[House Document 104-177]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]



     104th Congress, 2nd Session / House Document 104-177
 
     National Debate Topic for Colleges, 1995-1996

     RESOLVED: That the 
     United States government should 
     substantially increase its security 
     assistance to one or more of the following: 

======================================================================
----------------------------------------------------------------------

     Egypt, Israel, Jordan, 
     Palestinian National 
     Authority, Syria.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
======================================================================

     Pursuant to 44 U.S. Code, section 1333



     Compiled by the 
     Congressional Research Service, 
     Library of Congress




     U.S. Government Printing Office
     Washington, DC 1996

     Printed on recycled paper




                      44 U.S. CODE SECTION 1333


      (a)  The Librarian of Congress shall prepare compilations of 
pertinent excerpts, bibliographical references, and other appropriate 
materials relating to:
      (1) the subject selected annually by the National University 
Extension Association as the national high school debate topics and 
      (2) the subject selected annually by the American Speech 
Association as the national college debate topic.  

      In preparing the compilations the Librarian shall include 
materials which in his judgment are representative of, and give equal 
emphasis to, the opposing points of view on the respective topics.
      (b)  The compilations on the high school debate topics shall be 
printed as Senate documents and the compilations on the college debate 
topics shall be printed as House of Representative documents, the cost 
of which shall be charged to the congressional allotment for printing 
and binding.  Additional copies of such documents may be printed in 
the quantities and distributed in the manner as the Joint Committee on 
Printing directs.

(Pub. L. 90-620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1270.)



                          CONTENTS

FOREWORD..........................................................   v

INTRODUCTION...................................................... vii

RESOLVED: That the United States government should substantially 
   increase its security assistance to one or more of the 
   following: Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Palestinian National 
   Authority, Syria...............................................   1

A Guide to Information Sources on the 1995-1996 Intercollegiate
   Debate Topic...................................................  35

AVAILABLE GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS ON THE 1995-1996 INTERCOLLEGIATE
   DEBATE TOPIC...................................................  47


                          FOREWORD


   The 1995-1996 intercollegiate debate topic is ``Resolved: That the 
United States government should substantially increase its security 
assistance to one or more of the following: Egypt, Israel, Jordan, 
Palestinian National Authority, Syria.''

   In compliance with 44 U.S. Code 1333, the Congressional Research 
Service of the Library of Congress prepared this compilation of 
bibliographic references to assist college debaters in researching the 
topic.  In selecting items for this manual, the Congressional Research 
Service (CRS) has sampled the wide spectrum of opinions reflected in 
current literature on these questions.  No preference for any policy 
is indicated by the selection or positioning of articles cited, nor is 
CRS disapproval of any policy or article to be inferred from its 
omission.

   The annotated bibliography covers such topics as the peace process, 
the role of the U.S. in the region, and relations among the nations in 
the region.

   A research guide is included at the end of this volume; it is 
intended to help debaters identify further references and 
organizational resources on their own.  Also included is a list of 
relevant publications that are available for purchase from the 
Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office.  Some of the 
U.S. Government documents listed in the manual may be found in U.S. 
Government depository libraries, which can be identified by local 
public libraries.  The Library of Congress cannot distribute copies of 
these or other materials to debaters.

   The bibliography and research guide were prepared by Sherry B. 
Shapiro, Bibliographic Specialist in the Library Services Division.  
Lee Burwasser produced the bibliography and the research guide.  
Thanks are extended to Kristin M. Vajs, Head, Subject Specialization 
Section; William G. Kaye of the CRS Review Office; and Alfred B 
Prados, Foreign Affairs and National Defense Division for their review 
of this product.

   Good luck to each debater in researching, preparing, and presenting 
arguments on this year's topic.




                                         Daniel P. Mulhollan, Director
                                        Congressional Research Service





                             INTRODUCTION


   This bibliography provides citations to assist college debaters 
with research on the 1995-96 intercollegiate debate topic concerning 
U.S. security assistance in the MIddle East.  The bibliography 
includes such topics as the peace process relations among nations in 
the region and the role of the U.S.

   Monographs, journal and magazine articles, congressional 
publications, and conference reports are included.  The majority of 
the citations in this annotated bibliography were obtained from the 
computerized bibliogreaphic database created and maintained by the 
Congressional Research Service's Library Services Division.  Other 
materials were selected from the collections of the Library of 
Congress and the Congressional Research Service.

   This bibliography is not intended to serve as a comprehensive list 
of all resources in the field of U.S. security assistance in the 
Middle East.  It is merely an introductory guide to materials 
available on the debate topic.  Many of the items included in this 
bibliography contain footnotes or their own bibliographies; these can 
be effective tools for finding supplementary material.  More 
information on all of these subjects can be obtained trhough library 
research: a CRS prepared research guide follows the bibliography, with 
basic information for finding additional material.  The World Wide Web 
(WWW) is also an excellent source for additional searching.  Search 
terms and strategies for research are provided in that guide, as are 
descriptions of basic resources for information retrieval.  In 
addition, the research guide includes citation to reference sources 
for information  retrieval.  In addition, the research guide includes 
citations to reference sources in the area of U.S. foreign policy and 
U.S. policy toward the Middle East.




                  RESOLVED: That the United States
               government should substantially increase
               its security assistance to one or more of
                 the following: Egypt, Israel, Jordan,
                 Palstinian National Authority, Syria.


                   An Annotated Bibliography on the
                1995-1996 Intercollegiate Debate Topic




                        Sherry B. Shapiro
                       Senior Bibliographer
                     Library Services Division



                      with the assistance of
               Lee Burwasser, Bibliographic Assistant










                         October 1995


Abed, George T.
  The Palestinians in the peace process: the risks and the 
  opportunities. Journal of Palestine studies, v. 33, autumn 1992: 
  5-17.

Abou-Zaki, Raouf.
  For fewer bricks in the wall. Military technology, v. 17, Nov.
  1993: 7.
   ``The signature of the Gaza-Jericho agreement between the
  Palestinians and the Israelis on 13 September established the
  cornerstone for peace, and can certainly be described as a
  historic and vital event to sustain the momentum towards full
  settlement in the Middle East. However, despite the political
  importance of any conceivable Palestinian-Israeli Peace Treaty,
  bringing the two major conflicting parties together, by no 
  means is it possible to believe that the Arab-Israeli conflict
  is over.''

Abu-Amr, Ziad.
  Hamas: a historical and political background. Journal of
  Palestine studies, v. 22, summer 1993: 5-19. 
   Discusses Hamas, its origins and relationship to the PLO.

Aftandilian, Gregory L.
  Egypt's bid for Arab leadership: implications for U.S. policy.
  New York, Council on Foreign Relations Press, c1993. 106p.
                           DS63.2.E3A35 1993

After the Gulf War. International journal, v. 49, spring 1994: whole
  issue (183-407 p.)
   Partial contents.--The prospects of Islamic fundamentalism in
  the post-Gulf War period, by Mahmud A. Faksh.--Security in the
  Persian Gulf after Desert Storm, by Anwar-ul-Haq Ahady.--The impact
  of the Gulf crisis on world oil and OPEC, by Robert Mabro.--Pax
  Americana in the Gulf: decisions and consequences, by Alvin Z.
  Rubinstein.--Postwar demands for political participation in the
  Arab Gulf states, by Fred H. Lawson.

An Age-old dispute. Middle East, no. 235, June 1994: 13.
   Examines roots of the tensions between Jews and Muslims in
   the city of Hebron.

An Agenda for Palestine. Middle East-economic digest, v. 37, 
  Sept. 24, 1993: 26-27.
   ``The declaration of principles signed by Israel and the PLO
  on 13 September has 17 articles and four annexes that call for
  a wide range of measures, including elections by the summer of
  1993, the formation of a Palestinian police force and new
  institutions to promote local and regional economic development.''

Agha, Husayn. Khalidi, Ahmad Samih.
  Syria and Iran: rivalry and cooperation. New York, Published in
  North America by the Council on Foreign Relations Press for the 
  Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1995. p. 
                           DS95.6.I7A44 1995
   This work will be available later this year. Originally
  published: London, Pinter Publishers, 1995.

Agid, Hemda Yehuda. Auerbach, Yehudit.
  Attitudes to an existence conflict: Allon and Peres on the
  Palestinian issue, 1967-1987. Journal of conflict resolution,
  v. 35, Sept. 1991: 519-546.
   Examines the attitudes of Allon and Peres on the Palestinian
  issue. Finds that although differences did exist, ``Allon and Peres
  maintained common views regarding core issues in the conflict such
  as the rejection of the PLO and its demand for a Palestinian state,
  the preservation of the Jewish character of Israel, and support for
  a territorial compromise based on defensible borders.''

Ahady, Anwar-Ul-Haq.
  Security in the Persian Gulf after Desert Storm. International
  journal, v. 49, spring 1994: 219-240.
   ``During the Gulf crisis and immediately after the defeat of
  Iraq, four different security systems for the Persian Gulf region
  were proposed: an Arab system based on co-operation between Egypt,
  Syria, and members of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) (Saudi
  Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, and
  Oman); a system based on the Gulf littoral states and led by
  Iran; a GCC-based system; and a system dominated by the United
  States . . . . This paper examines these four potential systems.''

Ajami, Fouad.
  The sorrows of Egypt. Foreign affairs, v. 74, Sept.-Oct. 
  1995: 72-88.
   ``Egyptians are nostalgic for their bourgeois past, still wanting
  to believe that their country is not just a state but an idea and a
  historical movement. But in their odyssey through liberalism,
  pan-Arabism, nationalism, and Islamicism, their dreams of greatness
  have been continually disappointed. Today President Mubarak leads
  a country with an exploding population, a fraying infrastructure,
  and a violent fundamentalist fringe. The sorrows of Egypt lie not
  in any one adversity but in the decline under the military regime
  of a once vibrant civic life. The state is all that remains.''

Al Madfai, Madiha Rashid.
  Jordan, the United States, and the Middle East peace process,
  1974-1991. Cambridge [England]; New York, Cambridge University
  Press, 1993. 279 p. (Cambridge Middle East library; 28)
                           E183.8.J6A4 1993
Alpher, Joseph.
  Israel's security concerns in the peace process. International
  affairs, v. 70, Apr. 1994: 229-241.
   Illustrates ``why, for Israel and for Israel alone, security
  considerations are paramount in its consideration and conduct of
  relations both with other states and with the currently stateless
  in the region, and discusses in detail the security aspects of
  existing and potential arrangements between the State of Israel
  and its neighbours.''

Amirav, Moshe. Siniora, Hanna.
  Jerusalem: resolving the unresolvable. International spectator,
  v. 27, July-Sept. 1992: 3-23.
   The article ``dares suggest a solution for one of the most
  sensitive issues in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict--the status
  of Jerusalem.''

Anderson, Lisa.
  Remaking the Middle East: the prospects for democracy and stability.
  Ethics & international affairs, v. 6, 1992: 163-178.
   ``This essay is an exploration of the ramifications for the Middle
  East of the profound transformations in global politics implied in the
  end of the Cold War and the birth of a new, American-dominated world
  order.''

Approaching peace: American interests in Israeli-Palestinian final status
  talks. Edited by Robert Satloff. Washington, Washington Institute for
  Near East Policy, c1994. 72 p.          DS119.7.A6685 1994
   ``Recommendations and ideas from U.S. experts.''

Arab-Israeli relations in world politics. Edited by Ian S. Lustick.
  New York, Garland Pub., 1994. 345 p. (Arab-Israeli relations;
  v. 10)                     DS119.7.A67266 1994

Arad, Sharon. Carnevale, Peter J.
  Partisanship effects in judgments of fairness and trust in third
  parties in the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. Journal of conflict
  resolution, v. 38, Sept. 1994: 423-451.
   ``The present study examined judgments of fairness of the 
  mediator's proposals and the mediator's trustworthiness in a
  currently active, visible, and intense conflict: the Israeli-
  Palestinian conflict in Jerusalem.''

Arens, Moshe.
  Broken covenant: American foreign policy and the crisis between
  the U.S. and Israel. New York, Simon & Schuster, c1995. 320 p.
                           E183.8.I7A74 1995

Arian, Alan.
  Security threatened: surveying Israeli opinion on peace and war.
  Cambridge; New York, Cambridge University Press, 1995. p.
  (Cambridge studies in political psychology and public opinion)
                           UA853.I8A755 1995
   This work will be available later in 1995.

Arms control and confidence building in the Middle East. Washington,
  United States Institute of Peace, 1992. 136 p.
                          JX1974.A768835 1992
   Contents.--Prospects for confidence- and security-building
  measures in the Middle East, by Richard E. Darilek and Geoffrey
  Kemp.--The role of aerial inspections in confidence building and
  peacekeeping, by Michael Krepon and Peter D. Constable.--Arms
  control and the proliferation of ballistic missiles, by W. Seth
  Carus and Janne E. Nolan.--Chemical weapons arms control, by
  Charles Flowerree and Brad Roberts.

Arms control and the new Middle East security environment. Edited
  by Shai Feldman and Ariel Levite. Boulder, Westview Press;
  Jerusalem, Jerusalem Post, 1994. vii, 253 p. (JCSS study; no. 23)
                          JX1974.A768836 1994
   ``Publication of the Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies, Tel
  Aviv University''

Arms control and weapons proliferation in the Middle East and South
  Asia. Edited by Shelley A. Stahl and Geoffrey Kemp. New York, St.
  Martin's Press in association with the Carnegie Endowment for
  International Peace, 1992. 248 p.          UA832.A76 1992
   Papers from a meeting organized by the Carnegie Endowment at
  the Rockfeller Conference Center, Bellagio, Italy, Oct. 1989.

Arms control in the Middle East. edited by Dore Gold. Boulder,
  Westview Press; Jerusalem, Jerusalem Post, 1991. 160 p. (JCSS 
  study; no. 15)                    JX974.A76 1991
   Essays based on presentations made at an international seminar
  held at the Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies, Tel Aviv
  University, in December 1989.

Arms race or arms control in the Middle East? Middle East report,
  July-Aug. 1992: 2-34, 42.
   Contents.--Scuds vs. Butter: the political economy of arms
  control in the Arab world, by Yahya Sadowski.--Reversing the
  nuclear arms race in the Middle East, by Yezid Sayigh.--Shock
  troops for the new order: special forces after the Gulf War, by
  David Isenberg.--Discriminate intervention: defining NATO for the
  '90s, by Mariano Aguirre.--Making war difficult: cooperative
  security in the Middle East, by John Streinbruner.

Aruri, Naseer Hasan.
  The obstruction of peace: the United States, Israel, and the
  Palestinians. Monroe, Me., Common Courage Press, c1995. p.
                           E183.8.I7A77 1995
   This work will be available later in 1995.

Askari, Hossein.
  It's time to make peace with Iran. Harvard business review, v.
  72, Jan.-Feb. 1994: 50-52, 54-56, 58, 60, 62-63.
   ``The revolution is over, the new republic is stable, most of
  the people like us, and the markets are starved for Western goods.''

Atherton, Alfred Leroy, Jr.
  The shifting sands of Middle East peace. Foreign policy, no. 86, 
  spring 1992: 114-133.
   ``The conference that opened with such fanfare in Madrid on
  October 30, 1991, is the latest step in the long search for peace
  in the Middle East.''

Ayubi, Shaheen.
  Nasser and Sadat: decision making and foreign policy, 1970-1972.
  Lanham, University Press of America, c1994. 261 p.
                           DT107.85.A98 1994
   Originally presented as the author's dissertation.

Bacevich, A. J. Eisenstadt, Michael. Ford, Carl.
  Supporting peace: America's role in an Israel-Syria peace agreement:
  report of a Washington Institute study group. Washington, Washington
  Institute for Near East Policy, 1994. 87 p.
                          DS119.8.S95B33 1994

Bahgat, Gawdat.
  Democracy in the Arab world: an elitist approach. International
  relations, v. 12, Aug. 1994: 49-60.
   ``This article examines the role that the elites in the Arab
  world have played in introducing political liberalization to their
  political systems. Two case studies, Egypt and Jordan, will be
  discussed in detail, the American response to these developments
  will be analyzed.''

Ball, Jon R.
  Islamic resurgence in the Middle East. Essays on strategy
  (National Defense University), v. 11, 1994: 267-297.
   ``The Islamic threat in the Middle East increasingly is shifting
  to forces within individual states, rather than the traditional
  disputes between regional actors.''

Ball, George W. Ball, Douglas B.
  The passionate attachment: America's involvement with Israel,
  1947 to the present. New York, W.W. Norton, c1992. 382 p.
                           E183.8.I7B35 1992

Ballistic missile proliferation. Orbis, v. 35, winter 1991: 5-39.
   Contents.--Can missile proliferation be reversed? by Kathleen C.
  Bailey.-- Coping with missile proliferation in the Middle East, by
  Mark A. Heller.--How much does missile proliferation matter? by
  Uzi Rubin.

Bar-Illan, David.
  Why a Palestinian state is still a mortal threat. Commentary,
  v. 96, Nov. 1993: 27-31.
   ``A PLO state in the territories will become an improved model
  of the PLO state in Lebanon before the Israeli incursion of
  1982 . . . . Dwarfed Israel, back to its `natural size,' . . . will
  become an irresistible temptation again, just as it was in 1967.''

Bar-Siman-Tov, Yaacov.
  Israel and the peace process, 1977-1982: in search of legitimacy
  for peace. Albany, State University of New York Press, c1994. 338 p.
  (SUNY series in Israeli studies)        DS128.183 .B36 1994

Barnaby, Frank.
  The invisible bomb: the nuclear arms race in the Middle East.
  London, I.B. Tauris, c1989. 223 p.         UA832 .B37 1989

Barnes, Fred.
  Brushed Assad. New republic, v. 211, Dec. 26, 1994: 12-13.
   Discusses the status of peace negotiations between Israel and
  Syria.

