman Arthur H. Vandenberg Michigan
(Dem.) (Rep.)
Walter F. George, Georgia (Dem.) Died April 18, 1951
Theodore Francis Green, Rhode Alexander Wiley, Wisconsin (Rep.)
Island (Dem.) H. Alexander Smith, New Jersey
Brien McMahon, Connecticut (Dem.) (Rep.)
Died July 28, 1952 Bourke B. Hickenlooper, Iowa
J.W. Fulbright, Arkansas (Dem.) (Rep.)
John Sparkman, Alabama (Dem.) Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr.,
Guy M. Gillette, Iowa (Dem.) Massachusetts (Rep.)
Charles W. Tobey, New Hampshire
(Rep.)
Owen Brewster, Maine (Rep.)
Appointed May 9, 1951
83d Congress, 1953-1954
Committee (15 members--8 Rep., 7 Dem.)
Alexander Wiley, Wisconsin, George D. Aiken, Vermont (Rep.)
Chairman (Rep.) Appointed January 13, 1954
H. Alexander Smith, New Jersey Homer E. Capehart, Indiana (Rep.)
(Rep.) Appointed January 13, 1954
Bourke B. Hickenlooper, Iowa (Rep.) Walter F. George, Georgia (Dem.)
Charles W. Tobey, New Hampshire Theodore Francis Green, Rhode
(Rep.) Island (Dem.)
Died July 24, 1953 J.W. Fulbright, Arkansas (Dem.)
Robert A. Taft, Ohio (Rep.) John Sparkman, Alabama (Dem.)
Died July 31, 1953 Guy M. Gillette, Iowa (Dem.)
William Langer, North Dakota (Rep.) Hubert H. Humphrey, Minnesota
Homer Ferguson, Michigan (Rep.) (Dem.)
William F. Knowland, California Mike Mansfield, Montana (Dem.)
(Rep.)
84th Congress, 1955-1956
Committee (15 members--8 Dem., 7 Rep.)
Walter F. George, Georgia, Chairman Wayne Morse, Oregon (Dem.)
(Dem.) Appointed May 8, 1956
Theodore Francis Green, Rhode Alexander Wiley, Wisconsin (Rep.)
Island (Dem.) Alexander Smith, New Jersey (Rep.)
J.W. Fulbright, Arkansas (Dem.) Bourke B. Hickenlooper, Iowa
John Sparkman, Alabama (Dem.) (Rep.)
Hubert H. Humphrey, Minnesota William Langer, North Dakota
(Dem.) (Rep.)
Mike Mansfield, Montana (Dem.) William F. Knowland, California
Alben W. Barkley, Kentucky (Dem.) (Rep.)
Died April 30, 1956 George D. Aiken, Vermont (Rep.)
Homer E. Capehart, Indiana (Rep.)
85th Congress, 1957-1958
Committee (15 members--8 Dem., 7 Rep.)
Theodore Francis Green, Rhode John F. Kennedy, Massachusetts
Island, (Dem.)
Chairman (Dem.) Alexander Wiley, Wisconsin (Rep.)
J.W. Fulbright, Arkansas (Dem.) H. Alexander Smith, New Jersey
John Sparkman, Alabama (Dem.) (Rep.)
Hubert H. Humphrey, Minnesota Bourke B. Hickenlooper, Iowa
(Dem.) (Rep.)
Mike Mansfield, Montana (Dem.) William Langer, North Dakota
Wayne Morse, Oregon (Dem.) (Rep.)
Russell B. Long, Louisiana (Dem.) William F. Knowland, California
(Rep.)
George D. Aiken, Vermont (Rep.)
Homer E. Capehart, Indiana (Rep.)
86th Congress, 1959-1960
Committee (17 members--11 Dem., 6 Rep.)
J.W. Fulbright, Arkansas, Chairman Albert Gore, Tennessee (Dem.)
(Dem.) Frank J. Lausche, Ohio (Dem.)
Appointed Chairman February 6, Frank Church, Idaho (Dem.)
1959 Alexander Wiley, Wisconsin (Rep.)
Theodore Francis Green, Rhode Bourke B. Hickenlooper, Iowa
Island (Dem.) (Rep.)
Resigned chairmanship February 6, William Langer, North Dakota
1959 (Rep.)
John Sparkman, Alabama (Dem.) Died November 8, 1959
Hubert H. Humphrey, Minnesota George D. Aiken, Vermont (Rep.)
(Dem.) Homer E. Capehart, Indiana (Rep.)
Mike Mansfield, Montana (Dem.) Frank Carlson, Kansas (Rep.)
Wayne Morse, Oregon (Dem.) John J. Williams, Delaware (Rep.)
Russell B. Long, Louisiana (Dem.) Appointed January 18, 1960
John F. Kennedy, Massachusetts
(Dem.)
Resigned December 22, 1960
87th Congress, 1961-1962
Committee (17 members--11 Dem., 6 Rep.)
J.W. Fulbright, Arkansas, Chairman Frank Church, Idaho (Dem.)
(Dem.) Stuart Symington, Missouri (Dem.)
John Sparkman, Alabama (Dem.) Thomas J. Dodd, Connecticut (Dem.)
Hubert H. Humphrey, Minnesota Alexander Wiley, Wisconsin (Rep.)
(Dem.) Bourke B. Hickenlooper, Iowa
Mike Mansfield, Montana (Dem.) (Rep.)
Wayne Morse, Oregon (Dem.) George D. Aiken, Vermont (Rep.)
Russell B. Long, Louisiana (Dem.) Homer E. Capehart, Indiana (Rep.)
Albert Gore, Tennessee (Dem.) Frank Carlson, Kansas (Rep.)
Frank J. Lausche, Ohio (Dem.) John J. Williams, Delaware (Rep.)
88th Congress, 1963-1964
Committee (17 members--12 Dem., 5 Rep.)
J.W. Fulbright, Arkansas, Chairman Frank Church, Idaho (Dem.)
(Dem.) Stuart Symington, Missouri (Dem.)
John Sparkman, Alabama (Dem.) Thomas J. Dodd, Connecticut (Dem.)
Hubert H. Humphrey, Minnesota George A. Smathers, Florida (Dem.)
(Dem.) Bourke B. Hickenlooper, Iowa
Mike Mansfield, Montana (Dem.) (Rep.)
Wayne Morse, Oregon (Dem.) George D. Aiken, Vermont (Rep.)
Russell B. Long, Louisiana (Dem.) Frank Carlson, Kansas (Rep.)
Albert Gore, Tennessee (Dem.) John J. Williams, Delaware (Rep.)
Frank J. Lausche, Ohio (Dem.) Karl E. Mundt, South Dakota (Rep.)
