Congressional Directory for the 106th Congress (1999-2000), October 2000.
[Pages 558-578]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office, www.gpo.gov]
CAPITOL BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS
UNITED STATES CAPITOL
Overview of the Building and Its Function
The United States Capitol is among the most architecturally
impressive and symbolically important buildings in the world. It has
housed the meeting chambers of the Senate and the House of
Representatives for almost two centuries. Begun in 1793, the Capitol has
been built, burnt, rebuilt, extended, and restored; today, it stands as
a monument not only to its builders but also to the American people and
their government.
As the focal point of the government's Legislative Branch, the
Capitol is the centerpiece of the Capitol Complex, which includes the
six principal Congressional office buildings and three Library of
Congress buildings constructed on Capitol Hill in the 19th and 20th
centuries.
In addition to its active use by Congress, the Capitol is a museum
of American art and history. Each year, it is visited by an estimated
seven to ten million people from around the world.
A fine example of 19th-century neoclassical architecture, the
Capitol combines function with aesthetics. Its designs derived from
ancient Greece and Rome evoke the ideals that guided the Nation's
founders as they framed their new republic. As the building was expanded
from its original design, harmony with the existing portions was
carefully maintained.
Today, the Capitol covers a ground area of 175,170 square feet, or
about 4 acres, and has a floor area of approximately 16\1/2\ acres. Its
length, from north to south, is 751 feet 4 inches; its greatest width,
including approaches, is 350 feet. Its height above the base line on the
east front to the top of the Statue of Freedom is 287 feet 5\1/2\
inches; from the basement floor to the top of the dome is an ascent of
365 steps. The building contains approximately 540 rooms and has 658
windows (108 in the dome alone) and approximately 850 doorways.
The building is divided into five levels. The first, or ground,
floor is occupied chiefly by committee rooms and the spaces allocated to
various congressional officers. The areas accessible to visitors on this
level include the Hall of Columns, the Brumidi Corridor, the restored
Old Supreme Court Chamber, and the Crypt beneath the rotunda, where
historical exhibits are presented.
The second floor holds the Chambers of the House of Representatives
(in the south wing) and the Senate (in the north wing) as well as the
offices of the congressional leadership. This floor also contains three
major public areas. In the center under the dome is the rotunda, a
circular ceremonial space that also serves as a gallery of paintings and
sculpture depicting significant people and events in the Nation's
history. The rotunda is 96 feet in diameter and rises 180 feet 3 inches
to the canopy. The semicircular chamber south of the rotunda served as
the Hall of the House until 1857; now designated National Statuary Hall,
it houses part of the Capitol's collection of statues donated by the
States in commemoration of notable citizens. The Old Senate Chamber
northeast of the rotunda, which was used by the Senate until 1859, has
been returned to its mid-19th-century appearance.
The third floor allows access to the galleries from which visitors
to the Capitol may watch the proceedings of the House and the Senate
when Congress is in session. The rest of this floor is occupied by
offices, committee rooms, and press galleries.
The fourth floor and the basement/terrace level of the Capitol are
occupied by offices, machinery rooms, workshops, and other support
areas.
Location of the Capitol
The Capitol is located at the eastern end of the Mall on a plateau
88 feet above the level of the Potomac River, commanding a westward view
across the Capitol Reflecting Pool to the Washington Monument 1.4 miles
away and the Lincoln Memorial 2.2 miles away. The geographic location of
the head of the Statue of Freedom that surmounts the Capitol dome is
described by the National Geodetic Survey as latitude
38 deg.53'23.31098'' north and longitude 77 deg.00'32.62262'' west.
Before 1791, the Federal Government had no permanent site. The early
Congresses met in eight different cities: Philadelphia, Baltimore,
Lancaster, York, Princeton, Annapolis, Trenton, and New York City. The
subject of a permanent capital for the government of the United
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States was first raised by Congress in 1783; it was ultimately addressed
in Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution (1787), which gave the
Congress legislative authority over ``such District (not exceeding ten
Miles square) as may, by Cession of Particular States, and the
Acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of the Government of the United
States. . . .''
In 1788, the state of Maryland ceded to Congress ``any district in
this State, not exceeding ten miles square,'' and in 1789 the State of
Virginia ceded an equivalent amount of land. In accordance with the
``Residence Act'' passed by Congress in 1790, President Washington in
1791 selected the area that is now the District of Columbia from the
land ceded by Maryland (private landowners whose property fell within
this area were compensated by a payment of 25 per acre);
that ceded by Virginia was not used for the capital and was returned to
Virginia in 1846. Also under the provisions of that Act, he selected
three Commissioners to survey the site and oversee the design and
construction of the capital city and its government buildings. The
Commissioners, in turn, selected the French engineer Pierre Charles
L'Enfant to plan the new city of Washington. L'Enfant's plan, which was
influenced by the gardens at Versailles, arranged the city's streets and
avenues in a grid overlaid with baroque diagonals; the result is a
functional and aesthetic whole in which government buildings are
balanced against public lawns, gardens, squares, and paths. The Capitol
itself was located at the elevated east end of the Mall, on the brow of
what was then called Jenkins' Hill. The site was, in L'Enfant's words,
``a pedestal waiting for a monument.''
