[Senate Document 105-27]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]



105th Congress, 2d Session . . . . . . . . . . . Senate Document 105-27

 
           NATIONAL DEBATE TOPIC FOR HIGH SCHOOLS, 1998-99


_______________________________________________________________________


              Resolved that the United States Should 
                       Substantially Change 
                 Its Foreign Policy Toward Russia

_______________________________________________________________________


           NATIONAL DEBATE TOPIC FOR HIGH SCHOOLS, 1998-99
           Pursuant to 44 United States Code, Section 1333


           Compiled by the Congressional Research Service
                         Library of Congress





                     U.S. Government Printing Office
                           Washington DC 1998



                    44 U.S. CODE SECTION 1333

     (a)  The Librarian of Congress shall prepare compilations of 
pertinent excerpts, bibliographical references, and other appropriate 
materials relating to:
     (1) the subject selected annually by the National University 
Extension Association as the national high school debate topic and 
     (2) the subject selected annually by the American Speech 
Association as the national college debate topic.  

     In preparing the compilations the Librarian shall include 
materials which in his judgment are representative of, and give equal 
emphasis to, the opposing points of view on the respective topics.
     (b)  The compilations on the high school debate topics shall be 
printed as Senate documents and the compilations on the college debate 
topics shall be printed as House of Representative documents, the cost 
of which shall be charged to the congressional allotment for printing 
and binding.  Additional copies of such documents may be printed in 
the quantities and distributed in the manner as the Joint Committee on 
Printing directs.

(Pub. L. 90-620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1270.)



                                CONTENTS

FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  V
GENERAL INFORMATION  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
FOREIGN RELATIONS ISSUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
MILITARY POLICY ISSUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
ECONOMIC ISSUES  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
AVAILABLE GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS ON THE 1998-1999
   HIGH SCHOOLD DEBATE TOPIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69






                             Foreword

     The 1998-1999 high school debate topic is "Resolved that the 
United States should substantially change its foreign policy toward 
Russia."

     In complilance with 44 U.S. Code, section 1333, the Congressional 
Research Service of the Library of Congress prepared this bibliography 
to assist high school debaters in researching the topic.  This 
bibliography is intended to assist debaters in the identification of 
further references and resources on the topic.  In selecting items for 
this manual, the Congressional Research Service (CRS) has sampled a 
wide spectrum of opinions reflected in the current literature on this 
issue.  No preference for any policy is indicated by the selection or 
positioning of articles cited, nor is CRS disapproval of any policy or 
article to be inferred from its omission.

     Some of the U.S. government documents listed in this bibliography 
may be found in U.S. government depository libraries, which can be 
identified by local public or college libraries.  The Library of 
Congress cannot distribute copies of these or other materials to 
debaters.  This manual is also available on the GPO Access Home Page 
on the World Wide Web (http://access.gpo.gov)

     The bibliography was prepared by Sherry B. Shapiro, Information 
Resources Specialist, Foreign Affairs and National Defense, Library 
Services Division, CRS.  Production was made possible by C. Lee 
Burwasser, Library Services Division.  Thanks are extended to James P. 
Nichol, Analyst in Foreign Affairs, Foreign Affairs and National 
Defense Division, and Marsha Cerny, Asssistant Head, Subject 
Specialization Section, Library Services Division for their review of 
this product. 

     Good luck to each debater in researching, preparing and 
presenting arguments on this year's topic. 


                                Daniel P. Mulhollan, Director
                               Congressional Research Service



              Resolved that the United States Should 
                       Substantially Change 
                 Its Foreign Policy Toward Russia

                 An Annotated Bibliography on the
                1998-1999 High School Debate Topic


                         Sherry B. Shapiro
                       Senior Bibliographer
                     Library Services Division


                      with the assistance of
              Lee Burwasser, Bibliographic Assistant


                           October 1998




                        GENERAL INFORMATION

The Access guide to ethnic conflicts in Europe and the former Soviet 
    Union. Edited by Bruce Seymore II.  Washington, Access, 1994.  
    171 p. 

After the Soviet Union.  Washington, United Nations High Commissioner 
    for Refugees, 1994.  30 p. 
        Contents.--Population displacement in the former Soviet Union.--
    Chilly reception for refugees in Russia.--Hostages of the empire.--
    Bitter legacy of banishment.--Tip of the iceberg.--Conflict in the 
    Caucasus.

Albini, Joseph L.  Anderson, Julie.
    Whatever happened to the KGB?  International journal of 
    intelligence and counterintelligence, v. 11, spring 1998: 26-56.
        "Contrary to Russia's claim that following the August 1991 coup 
    attempt to reinstall hard-liners the KGB was dismantled and 
    `disappeared into thin air,' the notorious secret police and 
    intelligence service continues to exist.  Any alterations in KGB 
    techniques and methods have been merely cosmetic."

Alexander, James.
    Uncertain conditions in the Russian transition: the popular drive
    towards stability in a `stateless' environment.  Europe-Asia 
    studies, v. 50, May 1998: 415-443.
        "This article examines what the collapse of the Soviet state 
    has meant to the Russian people, more specifically, the residents 
    of two provincial Russian cities, Syktyvkar and Kirov."

Aris, Ben.
    Russia's youth culture.  Russia review, v. 5, June 5, 1998: 22-23.
        "After growing up surrounded by a Western-style consumerism
    which their parents' generation never encountered, Russian youth 
    look and behave more like their foreign contemporaries than 
    perhaps any other population group."

Argenbright, Robert.
    The Soviet agitational vehicle: state power on the social frontier.
    Political geography, v. 17, Mar. 1998: 253-272.
        Examines the historical spread of communism after the Bolshevik
    revolution in Russia.

The Baltic states after communism.  International politics, v. 33, 
    Mar. 1996:  27-43.
        Contents.--When nations challenge and nations rule: Estonia and
    Latvia as ethnic democracies, by Graham Smith.--Citizenship and
    ethno-politics in Lithuania, by Vesna Popovski.--The nature of
    authoritarianism in interwar Estonia, by Andres Kasekamp.--The 
    origin of the national movements in Russia's Baltic provinces in 
    the latter half of the nineteenth century, by James D.  White.--
    The Baltic states in transition, by Tauno Tiusanen.--The 
    globalisation of the Latvian economy since 1991, by Nick Dale. 

Batalden, Stephen K.   Batalden, Sandra L.
     The newly independent states of Eurasia: handbook of former 
     Soviet republics.  2nd ed.  Phoenix, Ariz., Oryx, 1997.  233 p.

Beyond the monolith: the emergence of regionalism in post-Soviet 
    Russia. Edited by Peter J. Stavrakis, Joan DeBardeleben, and Larry 
    Black. Washington, W. Wilson Center Press; Baltimore, Johns Hopkins
    University Press, 997.  259 p.            
        "Published in cooperation with the Institute of Central/East
    European and Russian-Area Studies, Carlton University, Ottawa."

Beyond Soviet studies.  Edited by Daniel Orlovsky.  [Washington] The
     Woodrow Wilson Center Press; [Baltimore, Md.] Distributed by John
     Hopkins University Press, 1995.  349 p.  (Woodrow Wilson Center
     special studies)

Beyond the Soviet Union: the fragmentation of power.  Edited by Max 
     Beloff. Aldershot, England; Brookfield, Vt., Ashgate, 1997.  
     285 p. 

Boeck, Brian J.
    Probing parity between history and oral tradition: putting Shora
    Nogmov's History of the Adygei people in its place.  Central Asian
    survey, v. 17, June 1998: 319-336.
        Examines the role of non-Slavic people in Russian history.

Brawer, Moshe.
    Atlas of Russia and the independent republics.  New York, Simon &
    Schuster, 1994.  1 atlas (144 p.)
        Includes information on the history, natural features, 
    population, and communications network of the former Soviet Union.

The breakup of the Soviet Union: opposing viewpoints.  Edited by 
    William Barbour and Carol Wekesser.  San Diego, Greenhaven Press, 
    c1994.  264 p.  (Opposing viewpoints series)
        A collection of articles debating issues related to the 
    collapse of the former Soviet Union, the future of the region, and 
    America's foreign policy there.

Brown, Sarah.
    Modern tales of the Russian army.  World policy journal, v. 14, 
    spring 1997: 61-70.                                       
        "It is no secret that Russia's army is undergoing a difficult 
    period of transition.  Even before the war in Chechnya began in 
    December 1994, the military budget had been drastically reduced, 
    soldiers' wages had dried up, military bases were in disrepair, 
    and enlisted men across Russia were living in substandard 
    conditions."

Brubaker, Rogers.
    Nationalism reframed: nationhood and the national question in the 
    New Europe.  Cambridge; New York, Cambridge University Press, 1996.
    202 p.

The Cambridge encyclopedia of Russia and the former Soviet Union.  
    Edited by Archie Brown, Michael Kaser and Gerald S. Smith.  2nd ed.
    Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]; New York : Cambridge University Press,
    1994.  604 p.                                         DK14.C35 1994
         First published under title: The Cambridge encyclopedia of 
    Russia and the Soviet Union.

Chufrin, Gennady I.  Saunders, Harold H.
    The politics of conflict prevention in Russia and the near abroad. 
    Washington quarterly, v. 20, autumn 1997: 35-54.   
        "Nowhere is the politics of the unfolding Russian-U.S. 
    relationship more clearly and broadly revealed than in the `near 
    abroad,' those states of the former Soviet Union beyond Russia's 
    borders, excluding the Baltics.  Nowhere else can one see more 
    sharply what each side really wants and fears in Russian-U.S. 
    interaction on the world stage.  Although unfamiliar to most 
    Americans and an area where most Russians are unaccustomed to U.S. 
    intervention, the Near Abroad is the one region where the two 
    powers are beginning to define the key elements of a sound working 
    relationship."

Cohen, Ariel.
    Russia's assault on religious freedom.  Washington, Heritage
    Foundation, 1997.  7 p.  (Backgrounder no. 1137)   
        "Religious freedom in Russia once again is in danger.  On 
    September 4, 1997, President Boris Yeltsin signed and sent to 
    legislators in the Duma a draft bill `On Freedom of Conscience and 
    on Religious Organizations' which, if passed, will redefine church-
    state relations in Russia.  The draft incorporates Yeltsin's minor 
    changes in a bill that he had vetoed after it was passed by the 
    parliament this summer.  In every essential respect, however, this 
    `compromise' represents only cosmetic changes in the original 
    harmful bill.  If passed, this legislation will turn back the 
    clock on religious freedom in Russia."

The Collapse of the Soviet empire: managing the regional fall-out.  
    Edited by Trevor Taylor.  London, Royal Institute of International 
    Affairs: International Institute for Global Peace, 1992.  189 p.  
    (Security  challenges for Japan and Europe in a post-cold war world; 
    v. 1)
         Contents.--State and nation in the former Soviet Union, by 
    Neil Malcolm--The social and ideological consequences of the 
    collapse of communism and the Soviet Union, by Peter Ferdinand--
    Economic implications of change in the former Soviet Union, by 
    Reizo Utagawa -- Economic and technical assistance to the former 
    Soviet Union, by Margot Light--Japanese-Russian relations: issues 
    and future perspectives, by Hiroshi Kimura--The impact of changes 
    in the former Soviet Union on the communist states of Asia, by 
    Yoshiaki Nakagawa--The impact of changes in the former Soviet Union 
    on Eastern Europe, by Yves Boyer--The security implications of 
    changes in the former Soviet Union for Western Europe, by Trevor 
    Taylor--The security implications of changes in the former Soviet 
    Union for Asia and Japan, by Satoshi Morimoto--Disarmament and arms 
    control in the post-cold war world, by Ryukichi Imai--European 
    perceptions of the new security situation, by Laurence Martin--
    Japanese perceptions of the new security situation, by Seizaburo 
    Sato.

Dobbs, Michael.
    Down with Big Brother: the fall of the Soviet Empire.  New York, 
    Alfred A. Knopf, 1997.  502 p.
        Details events leading up to the fall of the Soviet Union.

Does Russian democracy have a future?  Edited by Stephen J. Blank and 
    Earl H. Tilford, Jr.  [Carlisle Barracks, Pa.], Strategic Studies 
    Institute, U.S. Army War College, 1994.  162 p. 
         Contents.--The impact of the parliamentary elections on 
    Russian democracy, by Stephen J. Blank--The Russian elections and 
    the future of military-to-military contacts: the spector of 
    Zhirinovsky, by Jacob W. Kipp--The impact  of the Russian 
    elections on civil-military relations, by Thomas M. Nichols--
    Russia's crisis of evolving statehood: the impact of the new 
    constitution  and of the parliamentary elections, by Jessica Eve 
    Stern--The United States and a resurgent Russia: a new Cold War or a 
    balance of power recast?  by Ilya Prizel.

Five years after the collapse of the USSR.  Post-Soviet affairs, v. 13,
    Jan.-Mar. 1997: 1-18.
        "Based on presentations at a panel discussion held at the 
    annual convention of the American Association for the Advancement 
    of Slavic Studies, Boston, MA, November 16, 1996."

Freedman, Robert O.
    Russia and Iran: a tactical alliance.  SAIS review, v. 17, 
    summer-fall 1997: 93-109.     
        "Russia and Iran have formed a relationship based on mutual
    advantage.  Iran serves Moscow as a tactical ally, and Russia 
    provides Iran with arms and diplomatic respect.  While their 
    alliance has developed smoothly to date, a number of potential 
    obstacles loom ahead."

Garnett, Sherman.
    Russia's illusory ambitions.  Foreign affairs, v. 76, Mar.-Apr. 
    1997:  61-76.  
        "While Russia is wedged between its visions of grandeur and its 
    reduced capabilities, the consolidation of Ukraine and Uzbekistan, 
    the rise of China, and the assertion of the newly independent 
    rimland states are transforming Eurasia.  Russia must come to 
    terms with its neighbors' ascendancy and its own economic and 
    military decline. Acting otherwise could plunge Eurasia into 
    turmoil and usher in a new era of tension between Russia and the 
    United States."

Goetz, Roland.
    Russian security policy options and their price.  Aussenpolitik, 
    v. 47, 1996: 254-261.
        "This article highlights the relationship between Russia's 
    foreign policy orientation and ecomonic development." 

Haslam, Jonathan.
    Russia's seat at the table: a place denied or a place delayed?  
    International affairs, v. 74, Jan. 1998: 119-130.
        "The simultaneous expansion of NATO and enlargement of the EU 
    raise questions as to the proper place for Russia in Europe."

Hupchick, Dennis P.
    Conflict and chaos in Eastern Europe.  1st. ed.  New York, St. 
    Martin's Press, 1995.  322 p. 

Jordan, Pamela.
    The Russian Advokatura (bar) and the state of the 1990s.  Europe-
    Asia studies, v. 50, July 1998: 765-791.
        "Beginning in the late 1980s Gorbachev-era reforms, advocates
    encountered opportunities for gaining significantly more control 
    over their professional programmes.  This article will examine 
    whether, since the late 1980s, advocates have in fact benefited 
    from those opportunities by becoming relatively autonomous from 
    state officials, or whether their relations are still strongly 
    influenced by Soviet-era legacies."

Juviler, Peter H.
    Freedom's ordeal: the struggle for human rights and democracy in 
    post-Soviet states.  Philadelphia, PENN, University of Pennsylvania 
    Press, 1998.  283 p.  (Pennsylvania studies in human rights)

Kaminski, Matthew.  Palchikoff, Kim.
    The crisis to come.  Newsweek, v. 129, Apr. 14, 1997: 44-46.
        This article says "health officials in the former USSR face an 
    AIDS epidemic they can't begin to handle.  By 2000, 800,000 people 
    may be infected in Russia."

Kovalsky, Nicolai A.
    Russia and Mediterranean security.  Mediterranean quarterly, v. 8,
    spring 1997: 102-118.
        "The global security of Russia is linked with the security of 
    the adjacent regions of Europe and Asia, but the Mediterranean and 
    the Black Sea space plays a special role.  It is a part of the 
    so-called arc of vulnerability, which stretches from Gibraltar 
    through the Black Sea and Middle East and up to India and China.  
    Stormy events and conflicts in this area have posed dangerous 
    challenges for both European and Russian security."

Kramer, Mark.
    Down on the Soviet farm: collectivization and its discontents. 
    Technology review, v. 99, Apr. 1996: 43-53.
        "Reformers in the former Soviet Union thought privatization was 
    key to boosting the nation's flagging agricultural productivity.  
    But as the story of an ambitious young entrepreneur shows, unless 
    one is exceptionally nimble, the person who tries to break with the 
    established system is likely to be broken by it."

Laird, Roy D.
    Kolkhozy, the Russian Achilles heel: failed agrarian reform. 
    Europe-Asia Studies, v. 49, May 1997: 469-478.
        Reviews the continuing legacy of Soviet agricultural policy on 
    current Russian agricultural conditions.

Lapidus, Gail W.
    Contested sovereignty: the tragedy of Chechnya.  International 
    security, v. 23, summer 1998: 5-49.
        "The first section of this article examines the underlying 
    causes and more immediate catalysts of the conflict over Chechnya, 
    arguing that both the historical legacy of Chechen-Russian 
    relations and the political fluidity associated with the 
    dissolution of the USSR made this relationship an exceptionally 
    contentious one.  The second section traces the major stages and 
    turning points in the evolution of the conflict, focusing 
    particular attention on the role of intra-elite competition in 
    Moscow as well as Grozny.  The third section examines the failure 
    of the two parties directly involved and of Western governments and 
    international organizations to utilize a variety of available 
    instruments to prevent the resort to military force or to deter its 
    escalation, and offers an explanation of that failure."

Lehman, Susan Goodrich.
    Islam and ethnicity in the Republics of Russia.  Post Soviet 
    affairs, v. 13, Jan.-Mar. 1997: 78-103.
        "Results of survey research conducted in 1993 among Muslims in 
    the five Islamic Autonomous Republics of Russia.  The data 
    demonstrate that the strength of Islam as both a religious and 
    social institution varied regionally despite the shared experience 
    of Soviet anti-religious policies."

Lubin, Nancy.  Ware, Monica.
    Aid to the former Soviet Union: when less is more.  Surviving 
    together, v. 14, spring 1996: 5-7.
        "Participants with strong partnerships and expertise in the NIS 
    often have limited expertise in tapping into US government 
    assistance funds.  Likewise, despite inevitable problems in the way 
    US programs are designed and implemented, there are few 
    constructive feedback mechanisms to raise these problems within the 
    assistance community and encourage change.  The new umbrellas 
    should be equipped to act as clearinghouses--informing small 
    partnerships of opportunities, and where relevant, providing 
    constructive feedback to the government on how assistance monies 
    are spent."

Mandelbaum, Michael.
    Westernizing Russia and China.  Foreign affairs, v. 76, May-June 
    1997: 80-95.
        "In one sense Russia and China pose the same problems.  An 
    international order of trade and cooperation has been established, 
    and the two countries are in the process of joining.  But their 
    central governments are weak--Russia's military is quasi-
    independent of Moscow, China's factories do not heed Beijing.  
    Humiliation over national decline prompts symbolic defiance of the 
    United States. Ukraine and Taiwan remain dangerous flash points 
    that call for tacit deterrence.  Like adolescents, Russia and 
    China are in a transitional stage requiring patience and guidance 
    rather than confrontation."

Melvin, Neil J.
    The consolidation of a new regional elite: the case of Omsk 1987-
    1995. Europe-Asia studies, v. 50, June 1998: 619-650.
        Examines how the Russian Federation has dealt with areas like 
    Omsk.  "As a result of the growing power of the regional elite, 
    Moscow has been forced to accommodate the demands of this important 
    section of Russian society; most obviously in the form of a set of 
    bilateral treaties with the provinces."

Monitor: a daily briefing on the post Soviet states; Internet file.
     http://www.jamestown.org/monitor.htm ((as of Feb. 9, 1996).)

Nation, R. Craig.  McFaul, Michael.
    The United States and Russia into the 21st Century.  Carlisle, 
    Pa., U.S. Army War College, Strategic Studies Institute, 1997. 
    70 p.
        Presents two essays on U.S. policy toward Russia.

Nelan, Bruce W.
    Nuclear disarray.  Time, v. 149, May 19, 1997: 46-48.
        Examines the status of Russia's nuclear arsenal.

New states, new politics: building the post-Soviet nations.  Edited by 
    Ian Bremmer and Ray Taras.  Cambridge [England]; New York, 
    Cambridge University Press, 1997.  743 p. 
        "Succeeds and replaces Nations [i.e. Nation] and politics in 
    the Soviet successor states, published ... in 1993"--T.p. verso.

Nichol, James P.
    Diplomacy in the former Soviet Republics.  Westport, Ct., Praeger, 
    1995.  244 p.
        Details the diplomacy of the former Soviet Union and presents 
    case by case examples.