89th Congress, 1965-1966
Committee (19 members--13 Dem., 6 Rep.)
J.W. Fulbright, Arkansas, Chairman Joseph S. Clark, Pennsylvania
(Dem.) (Dem.)
John Sparkman, Alabama (Dem.) Claiborne Pell, Rhode Island
Mike Mansfield, Montana (Dem.) (Dem.)
Wayne Morse, Oregon (Dem.) Eugene J. McCarthy, Minnesota
Russell B. Long, Louisiana (Dem.) (Dem.)
Resigned March 25, 1966 Appointed April 26, 1965
Albert Gore, Tennessee (Dem.) Gale W. McGee, Wyoming (Dem.)
Frank J. Lausche, Ohio (Dem.) Appointed March 25, 1966
Frank Church, Idaho (Dem.) Bourke B. Hickenlooper, Iowa
Stuart Symington, Missouri (Dem.) (Rep.)
Thomas J. Dodd, Connecticut (Dem.) George D. Aiken, Vermont (Rep.)
George A. Smathers, Florida (Dem.) Frank Carlson, Kansas (Rep.)
Resigned April 26, 1965 John J. Williams, Delaware (Rep.)
Karl E. Mundt, South Dakota (Rep.)
Clifford P. Case, New Jersey
(Rep.)
90th Congress, 1967-1968
Committee (19 members--12 Dem., 7 Rep.)
J.W. Fulbright, Arkansas, Chairman Claiborne Pell, Rhode Island
(Dem.) (Dem.)
John Sparkman, Alabama (Dem.) Eugene J. McCarthy, Minnesota
Mike Mansfield, Montana (Dem.) (Dem.)
Wayne Morse, Oregon (Dem.) Bourke B. Hickenlooper, Iowa
Albert Gore, Tennessee (Dem.) (Rep.)
Frank J. Lausche, Ohio (Dem.) George D. Aiken, Vermont (Rep.)
Frank Church, Idaho (Dem.) Frank Carlson, Kansas (Rep.)
Stuart Symington, Missouri (Dem.) John J. Williams, Delaware (Rep.)
Thomas J. Dodd, Connecticut (Dem.) Karl E. Mundt, South Dakota (Rep.)
Joseph S. Clark, Pennsylvania Clifford P. Case, New Jersey
(Dem.) (Rep.)
John Sherman Cooper, Kentucky
(Rep.)
91st Congress, 1969-1971
Committee (15 members--9 Dem., 6 Rep.)
J.W. Fulbright, Arkansas, Chairman Claiborne Pell, Rhode Island
(Dem.) (Dem.)
John Sparkman, Alabama (Dem.) Gale W. McGee, Wyoming (Dem.)
Mike Mansfield, Montana (Dem.) Karl E. Mundt, South Dakota (Rep.)
Albert Gore, Tennessee (Dem.) Clifford P. Case, New Jersey
Frank Church, Idaho (Dem.) (Rep.)
Stuart Symington, Missouri (Dem.) John Sherman Cooper, Kentucky
Thomas J. Dodd, Connecticut (Dem.) (Rep.)
John J. Williams, Delaware (Rep.)
Jacob K. Javits, New York (Rep.)
92d Congress, 1971-1972
Committee (16 members--9 Dem., 7 Rep.)
J.W. Fulbright, Arkansas, Chairman George D. Aiken, Vermont (Rep.)
(Dem.) Karl E. Mundt, South Dakota (Rep.)
John Sparkman, Alabama (Dem.) Resigned February 23, 1972
Mike Mansfield, Montana (Dem.) Clifford P. Case, New Jersey
Frank Church, Idaho (Dem.) (Rep.)
Stuart Symington, Missouri (Dem.) John Sherman Cooper, Kentucky
Claiborne Pell, Rhode Island (Dem.) (Rep.)
Gale W. McGee, Wyoming (Dem.) Jacob K. Javits, New York (Rep.)
Edmund S. Muskie, Maine (Dem.) Hugh Scott, Pennsylvania (Rep.)
William B. Spong, Jr., Virginia James B. Pearson, Kansas (Rep.)
(Dem.) Charles H. Percy, Illinois (Rep.)
Appointed February 23, 1972
93d Congress, 1973-1974
Committee (17 members--10 Dem., 7 Rep.)
J.W. Fulbright, Arkansas, Chairman Hubert H. Humphrey, Minnesota
(Dem.) (Dem.)
John Sparkman, Alabama (Dem.) George D. Aiken, Vermont (Rep.)
Mike Mansfield, Montana (Dem.) Clifford P. Case, New Jersey
Frank Church, Idaho (Dem.) (Rep.)
Stuart Symington, Missouri (Dem.) Jacob K. Javits, New York (Rep.)
Claiborne Pell, Rhode Island (Dem.) Hugh Scott, Pennsylvania (Rep.)
Gale W. McGee, Wyoming (Dem.) James B. Pearson, Kansas (Rep.)
Edmund S. Muskie, Maine (Dem.) Charles H. Percy, Illinois (Rep.)
George McGovern, South Dakota Robert P. Grfffin, Michigan (Rep.)
(Dem.)
94th Congress, 1975-1976
Committee (16 members--10 Dem., 6 Rep.)
John Sparkman, Alabama, Chairman Clifford P. Case, New Jersey
(Dem.) (Rep.)
Mike Mansfield, Montana (Dem.) Jacob K. Javits, New York (Rep.)
Frank Church, Idaho (Dem.) Hugh Scott, Pennsylvania (Rep.)
Stuart Symington, Missouri (Dem.) James B. Pearson, Kansas (Rep.)
Claiborne Pell, Rhode Island (Dem.) Charles H. Percy, Illinois (Rep.)
Gale W. McGee, Wyoming (Dem.) Robert P. Griffin, Michigan (Rep.)
George McGovern, South Dakota Howard H. Baker, Jr., Tennessee
(Dem.) (Rep.)
Hubert H. Humphrey, Minnesota Excused Sept. 19, 1975, when
(Dem.) committee ratio was changed
Dick Clark, Iowa (Dem.) from 7 to 6 Republicans
Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Delaware
(Dem.)
95th Congress, 1977-1978
Committee (16 members--10 Dem., 6 Rep.)
John Sparkman, Alabama, Chairman Paul S. Sarbanes, Maryland (Dem.)
(Dem.) Muriel B. Humphrey, Minnesota
Frank Church, Idaho (Dem.) (Dem.)
Claiborne Pell, Rhode Island (Dem.) Appointed February 6, 1978
George McGovern, South Dakota Clifford P. Case, New Jersey
(Dem.) (Rep.)