Selection of a Plan
L'Enfant was expected to design the Capitol and to supervise its
construction. However, he refused to produce any drawings for the
building, claiming that he carried the design ``in his head''; this fact
and his refusal to consider himself subject to the Commissioners'
authority led to his dismissal in 1792. In March of that year the
Commissioners announced a competition, suggested by Secretary of State
Thomas Jefferson, that would award $500 and a city lot to whoever
produced ``the most approved plan'' for the Capitol by mid-July. None of
the 17 plans submitted, however, was wholly satisfactory. In October, a
letter arrived from Dr. William Thornton, a Scottish-trained physician
living in Tortola, British West Indies, requesting an opportunity to
present a plan even though the competition had closed. The Commissioners
granted this request.
Thornton's plan depicted a building composed of three sections. The
central section, which was topped by a low dome, was to be flanked on
the north and south by two rectangular wings (one for the Senate and one
for the House of Representatives). President Washington commended the
plan for its ``grandeur, simplicity and convenience,'' and on April 5,
1793, it was accepted by the Commissioners; Washington gave his formal
approval on July 25.
Brief Construction History
1793-1829
The cornerstone was laid by President Washington in the building's
southeast corner on September 18, 1793, with Masonic ceremonies. Work
progressed under the direction of three architects in succession.
Stephen H. Hallet (an entrant in the earlier competition) and George
Hadfield were eventually dismissed by the Commissioners because of
inappropriate design changes that they tried to impose; James Hoban, the
architect of the White House, saw the first phase of the project through
to completion.
Construction was a laborious and time-consuming process: the
sandstone used for the building had to be ferried on boats from the
quarries at Aquia, Virginia; workers had to be induced to leave their
homes to come to the relative wilderness of Capitol Hill; and funding
was inadequate. By August 1796 the Commissioners were forced to focus
the entire work effort on the building's north wing so that it at least
could be ready for government occupancy as scheduled. Even so, some
third-floor rooms were still unfinished when the Congress, the Supreme
Court, the Library of Congress, and the courts of the District of
Columbia occupied the Capitol in late 1800.
In 1803, Congress allocated funds to resume construction. A year
earlier, the office of the Commissioners had been abolished and replaced
by a Superintendent of the City of Washington. To oversee the renewed
construction effort, Benjamin Henry Latrobe was appointed architect. The
first professional architect and engineer to work in America, Latrobe
modified Thornton's plan for the south wing to include space for offices
and committee rooms; he also introduced alterations to simplify the
construction work. Latrobe began work by removing a squat, oval,
temporary building known as ``the Oven,'' which had been erected in 1801
as a meeting place for the House of Representatives. By 1807
construction on the south wing was sufficiently advanced that the House
was able to occupy its new legislative chamber, and the wing was
completed in 1811.
[[Page 560]]
In 1808, as work on the south wing progressed, Latrobe began the
rebuilding of the north wing, which had fallen into disrepair. Rather
than simply repair the wing, he redesigned the interior of the building
to increase its usefulness and durability; among his changes was the
addition of a chamber for the Supreme Court. By 1811, he had completed
the eastern half of this wing, but funding was being increasingly
diverted to preparations for a second war with Great Britain. By 1813,
Latrobe had no further work in Washington and so he departed, leaving
the north and south wings of the Capitol connected only by a temporary
wooden passageway.
The War of 1812 left the Capitol, in Latrobe's later words, ``a most
magnificent ruin'': on August 24, 1814, British troops set fire to the
building, and only a sudden rainstorm prevented its complete
destruction. Immediately after the fire, Congress met for one session in
Blodget's Hotel, which was at Seventh and E Streets, NW. From 1815 to
1819, Congress occupied a building erected for it on First Street, NE,
on part of the site now occupied by the Supreme Court Building. This
building later came to be known as the Old Brick Capitol.
Latrobe returned to Washington in 1815, when he was rehired to
restore the Capitol. In addition to making repairs, he took advantage of
this opportunity to make further changes in the building's interior
design (for example, an enlargement of the Senate Chamber) and introduce
new materials (for example, marble discovered along the upper Potomac).
However, he came under increasing pressure because of construction
delays (most of which were beyond his control) and cost overruns;
finally, he resigned his post in November 1817.
On January 8, 1818, Charles Bulfinch, a prominent Boston architect,
was appointed Latrobe's successor. Continuing the restoration of the
north and south wings, he was able to make the chambers for the Supreme
Court, the House, and the Senate ready for use by 1819. Bulfinch also
redesigned and supervised the construction of the Capitol's central
section. The copper-covered wooden dome that topped this section was
made higher than Bulfinch considered appropriate to the building's size
(at the direction of President James Monroe and Secretary of State John
Quincy Adams). After completing the last part of the building in 1826,
Bulfinch spent the next few years on the Capitol's decoration and
landscaping. In 1829, his work was done and his position with the
government was terminated. In the 20 years following Bulfinch's tenure,
the Capitol was entrusted to the care of the Commissioner of Public
Buildings.
1830-1868
The Capitol was by this point already an impressive structure. At
ground level, its length was 351 feet 7\1/2\ inches and its width was
282 feet 10\1/2\ inches. Up to the year 1827--records from later years
being incomplete--the project cost was $2,432,851.34. Improvements to
the building continued in the years to come (running water in 1832, gas
lighting in the 1840s), but by 1850 its size could no longer accommodate
the increasing numbers of senators and representatives from newly
admitted States. The Senate therefore voted to hold another competition,
offering a prize of $500 for the best plan to extend the Capitol.