Ben-Meir, Alon.
  The Israeli-Syrian battle for equitable peace. Middle East policy,
  v. 3, no. 1, 1994: 70-83.
   ``Since its capture by Israel in 1967, the Golan Heights has
  come to symbolize for both Israel and Syria more than an important
  strategic territory.''

-----
  Israelis and Palestinians: harsh demographic reality and peace.
  Strategic review, v. 21, summer 1993: 47-57.
   ``Maintaining the separate national identities of both Israel
  and any future Palestinian `entity' that might be established in
  the West Bank and Gaza is critical to resolving the Israeli-
  Palestinian conflict. These national identities, however, are
  affected in diametrically opposite ways by current and future
  demographic factors and by the interdispersement of Israeli and
  Palestinian populations.''

-----
  Jerusalem's final status must reflect its uniqueness. International
  problems, v. 33, no. 63, 1994: 18-41.
   ``Jerusalem's final status cannot only satisfy the political,
  religious and territorial claims of Israelis, Jordanians and
  Palestinians: it must live up to Jerusalem's millennial vocation.
  The solution must account for, and at the same time transcend
  political realism.''

Ben-Zvi, Abraham.
  The superpower option for resolving the Arab-Israeli conflict:
  precedents, preconditions, and prospects. Conflict, v. 10, no. 1,
  1990: 63-81.
   ``Using the abortive superpower attempt of October 1, 1977, to
  jointly define the parameters of an Arab-Israeli settlement as a
  conceptual and historical point of departure, the article examines
  the possibility that the Bush administration will seek to reactivate
  the so-called superpower option . . . domestic and external
  constraints, which in 1977 forced the Carter presidency to abandon
  its superpower design, have since eroded or completely evaporated.''

-----
  The United States and Israel: the limits of the special relationship.
  New York, Columbia University Press, c1993. 312 p.
                           E183.8.I7B46 1993

Beres, Louis Rene.
  The argument for Israeli nuclear weapons. Midstream, v. 41, May
  1995: 2-6. 
   ``Israel needs nuclear weapons. These weapons are required to
  fulfill essential deterrence options, preemption options,
  warfighting options, and even the Samson option. It follows that
  such weapons should not be negotiated away in formal international
  agreements, especially in the midst of the peace process and its
  attendant creation of a Palestinian state.''

-----
  Israeli security in a changing world. Strategic review, v. 18, fall
  1990: 10-22.
   ``For Israel, the essential requirements of national security
  have always been exceptionally farreaching and difficult . . . .
  With Iraq's aggression against Kuwait and associated threat to Saudi
  Arabia, leaders of the Jewish State recognize that Israeli security
  has become even more problematic . . . . In view of these
  circumstances, Jerusalem will soon have to make some important
  decisions concerning nuclear strategy and tactics. It seems that
  these decisions may have to involve various forms of preemption,
  elements of anticipatory self-defense.''

-----
  Israel's security in the '90s. Midstream, v. 39, Dec. 1994: 2-4.
   Examines threats to Israel security in the Middle East.

-----
  Preserving the Third Temple: Israel's right of anticipatory self-
  defense under international law. Vanderbilt journal of transnational
  law, v. 26, Apr. 1993: 111-148.
   ``Professor Beres discusses certain political tensions in the
  Middle East and the appropriateness of preemptive military action
  by Israel. He concludes that the ongoing hostilities and threatening
  overtures by Israel's enemies could give Israel sufficient basis
  pursuant to international law to conduct preemptive strikes.''

Berger, Elmer.
  Peace for Palestine: first lost opportunity. Gainesville, University
  Press of Florida, c1993. 287 p.          DS126.98.B46 1993

Black, Ian. Morris, Benny.
  Israel's secret wars: a history of Israel's intelligence services.
  New York, Grove Weidenfeld, 1991. 603 p.
   Partial contents.--Birth pangs: 1948-51.--Enemies within:
  1948-67.--Palestinian challenges: 1967-73.--The Lebanese Quagmire,
  1978-85.--Occupational hazards: 1984-7.--Intifada: 1987-90.

Bookmiller, Robert J.
  Approaching the Rubicon: Jordan and the peace process. SAIS review,
  v. 14, summer-fall 1994: 109-123.
   Discusses Jordan's role in the Middle East peace process.

Boyne, Sean.
  Lebanon rebuilds its Army. Jane's intelligence review, v. 7,
  Mar. 1995: 122-125.
   ``Since the end of the Lebanese civil war in 1990, Lebanese
  military leaders have been working to build a unified, non-sectarian
  force, one which could play a key role in any Middle East peace
  settlement.''

Brand, Laurie A.
  Jordan's inter-Arab relations: the political economy of alliance
  making. New York, Columbia University Press, c1994. 350 p.
                         DS154.16.A65B73 1994

Brands, H. W.
  Into the labyrinth: the United States and the Middle East,
  1945-1993. New York, McGraw Hill, c1994. 234 p. (America in crisis)
                           DS63.2.U5B73 1994

Brune, Lester H.
  America and the Iraqi crisis, 1990-1992: origins and aftermath.
  Claremont, Calif.: Regina Books, c1993. 208 p. (Guides to 
  contemporary issues; #8)              DS79.72.B78 1993

Bryson, Thomas A.
  American diplomatic relations with the Middle East, 1784-1975:
  a survey. Metuchen, N.J., Scarecrow Press, c1977. 431 p.
                             DS63.2.U5B79

Capital projects: economic and financial analyses of nine capital
projects in Egypt.
  Arlington, Va., U.S. Agency for International Development,
  1994. ca. 76 p. in various pagings (A.I.D. technical report no.
  19)
   ``This paper examines nine A.I.D.-funded capital projects in
  Egypt over the 1977-1992 period. These projects helped create an
  infrastructure base that was essential to Egyptian economic
  development. The projects greatly increased electrical power
  generation, introduced a modern telephone system in Cairo and
  Alexandria, and rehabilitated a water and sewage system that served
  more than 23 million Egyptians. The projects were designed and
  built to high technical standards, and they provided the basic
  infrastructure necessary for Egypt's continued economic growth.''

Capital projects: Egypt case study. Arlington, Va., U.S. Agency for
  International Development, 1994. ca. 106 p. in various pagings
  (A.I.D. technical report no. 20)
   ``This assessment is based on an October 1992 field evaluation
  that analyzed Agency for International Development's (A.I.D.)
  experience with capital projects in Egypt. It examines the
  effectiveness of capital projects in promoting Egypt's economic
  development, while also promoting U.S. commercial interests. The
  analysis is structured around two sets of issues--commercial
  benefits of capital projects for the United States and develop-
  mental benefits for Egypt.''

Carmon, Yigal.
  The story behind the handshake. Commentary, v. 97, Mar. 1994:
  25-29.
   ``The agreement reached last August in Oslo between Israel and
  the PLO, and then signed on the White House lawn a month later, was
  negotiated in the deepest secrecy. So far the story behind it has
  been told only selectively . . . . But a very different picture
  emerges when that story is told more fully, which is what I propose
  to do here now.''

Chubin, Shahram.
  Iran's national security policy: capabilities, intentions & impact.
  Washington, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1994. 106 p.
   Contents.--Iran's security perspectives.--Lessons of Iran's recent
  experience.--Arms policies and programs.--Impact on regional and
  international security.--Decisionmaking and national security.

Clarke, Duncan.
  Israel's unauthorized arms transfers. Foreign policy, no. 99, summer
  1995: 89-109.
   Asserts that ``Israel's unauthorized retransfer of U.S. defense
  products is part of a larger pattern of illicit behavior that
  includes diversions of U.S. military aid, industrial espionage, and
  improper end use of U.S. military equipment. Israel often re-
  transfers U.S. defense products to states that are potentially
  hostile to the United States or are blatant violators of human
  rights. These retransfers have threatened American commercial
  interests, compromised intelligence, upset regional stability, 
  strained diplomatic relations, and confirmed the U.S. national 
  security bureaucracy's long-standing distrust of Israeli technology
  transfer practices.''

Clawson, Patrick.
  Unaffordable ambitions: Syria's military build-up and economic
  crisis. Washington, Washington Institute for Near East Policy, c1989.
  57, [15] p. (Policy papers; no. 17)        UA853.S95C56 1989

Cobban, Helena.
  The superpowers and the Syrian-Israeli conflict: beyond crisis
  management? New York, Praeger, 1991. 182 p. (Washington papers 149)
   Contents.--The context of the Syrian-Israeli conflict, 1978-1989.
  --Developments in the conflict.--The U.S.-Israeli relationship.--The
  Soviet-Syrian relationship.--Beyond crisis management?

Cohen, Avner.
  Most favored nation. Bulletin of the atomic scientists, v. 51,
  Jan.-Feb. 1995: 44-53.
   ``The United States carries a big stick on proliferation, but
  talks softly regarding Israel.''

-----
  Toward a new Middle East: rethinking the nuclear question.
  Cambridge, Center for International Studies, Massachusetts
  Institute of Technology, 1994. 42 p. (DACS working paper (Nov.
  1994))
   ``WP 94-3''
   Examines the Middle East nuclear situation in light of ``the
  experience of Iraq, North Korea, South Africa, and Latin America.''

Cohen, Avner. Miller, Marvin.
  How to think about--and implement--nuclear arms control in the
  Middle East. Washington quarterly, v. 16, spring 1993: 101-113.
   ``Achieving agreement on nuclear arms-control arrangements in
  the Middle East involves three distinct problems: the linkage
  between the nuclear issue and the rest of the peace process; the
  linkage between the nuclear issue and the rest of the arms-
  control agenda [and] how to craft a realistic and effective arms-
  control agreement, given Israel's determination to retain its
  unacknowledged nuclear capability.''

-----
  Nuclear shadows in the Middle East: prospects for arms control in
  the wake of the Gulf Crisis. Cambridge, Mass., Defense and Arms
  Control Studies Program, Center for International Studies,
  Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1990. 38 p. (DACS Working
  paper)                     UA832.C64 1990
   Research supported by the Rockefeller Brothers Fund, the
  Rockefeller Foundation, the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur
  Foundations, the W. Alton Jones Foundation, the Ploughshares Fund
  and the Prospect Hill Foundation.

Cohen, Saul B.
  The geopolitics of a Golan Heights agreement. Focus, v. 42,
  summer 1992: 15-18.
   ``The Yarmuk and Ruggad gorges offer both excellent defensive
  positions and points of surveillance over Syrian, Jordanian, and
  Iraqi threats.''

Confidence building measures in the Middle East. Edited by Gabriel
  Ben-Dor and David B. Dewitt. Boulder, Westview Press, 1994. 388 p.
                                DS119.7

Conry, Barbara.
  America's misguided policy of dual containment in the Persian Gulf.
  Washington, Cato Institute, 1994. 18 p. (Foreign policy briefing
  no. 33)
   ``President Clinton has embarked upon an ambitious and costly
  policy of `dual containment' of both Iran and Iraq. That policy is
  based on a series of risky assumptions and could harm, rather than
  protect, U.S. interests in the region.''

The Consequences of the Gulf War. Contemporary European Affairs, v. 4,
  no. 2-3, 1991: 192-221.
   Contents.--The Arab world in the aftermath of the war, by Edgard
  Pisani.--The Maghreb and the war, by Yves Lacoste.--American
  strategy in the Mediterranean, by Antoine Sanguinetti.--Israel and
  the Arab world, by Jacques Tarnero.--Why was the Gulf War fought?
  by Samir Kassir.--A welcome war, by Claude Julien.--A legal
  perspective on the war, by Monique Chemillier-Gendreau.--Europe's
  role in the crisis, by Paul-Marie de la Gorce.

Continuity and transformation: the modern Middle East. Journal of
  international affairs, v. 49, summer 1995: whole issue (296 p.)
   Partial contents.--Competing identities in the Arab world,
  by Nubar Hovsepian.--Peace and political reform in the Gulf:
  the private sector, by Andrew C. Hess.--Rivers of conflict,
  rivers of peace, by Miriam R. Lowi.--Iran: the adolescent
  revolution, by Gary Sick.--The U.N. and arms control in Iraq: a
  new role?, by Rolf Ekeus.--Middle East nuclear stability: the
  State of the region and the State of the debate, by Shai Feldman.

Cooley, John K.
  Payback: America's long war in the Middle East. Washington,
  Brassey's (US); Riverside, NJ, Macmillan [distributor], c1991.
  257 p.                      DS63.2.U5C67 1991

Darilek, Richard E.
  A crisis or conflict prevention center for the Middle East.
  Santa Monica, Calif., Rand, 1995. 39 p.
   ``The goal of this study has been to produce a conceptual
  framework for . . . the issue of crisis or conflict prevention in
  the Middle East.''

The Decline of the Soviet Union and the transformation of the Middle
  East. Edited by David H. Goldberg and Paul Marantz. Boulder,
  Westview Press, 1994. 240 p.            DK68.5.D43 1994

Dekmejian, R. Hrair.
  The rise of political Islamism in Saudi Arabia. Middle East 
  journal, v. 48, autumn 1994: 627-643.
   ``Since Operation Desert Storm in 1991, the Saudi monarchy
  has been confronted with a growing Islamist movement that seeks to
  bring a comprehensive transformation in the kingdom's socioeconomic
  and political life. In the name of religious reformism, the
  Islamists have assumed a boldly critical stance toward the
  government and even questioned the Islamic legitimacy of the
  monarchy itself.''

Democracy betrayed: a response to U.S. State Department report on the
  Mojahedin and the Iranian resistance. Paris, National Council of
  Resistance of Iran, Foreign Affairs Committee, 1995. 384 p.
   Partial contents.--A discredited report.--A decade of appease-
  ment.--History of Mojahedin.--Freedom fighters or terrorists?--
  Mojahedin & Iraq.--Mojahedin structure.--Democratic alternative.

Democracy in the Middle East: defining the challenge. Edited by 
  Yehudah Mirsky and Matt Ahrens. Washington, Washington Institute
  for Near East Policy, c1993. 138 p.       JQ1758.A91D46 1993

Democracy, Islam, and the study of Middle Eastern politics. PS:
  political science and politics, v. 27, Sept. 1994: 507-519.
   Partial contents.--Beyond democratization: political change in
  the Arab world, by Carrie Rosefsky Wickham.--Civil society:
  effective tool of analysis for Middle East politics?, by Eva
  Bellin.--Arab democratization: a poor cousin? by, Bahgat Korany.
  --The old orthodoxy and the new orthodoxy in the study of
  Middle Eastern politics, by Louis J. Cantori.--The politics of
  Middle East politics, by Jerrold D. Green.--Comparative Middle
  East politics: still in search of theory, by James A. Bill.

Diab, M. Zuhair.
  Have Syria and Israel opted for peace? Middle East policy, v. 3,
  1994: 77-90.
   ``The Syrian decision to respond positively to the American
  initiative in July 1991 and to participate in a peace conference
  . . . . The key question was whether that decision constituted a 
  radical change in the Syrian position regarding Israel or was
  merely a tactical move.''

Djerejian, Edward P.
  War and peace: the problems and prospects of American diplomacy in
  the Middle East. U.S. Dept. of State dispatch, Dec. 20, 1993:
  874-878.
   In this statement before the Los Angeles World Affairs Council,
  Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern Affairs details the
  foundations of the situation in the Middle East and considers
  prospects for peace.

Dowty, Alan.
  Middle East crisis: U.S. decision-making in 1958, 1970 and 1973.
  Berkeley, University of California Press, c1984. xiv, 416 p.
                           DS63.2.U5D68 1984
   International Crisis Behavior Project.

Drysdale, Alasdair. Hinnebusch, Raymond A.
  Syria and the Middle East peace process. New York, Council on
  Foreign Relations Press, c1991. 244 p.      JX1581.S95Z5 1991

Economic crisis in the Arab world: catalyst for conflict. Policy focus,
  no. 5, 1991: whole issue (11 p.)
   Discusses the inequitable distribution of wealth whether the Arab
  world as a catalyst for the Persian Gulf War and as a continuing
  source of conflict in this region. Also discusses the economic effects
  of the war on the region, U.S. debt relief and aid policy, U.S.
  failure to curb arms sales in the region, and standard of living in
  the Arab countries.

ï¿½RM70ï¿½Economic dislocation and recovery in Lebanon. Washington, 
  International Monetary Fund, 1995. 64 p. (Occasional paper 120) 
   Provides background information on the Lebanese economy 
  including ``the effects of the drastic war-induced shrinkage of
  real economic output.'' Discusses Lebanon's exchange rate system
  and the reasons for the dollarization of the economy. 

Egypt: government combating extremism on the cultural front. FBIS
  trends, May 4, 1994: 10-15.
   ``The Mubarak regime has launched an unprecedented proactive
  campaign against extremist groups in government-controlled 
  television and the semi-independent film industry by airing and 
  encouraging productions--including a television serial, an 
  interview with a `repentant' extremist and a movie starring a
  popular Egyptian actor--that openly address the issue of Islamic 
  militancy. Editors and columnists of the government-owned news
  media have effectively built on the campaign by lavishly praising
  the government's efforts and calling for more, while Islamist
  opposition writers have predictably expressed cynicism over the
  productions.'' 

Eisenstadt, Michael. 
   Arming for peace? Syria's elusive quest for ``strategic
   parity.'' Washington, Washington, Institute for Near East Policy,
   1995. 104 p. (Policy papers no. 31)
    Partial contents.--The evolution of Syria's national security
   policy.--Syrian military capabilities: an assessment.--Syria and 
   the peace process: towards a new strategy?

-----
   Syria's strategic weapons. Jane's intelligence review, v. 5, 
   Apr. 1993: 168-173.
    ``Syria now has the most advanced strategic weapons capability 
   in the Arab world. . . . Syria's motivation for developing these
   capabilities is rooted in the perception that Israel is an
   `expansionist and aggressive' state which aspires to expand `from
   the Nile to the Euphrates' in fulfilment of biblical promises.'' 