Hubert H. Humphrey, Minnesota Jacob K. Javits, New York (Rep.)
(Dem.) James B. Pearson, Kansas (Rep.)
Died January 13, 1978 Charles H. Percy, Illinois (Rep.)
Dick Clark, Iowa (Dem.) Robert P. Griffin, Michigan (Rep.)
Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Delaware Howard H. Baker, Jr., Tennessee
(Dem.) (Rep.)
John Glenn, Ohio (Dem.)
Richard Stone, Florida (Dem.)
96th Congress, 1979-1980
Committee (15 members--9 Dem., 6 Rep.)
Frank Church, Idaho, Chairman Edward Zorinsky, Nebraska (Dem.)
(Dem.) Paul E. Tsongas, Massachusetts
Claiborne Pell, Rhode Island (Dem.) (Dem.)
George McGovern, South Dakota Appointed May 13, 1980
(Dem.) Jacob K. Javits, New York (Rep.)
Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Delaware Charles H. Percy, Illinois (Rep.)
(Dem.) Howard H. Baker, Jr., Tennessee
John Glenn, Ohio (Dem.) (Rep.)
Richard Stone, Florida (Dem.) Jesse Helms, North Carolina (Rep.)
Paul S. Sarbanes, Maryland (Dem.) S.I. Hayakawa, California (Rep.)
Edmund Muskie, Maine (Dem.) Richard G. Lugar, Indiana (Rep.)
Resigned May 7, 1980
97th Congress, 1981-1982
Committee (17 members--9 Rep., 8 Dem.)
Charles H. Percy, Illinois, Claiborne Pell, Rhode Island
Chairman (Rep.) (Dem.)
Howard H. Baker, Jr., Tennessee Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Delaware
(Rep.) (Dem.)
Jesse Helms, North Carolina (Rep.) John Glenn, Ohio (Dem.)
S.I. Hayakawa, California (Rep.) Paul S. Sarbanes, Maryland (Dem.)
Richard G. Lugar, Indiana (Rep.) Edward Zorinsky, Nebraska (Dem.)
Charles McC. Mathias, Jr., Maryland Paul E. Tsongas, Massachusetts
(Rep.) (Dem.)
Nancy L. Kassebaum, Kansas (Rep.) Alan Cranston, California (Dem.)
Rudy Boschwitz, Minnesota (Rep.) Christopher J. Dodd, Connecticut
Larry Pressler, South Dakota (Rep.) (Dem.)
98th Congress, 1983-1984
Committee (18 members--10 Rep., 8 Dem.)
Charles H. Percy, Illinois, Claiborne Pell, Rhode Island
Chairman (Rep.) (Dem.)
Howard H. Baker, Jr., Tennessee Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Delaware
(Rep.) (Dem.)
Jesse Helms, North Carolina (Rep.) John Glenn, Ohio (Dem.)
Richard G. Lugar, Indiana (Rep.) Paul S. Sarbanes, Maryland (Dem.)
Charles McC. Mathias, Jr., Maryland Edward Zorinsky, Nebraska (Dem.)
(Rep.) Paul E. Tsongas, Massachusetts
Nancy L. Kassebaum, Kansas (Rep.) (Dem.)
Rudy Boschwitz, Minnesota (Rep.) Alan Cranston, California (Dem.)
Larry Pressler, South Dakota (Rep.) Christopher J. Dodd, Connecticut
Frank H. Murkowski, Alaska (Rep.) (Dem.)
Paula Hawkins, Florida (Rep.)
Appointed Feb. 9, 1984
99th Congress, 1985-1986
Committee (17 members--9 Rep., 8 Dem.)
Richard G. Lugar, Indiana, Chairman Claiborne Pell, Rhode Island
(Rep.) (Dem.)
Jesse Helms, North Carolina (Rep.) Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Delaware
Charles McC. Mathias, Jr., Maryland (Dem.)
(Rep.) Paul S. Sarbanes, Maryland (Dem.)
Nancy L. Kassebaum, Kansas (Rep.) Edward Zorinsky, Nebraska (Dem.)
Rudy Boschwitz, Minnesota (Rep.) Alan Cranston, California (Dem.)
Larry Pressler, South Dakota (Rep.) Christopher J. Dodd, Connecticut
Frank H. Murkowski, Alaska (Rep.) (Dem.)
Paul S. Trible, Jr., Virginia Thomas F. Eagleton, Missouri
(Rep.) (Dem.)
Daniel J. Evans, Washington (Rep.) John F. Kerry, Massachusetts
(Dem.)
100th Congress, 1987-1988
Claiborne Pell, Rhode Island, Jesse Helms, North Carolina (Rep.)
Chairman (Dem.) Richard G. Lugar, Indiana (Rep.)
Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Delaware Nancy L. Kassebaum, Kansas (Rep.)
(Dem.) Rudy Boschwitz, Minnesota (Rep.)
Paul S. Sarbanes, Maryland (Dem.) Larry Pressler, South Dakota
Alan Cranston, California (Dem.) (Rep.)
Christopher J. Dodd, Connecticut Frank H. Murkowski, Alaska (Rep.)
(Dem.) Paul S. Trible, Jr., Virginia
John F. Kerry, Massachusetts (Dem.) (Rep.)
Paul Simon, Illinois (Dem.) Daniel J. Evans, Washington (Rep.)
Terry Sanford, North Carolina Mitch McConnell, Kentucky (Rep.)
(Dem.)
Brock Adams, Washington (Dem.)
Daniel P. Moynihan, New York (Dem.)
101st Congress, 1989-1990
Committee (19 members--10 Dem., 9 Rep.)
Claiborne Pell, Rhode Island, Jesse Helms, North Carolina (Rep.)
Chairman (Dem.) Richard G. Lugar, Indiana (Rep.)
Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Delaware Nancy L. Kassebaum, Kansas (Rep.)
(Dem.) Rudy Boschwitz, Minnesota (Rep.)
Paul S. Sarbanes, Maryland (Dem.) Larry Pressler, South Dakota
Alan Cranston, California (Dem.) (Rep.)
Christopher J. Dodd, Connecticut Frank H. Murkowski, Alaska (Rep.)
(Dem.) Mitch McConnell, Kentucky (Rep.)
John F. Kerry, Massachusetts (Dem.) Gordon J. Humphrey, New Hampshire
Paul Simon, Illinois (Dem.) Connie Mack, Florida (Rep.)
Terry Sanford, North Carolina
(Dem.)
Daniel P. Moynihan, New York (Dem.)
Charles S. Robb, Virginia (Dem.)
102d Congress, 1991-1992
Committee (19 members--11 Dem., 8 Rep.)
