Congressional Directory for the 108th Congress (2003-2004), August 2004.
[Pages 542-544]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office, www.gpo.gov]
REPRESENTATIVES UNDER EACH APPORTIONMENT
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Consti- Thir- Fifth- Six- Seven- Eigh- Nine- Twen- Twenty
State tutional First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Eighth Ninth Tenth Eleventh Twelfth teenth teenth teenth teenth teenth teenth tieth First
Appor- Census Census Census Census Census Census Census Census Census Census Census Census Census Census Census Census Census Census Census Census
tionment 1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910\1\ 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990
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[[Page 543]]
AL...................... \2\ 3 5 7 7 6 8 8 9 9 10 9 9 9 8 7 7 7
7
AK...................... \2\,\3\ 1 1 1 1
1
AZ...................... \2\ \4\ 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 6
8
AR...................... \2\ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7 7 7 6 4 4 4 4
4
CA...................... \2\ \4\ 2 3 4 6 7 8 11 20 23 30 38 43 45 52
53
CO...................... \2\ 1 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 6 6
7
CT...................... 5 7 7 7 6 6 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
5
DE...................... 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1
FL...................... \2\ 1 1 2 2 2 3 4 5 6 8 12 15 19 23
25
GA...................... 3 2 4 6 7 9 8 8 7 9 10 11 11 12 10 10 10 10 10 10 11
13
HI...................... \2\,\3\ 2 2 2 2
2
ID...................... \2\ 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2
IL...................... \2\ 1 3 7 9 14 19 20 22 25 27 27 26 25 24 24 22 20
19
IN...................... \2\ 3 7 10 11 11 13 13 13 13 13 12 11 11 11 11 10 10
9
IA...................... \2\ 2 6 9 11 11 11 11 9 8 8 7 6 6 5
5
KS...................... \2\ \4\ 1 3 7 8 8 8 7 6 6 5 5 5 4
4
KY...................... \2\ \4\ 2 6 10 12 13 10 10 9 10 11 11 11 11 9 9 8 7 7 7 6
6
LA...................... \2\ 3 3 4 4 5 6 6 6 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 7
7
ME...................... \5\ 7 8 7 6 5 5 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2
2
MD...................... 6 8 9 9 9 8 6 6 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 8 8 8 8
8
MA...................... 8 14 17\5\ 20 13 12 10 11 10 11 12 13 14 16 15 14 14 12 12 11 10
10
MI...................... \2\ 3 4 6 9 11 12 12 13 17 17 18 19 19 18 16
15
MN...................... \2\ 2 3 5 7 9 10 9 9 9 8 8 8 8
8
MS...................... \2\ 1 2 4 5 5 6 7 7 8 8 7 7 6 5 5 5 5
4
MO...................... \2\ \4\ 1 2 5 7 9 13 14 15 16 16 13 13 11 10 10 9 9
9
MT...................... \2\ 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1
1
NE...................... \2\ 1 3 6 6 6 5 4 4 3 3 3 3
3
NV...................... \2\ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
3
NH...................... 3 4 5 6 6 5 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2
NJ...................... 4 5 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 7 7 8 10 12 14 14 14 15 15 14 13
13
NM...................... \2\ \4\ 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3
3
NY...................... 6 10 17 27 34 40 34 33 31 33 34 34 37 43 45 45 43 41 39 34 31
29
NC...................... 5 10 12 13 13 13 9 8 7 8 9 9 10 10 11 12 12 11 11 11 12
13
ND...................... \2\ 1 2 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 1
1
OH...................... \2\ 6 14 19 21 21 19 20 21 21 21 22 24 23 23 24 23 21 19
18
OK...................... \2\ 8 9 8 6 6 6 6 6
5
OR...................... \2\ 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5
5
PA...................... 8 13 18 23 26 28 24 25 24 27 28 30 32 36 34 33 30 27 25 23 21
19
RI...................... 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2
SC...................... 5 6 8 9 9 9 7 6 4 5 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
6
SD...................... \2\ 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 1 1
1
TN...................... \2\ 3 6 9 13 11 10 8 10 10 10 10 10 9 10 9 9 8 9 9
9
TX...................... \2\ 2 4 6 11 13 16 18 21 21 22 23 24 27 30
32
UT...................... \2\ 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3
3
VT...................... \2\ \4\ 2 4 6 5 5 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1
VA...................... 10 19 22 23 22 21 15 13\6\ 11 9 10 10 10 10 9 9 10 10 10 10 11
11
WA...................... \2\ 2 3 5 6 6 7 7 7 8 9
9
WV...................... \6\ 3 4 4 5 6 6 6 6 5 4 4 3
3
WI...................... \2\ 3 6 8 9 10 11 11 10 10 10 10 9 9 9
8
WY...................... \2\ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1
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Total................. 65 105 141 181 213 240 223 234 241 292 325 356 386 435 435 435 435 435 435 435 435