-----
   US troops on the Golan? Middle East insight, v. 11, Jan.-Feb.
   1995: 46-53. 
    ``Since the start of Israeli-Syrian negotiations in Madrid in
   October 1991, the United States has played a key role in efforts 
   to end the decades-old conflict between these two adversaries. 
   As part of these efforts, Washington has offered the dispatch of
   US personnel to serve as  peacekeepers on the Golan Heights 
   . . . . The prospective deployment of US peacekeepers to the
   Golan, however, has raised concerns about the potential risks of
   such a mission.'' 

Eizenstat, Stuart E. 
  Loving Israel--warts and all. Foreign policy, no. 81, winter 
  1990-91: 87-105. 
   ``The relationship between America's 5.9 million Jews and Israel
  has had an important--though not controlling--impact on U.S. policy
  toward the Middle East since the founding of the modern state in 
  1948.'' 

Elliott, Michael.
  Passing around the tin cup: what will peace cost? And who will 
  pay? Newsweek, v. 122, Sept. 27, 1993: 51.
   Examines the economic status of the Palestinians in Gaza and the
  West Bank. Considers sources of economic assistance to this area. 

Faksh, Mahmud A. 
  Asad's westward turn: implications for Syria. Middle East policy,
  v. 2, 1993: 49-61. 
   ``The United States should encourage the process of Syria's 
  openness to the West. . . . The West should seize the moment to
  coax Syria toward moderation, away from radicalism and militarism. 
  Such an effort will facilitate the current search for a settlement
  of the Arab-Israeli struggle.'' 

Feith, Douglas J.
  A mandate for Israel. National interest, no. 33, spring 1993: 
  43-58. 
   Traces the history of territorial claims in the Middle East. 
  Considers likely settlements for some of the problems. 

Fischer, Stanley.
  Building Palestinian prosperity. Foreign policy, no. 93, winter 
  1993-94: 60-75. 
   ``The PLO-Israel agreement is the foundation on which a new
  Middle East can eventually be built. With the excuse of the
  Palestinian problem out of the way, the countries of the region
  will have to begin confronting their deep domestic problems: in the
  Israeli case, the role of religion in the society, social
  integration, relations between its Jewish and Arab citizens, and
  its relations with the Arab world; in the Arab countries, the role
  of religion, the nature of the state and civil society, the need
  for democracy and economic development and economic justice.''

Fox, James W. 
  Capital projects: U.S. aid and trade in Egypt. Arlington, Va.,
  U.S. Agency for International Development, 1994. ca. 49 p. in
  various pagings (A.I.D. technical report no. 8)
   ``This paper analyzes the relation between U.S. exports and U.S. 
  economic assistance with particular attention to Egypt. The report
  concludes that U.S. economic assistance has not been effective in
  generating commercial U.S. exports to Egypt. The fundamental 
  problem has been the stagnation of overall Egyptian imports.
  Egypt's policies have impeded the growth of exports earnings, thus
  limiting the country's capacity to buy U.S. goods. Moreover, 
  particular assistance modalities, such as capital projects, cannot
  overcome this constraint. In relation to other exporters to Egypt,
  the fact that the United States provides the bulk of bilateral aid 
  has not given the United States a privileged share in the Egyptian
  market for capital equipment.'' 

Frankel, Matthew. 
  The $10 billion question: AIPAC and loan guarantees to Israel. 
  Fletcher forum of world affairs, v. 19, winter-spring 1995: 
  153-170.
   Examines the role of the American Israel Public Affairs 
  Committee (AIPAC) in securing ``support for the Israeli cause
  consistently throughout the 1970s and 1980s. The delay AIPAC
  experienced securing loan guarantees in 1991 represented its first 
  substantial defeat. The causes of this startling turnaround can be
  traced to the following factors: the end of the Cold War, a 
  deteriorating relationship between the Bush and Shamir governments,
  a reduction in the level of public support for aid to Israel in 
  America, changing views within the American Jewish community, and
  Congressional reluctance to challenge the President.'' 

Freedman, Robert O. 
  Israeli security after the signing. Midstream, v. 40, June-July
  1994: 6-8.
   ``While the first stage of the peace agreement has now been 
  signed, numerous obstacles remain until a final settlement is 
  reached. Nonetheless if Arafat can prevent terrorist attacks on
  Israelis, if the Palestinian entity can show rapid economic growth,
  if the Palestinian elections are held in the near future, and if
  the issue of settlements is speedily addressed, the clear
  possibility exists that the first stage agreement, so painfully
  negotiated, will be followed by a final peace settlement between
  Israelis and Palestinians.'' 

Friedlander, Melvin A. 
  Conviction & credence: US policymaking in the Middle East. 
  Boulder, Colo., L. Rienner Publishers, 1991. 177 p.
                           DS63.1.U6F75 1991

Friedman, Robert I.
  Ceding the high ground: why Israel and Syria want American GIs on
  the Golan Heights. Harper's magazine, v. 290, Apr. 1995: 66-67. 
   Discusses the strategic value of the Golan Heights and examines
  political issues for each county in their claim of this area.  

From war to peace: Arab-Israeli relations, 1973-1993. Edited by Barry
  Rubin, Joseph Ginat, Moshe Ma'oz. Washington Square, N.Y., New 
  York University Press, 1994. 244 p.       DS119.7.F757 1994

Further developments in the Middle East peace process. U.S. Dept. of 
  State Dispatch supplement, v. 5, Nov. 1994: whole issue (30 p.) 
   Partial contents.--Middle East negotiations.--Jordan-Israel 
  breakthroughs.--Recent developments in U.S. relations with Saudi
  Arabia and Kuwait. 

Gazit, Shlomo.
  The declaration of principles between Israel and the PLO: the 
  security issues. Studia diplomatica, v. 67, 1994: 41-51. 

Gerges, Fawaz A.
  Egyptian-Israeli relations turn sour. Foreign affairs, v. 74, 
  May-June 1995: 69-78.
   ``Israel and Egypt's cold peace has turned arctic. Jerusalem 
  and Cairo are clashing over nuclear disarmament, other Arab 
  states'ties to Israel, the stability of the Mubarak regime, and the
  peace process. The strains stem from Israel's and Egypt's
  competing visions of a new Middle East, which they both hope to
  lead. With U.S.-Egyptian relations also on the rocks, these
  tensions threaten the entire Middle East peace process.'' 

Ghali, Boutros Boutros.
  Egyptian foreign policy in the nineties. Mediterranean quarterly,
  v. 1, summer 1990: 26-35.
   ``Egyptian diplomacy is now developing a comprehensive foreign 
  policy approach which takes into account the new developments in
  superpower relations and the dramatic changes in Europe.'' 

Gilbert, Martin.
  Jerusalem: a tale of one city. New republic, v. 211, Nov. 14, 
  1994: 17-18, 20, 22-24. 
   ``Today, as for the past twenty-seven years of the reunited
  city, the Jewish and Arab communities of Jerusalem live virtually
  separate lives. . . . Perhaps in this very separation,
  topographical and social, may lie the best hope for the peace,
  growth, and prosperity of a permanently united city.'' 

Gleick, Peter H. 
  Water, war & peace in the Middle East. Environment, v. 36, Apr.
  1994: 6-15, 35-42. 
   ``Since antiquity, when Urlama, King of Lagash, diverted a river
  to deprive his enemies of water, people in the Middle East have 
  fought over--and with--water. Just three years ago, the withdrawal
  of water was again considered as a potential weapon, this time 
  against Iraq in the Gulf War. Saudi Arabia's water supplies also 
  were threatened when an oil slick floated towards its desalination 
  plants. Because water may even overshadow religion as a possible 
  cause of conflict in this turbulent region, hydrologists,
  engineers, and politicians are seeking solutions to the Middle
  East's water problems. Here, the obstacles and opportunities for
  dousing the tinderbox are examined.'' 

Golan, Galia. 
  Moscow and the Middle East: new thinking on regional conflict. New
  York, Published in North America for the Royal Institute of 
  International Affairs [by] Council on Foreign Relations Press, 
  c1992. 102 p. Chatham House papers (Unnumbered)
                         DS63.2.S65 G645 1992

-----
  A Palestinian state from an Israeli point of view. Middle East
  policy, v. 3, no. 1, 1994: 56-69. 
   ``The agreement signed on September 13, 1993, between the 
  government of Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization 
  (PLO) . . . was recognition of the legitimacy of the claims of both 
  peoples to national existence.'' 

Gold, Dore. 
  America, the gulf, and Israel: CENTCOM (Central Command) and 
  emerging US regional security policies in the Mideast. Jerusalem,
  Jerusalem Post; Boulder, Colo., Westview Press, c1988. 118 p.
  (JCSS study; no. 11)                 UA832.G65 1988

Gonzalez, Iris M. Warren, James. 
  The impact of nuclear proliferation: the case of Syria and Libya,
  1998. Alexandria, Va., Center for Naval Analyses, 1994. 79 p.
  (CRM 94-16/September 1994) 
   ``This research memorandum is part of a CNA-sponsored study that
  identifies the policy and force implications for the United States
  of nuclear-weapons proliferation in distant Third world areas. 
  This particular memorandum uses a notional situation to identify
  the implications of nuclear possession by terrorists in Syria and
  Lebanon (backed by Libya) for policies and programs affecting the
  design, organization, location, and employment of future U.S.
  forces.''

Gore-Booth, David. 
  Middle East: future security structures: the way ahead. RUSI 
  [Journal of the Royal United Services Institute for Defense 
  Studies], v. 136, autumn 1991: 38-39. 
   ``Claims that, even though the Gulf Crisis has caused a major 
  shake-up in the Middle East, the old pattern of relationships may 
  still re-emerge in the aftermath. But partly due to a number of 
  changes affecting the global balance of power, the Middle East 
  region may also be undergoing fundamental change. The impetus to
  avoid another humiliating and divisive crisis in the Arab world may
  encourage more pluralism in government, regional cooperation in 
  security and resolution of the Arab-Israeli conflict and
  Palestinian problem, although there are several major obstacles in
  the way of such a scenario. Europe in general, and the UK in
  particular, should take an active role in diffusing some of these
  dangers and enhancing the prospects for positive and lasting
  change.'' 

Hadar, Leon T. 
  Clinton's tilt. Journal of Palestine studies, v. 22, summer 1993:
  62-72. 
   ``To old Middle East hands, the 14 March 1993 press 
  conference in the White House East Room featuring President Bill 
  Clinton and Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin may have brought back 
  memories of the American-Israeli love affair of the Reagan years.''
  [Asserts that] ``after four years of the more even-handed approach
  adopted by the Bush-Baker team that produced the Madrid peace 
  conference, the journalists who gathered to listen to the two 
  leaders sum up three-and-a-half hours of meeting and lunch could 
  not fail to sense the pro- Israeli tilt of the new
  administration.''

-----
  The Middle East peace process: America should keep hands off. 
  USA today (magazine), v. 123, Nov. 1994: 62-65. 
   Asserts that ``the U.S. should minimize its financial commitment 
  to Israel and the emerging Palestinian entity. Instead, it should
  encourage economic cooperation between Israel and the Arab 
  states.'' 

-----
  The real lesson of the Oslo Accord: ``localize'' the Arab-Israeli
  conflict. Washington, Cato Institute, 1994. 15 p. (Foreign policy
  briefing no. 31) 
   Cato Institute study contends that ``with the end of the Cold
  War, the Arab-Israeli conflict lost any worldwide importance it may
  have had. The United States no longer has any reason to meddle in
  the peace process or make significant political, economic, or
  military commitments to the regional players.'' 

-----
  Reforming Israel--before it's too late. Foreign policy, no. 81, 
  winter 1990-91: 106-127. 
   ``No government in Israel's history has been more opposed to the
  land-for-peace formula favored by the United States than the one 
  that took power in 1990.'' 

-----
  The ``special relationship'': Israel decides its future. Middle 
  East policy, v. 1, no. 1, 1992: 1-14. 
   Examines the relationship between the U.S. and Israel. 

-----
  Thawing the American-Israeli chill. Journal of Palestine studies,
  v. 22, winter 1993: 78-89. 
   Contends that ``more significant than the parochial Israeli-
  America connection, is the question of whether Washington will be 
  able or even interested in maintaining its diplomatic and strategic 
  commitments in the region as a whole.'' 

Halberstam, Malvina.
  Nationalism and the right to self-determination: the Arab-Israeli
  conflict. New York University journal of international law and 
  policy, v. 26, spring 1994: 573-583. 
   ``In the Arab-Israeli conflict has been deliberately transformed
  into a claim for self-determination as a political tactic designed
  to gain the support of third world countries in the United Nations.
  The issues in the Arab-Israeli conflict are (1) territory, and (2)
  the existence of a non-Muslim state in the Middle East.'' 

Han, Xiaoxing. 
  China-Middle East links. China business review, v. 21, Mar.-Apr.
  1994: 44-49. 
   ``China's commercial ties with the Middle East have grown 
  tremendously, as have the variety of goods and services traded. 
  While the region has emerged as a dependable trade partner, China 
  has developed other business links with the Middle East as well,
  in areas such as construction and finance.'' Includes accompanying
  article by Alexander T. Lennon on Chinese arms exports. 

Harik, Iliya.
  Pluralism in the Arab world. Journal of democracy, v. 5, July 
  1994: 43-56.
   ``In seven of the Arab world's twenty states--a process of
  guarded democratization has been taking place. . . . This essay
  also seeks to assess whether the growth of a flourishing `civil
  society' is a prerequisite for the installation of a democratic 
  government or, alternatively, whether the development of a civil
  society and a democratic government may be pursued
  simultaneously.'' 

Hashim, Ahmed. 
  The crisis of the Iranian state. Oxford, Oxford University Press,
  1995. 80 p. (Adelphi paper 296) 
   Contents.--The domestic context of security.--The regional and
  international context.--Iranian defence policies. 

-----
  The state, society, and the evolution of warfare in the Middle 
  East: the rise of strategic deterrence? Washington quarterly, v.
  18, autumn 1995: 53-72. 
   ``The Middle Eastern military and strategic environment is in
  the process of deep-seated changes. The half-century quest on the
  part of most states of the region to create effective military 
  power has not succeeded. Furthermore, war has proven increasingly 
  costly to states whether in terms of political and social
  stability, regime legitimacy, or economic development.'' 

Heller, Mark A. 
  The Israeli-Palestinian accord: an Israeli view. Current history,
  v. 93, Feb. 1994: 56-61. 
   ``In September, Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization
  formally recognized each other and signed a Declaration of 
  Principles on interim self-government. The declaration calls for a
  transitional period of no more than five years, during which final
  status arrangements for a lasting and comprehensive peace 
  settlement will be negotiated.'' 

-----
  The Middle East: out of step with history. Foreign affairs, v. 69,
  no. 1, 1990: 152-171. 
   Contends that ``the experience of 1989 illustrates once again 
  the basic conundrum of Israeli-Palestinian peacemaking: no one, 
  including the United States, can overcome the obstacles to peace 
  except Israelis and Palestinians themselves, but only the United 
  States can give them the resolve to do so. . . . Global changes may
  mean that such involvement is no longer an urgent strategic 
  necessity for the United States, but the political and moral 
  imperative remains as valid as ever.'' 

Herrmann, Richard K.
  Russian policy in the Middle Eat: strategic change and tactical
  considerations. Middle East journal, v. 48, summer 1994: 455-474.
   ``As Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) took 
  their historic step toward mutual recognition in September 1993, 
  Russia was present as a formal co-sponsor of the peace process.
  Its role, however, was clearly secondary. . . . Russia's policy in
  the Middle Eat moved in several directions simultaneously.'' 

Hersh, Seymour M. 
  The Samson option: Israel's nuclear arsenal and American foreign
  policy. New York, Vintage Books, 1993. 362 p.   UA853.I8H47 1993

Hicks, D. Bruce. 
  Internal competition over foreign policy-making: the case of U.S.
  arms sales to Iran. Policy studies review, v. 9, spring 1990: 
  471-484. 
   ``Two models of foreign-policy making, the bureaucratic politics
  model and the royal court model, are helpful in explaining U.S. 
  arms sales to Iran in 1985 and in 1986. . . . However, the royal
  court model best accounts for the decisive role of the president
  and the deference given to those advisers perceived to be acting in
  his interests.'' 

Hinnebusch, Raymond A. 
  Class, state and the reversal of Egypt's agrarian reform. Middle
  East report, no. 184, Sept.-Oct. 1993: 20-23.
   ``US-directed debt relief following the Gulf war helped convince
  the Mubarak regime that the time was ripe to abolish the tenancy 
  law, as demanded by Egypt's large landowners. This may be a first
  step in replacing small peasant production with larger-scale 
  capitalist enterprise, but it is by no means certain it will be
  economically rational, and there is no sign that tenants were part
  of the debate.'' 

-----
  Syria: the politics of peace and regime survival. Middle East 
  policy, v. 3, Apr. 1995: 74-87. 
   ``The view that Asad's regime needs the conflict with Israel 
  and cannot survive peace is very much exaggerated. Asad, far from
  shaping Syria's policy according to the survival needs of domestic
  politics, achieved substantial autonomy in foreign-policy making.'' 

Hoch, Martin.
  The Palestine conflict: positions and perspectives in the peace 
  process. Aussenpolitik, v. 44, no. 2, 1993: 163-172. 
   ``The cessation of the East-West conflict and the new role of 
  the USA as the sole world power have also fundamentally transformed
  political conditions in the Middle East. In the wake of victory in
  the second Gulf War, Washington seeks to eliminate the region's
  permanent problem, the Palestine conflict, in cooperation with the
  parties concerned. . . . The problems to be resolved in this 
  challenging venture and at the hopes for its successful 
  realisation.'' 