Claiborne Pell, Rhode Island, Jesse Helms, North Carolina (Rep.)
Chairman (Dem.) Richard G. Lugar, Indiana (Rep.)
Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Delaware Nancy L. Kassebaum, Kansas (Rep.)
(Dem.) Larry Pressler, South Dakota
Paul S. Sarbanes, Maryland (Dem.) (Rep.)
Alan Cranston, California (Dem.) Frank H. Murkowski, Alaska (Rep.)
Christopher J. Dodd, Connecticut Mitch McConnell, Kentucky (Rep.)
(Dem.) Hank Brown, Colorado (Rep.)
John F. Kerry, Massachusetts (Dem.) James M. Jeffords, Vermont (Rep.)
Paul Simon, Illinois (Dem.)
Terry Sanford, North Carolina
(Dem.)
Daniel P. Moynihan, New York (Dem.)
Charles S. Robb, Virginia (Dem.)
Harris Wofford, Pennsylvania (Dem.)
103d Congress, 1993-1994
Committee (20 members--11 Dem., 9 Rep.)
Claiborne Pell, Rhode Island, Jesse Helms, North Carolina (Rep.)
Chairman (Dem.) Richard G. Lugar, Indiana (Rep.)
Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Delaware Nancy L. Kassebaum, Kansas (Rep.)
(Dem.) Larry Pressler, South Dakota
Paul S. Sarbanes, Maryland (Dem.) (Rep.)
Christopher J. Dodd, Connecticut Frank H. Murkowski, Alaska (Rep.)
(Dem.) Hank Brown, Colorado (Rep.)
John F. Kerry, Massachusetts (Dem.) James M. Jeffords, Vermont (Rep.)
Paul Simon, Illinois (Dem.) Paul Coverdell, Georgia (Rep.)
Daniel P. Moynihan, New York (Dem.) Judd Gregg, New Hampshire (Rep.)
Charles S. Robb, Virginia (Dem.)
Harris Wofford, Pennsylvania (Dem.)
Russell D. Feingold, Wisconsin
(Dem.)
Harlan Mathews, Tennessee (Dem.)
104th Congress, 1995-1996
Committee (18 members--10 Rep., 8 Dem.)
Jesse Helms, North Carolina, Claiborne Pell, Rhode Island,
Chairman (Rep.) (Dem.)
Richard G. Lugar, Indiana (Rep.) Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Delaware
Nancy L. Kassebaum, Kansas (Rep.) (Dem.)
Hank Brown, Colorado (Rep.) Paul S. Sarbanes, Maryland (Dem.)
Paul Coverdell, Georgia (Rep.) Christopher J. Dodd, Connecticut
Olympia J. Snowe, Maine (Rep.) (Dem.)
Fred Thompson, Tennessee (Rep.) John F. Kerry, Massachusetts
Craig Thomas, Wyoming (Rep.) (Dem.)
Rod Grams, Minnesota (Rep.) Charles S. Robb, Virginia (Dem.)
John Ashcroft, Missouri (Rep.) Russell D. Feingold, Wisconsin
Dianne Feinstein, California
(Dem.)
105th Congress, 1997-1998
Committee (18 members--10 Rep., 8 Dem.)
Jesse Helms, North Carolina, Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Delaware
Chairman (Rep.) (Dem)
Richard G. Lugar, Indiana (Rep.) Paul S. Sarbanes, Maryland (Dem.)
Paul Coverdell, Georgia (Rep.) Christopher J. Dodd, Connecticut
Chuck Hagel, Nebraska (Rep.) (Dem.)
Gordon H. Smith, Oregon (Rep.) John F. Kerry, Massachusetts
Craig Thomas, Wyoming (Rep.) (Dem.)
Rod Grams, Minnesota (Rep.) Charles S. Robb, Virginia (Dem.)
John Ashcroft, Missouri (Rep.) Russell D. Feingold, Wisconsin
Bill Frist, Tennessee (Rep.) (Dem.)
Sam Brownback, Kansas (Rep.) Dianne Feinstein, California
(Dem.)
Paul D. Wellstone, Minnesota
(Dem.)
106th Congress, 1999-2000
1st Session
Committee (18 members--10 Rep., 8 Dem.)
Jesse Helms, North Carolina, Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Delaware
Chairman (Rep.) (Dem)
Richard G. Lugar, Indiana (Rep.) Paul S. Sarbanes, Maryland (Dem.)
Paul Coverdell, Georgia (Rep.) Christopher J. Dodd, Connecticut
Chuck Hagel, Nebraska (Rep.) (Dem.)
Gordon H. Smith, Oregon (Rep.) John F. Kerry, Massachusetts
Craig Thomas, Wyoming (Rep.) (Dem.)
Rod Grams, Minnesota (Rep.) Russell D. Feingold, Wisconsin
Sam Brownback, Kansas (Rep.) (Dem.)
John Ashcroft, Missouri (Rep.) Paul D. Wellstone, Minnesota
Bill Frist, Tennessee (Rep.) (Dem.)
Barbara Boxer, California (Dem.)
Robert G. Torricelli, New Jersey
(Dem.)
2nd Session
Committee (18 members--10 Rep., 8 Dem.)
Jesse Helms, North Carolina, Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Delaware
Chairman (Rep.) (Dem)
Richard G. Lugar, Indiana (Rep.) Paul S. Sarbanes, Maryland (Dem.)
Chuck Hagel, Nebraska (Rep.) Christopher J. Dodd, Connecticut
Gordon H. Smith, Oregon (Rep.) (Dem.)
Rod Grams, Minnesota (Rep.) John F. Kerry, Massachusetts
Sam Brownback, Kansas (Rep.) (Dem.)
Craig Thomas, Wyoming (Rep.) Russell D. Feingold, Wisconsin
John Ashcroft, Missouri (Rep.) (Dem.)
Bill Frist, Tennessee (Rep.) Paul D. Wellstone, Minnesota
Lincoln D. Chafee, Rhode Island (Dem.)
(Rep.) Barbara Boxer, California (Dem.)
Robert G. Torricelli, New Jersey
(Dem.)
Appendix III
Chairmen of the Committee on Foreign Relations
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Congress Dates Senator
------------------------------------------------------------------------
14th 1816-1817 James Barbour, Virginia.
15th 1817-1819 James Barbour, Virginia.
Nathaniel Macon, North
Carolina (2d session).
16th 1819-1821 James Brown, Louisiana.
James Barbour, Virginia (2d
session).
17th 1821-1823 Rufus King, New York.
James Barbour, Virginia (2d
session).
18th 1823-1825 James Barbour, Virginia (2d
session).
19th 1825-1827 Nathaniel Macon, North
Carolina.
