    Congressional Directory for the 110th Congress (2007-2008), August 2008.
    [Pages 549-550]
    [From the U.S. Government Publishing Office, www.gpo.gov]

    REPRESENTATIVES UNDER EACH APPORTIONMENT

        The original apportionment of Representatives was assigned in 1787
    in the Constitution and remained in effect for the ist and 2d
    Congresses. Subsequent apportionments based on the censuses over the
    years have been figured using several different methods approved by
    Congress, all with the goal of dividing representation among the states
    as equally as possible. After each census up to and including the
    thirteenth in 1910, Congress would enact a law designating the specific
    changese in the actual number of Representatives as well as the increase
    in the ratio of persons-per-Representative. After having made no
    apportionment after the Fourteenth census in 1920, Congress by statute
    in 1929 fixed the total number of Representatives at 435 (the number
    attained with the apportionment after the 1910 census), and since that
    time, only the ratio of persons-per-Representative has continued to
    increase, in fact, significantly so. Since the total is now fixed, the
    specific number of Representatives per state is adjusted after each
    census to reflect its percentage of the entire population. Since the
    Sixteenth Census in 1940, the ``equal proportions'' method of
    apportioning Representatives within the 435 total has been employed. A
    detailed explanation of the entire apportionment process can be found in
    The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts, 1989-
    1983. Kenneth C. Martis, The Free Press, New York, 1982.
    AL......................                     \2\     3     5     7     7     6     8     8     9     9    10     9     9     9     8     7     7     7

    7

    AK......................                                                                                                \2\,\3\    1     1     1     1

    1

    AZ......................                                                                           \2\ \4\ 1     1     2     2     3     4     5     6

    8

    AR......................                                 \2\     1     2     3     4     5     6     7     7     7     7     6     4     4     4     4

    4

    CA......................                                       \2\ \4\ 2     3     4     6     7     8    11    20    23    30    38    43    45    52

    53

    CO......................                                                         \2\     1     2     3     4     4     4     4     4     5     6     6

    7

    CT......................     5     7     7     7     6     6     4     4     4     4     4     4     5     5     6     6     6     6     6     6     6

    5

    DE......................     1     1     1     2     1     1     1     1     1     1     1     1     1     1     1     1     1     1     1     1     1

    1

    FL......................                                       \2\     1     1     2     2     2     3     4     5     6     8    12    15    19    23

    25

    GA......................     3     2     4     6     7     9     8     8     7     9    10    11    11    12    10    10    10    10    10    10    11

    13

    HI......................                                                                                                \2\,\3\    2     2     2     2

    2

    ID......................                                                               \2\     1     1     2     2     2     2     2     2     2     2

    2

    IL......................                     \2\     1     3     7     9    14    19    20    22    25    27    27    26    25    24    24    22    20

    19

    IN......................                     \2\     3     7    10    11    11    13    13    13    13    13    12    11    11    11    11    10    10

    9

    IA......................                                       \2\     2     6     9    11    11    11    11     9     8     8     7     6     6     5

    5

    KS......................                                             \2\ \4\ 1     3     7     8     8     8     7     6     6     5     5     5     4

    4

    KY......................   \2\ \4\ 2     6    10    12    13    10    10     9    10    11    11    11    11     9     9     8     7     7     7     6

    6

    LA......................                     \2\     3     3     4     4     5     6     6     6     7     8     8     8     8     8     8     8     7

    7

    ME......................                     \5\     7     8     7     6     5     5     4     4     4     4     3     3     3     2     2     2     2

    2

    MD......................     6     8     9     9     9     8     6     6     5     6     6     6     6     6     6     6     7     8     8     8     8

    8

    MA......................     8    14    17\5\ 20    13    12    10    11    10    11    12    13    14    16    15    14    14    12    12    11    10

    10

    MI......................                                 \2\     3     4     6     9    11    12    12    13    17    17    18    19    19    18    16