Neimanis, George J.
    The collapse of the Soviet Empire: a view from Riga.  Westport, 
    Conn., Praeger, 1997.  153 p.

Odom, William E.   Dujarric, Robert.
    Commonwealth or empire?  Russia, Central Asia, and the 
    Transcaucasus. Indianapolis, Hudson Institute, 1995.  290 p.

Olcott, Martha Brill.
    Central Asia's new states: independence, foreign policy, and 
    regional security.  Washington, United States Institute of Peace 
    Press, 1996. 202 p.

Olson, Carl L.  Seidenberg, Mark J.  Selle, Robert W.
    U.S.-Russian maritime boundary giveaway.  Orbis, v. 42, winter 
    1998: 75-89.
        "Where precisely to fix the maritime boundary between the two 
    countries in the Arctic Ocean and Bering Sea."

Ordeshook, Peter C.
     Lessons for citizens of a new democracy.  Cheltenham, UK; 
     Northampton, Mass., Edward Elgar Publ., 1998.  (The Shaftesbury 
     papers; 10)
        This work will be available later in 1998.

Peach, Gary.
    Investing in Russia in 1998.  Russia review, v. 5, Jan. 30, 1998: 
    14-17.
        "Every year the job gets more difficult.  After three straight 
    years of stupefying returns on international equity markets, 
    during which the Dow Jones doubled, and more to the point, The 
    Moscow Times Index catapulted 320 percent, stocks from around the 
    world have reached unfathomable highs."

Perspectives on political and economic transitions after communism.  
    Edited by John S. Micgiel.  New York, Institute on East Central 
    Europe, Columbia University, 1997.  267 p.
         "Proceedings of a graduate student conference held February 
    28-March 1, 1997 at Columbia University. Sponsored by the 
    Institute on East Central Europe and the Harriman Institute, 
    Columbia University."

Petro, Nicolai.
    Legacy of containment: reshaping US foreign policy toward Russia. 
    Harvard international review, v. 19, fall 1997: 38-39, 62-63. 
        Argues that "to restore the tenor of US-Russian relations, a 
    more consistent treatment of Russia is needed."

Pipes, Richard.
    Is Russia still an enemy?  Foreign affairs, v. 76, Sept.-Oct. 
    1997: 65-78.
        "Russia's interests demand good relations with everyone, but 
    older, darker forces tempt it to avenge its fall from 
    superpowerdom.  Westernizing democrats govern for now, but 
    ex-communist elites and embittered generals scheme to reinvigorate 
    the military and reassert control over the borderlands.  Their 
    machinations are creating a fault line across the oil-rich 
    Caucasus and Central Asia.  For Russia to neglect its 
    reconstruction to pursue the illusion of power would be a 
    monumental mistake.  While the expansion of NATO is misconceived, 
    the West must not encourage Russian hard-liners with unmerited 
    concessions."

Pluchinsky, Dennis A.
    Terrorism in the former Soviet Union: a primer, a puzzle, a 
    prognosis. Studies in conflict & terrorism, v. 21, Apr.-June 1998: 
    119-147.
        "This article examines political terrorist activity in the 
    fifteen newly independent states of the former Soviet Union and the 
    problems that security and terrorism analysts will encounter when 
    assessing this activity." 

Popova, Tatiana.  Tekoniemi, Merja.
    Challenges to reforming Russia's tax system.  Review of economies 
    in transition, no. 1, 1998: 13-30.
        The objectives of Russia's new Tax Code (1997) were "to ensure 
    simplification of the tax system, restoration of tax discipline, 
    stimulation of production and protection of adequate tax revenues. 
    Subsequently, there has been much discussion as to whether these 
    objectives can be achieved by the proposed Tax Code draft, and 
    thousands of amendments have been proposed.  The discussion has 
    centered around income and enterprise taxation, i.e. areas where 
    Russian practice differs considerably from other countries."

Rozman, Gilbert.
    The crisis of the Russian Far East: who is to blame?  Problems of 
    post-communism, v. 44, Sept.-Oct. 1997: 3-12.
        "The Russian Far East has failed to realize its potential as a
    regional economic and political power.  Until leaders stop 
    shifting the blame and take a concerted stand, Russia's gateway to 
    the Pacific will remain closed."

Russia: a country study.  Edited by Glenn E. Curtis.  Washington, 
    Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, for sale by the 
    Supt. of Docs., G.P.O., 1998.  728 p.
        Provides background information on Russia's politics, 
    government, economics, industry and other topics.

Russia after communism.  Edited by Anders Aslund and Martha Brill 
    Olcott.  Washington, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 
    1997.
        This work will be available late in 1998.

Russia and Eurasia.  Current history, v. 96, Oct. 1997: whole issue
    (305-352 p.).
        Contents.--The United States and the new Russia: the first five 
    years, by Raymond L. Garthoff.--Russia's reform effort: is there 
    growth at the end of the tunnel? by Marshall I. Goldman.--Democracy 
    unfolds in Russia, by Michael McFaul.--The pitfalls of Russian 
    superpresi- dentialism, by M. Steven Fish.--"Normal" Russia, by 
    Vladimir Shlapentokh.-- Tajikistan's civil war, by Muriel Atkin.--
    The unruly caucasus--the oil rush in the Caucasus, by Robert E. 
    Ebel.

Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States: documents, data, and 
    analysis.  Zbigniew Brzezinski and Paige Sullivan, editors. Armonk, 
    N.Y., M. E. Sharpe, 1997.  866 p.
        Documents "the Russian efforts since 1992 to make the CIS into 
    a more viable instrument of economic and political integration, 
    and the ambivalent--and, in some cases, negative--responses from 
    the newly independent non-Russian states."

Russia in transition: politics, privatisation and inequality.  Edited 
    by David Lane.  London; New York, Longman, 1995.  237 p.

Russia's world turned upside down.  Orbis, v. 39, summer 1995: 327-415.
        Contents.--The Russian Federation's fight for survival, by 
    Susan L. Clark and David R. Graham.--Sovereignty and the "near 
    abroad," by Martha Brill Olcott.--Russia's real drive to the 
    South, by Stephen Blank.--Will modern technology remilitarize 
    Russia? by Sumner Benson.

Russian organized crime: the new threat?  Edited by Phil Williams.  
    London, Frank Cass, c1997.  270 p.
        Partial contents.--Introduction: how serious a threat is 
    Russian organized crime?, by Phil Williams.--Russian organized 
    crime: a brief history, by Patricia Rawlinson.--The emerging 
    criminal state: economic and political aspects of organized crime 
    in Russia, by Yuriy A. Voronin.--Major mafia gangs in Russia, by 
    Guy Dunn.--Threats to the foreign business community in Moscow, by 
    Joseph Serio.--Recent trends in nuclear smuggling, by Rensselaer 
    Lee.

Russia's demographic "crisis."  Santa Monica, Calif., Rand, 1996.  
    205 p.
        Contents.--Family, fertility, and demographic dynamics in 
    Russia: analysis and forecast, by Anatoly G. Vishnevsky.--Fertility 
    decline and recent changes in Russia: on the threshold of the 
    second demographic transition.--Family planning and induced 
    abortion in post-Soviet Russia of the early 1990s: unmet needs in 
    information supply, by Andrej A. Popov.--The Russian 
    epidemiolgoical crisis as mirrored by mortality trends, by Vladimir 
    M. Shkolnikov and France Mesle.--The crisis of Russian health care 
    and attempts at reform, by Boris A.  Rozenfeld.--The determinants 
    and implications of an aging population in Russia, by Sergei A. 
    Vassin.

Rutland, Peter.
    Explaining the Soviet collapse.  Transitions, v. 5, Feb. 1998: 
    14-21.
        Examines reasons for the collapse of the Soviet system.

Sakwa, Richard.
    Russian politics and society.  2nd [enl. and rev.] ed. London; 
    New York, Routledge, 1996.  501 p. 

Schaffner, Bradley L., 1959-
    Bibliography of the Soviet Union, its predecessors and successors. 
    Metuchen, N.J., Scarecrow Press, 1995.  569 p.  (Scarecrow area 
    bibliographies; 5) 

Schweitzer, Glenn E.
    Russia in transition: experiments in cooperation; assessing U.S.-
    Russian programs in science and technology.  New York, Twentieth 
    Century Fund Press, 1997.  89-177 p.
        Assesses lessons learned from U.S.-Russian cooperation in 
    science and technology and prospects for future cooperation. Part 
    2 of 2.

Shlapentokh, Vladimir.
    How Russians will see the status of their country by the end of the 
    century.  Journal of communist studies and transition politics, v. 
    13, Sept. 1997: 1-23.
        "Without a single dream of the future, the Russian nation is 
    unlikely to attain the social and political stability that alone 
    can assure its attainment."

Simanovsky, Stanislav.
    Science and technology in Russia: problems and prospects.  1998. 
    Cologne, Bundesinstitut fur Ostwissenschaftliche und Internationale
    Studien, 1998.  41 p.  (Berichte des Bundesinstituts fur 
    Ostwissenschaftliche und Internationale Studien no. 18-1998)
        "The present paper attempts to provide a comprehensive survey 
    of what is currently going on in Russian science.  It looks at the 
    underlying reasons for the present crisis, which affects every 
    component of the national R&D potential, and examines possible 
    ways of remedying the situation so as to restore Russian science 
    to its proper place in society and enable it to play an active 
    part in bringing about further democratic transformation and in 
    facilitating the transition to a market economy."

Singer, Marshall R.
    Language follows power: the linguistic free market in the old 
    Soviet Bloc.  Foreign affairs, v. 77, Jan.-Feb. 1998: 19-24.
        "As Moscow's power waned across the Soviet Union, in Eastern 
    Europe, and on the periphery of empire, so did the linguistic hold 
    of Russian."

Six years after the collapse of the USSR.  Post-Soviet affairs, v. 14, 
    Jan.-Mar. 1998: 1-22.
        Presents the transcript of a discussion on the situation in 
    Russia and the former Soviet Union.

Smith, Ludmila.   Dunlop, John B.
    Newly independent states of the former Soviet Union: statistical 
    materials: indexed list.  [Washington], Center for International 
    Research, Population Division, Bureau of the Census, [1994]  137 p. 
    (CIR staff paper; no. 74)
        Introduction in English; text in English and Russian.

Starovoitova, Galina. 
    Sovereignty after empire: self-determination movements in the 
    former Soviet Union.  Washington, United States Institute of Peace,
    1997.  47 p. (Peaceworks no. 19)
        "Contrary to the scenarios of global integration, nationalism 
    has not weakened in global society, but has, in fact, gained 
    strength.  National feelings are rooted in the idea of a 
    linguistic, religious, and psychological community based on the 
    ancient kinship of the members of a given ethnic group.  Only a 
    powerful internal security apparatus could maintain the Soviet 
    Union's facade of a multinational socialist federation, so it is 
    not surprising that the empire disintegrated upon communism's 
    discreditation.  The Soviet republics exercised their right to 
    secede soon after the August 1991 putsch."

Stavrakis, Peter J.
    Shadow politics: the Russian state in the 21st century.  Carlisle 
    Barracks, Pa., Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, 
    1997.  whole issue (31 p.).
        "Describes the emergence in Russia of a kind of oligarchic 
    capitalism, controlled by old political elites, and thriving amid 
    an extra-legal `parallel shadow government' . . . . contends that 
    Russia's central power structures to date have derived from a 
    fusion between corrupt government officials and private sector 
    elites."

Treadgold, Donald W.
    Twentieth century Russia.  8th ed.  Boulder, Colo., Westview 
    Press, 1995.  498 p.

Tsepkalo, Valery V.
    The remaking of Eurasia.  Foreign affairs, v. 77, Mar.-Apr. 1998: 
    107-126.
        "Russia's post-Soviet orientation is in serious trouble.  The 
    West does not want to see any structure in Eurasia that permits 
    Russian hegemony, but abetting continued chaos in the former 
    Soviet space is hardly in the West's interest.  Central Asia and 
    the Caucasus are rife with flash points that could ignite and draw 
    in outside powers, and the presence of nuclear weapons raises the 
    stakes even higher.  The United States should support integration, 
    not division.  For its part, Russia should work with nearby 
    countries to help unite diverse peoples in a stabler system."

U.S.  Congress.  Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe.
    Russia's election: what does it mean?  Hearing, 104th Congress, 2nd 
    session.  July 10, 1996.  Washington, G.P.O., 1996.  84 p.
        "CSCE 104-2-14"
        "The just-completed Presidential elections set the course of 
    Russia's future in terms of economic and political development, 
    rule of law, and foreign policy, and will inevitably affect 
    Russia's relations with the international community and the United 
    States."

U.S. relations with Russia: 1998-99 team debate topic.  Congressional 
    digest, v. 77, Aug.-Sept. 1998: whole issue (193-224 p.).
        Partial contents.--Russia overview: geography, people, and 
    history.-- Map: new independent states of the former Soviet 
    Union.--U.S. policy: national security and foreign aid.--Future 
    agenda: joint statement by the United States and the Russian 
    Federation.--Legislative background: recent action on Russia 
    issues.--Pro & con: should the United States maintain its current 
    policy toward Russia?

Ware, Robert Bruce.
    Conflict in the Caucasus: an historical context and a prospect for 
    peace. Europe-Asia studies, v. 50, June 1998: 337-352.
        "In this article current strife in the Caucasus is placed in an 
    historical context.  Russo-Soviet policies of separatism and 
    federalism are viewed as contributing to ethnic conflicts that now 
    threaten the further fragmentation of Russia.  However, Daghestan 
    is considered as an anomaly of ethnic accommodation and pragmatic 
    multiculturalism which may provide a model for peace in the 
    region."




                       FOREIGN RELATIONS ISSUES

Adomeit, Hannes.
    Russia as a `great power' in world affairs: images and reality. 
    International affairs (London), v. 71, Jan. 1995: 35-68.
        "This article examines how the country's perceptions of its 
    role in world affairs have evolved since the declining years of 
    the Soviet Union."

After communism: what?  Daedalus, v. 123, summer 1994: whole issue 
    (194 p.)
        Partial contents.--After empire: what? by Roman Szporluk.--
    Russia: lost and found, by Mark Medish.--Europe's new frontiers: 
    remapping Europe, by Jacques Rupnik.--Postcommunism: the problems 
    of democratic construction, by George Schopflin.--The postmortem 
    victory of communism, by Istvan Rev.

Aid and other resource flows to the central and eastern European 
    countries and the new independent states of the former Soviet Union 
    (1990-1995)  Paris, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and 
    Development, 1998.  53 p.  (OECD working papers, v. 6, no. 3)
        "This is the fifth edition of an annual OECD survey of aid and 
    other resource flows to the Central and Eastern European countries 
    (CEECs) and the New Independent States (NIS) of the former Soviet 
    Union."

Alexandrova, Olga.
    The "Third World" in Russian foreign policy.  Aussenpolitik, v. 47, 
    no. 3, 1996: 244-253.
        "Since 1991, Russian foreign policy has been the subject of keen 
    interest for politicians, observers and analysts inside and outside 
    Russia.  The primary focus is Russia's policy towards the West.  
    Little notice has been taken so far, however, of one particular 
    aspect of Russian foreign policy, namely its position on the so-
    called Third World--the developing countries of Asia, Africa and 
    Latin America--, a region which once played a major role in the 
    Soviet foreign policy doctrine.  Nevertheless, the Third World is 
    gradually regaining significance in Russian foreign policy 
    concepts."

Baev, Pavel K.
    Bear hug for the Baltic.  World today, v. 34, Mar. 1998: 78-79.
        "The stream of cooperative and disarmament initiatives launched 
    by President Boris Yeltsin in Stockholm towards the end of last year 
    was more than one of his habitual public relations."

Baev, Pavel.
    Russia's policies in the Caucasus.  London, Royal Institute of  
    International Affairs; Washington, Distributed worldwide by the  
    Brookings Institution, 1997.  61 p.  (Former Soviet South papers)  
         Russia and Eurasia Programme (Royal Institute of International  
    Affairs) : Former Soviet South Project.

Banerjee, Neela.
    Who's afraid of the Russian bear?  Russia review, v. 5, July 3, 
    1998:   18-19.
        "Although the market has stabilized, unless the government 
    implements the reforms it has talked so much about, history may 
    repeat itself."

Bertram, Christoph.
    Europe in the balance: securing the peace won in the Cold War. 
    Washington, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1996.  
    110 p.
        Contents.--Coping with uncertainty.--Alliance without a cause.-- 
    Russia and the new NATO.--Eastern Europe and the new NATO.--The 
    Atlantic connection.

Beschloss, Michael R.   Talbott, Strobe.
    At the highest levels: the inside story of the end of the Cold War.  
    1st ed.  Boston, Little, Brown, 1993.  498 p.

Blackwill, Robert.  Horelick, Arnold.  Nunn, Sam.
    Stopping the decline in US-Russian relations.  Santa Monica, Calif., 
    Rand, 1996.  9 p.
        "If US-Russian relations are to be improved, the initiative will 
    have to come from the American side.  This must be done in ways that 
    protect US national interests."

Blank, Stephen.
    Which way for Sino-Russian relations?  Orbis, v. 42, summer 1998: 
    345-360.
        Examines economic, political, and military aspects of current 
    Russo-Chinese relations.

Bluth, Christoph.
    Russia and China consolidate their new strategic partnership.  
    Jane's intelligence review, v. 10, Aug. 1998: 18-22.
        "Moscow and Beijing are pursuing a partnership which they see as 
    a counterbalance to any excessive US influence in the new world 
    order . . . . Identifies some long-term implications which should 
    concern not only the West but China and Russia themselves."

Bowker, Mike.
    Russian foreign policy and the end of the Cold War.  Aldershot, 
    Hants, England; Brookfield, Vt., Darmouth Pub. Co., 1997.  297 p. 

Brandenburg, Ulrich.
    NATO and Russia: a natural partnership.  NATO review, v. 45, July-
    Aug. 1997: 17-21.
        "The NATO-Russia Founding Act firmly establishes the basis for a 
    permanent security partnership between the two sides, laying to rest 
    the notion that they were forever destined to be adversaries.  The 
    signing of the Act, which took place in Paris on 27 May, does not 
    mean that differences of policy or outlook will vanish overnight.  
    But these differences can lessen over time through a process of 
    broad, regular  consultations on political and security matters 
    within the newly-created Permanent Joint Council.  The main task is 
    to give life to the document by exploiting to the full the new 
    opportunities."

Braumoeller, Bear F.
    Deadly doves: liberal nationalism and the democratic peace in the 
    Soviet successor states.  International studies quarterly, v. 41, 
    Sept. 1997: 375-402.
        "A democratic peace in the region is therefore viable but 
    particularly vulnerable to national issues, as well as to the 
    effects of concentration of political power in the hands of a narrow 
    group of elites."

Bremmer, Ian.  Bailes, Alyson.
    Sub-regionalism in the newly independent states.  International 
    affairs, v. 74, Jan. 1998: 131-148.
        Examines interrelationships between the nations of the Former 
    Soviet Union.

Brusstar, James H.
    Russian vital interests and Western security.  Orbis, v. 38, fall 
    1994: 607-619.
        "United States should also jettison the goal of a near-term 
    marketized Russia.  Events within Russia over the past two years 
    have demonstrated dramatically the destabilizing consequences of 
    rapid movement towards a Western-style market economy simultaneously 
    with adoption of a Western-style democracy.  To put it bluntly, 
    Russians do not share our faith in the free market system.  Their 
    commitment to the ideas that the state should play a major role in 
    the economy is as strong as it was under communism, and they will 
    vote out leadership that attempts to reduce the state's role in a 
    manner that appears further to threaten their welfare."

Brzezinski, Zbigniew.
    Russia: neither our partner nor patient.  Washington times, Dec. 22, 
    1995: A22.
        National Security Advisor to President Carter asserts that "The 
    anti-democratic out-come of the Russian elections could have 
    surprised only those who took seriously the Clinton administration's 
    rhetoric about 'Russian democracy' and its 'mature strategic 
    partnership' with America."

Buszynski, Leszek.
    Russian foreign policy after the Cold War.  Westport, Conn., 
    Praeger, 1996.  243 p.
        "This book is primarily a study of a conflict in foreign policy 
    values and the impact on Russia's relations with the external world.  
    It will identify the initially confident attempts to identify with 
    the Western world after the collapse of the Soviet Union and the 
    efforts to formulate a foreign policy.  It will examine the conflict 
    that has emerged between government and legislature, between 
    government and public opinion groups, and between different branches 
    of government itself."