Nathan Sanford, New York (2d
session).
20th 1827-1829 Nathaniel Macon, North
Carolina.
Littleton W. Tazewell,
Virginia (2d session).
21st 1829-1831 Littleton W. Tazewell,
Virginia (2d session).
22d 1831-1833 Littleton W. Tazewell,
Virginia.
John Forsyth, Georgia (2d
session).
23d 1833-1835 William Wilkins,
Pennsylvania.
Henry Clay, Kentucky (2d
session).
24th 1835-1837 Henry Clay, Kentucky.
James Buchanan, Pennsylvania
(2d session).
25th 1837-1839 James Buchanan, Pennsylvania.
26th 1839-1841 James Buchanan, Pennsylvania.
27th 1841-1843 William C. Rives, Virginia.
William S. Archer, Virginia
(3d session).
28th 1843-1845 William S. Archer, Virginia.
29th 1845-1847 William Allen, Ohio.
Ambrose H. Sevier, Arkansas
(2d session).
30th 1847-1849 Ambrose H. Sevier, Arkansas.
Edward A. Hannegan, Indiana
(2d session and part of 1st
beginning Mar. 14, 1848).
31st 1849-1851 Thomas H. Benton, Missouri
(special session).
William R. King, Alabama (1st
session).
Henry S. Foote, Mississippi
(2d session and part of 1st
beginning July 26, 1850).
32d 1851-1853 Henry S. Foote, Mississippi
(special session).
James M. Mason, Virginia.
33d 1853-1855 James M. Mason, Virginia.
34th 1855-1857 James M. Mason, Virginia.
35th 1857-1859 James M. Mason, Virginia.
36th 1859-1861 James M. Mason, Virginia.
37th 1861-1863 Charles Sumner,
Massachusetts.
38th 1863-1865 Charles Sumner,
Massachusetts.
39th 1865-1867 Charles Sumner,
Massachusetts.
40th 1867-1869 Charles Sumner,
Massachusetts.
41st 1869-1871 Charles Sumner,
Massachusetts.
42d 1871-1873 Simon Cameron, Pennsylvania.
43d 1873-1875 Simon Cameron, Pennsylvania.
44th 1875-1877 Simon Cameron, Pennsylvania.
45th 1877-1879 Simon Cameron, Pennsylvania
(special session).
Hannibal Hamlin, Maine.
46th 1879-1881 William W. Eaton,
Connecticut.
47th 1881-1883 Ambrose E. Burnside, Rhode
Island (lst special
session).
George F. Edmunds, Vermont
(2d special session).
William Windon, Minnesota.
48th 1883-1885 John F. Miller, California.
49th 1885-1887 John F Miller, California.
50th 1887-1889 John Sherman, Ohio.
51st 1889-1891 John Sherman, Ohio.
52d 1891-1893 John Sherman, Ohio.
53d 1893-1895 John T. Morgan, Alabama.
54th 1895-1897 John Sherman, Ohio.
55th 1897-1899 William P. Frye, Maine
(acting, special session).
Cushman K. Davis, Minnesota.
56th 1899-1901 Cushman K. Davis, Minnesota.
57th 1901-1903 William P. Frye, Maine
(acting, special session).
Shelby M. Cullom, Illinois.
58th 1903-1905 Shelby M. Cullom, Illinois.
59th 1905-1907 Shelby M. Cullom, Illinois.
60th 1907-1909 Shelby M. Cullom, Illinois.
61st 1909-1911 Shelby M. Cullom, Illinois.
62d 1911-1913 Shelby M. Cullom, Illinois.
63d 1913-1915 Augustus O. Bacon, Georgia
(died February 14, 1914)
William J. Stone, Missouri
(appointed Chairman March 2,
1914).
64th 1915-1917 William J. Stone, Missouri.
65th 1917-1919 William J. Stone, Missouri.
66th 1919-1921 Henry Cabot Lodge,
Massachusetts.
67th 1921-1923 Henry Cabot Lodge,
Massachusetts.
68th 1923-1925 Henry Cabot Lodge,
Massachusetts (died Nov. 9,
1924).
William E. Borah, Idaho
(appointed Chairman December
3, 1924).
69th 1925-1927 William E. Borah, Idaho.
70th 1927-1929 William E. Borah, Idaho.
71st 1929-1931 William E. Borah, Idaho.
72d 1931-1933 William E. Borah, Idaho.
73d 1933-1935 Key Pittman, Nevada.
74th 1935-1937 Key Pittman, Nevada.
75th 1937-1939 Key Pittman, Nevada.
76th 1939-1941 Key Pittman, Nevada (died
Nov. 11, 1940).
Walter F. George, Georgia
(appointed Chairman Nov. 25,
1940).
77th 1941-1943 Walter F. George, Georgia
(excused from chairmanship
June 31, 1941).
Tom Connally, Texas.
78th 1943-1945 Tom Connally, Texas.
79th 1945-1947 Tom Connally, Texas.
80th 1947-1949 Arthur H. Vandenberg,
Michigan.
81st 1949-1951 Tom Connally, Texas.
82d 1951-1953 Tom Connally, Texas.
83d 1953-1955 Alexander Wiley, Wisconsin.
84th 1955-1957 Walter F. George, Georgia.
85th 1957-1959 Theodore Francis Green, Rhode
Island.
86th 1959-1961 Theodore Francis Green, Rhode
Island (resigned
chairmanship Feb. 6, 1959).
J.W. Fulbright, Arkansas
(appointed Chairman Feb. 6,
1959).
87th 1961-1963 J.W. Fulbright, Arkansas.
88th 1963-1965 J.W. Fulbright, Arkansas.
89th 1965-1967 J.W. Fulbright, Arkansas.
90th 1967-1969 J.W. Fulbright, Arkansas.
91st 1969-1971 J.W. Fulbright, Arkansas.\1\
92d 1971-1973 J.W. Fulbright, Arkansas.
93d 1973-1975 J.W. Fulbright, Arkansas.
94th 1975-1977 John Sparkman, Alabama.
95th 1977-1979 John Sparkman, Alabama.
96th 1979-1981 Frank Church, Idaho.
97th 1981-1983 Charles H. Percy, Illinois.
98th 1983-1985 Charles H. Percy, Illinois.
99th 1985-1987 Richard G. Lugar, Indiana.
100th 1987-1989 Claiborne Pell, Rhode Island.
101st 1989-1991 Claiborne Pell, Rhode Island.
102d 1991-1993 Claiborne Pell, Rhode Island.
103d 1993-1995 Claiborne Pell, Rhode Island.
104th 1995-1997 Jesse Helms, North Carolina.
105th 1997-1999 Jesse Helms, North Carolina.