Several suitable plans were submitted, some proposing an eastward
extension of the building and others proposing the addition of large
north and south wings. However, Congress was unable to decide between
these two approaches, and the prize money was divided among five
architects. Thus, the tasks of selecting a plan and appointing an
architect fell to President Millard Fillmore.
Fillmore's choice was Thomas U. Walter, a Philadelphia architect who
had entered the competition. On July 4, 1851, in a ceremony whose
principal oration was delivered by Secretary of State Daniel Webster,
the President laid the cornerstone for the northeast corner of the House
wing in accordance with Walter's plans. Over the next 14 years, Walter
supervised the construction of the extensions, ensuring their
compatibility with the architectural style of the existing building.
However, because the Aquia Creek sandstone used earlier had already
deteriorated noticeably, he chose to use marble for the exterior. For
the veneer, Walter selected marble quarried at Lee, MA, and for the
columns he used marble from Cockeysville, MD.
Walter faced several significant challenges during the course of
construction. Chief among these was the steady imposition by the
government of additional tasks without additional pay. Aside from his
work on the Capitol extensions and dome, Walter designed the wings of
the Patent Office building, extensions to the Treasury and Post Office
buildings, and the Marine barracks in Pensacola and Brooklyn. When the
Library of Congress in the Capitol's west central section was gutted by
a fire in 1851, Walter was commissioned to restore it. He also
encountered obstacles in his work on the Capitol extensions. His
location of the legislative chambers was changed in 1853 at the
direction of President Franklin Pierce, based on the suggestions of the
newly appointed supervising engineer, Captain Montgomery C. Meigs. In
general, however, the project progressed rapidly: the House of
Representatives was able to meet in its new chamber on December 16,
1857, and the Senate first met
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in its present chamber on January 4, 1859. The old House chamber was
later designated National Statuary Hall. In 1861 most construction was
suspended because of the Civil War, and the Capitol was used briefly as
a military barracks, hospital, and bakery. In 1862 work on the entire
building was resumed.
As the new wings were constructed, more than doubling the length of
the Capitol, it became apparent that the dome erected by Bulfinch no
longer suited the building's proportions. In 1855 Congress voted for its
replacement based on Walter's design for a new, fireproof cast-iron
dome. The old dome was removed in 1856, and 5,000,000 pounds of new
masonry was placed on the existing rotunda walls. Iron used in the dome
construction had an aggregate weight of 8,909,200 pounds and was lifted
into place by steam-powered derricks.
In 1859, Thomas Crawford's plaster model for the Statue of Freedom,
designed for the top of the dome, arrived from the sculptor's studio in
Rome. With a height of 19 feet 6 inches, the statue was almost 3 feet
taller than specified, and Walter was compelled to make revisions to his
design for the dome. When cast in bronze by Clark Mills at his foundry
on the outskirts of Washington, it weighed 14,985 pounds. The statue was
lifted into place atop the dome in 1863, its final section being
installed on December 2 to the accompaniment of gun salutes from the
forts around the city.
The work on the dome and the extensions was completed under the
direction of Edward Clark, who had served as Walter's assistant and was
appointed Architect of the Capitol in 1865 after Walter's resignation.
In 1866, the Italian-born artist Constantino Brumidi finished the canopy
fresco, a monumental painting entitled The Apotheosis of George
Washington. The Capitol extensions were completed in 1868.
1869-1902
Clark continued to hold the post of Architect of the Capitol until
his death in 1902. During his tenure, the Capitol underwent considerable
modernization. Steam heat was gradually installed in the Old Capitol. In
1874 the first elevator was installed, and in the 1880s electric
lighting began to replace gas lights.
Between 1884 and 1891, the marble terraces on the north, west, and
south sides of the Capitol were constructed. As part of the grounds plan
devised by landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted, these terraces not
only added over 100 rooms to the Capitol but also provided a broader,
more substantial visual base for the building.
On November 6, 1898, a gas explosion and fire in the original north
wing dramatically illustrated the need for fireproofing. The roofs over
the Statuary Hall wing and the original north wing were reconstructed
and fireproofed, the work being completed in 1902 by Clark's successor,
Elliott Woods. In 1901 the space in the west central front vacated by
the Library of Congress was converted to committee rooms.
1903-1970
During the remainder of Woods' service, which ended with his death
in 1923, no major structural work was required on the Capitol. The
activities performed in the building were limited chiefly to cleaning
and refurbishing the interior. David Lynn, the Architect of the Capitol
from 1923 until his retirement in 1954, continued these tasks. Between
July 1949 and January 1951, the corroded roofs and skylights of both
wings and the connecting corridors were replaced with new roofs of
concrete and steel, covered with copper. The cast-iron and glass
ceilings of the House and Senate chambers were replaced with ceilings of
stainless steel and plaster, with a laylight of carved glass and bronze
in the middle of each. The House and Senate chambers were completely
remodeled, improvements such as modern air conditioning and lighting
were added, and acoustical problems were solved. During this renovation
program, the House and Senate vacated their chambers on several
occasions so that the work could progress.