Calder, Kent E.
    The United States, Japan, and the new Russia: evolving bases for 
    cooperation.  [Princeton, N.J.] : Center of International Studies, 
    Princeton University, 1994.  23 p.  (Monograph series (Princeton 
    University. Center of International Studies.  Program on U.S.-Japan 
    Relations); no. 5) 

Checkel, Jeffrey T.
    Ideas and international political change: Soviet/Russian behavior 
    and the end of the Cold War.  New Haven, Conn., Yale University 
    Press, 1997.  p. 1-76.
        "The remarkable, peaceful end of the Cold War dramatically--and 
    unexpectedly--transformed international politics in the second half 
    of the twentieth century.  At the heart of this amazing change was 
    the struggle over new and old ideas.  Drawing on rich data from 
    interviews with key Soviet arhitects of `new thinking' and of 
    Gorbachev-era policy reforms, Jeffrey Chekel offers an absorbing 
    historical narrative of political change in the late Soviet period, 
    along with theoretical insights into the effect of ideas on state 
    behavior."

Chufrin, Gennady I.  Saunders, Harold H.
    The politics of conflict prevention in Russia and the near abroad. 
    Washington quarterly, v. 20, autumn 1997: 35-54.
        "Nowhere is the politics of the unfolding Russian-U.S. 
    relationship more clearly and broadly revealed than in the `near 
    abroad,' those states of the former Soviet Union beyond Russia's 
    borders, excluding the Baltics.  Nowhere else can one see more 
    sharply what each side really wants and fears in Russian-U.S. 
    interaction on the world stage.  Although unfamiliar to most 
    Americans and an area where most Russians are unaccustomed to U.S. 
    intervention, the Near Abroad is the one region where the two powers 
    are beginning to define the key elements of a sound working 
    relationship."

"Cold peace" or cooperation? The potential for U.S.-Russian 
    accommodation on missile defense and the ABM treaty.  Comparative 
    strategy, v. 16, Apr.-June 1997: whole issue (231 p.).
        Contents.--The character of the problem, by Keith Payne and 
    Andrei Kortunov.--Missile proliferation: threat and U.S. response, 
    by Willis Stanley and Keith Payne.--Current Russian objections to 
    U.S. NMD and ABM treaty revision, by Andrei Kortunov and Andrei 
    Shoumikhin.--Alternative futures, by Keith Payne and Willis 
    Stanley.-- Expanding the potential for Russian-American 
    accommodation and cooperation, by Andrei Kortunov and Andrew 
    Shoumikhin.--Summary and conclusions, by Keith Payne and Andrei 
    Kortunov.

Collins, Alan R.
    GRIT, Gorbachev and the end of the Cold War.  Review of 
    international studies, v. 24, Apr. 1998: 201-219.
        Examines the strategies employed by Gorbachev as he took a 
    leading role in ending the Cold War.

Cooper, Mary H.
    Expanding NATO: does adding new members pose serious risks?  CQ 
    researcher, v. 7, May 16, 1997: whole issue (433-456 p.).
        "The U.S., Canada and the 14 European members of the North 
    Atlantic Treaty Organization are expected to invite three Eastern 
    European countries to join the alliance in July.  Hailed as the most 
    successful military alliance in history, NATO is credited with 
    preventing the Soviet Union from invading Western Europe during the 
    Cold War, speeding the U.S.S.R.'s demise and encouraging the 
    subsequent development of democratic institutions throughout Eastern 
    Europe.  With no apparent enemies to defend against, NATO is 
    focusing on promoting stability throughout Europe, which includes 
    extending membership to former Soviet allies.  The Clinton 
    administration has led the call for expansion amid growing concern 
    than an enlarged NATO would cost too much and threaten world peace 
    by alienating Russia."

Danilov, Dmitriy.  DeSpiegeleire, Stephan.
    From decoupling to recoupling: a new security relationship between 
    Russia and Western Europe?  Paris, Institute for Security Studies, 
    Western European Union, 1998.  50 p.  (Chaillot paper 31)
        Contents.--Some history.--The current situation.--Analysis.--
    Posible improvements.

Dannreuther, Roland.
    Is Russia returning to the Middle East?  Security dialogue, v. 29, 
    Sept. 1998: 345-373.
        "In September 1997, President Hosni Mubarak of Egypt paid an 
    official visit to Moscow, during which he frequently expressed his 
    disquiet at the absence of Russia in the Middle East peace process 
    . . . .  President Yeltsin, concurring . . . ordered the government 
    to intensify Russia's role as co-sponsor of the Middle East 
    settlement."

Dunlop, John B.
    Aleksandr Lebed and Russian foreign policy.  SAIS review, v. 17, 
    winter-spring 1997: 47-72.
        "Aleksandr Lebed is likely to remain a member of Russia's 
    political elite for many years to come.  How his views on the `near 
    abroad' and NATO enlargement might shape Russian foreign policy 
    could have a profound effect on America's future relations with the 
    Russian Federation."

The Emergence of Russian foreign policy.  Edited by Leon Aron and 
    Kenneth M. Jensen.  Washington, United States Institute of Peace 
    Press, 1994.  211 p.
        Partial contents.--Sources and mechanisms of Russian foreign 
    policy.--The near abroad and commonwealth of independent states.--
    Russia and the far abroad.

Fairbanks, Charles H., Jr.
    A tired anarchy.  National interest, no. 39, spring 1995: 15-25.
        "What Russians and Americans both need most is a better 
    definition of what is going on in the post-communist world.  Because 
    Russian  combativeness is more a matter of symbolism than of 
    concrete gains for the disintegrating Russian state, how events are 
    labeled, which policymakers sometimes dismiss as mere `rhetoric,' 
    becomes a vital part of policy both for Russia and for us."

Five years after the collapse of the USSR.  Post-Soviet affairs, v. 13,
    Jan.-Mar. 1997: 1-18.
        "Based on presentations at a panel discussion held at the annual 
    convention of the American Association for the Advancement of Slavic 
    Studies, Boston, MA, November 16, 1996."

The Foreign policy of the Russian Federation.  Edited by Roger E. Kanet 
    and Alexander V. Kozhemiakin.  Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, 
    Great Britain, Macmillan Press Ltd.; New York, St. Martin's Press, 
    1997.  208 p.

Freedman, Robert O.
    Russia and Iran: a tactical alliance.  SAIS review, v. 17, summer-
    fall 1997: 93-109.
        "Russia and Iran have formed a relationship based on mutual 
    advantage.  Iran serves Moscow as a tactical ally, and Russia 
    provides Iran with arms and diplomatic respect.  While their 
    alliance has developed smoothly to date, a number of potential 
    obstacles loom ahead."

Garnett, Sherman.
    Russia's illusory ambitions.  Foreign affairs, v. 76, Mar.-Apr. 
    1997: 61-76.
        "While Russia is wedged between its visions of grandeur and its 
    reduced capabilities, the consolidation of Ukraine and Uzbekistan, 
    the rise of China, and the assertion of the newly independent 
    rimland states are transforming Eurasia.  Russia must come to terms 
    with its neighbors' ascendancy and its own economic and military 
    decline.  Acting otherwise could plunge Eurasia into turmoil and 
    usher in a new era of tension between Russia and the United States."

-----
    The Russian Far East as a factor in Russian-Chinese relations.  SAIS 
    review, v. 16, summer-fall 1996: 1-19.
        "This essay will consider the basic trends already at work 
    shaping the region and Russian-Chinese relations as a whole.  It 
    will also recommend possible Western policy responses to  support 
    stability in the region and to keep the Russian Far East from 
    becoming a new source of instability in an already troubled part of 
    the world."

Guide to foreign affairs research organizations in Russia.  Washington,
    Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1995.  85 p.

Haslam, Jonathan. 
    Russia's seat at the table: a place denied or a place delayed? 
    International affairs, v. 74, Jan. 1998: 119-130.
        "The simultaneous expansion of NATO and enlargement of the EU 
    raise questions as to the proper place for Russia in Europe." 

How democracy fits American interests and values.  Orbis, v. 37, fall 
    1993: 501-619.
        Contents.--Winning the peace, by Harvey Sicherman.--Promoting 
    liberty and democracy aborad, by Patrick Clawson.--Dangerous 
    democrats.--Threats from the former USSR, by William C. Bodie.-- 
    Ultra-nationalism in Central Europe, by Thomas S. Szayna.--When to 
    worry in the Middle East, by Jonathan S. Paris.--Beyond ballots.-- 
    Democratic politics and its culture, by Yehudah Mirsky.--
    Philanthropy's role in East Europe, by Kevin F. F. Quigley.--Free 
    markets and democracy in East Asia, by James A. Dorn.--Humanitarian 
    intervention, by Guenter Lewy.

Jonson, Lena.
    The foreign policy debate in Russia: in search of a national 
    interest.  Nationalities papers, v. 22, spring 1994: 175-194.
        "Russia is at present seeking to define its national interest.  
    A new foreign policy is in the process of being formed . . . .  The 
    ensuing debate is the symptom of a search for a foreign policy 
    suited to a radically changed international situation."

Kastl, Joerg.
    European security without Russia?  Aussenpolitik, v. 48, no. 1, 
    1997: 31-38.
        "Joerg Kastl, a leading diplomat who served his country as 
    ambassador in Moscow prior to his retirement, states his position 
    emphatically on this issue by questioning altogether the value of 
    showing consideration for Russian desires.  He makes it clear that 
    the American-Atlantic guarantee is the only supporting foundation of 
    security for Germany and Europe, drawing the conclusion from Russian 
    policy--not uncontested in the country itself--that it is only 
    likely to lead to disappointment."

Kovalsky, Nicolai A.
    Russia and Mediterranean security.  Mediterranean quarterly, v. 8, 
    spring 1997: 102-118.
        "The global security of Russia is linked with the security of 
    the adjacent regions of Europe and Asia, but the Mediterranean and 
    the Black Sea space plays a special role.  It is a part of the so-
    called arc of vulnerability, which stretches from Gibraltar through 
    the Black Sea and Middle East and up to India and China.  Stormy 
    events and conflicts in this area have posed dangerous challenges 
    for both European and Russian security."

Kozyrev, Andrei.
    Partnership or cold peace?  Foreign policy, no. 99, summer 1995: 
    3-14.
        "The scope of the common challenges facing Russia and NATO 
    encourages us to seek to achieve higher aims.  It is necessary to 
    agree on the principal guidelines and mechanisms of a joint step-by-
    step arrangement with NATO for a certain transitional period after 
    which it would be possible to reach a qualitatively new level of 
    relations between NATO and Russia.  This would result in withdrawal 
    of our objections against a gradual entry into a new NATO that would 
    include the nations  of Central and Eastern Europe."

Kupchan, Charles A.
    NATO maneuvers on Russia.  Nation, v. 265, Dec. 15, 1997: 24-26.
        "If Russia is not extended full NATO membership, the continent 
    will remain divided."

Larrabee, F. Stephen.  Karasik, Theodore W.
    Foreign and security policy decisionmaking under Yeltsin.  Santa 
    Monica, Calif., Rand Corporation, 1997.  54 p.
        Contents.--The ministry of foreign affairs.--The ministry of 
    defense.--The foreign intelligence service.--The role of the 
    presidential security service.--The role of the Security Council.--
    The presidential apparatus.--Conclusions and implications for U.S. 
    policy.

Lieven, Anatol.
    Restraining NATO: Ukraine, Russia, and the West.  Washington
    quarterly, v. 20, autumn 1997: 55-77.
        "The events of the past two years have, however, shown beyond 
    all doubt that the Russia of the late 1990s has neither the military 
    power, nor the economic resources, nor above all the national will 
    to subjugate Ukraine or even seriously to woo it into a new union--
    not even, probably, if Ukraine itself were to collapse economically.  
    The desire of many U.S. policymakers policmakers to turn Ukraine 
    into a strategic `buffer state' against Russia is therefore quite 
    unjustified: The Russian military train is not exactly heading so 
    fast toward the West that buffers are required to check its 
    progress."

Linden, Carl A.   Prybyla, Jan S.
    Russia and China: on the eve of a new millennium.  New Brunswick, 
    Transaction Publishers, 1997.  341 p.

Lubin, Nancy.  Ware, Monica.
    Aid to the former Soviet Union: when less is more.  Surviving 
    together, v. 14, spring 1996: 5-7.
        "Participants with strong partnerships and expertise in the NIS 
    often have limited expertise in tapping into US government 
    assistance funds.  Likewise, despite inevitable problems in the way 
    US programs are designed and implemented, there are few constructive 
    feedback mechanisms to raise these problems within the assistance 
    community and encourage change.  The new umbrellas should be 
    equipped to act as clearinghouses--informing small partnerships of 
    opportunities, and where relevant, providing constructive feedback 
    to the government on how assistance monies are spent."

Lynch, Allen.
    The Soviet breakup and U.S. foreign policy.  Ithaca, NY, Foreign 
    Policy  Association, 1992.  72 p.  (Headline series, 0017-8780; no. 
    297)

Mandelbaum, Michael.
    Westernizing Russia and China.  Foreign affairs, v. 76, May-June 
    1997: 80-95. 
        "In one sense Russia and China pose the same problems.  An 
    international order of trade and cooperation has been established, 
    and the two countries are in the process of joining.  But their 
    central governments are weak--Russia's military is quasi-independent 
    of Moscow, China's factories do not heed Beijing.  Humiliation over 
    national decline prompts symbolic defiance of the United States.  
    Ukraine and Taiwan remain dangerous flash points that call for tacit 
    deterrence.  Like adolescents, Russia and China are in a 
    transitional stage requiring patience and guidance rather than 
    confrontation."

Masci, David.
    U.S.-Russian relations.  CQ researcher, v. 8, May 22, 1998: whole 
    issue (457-480 p.).
        Partial contents.--Clinton's initiatives.--NATO expansion.--
    Troubled economy.--Rising nationalism.--What is Yeltsin up to?--
    Chronology of events since 1990.--Race for space now a team 
    effort.--Progress predicted on nuclear weapons.--Bibliography.

Masker, John Scott. 
    Signs of a democratized foreign policy?  Russian politics, public 
    opinion, and the Bosnia crisis.  World affairs, v. 160, spring 1998: 
    179-191.
        "This article focuses on the effects that democratization has 
    had on Russia's policy toward the Bosnian war and on the foreign 
    policymaking apparatus itself."

Mayers, David.
    After Stalin: the ambassadors and America's Soviet policy, 1953-62.  
    Diplomacy & statecraft, v. 5, July 1994: 213-247.
        "In international policy, Stalin's successors promptly took 
    steps to bolster the Soviet Union's position.  Gestures were made 
    toward Mao Tse-tung to consolidate further the Sino-Soviet alliance.  
    Conciliatory moves were taken in the direction of disaffected Tito.  
    Most importantly, the new leadership acted to reduce Cold War 
    tension--but not without anxiety about Washington exploiting the 
    situation to Western advantage."

Nation, R. Craig.  McFaul, Michael.
    The United States and Russia into the 21st Century.  Carlisle, Pa., 
    U.S. Army War College, Strategic Studies Institute, 1997. 70 p.
        Presents two essays on U.S. policy toward Russia.

NATO expansion: Round II.  Problems of post-communism, v. 45, Jan.-Feb. 
    1998: 3-29.
        Contents.--The case for including the Baltics in NATO, by 
    Richard J. Krickus.--After NATO expansion: the East European 
    militaries, by Dale R. Herspring.--Ukraine, Russia, and European 
    security: thinking beyond NATO expansion, by Margarita M. Balmaceda.

Neilson, Keith.
    `Incidents' and foreign policy: a case study.  Diplomacy and 
    statecraft, v. 9, Mar. 1998: 53-88.
        "Anglo-Russian relations during the period 1894-1914 were filled  
    with incidents in large part stemming from the very different social 
    and political frameworks of the two countries.  The two countries 
    had sharply differing traditions concerning individual liberty, 
    freedom of the press and other such matters usually covered by the 
    rubric of human rights.  While the realities of great power politics 
    forced the two countries to work together, it is not surprising that 
    their collaboration was often marred by clashes of political and 
    social sensibilities."

The New Russian foreign policy.  Edited by Michael Mandelbaum.  New 
    York, Council on Foreign Relations, 1998.
        This work will be available later in 1998.
                                          
Nichol, James P.
    Diplomacy in the former Soviet Republics.  Westport, Ct., Praeger, 
    1995. 244 p.
        Details the diplomacy of the former Soviet Union and presents 
    case by case examples.

Olson, Carl L.  Seidenberg, Mark J.  Selle, Robert W.
    U.S.-Russian maritime boundary giveaway.  Orbis, v. 42, winter 1998: 
    75-89.
        "Where precisely to fix the maritime boundary between the two 
    countries in the Arctic Ocean and Bering Sea."

Petro, Nicolai.
    Legacy of containment: reshaping US foreign policy toward Russia.  
    Harvard international review, v. 19, fall 1997: 38-39, 62-63.
        Argues that "to restore the tenor of US-Russian relations, a 
    more consistent treatment of Russia is needed."

Pipes, Richard.
    Is Russia still an enemy?  Foreign affairs, v. 76, Sept.-Oct. 1997: 
    65-78.
        "Russia's interests demand good relations with everyone, but 
    older, darker forces tempt it to avenge its fall from superpowerdom.  
    Westernizing democrats govern for now, but ex-communist elites and 
    embittered generals scheme to reinvigorate the military and reassert 
    control over the borderlands.  Their machinations are creating a 
    fault line across the oil-rich Caucasus and Central Asia.  For 
    Russia to neglect its reconstruction to pursue the illusion of power 
    would be a monumental mistake.  While the expansion of NATO is 
    misconceived, the West must not encourage Russian hard-liners with 
    unmerited concessions."

Pravda, Alex.
    Russia and European security: the delicate balance.  NATO review, 
    no. 3, May 1995: 19-24.
        "The overwhelming perception in Russia is that it has no 
    specific enemies, but neither does it have any reliable friends.  
    Therefore, a strategy of insurance for the CEE countries and 
    assurance for Russia, in the military, political and economic 
    domains is necessary.  A treaty between NATO and Russia would go 
    some way towards reassuring Moscow.  Such a treaty would have to be 
    in the context of a wider, pan-European framework, to involve Russia 
    more constructively in  shaping European security.  It is also vital 
    to increase the economic flows linking Russia with Western Europe 
    and the world economy, through more investment and freer trade 
    regimes."

Pushkov, Alexei K.
    NATO enlargement: a Russian perspective.  Washington, National 
    Defense University, Institute for National Strategic Studies, 1995.  
    4 p.  (Strategic forum no. 34, July 1995)
        "NATO enlargement risks poisoning the relationship between 
    Russia and the West for a long time.  It is in the interests of both 
    sides to prevent such an unwelcome development. However, right now 
    there are few converging points in the positions of the two sides."

-----
    Russia and NATO: on the watershed.  Mediterranean quarterly, v. 7, 
    spring 1996: 13-31.
        "The year 1996 will probably become the decisive year for the 
    complicated relationship between Russia and NATO . . . .  In 1996, 
    Eastern and central Europeans will certainly exert pressure on their 
    Western partners to make a decision specifying the timing and the 
    first candidates for NATO membership .  . . .  If not, the projected 
    NATO enlargement risks becoming a source of a major discord between 
    them, with harmful consequences for European and world security."

Rogov, Sergey.
    Building the NATO-Russia relationship.  [Washington] National 
    Defense University, Institute for National Strategic Studies, 1996.  
    4 p.  (Strategic forum no. 76, May 1996)
        "Relations between Russia and NATO--not the enlargement of 
    NATO--is the main issue in European security.  To preserve hopes for 
    a partnership between Russia and NATO, the gap between declarations 
    and reality must be closed."

Rosner, Jeremy D.
    Clinton, Congress, and assistance to Russia and the NIS.  SAIS 
    review, v. 15, winter-spring 1995: 15-35.
        "This brief evaluation of the relationship between the Clinton 
    administration and the 103rd Congress on national security policy 
    looks in detail at one case study . . . .  The effort in 1993 to 
    secure an increased package of assistance for Russia and the other 
    new independence states (NIS) of the former Soviet Union."

Russia: no turning back?  International spectator, v. 32, Jan.-Mar. 
    1997: whole issue (98 p.).
        Contents.--Russia after five years, by Silvana Malle.--Business 
    lobbies in contemporary Russia, by Peter Rutland.--How many Russias? 
    Russia's regions and their adjustment to economic change, by Philip 
    Hanson.--Pipelines to prosperity? by Sarah J. Lloyd.--Landscape 
    after the battle: rethinking democracy in Russia, by Sergei 
    Medvedev.--Russia and NATO: expansion and coexistence? by Allen C. 
    Lynch.--Maastricht watch, by Flaminia Gall.