-----
  Peace in the Near East after the Gaza-Jericho accord. 
  Aussenpolitik, v. 45, no. 3, 1994: 279-288.
   ``The end of the East-West conflict has also fundamentally 
  transformed the situation in the Near East. . . . This has led to a
  completely new situation which makes Israeli-Palestinian 
  conciliation a possibility--a prospect, however, which is not yet
  safeguarded for the long term.'' 

Hochstein, Joseph M. 
  Israel's 40-year quandary. Washington, Congressional Quarterly, 
  1988. 186-199 p. (Editorial research reports, 1988, v. 1, no. 14)
   Contents.--No going back.--Sensitivity to criticism.--Roots of 
  the conflict.--Land for peace?--Israel's right to exist.--Election-
  year issues. 

Hollis, Rosemary. 
  Security developments in the Middle East: a review of the Middle
  East following the Gulf War. Military technology, v. 16, May 1992:
  10-11, 14, 16, 18-19. 
   After the Persian Gulf War ``there seemed little to prevent the
  US and its allies from realising the new regional order envisaged 
  by President Bush. According to him and the signatories of the
  March 1991 Damascus Declaration--Egypt, Syria and the Gulf
  Cooperation Council (GCC) states, led by Saudi Arabia--there would
  be co-operation on regional security, arms control, an Arab-Israeli
  peace and balanced economic development.'' 

Homayoun, Assad. 
  Assessing the Islamic Republic of Iran. Global affairs, v. 8, 
  spring 1993: 71-82. 
   Former Iranian diplomat writes that ``the Clinton Administration
  must know that there are forces inside and outside Iran that are 
  eager to assist the United States in formulating a policy toward 
  Iran that will be helpful in promoting democracy in Iran, and a
  return of stability to the region . . . .What they seek in the
  United States is moral support in order to end their domestic and
  international terrorism. Ultimately, a friendly, democratic
  government that has the mandate of the people must be restored to
  power in Tehran if peace and stability are to reign in the Middle
  East and Central Asia.'' 

Hoodbhoy, Pervez. 
  Myth-building: the ``Islamic'' bomb. Bulletin of the atomic 
  scientists, v. 49, June 1993: 42-49. 
   ``The `Islamic' bomb evokes fearsome images--nuclear 
  annihilation in the hand of dictators, holy war and warriors, and
  terrorists.'' 

Hough, Harold. 
  Israel's nuclear infrastructure. Jane's intelligence review, v. 
  6, Nov. 1994: 508-511. 
   ``Everyone knows that the Israelis have the atomic bomb but no-
  one knows anything about it . . . . However, by looking at high-
  resolution Russian and French imagery produced over the last five
  years, it is possible to follow the nuclear trail from nuclear
  reactor to final product.''

Hudson, Michael C.
  Arab regimes and democratization: responses to the challenge of 
  political Islam. International spectator, v. 29, Oct.-Dec. 1994:
  3-27.
   ``Several world and regional factors, . . . have recently 
  emerged which seem to be facilitating a significant--but fragile
  and perhaps reversible--process of liberalization in Arab 
  politics.'' 

-----
  The Clinton Administration and the Middle East: squandering the
  inheritance? Current history, v. 93, Feb. 1994: 49-54. 

-----
  The Middle East under pax Americana: how new, how orderly? Third
  world quarterly, v. 13, no. 2, 1992: 301-316. 
   Considers the ``long-term effects of . . . U.S. intervention in 
  the internal politics of the'' Middle East. 

Hussein, King, I. 
  A bold peace: partners in shaping the future. Vital speeches 
  of the day, v. 60, Aug. 15, 1994: 642-643. 
   Speech delivered by King Hussein of Jordan to a Joint Session
  of the U.S. Congress, July 26, 1994. 

Huwaydi, Amin. 
  Militarization and security in the Middle East: its impact on
  development and democracy. Tokyo, United Nations University; New 
I10  York, St. Martin's Press, 1989. 144 p.       DS63.1.H49 1989

Inbar, Efraim. 
  Israel: the emergence of new strategic thinking. International
  defense review--defense '95, 1995: 90-97. 
   ``This article analyzes the ways in which Israel's external
  and internal environments have and are influencing the emphasis
  on self-reliance within Israel's overall security thinking. Israel
  appears to undergo a change in its policy in this regard.'' 

Inbar, Efraim. Sandler, Shmuel.
  The changing Israeli strategic equation: toward a security regime.
  Review of international studies, v. 21, 1995: 41-59. 
   ``This article investigates the chances for greater Israeli
  interest in reliance on cooperative security arrangements in a 
  transition to security regimes with its neighbours.'' 

-----
  Israel's deterrence strategy revisited. Ramat Gan, Israel, BESA
  Center, Bar-Ilan University, 1994. 330-358 p. (BESA security and 
  policy studies no. 17) 
   ``Deterrence is central to Israel's strategic thinking. It is
  influenced by a complex interaction among factors such as Israel's
  perceived political and military power, the regional balance of 
  power, the military strategies of the regional protagonists, the 
  policy priorities of Israel's rivals, and the role played by states
  outside the region.'' 

International Security Council. 
  Middle East: a political-strategic assessment, 1988. New York, The
  Council, c1988. 24 p.  (International Security Council 
  publications, 0899-0441; v.2)           MLCM 93/02994 (D)

Iran's strategic intentions and capabilities. Washington, National 
  Defense University, 1994. 224 p. (McNair paper 29) 
   Partial contents.--Domestic politics and strategic intentions.
  --Russia and Iran.--Iran's military intentions and capabilities. 

Isaac, Rael Jean. 
  The real lessons of Camp David. Commentary, v. 96, Dec. 19, 1993:
  34-38. 
   ``The nature of the relations between Egypt and Israel has not 
  really changed. Israel gave much more than it bargained for to 
  achieve much less than it anticipated. If the peace with Egypt, as 
  Peres asserts, is to set an example, it is an example fraught with 
  peril for Israel.'' 

Israel: massive retaliation. Middle East , no. 232, Mar. 1994: 7-8. 
   ``Israel's nuclear weapons capacity has been one of the worst-
  kept secrets in the Middle East for years. That has suited
  successive Israeli governments only too well as a warning to Arab
  adversaries. Now details of the extent of Israeli nuclear power
  have been published in a new book in the United States. As the
  Middle East edges cautiously towards peace, its revelations have
  potent implications for the region's future balance of power.'' 

The Israel-PLO Declaration of Principles: prelude to a peace? 
  Virginia journal of international law, v. 34, winter 1994: 435-469.
   ``The Israel-PLO Declaration of Principles is an historic 
  agreement. A convergence of economic, political, and social forces
  in late 1992 made the time ripe for this landmark accord . . . . 
  The Declaration of Principles does not recognize Palestine
  statehood as the PLO wished. The document does, however, make a
  significant move toward the acknowledgment of Palestine as a quasi-
  state.'' 

Israel-Syria: Israel puts Syrian track on the back burner. FBIS 
  trends, Oct. 27, 1993: 14-15. 
   Discusses the status of Israeli-Syrian peace negotiations. 

The Israeli-Palestinian agreement: in the footsteps of Camp David. 
  New York, Anti-defamation League, 1993. 34 p. 
   Partial contents.--Comparing the two agreements.--Comparing the
  texts.--Appendixes. 

Israeli self-rule proposal. Journal of Palestine studies, v. 22,
  winter 1993: 150-155. 
   Sets forth the details of the Israeli proposal for Palestinian
  self-government as presented during the sixth round of Israeli-
  Palestinian bilateral talks.''  

Jarbawi, Ali. 
  The triangle of conflict. Foreign policy, no. 100, fall 1995: 
  92-108. 
   ``Jordanian-Palestinian relations . . . need to be assessed from
  a comprehensive point of view that would take into account the
  triangle of conflict involving Jordan, Israel, and the PLO. The
  misunderstood sources of this conflict need to be aired, and
  measures to achieve a sound bilateral relationship between Jordan
  and the Palestinians must be suggested: Both steps are essential to
  the success of the ongoing peace process and thus to the stability
  of the region.'' 

Jarbawi, Ali. Heacock, Roger. 
  The deportations and the Palestinian-Israeli negotiations. Journal
  of Palestine studies, v. 22, spring 1993: 32-45. 
   Considers the implications on the peace process of the Dec. 1992
  deportations of Palestinians form the West Bank and Gaza Strip by
  the Israeli government following the killing of five soldiers.

Jerusalem. Middle East policy, v. 3, no. 3, 1994: 83-118.
   Contents.--U.S. policy towards Jerusalem: Clinton's shift to the
  right, by Stephen Zunes.--Jerusalem's final status must reflect
  its uniqueness, by Alon Ben-Meir.--The road to peace starts in
  Jerusalem: the condominium solution, by John v. Whitbeck.

Joffee, George.
  The Middle East peace process--an appraisal. Jane's intelligence
  review, v. 5, Nov. 1993: 508-511.
   Examines ``how this unlikely partnership between inveterate
  enemies was really achieved.''

Kanovsky, Eliyahu.
  The economic consequences of the Persian Gulf War: accelerating
  OPEC's demise. Washington, Washington Institute for Near East
  Policy, 1995. 103 p. (Policy papers no. 30)
   Partial contents.--Saudi Arabia.--Kuwait.--Iraq.--Iran.--Other
  OPEC states.--The war's effect on Egypt, Syria and Jordan.--
  Non-OPEC oil producers.--Oil demand.

Kaplan, Morton A.
  The Mideast peace process: then and now. World & I, v. 9, Feb.
  1994: 94-99.
   ``The recent agreement between Israel and the PLO raises the
  prospects of peace . . . . Peace raises risks for Israel: the
  possibility that Arab extremists would use the West Bank to
  undermine Israeli security. Risks are involved for the
  Palestinians also: the possibility that Israel will refrain from
  moving forward toward genuine self-rule for the Palestinians.''

Karp, Aaron.
  The demise of the Middle East arms race. Washington quarterly, v.
  18, autumn 1995: 29-51.
   ``Middle East armed forces remain the source of greatest
  international concern and one of the least promising areas for
  negotiated restraint. Nonetheless it is becoming increasingly clear
  that military confrontation in the region is not what it once
  was.''

Karsh, Efraim.
  Neutralization: the key to an Arab-Israeli peace. Bulletin of peace
  proposals, v. 22, Mar. 1991: 11-23.
   ``In the absence of a comprehensive peace between Israel and all
  of its Arab neighbours, the collapse of any Israeli-Palestinian
  agreement is a foregone conclusion. The best means to break the
  deadlock of the Middle East conflict is through neutralization of
  the entire Arab-Israeli sector . . . . To illustrate the merits of
  neutralization in the Arab-Israeli context, this article analyses
  the essence of this concept and the factors which bear upon its
  political feasibility.''

-----
  Peace not love: toward a comprehensive Arab-Israeli settlement.
  Washington quarterly, v. 17, spring 1994: 143-156.
   ``This article will outline the key elements of the
  Israeli-Palestinian accord, highlight the main landmarks of the
  disillusionment process that produced it, and explain why the
  balance of forces, risks, and opportunities tilts in the
  direction of comprehensive peace.''

Karsh, Efraim. Sayigh, Yezid.
  A cooperative approach to Arab-Israeli security. Survival, v. 36,
  spring 1994: 114-125.
   ``This article . . . proposes the formation of an Arab-Israeli
  `security community,' the main function of which would be to
  provide Israel and its immediate Arab neighbours with the means to
  manage military, political and strategic relations on a cooperative
  basis.''

Kaslow, Amy.
  Prospects for aid to Middle Eastern ``have-not'' states. Middle
  East insight, v. 8, July-Aug. 1991: 42-44.
   ``The Arab poor who believed Iraq's invasion of Kuwait would
  help redress regional economic imbalances now face a bitter postwar
  irony: the great divide between the Middle Eastern haves and
  have-nots will only widen in the coming decade. Oil-rich Gulf
  states, which have had to bear enormous costs of waging war and
  reconstruction, have little money and even less incentive to aid
  the development of their poor neighbors.''

Katz, Yossi.
  The re-emergence of Jerusalem: new Zionist approaches in attaining
  political goals prior to the First World War. Political geography,
  v. 14, Apr. 1995: 279-293.
   ``From 1911 onwards . . . the Zionist bodies decided to employ
  new methods in order to obtain political objectives . . . .
  Emphasis was transposed from territorial conquest to alternative
  methods: demographic conquest, increasing national prestige and
  cultural conquest.''

Kechichian, Joseph A.
  Political dynamics and security in the Arabian Peninsula through
  the 1990s. Santa Monica, Calif., Rand Corporation, 1993. 125 p.
  (Rand MR-167-AF/A)
   ``This report identifies and analyzes the political dynamics of
  the Arabian Peninsula in the 1990s in the aftermath of the 1991 war
  with Iraq. It examines the current status of Iraq and the six
  conservative Arab Gulf monarchies (Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar,
  Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates) and highlights points
  of vulnerability in each state.''

-----
  Security efforts in the Arab world: a brief examination of four
  regional organizations. Santa Monica, Calif., Rand Corporation,
  1994. 25 p. (A Rand Note; N-3570-USDP)
   ``This Note offers a brief examination of four regional
  organizations' security efforts in and around the Persian Gulf, and
  evaluates their historical records: The Arab League, the Central
  Treaty Organization, the Gulf Cooperation Council, and the Arab
  Cooperation Council.''

Kelman, Herbert C.
  Acknowledging the other's nationhood: how to create a momentum for
  the Israeli-Palestinian negotiations. Journal of Palestine
  studies, v. 21, autumn 1992: 18-38.
   ``In this article, which focuses on the Israeli-Palestinian
  component of the negotiations, I argue that creating momentum
  requires a commitment. This commitment might take the form of
  mutual acknowledgement of each other's nationhood without
  threatening the vital interests of the party offering the
  acknowledgment.''

Kemp, Geoffrey.
  Forever enemies? American policy & the Islamic Republic of Iran.
  Washington, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1994. 144
  p. Contents.--U.S. policy and the Iranian challenge.--The roots of
  American-Iranian enmity.--Iran's domestic problems.--Iran and its
  neighbors.--How dangerous is Iran?--Iranian human rights abuses.

-----
  Israel on trial. Foreign policy, no. 92, fall 1993: 168-173.
   Reviews the recent work, Passionate Attachment: America's
  Involvement with Israel, 1947 to the present by George W. Ball and
  Douglas B. Ball. The authors of the book ``contend that American
  interests and principles have been compromised, and a fair and
  lasting Middle East peace remains as elusive as ever.''
  
Kemp, Geoffrey.  Stahl, Shelley A.
  The control of the Middle East arms race. [Washington], Carnegie
  Endowment for International Peace, c1991. 232 p.
                            JX1974.K44 1991

Kershner, Isabel. Sawicki, Tom.
  The battle for Jerusalem. Jerusalem report, v. 5, July 28, 1994:
  11-14, 16.
   ``Israel insists on full sovereignty in all of Jerusalem; the
  Palestinians want the eastern half as their capital. The demands
  seem-irreconcilable. But behind the scenes, ideas for compromise
  are being formulated by both sides.''

Khalidi, A. S.
  Points of tension in the new Israeli-Palestinian nexus. RUSI
  (Journal of Royal Services Institute for Defense Studies), v. 139,
  June 1994: 51-55.
   ``The recent 'Declaration of Principles' between Israel and the
  Palestinians is only the beginning of challenging times ahead.
  Here Ahmad Khalidi argues that these must be met with more flexible
  diplomacy than hitherto, which appreciates all the concerns of
  those involved. He identifies, and expands upon, three key areas
  of tension in the region, and the crucial factor of the division of
  authority and control during this difficult interim-phase. The
  author concludes with the insistence that fundamental behavior and
  attitudes themselves must alter, if the peace accord is not to
  become little more than a redundant scrap of paper.''

Kienle, Eberhard.
  Arab unity schemes revisited: interest, identity, and policy in
  Syria and Egypt. International journal of Middle East studies,
  v. 27, Feb. 1995: 53-71.
   ``From the day in April 1946 when the last French soldiers left
  and Syrians were finally able to run their own affairs, their
  policies toward other Arabs have differed significantly, although
  decreasingly over the years, from the policies pursued by
  Egyptians.  Within their country, Syrian legislators used to
  privilege Arab over non-Arab foreigners in various respects,
  including the investment of capital as well as the acquisition of
  citizenship and political rights, while fewer, if any, advantages
  of this sort were granted in Egypt. Such differences in the
  treatment of noncitizen Arabs at home have been paralleled by
  different policies toward other Arab states.''

Kissinger, Henry.
  If not peace, at least progress. Washington post, Oct. 31, 1991:
  A21.
   Contends that the following issues must be addressed in order
  to provide a foundation for peace in the Middle East. ``(a) What
  territorial concession is compatible with Israeli security and
  Israel's cohesion as a state? (b) What concrete reciprocal
  concessions, what content for peace, should be the contribution
  of the Arab side? (c) Is it possible to define a status for
  Jerusalem that combines Israel's insistence on a unified city
  with for Muslim religious and historical sensibilities?
  (d) Should the process aim at some comprehensive agreement or
  at a series of interim steps?''

Kober, Avi.
  Deterrence, early warning and strategic decision: the Israeli
  security conception in the wake of the Gulf War. Contemporary
  security policy, v. 15, Dec. 1994: 228-250.
   ``This article focuses on the appraisal forced by the Gulf
  War on Israel's traditional security conception. It seeks, to
  establish an awareness of the severe strategic challenges that
  Israel might face should the peace process be impaired.''

Lawson, Fred H.
  Domestic transformation and foreign steadfastness in
  contemporary Syria. Middle East journal, v. 48, winter
  1994: 47-64.
   ``Current trends in Syria's internal political-economic
  affairs are on the whole unlikely to generate fundamental
  reversals in the al-Asad regime's domestic and foreign
  policies.''