    15

    MN......................                                             \2\     2     3     5     7     9    10     9     9     9     8     8     8     8

    8

    MS......................                     \2\     1     2     4     5     5     6     7     7     8     8     7     7     6     5     5     5     5

    4

    MO......................                     \2\ \4\ 1     2     5     7     9    13    14    15    16    16    13    13    11    10    10     9     9

    9

    MT......................                                                               \2\     1     1     2     2     2     2     2     2     2     1

    1

    NE......................                                                   \2\     1     3     6     6     6     5     4     4     3     3     3     3

    3

    NV......................                                                   \2\     1     1     1     1     1     1     1     1     1     1     2     2

    3

    NH......................     3     4     5     6     6     5     4     3     3     3     2     2     2     2     2     2     2     2     2     2     2

    2

    NJ......................     4     5     6     6     6     6     5     5     5     7     7     8    10    12    14    14    14    15    15    14    13

    13

    NM......................                                                                           \2\ \4\ 1     1     2     2     2     2     3     3

    3

    NY......................     6    10    17    27    34    40    34    33    31    33    34    34    37    43    45    45    43    41    39    34    31

    29

    NC......................     5    10    12    13    13    13     9     8     7     8     9     9    10    10    11    12    12    11    11    11    12

    13

    ND......................                                                               \2\     1     2     3     2     2     2     2     1     1     1

    1

    OH......................               \2\     6    14    19    21    21    19    20    21    21    21    22    24    23    23    24    23    21    19

    18

    OK......................                                                                           \2\     8     9     8     6     6     6     6     6

    5

    OR......................                                             \2\     1     1     1     2     2     3     3     4     4     4     4     5     5

    5

    PA......................     8    13    18    23    26    28    24    25    24    27    28    30    32    36    34    33    30    27    25    23    21

    19

    RI......................     1     2     2     2     2     2     2     2     2     2     2     2     2     3     2     2     2     2     2     2     2

    2

    SC......................     5     6     8     9     9     9     7     6     4     5     7     7     7     7     6     6     6     6     6     6     6

    6

    SD......................                                                               \2\     2     2     3     2     2     2     2     2     1     1

    1

    TN......................         \2\     3     6     9    13    11    10     8    10    10    10    10    10     9    10     9     9     8     9     9

    9

    TX......................                                       \2\     2     4     6    11    13    16    18    21    21    22    23    24    27    30

    32

    UT......................                                                                     \2\     1     2     2     2     2     2     2     3     3

    3

    VT......................   \2\ \4\ 2     4     6     5     5     4     3     3     3     2     2     2     2     1     1     1     1     1     1     1

    1

    VA......................    10    19    22    23    22    21    15    13\6\ 11     9    10    10    10    10     9     9    10    10    10    10    11

    11

    WA......................                                                               \2\     2     3     5     6     6     7     7     7     8     9

    9

    WV......................                                                   \6\     3     4     4     5     6     6     6     6     5     4     4     3

    3

    WI......................                                       \2\     3     6     8     9    10    11    11    10    10    10    10     9     9     9

    8

    WY......................                                                               \2\     1     1     1     1     1     1     1     1     1     1

    1

    ________________________________________________________________________
      Total.................    65   105   141   181   213   240   223   234   241   292   325   356   386   435   435   435   435   435   435   435   435

    435

    ________________________________________________________________________

        \1\ No apportionment was made after the 1920 census.