Russia's foreign policy.  International journal, v. 49, autumn 1994: 
    whole issue (699-907 p.)
        Partial contents.--From situations of weaknesses: foreign policy 
    of the new Russia, by Franklyn Griffiths.--Neither adversaries nor 
    partners: Russia and the West search for a new relationship, by Paul 
    Marantz.--The post-Cold War political symmetry of Russo-Chinese 
    bilateralism, by Ronald C. Keith.--The creation of a sphere of 
    influence: Russia and Central Asia, by Stephen Page.--Russia and the 
    Balkans: pan-Slavism, partnership and power, by Lenard J. Cohen.--
    Futile interventions: Russia's disengagment from the Third World, by 
    Mohamed M. El-Doufani.--The new Russia in the new Asia, by Stephen 
    Blank.

Russian foreign policy since 1990.  Edited by Peter Shearman.  Boulder,
    Westview Press, 1995.  324 p.

Schweitzer, Glenn E.
    Russia in transition: experiments in cooperation; assessing U.S.-
    Russian programs in science and technology.  New York, Twentieth 
    Century Fund Press, 1997.  89-177 p.
        Assesses lessons learned from U.S.-Russian cooperation in 
    science and technology and prospects for future cooperation.  Part 2 
    of 2. 

The Search for stability in Russia and the former Soviet Bloc.  Edited 
    by  David Carlton and Paul Ingram.  Aldershot, [Eng.]; Brookfield,  
    Dartmouth, 1997.  215 p.  (Studies in disarmament and conflicts)  

Sestanovich, Stephen.
    U.S.-Russian relations: remarks by the Ambassador at Large and 
    Special Advisor to the Secretary of State on the New Independent 
    States at the Heritage Foundation, Washington, D.C., Jan. 15, 1998.  
    U.S. Dept. of State dispatch, v. 9, Jan.-Feb. 1998: 14-18.
        Examines challenges to U.S.-Russian relations in such areas as 
    NATO enlargement, strategic nuclear weapons, and relations between 
    the U.S. and the nations of the former Soviet Union.

Shuja, Sharif M.
    Moscow's Asia policy.  Contemporary review, v. 272, Apr. 1998: 
    169-176.
        "Historically, the Russians have long sought to exert their 
    influence in the Asia-Pacific region and over the Korean Peninsula 
    in particular."

Simon, Gerhard.
    Russia's identity and international politics.  Aussenpolitik, v. 48, 
    no. 3, 1997: 245-256.
        "As a result of the wholesale collapse of the former Soviet 
    Union the Russian successor state finds itself in a serious crisis.  
    Not only in material and institutional terms, but also with respect 
    to the state's political self-awareness."

Singer, Marshall R.
    Language follows power: the linguistic free market in the old Soviet 
    Bloc.  Foreign affairs, v. 77, Jan.-Feb. 1998: 19-24. 
        "As Moscow's power waned across the Soviet Union, in Eastern 
    Europe, and on the periphery of empire, so did the linguistic hold 
    of Russian."

Staar, Richard F.
    Moscow's plans to restore its power: beyond the unipolar movement.  
    Orbis, v. 40, summer 1996: 375-389.
        Examines how the West has reacted to recent action and 
    statements by the Russians.

-----
    Russia and the Islamic Middle East.  Mediterranean quarterly, v. 8, 
    spring 1997: 163-175.
        "The Middle East is viewed from Moscow as a single geopolitical 
    region, with eight of its Muslim countries bordering on the 
    Mediterranean.  Trade and aid have been carried over from the Soviet 
    period.  They are most useful tools in obtaining a solid foothold 
    throughout the Middle East, paid for mostly in hard currency."

Starr, S. Frederick.
    Power failure: American policy in the Caspian.  National interest, 
    no. 47, spring 1997: 20-31.
        "From the moment the states of the Caspian Basin gained 
    independence, the United States has repeatedly pledged to support 
    their sovereignty and their freedom to develop as democratic 
    societies with free-market economies.  While it is clear that many 
    of the Russian initiatives described above directly threaten the 
    achievement of these goals, the United States has failed thus far to 
    produce an adequate response."

Talbott, Strobe.
    Endgame: the inside story of SALT II.  1st ed.  New York, Harper & 
    Row, 1979.  319 p.

Talbott, Strobe.
    Opening doors and building bridges in the New Europe: address before 
    the Paasikivi Society, Helsinki, Finland, Jan. 21, 1998.  U.S. Dept. 
    of State dispatch, v. 9, Jan.-Feb. 1998: 9-13.
        Deputy Secretary of State addresses U.S. relations with Europe 
    in the Post-Cold War era.  "The premise of U.S. policy could not be 
    simpler.  It is this: the safety and well-being of the American 
    people depend in no small measure on the peace and prosperity of 
    Europe."

Tsepkalo, Valery V.
    The remaking of Eurasia.  Foreign affairs, v. 77, Mar.-Apr. 1998: 
    107-126.
        "Russia's post-Soviet orientation is in serious trouble.  The 
    West does not want to see any structure in Eurasia that permits 
    Russian hegemony, but abetting continued chaos in the former Soviet 
    space is hardly in the West's interest.  Central Asia and the 
    Caucasus are rife with flash points that could ignite and draw in 
    outside powers, and the presence of nuclear weapons raises the 
    stakes even higher.  The United States should support integration, 
    not division.  For its part, Russia should work with nearby 
    countries to help unite diverse peoples in a stabler system."

Tsygankov, Andrei P.
    From international institutionalism to revolutionary expansionism: 
    the foreign policy discourse of contemporary Russia.  Mershon 
    international studies review, v. 41, Nov. 1997: 247-268.
        "The purpose of this essay review is to explore the foreign 
    policy discourse in contemporary Russia.  The argument is made that 
    Russian foreign policy is still open to the influence of ideas 
    across the political spectrum and that examining the discourse 
    extant in the society is useful in revealing the country's competing 
    schools of thought."

U.S.  Congress.  House.  Committee on International Relations.
    U.S. relations with Russia and the newly independent states.  
    Hearing, 105th Congress, 1st session.  Mar. 12, 1997.  Washington, 
    G.P.O., 1997.  97 p.

U.S.  Congress.  Senate.  Committee on Foreign Relations.
    Meeting the challenges of a post-Cold War world: NATO enlargement 
    and U.S.-Russia relations; a report to the Committee on Foreign 
    Relations, U.S. Senate, by Joseph R. Biden, Jr., 105th Congress.  
    May 1997.  Washington, G.P.O., 1997.  59 p.  (Print, Senate, 105th 
    Congress, 1st session, S. Prt. 105-26)
        "During the week of March 23, I traveled to Europe to learn more 
    about the process of the enlargement of the North Atlantic Treaty 
    Organization and its likely effect upon our relations with the 
    Russian Federation."

U.S. Relations with Russia (21st : 1997 : Dresden, Ger.).
    U.S. Relations with Russia: twenty-first conference, Aug. 18-22, 
    1997. Washington, Aspen Institute, 1997.  48 p.
        Partial contents.--Russia's search for new ideals, by Nicolai 
    Petro.-- Economic prospects in Russia, by Richard Layard.--
    Preventive defense, by William Perry.--The economization, 
    rationalization, and normalization of Russian foreign policy, by 
    Celeste Wallander.

U.S.-Russian relations are headed for Siberia.  Business week, no. 3578,
    May 8, 1998: 49.
        "Russia is already seeing red over the U.S. Senate vote to 
    expand NATO, and a move afoot could get it even more steamed.  
    Lawmakers are poised to approve a seemingly veto-proof bill this 
    month that would slap economic sanctions on renegade Russian 
    companies that sell advanced missile technology to Iran.  The double 
    hit against Russia underscores the sour state of affairs developing 
    between Washington and Moscow."

Utkin, A. I. (Anatolii Ivanovich)
    Russia and the West: the day after.  1st English ed.  Geneva, 
    Switzerland, Programme for Strategic and International Security 
    Studies, Graduate Institute of International Studies, 1995.  73 p.  
    (PSIS occasional paper; no. 3/1995)

Wenger, Andreas.  Perovic, Jeronim.
    Russia's ambivalent relation to the West.  Swiss review of world 
    affairs, Nov. 1997: 11-13.
        "Moscow's present security policy is marked by an ambivalent 
    relationship to the West.  The internal debate over NATO's eastward 
    expansion made it evident that Russia still claims special status as 
    a major European power.  The Kremlin leadership is faced with a dual 
    challenge: to master a far-reaching transformation process 
    internally, and in the realm of foreign relations to orient itself 
    in the new, multipolar global environment."



                      MILITARY POLICY ISSUES

Arbatov, Alexei Georgievich.
    Military reform in Russia: dilemmas, obstacles, and prospects.  
    International security, v. 22, spring 1998: 83-134.
        Examines "what military reform means in the Russian context.  
    Second, consider[s] Russia's new defense requirements in light of 
    the end of the Cold  War. . . . assess[es] the availability of 
    material and human resources, . . . . [and] outlines the principal 
    features of the military crisis."

-----
    The Russian military in the 21st century.  Carlisle Barracks, Pa., 
    Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, [1997].  18 p. 
        "This monograph was prepared for the U.S. Army War College 
    Annual Strategy Conference".

Arnett, Robert.
    Can civilians control the military?  Orbis, v. 38, winter 1994: 
    41-57.
        Considers the likely role for Russia's military in the future of 
    that nation's political system.

Bakich, Spencer D.
    Toward a new quality: the Russian military doctrine and Eurasian 
    security.  Journal of social, political and economic studies, v. 21, 
    spring 1996: 3-24.
        "Russian military actions since 1991 have brought debate and 
    speculation to the international community regarding Russian designs 
    toward the `near abroad.'  This paper is an attempt to provide the 
    conceptual framework for interpreting such events . . . with Russian 
    military philosophy and how that philosophy relates to foreign 
    policy in general."

Benson, Sumner.
    Can the United States and Russia reshape the international strategic 
    environment?  Comparative strategy, v. 14, 1995: 237-253.
        "The United States and Russia have agreed in principle that they 
    should transform the strategic rivalry of the cold war into 
    strategic cooperation in preventing proliferation of nuclear 
    weapons, ballistic missiles, and advanced conventional weapons."

Bertram, Christoph.
    Europe in the balance: securing the peace won in the Cold War. 
    Washington, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1996.  
    110 p.  
        Contents.--Coping with uncertainty.--Alliance without a cause.--
    Russia and the new NATO.--Eastern Europe and the new NATO.--The 
    Atlantic connection.

Blank, Stephen.
    Reform and the revolution in Russian defense economics.  [Carlisle 
    Barracks, PA]. Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, 
    [1995]  35 p.

-----
    Russia's armed forces on the brink of reform.  Carlisle Barracks, 
    Pa., Army War College, Strategic Studies Institute, 1998.  45 p.
        "Military policy and the so-called current military reform more 
    resemble bureaucratic exercises in turf-grabbing or the court 
    politics of the Tsars then they do real reform.  While efforts are 
    underway to downsize the armed forces, spend less on them, and 
    revamp the force structure, these moves seem driven by concerns 
    other than strategic rationality."

Bodie, William C.
    Moscow's "near abroad": security policy in post-Soviet Europe.  
    Washington, Institute for National Strategic Studies, National 
    Defense  University, [1993]  30 p.  (McNair papers; no. 16.)

Brown, Sarah.
    Modern tales of the Russian army.  World policy journal, v. 14, 
    spring 1997: 61-70.
        "It is no secret that Russia's army is undergoing a difficult 
    period of transition.  Even before the war in Chechnya began in 
    December 1994, the military budget had been drastically reduced, 
    soldiers' wages had dried up, military bases were in disrepair, and 
    enlisted men across Russia were living in substandard conditions."

Brusstar, James H.  Jones, Ellen.
    The Russian military's role in politics.  Washington, Institute for 
    National Strategic Studies, National Defense University, for sale by 
    the Supt. of Docs., G.P.O., 1995.  62 p.  (McNair paper, 1071-7552; 
    34)
        Examines how the Soviet military reacted to "the disintegrative 
    trend that eventually overtook the Soviet Union . . . .  As part of 
    this focus, we assess the military's action during three critical 
    events: the abortive August 1991 coup, the Belovezh agreement 
    formalizing the demise of the USSR, and the fall 1993 political 
    crisis in Moscow."

Cohen, Ariel.
    Russian hardliners' military doctrine: in their own words.  
    Washington, Heritage Foundation, 1996.  11 p.  (F.Y.I no. 104, May 
    30, 1996)
        Contents.--Russian hardliners' military doctrine: in their own 
    words, by Ariel Cohen.--Army reform and security: conceptual theses 
    of the strategy of reforming the armed forces of the Russian 
    federation. "People like Surkkov and Dementyev advise Communist 
    Party Leader Zyuganov, radical nationalist Zhirinovsky, and 
    President Boris Yeltsin's Atomic Energy Minister, Viktor Mikhailov.  
    Even if Zyuganov loses the presidential elections, the views 
    expressed in this report will influence Russian military and 
    security policy."

"Cold peace" or cooperation? The potential for U.S.-Russian 
    accommodation on missile defense and the ABM treaty.  Comparative 
    strategy, v. 16, Apr.-June 1997: whole issue (231 p.).
        Contents.--The character of the problem, by Keith Payne and 
    Andrei Kortunov.--Missile proliferation: threat and U.S. response, 
    by Willis Stanley and Keith Payne.--Current Russian objections to 
    U.S.  NMD and ABM treaty revision, by Andrei Kortunov and Andrei 
    Shoumikhin.--Alternative futures, by Keith Payne and Willis 
    Stanley.--Expanding the potential for Russian-American accommodation 
    and cooperation, by Andrei Kortunov and Andrew Shoumikhin.--Summary 
    and conclusions, by Keith Payne and Andrei Kortunov.

Cooper, Mary H.
    Expanding NATO: does adding new members pose serious risks?  CQ 
    researcher, v. 7, May 16, 1997: whole issue (433-456 p.).
        "The U.S., Canada and the 14 European members of the North 
    Atlantic Treaty Organization are expected to invite three Eastern 
    European countries to join the alliance in July.  Hailed as the most 
    successful military alliance in history, NATO is credited with 
    preventing the Soviet Union from invading Western Europe during the 
    Cold War, speeding the U.S.S.R.'s demise and encouraging the 
    subsequent development of democratic institutions throughout Eastern 
    Europe.  With no apparent enemies to defend against, NATO is 
    focusing on promoting stability throughout Europe, which includes 
    extending membership to former Soviet allies.  The Clinton 
    administration has led the call for expansion amid growing concern 
    than an enlarged NATO would cost too much and threaten world peace 
    by alienating Russia."

Diamond, Howard.
    Russian export controls fail to stop steel for Iranian missile 
    program. Arms control today, v. 28, Apr. 1998: 26.
        Questions Russia's ability to enforce its own export laws 
    dealing with weapons technology.

Eisenhower, Susan.  
    Starting Cold War II?  United States Naval Institute proceedings, 
    v. 124,  May 1998: 38-43.
        "Debate over expanding NATO to include Poland, Hungary, and the 
    Czech Republic--here, foreign ministers sit with the North Atlantic 
    Council on 16 December 1997--has drawn scant media attention because 
    so many current and former U.S. leaders endorse the plan.  But 
    losing sight of the high cost--including the risk of alienating a 
    still-nuclear- armed Russia--could be a strategic blunder of 
    historic proportions."

Epperson, Robert H.
    Russian military intervention in politics 1991-96.  Journal of 
    Slavic military studies, v. 10, Sept. 1997: 90-108.
        "Why has the Russian military decided to intervene in politics?  
    Three explanations for military intervention in contemporary 
    Russia."

Fakiolas, Efstathios T.
    Continuity and change in Soviet and Russian grand strategy. 
    Mediterranean quarterly, v. 9, spring 1998: 76-91.
        "The principal objective of this essay is to establish the 
    argument that, although Russia's security policy appears to have 
    gained flexibility in the use of means, it is intended at its core 
    to effectuate the same ends as that of the Soviet Union."
  
Gardner, Hall.
    Dangerous crossroads: Europe, Russia, and the future of NATO.  
    Westport, Conn., Praeger, 1997.  279 p.

Garrels, Anne.
    Russia's military.  [Washington] National Public Radio, 1997.  
    [14] p.
        Four-part National Public Radio Series on the status of the 
    Russian army.  Addresses such issues as corruption in the military, 
    mission in action, and draft evasion.
        Reprinted from the Nexis service (14 p.).

Goetz, Roland.
    Russian security policy options and their price.  Aussenpolitik, v. 
    47, 1996: 254-261.
        "This article highlights the relationship between Russia's 
    foreign policy orientation and ecomonic development."

Holcomb, James F.  Boll, Michael M.
    Russia's new doctrine: two views.  Carlisle Barracks, PA], 
    Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, [1994]  37 p. 

Holden, Gerard.
    Russia after the Cold War: history and the nation in post-Soviet 
    security politics.  Frankfurt am Main, Campus Verlag; Boulder, 
    Colo., Westview Press, 1994.  205 p.  (Studies from the Peace 
    Research Institute Frankfurt; 27)

Humphreys, Brian.
    Converting the weapons of war.  Russia review, v. 5, Feb. 13, 1998: 
    14-17.
        "There is a lot of technical knowledge and innovative spirit 
    under the surface of many sickly defense-oriented enteprises.  The 
    problem is translating these things into viable products that can 
    be marketed."

Karaganov, S. A. (Sergei Aleksandrovich)
    Where is Russia going?  Foreign and defence policies in a new era. 
    Frankfurt am Main, Peace Research Institute Frankfurt, [1994]  
    36 p.  (PRIF reports; no. 34)

Kastl, Joerg.
    European security without Russia?  Aussenpolitik, v. 48, no. 1, 
    1997: 31-38.
        "Joerg Kastl, a leading diplomat who served his country as 
    ambassador in Moscow prior to his retirement, states his position 
    emphatically on this issue by questioning altogether the value of 
    showing consideration for Russian desires.  He makes it clear that 
    the American-Atlantic guarantee is the only supporting foundation 
    of security for Germany and Europe, drawing the conclusion from 
    Russian policy--not uncontested in the country itself--that it is 
    only likely to lead to disappointment."

Khripunov, Igor.
    Have guns, will travel.  Bulletin of the atomic scientists, v. 53, 
    May-June 1997: 47-51.
        "A cash-starved defense industry is selling Russian weapons to 
    the world--latest models included."

Kozyrev, Andrei.
    Russia and the world's new security agenda.  International 
    relations, v. 14, Apr. 1998: 41-49.
        Examines the state of Russian security in the post-Soviet era 
    and also considers security issues raised by other nations in light 
    of current political difficulties which the Russian republic has 
    encountered.

Kugler, Richard L.   Kozintseva, Marianna V.
    Enlarging NATO: the Russia factor.  Santa Monica, Calif., RAND, 
    1996.  287 p.
        At head of title: National Defense Research Institute.
        "Prepared for the Office of the Secretary of Defense."

Kulikov, Anatoliy Sergeevich. 
    Russian policy in the sphere of national security: essence and 
    magnitude of internal threats to stability and order.  European 
    security, v. 6, autumn 1997: 16-37.
        "Russia's `national security' includes three basic elements: 
    interests, threat, and protection against threats.  The national 
    security strategy is the highest level of articulation of all of a 
    country's means for protecting and safeguarding its national 
    interests.  Being an integral system, it comprises other forms of 
    state strategies."

Lambeth, Benjamin S.
    Russia's wounded military.  Foreign affairs, v. 74, Mar.-Apr. 1995: 
    86-98. 
        "The Chechnya misadventure unmasked what Russia's armed forces 
    have known for awhile: the heir to the once-vaunted Soviet military 
    is in shambles.  Years of cutbacks in Russia's military budgets, 
    worsened by rapid inflation, have crippled morale, the development 
    of new weapons, maintenance, and training.  At the upper echelons, 
    there is now an exodus of talented and experienced officers; in the 
    lower ranks, desertion and draft evasion are widespread. 
    Nevertheless,  the Russian military has largely remained above 
    politics and helped to stabilize the nation amid reform.  The United 
    States would do well to press for an honest and open military-to-
    military relationship with Russia.  One day, a grave nuclear threat 
    may require it."

Larrabee, F. Stephen.  Karasik, Theodore W.
    Foreign and security policy decisionmaking under Yeltsin.  Santa 
    Monica, Calif., Rand Corporation, 1997.  54 p.
        Contents.--The ministry of foreign affairs.--The ministry of 
    defense.--The foreign intelligence service.--The role of the 
    presidential security service.--The role of the Security Council.--
    The presidential apparatus.--Conclusions and implications for U.S. 
    policy.