The next significant modification made to the Capitol was the east
front extension. This project was carried out under the supervision of
Architect of the Capitol J. George Stewart, who served from 1954 until
his death in 1970. Begun in 1958, it involved the construction of a new
east front 32 feet 6 inches east of the old front, faithfully
reproducing the sandstone structure in marble. The old sandstone walls
were not destroyed; rather, they were left in place to become a part of
the interior wall and are now buttressed by the addition. The marble
columns of the connecting corridors were also moved and reused. Other
elements of this project included repairing the dome, constructing a
subway terminal under the Senate steps, reconstructing those steps,
cleaning both wings, birdproofing the building, providing furniture and
furnishings for the 90 new rooms created by the extension, and improving
the lighting throughout the building. The project was completed in 1962.
Subsequent work in the 1960s was concentrated chiefly on the
construction of the Rayburn House Office Building and on the maintenance
and repair of the Capitol.
[[Page 562]]
1971-Present
During the nearly 25-year tenure (1971-1995) of the ninth Architect
of the Capitol, George M. White, FAIA, the building was both modernized
and restored. Electronic voting equipment was installed in the House
chamber in 1973; facilities were added to allow television coverage of
the House and Senate debates in 1979 and 1986, respectively; and
improved climate control, electronic surveillance systems, and new
computer and communications facilities have been added to bring the
Capitol up-to-date. The Old Senate Chamber, National Statuary Hall, and
the Old Supreme Court Chamber, on the other hand, were restored to their
mid-19th-century appearance by 1976 for the Nation's Bicentennial
celebration.
In 1983, work began on the strengthening, renovation, and
preservation of the west front of the Capitol. Structural problems had
developed over the years because of defects in the original foundations,
deterioration of the sandstone facing material, alterations to the basic
building fabric (a fourth-floor addition and channeling of the walls to
install interior utilities), and damage from the fires of 1814 and 1851
and the 1898 gas explosion
To strengthen the structure, over one thousand stainless steel tie
rods were set into the building's masonry. More than 30 layers of paint
were removed, and damaged stonework was repaired or replicated.
Ultimately, 40 percent of the sandstone blocks were replaced with
limestone. The walls were treated with a special consolidant and then
painted to match the marble wings. The entire project was completed in
1987, well ahead of schedule and under budget.
A related project, completed in January 1993, effected the repair of
the Olmsted terraces, which had been subject to damage from settling,
and converted the terrace courtyards into several thousand square feet
of meeting space.
As the Capitol enters its third century, restoration and
modernization work continues. Major projects completed in recent years
include repair of the Capitol terraces and conversion of the Capitol
courtyards into meeting rooms; repair and restoration of the House
monumental stairs; conservation of the Statue of Freedom atop the
Capitol dome; completion of the murals in the first-floor House
corridors; preparation and publication of a new book on the artist
Constantino Brumidi, whose paintings decorate much of the Capitol;
preparation of a telecommunications plan for the Legislative Branch
agencies; installation of an improved Senate subway system; construction
of the Thurgood Marshall Federal Judiciary Building; construction of new
House and Senate child care facilities and a new Senate Page school; and
renovation, restoration, and modification of the interiors and exteriors
of the Thomas Jefferson and John Adams Buildings of the Library of
Congress.
The tenth Architect of the Capitol, Alan M. Hantman, AIA, was
appointed in January 1997. New and ongoing projects under his direction
include rehabilitation of the Capitol done; conservation of murals;
replacement of worn Minton tile in the Senate corridors of the Capitol;
improvement of speech-reinforcement, electrical, and fire-protection
systems in the Capitol and the Congressional office buildings; work on
security improvements within the Capitol Complex; restoration of the
U.S. Botanic Garden Conservatory; the design and construction of the
National Garden adjacent to the Botanic Garden Conservatory; renovation
of the building systems in the Dirksen Senate Office Building; and plans
for a new Capitol Visitor Center.
HOUSE OFFICE BUILDINGS
Cannon House Office Building
An increased membership of the Senate and House resulted in a demand
for additional rooms for the accommodations of the Senators and
Representatives. On March 3, 1903, the Congress authorized the erection
of a fireproofed office building for the use of the House Members. It
was designed by the firm of Carrere & Hastings of New York City in the
Beaux Arts style. The first brick was laid July 5, 1905, in square No.
690, and formal exercises were held at the laying of the cornerstone on
April 14, 1906, in which President Theodore Roosevelt participated. The
building was completed and occupied January 10, 1908. A subsequent
change in the basis of congressional representation made necessary the
building of an additional story in 1913-14. The total cost of the
building, including site, furnishings, equipment, and the subway
connecting the House Office Building with the U.S. Capitol, amounted to
$4,860,155. This office building contains about 500 rooms, and was
considered at the time of its completion fully equipped for all the
needs of a modern building for office purposes.
Pursuant to authority in the Second Supplemental Appropriations Act,
1955, and subsequent action of the House Office Building Commission,
remodeling of the Cannon Building began in 1966. The estimated cost of
this work, $5,200,000, was included in total appropriation of
$135,134,000 for the additional House Office Building project. Pursuant
to the provisions of Public Law 87-453, approved May 21, 1962, the
building was named in honor of the
[[Page 563]]
late Honorable Joseph G. Cannon of Illinois, who was serving as Speaker
at the time the building was constructed.