    [[Page 550]]

        \2\ The following Representatives were added after the indicated
    apportionments when these states were admitted in the years listed. The
    number of these additonal Representatives for each state remained in
    effect until the next census's apportionment (with the exceptions of
    California and New Mexico, as explained in footnote 4). They are not
    included in the total for each column. In reading this table, please
    remember that the apportionments made after each census took effect with
    the election two years after the census date. As a result, in the table
    footnote 2 is placed for several states under the decade preceding the
    one in which it entered the Union, since the previous decade's
    apportionment was still in effect at the time of statehood.
    Constitutional: Vermont (1791), 2; Kentucky (1792), 2; First: Tennessee
    (1796), 1; Second: Ohio (1803), 1; Third: Louisiana (1812), 1; Indiana
    (1816), 1; Mississippi (1817), 1; Illinois (1818), 1; Alabama (1819), 1;
    Missouri (1821), 1; Fifth: Arkansas (1836), 1; Michigan (1837), 1;
    Sixth: Florida (1845), 1; Texas (1845), 2; Iowa (1846), 2; Wisconsin
    (1848), 2; California (1850), 2; Seventh: Minnesota (1858), 2; Oregon
    (1859), 1; Kansas (1861), 1; Eighth: Nevada (1864), 1; Nebraska (1867),
    1; Ninth: Colorado (1876), 1; Tenth: North Dakota (1889), 1; South
    Dakota (1889), 2; Montana (1889), 1; Washington (1889), 1; Idaho (1890),
    1; Wyoming (1890), 1; Eleventh: Utah (1896), 1; Twelth: Oklahoma (1907),
    5; New Mexico (1912), 2; Arizona (1912), 1; Seventeenth: Alaska (1959),
    1; Hawaii (1959), 1.
        \3\ When Alaska and then Hawaii joined the Union in 1959, the law
    was changed to allow the total membership of the House of
    Representatives to increase to 436 and then to 437, apportioning one new
    Representative for each of those states. The total returned to 435 in
    1963, when the 1960 census apportionment took effect.
        \4\ Even though the respective censuses were taken before the
    following states joined the Union, Representatives for them were
    apportioned either because of anticipation of statehood or because they
    had become states in the period between the census and the
    apportionment, hence they are included in the totals of the respective
    columns. First: Vermont (1791); Kentucky (1792); Fourth: Missouri
    (1821); Seventh: California (1850); Eighth: Kansas (1861); Thirteenth:
    New Mexico (1912); Arizona (1912). (Please note: These seven states are
    also included in footnote 2 because they became states while the
    previous decade's apportionment was still in effect for the House of
    Representatives.) California's situation was unusual. It was scheduled
    for inclusion in the figures for the 1850 census apportionment; however,
    when the apportionment law was passed in 1852, California's census
    returns were still incomplete so Congress made special provision that
    the state would retain ``the number of Representatives [two] prescribed
    by the act of admission * * * into the Union until a new apportionment
    [i.e., after the 1860 census]'' would be made. The number of
    Representatives from California actually increased before the next
    apportionment to three when Congress gave the state an extra
    Representative during part of the 37th Congress, from 1862 to 1863.
    Regarding New Mexico, the 1911 apportionment law, passed by the 62d
    Congress in response to the 1910 census and effective with the 63d
    Congress in 1913, stated that ``if the Territor[y] of * * * New Mexico
    shall become [a State] in the Union before the apportionment of
    Representatives under the next decennial census [it] shall have one
    Representative * * *.'' When New Mexico became a state in 1912 during
    the 62d Congress, it was given two Representatives. The number was
    decreased to one beginning the next year in the 63d.
        \5\ The ``Maine District'' of Massachusetts became a separate state
    during the term of the 16th Congress, in 1820. For the remainder of that
    Congress, Maine was assigned one ``at large'' Representative while
    Massachusetts continued to have 20 Representatives, the number
    apportioned to it after the 1810 census. For the 17th Congress (the last
    before the 1820 census apportionment took effect), seven of
    Massachusetts's Representatives were reassigned to Maine, leaving
    Massachusetts with 13.
        \6\ Of the 11 Representatives apportioned to Virginia after the 1860
    census, three were reassigned to West Virginia when that part of
    Virginia became a separate state in 1863. Since the Virginia seats in
    the House were vacant at that time because of the Civil War, all of the
    new Representatives from West Virginia were able to take their seats at
    once. When Representatives from Virginia reentered the House in 1870,
    only eight members represented it.