Lee, Rensselaer W.
     Smuggling Armageddon: the nuclear black market and the Former 
     Soviet Union and Europe.  New York, St. Martin's Press, 1998.  
        This book will be available later in 1998.

Lieven, Anatol.
    Russia's military nadir: the meaning of the Chechen debacle. 
    National interest, no. 44, summer 1996: 24-33.
        "The Chechen war may come to be seen as one of the greatest 
    disasters in Russian military history, greater than Tannenberg, 
    greater than Tsushima; not, obviously, because of Russian  losses, 
    which have been limited, but because of what Chechnya has revealed 
    about the humiliating depths of contemporary Russian military 
    decline.  Quite simply, the Russian army today is weaker in 
    relative terms than it has been for almost four hundred years--a 
    fact which, if it persists, may be of incalculable significance for 
    the future of Eurasia."

Mandelbaum, Michael.
    The dawn of peace in Europe.  New York, Twentieth Century Fund 
    Press, 1996.  209 p.

Meyer, Peggy Falkenheim.   Bolyatko, Anatoly.
    Russian security policy in the Asia-Pacific region: two views. 
    Edited by Stephen J. Blank.  [Carlisle Barracks, PA., Strategic 
    Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, 1996]  47 p. 
        Contents.--From Cold War to cold peace? by Peggy Falkenheim 
    Meyer.--Russian national security strategy and its implications for 
    East Asian security, by Anatoly Bolyatko.
        "These papers originally were presented to the conference on 
    `Russian Defense and Security Policy,' King's College, London, May 
    16-18, 1995, sponsored by the Ministry of Defence of Great Britain,  
          King's College, London, the U.S. Army War College's Strategic 
    Studies Institute, the U.S. Air Force Academy's Institute for 
    National Security Studies, and the RAND Corporation"--T.p. verso.

Moskalev, Boris.
    The anatomy of the Chechen conflict.  Mediterranean quarterly,  
    v. 7, winter 1996: 99-117.
        "This essay will look at the causes of the Chechen conflict and 
    the errors and second-best solutions that led to the horrendous 
    scenes of war displayed on CNN."

NATO enlargement: illusions and reality.  Edited by Ted Galen Carpenter 
    and Barbara Conry.  Washington, Cato Institute, 1998.  p. 

NATO expansion: Round II.  Problems of post-communism, v. 45, Jan.-Feb. 
    1998: 3-29.
        Contents.--The case for including the Baltics in NATO, by 
    Richard J. Krickus.--After NATO expansion: the East European 
    militaries, by Dale R. Herspring.--Ukraine, Russia, and European 
    security: thinking beyond NATO expansion, by Margarita M. Balmaceda.

Nelan, Bruce W.
    Nuclear disarray.  Time, v. 149, May 19, 1997: 46-48. 
        Examines the status of Russia's nuclear arsenal.

Nuclear energy and security in the former Soviet Union.  Edited by 
    David R.  Marples and Marilyn J. Young.  Boulder, Colo, Westview 
    Press, 1997.   177 p.

Proliferation concerns: assessing U.S. efforts to help contain nuclear 
    and  other dangerous materials and technologies in the former 
    Soviet Union.   Office of International Affairs, National Research 
    Council.  Washington,  National Academy Press, 1997.  142 p. 

Rogov, S. M. 
    Security concerns of the new Russia.  Sergey Rogov, with the 
    assisstance of Alexander Konovalov ... [et al.] ; Edited by Henry 
    Gaffney, Jr. and Paul Olkhovsky.  Alexandria, Va., Center for Naval 
    Analyses, 1995-  v. <1   >  (Occasional papaer / Center for Naval 
    Analyses)

Rogov, Sergey.
    Building the NATO-Russia relationship.  [Washington] National 
    Defense University, Institute for National Strategic Studies, 1996. 
    4 p.  (Strategic forum no. 76, May 1996)
        "Relations between Russia and NATO--not the enlargement of 
    NATO--is the main issue in European security.  To preserve hopes 
    for a partnership between Russia and NATO, the gap between 
    declarations and reality must be  closed."
    
Russia and Europe: the emerging security agenda.  Edited by Vladimir 
    Baranovsky.  Stockholm, Sipri; Oxford; New York, Oxford University 
    Press, 1997.  582 p.
        Stockholm International Peace Research Institute.

Sergeyev, Igor.
    We are not adversaries, we are partners.  NATO review, v. 46, 
    spring 1998: 15-18.
        Russia's defense minister discusses his nation's relationship 
    with NATO.

Sanchez-Andres, Antonio.
    Privatization, decentralisation and production adjustment in the 
    Russian defence industry.  Europe-Asia studies, v. 50, Mar. 1998: 
    241-255.
        "This article deals with the second phase of privatisation in 
    the defence industry (from 1993).  This period is characterised by 
    a strong desire to push through broad privatisation in the sector. 
    In particular, the article analyses the impact of privatisation and 
    one of its major effects, decentralisation, on the adjustment of 
    production in defence companies."

Staar, Richard F.
    Russia's new blueprint for national security.  Strategic review, v. 
    26, spring 1998: 31-42. 
        "The Federation of Russia has a new national security concept 
    which openly proclaims Moscow's goal of again becoming a great 
    power.  Basic prerequisites for achieving this status include 
    establishment of control over the so-called Commonwealth of 
    Independent States . . . and a reformed Russian army equipped with 
    twenty-first century weapons . . . .  However, providing Moscow 
    with such assistance may not be in the national interest of the 
    United States."

Talbott, Strobe.
    Deadly gambits: the Reagan administration and the stalemate in 
    nuclear arms control.  1st ed.  New York, Knopf, Distributed by 
    Random House, 1984.  380 p. 

Trenin, Dmitri.
    Russia and the emerging security environment in Northeast Asia. 
    Security dialogue, v. 29, 1998: 79-88.
        Discusses Russia's emerging relationship with the nations of 
    Asia.

U.S.  Congress.  House.  Committee on National Security.  Military 
    Research and Development Subcommittee. Russian national security 
    issues.  Hearing, 105th Congress, 1st session. Mar. 19, 1998. 
    Washington, G.P.O., 1998.  34 p.
        At head of title: H.N.S.C. no. 105-36.
        "General Lebed has agreed to share with us today his views and 
    to answer questions on a broad range of issues affecting United 
    States- Russian relations and international security, including, 
    for example, the safety of the Russian nuclear arsenal, the 
    condition and stability of the Russian Armed Forces, and the 
    implications of NATO enlargement."

U.S.  Congress.  Senate.  Committee on Foreign Relations.
    Meeting the challenges of a post-Cold War world: NATO enlargement 
    and U.S.-Russia relations; a report to the Committee on Foreign 
    Relations, U.S. Senate, by Joseph R. Biden, Jr., 105th Congress. 
    May 1997.  Washington, G.P.O., 1997.  59 p.  (Print, Senate, 105th 
    Congress, 1st session, S. Prt. 105-26)
        "During the week of March 23, I traveled to Europe to learn 
    more about the process of the enlargement of the North Atlantic 
    Treaty Organization and its likely effect upon our relations with 
    the Russian Federation."


Wendlandt, Astrid. 
    Pacifying Russia: international aid and NATO expansion.  Fletcher 
    forum of world affairs, v. 22, summer/fall 1998: 131-148.
        Examines the changing nature of NATO's relationship with Russia.

Woff, Richard.
    The armed forces of the former Soviet Union: evolution, structure 
    and  personalities.  2nd English ed.  London, Brassey's, c1996.  3 v. 


         Contents.--v. 1. Section A. The Commonwealth of Independent 
States. Section B. The Russian Federation.--v. 2. Section C. The 
Transcaucasian states.  Section D. Central Asia. Section E. The western 
border lands. Section F. The Baltic states.--v. 3. Bibliographies.





                          ECONOMIC ISSUES

Assistance programmes for Central and Eastern Europe and the former 
    Soviet Union.  Paris, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and 
    Development; Washington, OECD Publications and Information Center 
    [distributor], c1996.  93 p. 

Baker-Said, Stephanie.
    Shutting Russia out.  Russia review, v. 4, July 28, 1997: 12-13.
        "Russian producers are crying foul over anti-dumping actions 
    taken by Western governments that threaten to destroy the 
    competitiveness of Russian goods on the world market."

Campbell, Robert W.
    Evaluating Russian economic reform: a review essay.  Post-Soviet 
    affairs, v. 12, Apr.-June 1996: 181-193.
        Reviews three recent works on economic reform in Russia by 
    Anders Aslund (1995), Marshall Goldman (1994), and Maurice Ernst, 
    Michael Alexeev, and Paul Marer (1995).

Challenges for Russian economic reform.  Edited by Alan Smith.
    Washington, Published by the Brookings Institution for the Royal 
    Institute of International Affairs, London, 1995.  275 p. 
         At head of title: Russian and CIS Programme, The Royal 
    Institute of International Affairs.  
         Revised versions of four papers published originally in the 
    Post-Soviet business forum.

Commander, Simon.  Tolstopiatenko, Andrei.
    Restructuring and taxation in transition economies.  Washington, 
    World Bank, 1996.  23 p.  (Policy research working paper 1625)
        Examining the speed of economic restructuring in Central and 
    Eastern Europe, finds "that widespread tax avoidance in the private 
    sector can stimulate that sector's growth and result in a speedier 
    transition."

Coulloudon, Virginie.
    Privatization in Russia: catalyst for the elite.  Fletcher forum of 
    world affairs, v. 22, summer/fall 1998: 43-56.
        "The history of privatization in Russia is riddled with 
    scandals, revealing the critical nature of the struggle for state 
    funding in Russia today.  At stake is influence over defining the 
    rules of the political game.  The aim of this article is to 
    demonstrate how privatization in Russia gave birth to an oligarchic 
    regime and how, paradoxically, it would eventually destroy that 
    very oligarchy.  This article intends to study how privatization 
    influenced the creation of the present elite structure and how it 
    may further transform Russian decision making in the foreseeable 
    future."

Crook, Clive.
    After Russia, a global deluge?  National journal, v. 30, Sept. 5, 
    1998:  2012-2013. 
        Says that Russia's "economy has finally toppled over." Says  
    that the ruble has collapsed, foreign debts are in default, and 
    that "Russia's struggle to build a democratic economy is for now at 
    an end."

Dabrowski, Marek.
    Different strategies of transition to a market economy: how do they 
    work in practice?  Washington, World Bank, 1996.  47 p.  (Policy 
    research working paper 1579)
        Examines the controversy over how quickly and radically free 
    market rules should be adopted in the formerly planned economies of 
    the Soviet sphere.  Finds that "the more fast and comprehensive the 
    economic reform is, the more chance there is to minimize the 
    economic, social and political costs of this process and avoid 
    chronic macroeconomic mismanagement. Less favorable initial 
    conditions and bigger negative external shocks are also arguments 
    in favor of a more radical and disciplined path of transition."

Daniels, Robert V.
    Russia's road to Oz: utopian reform vs. modern reality.  Dissent, 
    v. 42, summer 1995: 307-312.
        Claims that the free market model "is not adequate to describe 
    Western reality, let alone guide a society emerging from the 
    straitjacket of the communist past.  This contradiction between the 
    theory that has inspired reform and the actual nature of modern 
    society--particularly the peculiar kind of modern society that was 
    the Soviet system--lies at the root of Russia's troubles of the 
    1990's."

Desai, Padma.
    Beyond shock therapy.  Journal of democracy, v. 6, Apr. 1995: 
    102-112.
        Reviews Russia's economic reforms over the past four years as 
    well as its negotiations with multilateral lending institutions.

Devlin, Rose Anne.  Grafton, R. Quentin.  Rowlands, Dane.
    Rights and wrongs: a property rights perspective of Russia's market 
    reforms.  Antitrust bulletin, v. 43, spring 1998: 275-296.
        Article cites "the important role that well-defined property 
    rights plays in economic transition and development.  This 
    framework will then be applied to the experience in Russia in an 
    attempt to determine how privatization affects economic efficiency 
    when property rights are ill defined."

Dmitrieva, Oksana.
    Regional development: the USSR and after.  New York, St. Martin's 
    Press, 1996.  211 p.

Duch, Raymond M.
    Economic chaos and the fragility of democratic transition in former 
    communist regimes.  Journal of politics, v. 57, Feb. 1995: 121-158.
        Finds "that citizens of the former Soviet Union and of Eastern 
    Europe recognize the differences between institutions and 
    incumbents.  While they do not abandon democratic capitalism in the 
    face of economic chaos, they are likely to punish incumbents for 
    economic hardships." 

Economic transition in Russia and the new states of Eurasia.  Edited 
    by Bartlomiej Kaminski.  Armonk, NY, M.E. Sharpe, 1996.  430 p. 
    (The  international politics of Eurasia; v. 8)
        Partial contents.--Economic transformation in the post-Soviet 
    Republics: an overview, by Gertrude Schroeder.--Foreign investment 
    and trade in Kazakhstan, by Serik Akhanov and Liazat Buranbayeva.--
    Central Asia: prospects for regional integration, by Serik 
    Primbetov.--Post-communist economics: expectations, entitlements, 
    and disappointments, by Aline Quester and George Quester.--
    Reforming intergovernmental relations: Russia and the challenge of 
    fiscal Federalism, by Christine I. Wallich.--Note on privatization 
    in Georgia, by Avtandil Silagadze and Teimuraz Beridze.--Global 
    integration and the convergence of interests among key actors in 
    the West, Russia, Ukraine, and the Commonwealth of Independent 
    States, by John P. Hardt and Gretchen R.  Rodkey.

Ellman, Michael.  Scharrenborg, Robert.
    The Russian financial panic and the IMF.  Problems of post-
    communism, v. 45, Sept.-Oct. 1998: 17-25.
        Concludes that "thanks to the IMF, the Kirienko government will 
    narrowly survive the current economic crisis.  But unless the 
    temporary reprieve is used to implement genuine reforms, another--
    and probably worse--crisis looms on the horizon."
        Completed on July 21, 1998, the article describes the 
    conditions of Russian banks, wage delays, corruption, and the need 
    for improvement in public finances.

Environmental financing in the Russian federation.  Paris, Organisation 
    for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1998.  114 p.
        "This volume brings together papers from an OECD workshop that 
    assessed the challenges and opportunities of environmental financing 
    in Russia today.  Its case studies focus on the regional and local 
    levels of government, which have taken over the main work of 
    implementing environmental policy in Russia today.  The book also 
    looks at the water sector, which has traditionally required large 
    public investments.  The papers examine how current financial 
    mechanisms can be used more effectively and consider opportunities 
    for new sources of financing in Russia's current transition to a 
    market economy."

Ericson, Richard E.
    The future of market transformation and the Yeltsin succession. 
    Problems of post-Communism, v. 44, Nov.-Dec. 1997: 23-28.
        "Judging by recent experience, the race to succeed Yeltsin will 
    likely eclipse efforts at economic reform.  Furthermore, the 
    uncertainties about the policies of any potential victor make 
    direct speculation almost fruitless.  However, three scenarios are 
    possible: successful marketization, corrupt corporatism, or a 
    resurrected Soviet-like economy."

Ferreira, Margarida Ponte.
    The opening of Russia: an assessment of its impact on East-West 
    trade. Journal of world trade, v. 30, Apr. 1996: 83-89. 
        "This article intends to look into recent changes the Russian 
    foreign trade regime and to discuss possible implications for 
    East-West trade.  In particular, it  attempts to estimate the 
    proportion of actual trade that might be ascribed to trade policy 
    measures (policy effects) and compares these policy effects with 
    the changes that might result from a 'normalization' of 
    East-West economic relations (short-term trade potential)."

Fish, M. Steven.
    The determinants of economic reform in the post-Communist world. 
    East European politics and societies, v. 12, winter 1998: 31-78.
        Examines possible causes as to why some of the 26 formerly  
    Communist nations undertook economic reforms faster than the 
    others.  "The evidence points clearly to the supreme importance of 
    a single political juncture: the outcome of the initial elections 
    held during the transition from Soviet-type socialism.  The second 
    major section of the article investigates the causal logic 
    underlying the relationship between the initial elections and 
    subsequent economic reform and explicates the intervening variables 
    that link the two factors."

Frenkel, William G.
    Legal protection against risks involved in doing business in the 
    Republics of the former U.S.S.R. (Commonwealth of Independent 
    States). International quarterly, v. 10, July 1998: 395-506.
        Article discusses the various elements of risk when undertaking 
    business and trade relationships with the nations of the 
    Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS).  Focuses on contractual 
    safeguards, sales and countertrade agreements, licensing, joint 
    ventures, property rights, and labor rules.

Gaddy, Clifford.
    No turning back?  market reform and defense industry in Russia: 
    who's adjusting to whom?  Brookings review, v. 14, summer 1996: 
    30-33.
        "The biggest change for the defense industry in the past five 
    years has been market reform itself.  Under the non-market, 
    `command-administrative' economic system of the Soviet Union, 
    defense enterprises enjoyed priority access to skilled and 
    disciplined workers, up-to-date technology, and reliable supplies 
    of other high-quality inputs.  These inputs were allocated 
    administratively, without regard to their economic costs--that is, 
    their potential value to other sectors of the economy.  Once market 
    reforms began to reveal the real cost  of these inputs, the 
    advantages previously enjoyed by defense enterprises could not 
    survive."

-----
    The price of the past: Russia's struggle with the legacy of a 
militarized economy.  Washington, Brookings Institution, 1996.  250 p. 
         Contents.--Introduction.--Measuring the militarized economy.--
The logic of a hypermilitarized economy.--Perestroika and the defense 
industry.--The defense industry in the new Russia.--Responding to market 
rules.--Labor force adjustment.--Defense enterprises as "company 
towns."--Regional legacy and prospects.--The future.

Gaddy, Clifford G.  Ickes, Barry W.
    Russia's virtual economy.  Foreign affairs, v. 77, Sept.-Oct. 1998: 
    53-67.
        "What has emerged in Russia is a new kind of economic system 
    with its own rules and its own critera for success and failure.  
    The new system can be called Russia's virtual economy because it is 
    based on an illusion about almost every important parameter: 
    prices, sales, wages, taxes, and budgets.  At its heart is the 
    pretense that the economy is much larger than it really is."

Gaidar, Yegor.
    The IMF and Russia.  American economic review, v. 87, May 1997: 
    13-16.
        Former Russian prime minister criticizes International Monetary 
    Fund programs for Russia.  Says the "IMF lost time when it was 
    possible and necessary to energetically support reforms and thus 
    condemned Russia to prolonged crisis and stagnation."

Glaeser, Edward L.  Scheinkman, Jose A. 
    The transition to free markets: where to begin privatization. 
    Stanford, Calif., Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace, 
    1995.  27 p.  (Working papers in economics E-95-1)
        Claims that "it makes sense to privatize industries that will 
    be competitive and industries with a low elasticity of demand (when 
    uncertainty is about costs).  Furthermore those industries with 
    large amounts of cost or demand uncertainty should be privatized 
    first . . . . Our informational model is supported by the 
    experience of privatization in Eastern Europe.  Russia has been 
    unable to privatize retail trade (for a variety of political 
    reasons).  As a result, information about market demand cannot flow 
    to upstream producers, and the entire society suffers."

Goldman, Marshall.
    The pitfalls of Russian privatization.  Challenge, v. 40, May-June 
    1997: 35-49.
        "Privatization is not working in Russia, writes the author. But 
    it is making many well-placed Russians rich.  How could it have been 
    handled better?  Shock therapy was too bold."

Goldman, Marshall I.
    Is this any way to create a market economy?  Current history, v. 
    94, Oct. 1995: 305-310.
        "Notes that previous efforts at reform in Russian history did 
    not succeed, and there is growing anger at Russia's present form of 
    `bastard' capitalism.  It may be a market, but not one that most 
    societies would tolerate."

Gregory, Paul R. 
     Has Russia's transition really been such a failure?  Problems of 
     post-communism, v. 44, Nov.-Dec. 1997: 13-22.
        Says despite the fact that economic growth has not resumed 
     after five years of transition, "Russia has put in place many of 
     the necessary institutions.  The country now has a constitution, a 
     civil code, a reasonably independent central bank, debt and equity 
     markets, a system  of market prices, presidential elections, and so 
     on . . . .  The major gaps that need to be closed are creating 
     property laws, an independent judiciary whose judgments are obeyed, 
     and reasonable tax codes that raise enough revenues for a 
     reasonably sized government."

Hass, Jeff.
    Making markets: rationality, institutions, culture, and economic 
    change in Russia.  Problems of post-communism, v. 44, July-Aug 
    1997: 44-52.
        Suggests that economic transition is a complicated process 
    "shaped by people's rational behavior as shaped by rules and 
    mediated by culture.  Transition is an economic creation, not 
    simply readjustment.  Markets are created in a complex process of 
    learning, conflict, and confusion."