Lederman, Jim.
  Economics of the Arab-Israeli peace process. Orbis, v. 4,
  fall 1995: 549-566.
   Discusses economic reasons for negotiating peace in the
  Middle East.

Lesch, Ann Mosely.
  Transition to Palestinian self-government. Journal of
  Palestine studies, v. 22, spring 1993: 46-56.
   Identifies three areas of agreement which will be
  necessary for successful Palestinian self-rule in the
  West Bank and Gaza Strip.

Levran, Aharon.  Shiyyab, Mohammad K.  Constable, Peter D.
  A joint paper on Jordanian-Israeli issues of security and political
  settlement. Washington, Search for Common Ground, [c1994] 18 p.
  (The Initiative papers; no. 4)
                          DS119.8.J67L48 1994

Lewis, Bernard.
  Rethinking the Middle East. Foreign affairs, v. 71, fall 1992:
  99-119.
   ``By now it is becoming increasingly clear that there are indeed
  many changes in the Middle East, and that while these vary
  considerably in their scope, scale and range, few things and few
  participants remain as they were before.''

Lorenz, Joseph P.
  Egypt and the Arabs: foreign policy and the search for national
  identity. Boulder, Westview Press, 1990. 184 p.
                           DS63.2.E3L66 1990

-----
  Egypt and the new Arab coalition. Washington, Institute for
  National Strategic studies, 1989. 26 p. (McNair papers no. 1)
   The Arab countries convene periodic summits.
   ``This past year, in Amman and then in Algiers, two summits were
  held that illuminate the changes in attitudes and power
  relationships that have taken place in the Arab world since Camp
  David . . . . The solid front shown to Iran, Egypt's return to a
  position of Arab centrality, and the support pledged to the
  Palestinian uprising. Their longer term significance lies in the
  emergence of a new dynamic in inter-Arab relations: on all of the
  controversial issues, a new, centrist Arab coalition dominated the
  decisionmaking process. The appearance of this coalition raises a
  number of questions.''

Lowi, Miriam R.
  Water and power: the politics of a scarce resource in the Jordan
  River basin.
  Cambridge [England]; New York, Cambridge University Press, 1993.
  xix, 291 p.
  (Cambridge Middle East library; 31)       HD1698.M53L69 1993

Lustick, Ian S.
  Reinventing Jerusalem. Foreign policy, no. 93, winter 1993-94:
  41-59.
   Contends that ``the official Israeli refrain that `united
  Jerusalem' shall forever remain under Israeli sovereignty is no
  more likely to withstand the political logic of peace than were
  portrayals of an inseparable Gaza or descriptions of the West Bank
  as the Israeli provinces of `Judea and Samaria.'''

Maksoud, Clovis.
  Peace process or puppet show? Foreign policy, no. 100, fall 1995:
  117-124.
   ``The starting point for erecting a structure of durable peace
  in the whole Middle East is for Israel and the United States to
  recognize unequivocally that the Palestinians are a people with the
  inalienable right to self-determination. Accordingly, Israel must
  negotiate in good faith and straightforwardly with the PLO over
  nothing less than the terms of its withdrawal from the occupied
  territories and the modalities of Palestinian sovereignty.
  Equitable resolutions to the issues of Jerusalem, the refugees,
 and the settlements would then be not difficult to achieve.''

Malik, Shahin P.
  Saddam Hussein: survivalist or opportunist? Strategic studies,
  v. 16, summer 1994: 59-83.
   ``This article contends that the action taken against Iraq,
  rather than being a consequence of the invasion represents the
  culmination of various factors and events played out during the
  turbulent decade beginning with the Iranian Revolution . . . .
  The Iranian Revolution and the subsequent Iran-Iraq war can be
  perceived as being at the start of a chain of events which
  eventually led to the second Gulf War.''

Mansour, Camille.
  The Palestinian-Israeli peace negotiations: an overview and
  assessment. Journal of Palestinian studies, v. 22, spring 1993:
  5-31.
   Advisor to the Palestinian delegation at the peace talks
  assesses the outcomes of the Oct.-Nov. 1991 Madrid conference.

Mansur, Kamil.
  Beyond alliance: Israel in U.S. foreign policy. Translated from
  the French by James A. Cohen. New York, Columbia University
  Press, c1994. 324 p. (The Institute for Palestine Studies series)
                          E183.8.I7 M34 1994

Marr, Phoebe.
  Egypt's regional role. Washington, National Defense University,
  Institute for National Strategic Studies, for sale by the Supt. of
  Docs., G.P.O., 1995. 4 p. (Strategic forum, no. 24, Apr. 1995)
   ``Economic reform will be the key to Egypt's future regional
  role; Egypt needs to restructure its economy to underpin its
  geostrategic position . . . . Expects to exercise substantial
  influence as a core country, linking various sub-regions, such as
  the Levant, the Maghreb and the Gulf.''

Mattair, Thomas R.
  The Arab-Israeli conflict: bilateral diplomacy, regional violence,
  and the Moscow conference. Middle East policy, v. 1, no. 1, 1992:
  55-84.
   ``Several weeks after the Madrid conference and the initial
  bilateral talks that followed, the United States and the Soviet
  Union invited all of the relevant parties to resume the bilateral
  talks in Washington, D.C. on December 4, 1991. This invitation
  was extended after the administration concluded that the parties
  themselves would not reach any agreement on a venue for the
  continuation of these talks and that United States intervention
  would be necessary . . . . Even when the Palestinians were not
  present at the Moscow conference because of their failed attempt to
  change the procedural rules of their participation, the Arab
  states made it clear that progress in negotiations on regional
  cooperation would depend on progress in these bilateral
  negotiations over territory and peace.''

-----
  The Arab Israeli conflict: from Shamir to Rabin to peace? Middle
  East policy, v. 1, 1992: 118-154.

McLaurin, Ronald.
  An interview with Ambassador Walid Al-Moualem: Syrian delegation
  to the peace talks. Middle East insight, v. 9, Nov.-Dec. 1992:
  19-21.
   In this interview, changes in U.S. Syrian relations are
  discussed as well as the peace negotiations.

The Middle East. Current history, v. 4, Jan. 1995: whole issue (47 p.)
   Contents.--The challenge of inclusion in the Middle East, by
  Augustus Richard Norton.--Islam and democracy: the Turkish
  experience, by Jenny B. White.--Political Islam in Algeria: the
  nonviolent dimension, by John P. Entelis.--The business of
  political change in Egypt, by Caryle Murphy.--Arafat's dilemma, by
  Muhammad Muslih.--Rabin and Arafat: alone, together, by Mark A.
  Heller.--Civil war in Yemen: the price of unity? by Chuck
  Schmitz.--Afghanistan's civil war, by Gilles Dorronsoro.

The Middle East: new defence and security issues. RUSI (Journal of
  Royal Services Institute for Defense Studies), v. 139, June 1994:
  38.
   Examines issues affecting Middle East security. ``The end of
  the Cold War and demise of the Soviet Union has transformed the
  strategic landscape of the Middle East. As demonstrated in the
  1991 Gulf War and the subsequent initiation of a new Arab-Israeli
  peace process, the United States now holds an unrivalled position
  in the region. The most potent danger to stability and security,
  meanwhile, no longer emanates from the confrontation between
  Israel and neighbouring Arab states or Superpower rivalry.
  Instead, the primary threat to peace stems from power struggles
  within states and challenges to the legitimacy of existing regimes
  and national boundaries.''

The Middle East: what is our long-term vision? Middle East policy,
  v. 3, no. 3, 1994: 1-19.
   ``An edited version of a discussion held by the Middle East
  Policy Council on September 23, 1994.''

Middle Eastern security: prospects for an arms control regime.
  Edited by Efraim Inbar and Shmuel Sandler. Portland, Or., Frank
  Cass, 1995. 199 p.                 JX1974.M484 1995
   ``This group of studies first appeared in a special issue on
  `Middle Eastern security: prospects for an arms control regime' in
  Contemporary security policy, vol. 16, no. 1.''

Miller, Judith.
  Syria's game: put on a Western face. New York times magazine,
  Jan. 26, 1992: 12-20, 49.
   ``Assad's dazzling shifts in foreign policy reflect a dexterity
  that Arab and Western diplomats alike admire.''

Morris, Mary E.
  The persistence of external interest in the Middle East. Santa
  Monica, Calif., Rand Corporation, 1993. 92 p. (MR-318-DAG)
   Contents.--Introduction: the seamless web.--Old problems and
  new issues: the Middle East as an arena for outside interests.--
  Potential international rivalries: Europe.--Japan's increasing
  interests in the Middle East.--The United States as a major
  player.--Continuing international interest in the Middle East:
  implications for the future.--Implications for U.S. policy.

-----
  The price of Middle East peace. Santa Monica, Calif., Rand
  Corporation, 1993. 11 p. (Rand/P-7842)
   ``The price of true peace in the Middle East will be the
  reconfiguration of political ambitions and objectives and the
  restructuring of both economies and societies. For some regimes,
  this will be a high price indeed.''

Muslih, Muhammad.
  Arafat's dilemma. Current history, v. 94, Jan. 1995: 23-27.
   ``Questions about the viability of Palestinian self-rule have
  become for many one question: what about Hamas? . . . . Hamas
  leaders want positions of powers in the Palestine National
  Authority. And there is ample room for their inclusion . . . once
  recognized as legitimate players, they will develop a vested
  interest in stabilizing the situation in the West Bank and Gaza.

-----
  Dateline Damascus: Asad is ready. Foreign policy, no. 96, fall
  1994: 145-163.
   Discusses Israeli-Syrian peace negotiations.

-----
  The Golan: Israel, Syria, and strategic calculations. Contemporary
  Southeast Asia, v. 15, Sept. 1993: 611-632.
   ``The territorial dispute between Israel and Syria has its own
  dynamic . . . . Embracing the proposition that Syria's repossession
  of the Golan would, by itself, lead to peace and normalization
  should be tempered by an appreciation of the basic ethos of Syria
  and its perception of its regional role.''

Nader, George A.
  Imagining peace with Syria. Middle East insight, v. 11, Nov.-Dec.
  1994: 10-13.
   ``Changes show the country and regime are prepared for peace.''

-----
  Israeli Prime Minister calls for "an era of peace" in the Middle
  East. Middle East insight, v. 10, Nov.-Dec. 1993: 14-20.
   Reports on an address by Prime Minister Rabin to an audience
  ``comprised largely of Arab and Arab-American diplomats, business
  executives, scholars and members of the press.'' Rabin discussed
  the prospects for peace in the Middle East.

Nakhleh, Emile A.
  Palestinians and Israelis: options for coexistence. Journal of
  Palestine studies, v. 22, winter 1993: 5-16.
   ``In assessing the options, their feasibility, and their
  acceptability to the parties involved, focus will be on such
  aspects as economic viability, foreign relations and security
  issues, the prospects for internal stability, the political
  system, and the status of Jerusalem.''

Navias, Martin.
  Proliferation in the Middle East and the North Asian connection.
  Arms control, v. 14, Dec. 1993: 287-310.
   ``China and North Korea, have over the past few years emerged
  as the major suppliers of non-conventional weapons technologies and
  ballistic missiles to the Middle East.''

Ne'eman, Yuval.
  How to save `the peace process.' Global affairs, v. 7, fall 1992:
  74-88.
   Argues that a ``pragmatic approach to the Arab refugee problem
  could be a key to a real `peace process.' Meanwhile, the situation
  and rights of the Palestinian Arabs in Jordan might clarify the
  status of the country as a Palestinian State and thereby remove
  some of the pressure on Judea and Samaria. This could open a path
  leading to solutions compatible with Israel's security.''

Neff, Donald.
  Fallen pillars: U.S. policy towards Palestine and Israel since
  1945. Washington, Institute for Palestine Studies, c1995. 350 p.
                          E183.8.P19 N43 1995

-----
  Jerusalem in U.S. policy. Journal of Palestine studies, v. 23,
  autumn 1993: 20-45.
   ``United States policy on Jerusalem has been marked by a
  series of retreats over nearly a half-century. The original U.S.
  position of 1947 that Jerusalem was a corpus separatum . . . was
  quickly diluted to a formula calling for `limited'
  internationalization.''

Nejad, Hassan Mahamadi.
  Middle East--building a community of nations. Bulletin of peace
  proposals, v. 23, June 1992: 159-167.
   ``The purpose of this paper is to explicate briefly the
  underlying conditions and to suggest certain policy choices and
  proposals which, if adopted, should greatly reduce political
  violence and foster `positive peace' and development in the Middle
  East.''

Neumann, Robert G.
  1992--a year of stalemate in the peace process? Middle East policy,
  v. 1, no. 2, 1992: 47-56.
   Argues that the ``history of American-Israeli relations has
  shown, despite impressions to the contrary, a high degree of
  consistency. U.S. policy has changed in intensity as events on the
  ground dictated. But it has never wavered from the view that Arab-
  Israeli peace lies in the U.S. national interest as well as in the
  interests of the parties. And it has never wavered from the concept
  that it cannot be achieved without an eventual territorial
  compromise. This makes it highly likely that even a future
  Democratic administration, were one to take power, would eventually
  return to that main line, as have all its predecessors.''

Nisan, Mordechai.
  The old order reborn: America and the Middle East. Global affairs,
  v. 7, winter 1992: 110-131.
   Considers ``the historical context of a new order in the Middle
  East, the record of U.S. policy in the region, and the implicit
  assumptions underlying hopes for a thorough transformation and
  resolution of the Arab-Israeli conflict.''

Norton, Augustus Richard. Schwedler, Jillian.
  (In)security zones in South Lebanon. Journal of Palestine studies,
  v. 23, autumn 1993: 61-79.
   ``The region, which borders Israel to the south and Syria to the
  east, has been for more than two decades a virtual battlefield
  where the inhabitants have been punished dearly for the accident of
  living in the crossfire between Israeli and Palestinian guns.''

Norton, Augustus Richard. Wright, Robin.
  The post-peace crisis in the Middle East. Survival, v. 36, winter
  1994-95: 7-20.
   ``The ongoing Middle East peace process, the phased settlement
  of the Arab-Israeli dispute over the next few years will not end
  turmoil in the region. Rather, it will pose a more complex and
  potentially longer and more troublesome challenge . . . . The next
  phase of Middle East upheaval will mainly occur within countries,
  often pitting societies against their governments.''

Owen, Roger.
  A new post-Cold War system? The Middle East in a realigned world.
  Middle East report, no. 184, Sept.-Oct. 1993: 2-6.
   ``The Arab states must negotiate their relations with the rest
  of the world in a way that makes best use of their substantial
  resources--oil and gas, proximity to Europe, and growing numbers of
  university graduates.''

The Palestinian future: three views. Foreign affairs, v. 73, July-Aug.
  1994: 2-15.
   Contents.--The urge for democracy, by William B. Quandt.--
  Arafat's police state, by Amos Perlmutter.--Sidestepping
  dependency, by Shlomo Avineri.

Palestinians: PLO warns against spreading internecine violence. FBIS
  trends, Oct. 27, 1993: 6-8.
   ``Clearly alarmed over the recent murders of mainstream
  Palestinian activists in the occupied territories, the PLO has
  delivered an unusually blunt and candid warning to Palestinians
  that such internecine violence--which appears to have been the
  result of feuding among mainstream Palestinians rather than
  rejectionist opposition--threatens the successful implementation
  of the framework agreement with Israel.''

Parsons, Anthony.
  Prospects for peace and stability in the Middle East. London,
  Research Institute for the Study of Conflict and Terrorism, 1993.
  29 p. (Conflict studies 262)
   ``Sir Anthony Parsons, a former ambassador in Iran . . . throws
  a clear light on the history of the Middle East turmoil, gives an
  authoritative assessment of present problems and looks forward with
  measured optimism to a more stable and peaceful future.''

-----
  Prospects for peace in the Middle East. London, David Davies
  Memorial Institute, 1993. 9 p. (Occasional paper no. 1, January
  1993)

The Peace talks. DOMES (Digest of Middle East studies), v. 1, spring
  1992: 1-37.
   Contents.--A view from Israel: protagonists and antagonists of
  change, by I. Pappe.--A view from Palestine: an interview with
  three senior delegates, by M. Aman.--Ambassador of Israel: peace
  for peace, by A. Clarke.--Palestinian interim self-government
  arrangements (PISGA): concepts, preliminary measures, and elections
  modalities.--Rational fears, irrational defenses: psychological
  obstacles to peace, by D. Oliensis.--A view from Jordan: an
  interview with a senior delegate, by M. Aman.

Peck, Matthew.
  US economic aid to Egypt: political leverage and economic aid.
  World outlook, no. 15, fall 1992: 111-141.
   US foreign aid policy towards Egypt can be seen historically as
  a combination of the realist and rationalist approaches to
  international politics.''

Pelletiere, Stephen C.
  Assad and the peace process: the pivotal role of Lebanon. Carlisle
  Barracks, Pa., Strategic Studies Institute, Army War College, 1995.
  46 p.
   ``The author examines the current status of peace negotiations
  between Syria and Israel, and concludes that Syria's position is
  more formidable than is generally believed. The study explains why
  this is so and offers recommendations concerning U.S. policymakers'
  approach to this situation.''

Phillips, James A.
  Beyond the Israeli-PLO Peace Agreement: the U.S. role in
  consolidating peace. Washington, Heritage Foundation, 1993. 14 p.
  (Backgrounder no. 963)
   ``A successful peace accord between Israel and the PLO would
  remove one of the leading causes of instability in the region,
  Phillips says. Ultimately, the accord could lead to a realignment
  of Middle East powers that would allow the United States, Israel
  and moderate Arab states to form a coalition against the chief
  cause of unrest in the region: radical Islamic fundamentalism, he
  says. But the current `peace agreement' is at best a shaky
  foundation for a Middle East peace . . . . Thus . . . the United
  States must insist on a hardheaded stance toward Arafat, and ensure
  that Israel remains a strong and effective deterrent to radical
  Islamic states hostile toward the United States.''