Longworth House Office Building
Under legislation contained in the authorization act of January 10,
1929, and in the urgent deficiency bill of March 4, 1929, provisions
were made for an additional House Office Building, to be located on the
west side of New Jersey Avenue (opposite the first House Office
Building). The building was designed by the Allied Architects of
Washington in the Neoclassical Revival style.
The cornerstone was laid June 24, 1932, and the building was
completed and ready for beneficial occupancy April 20, 1933. It contains
251 two-room suites and 16 committee rooms. Each suite and committee
room is provided with a storeroom. Eight floors are occupied by Members.
The basement and subbasement contain shops and mechanics needed for the
proper maintenance of the building. The cost of this building, including
site, furnishings, and equipment, was $7,805,705. Pursuant to the
provisions of Public Law 87-453, approved May 21, 1962, the building was
named in honor of the late Honorable Nicholas Longworth of Ohio, who was
serving as Speaker when the second House Office Building was
constructed.
Rayburn House Office Building and Other Related Changes and Improvements
Under legislation contained in the Second Supplemental
Appropriations Act, 1955, provision was made for construction of an
additional fireproofed office building, and other appurtenant and
necessary facilities for the use of the House of Representatives; for
acquisition of real property located south of Independence Avenue in the
vicinity of the Capitol Grounds for purposes of construction of such
building and facilities and as additions to the Capitol Grounds; for
changes to the present House Office Buildings; and for changes or
additions to the subway systems.
All work was carried forward by the Architect of the Capitol under
the direction of the House Office Building Commission at an authorized
limit of cost to be fixed by such Commission. Appropriations totaling
$135,279,000 were provided to carry forward this project.
Under this program, property consisting of eight city squares was
acquired. Contracts were let for necessary architectural and engineering
services for reconstruction of a section of Tiber Creek sewer running
through the site for excavations and foundations, structural steel,
superstructure, furniture and furnishings for the new building; for a
cafeteria in the courtyard of the existing Longworth House Office
Building; for remodeling of the Cannon House Office Building; for
improved lighting and other improvements in the Longworth House Office
Building; and for an underground garage in the courtyard of the Cannon
House Office Building and two underground garages in squares 637 and 691
south of the Rayburn and Longworth buildings.
The Rayburn Building is connected to the Capitol by a subway from
the center of the Independence Avenue upper garage level to the
southwest corner of the Capitol. Designs for the building were prepared
by the firm of Harbeson, Hough, Livingston & Larson of Philadelphia,
Associate Architects. The building contains 169 congressional suites;
full-committee hearing rooms for 9 standing committees, 16 subcommittee
hearing rooms, committee staff rooms and other committee facilities; a
large cafeteria and other restaurant facilities; an underground garage
accommodating 1,600 automobiles; and a variety of liaison offices, press
and television facilities, maintenance and equipment shops or rooms, and
storage areas. This building has nine stories and a penthouse for
machinery.
The cornerstone was laid May 24, 1962, by the Honorable John W.
McCormack, Speaker of the House of Representatives. President John F.
Kennedy participated in the cornerstone laying and delivered the
address.
A portion of the basement floor was occupied beginning March 12,
1964, by House of Representatives personnel moved from the George
Washington Inn property. Full occupancy of the Rayburn Building, under
the room-filing regulations, was begun February 23, 1965, and completed
April 2, 1965. Pursuant to the provisions of Public Law 87-453, approved
May 21, 1962, the building was named in honor of the late Honorable Sam
Rayburn of Texas, who was serving as Speaker at the time the third House
Office Building was constructed.
Two buildings have been purchased and adapted for office use by the
House of Representatives. The eight-story Congressional Hotel across
from the Cannon on C Street SE was acquired in 1957 and subsequently
altered for office use and a dormitory for the Pages. It has 124,000
square feet. It was known as House Office Building Annex No. 1, until it
was named the ``Thomas P. O'Neill, Jr. House of Representatives Office
Building'' in honor of the former Speaker of the House, pursuant to
House Resolution 402, approved September 10, 1990. House Office Building
Annex No. 2, named the ``Gerald R. Ford House of Representatives Office
Building'' by the same resolution, was acquired in 1975 from the General
Services Administration. The structure, located at Second and D Streets
[[Page 564]]
SW, was built in 1939 for the Federal Bureau of Investigation as a
fingerprint file archives. This building has approximately 432,000
square feet of space.
SENATE OFFICE BUILDINGS
Richard Brevard Russell Senate Office Building
The demand for an office building for the Representatives was
greater because of their larger membership, and the Senate had been
supplied with additional office space by the purchase of the Maltby
Building, then located on the northwest corner of B Street and New
Jersey Avenue NW. This building provided only a temporary need, and when
it was condemned as an unsafe structure, the requirement arose for the
Senators to have safer and more commodious office space. Under
authorization of the Act of April 28, 1904, square 686 on the northeast
corner of Delaware Avenue and B Street NE was purchased as a site for
the Senate Office Building. The plans for the House Office Building were
adapted for the Senate Office Building by the firm of Carrere &
Hastings, with the exception that the side of the building fronting on
First Street NE was temporarily omitted. The cornerstone was laid
without special exercises on July 31, 1906, and the building was
occupied March 5, 1909. In 1931, the completion of the fourth side of
the building was commenced. In 1933 it was completed, together with
alterations to the C Street facade, and the construction of terraces,
balustrades, and approaches. The cost of the completed building,
including the site, furnishings, equipment and the subway connecting the
Senate Office Building with the United States Capitol, was $8,390,892.