Hedlund, Stefan.  Sundstrom, Niclas.
    The Russian economy after systemic change.  Europe-Asia studies, v. 
    48, Sept. 1996: 887-914.
        Examines what has happened to the Russian economy since Jan. 2, 
    1992, when prices were liberalized.  Examines such factors as 
    income distribution, privatization, inflation rates, and prospects 
    for the future.

Hoehmann, Hans-Hermann.
    German-Russian economic relations--appraisal and perspectives. 
    Aussenpolitik, v. 46, first quarter 1995: 52-60.
        Says that "hopes of comprehensively fostering economic 
    cooperation with the Federal Republic of Germany represented a key 
    motive in Gorbachev's policy of opening up to the West.  Problems 
    since, however, have worsened.  The difficulties associated with 
    the current situation of transition impede economic collaboration 
    with other countries to an even greater extent than the former 
    socialist system." 

Hoehmann, Hans-Hermann.  Meier, Christian.
    Before and after Yeltsin's election on the prospects of Western 
    cooperation with Russia.  Aussenpolitik, v. 47, no. 3, 1996: 
    263-273.
        Article explains "the particular risks that Russia, its 
    detractors and its investors can expect as well as discussing the 
    political and economic prospects in general which are unfolding."

Hoehmann, Hans-Hermann.  Meier, Christian.
    The Halifax G7 summit and western assistance for Russia and the 
    Ukraine. Aussenpolitik, v. 47, first quarter 1996: 53-60.
        Discusses the possible enlargement of the G7 economic 
    superpowers by including Russian participation.  Also discusses 
    trends in foreign aid to Russia and Ukraine.

Hoehmann, Hans-Hermann.  Meier, Christian.
    Russia, "Summit of the Eight" and international economic 
    organisations. Aussenpolitik, v. 48, no. 4, 1997: 335-345.
        "This year's World Economic Summit held in Denver/Colorado 
    between 20 and 22 June 1997 took place for the first time, as a 
    result of the extensive participation of Russia, as a `Summit of 
    the  Eight'.  As a `major democratic industrial state' the country 
    was involved in the  discussion of a broadly-based economic and 
    political agenda, although there was a conference section during 
    which the previous seven summiteers remained on their own in order 
    to address international economic issues and to state their 
    positions on them in their own summit declaration."

Ickes, Barry W.  Murrell, Peter.  Ryterman, Randi.
    End of the tunnel?: the effects of financial stabilization in 
    Russia. Post-Soviet affairs, v. 13, Apr.-June 1997: 105-133.
        "In this article, we contend that the present stabilization in 
    Russia is not sufficient for a resumption of growth.  Economic 
    recovery requires that enterprises invest in such growth-oriented 
    opportunities as restructuring and entry into new activities."

Johnson, Simon.  Kaufmann, Daniel.  Shleifer, Andrei. 
    The unofficial economy in transition.  Brookings papers on economic 
    activity, no. 2, 1997: 159-239.
        Presents evidence from Eastern Europe and other nations in 
    transition "on the effects of political control on the unofficial 
    economy.  The following section focuses on the determinants of 
    growth.  The next section revisits the data on stabilization.  The 
    paper concludes with a discussion of the reform agenda of countries 
    in the former Soviet Union, as suggested by our empirical findings."

Kiewiet, D. Roderick.  Myagkov, Mikhail G.
    The emergence of the private sector in Russia: a financial market 
    perspective.  Post-Soviet affairs, v. 14, Jan.-Mar. 1998: 23-47.
        Contends that "the financial markets provide a clearer picture 
    of what is happening in Russia than alternative sources of 
    information, such as Western news reporters or official government 
    statistics."  Examines the attitude of investors in the Russian 
    stock market which has moved sharply upward during the period of 
    Yeltsin's illnesses.  Finds that investors "seem to be wagering 
    that it is the presence of quality human capital and developing 
    infrastructure that make Russia's economic prospects brighter than 
    they appear to most Western observers."

Korhonen, Iikka.
    The sustainability of Russian fiscal policy.  Review of economies 
    in transition, no. 1, 1998: 5-12.
        "This paper briefly examines the sustainability of the Russian 
    fiscal policy.  Russia has run quite large general government 
    deficits during the transition years.  Some simple simulations show 
    that the present policies are not sustainable in the medium-term, 
    unless economic growth accelerates significantly and real interest 
    rate declines.  If these positive developments do not materialize, 
    Russia must tighten her fiscal policy."

Kramer, Mark.
    Down on the Soviet farm: collectivization and its discontents. 
    Technology review, v. 99, Apr. 1996: 43-53.
        "Reformers in the former Soviet Union thought privatization was 
    key to boosting the nation's flagging agricultural productivity. 
    But as  the story of an ambitious young entrepreneur shows, unless 
    one is exceptionally nimble, the person who tries to break with the 
    established system is likely to be broken by it."

Krushelnycky, Askold. 
    The visible hand.  Transitions, v. 5, June 1998: 38-41.
        Discusses current economic conditions in Russia.  Says the 
    country "is saddled with a corruption-riddled bureaucracy that is 
    largely hostile to reform and sees any change of the status quo as 
    disadvantageous. Bureaucrats have little motivation to support 
    policies that would eliminate their own jobs . . . .  The new prime 
    minister's first priority is to improve an abysmal tax collection 
    rate, which by many estimates generates less than 60 percent of the 
    revenues that should be channeled into government coffers."

Laird, Roy D.
    Kolkhozy, the Russian Achilles heel: failed agrarian reform. 
    Europe-Asia Studies, v. 49, May 1997: 469-478.
        Reviews the continuing legacy of Soviet agricultural policy on 
    current Russian agricultural conditions.

Leitzel, Jim. 
    Lessons of the Russian economic transition.  Problems of post-
    communism, v. 44, Jan.-Feb. 1997: 49-57.
        "Standard yardsticks may not be effective for measuring or 
    understanding the Russian economy.  Russia's success often comes 
    from using local substitutes for Western policies and institutions. 
    Now Moscow must nourish its gains and curb scofflaws."

Malmgren, Harald B.
    Dark clouds over Russia?  International economy, v. 12, Jan.-Feb. 
    1998: 30-33.
        Says that "until Russia has a widely established rule of law 
    and Western-style credit system with far greater transparency, the 
    country will remain vulnerable to the Asian plague.  But it will 
    take time to train a new generation of accountants, financial 
    analysts, credit officers, lawyers, and especially judges; until 
    then, the situation will be precarious.  One way out for Russia 
    would be to let foreign corporations and investment banks play a 
    far larger role inside the Russian economy during the next phases 
    of economic transition."

Mau, Vladimir.
    The road to Perestroika: economics in the USSR and the problems of 
    reforming the Soviet economic order.  Europe-Asia studies, v. 48, 
    Mar. 1996: 207-224.
        Attempts "to identify and analyse the process of formation of 
    the intellectual foundations for the reformist course which 
    Gorbachev attempted to pursue and which ultimately led to the 
    destruction of the communist system . . . .  We shall begin our 
    analysis with the economic debates at the turn of the 1950s and 
    1960s, when Soviet economists were dealing with the  problems of an 
    economic system which had already reached maturity." 

McHugh, David.
    Yeltsin lays down a new 12-point plan.  Russia review, v. 5, Feb. 
    27, 1998: 24.
        "The plan outlines solutions for Russia's economic problems and 
    includes the names of those responsible for implementing them."

McIntyre, Robert.
    Regional stabilisation policy under transitional period conditions 
    in Russia: price controls, regional trade barriers and other local-
    level measures.  Europe-Asia studies, v. 50, July 1998: 859-871.
        "This article explores differences in the economic and social 
    policies adopted at the local level which attempted to buffer the 
    negative effects of national-level `shock' policies by creating 
    market-mediating structures.  Several regions are considered, but 
    the widely noted `anti-reform' case of Ulyanovsk during the 1990-97 
    period is emphasised."
        Foresees the "adoption of certain features of the Chinese 
    reform path, specifically the rise of some form of local social 
    ownership of small and medium-sized productive enterprises."

Menshikov, Stanislav.
    Russia's economic policy--suggestions for an alternative. 
    Transition, v. 8, Apr. 1997: 13-16.
        "To help economic recovery, besides eliminating legislative and 
    administrative barriers facing foreign investments, government 
    investment should be increased as part of a well-formulated 
    industrial policy.  The government should invest in enterprises, or 
    jointly with enterprises, on the basis of profit-sharing deals that 
    would provide fast added revenue to the budget."
        Includes critical comments by David Gisselquist (The World Bank 
    Should Prioritize Recovery).

Mieszkowski, Peter.  Soligo, Ronald.
    Economic change in Russia: 1985-95.  Problems of post-communism, v. 
    43, May-June 1996: 23-37.
        "Until it is complete, Russia's transition to a market economy 
    cannot be judged a success or a failure.  In the meantime, a 
    relative evaluation can be made by comparing the Russian experience 
    with that of Poland, Czechoslovakia, or Hungary.  Like Russia, 
    Hungary has followed a more gradual approach, while Poland and 
    Czechoslovakia chose variants of shock therapy."

Peach, Gary.
    Investing in Russia in 1998.  Russia review, v. 5, Jan. 30, 1998: 
    14-17.
        "Every year the job gets more difficult.  After three straight 
    years of stupefying returns on international equity markets, during 
    which the Dow Jones doubled, and more to the point, The Moscow Times 
    Index catapulted 320 percent, stocks from around the world have 
    reached unfathomable highs."

Peuch, Jean-Christophe.
    Caspian Sea oil: the role of private corporations.  Fletcher forum 
    of world affairs, v. 22, summer/fall 1998: 27-41.
        "In a policy paper published by the Russian Foreign Ministry in 
    early 1997, experts stated that the two top priorities should be 
    `to consolidate Russia's role as a great power and one of the 
    centers of the multi-polar world that is taking shape' and `to 
    defend Russia's territorial integrity' . . . .  This article will 
    show how the Kremlin's policy has, until now, prevented the 
    successful development of Russian private energy business in the 
    Caspian basin.  The second section will demonstrate how the U.S. 
    administration has pushed for the interests of major American oil 
    corporations in the region and shows to what extent private 
    business has influenced U.S. foreign policy toward the oil-rich NIS 
    of the former Soviet Union (FSU)."

Popova, Tatiana.
    The cultural consequences of Russian reform.  Review of economies 
    in transition, no. 4, 1997: 23-39.
        "Numerous economic and social problems emerging from transition 
    in Russia highlight the nearsightedness of current economic reform 
    policies.  Moves such as liberation of culture from direct state 
    control are clearly for the better, but overall, the reforms have 
    had a negative impact on Russian cultural life."

Popova, Tatiana.  Tekoniemi, Merja.
    Challenges to reforming Russia's tax system.  Review of economies 
    in transition, no. 1, 1998: 13-30.
        The objectives of Russia's new Tax Code (1997) were "to ensure 
    simplification of the tax system, restoration of tax discipline, 
    stimulation of production and protection of adequate tax revenues.  
    Subsequently, there has been much discussion as to whether these 
    objectives can be achieved by the proposed Tax Code draft, and 
    thousands of amendments have been proposed.  The discussion has 
    centered around income and  enterprise taxation, i.e. areas where 
    Russian practice differs considerably from other countries."

Powell, Bill.
    The Capitalist Czars: the business elite who could be the post-
    Soviet economy's best hope.  Newsweek, v. 129, Mar. 17, 1997: 30-32.
        Profiles newly emerging Russian economic leaders.

Rao, Sujata. 
    Is a bailout in store?  Russia review, v. 5, July 3, 1998: 14.
        "The G-7 did not rush to rescue Russia from its latest market 
    tumult, choosing to offer moral support instead of money.  But some 
    traders see disaster ahead if help isn't forthcoming."

A regional approach to industrial restructuring in the Tomsk region,
    Russian federation.  Paris, Organisation for Economic Co-operation 
    and Development, 1998.  509 p. 
        "Provides an overview of the Tomsk regional economy and its main 
    sectors, with an examination of key regional and federal policy 
    issues, and investment provisions."

Review of agricultural policies: Russian federation. Paris, 
    Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1998. 279 p.
        In a comprehensive assessment of Russian agricultural policies 
    since 1991, finds that "while significant progress has been made in 
    liberalising the economy, difficulties remain in the agro-food 
    sector.  Russia has enormous economic potential and the 
    agricultural economy will continue to form a significant part of 
    Russia's economic and social structure well into the 21st century. 
    But to fulfill this potential, Russia needs to facilitate the 
    development and implementation of effective market mechanisms and 
    to eliminate the structural barriers that are impeding the emergence 
    of a strong and competitive agro-food sector."

Rogov, S. M. (Sergei Mikhailovich)
    Russia: the difficult road to a market economy.  Alexandria, VA, 
    Center for Naval Analyses, [1996]  52 p.
        "CIM 493/December 1996."

Russia and Eurasia.  Current history, v. 93, Oct. 1994: whole issue 
    (305-351 p.)
        Contents.--Seems like old times? Russia's place in the world, 
    by Yuri N. Afanasyev.--America's Russia policy: the triumph of 
    neglect, by Jerry F. Hough.--Russian politics: the calm before the 
    storm? by Michael McFaul.--Aftershock in Russia's economy, by Padma 
    Desai.--Vladimir Zhirinovsky, the unholy fool, by Mark Yoffe.--
    Nationalism and the legacy of empire, by Mark N. Katz.--The 
    Baltics: three states, three fates, by Paul A. Goble.--Belarus: you 
    can't go home again? by Ustina Markus.-- Moldova after 
    independence, by William Crowther.

Russia: no turning back?  International spectator, v. 32, Jan.-Mar. 
    1997: whole issue (98 p.).
        Contents.--Russia after five years, by Silvana Malle.--Business 
    lobbies in contemporary Russia, by Peter Rutland.--How many 
    Russias? Russia's regions and their adjustment to economic change, 
    by Philip Hanson.--Pipelines to prosperity? by Sarah J. Lloyd.--
    Landscape after the battle: rethinking democracy in Russia, by 
    Sergei Medvedev.--Russia and NATO: expansion and coexistence? by 
    Allen C. Lynch.--Maastricht watch, by Flaminia Gall.

Russia's foreign trade: new directions and western policies.  World 
    economy, v. 21, Jan. 1998: 95-119.

Russia's newest revolution: special report.  World & I, v. 12, Nov. 
    1997: 56-77.
        Series of articles examines the current state of Russia's 
    economy.

Rutland, Peter.
    Russia's unsteady entry into the global economy.  Current history, 
    v. 95, Oct. 1996: 322-329. 
        States that "the Russian economy is experiencing a structural 
    collapse that dwarfs the Great Depression in the U.S., and the 
    turnaround is not in sight."  The agricultural sector "remains 
    almost entirely unreformed," industrial output continues to drop, 
    and government revenue sources have eroded.  Examines trends in 
    Russia's foreign trade, particularly the export boom to the West.

Schleifer, Andrei.  Treisman, Daniel.
    The economics and politics of transition to an open market economy: 
    Russia.  Paris, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and 
    Development, 1998.  84 p.
        Partial contents.--Economic transition in Russia.--Russia's 
    struggle with inflation.--Stakeholders and the politics of 
    stabilisation.-- Stakeholders in privatisation.--Conclusion: 
    stakeholders in the Russian reform.

Shama, Avraham.
    Inside Russia's true economy.  Foreign policy, no. 123, summer 1996: 
    111-127.

Shlykov, Vitaly V.
    The crisis in the Russian economy.  Carlisle Barracks, Pa., 
    Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, 1997.  18 p.
        "Defense conversion in the West is . . . a diffuse activity  
    . . . . Nothing like this has happened in Russia so far . . . .  The 
    failure to comprehend these fundamental differences between the 
    economic systems of Russia and the rest of the industrial world 
    explains the excessive optimism of the Western public and 
    politicians about the prospects of market reform and 
    demilitarization in Russia.  Unfortunately, the difficulties of 
    dismantling a structurally militarized economy have been ignored."

Transforming post-communist political economies.  Edited by Joan M.
    Nelson, Charles Tilly, and Lee Walker.  Task Force on Economies in 
    Transition, Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and 
    Education, National Research Council.  Washington, National Academy  
    Press, 1997.  514 p.

Treisman, Daniel S.
    Fighting inflation in a transitional regime: Russia's anomalous 
    stabilization.  World politics, v. 50, Jan. 1998: 235-265.
        Examines Russia's economic challenges in the early 1990s, during 
    which the economy failed to stabilize in 1992-94, but where 
    stringent monetary and fiscal retrenchment in 1995 led to extremely 
    low inflation rates.

Van Selm, B.
    The economics of Soviet break-up.  London; New York, Routledge, 
    1997.   161 p.  (Routledge studies of societies in transition; 1)

Van Selm, Bert.
    Economic performance in Russia's regions.  Europe-Asia studies, v. 
    50, June 1998: 603-618.
        Provides data that show the economic performance rankings of 
    Russia's different regions in an attempt to determine whether 
    economic differences among the regions are increasing or 
    decreasing.   In terms of economic performance, finds that "regions 
    with the right industries did better than regions with the wrong 
    industries."

Waggener, Thomas R.  Backman, Charles A. 
    Russian trade links with China: research report on forest products. 
    Post-Soviet geography and economics, v. 38, no. 1, 1997: 47-58.

Wedel, Janine R.
    The Harvard boys do Russia.  Nation, v. 266, June 1, 1998: 11-16. 
    Writes that officials of Harvard University's Institute for 
    International Development (H.I.I.D.) "acquired virtual carte blanche 
    over the U.S. economic aid program to Russia, with minimal oversight 
    by the government agencies involved.  With this access and their 
    close alliance with Chubais and his circle, they allegedly profited 
    on the side.  Yet few Americans are aware of H.I.I.D.'s role in 
    Russian privatization, and its suspected misuse of taxpayers' 
    funds."

Wegren, Stephen K.  Belen'kiy, Vladimir R.
    The political economy of the Russian land market.  Problems of post-
    communism, v. 45, July-Aug. 1998: 56-66.
        Says "political, psychological, demographic, economic, and 
    financial factors that affect the land market in Russia have 
    hindered its transformative potential.  The result has been a land 
    market in which leasing, not land purchases, dominate and extremely 
    small plots of land are the primary object of land transactions.   
    To understand the transformative potential of the land market, this 
    article assesses its nature and development.  The article also 
    examines the Saratov land law, enacted in November 1997, as a 
    possible model for all Russia."

Westin, Peter.
    Comparative advantage and characteristics of Russia's trade with 
    the European Union.  Review of economies in transition, no. 2, 
1998: 5-30. 
        Examines recent trade trends between Russia and the European 
    Union. "Although Russian exports since 1992 have increased in terms 
    of variety, the development in manufacturing exports is 
    disappointing, especially with regard to light manufacturing and 
    consumer goods.  And not surprisingly Russia reveals a comparative 
    advantage in minerals and metals.  The level of intra-industry trade 
    between Russia and the EU remains low and there is no sign of an 
    increase; the opposite pattern from that of the Central European 
    countries.  On the whole this study shows that there are no clear 
    signs of changes to the structure of foreign trade between Russia 
    and the EU."

Whalen, Jeanne.
    Surgut holds its own is a slippery market.  Russia review, v. 5, 
    July 3, 1998: 20-21. 
        "Despite its secretiveness and old-fashioned ways, Russia's 
    third-largest oil company is one of the most profitable and stable 
    in the country."

Whitmore, Brian.
    Is an economic renaissance coming to St. Petersburg?  Russia 
    review, v. 4, Aug. 25, 1997: 8-13.
        "St. Petersburg's recent history has been one of disappointed 
    expectations.  Former mayor Sobchak repeatedly proclaimed his 
    intention to make the city the banking and financial capital of the 
    new Russia, yet a myopic protection of the city's banks resulted in 
    stagnation and disaster rather than growth . . .  .  Yet in the 
    past three months, there have been signs of revival."

Will wage arrears continue in Russia?  Transition, v. 9, Apr. 1998: 6-8.
        "Wage arrears began to grow rapidly in mid-1995.  In the midst 
    of faltering state authority and the collapse of contractual 
    obligations and their enforcement, the government resorted to more 
    wage cuts, enterprises withheld tax and wage payments, and local 
    governments diverted federal funds earmarked for employee 
    remuneration."

Yavlinsky, Grigory.
    Russia's phony capitalism.  Foreign affairs, v. 77, May-June 1998: 
    67-79.
        Says that reforms are needed for Russia to avoid "corporatist, 
    criminal-style capitalism."  Says "the most important step is to 
    separate business from political power in order to fight corruption 
    . . . .  The present system of economic management, where most large 
    enterprises are run by insiders who disregard the owners' rights, 
    must be radically reformed . . . .  Free competition must be 
    promoted by encouraging small and medium-sized businesses and by 
    removing the red tape and excessive regulation that stands in their 
    way."