106th 1999-2001 Jesse Helms, North Carolina.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\On Apr. 24, 1970, Senator J.W. Fulbright became the longest-serving
Chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations.
Appendix IV
Staff Directors of the Committee on Foreign Relations
Following the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946 the
committee for the first time appointed a chief of staff (the
title was changed to staff director in 1979). Those who have
served in this position since 1947 are as follows:
1947-1955........................ Francis O. Wilcox
1955-1973........................ Carl M. Marcy
1974-1977........................ Pat M. Holt
1977-1978........................ Norvill Jones
1979-1980........................ William B. Bader
Albert A. Lakeland, Jr. (Minority)
1981-1983........................ Edward G. Sanders
Geryld B. Christianson (Minority)
1983-1984........................ Scott Cohen
Gerald B. Christianson (Minority)
1985-January 17, 1986............ Jeffrey T. Bergner
Geryld B. Christianson (Minority)
January 20, 1986-1987............ M. Graeme Bannerman
Geryld B. Christianson (Minority)
1987-1988........................ Geryld B. Christianson
James P. Lucier (Minority)
1989-1990........................ Geryld B. Christianson
James P. Lucier (Minority)
1991-1992........................ Geryld B. Christianson
James W. Nance (Minority)
1993-1994........................ Geryld B. Christianson
James W. Nance (Minority)
1995-1996........................ James W. Nance
Edwin K. Hall (Minority)
1997-1998........................ James W. Nance
Edwin K. Hall (Minority)
1998-1999........................ James W. Nance,\1\ Stephen E.
Biegun \2\
Edwin K. Hall (Minority)
1999-2000........................ Stephen E. Biegun
Edwin K. Hall (Minority)
\1\ Deceased May 11, 1999
\2\ Appointed May 24, 1999
Appendix V
Selected provisions of the Standing Rules of the Senate, relating to
committee procedures.
RULE XXVI
committee procedure
1. Each standing committee, including any subcommittee of
any such committee is authorized to hold such hearings, to sit
and act at such times and places during the sessions, recesses,
and adjourned periods of the Senate, to require by subpoena or
otherwise the attendance of such witnesses and the production
of such correspondence, books, papers, and documents, to take
such testimony and to make such expenditures out of the
contingent fund of the Senate as may be authorized by
resolutions of the Senate. Each such committee may make
investigations into any matter within its jurisdiction, may
report such hearings as may be had by it, and may employ
stenographic assistance at a cost not exceeding the amount
prescribed by the Committee on Rules and Administration. \1\
The expenses of the committee shall be paid from the contingent
fund of the Senate upon vouchers approved by the chairman.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Pursuant to section 68c of title 2, United States Code, the
Committee on Rules and Administration issues ``Regulations Governing
Rates Payable to Commercial Reporting Firms for Reporting Committee
Hearings in the Senate.'' Copies of the regulations currently in effect
may be obtained from the Committee.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. Each committee \2\ shall adopt rules (not inconsistent
with the Rules of the Senate) governing the procedure of such
committee. The rules of each committee shall be published in
the Congressional Record not later than March 1 of each year,
except that if any such committee is established on or after
February 1 of a year, the rules of that committee during the
year of establishment shall be published in the Congressional
Record not later than sixty days after such establishment. An
amendment to the rules of any such committee shall be published
in the Congressional Record not later than thirty days after
the adoption of such amendment. If the Congressional Record is
not published on the last day of any period referred to above,
such period shall be extended until the first day thereafter on
which it is published.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\2\ The term ``each committee'' when used in these rules includes
standing, select, and special committees unless otherwise specified.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. Each standing committee (except the Committee on
Appropriations) shall fix regular weekly, biweekly, or monthly
meeting days for the transaction of business before the
committee and additional meetings may be called by the chairman
as he may deem necessary. If at least three members of any such
committee desire that a special meeting of the committee be
called by the chairman, those members may file in the offices
of the committee their written request to the chairman for that
special meeting. Immediately upon the filing of the request,
the clerk of the committee shall notify the chairman of the
filing of the request. If, within three calendar days after the
filing of the request, the chairman does not call the requested
special meeting, to be held within seven calendar days after
the filing of the request, a majority of the members of the
committee may file in the offices of the committee their
written notice that a special meeting of the committee will be
held, specifying the date and hour of that special meeting. The
committee shall meet on that date and hour. Immediately upon
the filing of the notice the clerk of the committee shall
notify all members of the committee that such special meeting
will be held and inform them of its date and hour. If the
chairman of any such committee is not present at any regular,
additional, or special meeting of the committee, the ranking
member of the majority party on the committee who is present
shall preside at that meeting.
4. (a) Each committee (except the Committee on
Appropriations and the Committee on the Budget) shall make
public announcement of the date, place, and subject matter of
any hearing to be conducted by the committee on any measure or
matter at least one week before the commencement of that
hearing unless the committee determines that there is good
cause to begin such hearing at an earlier date.
(b) Each committee (except the Committee on Appropriations)
shall require each witness who is to appear before the
committee in any hearing to file with the clerk of the
committee, at least one day before the date of the appearance
of that witness, a written statement of his proposed testimony
unless the committee chairman and the ranking minority member
determine that there is good cause for noncompliance. If so
requested by any committee, the staff of the committee shall
prepare for the use of the members of the committee before each
day of hearing before the committee a digest of the statements
which have been so filed by witnesses who are to appear before
the committee on that day.
(c) After the conclusion of each day of hearing, is so
requested by any committee, the staff shall prepare for the use
of the members of the committee a summary of the testimony
given before the committee on that day. After approval by the
chairman and the ranking minority member of the committee, each
such summary may be printed as a part of the committee hearings
if such hearings are ordered by the committee to be printed.
(d) Whenever any hearing is conducted by a committee
(except the Committee on Appropriations) upon any measure or
matter, the minority on the committee shall be entitled, upon
request made by a majority of the minority members to the
chairman before the completion of such hearing to call
witnesses selected by the minority to testify with respect to
the measure or matter during at least one day of hearing
thereon.
5. (a) Notwithstanding any other provision of the rules,
when the Senate is in session, no committee of the Senate or
any subcommittee thereof may meet, without special leave, after
the conclusion of the first two hours after the meeting of the
Senate commenced and in no case after two o'clock post meridian
unless consent therefor has been obtained from the majority
leader and the minority leader (or in the event of the absence
of either of such leaders, from his designee). The prohibition
contained in the preceding sentence shall not apply to the
Committee on Appropriations or the Committee on the Budget. The
majority leader or his designee shall announce to the Senate
whenever consent has been given under this subparagraph and
shall state the time and place of such meeting. The right to
make such announcement of consent shall have the same priority
as the filing of a cloture motion.