-----
  The changing face of Middle Eastern terrorism. Washington, Heritage
  Foundation, 1994. 10 p. (Backgrounder no. 1005)
   ```Washington has failed to mount a credible effort to stem the
  tide of terrorism' despite clear evidence that `the United States
  and its citizens have been the world's foremost targets of
  international terrorism in recent years,''' argues the author.

-----
  The Saddamization of Iran: is Tehran our next big enemy? Policy
  review, no. 69, summer 1994: 6-13.
   ``In the short run, Iran poses more of an ideological,
  subversive, and terrorist threat than a military threat to America
  and its Middle Eastern allies. In the long run, however, Iran's
  military buildup--particularly its development programs for
  nuclear, chemical, biological,and missile weaponry--will pose an
  increasingly grave challenge to security of American forces and
  allies in the region.''

Pipes, Daniel.
  There are no moderates: dealing with fundamentalist Islam. National
  interest, no. 41, fall 1995: 48-57.
   Considers recent developments in the Middle East, indicate that
  ``Arab-Israeli issues remain formally the main item on the agenda
  but fundamentalist violence has become the greatest worry of nearly
  every government in the region.''

Pipes, Daniel. Peretz, Martin.
  Bush, Clinton & the Jews: a debate. Commentary, v. 94, Oct. 1992:
  15-23.
   ``Having in previous years been almost entirely committed to the
  Democratic camp, Jews in 1972 began voting in relatively
  substantial numbers (between 30 and 40 percent) for Republican
  presidential candidates. In 1992, however, the Jewish vote for
  George Bush is widely expected to fall from this level, and perhaps
  even to resume its pre-1972 pattern of overwhelming support for the
  Democratic candidate. The main reason is that the President and
  former Secretary of State James A. Baker 3d are perceived by many
  Jews as hostile to Israel. According to Daniel Pipes, director of
  the Foreign Policy Research Institute and its Middle East Council,
  this perception is belied by the actual record of the Bush
  administration, while a Clinton administration is in his judgment
  likely to fall under the influence of forces truly hostile to
  Israel. On the contrary, says Martin Peretz, editor-in-chief of the
  New Republic, the perception of hostility to Israel is fully
  justified by the Bush administration's record; he expects an
  administration headed by Bill Clinton and Al Gore to be as friendly
  to Israel as Israel's most ardent friends could wish.''

Pipes, Daniel.
  Damascus courts the West: Syrian politics, 1989-1991. Washington,
  Washington Institute for Near East Policy, c1991. 84 p. (Policy
  papers no. 26)
   Contents.--Politics in Syria.--Soviet retreat and the Kuwait
  crisis.--Conflict with Israel.--Assad's freedom of maneuver.--U.S.
  policy.

Podhoretz, Norman.
  America and Israel: an ominous change. Commentary, v. 93,
  Jan. 1992: 21-25.
   ``Has there been a change in American policy toward Israel since
  the Bush administration took office?''

Presley, John R. Sessions, John G.
  Islamic economics: the emergence of a new paradigm. Economic
  journal, v. 104, May 1994: 584-506.
   ``We illustrate the potential impact of the Islamic doctrine on
  western economic relationships by focusing on the prohibition of
  interest (riba) in Islamic economics. We show that the alternative
  method of financier remuneration (i.e. mudarabah profit-and-loss
  sharing) will, under certain conditions, enhance capital investment
  on account of its ability to act as an efficient revelation
  device.''

Prostermann, Roy L. Hanstad, Timothy.
  Egyptian development and U.S. Aid: a 25-year perspective. Seattle,
  Rural Development Institute, 1992. 49 p. (RDI monographs on foreign
  aid and development no. 9)
   Contents.--Grassroots development progress since 1979.--Some
  persisting development issues for Egypt.--The U.S. AID program: a
  quantitative assessment.--The U.S. AID program: a qualitative
  assessment.--A perspective for the next 10 years.

Quandt, William B.
  After the Israeli-PLO breakthrough: next steps for the United
  States. Brookings review, v. 12, winter 1994: 28-31.
   Contends that for peace to succeed in the Middle East, ``the
  United States will have to remain engaged. But it will not have to
  impose a design of its own making. The parties to the conflict will
  be the architects, but will need help in translating words on paper
  into new relationships.''

Quandt, William B.
  Peace process: American diplomacy and the Arab-Israeli conflict
  since 1967. Washington, Brookings Institution; Berkeley, University
  of California Press, c1993. 612 p.         DS119.7.Q69 1993

Rabin, Yitzhak.
  Israel and Jordan. Vital speeches of the day, v. 60, Aug. 15, 1994:
  644-645.
   Remarks by Prime Minister of Israel before a Joint Session of
  the U.S. Congress on July 26, 1994. Discusses the special
  relationship between Israel and Jordan.

Ranstorp, Magnus.
  Hezbollah's future?--part 2. Jane's intelligence review, v. 7, Feb.
  1995: 81-83.
   ``The issue for Hezbollah is not how it will respond but how it
  will survive without its most fundamental pan-Islamic premise, the
  liberation of Jerusalem.''

Rathmell, Andrew.
  Iraq: the endgame? Jane's intelligence review, v. 7, May 1995:
  225-228.
   ``This year is going to be crucial for Iraq . . . . For the
  regime, the finishing line is the lifting of sanctions, while for
  the opposition the aim is to topple Saddam . . . . The regime is
  showing signs of crumbling from within. The vital question is
  whether these cracks can be exploited before Iraq's oil again
  begins to flow.''

Rodman, Peter W. Feith, Douglas F.
  Policing the Golan? National interest, no. 38, winter 1994-1995:
  51-55.
   Rodman argues in favor of a U.S. note in the Israeli Syrian
  agreement over Golan Heights. Feith opposes this.

Rose, Thomas A.
  Surviving the scuds, fearing the fallout. Global affairs, v. 6,
  fall 1991: 123-135.
   Concludes ``Israel faces more national security threats than any
  country in the world. Ironically, one of the most dangerous is
  Israel's increasing dependence on its best friend. Free of this
  dependence, Israel would do far more than survive: Israel would
  flourish.''

Rubin, Barry.
  The new Middle East: opportunities and risks. Ramat Gan, Israel,
  Besa Center for Strategic Studies, Bar-Ilan University, 1995. 77 p.
  (Security and policy studies no. 19)
   Examines the impact of changes in the Middle East on the region
  as a whole and ``on the Arab world-including Iran's role on that
  state system--and then Israel's new situation in the region. Part
  two examines the evolving interest and policies of the United
  States as the new system's patron and guarantor.''

Saar, Edward.
  The West Bank and military technology. Global affairs, v. 5,
  summer-fall 1990: 146-169.
   ``The confrontation in the Middle East is markedly asymmetrical.
  Israel, with a population of 4 million and a very limited resource
  base . . . . The Arab countries most directly involved in the
  conflict have a combined estimated population of 80 to 100 million,
  territorial depth, and resources . . . . The factors that ought to
  dominate deliberations on Mideast peace yet are the local
  topography and Israel's need for strategic depth . . . the
  capacities of modern weapons systems and their terrain
  requirements. Modern technology must also become an essential
  element in deliberations.''

Said Aly, Abdel Monem.
  The road to Oslo and beyond: prospects for an Arab-Israeli peace.
  Security dialogue, v. 25,Mar. 1994: 37-50.
   ``This article analyses the road to the Oslo agreement,
  discussing the challenges to the Arab-Israeli settlement and the
  prospects for peace.''

Said, Edward W.
  Ignoble prize. Progressive, v. 58, Dec. 1994: 18-20.
   Former member of the Palestine National Committee evaluates the
  Middle East peace process. ``The Israelis parade themselves in
  Western capitals as visionary men of peace, complimented by Bill
  Clinton and Francois Mitterrand, honored with even more
  unconditionally given American money, more than $6 billion during
  the past year alone. Left to pay teachers' salaries, hospital
  expenses, and those of the tiny Palestinian police force, Arafat
  must go from place to place begging for a little more money
  (although he has managed to set up an expensive intelligence
  operation for himself with at least six and possibly seven branches
  all spying on each other).''

Sandler, Shmuel.
  Middle Eastern security: prospects for an arms control regime.
  Contemporary security policy, v. 16, Apr. 1995: whole issue
  (194 p.)
   Partial contents.--The global environment.--The international
  agenda.--The regional context.--Documents.

Sarkees, Meredith Reid. Zunes, Stephen.
  Disenchantment with the `new world order': Syria's relations with
  the United States. International journal, v. 49, spring 1994:
  355-377.
   ``Syria's decision to co-operate in the coalition against Iraq
  entailed numerous costs, yet it was made with the expectation of
  certain benefits, most of which related to an anticipated
  improvement in relations with the United States. The failure of
  many of these benefits to materialize is leading to disillusionment
  within Syria with President Hafiz al-Assad's policy of co-operating
  with the West. Many Syrians now feel that the value of their
  co-operation has not been recognized or even that they have been
  betrayed by the United States--feelings which may delay further
  political and economic reforms in Syria and may also strengthen the
  influence of both secular and religious hard-liners.''

Satloff, Robert.
  The path to peace. Foreign policy, no. 100, fall 1995: 109-115.
   ``As the fate of the 1983 peace accord between Israel and
  Lebanon shows, the peace process is neither irreversible nor
  irrevocable. The post-Gulf war successes of Madrid, Oslo, Wadi al
  'Arabah, et al., were made possible by the historic confluence of
  American dominance, Soviet irrelevance, Israeli strength,
  Palestinian disillusionment, and a general sense of realism and
  pragmatism that took hold in the Arab world. As those ingredients
  shift, the process changes, and the ability of those achievements
  to survive future tests, such as succession crises, will change,
  too.''

Sheleff, Leon. Maoz, Asher.
  On the legal status of the Golan Heights: application of Israeli
  law or annexation? Brooklyn journal of international law, v. 20,
  1994: 332-396.
   ``In the context of the current peace negotiations between
  Israel and Syria, Israel is being asked to ultimately withdraw
  from all or part of the Golan. The implications of the Golan
  Heights Law thus come to the fore. Did the law bring about the
  annexation of the Golan Heights to Israel? If so, is the Israeli
  government authorized to withdraw from the Golan Heights without
  further legislation? Opposing views are expressed by Professors
  Leon Sheleff and Asher Maoz of the Tel Aviv University Faculty of
  Law.''

Shirley, Edward G.
  The Iran policy trap. Foreign policy, no. 96, fall 1994: 75-93.
   Examines U.S. policy toward Iran and contends that ``the U.S.
  case against Iran is not sufficiently rigorous to override the
  economic calculations of the European Union and Japan.''

Shlaim, Avi.
  Prelude to the accord: Likud, labor, and the Palestinians. Journal
  of Palestine studies, v. 23, winter 1994: 5-19.
   ``The mutual recognition between Israel and the PLO and the
  Declaration of Principles on Palestinian self-government in Gaza
  and Jericho, signed in Washington on 13 September 1993, mark a
  historic breakthrough in the century-old conflict over Palestine
  . . . . The aim of this article is to compare and contrast the
  policies of the Likud bloc and of the Labor party toward the peace
  talks with the Palestinians that got under way at the Madrid
  conference of October 1991.''

Slater, Jerome.
  The superpowers and an Arab-Israeli political settlement: the Cold
  War years. Political science quarterly, v. 105, winter 1990-91:
  557-577.
   ``From about 1950 until the end of the cold war in the late
  1980s the Arab-Israeli conflict became entangled in the global
  rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union . . . . The
  argument of this article is that American policy was based on
  misperceptions about Soviet interests, objectives, and behavior
  . . . . As a result of these misperceptions opportunities to reach
  a comprehensive settlement of the Arab-Israeli conflict were
  squandered.''

Solingen, Etel.
  The domestic sources of regional regimes: the evolution of nuclear
  ambiguity in the Middle East. International studies quarterly, v.
  38, June 1994: 305-337.
   ``The absence of a nuclear regime in the Middle East and the
  likely paths which may lead to one in the future. I identify four
  possible stylized outcomes: overt deterrence, regional
  `opaqueness,' controlled proliferation, and a nuclear-weapons-
  free-zone.''

The Soviets, their successors and the Middle East: turning point.
  Edited by Rosemary Hollis. New York, St. Martin's Press, 1993.
  206 p.                       DK68.5.S68 1993

Steinberg, Gerald M.
  Israel ponders defense stance in light of peace process.
  International defense review, v. 27, Jan. 1994: 19-22.
   ``Significant changes in Israeli strategy are on the way, but
  the long-range deterrent is likely to stay.''

-----
Israeli arms control policy: cautious realism. Journal of strategic
  studies, v. 17, June 1994: 1-16.
   ``From the Israeli perspective, the Middle East continues to be
  highly unstable, and the Jewish state has many potential enemies
  from Algeria to Iran. A significant reduction in the Israeli
  deterrent could quickly lead to an increase in the military threat
  and in the probability of a major war in the region. In the Middle
  East, war is still seen as a primary instrument of policy, and for
  many states, such as Iraq, Libya, or Iran, limitations and global
  regimes are marginal obstacles to be overcome, or are simply
  ignored.''

-----
Israeli security and the peace process. Security dialogue, v. 25, Mar.
  1994: 51-62.
   ``The peace process will result in significant changes in
  Israeli strategy and policies, but the specific nature of these
  changes depends directly on the details of the agreements . . . .
  In terms of Israeli security policies and perspectives, the ongoing
  negotiations provide both opportunities and potential risks.''

-----
Middle East arms control and regional security. Survival, v. 36,
  spring 1994: 126-141.
   ``In this article, the policies of the major actors will be
  analysed and the basis for developing confidence-building and arms-
  control measures in the Middle East will be explored in detail.''

Stenhouse, Mark.
  The Middle East peace process a false dawn or a new era?
  International defense review, 1995: 98-102.
   ``While the historic Palestinian-Israeli agreements have raised
  expectations that a comprehensive regional peace settlement can be
  achieved, the Middle East remains beset by a multiplicity of
  problems. The inequitable distribution of wealth between the oil
  exporting and non-oil exporting states is an enduring source of
  tension. A number of authoritarian regimes are now faced with
  growing public disillusionment, often manifesting itself in support
  for increasingly powerful Islamic movements, as they struggle to
  cope with mounting social and economic problems.''

Stork, Joe. Doumani, Beshara.
  After Oslo. Middle East report, v. 26, Jan.-Feb. 1994: 2-4, 26.
   Contends that ``the Oslo deal appears to resolve certain long-
  standing contradictions, but at the price of creating new ones.''

Supporting peace: America's role in an Israel-Syria peace agreement;
  report. Washington, Washington Institute for Near East Policy,
  1994. 87 p.
   ``The United States recognized that an Israel-Syria peace
  agreement would present a moment of challenge and opportunity--the
  challenge of helping to affirm an historic reconciliation between
  bitter enemies and the opportunity to build on newfound common
  interests in regional security. That the United States would play
  a large role in supporting an Israel-Syria peace agreement has been
  clear from the beginning of negotiations. Exactly what sort of role
  the United States should play, however, has been an issue of some
  debate.''

Survey of peacekeeping operations in the Middle East and Europe:
  report of a staff study mission to Kuwait, Cyprus, Egypt, Austria,
  and Belgium, January 8-26, 1994 to the Committee on Foreign
  Affairs, U.S. House of Representatives. Washington, For sale by the
  Supt. of Docs., Congressional Sales Office, 1994. 27 p.
                           UA646.3.S834 1994
   At head of title: 103d Congress, 2d session. Committee print.

Symposium on dual containment: U.S. policy toward Iran and Iraq.
  Middle East policy, v. 3, no. 1, 1994: 1-26.
   ``An edited version of a symposium sponsored by the Middle East
  Policy Council on February 24, 1994, in the Russell Senate Office
  Building in Washington, D.C. George McGovern, president of the
  Council, moderated the panel.''

Telhami, Shibley.
  Israeli foreign policy: a static strategy in a changing world.
  Middle East journal, v. 44, summer 1990: 399-416.
   ``This article will trace the broad Israeli strategy, which
  dates back to the early days of statehood, in the context of which
  Israeli relations in the region and with the United States can best
  be understood.''

U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs.
  Middle East peace and other vital interests. Hearing, 103d
  Congress, 2nd session. July 28, 1994. Washington, G.P.O., 1994.
  47 p.
   Testimony from Secretary of State Warren Christopher.

U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. Subcommittee on
  Europe and the Middle East.
  Developments in the Middle East June 1994. Hearing, 103d Congress,
  2nd session. June 14, 1994. Washington, G.P.O., 1994. 90 p.
   Witness at this hearing is Assistant Secretary of State, Bureau
  of Near Eastern Affairs, Robert H. Pelletreaw.

-----
  Developments in the Middle East March 1994. Hearing and markup of
  H. Con. Res. 124., 103d Congress, 2nd session. Mar. 1, 1994.
  Washington, G.P.O., 1994. 71 p.
   ``The massacre in Hebron . . . and the implications for the
  peace process; U.S. policy in region [and] U.S. policy toward Iraq
  and Iran, the assistance programs in the West Bank and Gaza, and
  the current situation in Egypt.''

-----
  Developments in the Middle East October 1994. Hearing, 103d
  Congress, 2d session. Oct. 4, 1994. Washington, G.P.O., 1994.
  147 p.
   ``The progress of the peace talks between Israel and Syria, the
  status of Israeli-Palestinian efforts to implement, . . . the move
  toward Palestinian elections; Israeli-Jordanian efforts to achieve
  a peace treaty; the status of the Arab boycott; the status of U.N.
  sanctions against Iraq; The U.N. Special Commission on Iraq; and
  our U.S. policy toward Iran and Egypt.''

U.S. Congress. House. Committee on International Relations.
  Middle East overview and U.S. assistance to the Palestinians.
  Hearing, 104th Congress, 1st session. Apr. 6, 1995. Washington,
  G.P.O., 1995. 73 p.
   ``The progress in the Middle East peace process, sanctions
  against Iraq, and the status of our policies toward Iran . . .
  [and] U.S. assistance to the Palestinians.''

U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations. Subcommittee on
  Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs.
  U.S. assistance programs in the Middle East. Hearing, 104th
  Congress, 1st session. May 11, 1995. Washington, G.P.O., 1995.
  123 p. (Hearing, Senate, 104th Congress, 1st session, S. Hr.
  104-120)
   ``The purpose of our hearing today is not only to review these
  important programs, but to evaluate them, to see what kind of
  improvements and what kind of adjustments can be made.''

U.S. General Accounting Office.
  Israel: U.S. loan guaranties for immigrant absorption. Feb. 12,
  1992. Washington, G.A.O., 1992. 42 p.
   ``GAO/NSIAD-92-119, B-247481''
   ``The $400 million housing loan guaranty program authorized for
  Israel in May 1990 and . . . the effect on Israel's debt burden of
  the U.S. government's granting the additional $10 billion in loan
  guaranties that Israel requested in September 1991.''

-----
  Jordan: suspension of U.S. military assistance during Gulf crisis;
  report to congressional requesters. Sept. 25, 1992. Washington,