                      POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT

After communism: what?  Daedalus, v. 123, summer 1994: whole issue  
    (194  p.)                                            
        Partial contents.--After empire: what? by Roman Szporluk.--
    Russia: lost and found, by Mark Medish.--Europe's new frontiers: 
    remapping Europe, by Jacques Rupnik.--Postcommunism: the problems  
    of democratic construction, by George Schopflin.--The postmortem 
    victory  of communism, by Istvan Rev.

Allensworth, Wayne.
    Derzhavnost: Aleksandr Lebed's vision for Russia.  Problems of post-
    communism, v. 45, Mar.-Apr. 1998: 51-58.
        "Lebed's vision combines Russian nationalism's great-power 
    statism with populist elements while remaining free of the 
    expansionist rhetoric of Vladimir Zhirinovskii or neo-communist 
    nostalgia."

Aron, Leon.
    The remarkable rise of democratic Russia.  Weekly standard, v. 3, 
    Apr. 20, 1998: 23-29.
        Examines recent governmental trends in Russia.

Belin, Laura.  Orttung, Robert W.
    The Russian parliamentary elections of 1995: the battle for the 
    Duma. Armonk, N.Y., M.E. Sharpe, 1997.  203 p.
        "This study of the 1995 Duma elections examines: the new rules 
    of the game in democratic Russia and the debate over the electoral 
    law;  Russia's complicated system of parliamentary representation; 
    the staying power of Russia's numerous political parties and the 
    stablity of the party system; the conduct of the campaign, 
    including platforms and candidate strategies; [and] the roles of 
    money and the media."

Blank, Stephen.  Kaplan, Morton.
    Russia's uncertain future.  World & I, v. 12, Nov. 1997: 291-313.
        "Blank argues that Russia's present-day foreign policy is 
    indeed hegemonic, imperialist, and antidemocratic, and stems from 
    the country's internal political forces and struggles . . . . 
    Kaplan argues that, instead of simply viewing Russia as a hegemonic 
    threat, Blank should have given an account of why NATO expansion is 
    not the solution to this problem."

Borer, Douglas A.
    War loss and political reform: an ongoing pattern in Russian 
    history. Studies in conflict and terrorism, v. 20, Oct.-Dec.:  
    345-369.
        "This paper argues that the collapse of the Soviet state in  
   1991 was part of a distinct and ongoing pattern in Russian history  
   in which each major alteration of the political fabric of Russia has 
   been accompanied by a loss in an interstate conflict."

Brandenberger, D. L.  Dubrovsky, A. M.
    The people need a tsar: the emergence of national Bolshevism as 
    Stalinist ideology, 1931-1941.  Europe-Asia studies, v. 50, July 
    1998: 873-892. 
        Presents historical background on the Russian revolution and  
    the establishment of the Soviet State.

Breslauer, George W.
    Political succession and the nature of political competition in 
    Russia. Problems of post-communism, v. 44, Sept.-Oct. 1997: 32-37.
        "Political succession in Russia has definite rules, although  
    the temptation for politicians to violate them is great.  Issue 
    polarization is muted within the electorate, if not among the 
    politicians, who seek both to criticize the incumbent and to 
    differentiate themselves from one another.  Whether this tenuous 
    balance can long survive internal or internal shocks remains to be 
    seen."

Brudny, Yitzhak M.
    In pursuit of the Russian presidency: why and how Yeltsin won the 
    1996 presidential election.  Communist and post-communist studies, 
    v. 30, Sept. 1997: 255-275.
        "This article seeks to explain why Boris Yeltsin was able to  
    win [the] 1996 Russian presidential election despite prolonged 
    economic crisis and the war in Chechnya.  The paper advances the 
    argument which emphasizes Yeltsin's ability to recreate political 
    and social alliances which were crucial to his previous electoral 
    successes, on the one hand, and poor electoral strategy and 
    political beliefs of Yeltsin's main challenger, the head of the  
    Communist Party of the Russian Federation Gennady Zyuganov, on the 
    other.  In particular, the paper highlights Yeltsin's campaign 
    strategy of turning the election into a referendum on communism 
    rather than on his own record and the success of his two candidates 
    only strategy."

Brusstar, James H.
    The Russian military's role in politics.  Washington, National 
    Defense University, 1995.  69 p.  (McNair paper no. 34, January 
    1995)
        Contents.--The military's response to the USSR's center-
    periphery crisis.--The military and the union treaty.--The military 
    and the August 1991 Coup.--The military and the demise of the 
    USSR.--The military and Russia's center-periphery problem.--The 
    military and Russia's legislative-executive struggle.

Busygina-Thraenert, Irina.
    Russia: difficulties in establishing a federation.  Aussenpolitik, 
    v. 46, no. 3, 1995: 253-262.
        "The Soviet Union was an empire in which many peoples--often 
    against their will--lived together . . . .  The largest and most 
    important successor state, Russia, is now for its part a  
    multinational state.  Consequently, observers have occasionally 
    asked whether Russia too might not, sooner or later, experience the 
    fate of the former USSR."

Carnaghan, Ellen.
    Alienation, apathy, or ambivalence?: "Don't Knows" and democracy 
    in Russia.  Slavic review, v. 55, summer 1996: 325-363.
        "Russian citizens have been asked to evaluate their political 
    leaders, to project their nation's future, and to offer opinions on 
    emerging  democratic and market systems.  Many Russians have 
    responded to this barrage of questions with `I don't know.'"

Chafetz, Glenn.
    The struggle for a national identity in post-Soviet Russia. 
    Political science quarterly, v. 111, winter 1996-1997: 661-688.
        Assesses recent political developments in Russia.

Cohen, Ariel. 
    Russia's assault on religious freedom.  Washington, Heritage 
    Foundation, 1997.  7 p.  (Backgrounder no. 1137)
        "Religious freedom in Russia once again is in danger.  On 
    September 4, 1997, President Boris Yeltsin signed and sent to 
    legislators in the Duma a draft bill `On Freedom of Conscience and 
    on Religious Organizations' which, if passed, will redefine church-
    state relations in Russia.  The draft incorporates Yeltsin's minor 
    changes in a bill that he had vetoed after it was passed by the 
    parliament this summer.  In every essential respect, however, this 
    `compromise' represents only cosmetic changes in the original 
    harmful bill.  If passed, this legislation will turn back the clock 
    on religious freedom in Russia."

Cohen, Ariel.  Volk, Evgueini.
    Yeltsin's gambit: political crisis in Moscow.  Washington, Heritage 
    Foundation, 1998.  2 p.  (Executive memorandum no. 522)
        "On March 23, 1998, Russian President Boris Yeltsin sacked his 
    entire government.  Yeltsin appointed a political rookie, 35-year-
    old Minister of Energy Sergei Kirienko, as Acting Prime Minister, 
    replacing a five-year veteran Viktor Chernomyrdin, aged 59.  First 
    Deputy Prime Minister Anatoly Chubais, a leading economic reformer, 
    was fired by special presidential decree and will not return to the 
    new cabinet.  Yeltsin apparently decided to keep others, including 
    Minister of Foreign Affairs Yevgenii Primakov and Minister of 
    Defense Marshal Igor Sergeev."  Considers implications of this 
    action.

Coker, Margaret.
    Is the Duma fighting the need for reform?  Russia review, v. 5,  
    Aug. 14, 1998: 12-16.
        "After the Duma killed parts of the government's plan, the IMF 
    reduced its bailout loan.  Will the new plan be enough to break 
    Russia's fall?"

Coleman, Fred.
    Was Boris a bad bet?  U.S. news & world report, v. 121, Sept. 30, 
    1996:  46-47.
        "While acknowledging that the West's ability to influence  
    Russia is limited.  Russian analysts nonetheless point to crucial 
    blunders where the United States failed to exercise its leverage to 
    encourage institutional and legal reform.  Worst of all was the 
    failure to build a broad political consensus.  They say U.S. support 
    should have gone both to Yeltsin and to other reformers in 
    parliament, the  regions and even opposition parties.  Such a 
    conensus could have pushed Yeltsin to remain on a more democratic 
    track and, at the same time, helped groom  a genuine democratic 
    successor."

Cooper, Mary H.
    Russia's political future: will voters turn the clock back in June? 
    CQ researcher, v. 6, May 3, 1996: whole issue (385-408 p.)
        "Russia's upcoming presidential election, on June 16, will 
    largely be a referendum on President Boris N. Yeltsin's program of 
    economic and political reforms.  In the five years since  the  
    Soviet Union collapsed, the bumpy transition from a state-
    controlled to a market economy has benefited relatively few 
    Russians, leaving the vast majority of the population either  no 
    better off or even less prosperous than they were under communism. 
    Yeltsin's main challenger, Communist Party leader Gennadi A. 
    Zyuganov, is appealing to the nostalgia and  resentment of Russia's 
    weary electorate by promising to restore the Soviet empire--and 
    communism--as well as to reimpose state control over large 
    industries.  Yeltsin, meanwhile, has  been backtracking on his 
    reform program, casting doubts on his commitment to democratic 
    change."

Cornell, Svante E.
    The unruly Caucasus.  Current history, v. 96, Aug. 1997: 341-347.
        "Russia's policy in the Caucasus is confused, sometimes 
    contradictory, and often destabilizing.  It has failed to dampen 
    ethnic tensions [and] has contributed to anti-Russian feelings."

The Cossacks: a super-ethos in Russia's ribs.  Economist, v. 341, Dec. 
    21, 1996: 21-24.
        Discusses the Coassack revival in Russia today and considers 
    implications of this phenomenon.

Dobson, Richard B.
    Russians choose a president: results of focus group discussions. 
    Washington, U.S. Information Agency, 1996.  20 p.
        "This report examines what Russians want Russia to become and 
    how they view the candidates campaigning for the presidency.  It is 
    based on focus group discussions conducted in towns and villages 
    across Russia in April and May 1996.  Comparisons are made with 
    similar discussions held at the end of 1995."

Does Russian democracy have a future?  Edited by Stephen J. Blank and 
    Earl H. Tilford, Jr.  Carlisle Barracks, Pa., Strategic Studies 
    Institute, U.S. Army War College, 1994.  162 p.
        Contents.--The impact of the parliamentary elections on Russian 
    democracy, by Stephen J. Blank.--The Russian elections and the 
    future of military-to-military contacts: the specter of Zhirinovsky, 
    by Jacob W. Kipp.--The impact of the Russian elections on civil-
    military relations, by Thomas M. Nichols.--Russia's crisis of 
    evolving statehood: the impact of the new constitution and the 
    parliamentary elections, by Jessica Eve Stem.--The United States and 
    a resurgent Russia: a new Cold War or a balance of power recast? by 
    Ilya Prizel.

Ferguson, Rob.
    Will democracy strike back? Workers and politics in the Kuzbass. 
    Europe-Asia studies, v. 50, May 1998: 445-468.
        Examines the influence of the miners in the Kuzbass region of 
 Russia.

Fish, M. Steven.
    The pitfalls of Russian superpresidentialism.  Current history, v. 
    96, Aug. 1997: 326-330.
        "Russia's `superpresidentialism'--despite the strength it 
    ostensibly derives from its powers of command, its enormous 
    bureaucratic machinery, and the pomp and glitter that adorn it--
    lives in constant danger of destruction and replacement or, at best, 
    slow degeneration and decline."

Gregor, A. James.
    Fascism and the new Russian nationalism.  Communist and post-
    communist studies, v. 31, Mar. 1998: 1-15.
        "This article provides a broad comparison between Italian 
    Fascism and the new nationalism that has arisen in post-Soviet 
    Russia.  The focus is on that nationalism which has, in the 
    immediate past, merged with what used to be the Marxism-Leninism of 
    the Communist Party of the Russian Federation.  The ideas of 
    Gennadii Ziuganov, leader of the CPRF, are traced to Sergei 
    Kurginian and Alexander Prokhanov and compared to those of the 
    ideologues of historic Fascism."

Grodeland, Ase B.  Koshechkina, Tatyana Y.  Miller, William L.
    `Foolish to give and yet more foolish not to take'--in-depth 
    interviews with post-communist citizens on their everyday use of 
    bribes and contacts.  Europe-Asia studies, v. 50, June 1998: 651-
    677.
        Traces political corruption throughout Russian history.  
    Examines the use of bribery in the governments of some of the  
    former Soviet states.

Hausmaninger, Herbert.
    Towards a "new" Russian constitutional court.  Cornell  
    international law journal, v. 28, spring 1995: 349-386.
        Article "examines the reform legislation concerning 
    constitutional adjudication introduced by President Yeltsin in the 
    new Russian Constitution of December 1993 . . . [and] evaluates 
    the new structure, functions, and future prospects of the `new' 
    Russian Constitutional Court."

Knight, Amy.
    Is the old KGB still in power?  Washington quarterly, v. 20, winter 
 1997: 59-74.
        "One of the greatest obstacles to achieving a democratic system 
    of government in Russia is that Russian society has not attempted  
    to come to terms with its past.  Unlike Eastern European countries, 
    which underwent the traumatic and chaotic experience of ridding 
    themselves of the legacy of Communist repression, Russia has yet to 
    address the problem of past injustices.  No one has been held 
    accountable for the gross violations of individual rights that 
    occurred during the Soviet period." 

Kramer, Michael.
    Exclusive: rescuing Boris.  Time, v. 148, July 15, 1996: 28-37.
        "The secret story of how four U.S. advisers used polls, focus 
    groups, negative ads and all the other techniques of American 
    campaigning to help Boris Yeltsin win."

Lane, David.
    The transformation of Russia: the role of the political elite. 
    Europe-Asia studies, v. 48, June 1996: 535-549.
        "Explores the political orientations of the political elite in 
    the transition under President Yeltsin in Russia between 1991 and 
    1993 and compares them with developments which occurred under 
    Gorbachev in the 1985 to 1991 period.  Finally, distinctions are 
    drawn between the process of transition to capitalism and democracy 
    in Russia and in other countries."

Layard, Richard.  Parker, John.
    Is Russia different?  Across the board, v. 34, May 1997: 30-35.
        "Russia stands on the brink--or is it a precipice?  Two Russia 
    hands explain how its historical antecedents provide leads to 
    various plausible futures."

Leaderless Russia.  Economist, v. 342, Jan. 18, 1997: 47-48.
        "The continuing bad health of Russia's president may mean 
    another election--sooner rather than later."

Lehman, Susan Goodrich.
    Islam  and ethnicity in the Republics of Russia.  Post Soviet 
    affairs, v. 13, Jan.-Mar. 1997: 78-103.
        "Results of survey research conducted in 1993 among Muslims in 
    the five Islamic Autonomous Republics of Russia.  The data 
    demonstrate that the strength of Islam as both a religious and 
    social institution varied regionally despite the shared experience 
    of Soviet anti-religious policies."

Lieven, Anatol.
    Freedom and anarchy: Russia stumbles toward the twenty-first 
    century. Washington quarterly, v. 20, winter 1997: 41-58.
        "The very weakness of the Russian state poses many threats, 
    above all in the area of crime and smuggling."

Lynn, Nicholas J.  Fryer, Paul.
    National-territorial change in the republics of the Russian north. 
    Political geography, v. 17, May 1998: 567-588.
        "This paper examines how the republics of the Russian North 
    (Karelia, Komi and Sakha-Yakutia) have begun to construct national 
    development strategies as `sovereign' territorial sub-units within 
    the post-Soviet Russian Federation.  This paper highlights the 
    important role that boundaries and peripheries have played in the 
    institutionalisa- tion of ethnicty in these former autonomous 
    republics of the Russian Union republic of the USSR."

Malia, Martin.
    Party hearty: return of the apparatchiks.  New republic, v. 214, 
    May 27,  1996: 25-27.
        Asserts that the election in Russia highlights the same problem 
    which has existed in other former communist countries; the change 
    from communism has been painful for many of the people therefore 
    modernized Communists offering a broad `safety net' become promising 
    candidates.

Matlock, Jack F., Jr.
    Dealing with a Russia in turmoil.  Foreign affairs, v. 75, May-June 
    1996: 38-51.
        "Moscow with a Soviet hangover tests the patience even of those 
    who most wish to engage it.  As Chechnya festers, privatization 
    lags, and the world contemplates the possibility of a  communist 
    president in the Kremlin dreaming of empire, some ridicule the 
    notion of partnership.  Russian chauvinists paint America as the 
    enemy, but the interests of the two countries after the Cold War are 
    compatible.  The West should focus its attention--and Russia's--on 
    common interests like nonproliferation of nuclear weapons, regional 
    peace, and  full participation in the world economy.  America should 
    deal rationally with irrationalities in a nation finding its way."

Matlock, Jack F., Jr.
    The struggle for the Kremlin.  New York review of books, v. 43, 
    Aug. 8, 1996: 28-34.
        "Yeltsin had once again maneuvered himself to victory against 
    what had seemed unsurmountable odds."

McAllister, Ian.  Rose, Richard.  White, Stephen.
    Communists, privilege, and postcommunism in Russia.  International 
    politics, v. 34, Mar. 1997: 79-95.
        "The authors find that the end of Communist Party rule was of a 
    type leaving elites intact, enabling them to control the amount and 
    rate of systemic change."

McFaul, Michael.
    Russia's `privatized' state as an impediment to democratic 
    consolidation, part 1.  Security dialogue, v. 29, June 1998:  
    191-199.
        "Elites, commentators, and the public at large have grown 
    noticeably more disenchanted with the Russian government and more 
    pessimistic about Russia's future since the conclusion of the 
    presidential election in July 1996.  The magnitude of the wage 
    arrears problem, coupled with the government's inability to collect 
    taxes and the lack of economic growth, has fueled speculation of 
    impending social upheaval.  Though often unreported, wildcat strikes 
    have continued throughout the country since the presidential vote.  
    Unrest in the military also looms as a threat to stability."




-----
    Why Russia's politics matter.  Foreign affairs, v. 74, Jan.-Feb. 
    1995:  87-99.
        "The neoliberal economic and political models used by Western 
    analysts to explain Russia's recent transformation ignore the 
    interrelationship between the economy and politics.  Russia is in 
    the midst of a social revolution.  Economic reform without political 
    reform--as attempted by Yegor Gaidar--will fail.  Prime Minister 
    Viktor Chernomyrdin's policies have met with some success because of 
    accompanying political changes.  This interrelated pattern of reform 
    must continue."

McHugh, David.
    Yeltsin lays down a new 12-point plan.  Russia review, v. 5, Feb. 
    27, 1998: 24.
        "The plan outlines solutions for Russia's economic problems and 
    includes the names of those responsible for implementing them."

Mendras, Marie 
    Interpreting the Russian elections: Yeltsin and the great divide 
    in Russian society-Feature story.  East European constitutional 
    review, v. 5, spring-summer 1996: 51-57.
        Analyzes the significance of Russia's 1996 election results. 
    "The results confirmed the deep chasm that divides Russia. . . . 
    During the last several years, social inequality and geographic 
    differentiation have grown larger.  This internal divide in 
    Russian society is the prinicipal message which voters sought to  
    get across to their leaders."

Miller, Donna R.
    Unconstitutional democracy: ends vs. means in Boris Yeltsin's 
    Russia. Transnational law & contemporary problems, v. 4, fall 1994: 
    873-905.
        "On September 22, 1993 Russian President Boris Yeltsin 
    unilaterally dissolved the Russian Parliament: the international 
    community responded with near unanimous support for his action   
    . . . .  This Study summarizes President Yeltsin's dissolution of 
    the Russian Parliament.  Part II presents the internal and external 
    international reaction to this event [and] . . .   establishes the 
    factors useful in assessing whether the international community will 
    support the displacement of a popularly elected government."

Moser, Robert G.
    The impact of parliamentary electoral systems in Russia.  Post-
    Soviet affairs, v. 13, July-Sept. 1997: 284-302.
        The author argues that "proportional representation has 
    strengthened political parties, whereas plurality elections have 
    fostered an influx of independent candidates that has undermined the 
    role of parties."

Nagorski, Andrew.  Watson, Russell.
    Born again.  Newsweek, v. 128, July, 15, 1996: 30-33.
     "Yeltsin has four more years, if he can live that long.  But his 
    health is uncertain and his direction unclear.  The succession 
    struggle has already begun." 
Nogee, Joseph L.  Mitchell, R. Judson. 
    Russian politics: the struggle for a new order.  Boston, Allyn and 
    Bacon, 1997.  200 p.
        Partial contents.--The Soviet system.--The beginning of 
    reform.-- Perestroika on trial.--Dissolution of the U.S.S.R.--
    Russia's politics: the struggle for reform.--Commonwealth of 
    independent states.--Russia's foreign policy.--The prospects for  
    democracy.