The building was named the ``Richard Brevard Russell Senate Office
Building'' by Senate Resolution 296, 92nd Congress, agreed to October
11, 1972, as amended by Senate Resolution 295, 96th Congress, agreed to
December 3, 1979.
Everett McKinley Dirksen Senate Office Building
Under legislation contained in the Second Deficiency Appropriations
Act, 1948, Public Law 80-785, provision was made for an additional
office building for the United States Senate with limits of cost of
$1,100,000 for acquisition of the site and $20,600,000 for constructing
and equipping the building.
The authorized limit of cost for construction and equipment of the
building was increased to $23,446,000 by the Legislative Branch
Appropriations Act, 1958, Public Law 85-85, and to $24,196,000 by the
Second Supplemental Appropriations Act, 1959, Public Law 86-30. All work
was carried forward by the Architect of the Capitol under the direction
of the Senate Office Building Commission. The New York firm of Eggers &
Higgins served as the consulting architects.
The site was acquired and cleared in 1948-49 at a total cost of
$1,011,492.
A contract for excavation, concrete footings and mats for the new
building was awarded in January 1955, in the amount of $747,200.
Groundbreaking ceremonies were held January 26, 1955.
A contract for the superstructure of the new building was awarded
September 9, 1955, in the amount of $17,200,000. The cornerstone was
laid July 13, 1956.
As a part of this project, a new underground subway system was
installed from the Capitol to both the Old and New Senate Office
Buildings.
An appropriation of $1,000,000 for furniture and furnishings for the
new building was provided in the Supplemental Appropriations Act, 1958,
Public Law 85-170. An additional appropriation of $283,550 was provided
in the Second Supplemental Appropriations Act, 1959, Public Law 86-30.
The building was accepted for beneficial occupancy October 15, 1958.
The building was named the ``Everett McKinley Dirksen Senate Office
Building'' by Senate Resolution 296, 92nd Congress, agreed to October
11, 1972 and Senate Resolution 295, 96th Congress, agreed to December 3,
1979.
Philip A. Hart Senate Office Building
Construction as an extension to the Dirksen Senate Office Building
was authorized by the Supplemental Appropriations Act, 1973, Public Law
92-607, approved October 31, 1972; legislation enacted in subsequent
years (ending with Public Law 96-69, approved September 16, 1979)
increased the scope of the project and established a total cost ceiling
of $137,700,400. The firm of John Carl Warnecke & Associates served as
Associate Architect for the project.
Senate Resolution 525, passed August 30, 1976, amended by Senate
Resolution 295, 96th Congress, agreed to December 3, 1979, provided that
upon completion of the extension it would be named the ``Philip A. Hart
Senate Office Building'' to honor the Senator from Michigan.
[[Page 565]]
The contract for clearing of the site, piping for utilities,
excavation, and construction of foundation was awarded in December 1975.
Groundbreaking took place January 5, 1976. The contract for furnishing
and delivery of the exterior stone was awarded in February 1977, and the
contract for the superstructure, which included wall and roof systems
and the erection of all exterior stonework, was awarded in October 1977.
The contract for the first portion of the interior and related work was
awarded in December 1978. A contract for interior finishing was awarded
in July 1980. The first suite was occupied on November 22, 1982.
Alexander Calder's mobile/stabile Mountains and Clouds was installed in
the building's atrium in November 1986.
CAPITOL POWER PLANT
During the development of the plans for the Cannon and Russell
Buildings, the question of heat, light, and power was considered. The
Senate and House wings of the Capitol were heated by separate heating
plants. The Library of Congress also had in use a heating plant for that
building. Finally it was determined that the need for heating and
lighting, with power for elevators, could be adequately met by the
construction of a central power plant to furnish all heat and power, as
well as light, for the Capitol group of buildings.
Having determined the need for a central power plant, a site was
selected in Garfield Park, bounded by New Jersey Avenue, South Capitol
Street, Virginia Avenue, and E Street SE. Since this park was a
Government reservation, an appropriation of money was not required to
secure title. The determining factors leading to the selection of this
site were its nearness to the tracks of what is now the Penn Central
Railroad and its convenient distance to the river and to the buildings
to be served by the plant.
The dimensions of the Capitol Power Plant, which was constructed
under authorization of the act of April 28, 1904, and completed and
placed in operation in 1910, were 244 feet 8 inches by 117 feet. There
are two radial brick chimneys 174 feet in height (reduced from 212 feet
to 174 feet in 1951-52) and 11 feet in diameter at the top.
The buildings originally served by the Capitol Power Plant were
connected to it by a reinforced-concrete steam tunnel 7 feet high by
4\1/2\ feet wide, with walls approximately 12 inches thick. This tunnel
originated at the Capitol Power Plant and terminated at the Senate
Office Building, with connecting tunnels for the Cannon House Office
Building, the Capitol, and the Library of Congress. Subsequently it was
extended to the Government Printing Office and the Washington City Post
Office, with steam lines extended to serve the Longworth House Office
Building, the Supreme Court Building, the John Adams Building of the
Library of Congress, and the Botanic Garden.