  G.A.O., 1992.
   ``GAO/NSIAD-92-343, B-250506''
   ``Delivery of defense articles to Jordan under the security
  assistance program from August 1, 1990, through August 1, 1991.''

-----
  Military aid to Egypt: tank coproduction raised costs and may not
  meet many program goals; report to the chairman, Subcommittee on
  Foreign Operations, Export Financing and Related Programs,
  Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives. July 27,
  1993. Washington, G.A.O., 1993. 26 p.
   ``GAO/NSIAD-93-203, B-253412''
   ``The benefits and costs of the M1A1 tank coproduction program
  in Egypt.''

U.S. President (1993- : Clinton)
  Developments concerning the national emergency with respect to
  organizations that threaten to disrupt the Middle East peace
  process; message from the President of the United States
  transmitting a report on actions and expenses directly related to
  the exercise of powers and authorities conferred by the declaration
  of a national emergency with respect to organizations that disrupt
  the Middle East peace process, pursuant to 50 U.S.C. 1651(c), 50
  U.S.C. 1703(c), and 22 U.S.C. 2349aa-9(c). Washington, G.P.O.,
  1995. 5 p. (Document, House, 104th Congress, 1st session, 104-103;
   ``The order blocks all property subject to U.S. jurisdiction in
  which there is any interest of 12 terrorist organizations that
  threaten the Middle East peace process as identified in an
  Annex.'')

US aid to Israel: the premise, the price. Christian Science monitor,
  June 20, 1991: 1, 6-7; June 21: 3; June 24: 3; June 25: 7; June
  27: 6-7; June 28: 3.
   Contents.--US-Israel bond remains firm, by George D. Moffett,
  III.--US aid cornucopia flows to Israel, by George D. Moffett,
  III.--Israelis see aid as mixed blessing, by Peter Ford.--
  Resettlement costs put strain on Israeli credit, by George D.
  Moffett, III.--Israel's role as US ally debated, by George
  Moffett.--Israeli lobby virtually unmatched, by George D. Moffett,
  III.

Van Leeuwen, Marianne.
  The United States, Israel and the loan guarantees: a test case for
  a special relationship. Orient, v. 33, no. 4, 1992: 551-578.
   ``A short history and analysis of the loan guarantees issue,
  followed by an attempt at interpreting and answering the questions
  raised above.''

Vandewalle, Dirk.
  The Middle East peace process and regional economic integration.
  Survival, v. 36, winter 1994-95: 21-34.
   ``Both Israel's security needs and the dismal state of the
  Palestinian economy made economic cooperation a conditio sine qua
  non for further regional integration.''

Watman, Kenneth. Agmon, Marcy. Wolf, Charles, Jr.
  Controlling conventional arms transfers: a new approach with
  application to the Persian Gulf. Santa Monica, Calif., Rand, 1994.
  26 p.
   ``The potentially destabilizing impact of the accumulation of
  conventional weapons systems in regions such as the Middle East. ''

Wege, Carl Anthony.
  Hizbollah Organization. Studies in conflict and terrorism, v. 17,
  1994: 151-164.
   ``This paper will examine the development of the Hizbollah
  Organization in the context of the Lebanese civil war, address its
  emergence in Amal, follow the Party of God's long march toward an
  Islamist republic, and observe the splitting of the party into an
  emasculated Hizbollah and a marginalized Islamic Resistance.''

Whitbeck, John V.
  The road to peace starts in Jerusalem: the condominium solution.
  Middle East insight, v. 10, Sept.-Oct. 1994: 54-59.
   ``The Holy City needs to be considered first, not last . . . .
  Presents one possible solution to the seemingly intractable problem
  of the city's future.''

Winnefeld, James A.  Morris, Mary E.
  Where environmental concerns and security strategies meet: green
  conflict in Asia and the Middle East. Santa Monica, Rand, 1994.
  xvii, 114 p.                   TD195.W29W55 1994

Yorke, Valerie.
  The Middle East's slow march towards peace. World today, v. 50, May
  1994: 86-92.
   ``After decades of conflict, dramatic change is unfolding in the
  Middle East as a result of the Madrid peace process and the Oslo
  accord . . . . The peace process will be subject to major setbacks
  and delays, the agreements so far reached rule out a return to the
  status quo ante.''

Zuckerbrot, Bluma. Heller, Susan.
  Beyond the White House lawn: current perspectives on the Arab-
  Israeli peace process. New York, Anti-Defamation League, 1994.
  117 p.
   Partial contents.--The bilateral talks.--The multilateral talks.
  --The benefits of peace: Arab-Israeli business partnerships.--
  Israel and the international community.--Arab economic boycott.--
  Islamic extremism.

Zunes, Stephen.
  The Israeli-Jordanian agreement: peace or Pax Americana? Middle
  East policy, v. 3, Apr. 1995: 57-68.
   ``The peace agreement between the Hashmite Kingdom of Jordan and
  the State of Israel signed on October 26, 1994, may be less a long-
  overdue triumph of the forces of reason and reconciliation . . .
  appears that King Hussein was essentially forced by the Clinton
  administration to accept terms . . . . From a strictly bilateral
  perspective, Jordan did not fare badly in the details of the final
  agreement . . . on territory, water and security.''

-----
  Israeli-Syrian peace: the long road ahead. Middle East policy, v.
  2, 1993: 62-67.
   ``Syria is considered the most intractable of Israel's front-
  line neighbors. However, a variety of factors . . . have led this
  once-rejectionist government into pursuing a peace agreement with
  its long-time enemy.''

   RESOLVED: That the United States Government should substantially
   increase its security assistance to one or more of the following:
    Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Palestinian National Authority, Syria.



                 A Guide to Information Sources on the
                 1995-1996 Intercollegiate Debate Topic



                                 by
                          Sherry B. Shapiro
                       Bibliographic Specialist


                        with the assistance of
                Lee Burwasser, Bibliographic Assistant
                      Library Services Division










                           October 1995



                           INTRODUCTION


   This research guide identifies sources of information on U.S. 
security in the Middle East and related topics that will be discussed 
by college debaters.  It describes reference and research tools and
suggests particular search strategies that might be used to retrieve
information on these topics. The primary terms are included to help the debaters begin their search for supporting materials on the range of issues relating to Middle East policy.


   Although printed sources are emphasized in this guide, debaters
should also take note of the sources listing organizations and of
electronic resources available.  Internet addresses and World Wide Web
(WWW) locations are included for sources accessible through that
route.  Internet addresses and Web locations change without notice, so
users should check links and use search services provided by Internet
and Web providers if cites do not respond.  In addition, many Web and
Internet sources for newspapers do not contain archival files.



Academic Index
   This index provides access to the 400 scholarly and general
interest publications most commonly held by academic libraries,
expanding on the coverage of its sister publication, Magazine Index.
Subject coverage of the index includes economics, government, and
political science.  The Academic Index exists commercially as an
online product, and there may be a fee for searching.

American Library Directory
   Edited and compiled by R. R. Bowker, this directory lists public,
academic, government and special libraries in the United States, and
regions administered by it, and in Canada.  Arranged geographically,
the entries are alphabetized by state, region, or province; then by
city; and finally by the institution or library name.  Entries include
the name and address of the library, names of key personnel and
information on the library's  holdings. This source may be useful in
locating specialized research libraries.

American Statistics Index (ASI)
   The American Statistics Index indexes and describes the
statistical publications of the U.S. Government, including
periodicals, annuals, biennials, semi-annuals, and special
publications.  It provides access to statistical materials by subject,
organization, name, issuing source, and title.  The index is published
monthly and cumulated annually.  ASI is also available through
commercial online systems.

Books and monographs
   Many libraries around the country, particularly large academic and
research libraries, use Library of Congress subject headings in their
catalogs. To learn how books on U.S. policy toward the Middle East are
categorized in these libraries, consult the four-volume guide, Library
of Congress Subject Headings.  It is usually kept near the card
catalog, or near the terminals for an automated catalog.  The most
relevant LC subject headings for research on this debate topic link
are: Foreign relations; Security, International; Defenses; National
Security; Arms Transfers.  These terms may be combined with the
geographic region Middle East or with the names of individual
countries in the region.
   These terms may also be used in searching the Library of Congress
catalogs in Internet (gopher://marvel.loc.gov, or lcweb.loc.gov).
   In many school and public libraries, books are arranged by Dewey
Decimal classification systems.  In these libraries, books are usually
assigned subject headings from the Sears List of Subject Headings.
   If you have trouble locating books that are listed here or in
other bibliographic sources, ask your librarian about Books in Print
and about InterLibrary Loan.  Books in Print will be useful in
identifying the addresses of publishers for the purchase of materials,
and in identifying additional and recently published books.
InterLibrary Loan may make it possible for your library to borrow
materials you have identified, but that your library does not have
available, from other libraries.

BRS
   BRS is an online service providing primarily bibliographic
information. The service offers access to information in the fields of
science, social sciences, business, health and related areas. BRS
provides databases that are online versions of Magazine Index, PAIS,
Reader's Guide, Current Law Index (called Legal Resource Index), and
National Newspaper Index.  Specialized trade and business databases
are also available.

Business Periodicals Index
   Articles from over 300 business periodicals are listed in this
index.  It is published monthly, except for August, and a bound
cumulation is issued each year.  A wide range of business
publications, such as the Economist and Barrons are indexed here. Use
Library of Congress subject headings to seach, along with the cross-
references provided in the index.

CIS Index
   The CIS Index, produced by the Congressional Information Service,
abstracts all congressional publications except the Congressional
Record.  The Index is published monthly, and cumulated quarterly and
annually.  Each issue of the Index is divided into both index and
abstract portions.  CIS also publishes legislative histories annually.
Refer to the abstract section for full bibliographic information.  The
Index is commercially available online as DIALOG file 101 and is
updated monthly.



Clearinghouse Directory, 1991-92.  1st ed.  Donna, Batten, editor.
    Detroit, Gale Research Co., 1991.  429 p.
   This source is ``a guide to information clearinghouses and their
resources, services, and publications.''

Congressional Index
   The Congressional Index, published by the Commerce Clearing House,
is a weekly looseleaf service providing content and status information
for bills and resolutions pending in Congress.  The progress of bills
and resolutions is reported, from the introduction of the legislation
to the final disposition. 

Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report
   This periodical provides current information on congressional
 activities, the progress of major bills, and background information
on major policy issues. Recent articles of particular importance are
indexed on the back cover of each issue.  Important recent articles
are indexed on the back cover of each issue.  A quarterly and annual
index are also issued.

   Congressional Quarterly also publishes an annual volume which
cumulates material from the weekly reports.  There is an index at the
back of each volume, which uses similar subject headings.

Congressional Record
   The Congressional Record provides an edited transcript of the
activities on the floor of the House and the Senate.  It is published
each day Congress is in session.  The Extensions of Remarks section
may provide reprints of newspaper and journal articles which Members
of Congress insert, in addition to those statements spoken by Members
on the floor of the House or Senate  and recorded by chamber.  Subject
and name indexes are published biweekly and cumulated annually.  The
full text of the Congressional Record from the 103rd and 104th
Congresses is available on the Library of Congress orld Wide Web
service, THOMAS (http://thomas.loc.gov/).

Current Law Index
   The American Association of Law Libraries sponsors this index of
articles in legal periodicals.  Separate subject and author indexes
and tables of cases and of statutes are included in eight monthly
issues, three quarterly cumulations, and a cumulative annual. Library
of Congress subject headings are the search terms used primarily.

DATATIMES
   DATATIMES is an online search and retrieval service.  This
information network can access approximately 1100 sources, including
newswires, newspapers, magazines, and a number of business and
financial sources.  Ask a reference librarian if DATATIMES is
available at your institution.  There may be a fee for DATATIMES
searches.

DIALOG
   DIALOG Information Service is an online service that includes a
wide variety of databases, ranging from newspaper and journal indexes
through statistical references and airline information.  

Directory of Directories
   This publication serves as a guide to the many catalogs,
encyclopedias, checklists, and other compilations of information that
exist in print.  Any publication which includes addresses of
individuals or organizations is eligible for inclusion in this
resource.  It lists a wide range of publications, including lists of
cultural institutions, directories of professional organizations and
societies, and membership lists of a variety of special interest
groups. This resource can be used to locate more specialized
directories of organizations and individuals involved in the field of
U.S. policy toward the Middle East.  Entries are grouped by subject
categories, and the publication includes a title and a subject index.

Dissertation Abstracts International
   Dissertation Abstracts International (DAI) is a monthly list of
doctoral dissertations submitted to University Microfilms
International by more than 450 academic institutions in the United
States and Canada.  DAI is divided into two sections: Humanities (A)
and Science (B).  Keyword title and author indexes are provided each
month for each section.  The author index is cumulated annually.  A
retrospective Comprehensive Dissertation Index (CDI) is a subject
index and is available, grouped by disciplines of knowledge (e.g., law
and political science, history) for 1861-1972 in 32 volumes, and for
1973-1979 in 16 volumes.  DAI is commercially available online as
DIALOG file 35 and is updated monthly.  It is also available on CD-ROM
and is updated biannually.

Encyclopedia of Associations, 1995.  29th ed.  Detroit, Gale Research
         Co., 1994.  3 v. Vols. 1-2. National organizations of the
         U.S.--Vol. 3. Name and key word index.
   Available online as DIALOG file 114.  Available on CD-ROM, Gale
Global access: Associations.
   A companion volume is the Encyclopedia of Associations--
International Organizations.  This work provides information on over
``9,000 international nonprofit membership organizations, including
multinational and binational groups and national organizations based
outside the United States, concerned with all subjects and areas of
activity.''  Part 1 is comprised of descriptive listing and Part 2 is
indexes.

Encyclopedia of Governmental Advisory Organizations, 1994-95.  9th ed.
    Detroit, Gale Research Co., 1993.  1529 p.
    ``A refrence guide to 6,500 permanent, continuing, and ad hoc U.S.
Presidential advisory committees, congressional advisory committees,
. . .  and  similar bodies.''

Facts on file: weekly world news digest with cumulative index.  New
York, Facts on File.

Federal Depository Library Program
   Under this program, Federal Government publications are made
available to designated depository libraries.  In order to provide
the greatest possible access to Government publications, these
libraries are located in each State and congressional district.  There
are currently over 1,350 depository libraries.  Of this number, 50
have been designated as regional depositories.  The regional libraries
assume the responsibility of retaining depository material permanently
and of providing inter-library loan and reference service for their
regions.  Copies of documents no longer available for sale can usually
be found in regional Federal depository library collections.  Each
issue of the Monthly Catalog of United States Government Publications
prints a current directory of these regional libraries.  A directory
of all depository libraries is available from: Superintendent of
Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.  20402
 (http://www.access.gpo.gov/su_docs).  The Web site contains
government documents, the Federal Reporter, Government Manual and
other information.

Government Reports Announcements and Index
   Government research reports are indexed in the Government Reports
Announcements and Index, which is issued twice a month by the National
Technical Information Service (NTIS). A keyword index lists
significant words from titles.  The NTIS index is available online
through commercial systems.

Government Research Directory, 1993-1994.  7th ed.  Thomas J.
    Cichonski, editor.  Detriot, Gale Research Co., 1992.  1252 p.

Index to Legal Periodicals
   The Index lists articles ``of high quality and permanent reference
value'' in legal periodicals published in the United States, Canada,
Great Britain, and other English language countries.  The articles are
indexed under author and subject.  A complete list of subjects is
included at the front of each bound volume.  The Index is also
available on CD-ROM and is updated quarterly.  Useful search terms
are: Foreign relations and International trade.

Index to U.S. Government Periodicals
   The Index covers individual periodical articles published by over
100 Federal agencies, using a thesaurus created exclusively for
itself.  

Information USA
   This general purpose directory provides access to more than 12,000
agencies and organizations in the U.S.  

Infotrac II
   This CD-ROM product provides a subject index to more than 400
popular and widely-read magazines plus the New York Times.  Its
coverage includes current affairs, people, home and leisure
activities, travel, arts and entertainment, education, companies and
products.

International Research Centers Directory.  6th edition, 1992-1993.
    Edited by Annette Piccirelli.  Detroit, Gale Research Co.

LC MARVEL (Machine-Assisted Realization of the Virtual Electronic
Library)
   The Library of Congress provides Internet access to its campus-wide
information system, LC MARVEL (Machine-Assisted Realization of the
Virtual Electronic Library).  LC MARVEL provides links to a vast and
diverse collection of Internet resources worldwide, all arranged in an
easy-to-navigate hierarchical menu structure.  Most information on
MARVEL is available in plain text (ASCII format).
   The preferred access to LC MARVEL is through a local gopher client
or via another gopher server pointing to marvel.loc.gov, port 70 

Legal Resource Index
   Legal Resource Index is the companion microfilm service of the
Current Law Index.  It is available online commercially through the
DIALOG Information Service as file 150.

LegalTrac
   LegalTrac is an index on CD-ROM to more than 800 legal periodicals
starting from 1980; it is updated monthly.

LEXIS/NEXIS
   LEXIS/NEXIS is an online search and retrieval service with numerous