Ordeshook, Peter C.
    Russia's party system: is Russian federalism viable?  Post-Soviet  
    affairs, v. 12, July-Sept. 1996: 195-217.
        "Despite constitutional assertions that it is a federation, the 
    issue of whether Russia can or should be federal is another matter  
    . . . .  There is little doubt, then, that federal relations will 
    remain a vexing issue in Russia's transition to democracy."

Party politics in post-communist Russia.  Journal of communist studies 
    and transition politics, v. 14, Mar.-June 1998: whole issue  
    (269 p.).
        Partial contents.--Party development in the regions: when did 
    parties start to play a part in politics? by Ruth Brown.--Party 
    platforms: towards a definition of the Russian political spectrum, 
    by Sarah Oates.--Ideology, uncertainty and the rise of anti-system 
    parties in post-communist Russia, by Stephen E. Hanson.--
    Classifying Russia's Party system: the problem of `relevance' in a 
    time of uncertainty, by Neil Robinson.--Should party in parliament 
    be weak or strong?  the rules debate in the Russian State Duma, by 
    Moshe Haspel.

Peach, Gary.
    Transforming the General.  Russia review, v. 5, July 3, 1998: 39.
        "Alexander Lebed has changed.  Gone are the rough edges; the bite and bark of the rebel are tamed.  Can this newly emerged political swan fly to greater heights of popularity?"

Phillips, R. Stuart.
    Aleksandr Lebed: soldier, statesman, President.  World affairs, v.
    159, winter 1997: 109-112.
        "Recent events suggest that Lebed, former national security 
    advisor and secretary of the Security Council, is attempting to 
    forge a new constituency of `pragmatic patriots,' appealing to a 
    cross-section of moderates and conservatives whose ideology blends 
    basic economic tenets of liberal democracy with a strong sense of 
    traditional Russian nationalism."

Pipes, Richard.
    Russia's past, Russia's future.  Commentary, v. 101, June 1996:  
    30-38.
        "Russia in the last few years has been a great disappointment to 
    those of us who, after the collapse of the Soviet regime, had 
    expected the country to embark on a slow, probably uneven, but still 
    irreversible course of Westernization.  What we had in mind was the 
    path followed, in various ways, by the Baltic states, the Czech 
    Republic, Poland, and Hungary, all of which had also been recently 
    liberated from Communism." 

Rainone, Zebulon T.
    Democracy stalled: evaluating the Russian Federation today. East
    European quarterly, v. 32, June 1998: 269-280.
        "As the Soviet Union began to come apart at the seams, the 
    various Union republics, starting with the Baltics, began to seek 
    political independence from the greater Soviet Union.  The Russian 
    Republic was forced to cope with these new realities and seek its 
    own path toward modern political independence and a redefinition of 
    its political and social structure."

Razuvaev, V. V.
    Power in Russia: the bureaucratic dimension.  Russian politics and 
    law, v. 34, May-June 1996: 6-25.
        Discusses the composition of Russia's high level bureaucratic 
    elite today.

Remnick, David.
    Can Russia change?  Foreign affairs, v. 76, Jan.-Feb. 1997: 35-49. 
        "Russia's era of romantic democracy is over.  Boris Yeltsin's 
    victory in the 1996 elections marked the rise of a new class of 
    oligarchs who have profited from post-Cold War chaos.  But 
    Westerners who predict a return to authoritarianism and cultural 
    stagnation overlook how far Russia has come since the late 1980s. 
    and how it has opened to the world.  It is not the Soviet Union,  
    nor the land of the czars.  In the short term, most Russians cannot 
    hope for much, especially from their leaders.  But with its 
    political reforms, 98 percent privatized economy, and educated, 
    urban population, Russia has a great deal going for it--maybe more 
    than China."

Ruble, Blair A.
    The rise of Moscow, Inc.  Wilson quarterly, v. 22, spring 1998:  
    81-87.
        Describes the efforts of Moscow's tough mayor, Yuri Luzhkov. 
    "It is the rough-hewn Luzhkov's brightly lit Moscow, the new  
    Moscow, the home base of Moscow, Inc. that is lighting up post-
    Soviet Russia.  His city, the corrupt but gritty `city that works,' 
    seems at times almost an elemental force of nature, crude but 
    powerful.  It is Moscow--not the more reform-minded, more decorous 
    St. Petersburg--that mesmerizes.  And it is Moscow, perhaps, that  
    is defining Russia's future."

Russia drifts: Europe could be heading for a storm.  Economist, v. 340, 
    Sept. 28, 1996: 20.
        "While Mr. Yeltsin's  team concentrates the president's limited 
    energies on the economic front, Russia is drifting dangerously  
    close to trouble elsewhere.  Sensitive to Russian nationalist 
    feeling, before the election Mr. Yeltsin several times put off a 
    planned visit to Ukraine to sort out the vexed division of the 
    former Soviet Black Sea fleet and the sharing of its Ukranian home 
    port, Sebastopol."

Russia: what's next?  World & I, v. 11, Sept. 1996: 22-43.
        "Boris Yeltsin's reelection as president raises as many 
    questions as it answers about Russia's uncertain future."  

        Contents.--A democratic social contract, by Carl Linden.--A new 
    economic plan, by Keith Bush.--The U.S.-Russia relationship, by 
    Richard F. Staar.

Russia's demographic "crisis."  Santa Monica, Calif., Rand, 1996.   
    205 p.
        Contents.--Family, fertility, and demographic dynamics in 
    Russia: analysis and forecast, by Anatoly G. Vishnevsky.--Fertility 
    decline and recent changes in Russia: on the threshold of the second 
    demographic transition.--Family planning and induced abortion in 
    post-Soviet Russia of the early 1990s: unmet needs in information 
    supply, by Andrej A. Popov.--The Russian epidemiolgoical crisis as 
    mirrored by mortality trends, by Vladimir M. Shkolnikov and France 
    Mesle.--The crisis of Russian health care and attempts at reform,  
    by Boris A.  Rozenfeld.--The determinants and implications of an 
    aging population in Russia, by Sergei A. Vassin.

Rutland, Peter.
    Yeltsin: the problem, not the solution.  National interest, no. 49, 
    fall 1997: 30-39.
        "Both positive and negative trends in Russia are much obscured 
    by the West's fixation on the personality and power of Boris 
    Yeltsin."

Sezer, Duygu Bazoglu.
    From hegemony to pluralism: the changing politics of the Black Sea. 
    SAIS review, v. 17, winter-spring 1997: 1-30.
        "Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Black Sea 
    region has evolved from a closed to an open system.  Russian, 
    Ukrainian, and Turkish interests interact in an environment 
    increasingly characterized by pluralism.  Long-simmering tensions  
    in the Caucasus and competition for oil profits have implications 
    going far beyond the region."

Shevtsova, Lilia.
    Dilemmas of post-communist Russia.  Security dialogue, v. 28, Mar. 
    1997: 83-96.
        "The question 'Whither Russia?' provokes emotional discussions. 
    Optimists persist in their conviction that Russia has `turned the 
    corner' and is headed towards liberal democracy.  Some even try to 
    prove that this goal has already been achieved.  Sceptics, no less 
    energetically, predict a gloomy future.  But the political and 
    economic situation is much more complicated than the optimists or 
    sceptics suggest."

Shevtsova, Lilia.
    Yeltsin's Russia: challenges and constraints.  Moscow, Carnegie 
    Endowment for International Peace, 1997.  74 p.
        "This paper explores several important issues related to 
    Russia's current development: is Russia heading toward a liberal 
    democracy, a new authoritarianism, or an oligarchy; who makes 
    decisions in Russia? . . . . It is too early to judge what the final 
    results of the transformation will be."
    Partial contents.--The president's vertical hierarchy.--Towards a 
    hybrid regime.--The oligarchy is advancing.--Decision-making 
    mechanisms.--Yeltsin's political trajectory.


Shlapentokh, Dmitry.
    The Russian `soul' and Yeltsin's body.  Contemporary review, v.  
    271, Sept. 1997: 119-128.
        "The Westernization of Russian society has brought about only 
    modest gains, and therefore a negative perception of the changes 
    continues to dominate society.  The positive changes from 
    Westernization are a tiny island of capital surrounded by deeply 
    hostile forces.  Yeltsin won the last election not because Western 
    capitalism had captured the imagination of a majority of the 
    populace, but because the majority was tired of change and fearful 
    that another change would make things even worse."

Shlapentokh, Vladimir.
    "Normal" Russia.  Current history, v. 96, Aug. 1997: 331-335.
        "Russians are adapting quickly to the new rules of the market 
     economy and democratic freedoms.  This development can only be 
     greeted positively by Russians and the world.  When, however, they 
     accept as `normal' many negative and dangerous phenomena in their 
     lives associated with these changes."

-----
    Bonjour, stagnation: Russia's next years.  Europe-Asia studies, v. 
    49, July 1997: 865-881.
        Examines Russia's current political directions.

-----
    The four faces of Mother Russia.  Transitions, v. 4, Oct. 1997:  
    59-65.
        "No single social system completely dominates Russian society.  
    In truth, argues this author, four distinct systems for power, and 
    the one that will ultimately wind up on top is anyone's guess."

-----
    Yeltsin, tabloid-style.  Transitions, v. 5, Feb. 1998: 46-48.
        "The president's former bodyguard provides an account of 
    Russia's unsavory political elite."

Simon, Gerhard. Boris Yeltsin: post-communist patriot.  Swiss review of 
    world affairs, no. 9, Sept. 1996: 6-7.
        "To a large extent Boris Yeltsin owes his re-election to the 
    fact that in Russia, unlike most former East Bloc countries, there 
    is no reformed Communist Party that has clearly distanced itself 
    from the old Soviet dictatorship in its symbols and its program.  
    This circumstance also goes far to explain the massive support 
    Yeltsin received from the Russian media and business world."

Stavrakis, Peter J.
    Shadow politics: the Russian state in the 21st century.  Carlisle 
    Barracks, Pa., Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, 
    1997.  whole issue (31 p.).
        "Describes the emergence in Russia of a kind of oligarchic 
    capitalism, controlled by old political elites, and thriving amid an  
    extra-legal `parallel shadow government' . . . . Contends that 
    Russia's central power structures to date have derived from a fusion 
    between corrupt government officials and private sector elites."

Stent, Angela.  Shevtsova, Lilia.
    Russia's election: no turning back.  Foreign policy, no. 123, 
    summer 1996: 92-110.
        "The imminent Russian presidential election seems to portend a 
    dreadful irony: This first democratic contest might, depending on 
    its outcome, stifle Russia's emerging democracy and  turn the clock 
    back to an era of authoritarianism, or worse.  Much of the 
    speculation on the outcome has been gloomy: Boris Yeltsin wins and 
    imposes a more authoritarian and corrupt  oligarchy; Gennadi 
    Zyuganov wins and tries to resurrect the Soviet Union with a command 
    economy, censorship, and a reinvigorated secret police, restoring 
    communism and the Cold War."

Treisman, Daniel.
    Why Yeltsin won.  Foreign affairs, v. 75, Sept.-Oct. 1996: 64-77.
        "Reporters and pundits have spun many theories as to why Yelsin 
    won.  None of them matches the polling data.  Clever campaigning, 
    anticommunist scare tactics, even efforts to end the war in Chechnya 
    were not the critical factors.  Boris Yeltsin passed Gennadi 
    Zyuganov in the polls only when he traveled the country ladling out 
    pork.  Yeltsin doubled the minimum pension and paid off the backlog 
    in wages.  A Vorkuta coal miner asked for a car--and got it.  A 
    presidential aide slipped a bystander a handful of cash.  High 
    minded criticism from the West notwithstanding, Tammany tactics are 
    hardly unknown in Western politics, and they did keep a communist 
    out of office."

Umland, Andreas.
    The post-Soviet Russian extreme right.  Problems of post-communism, 
    v. 44, July-Aug. 1997: 53-61.
        "By focusing on communism's possible return to Russia,  
    observers have neglected twentieth-century Russian right-wing 
    extremism, which traces its roots to imperial Russia and is evident 
    throughout the Soviet period.  This essay provides a comprehensive 
    critique of recent publications in this genre."

Unger, Aryeh L.
    On the meaning of "Sovietology."  Communist and post-communist 
    studies, v. 31, Mar. 1998: 17-27.
        "The article attempts to explicate the meaning of  
   `Sovietology.'  It traces the origins of the term and discusses the 
    uses to which it has been put in the scholarly literature.  Two 
    different meanings have been attached to the term.  One reflects  
    the understanding of Sovietology as the study of Soviet politics; 
    the other views it as a `basket' of several, variously specified, 
    disciplines in the social sciences and--less often--the humanities, 
    distinguished by a common area orientation.  The resultant 
    ambiguity has blurred Sovietology's disciplinary identity.  Now that 
    the record of Western scholarship on the Soviet Union has become the 
    subject of critical scrutiny and debate, it is especially important 
    that the meaning of `Sovietology' be clearly stipulated." 

von der Heydt, Barbara. 
    Russia's spiritual wilderness: freedom cannot take root without 
    moral renewal.  Policy review, no. 70, fall 1994: 12-19.
        "While there has been enormous liberalization in elections, 
    religious freedom, and privatization, there is still no rule of  
    law, no clear definition of property rights, and in much of the 
    country no real democracy.  Bureaucratization is actually worse  
   than it was under the Communists."

Ware, Richard.  Watson, Fiona M.
    Democracy after communism.  London, House of Commons, Dept. of the 
    Library, 1996.  38 p.  (Research paper 96/47)
        "This paper is an attempt to assess the extent to which 
    democratic institutions have taken root in some of the states which 
    formed part of the communist world until the upheavals of 1989-91. 
    It would be impossible in a short paper to examine all of the post-
    communist democracies, so a reasonably representative sample has 
    been selected.  These are the Russian Federation, Poland, Hungary, 
    Ukraine and Georgia."

Ware, Robert Bruce.  Kisriev, Enver.
    After Chechnya: at risk in Dagestan.  Politics, v. 18, Feb. 1998: 
    39-47.
        "Population displacements in the aftermath of the Chechen 
    conflict may undermine a complex political balance existing among 
    the extraordinarily numerous ethnic groups in the neighbouring 
    Republic of Dagestan.  The destabilisation of Dagestan threatens to
    bring ethnic conflict to virtually the only state in the Caucasus  
    to have avoided it thus far.  This article considers the basis of 
    ethnic accommodation in Dagestan, the policies and migratory 
    patterns that have placed it at risk, and the regional context in 
    which these have occurred."

Will Russian communism rise again?  American enterprise, v. 7,  
    July-Aug. 1996: 55-57.
        Considers whether communism will again take hold in Russia. 
    "The most obvious barriers to a return to the Soviet model are 
    regionalism and privatization.  Since 1991 Russia has  become a 
    federated state somewhat like the United States, with a weak center 
    and semi-autonomous regions that jealously guard their liberties.  
    The endless and intense public haggles over laws and tax revenues 
    between Moscow and the 89 `Subjects of Federation' are testmony to 
    an often overlooked reality: for the first time in 400 years, Russia
    is not synonymous  with Moscow, and control over `the center' 
    doesn't automatically translate into dominance over the country."



                     U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
                       SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS
                          WASHINGTON, DC  20402

                                                                 SB-043


U.S. Government Information about the:

                   HIGH SCHOOL DEBATE TOPIC, 1998-1999


                         *   *   *   *   *   *   

RESOLVED: That the United States should substantially change its 
foreign policy toward Russia.

                         *   *   *   *   *   *

American-Ukrainian Nuclear Relations.  BOOK.  1996.  Examines the early 
history of United States-Ukraine relations over the nuclear weapons 
issue. Presents both the history of a 2-year period, 1992-1994, and 
posits a number of explanations as to why things developed the way 
they did. Establishes a framework of this important period from which 
scholars can further proceed.  91 p. 
D 5.416:55
                           S/N 008-020-01413-3                    $ 4.50

Country Reports on Economic Policy and Trade Practices: Report by the 
Department of State in Accordance With Section 2202 of the Omnibus 
Trade and Competiveness Act of 1988, April 1998.  BOOK.  1998.  
Provides a single, comprehensive and comparative analysis of the 
economic policies and trade practices of each country with which the 
United States has an economic or trade  relationship.  418  p.  
0-16-056470-0
Y 4.F 76/2:S.PRT.105-51
                           S/N 052-070-07166-4                     19.00


Country Studies . . .  Describes and analyzes the history, politics, economics, sociology, and national security systems of these countries.

    Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia.  BOOK.  1995.   
    (Clothbound)  354 p.; ill. 
                           S/N 008-020-01362-5                    $30.00

    Belarus and Moldova.  BOOK.  1995.  (Clothbound)   
    280 p.; ill.  0-8444-0849-2
    D 101.22:550-112 
                           S/N 008-020-01380-3                     17.00

    Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.  BOOK.  1996. 
    (Clothbound)  333 p.; ill. 
    D 101.22:550-113
                           S/N 008-020-01400-1                      23.00

    Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and 
    Uzbekistan.  BOOK.  1997.  (Clothbound)  632 p.; ill.
                           S/N 008-020-01434-6                      33.00

    Russia.  BOOK.  1998.  (Clothbound)  835 p.; ill.
                           S/N 008-020-01443-5                      44.00


Legislation on Foreign Relations Through 1997, Current Legislation and 
Related Executive Orders:

    Volume 1-A, March 1998.  BOOK.  1998.  820 p.; ill.  
    Y 4. F 76/2-10:997/V.1-A 
                           S/N 052-070-07165-6                     37.00

    Volume 1-B, April 1998.  BOOK.  1998.  1266 p.  
    Y 4.F 76/2-10:997/V.1-B
                           S/N 052-070-07168-1                      62.00


Major Powers in Northeast Asian Security.  BOOK.  1996.  Addresses the 
future roles and interests of the four major Asia-Pacific powers, the 
United States, Japan, China, and Russia, and how their policies will 
affect security in Northeast Asia, specifically, in the Korean 
Peninsula.  77 p.; ill.
D 5.416:51
                           S/N 008-020-01404-4                      $4.00

Nuclear Coexistence: Rethinking United States Policy to Promote 
Stability in an Era of Proliferation.  BOOK.  1994.  Addresses the 
emerging incongruence between the proliferation of nuclear weapons and 
the United States policy for managing this process.  192 p.
D 301.26/25:1
                           S/N 008-070-00695-2                     13.00

Power and Progress, 2015.  BOOK.  1996.  Looks ahead to the year 2015 
and beyond. Seeks to understand how the American armed forces might 
contribute better to the nation's future security. Tries to 
conceptualize how a transformed world situation twenty years from now 
could affect United States security. Describes the most plausible 
changes likely to develop.  173 p.; ill.
D 214.13:P 43/4
                           S/N 008-020-01406-1                     15.00

Revelations From the Russian Archives: Documents in English Translation.  BOOK.  1997.  A compendium of translations of representative documents 
from several once-closed Soviet/Russian archives. Sheds new light on 
the structure and workings of the world's longest-lived totalitarian 
State, the character and intentions of Vladimir Lenin, and the 
difficult history of United States-Soviet relations from the Russian 
Revolution until the dissolution of the Soviet Union.  (Clothbound)  
834 p.; ill. 
                           S/N 030-001-00168-7                     59.00

Russia's Democratic Moment? Defining United States Policy to Promote 
Opportunities in Russia.  BOOK.  1995.  Provides a collection of 13 
essays arranged into four categories: Democratic reform of government 
and politics; Democratic reform of economy and society; Democratic 
reform of military and foreign policy; and Conclusion.  343 p. 
                           S/N 008-070-00698-7                     18.00


Strategic Assessment, 1998: Engaging Power for Peace.  BOOK.  1998.  
Examines various approaches that the United States might adopt to 
shape the strategic environment of the future.  300 p.; ill.  
                           S/N 008-020-01435-4                    $31.00

Transforming Nuclear Deterrence.  BOOK.  1997.  Presents summaries of 
remarks made at a series of nine discussions on the theme of "Managing 
and Transforming Nuclear Deterrence." Focuses on the relationship of 
the United States and Russia in light of this topic.  81 p.
D 5.402:T 68
                           S/N 008-020-01428-1                      4.00

United States Participation in the United Nations: Report by the 
President to the Congress for the Year 1997.  BOOK.  1998.  Includes 
sections on: political and security affairs; reform of the United 
Nations; economic and developmental affairs; human rights and social 
issues; science, technology, and research; legal developments, 
administration, and budget; and specialized agencies and other bodies. 
Includes appendices and an index.  138 p.
                           S/N 044-000-02500-1                      6.50


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