In September 1951, when the demand for electrical energy was
reaching the maximum capacity of the Capitol Power Plant, arrangements
were made to purchase electrical service from the local public utility
company and to discontinue electrical generation. The heating and
cooling functions of the Capitol Power Plant were expanded in 1935,
1939, 1958, 1973, and 1980.
U.S. CAPITOL GROUNDS
A DESCRIPTION OF THE GROUNDS
Originally a wooded wilderness, the U.S. Capitol Grounds today
provide a parklike setting for the Nation's Capitol, offering a
picturesque counterpoint to the building's formal architecture. The
grounds immediately surrounding the Capitol are bordered by a stone wall
and cover an area of 58.8 acres. Their boundaries are Independence
Avenue on the south, Constitution Avenue on the north, First Street NE/
SE on the east, and First Street NW/SW on the west. Over 100 varieties
of trees and bushes are planted around the Capitol, and thousands of
flowers are used in seasonal displays. In contrast to the building's
straight, neoclassical lines, most of the walkways in the grounds are
curved. Benches along the paths offer pleasant spots for visitors to
appreciate the building, its landscape, and the surrounding areas, most
notably the Mall to the west.
The grounds were designed by Frederick Law Olmsted (1822-1903), who
planned the expansion and landscaping of the area that was performed
from 1874 to 1892. Olmsted, who also designed New York's Central Park,
is considered the greatest American landscape architect of his day. He
was a pioneer in the development of public parks in America, and many of
his designs were influenced by his studies of European parks, gardens,
and estates. In describing his plan for the Capitol grounds, Olmsted
noted that ``The ground is in design part of the Capitol, but in all
respects subsidiary to the central structure.'' Therefore, he was
careful not to group trees or other landscape features in any way that
would distract the viewer from the Capitol. The use of sculpture and
other ornamentation has also been kept to a minimum.
[[Page 566]]
Many of the trees on the Capitol grounds have historic or memorial
associations. Among the oldest is the ``Cameron Elm'' near the House
entrance. This tree was named in honor of the Pennsylvania Senator who
ensured its preservation during Olmsted's landscaping project. Other
trees commemorate members of Congress and other notable citizens,
national organizations, and special events. In addition, over 30 States
have made symbolic gifts of their state trees to the Capitol grounds.
Many of the trees on the grounds bear plaques that identify their
species and their historic significance. The eastern part of the grounds
contains the greatest number of historic and commemorative trees.
At the East Capitol Street entrance to the Capitol Plaza are two
large rectangular stone fountains. The bottom levels now contain
plantings, but at times in the past they have been used to catch the
spillover from the fountains. At other times, both levels have held
plantings. Six massive red granite lamp piers topped with light fixtures
in wrought-iron cages, and 16 smaller bronze light fixtures, line the
paved plaza. Seats are placed at intervals along the sidewalks. Three
sets of benches are enclosed with wrought-iron railings and grilles; the
roofed bench was originally a shelter for streetcar passengers.
The northern part of the grounds offers a shaded walk among trees,
flowers, and shrubbery. A small, hexagonal brick structure named the
Summer House may be found in the northwest corner of the grounds. This
structure contains shaded benches, a central ornamental fountain, and
three public drinking fountains. In a small grotto on the eastern side
of the Summer House, a stream of water flows and splashes over rocks to
create a pleasing sound and cool the summer breezes.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE GROUNDS BEFORE OLMSTED
The land on which the Capitol stands was first occupied by the
Manahoacs and the Monacans, who were subtribes of the Algonquin Indians.
Early settlers reported that these tribes occasionally held councils not
far from the foot of the hill. This land eventually became a part of
Cerne Abbey Manor, and at the time of its acquisition by the Federal
Government it was owned by Daniel Carroll of Duddington.
The ``Residence Act'' of 1790 provided that the Federal Government
should be established in a permanent location by the year 1800. In early
March 1791 the Commissioners of the City of Washington, who had been
appointed by President George Washington, selected the French engineer
Pierre Charles L'Enfant to plan the new federal city. L'Enfant decided
to locate the Capitol at the elevated east end of the Mall (on what was
then called Jenkins' Hill); he described the site as ``a pedestal
waiting for a monument.''
At this time the site of the Capitol was a relative wilderness
partly overgrown with scrub oak. Oliver Wolcott, a signer of the
Declaration of Independence, described the soil as an ``exceedingly
stiff clay, becoming dust in dry and mortar in rainy weather.'' A muddy
creek with swampy borders flowed at the base of the hill, and an alder
swamp bordered by tall woods occupied the place where the Botanic Garden
now stands. The city's inhabitants, like L'Enfant and Washington,
expected that the capital would grow to the east, leaving the Capitol
and the White House essentially on its outskirts. For some years the
land around the Capitol was regarded as a common, crossed by roads in
several directions and intended to be left as an open area.
In 1825, a plan was devised for imposing order on the Capitol
grounds, and it was carried out for almost 15 years. The plan divided
the area into flat, rectangular grassy areas bordered by trees, flower
beds, and gravel walks. The growth of the trees, however, soon deprived
the other plantings of nourishment, and the design became increasingly
difficult to maintain in light of sporadic and small appropriations.