(b) Each meeting of a committee, or any subcommittee
thereof, including meetings to conduct hearings, shall be open
to the public, except that a meeting or series of meetings by a
committee or a subcommittee thereof on the same subject for a
period of no more than fourteen calendar days may be closed to
the public on a motion made and seconded to go into closed
session to discuss only whether the matters enumerated in
clauses (1) through (6) would require the meeting to be closed,
followed immediately by a record vote in open session by a
majority of the members of the committee or subcommittee when
it is determined that the matters to be discussed or the
testimony to be taken at such meeting or meetings--
(1) will disclose matters necessary to be kept secret
in the interests of national defense or the
confidential conduct of the foreign relations of the
United States;
(2) will relate solely to matters of committee staff
personnel or internal staff management or procedure;
(3) will tend to charge an individual with crime or
misconduct, to disgrace or injure the professional
standing of an individual, or otherwise to expose an
individual to public contempt or obloquy or will
represent a clearly unwarranted invasion of the privacy
of an individual;
(4) will disclose the identity of any informer or law
enforcement agent or will disclose any information
relating to the investigation or prosecution of a
criminal offense that is required to be kept secret in
the interests of effective law enforcement;
(5) will disclose information relating to the trade
secrets of financial or commercial information
pertaining specifically to a given person if--
(A) an Act of Congress requires the
information to be kept confidential by
Government officers and employees; or
(B) the information has been obtained by the
Government on a confidential basis, other than
through an application by such person for a
specific Government financial or other benefit,
and is required to be kept secret in order to
prevent undue injury to the competitive
position of such person; or
(6) may divulge matters required to be kept
confidential under other provisions of law or
Government regulations.
(c) Whenever any hearing conducted by any such committee or
subcommittee is open to the public, that hearing may be
broadcast by radio or television, or both, under rules as the
committee or subcommittee may adopt.
(d) Whenever disorder arises during a committee meeting
that is open to the public, or any demonstration of approval or
disapproval is indulged in by any person in attendance at any
such meeting, it shall be the duty of the Chair to enforce
order on his own initiative and without any point of order
being made by a Senator. When the Chair finds it necessary to
maintain order, he shall have the power to clear the room, and
the committee may act in closed session for so long as there is
doubt of the assurance of order.
(e) Each committee shall prepare and keep a complete
transcript or electronic recording adequate to fully record the
proceeding of each meeting or conference whether or not such
meeting or any part thereof is closed under this paragraph,
unless a majority of its members vote to forgo such a record.
6. Morning meetings of committees and subcommittees thereof
shall be scheduled for one or both of the periods prescribed in
this paragraph. The first period shall end at eleven o'clock
ante meridian. The second period shall begin at eleven o'clock
ante meridian and end at two o'clock post meridian.
7. (a)(1) Except as provided in this paragraph, each
committee, and each subcommittee thereof is authorized to fix
the number of its members (but not less than one third of its
entire membership) who shall constitute a quorum thereof for
the transaction of such business as may be considered by said
committee, except that no measure or matter or recommendation
shall be reported from any committee unless a majority of the
committee were physically present.
(2) Each such committee, or subcommittee, is authorized to
fix a lesser number than one-third of its entire membership who
shall constitute a quorum thereof for the purpose of taking
sworn testimony.
(3) The vote of any committee to report a measure or matter
shall require the concurrence of a majority of the members of
the committee who are present. No vote of any member of any
committee to report a measure or matter may be cast by proxy if
rules adopted by such committee forbid the casting of votes for
that purpose by proxy; however, proxies may not be voted when
the absent committee member has not been informed of the matter
on which he is being recorded and has not affirmatively
requested that he be so recorded. Action by any committee in
reporting any measure or matter in accordance with the
requirements of this subparagraph shall constitute the
ratification by the committee of all action theretofore taken
by the committee with respect to that measure or matter,
including votes taken upon the measure or matter or any
amendment thereto, and no point of order shall lie with respect
to that measure or matter on the ground that such previous
action with respect thereto by such committee was not taken in
compliance with such requirements.
(b) Each committee (except the Committee on Appropriations)
shall keep a complete record of all committee action. Such
record shall include a record of the votes on any question on
which a record vote is demanded. The results of roll call votes
taken in any meeting of any committee upon any measure, or any
amendment thereto, shall be announced in the committee report
on that measure unless previously announced by the committee,
and such announcement shall include a tabulation of the votes
cast in favor of and the votes cast in opposition to each such
measure and amendment by each member of the committee who was
present at that meeting.
(c) Whenever any committee by roll call vote reports any
measure or matter, the report of the committee upon such
measure or matter shall include a tabulation of the votes cast
by each member of the committee in favor of and in opposition
to such measure or matter. Nothing contained in this
subparagraph shall abrogate the power of any committee to adopt
rules--
(1) providing for proxy voting on all matters other
than the reporting of a measure or matter, or
(2) providing in accordance with subparagraph (a) for
a lesser number as a quorum for any action other than
the reporting of a measure or matter.
8. In order to assist the Senate in--
(1) its analysis, appraisal, and evaluation of the
application, administration, and execution of the laws
enacted by the Congress, and
(2) its formulation, consideration, and enactment of
such modifications of or changes in those laws, and of
such additional legislation, as may be necessary or
appropriate,
each standing committee (except the committees on
Appropriations and the Budget), shall review and study, on a
continuing basis the application, administration, and execution
of those laws, or parts of laws, the subject matter of which is
within the legislative jurisdiction of that committee. Such
committees may carry out the required analysis, appraisal, and
evaluation themselves, or by contract, or may require a
Government agency to do so and furnish a report thereon to the
Senate. Such committees may rely on such techniques as pilot
testing, analysis of costs in comparison with benefits, or
provision for evaluation after a defined period of time.
(b) In each odd-numbered year, each such committee shall
submit not later than March 31, to the Senate, a report on the
activities of that committee under this paragraph during the
Congress ending at noon on January 3 of such year.
9. (a) Except as provided in subparagraph (b), each
committee shall report one authorization resolution each year
authorizing the committee to make expenditures out of the
contingent fund of the Senate to defray its expenses, including
the compensation of members of its staff and agency
contributions related to such compensation, during the period
beginning on March 1 of such year and ending on the last day of
February of the following year. Such annual authorization
resolution shall be reported not later than January 31 of each
year, except that, whenever the designation of members of
standing committees of the Senate occurs during the first
session of a Congress at a date later than January 20, such
resolution may be reported at any time within thirty days after
the date on which the designation of such members is completed.