subfiles of information.  The News and Business Library (NEWS)
contains more than 2,500 full-text information sources from U.S. and
overseas newspapers, magazines, journals, newsletters, wire services,
and broadcast transcripts; also included is abstract material from an
addition 1,000 information sources.  The Law Reviews Library (LAWREV)
includes the full text of over 70 law reviews, several American Bar
Association publications, ALR and LEd2d articles, and two legal
indices, with a focus on State and national issues of legal
significance.  The Legal News Library (LEGNEW) provides general news
information about the domestic legal industry and profession,
including sources which track jury verdicts and a hot file of case
list summaries on recently decided U.S. Supreme Court cases.  The
Legal Reference Library (LEXREF) includes abstracts from over 700
legal journals, yearbooks, institutes, bar associations, university
publications, specialty journals, and legal journals.  Ask a reference
librarian if LEXIS/NEXIS is available in your area.  There may be a
fee for searches.

Magazine Index
   Magazine Index is a microfilm product that provides citations to
materials in over 400 popular magazines, focusing on coverage of
current affairs, leisure time activities, arts, sports, and science
and technology.  References from the last five years are listed
alphabetically by subject and author in one alphabetical display on
the Magazine Index microfilm reader-terminal.  The index is updated
monthly, and uses Library of Congress subject headings.

Magazine Index Plus
   Magazine Index Plus is a microfilm product that provides citations
to materials in over 400 of the periodicals most requested by small-
to-average sized public and academic libraries.  The focus is on
coverage of current affairs, world affairs, business, and science and
technology.  References from the last five years are listed
alphabetically by subject and author in one alphabetical display on
the Magazine Index Plus microfilm reader-terminal. Its link to the
full text Magazine Collection microfilm system provides identification
of full text availability; optional full text on CD-ROM in Magazine
ASAP Plus provides instant article retrieval.  The index is updated
monthly, and uses Library of Congress subject headings.  

Monthly Catalog of United States Government Publications
(http://www.access.gpt.gov)
   The Monthly Catalog lists documents issued by all branches of the
Federal Government.  The catalog has monthly, semiannual, and annual
indexes, arranged by author, title, subject, keywords, and
series/report title.  The Monthly Catalog is often the access point
for materials in Government depository libraries; it may also be used
to obtain information for ordering materials for purchase from the
Superintendent of Documents at the U.S. Government Printing Office.
The Monthly Catalog is commercially available online on DIALOG file 66
and is updated monthly.  Library of Congress subject headings are the
catalog's subject authority.  See search terms under ``Books and
Monographs'' in this guide.  There is also a Periodicals Supplement to
the monthly catalog which contains current serial titles for
Government publications issued three or more times a year.

National Journal
   National Journal provides information on important executive,
congressional, and judicial actions.  In addition to the weekly and
semi-apnnual indexes, there is a page entitled ``Recent Weeks'' toward
the end of most issues.

National Newspaper Index
   National Newspaper Index indexes the Christian Science Monitor, New
York Times, Wall Street Journal, Los Angeles Times, and Washington
Post.  References from the last five years are listed alphabetically
by subject headings.  An online version of this index is available
commercially on DIALOG file 111 and is updated monthly.

National Technical Information Service (NTIS) 
(http://fwvx.fedworld.gov/ntis/ntishome.html)
   This database is available commercially online.  NTIS consists of
Government-sponsored research, development, and engineering
information prepared by Federal agencies, their contractors, or
grantees.  Through this system, unclassified, publicly available
reports from such agencies as the Defense Technical Information Center
and others are made available.  The database includes materials
from both the hard and soft sciences, including materials on business
procedures and regulatory matters.

New York Times Index (http://nytinfoserv.com)  
   The New York Times Index provides extensive abstracts for articles
appearing in the New York Times.  It is issued twice a month, with
quarterly and annual cumulations.  Consult ``How to use the New York
Times Index'' in the index volume itself for guidance.  The Internet
edition has no searchable archive.

NEWSEARCH
   NEWSSEARCH is the commercially available, daily update of Magazine
Index, National Newspaper Index, and Legal Resource Index.  It
provides front-page to back-page indexing of the Christian Science
Monitor, Wall Street Journal, and New York Times, as well as popular
magazines, law journals, and legal newspapers.  There may be a fee for
searches.

Official Washington Post Index
   The Index provides access to all substantial newsworthy items in
this paper.  It is issued monthly and cumulated annually.  This index
is more specific than many; check cross references.  

Policy Research Center Directory.  Urbana, Policy Studies
    Organization, University of Illinois.
   ``A directory describing university and non-university centers,
institutes, or organizations that conduct policy studies research.

Public Affairs Information Service (PAIS)
   PAIS is a subject index of books, pamphlets, government
publications, reports of public and private agencies, and periodical
articles relating to political and economic conditions, public
administration, and international affairs.  It is issued monthly;
there also three quarterly cumulations and an annual bound volume with
an author index.  This year's debate topic may be searched using the
term, China, People's Republic of; also use the PAIS  cross-
references. PAIS is available on CD-ROM.  The CD-ROM version of PAIS
contains an online thesaurus.

Reader's Guide to Periodical Literature
   The Reader's Guide is an author/subject index to over 180
periodicals of general interest published in the United States and
Canada.  It is published twice a month from September through December
and in March, April, and June.  It appears monthly in January,
February, May, July, and August.  Library of Congress subject headings
are used to organize materials.  The quarterly and annual cumulations
can expedite your search of this index.

It is also available on CD-ROM and is updated quarterly.

Research Centers Directory, 1995.  Thomas J. Cichonski. editor.
    Detroit, Gale Research Co., 1994.  2 v.
   A guide to university-related and other nonprofit research
organizations established on a permanent basis and carrying on
continuing research programs in agriculture, business, conservation,
education, engineering and technology, government, law, life sciences,
mathematics, area studies, physical and earth sciences, social
sciences, and humanities.

Social Sciences Citation Index
   Social Sciences Citation Index, which covers hundreds of journals,
is issued quarterly and annually.  It differs from other indexes in
that there are no standard subject headings; but you may search by
topic by looking up key words from an article's title in its Permuterm
Subject Index and referring to the Source Index for the full
reference.  The index is available online as DIALOG file 7 and is
updated weekly.  It is available on CD-ROM.  This index is also useful
in finding critiques or responses to identified articles.

Social Sciences Index
   Social Sciences Index, published quarterly and cumulated annually,
provides author and title access to 353 journals in area studies,
economics, international relations, political science, and related
areas.   Use the Library of Congress subject headings listed in the
``Books and Monographs'' section of this guide.

Statistical Abstract of the United States
   Published by the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census,
on an annual basis, this source includes pertinent statistical
information under the subjects Foreign countries and Foreign trade.
This publication should be available in any depository library, as
well as in the reference collections of most large public or academic
libraries.

Statistical Reference Index
   The Statistical Reference Index provides a guide and index to
selected statistical reference material from non-Federal sources on a
wide variety of topics.  It includes the publications of trade,
professional, and other non-profit associations and institutions,
business organizations, commercial publishers, university and
independent research centers, and State government agencies.
Information can be accessed by subject, organization, name, issuing
source, and/or title.  The index is published monthly and cumulated
annually.

Treaties in Force
   This publication, which is compiled by the Treaty Affairs Staff,
Office of the Legal Adviser, U.S. Dept. of State, ``lists treaties and
other international agreements of the United States on record in the
Department of State on January 1, 1994 which had not expired by their
terms or which had not been denounced by the parties, or replaced or
superseded by other agreements, or otherwise definitely terminated.''

United States Government Manual.  Prepared by the U.S. Office of the
    Federal Register. Washington, G.P.O.
   Issued annually, this is the official organization handbook of the
Federal Government, giving information on the organization,
activities, and current officials of the various departments, bureaus,
commissions, etc.  Includes descriptions of quasi-official agencies
and selected international organizations.

University Microfilms International Indexes
   UMI distributes The New York Times Index listed above.  In
addition, UMI publishes indexes to an number of other newspapers using
search terms from its own list of subjects.  In some cases UMI took
over this service from another publisher, such as Bell & Howell or an
in-house indexer.  In these cases, the earlier volumes for these
papers use different subject terms than the later volumes, so care
should be taken when searching for earlier material.  Newspapers
indexed by UMI include the following:

Atlanta Journal, The Atlanta Constitution Index.  FREQUENCY: Annual
Black Newspapers Index.  1st quarter 1987-   FREQUENCY: Quarterly,
    with annual cumulation
Boston Globe Index.  Jan. 1987-   FREQUENCY: Monthly, with quarterly
    and annual cumulations
Christian Science Monitor Index.  Jan. 1987-   FREQUENCY: Monthly,
    with quarterly and annual cumulations.  A limited number of
    articles are currently available on the Web
    (http://www.freerange.com/csmonitor)
Denver Post Index.  Jan. 1987-   FREQUENCY: Monthly, with quarterly
   and annual cumulations
Detroit News Index.  Jan. 1987-   FREQUENCY: Monthly, with quarterly
    and annual cumulations
Guardian Index.  Vol. 1 (Jan. 1986)-   FREQUENCY: Monthly, with annual
    cumulation
Houston Chronicle Index.  Jan. 1993-   FREQUENCY: Monthly, with
    quarterly and annual cumulations
Houston Post Index.  Jan. 1987-   FREQUENCY: Monthly, with quarterly
   and annual cumulations
Los Angeles Times Index.  Jan. 1984-   FREQUENCY: Monthly, with annual
    cumulations
Minneapolis Star and Tribune Index.  Jan. 1984-   FREQUENCY: Monthly,
    with annual cumulations, 1985-  Monthly, with semiannual and
    annual cumulations, 1984.  Internet address
    http://www.newservice.com./info.html
San Francisco Chronicle Index.  Jan. 1987-   FREQUENCY: Monthly, with
    quarterly and annual cumulations
St. Louis Post-Dispatch Index.  Jan. 1987-   FREQUENCY: Monthly, with
    quarterly and annual cumulations
Times-Picayune Index.  Jan. 1987-   FREQUENCY: Monthly, with quarterly
    cumulations
USA Today Index.  Jan. 1987-   FREQUENCY: Monthly, with quarterly and
    annual cumulations
Washington Post Index.  Jan. 1989-   FREQUENCY: Monthly, with
    quarterly and annual cumulations
Washington Times Index.   FREQUENCY: Monthly, with quarterly and
    annual cumulations.  A limited number of articles are placed on
    the Web (http://www.townhall.com)

Wall Street Journal Index  (http://update.wsj.com)
   The Wall Street Journal Index is issued monthly and has annual
cumulations.  A fee may be charged for online service.

Washington Information Directory, Washington, Congressional Quarterly,
1975/6-
   Provides information on agencies and departments of the Federal
Government as well as information on non-governmental organizations.
The directory is divided into three categories, the executive
agencies, Congress, and non-governmental organizations.  Each subject
heading includes references to all three types of organizations.

Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents
   This publication contains statements, messages, and other
Presidential materials released by the White House during the
preceding week.  There are weekly, quarterly, and annual published
indexes.  This information is also available online commercially.
Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States is an annual
compilation of Presidential Statements.

WilsonLine
   The H. W. Wilson Company, which publishes the Reader's Guide to
Periodical Literature, along with a number of other indexes to journal
literature, has its own online service. 

World Wide Web (WWW)
   The Web is an Internet-based online information delivery tool which
makes use of hypertext and hypermedia documents.  Hypertext/media
refers to specially coded electronic documents that can link to other
Internet resources, which can be text, images, audio, video, software,
or even other databases.  In order to access WWW over the Internet, a
``browser'' client appropriate to your computing platform is used.
There are WWW browsers for DOS, Windows, OS/2, Macintosh, and UNIX
platforms as well as many others.  Some browsers allow for the display
of graphics and other multimedia effects (such as audio or full-motion
video), while others do not.  Additional hardware or software may be
required for the display or playing of many of the special-format
files available on the WWW.  The current Library of Congress WWW
offerings can be accessed via a ``homepage'' or initial selection
screen.  Connections to WWW resources are made by specifying a uniform
Resource Locator or URL through your client software.  The URL for LC
Web is: http://www.loc.gov.

Yearbook of International Organizations.  Edited by the Union of
    International Organizations. Munich, K.G. Saur.
   Provides detailed information about international organizations
currently active.  Includes dates of conferences and meetings and
lists of publications.



                    U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
                      SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS
                         WASHINGTON, DC  20402

                                                                SB-176

U.S. Government Information about the:

                   COLLEGE DEBATE TOPIC, 1995-1996


                        *   *   *   *   *   *

RESOLVED: That the United States government should substantially 
increase its security assistance to one or more of the following: 
Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Palestinian National Authority, Syria.

                        *   *   *   *   *   *

Arabism and Islam: Stateless Nations and Nationless States.  BOOK.  1990.  49 p.; ill.  0-16-023729-7
                    S/N 008-020-01214-9                          $1.75


Background Notes . . . A series of short factual pamphlets written by
officers in the Department of State geographic bureaus. Each contains
information on the country's land, people, history, government,
political conditions, economy, foreign relations, and United States 
policy. Issued with perforations.

          Egypt, August 1994.  BOOK.  1994.  7 p.; ill.  
          S 1.123:EG 9/994
                    S/N 844-002-10452-1                           1.00

          Israel, February 1994.  BOOK.  1994.  6 p.; ill.
                    S/N 844-002-10437-8                           1.00

          Jordan, August 1994.  BOOK.  1994.  4 p.; ill.
          S 1.123:J 76/994
                    S/N 844-002-10454-8                           1.00

          Syria, November 1994.  BOOK.  1994.  8 p.; ill.
          S 1.123:SY 8/994
                    S/N 844-002-10480-7                           1.00 


Page 2                                            College Debate Topic


Country Studies . . .  Describes and analyzes the history, politics, economics, sociology, and national security systems of each country.

          Egypt.  BOOK.  1991.  (Clothbound)  464 p.; ill.
          0-16-036527-9
                    S/N 008-020-01271-8                         $20.00

          Israel.  BOOK.  1990.  (Clothbound)  454 p.; ill.
          0-16-028017-6
                    S/N 008-020-01233-5                          19.00

          Jordan.  BOOK.  1991.  (Clothbound)  362 p.; ill.
          0-16-033746-1 
                    S/N 008-020-01249-1                          17.00

          Syria.  BOOK.  1988.  (Clothbound)  358 p.; ill.
          0-16-001690-8
                    S/N 008-020-01142-8                          16.00


Defense, Research and Development, Memorandum of Understanding Between 
the United States of America and Israel, Signed at Washington 
September 8, 1989; Entered Into Force September 8, 1989.  BOOK.  1993.  
7 p.
S 9.10:11696
                    S/N 844-001-01326-1                           1.00


Foreign Labor Trends . . .  Describes and examines labor trends in 
significant areas such as labor-management relations, trade unions, 
employment and unemployment, wages and working conditions, labor and 
government, labor administration and legislation, training, labor and 
politics, labor migration, and international labor activities. 

          Egypt, 1994-1995.  BOOK.  1995.  9 p.  
                    S/N 829-003-00475-4                           1.00

          Israel, 1993-1994.  BOOK.  1994.  16 p.
                    S/N 829-003-00411-8                           1.50

          Jordan, 1991.  BOOK.  1992.  11 p.  
                    S/N 829-003-00294-8                           1.25

College Debate Topic                                            Page 3


Iraqi Power and United States Security in the Middle East.  BOOK.  
1990.  Examines the Iraqi defeat of Iran in the 8-year-long Iran-Iraq 
war and the implications of that outcome on future United States 
Middle East policy.  107 p.; ill.  0-16-027003-0
D 101.2:Ir 1
                    S/N 008-020-01231-9                          $3.25

Responding to Low-Intensity Conflict Challenges.  BOOK.  1991.  
Includes essays on low-intensity conflict in: the Middle East; 
Afghanistan; Guatemala and El Salvador; Africa; and the Philippines 
and Indonesia.  332 p.  0-16-029332-4
D 301.26/6:C 76/5/991
                    S/N 008-070-00656-1                          14.00

Strategic Assessment, 1995: United States Security Challenges in 
Transition.  BOOK.  1995.  Provides a comprehensive overview of the 
global environment, focusing on specific trends, United States 
interests, and issues of concern to those who frame United States 
security policy. Includes, among others, chapters on: Strategic 
setting; Asia Pacific; Russia and neighbors; Greater Middle East;  
Weapons of mass destruction; United States force structure; Arms 
transfers and export controls; Peace operations; and Economics.  
215 p.; ill.  0-16-045367-4
D 5.402:IN 7/4
                    S/N 008-020-01342-1                          19.00


United States Department of State Dispatch, Volume 5:

          Supplement Number 7, August 1994.  BOOK.  1994.
          This issue includes: Breakthrough in the Jordan-Israel 
          Negotiations and Recent Developments in the Middle East  
          Peace Process.
                    S/N 744-010-00241-4                           2.50

          Supplement Number 10, November 1994.  BOOK.  1994.   
          This issue includes: Further Developments in the Middle  
          East Peace Process.
                    S/N 744-010-00274-1                           1.50




Page 4                                            College Debate Topic





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