435
________________________________________________________________________
Note: The original apportionment of Representatives was assigned in
1787 in the Constitution and remained in effect for the 1st and 2d
Congresses. Subsequent apportionments based on the censuses over the
years have been figured using several different methods approved by
Congress, all with the goal of dividing representation among the states
as equally as possible. After each census up to and including the
Thirteenth in 1910, Congress would enact a law designating the specific
changes in the actual number of Representatives as well as the increase
in the ratio of persons-per-Representative. After having made no
apportionment after the Fourteenth census in 1920, Congress by statute
in 1929 fixed the total number of Representatives at 435 (the number
attained with the apportionment after the 1910 census), and since that
time, only the ratio of persons-per-Representative has continued to
increase, in fact, significantly so. Since the total is now fixed, the
specific number of Representatives per state is adjusted after each
census to reflect its percentage of the entire population. Since the
Sixteenth Census in 1940, the ``equal proportions'' method of
apportioning Representatives within the 435 total has been employed. A
detailed explanation of the entire apportionment process can be found in
The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts, 1789-
1983. Kenneth C. Martis, The Free Press, New York, 1982.
\1\ No apportionment was made after the 1920 census.
\2\ The following Representatives were added after the indicated
apportionments when these states were admitted in the years listed. The
number of these additonal Representatives for each state remained in
effect until the next census's apportionment (with the exceptions of
California and New Mexico, as explained in footnote 4). They are not
included in the total for each column. In reading this table, please
remember that the apportionments made after each census took effect with
the election two years after the census date. As a result, in the table
footnote 2 is placed for several states under the decade preceding the
one in which it entered the Union, since the previous decade's
apportionment was still in effect at the time of statehood.
Constitutional: Vermont (1791), 2; Kentucky (1792), 2; First: Tennessee
(1796), 1; Second: Ohio (1803), 1; Third: Louisiana (1812), 1; Indiana
(1816), 1; Mississippi (1817), 1; Illinois (1818), 1; Alabama (1819), 1;
Missouri (1821), 1; Fifth: Arkansas (1836), 1; Michigan (1837), 1;
Sixth: Florida (1845), 1; Texas (1845), 2; Iowa (1846), 2; Wisconsin
(1848), 2; California (1850), 2; Seventh: Minnesota (1858), 2; Oregon
(1859), 1; Kansas (1861), 1; Eighth: Nevada (1864), 1; Nebraska (1867),
1; Ninth: Colorado (1876), 1; Tenth: North Dakota (1889), 1; South
Dakota (1889), 2; Montana (1889), 1; Washington (1889), 1; Idaho (1890),
1; Wyoming (1890), 1; Eleventh: Utah (1896), 1; Twelth: Oklahoma (1907),
5; New Mexico (1912), 2; Arizona (1912), 1; Seventeenth: Alaska (1959),
1; Hawaii (1959), 1.
\3\ When Alaska and then Hawaii joined the Union in 1959, the law
was changed to allow the total membership of the House of
Representatives to increase to 436 and then to 437, apportioning one new
Representative for each of those states. The total returned to 435 in
1963, when the 1960 census apportionment took effect.
[[Page 544]]
\4\ Even though the respective censuses were taken before the
following states joined the Union, Representatives for them were
apportioned either because of anticipation of statehood or because they
had become states in the period between the census and the
apportionment, hence they are included in the totals of the respective
columns. First: Vermont (1791); Kentucky (1792); Fourth: Missouri
(1821); Seventh: California (1850); Eighth: Kansas (1861); Thirteenth:
New Mexico (1912); Arizona (1912). (Please note: These seven states are
also included in footnote 2 because they became states while the
previous decade's apportionment was still in effect for the House of
Representatives.) California's situation was unusual. It was scheduled
for inclusion in the figures for the 1850 census apportionment; however,
when the apportionment law was passed in 1852, California's census
returns were still incomplete so Congress made special provision that
the state would retain ``the number of Representatives [two] prescribed
by the act of admission * * * into the Union until a new apportionment
[i.e., after the 1860 census]'' would be made. The number of
Representatives from California actually increased before the next
apportionment to three when Congress gave the state an extra
Representative during part of the 37th Congress, from 1862 to 1863.
Regarding New Mexico, the 1911 apportionment law, passed by the 62d
Congress in response to the 1910 census and effective with the 63d
Congress in 1913, stated that ``if the Territor[y] of * * * New Mexico
shall become [a State] in the Union before the apportionment of
Representatives under the next decennial census [it] shall have one
Representative * * *.'' When New Mexico became a state in 1912 during
the 62d Congress, it was given two Representatives. The number was
decreased to one beginning the next year in the 63d.
\5\ The ``Maine District'' of Massachusetts became a separate state
during the term of the 16th Congress, in 1820. For the remainder of that
Congress, Maine was assigned one ``at large'' Representative while
Massachusetts continued to have 20 Representatives, the number
apportioned to it after the 1810 census. For the 17th Congress (the last
before the 1820 census apportionment took effect), seven of
Massachusetts's Representatives were reassigned to Maine, leaving
Massachusetts with 13.
\6\ Of the 11 Representatives apportioned to Virginia after the 1860
census, three were reassigned to West Virginia when that part of
Virginia became a separate state in 1863. Since the Virginia seats in
the House were vacant at that time because of the Civil War, all of the
new Representatives from West Virginia were able to take their seats at
once. When Representatives from Virginia reentered the House in 1870,
only eight members represented it.