After the annual authorization resolution of a committee for a
year has been agreed to, such committee may procure
authorization to make additional expenditures out of the
contingent fund of the Senate during that year only by
reporting a supplemental authorization resolution. Each
supplemental authorization resolution reported by a committee
shall amend the annual authorization resolution of such
committee for that year and shall be accompanied by a report
specifying with particularity the purpose for which such
authorization is sought and the reason why such authorization
could not have been sought at the time of the submission by
such committee of its annual authorization resolution for that
year.
(b) In lieu of the procedure provided in subparagraph (a),
the Committee on Rules and Administration may--
(1) direct each committee to report an authorization
resolution for a two year budget period beginning on March
1 of the first session of a Congress; and
(2) report one authorization resolution containing more
than one committee authorization resolution for a one year
or two year budget period.
10. (a) All committee hearings, records, data, charts, and
files shall be kept separate and distinct from the
congressional office records of the Member serving as chairman
of the committee; and such records shall be the property of the
Senate and all members of the committee and the Senate shall
have access to such records. Each committee is authorized to
have printed and bound such testimony and other data presented
at hearings held by the committee.
(b) It shall be the duty of the chairman of each committee
to report or cause to be reported promptly to the Senate any
measure approved by his committee and to take or cause to be
taken necessary steps to bring the matter to a vote. In any
event, the report of any committee upon a measure which has
been approved by the committee shall be filed within seven
calendar days (exclusive of days on which the Senate is not in
session) after the day on which there has been filed with the
clerk of the committee a written and signed request of a
majority of the committee for the reporting of that measure.
Upon the filing of any such request, the clerk of the committee
shall transmit immediately to the chairman of the committee
notice of the filing of that request. This subparagraph does
not apply to the Committee on Appropriations.
(c) If at the time of approval of a measure or matter by
any committee (except for the Committee on Appropriations), any
member of the committee gives notice of intention to file
supplemental, minority, or additional views, that member shall
be entitled to-not less than three calendar days in which to
file such views, in writing, with the clerk of the committee.
All such views so filed by one or more members of the committee
shall be included within, and shall be a part of, the report
filed by the committee with respect to that measure or matter.
The report of the committee upon that measure or matter shall
be printed in a single volume which--
(1) shall include all supplemental, minority, or
additional views which have been submitted by the time
of the filing of the report, and
(2) shall bear upon its cover a recital that
supplemental, minority, or additional views are
included as part of the report.
This subparagraph does not preclude--
(A) the immediate filing and printing of a committee
report unless timely request for the opportunity to
file supplemental, minority, or additional views has
been made as provided by this subparagraph; or
(B) the filing by any such committee of any
supplemental report upon any measure or matter which my
be required for the correction of any technical error
in a previous report made by that committee upon that
measure or matter.
11. (a) The report accompanying each bill or joint
resolution of a public character reported by any committee
(except the Committee on Appropriations and the Committee on
the Budget) shall contain--
(1) an estimate, made by such committee, of the costs
which would be incurred in carrying out such bill or
joint resolution in the fiscal year in which it is
reported and in each of the five fiscal years following
such fiscal year (or for the authorized duration of any
program authorized by such bill or joint resolution, if
less than five years), except that, in the case of
measures affecting the revenue, such reports shall
require only an estimate of the gain or loss in
revenues for a one-year period; and
(2) a comparison of the estimate of costs described
in subparagraph (1) made by such committee with any
estimate of costs made by any Federal agency; or
(3) in lieu of such estimate or comparison, or both,
a statement of the reasons why compliance by the
committee with the requirements of subparagraph (1) or
(2), or both, is impracticable.
(b) each such report (except those by the Committee on
Appropriations) shall also contain--
(1) an evaluation, made by such committee, of the
regulatory impact which would be incurred in carrying
out the bill or joint resolution. The evaluation shall
include (A) an estimate of the numbers of individuals
and businesses who would be regulated and a
determination of the groups and classes of such
individuals and businesses, (B) a determination of the
economic impact of such regulation on the individuals,
consumers, and businesses affected, (C) a determination
of the impact of the personal privacy of the
individuals affected, and (D) a determination of the
amount of additional paperwork that will result from
the regulations to be promulgated pursuant to the bill
or joint resolution, which determination may include,
but need not be limited to, estimates of the amount of
time and financial costs required of affected parties,
showing whether the effects of the bill or joint
resolution could be substantial, as well as reasonable
estimates of the recordkeeping requirements that may be
associated with the bill or joint resolution; or
(2) in lieu of such evaluation, a statement of the
reasons why compliance by the committee with the
requirements of clause (1) is impracticable.
(c) It shall not be in order for the Senate to consider any
such bill or joint resolution if the report of the committee on
such bill or joint resolution does not comply with the
provisions of subparagraphs (a) and (b) on the objection of any
Senator.
12. Whenever a committee reports a bill or a joint
resolution repealing or amending any statute or part thereof it
shall make a report thereon and shall include in such report or
in an accompanying document (to be prepared by the staff of
such committee) (a) the text of the statute or part thereof
which is proposed to be repealed; and (b) a comparative print
of that part of the bill or joint resolution making the
amendment and of the statute or part thereof proposed to be
amended, showing by stricken through type and italics, parallel
columns, or other appropriate typographical devices the
omissions and insertions which would be made by the bill or
joint resolution if enacted in the form recommended by the
committee. This paragraph shall not apply to any such report in
which it is stated that, in the opinion of the committee, it is
necessary to dispense with the requirement of this subsection
to expedite the business of the Senate--
13. (a) Each committee (except the Committee on
Appropriations) which has legislative jurisdiction shall, in
its consideration of all bills and joint resolutions of a
public character within its jurisdiction, endeavor to insure
that--
(1) all continuing programs of the Federal Government
and of the government of the District of Columbia,
within the jurisdiction of such committee or joint
committee, are designed; and
(2) all continuing activities of Federal agencies,
within the jurisdiction of such committee or joint
committee, are carried on;
so that, to the extent consistent with the nature,
requirements, and objectives of those programs and activities,
appropriations therefor will be made annually.
(b) Each committee (except the Committee on Appropriations)
shall with respect to any continuing program within its
jurisdiction for which appropriations are not made annually,
review such program, from time to time, in order to ascertain
whether such program could be modified so that appropriations
therefor would be made annually.
Appendix VI
The Role of Congress in Foreign Policy: Selected References
Prepared by the Congressional Research Service,
Library of Congress
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p.
Destler, I. M. Dateline Washington: Congress as Boss? Foreign
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264 p.
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Chapter 8 contains material on the Senate Foreign
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Appendix VII
Authorizing Resolution, S. Res. 310