John Foy, who had charge of the grounds during most of this period, was
``superseded for political reasons,'' and the area was then maintained
with little care or forethought. Many rapidly growing but short-lived
trees were introduced and soon depleted the soil; a lack of proper
pruning and thinning left the majority of the area's vegetation ill-
grown, feeble, or dead. Virtually all was removed by the early 1870's,
either to make way for building operations during Thomas U. Walter's
enlargement of the Capitol or as required by changes in grading to
accommodate the new work on the building or the alterations to
surrounding streets.
THE OLMSTED PLAN
The mid-19th-century extension of the Capitol, in which the House
and Senate wings and the new dome were added, required also that the
Capitol grounds be enlarged, and in 1874 Frederick Law Olmsted was
commissioned to plan and oversee the project. As noted above, Olmsted
was determined that the grounds should complement the building. In
addition, he addressed an architectural problem that had persisted for
some years: from the west--the direction in which the city was clearly
growing--the earthen terraces at the building's base made it seem
inadequately supported at the top of the hill. The solution, Olmsted
believed, was to construct marble terraces on the north, west, and south
sides
[[Page 567]]
of the building, thereby causing it to ``gain greatly in the supreme
qualities of stability, endurance, and repose.'' He submitted his design
for these features in 1875, and after extensive study it was approved.
Work on the grounds began in 1874, concentrating first on the east
side and then progressing to the west, north, and south sides in 1875.
First, the ground was reduced in elevation. Almost 300,000 cubic yards
of earth and other material were eventually removed, and over 200 trees
were transplanted. New sewer, gas, and water systems were installed. The
soil was then enriched with fertilizers to provide a suitable growth
medium for new plantings. Paths and roadways were graded and their
foundations were laid.
By 1876, gas and water service was completed for the entire grounds,
and electrical lamp-lighting apparatuses had been installed. Stables and
workshops had been removed from the northwest and southwest corners. A
streetcar system north and south of the west grounds had been relocated
farther from the Capitol, and ornamental shelters were in place at the
north and south car-track termini. The granite and bronze lamp piers and
ornamental bronze lamps for the east plaza area were completed.
Work accelerated in 1877. By this time, according to Olmsted's
report, ``altogether 7,837 plants and trees [had] been set out.''
However, not all had survived: hundreds were stolen or destroyed by
vandals, and, as Olmsted explained, ``a large number of cattle [had]
been caught trespassing.'' Other work met with less difficulty. Foot-
walks were laid with artificial stone, a mixture of cement and sand, and
approaches were paved with concrete. An ornamental iron trellis had been
installed on the northern east-side walk, and another was under way on
the southern walk. An underground air duct for ventilating the Hall of
the House was laid to a temporary opening in the west side of the hill.
The 1878 appointment of watchmen to patrol the grounds was quite
effective in preventing further vandalism, allowing the lawns to be
completed and much shrubbery to be added. Also in that year, the roads
throughout the grounds were paved.
Most of the work required on the east side of the grounds was
completed by 1879, and effort thus shifted largely to the west side. The
Pennsylvania Avenue approach was virtually finished, and work on the
Maryland Avenue approach had begun. The stone walls on the west side of
the grounds were almost finished, and the red granite lamp piers were
placed at the eastward entrance from Pennsylvania Avenue.
In the years 1880-82, many features of the grounds were completed.
These included the walls and coping around the entire perimeter, the
approaches and entrances, the tower for the House air shaft, and the
Summer House. Work on the terraces began in 1882, and most work from
this point until 1892 was concentrated on these structures.
In 1885, Olmsted retired from superintendency of the terrace
project; he continued to direct the work on the grounds until 1889.
Landscaping work was performed to adapt the surrounding areas to the new
construction, grading the ground and planting shrubs at the bases of the
walls, as the progress of the masonry work allowed. Some trees and other
types of vegetation were removed, either because they had decayed or as
part of a careful thinning-out process.
In 1886, Olmsted recommended that the Senate side of the Capitol be
supplied with fresh air through a duct and tower similar to those on the
House side. This project was completed in 1889-90. In 1888, the wrought-
iron lamp frames and railings were placed at the Maryland Avenue
entrance, making it the last to be completed. In 1892, the streetcar
track that had extended into grounds from Independence Avenue was
removed.
THE GROUNDS AFTER OLMSTED
In the last years of the 19th century, work on the grounds consisted
chiefly of maintenance and repairs as needed. Trees, lawns, and
plantings were tended, pruned, and thinned to allow their best growth.
This work was quite successful: by 1894, the grounds were so deeply
shaded by trees and shrubs that Architect of the Capitol Edward Clark
recommended an all-night patrol by watchmen to ensure public safety. A
hurricane in September 1896 damaged or destroyed a number of trees,
requiring extensive removals in the following year. Also in 1897,
electric lighting replaced gas lighting in the grounds.
Between 1910 and 1935, 61.4 acres north of Constitution Avenue were
added to the grounds. Approximately 100 acres was added in subsequent
years, bringing the total area to 274 acres. In 1981, the Architect of
the Capitol developed the Master Plan for future development of the U.S.
Capitol grounds and related areas.
Since 1983, increased security measures have been put into effect,
including the installation of barriers at vehicular entrances. However,
the area still functions in many ways as a public park, and visitors are
welcome to use the walks to tour the grounds. Demonstrations and
ceremonies are often held on the grounds. During the summer, many high-
school bands perform in front of the Capitol, and a series of evening
concerts by the bands of the Armed Forces is offered free of charge on
the east front plaza. On various holidays, concerts by the National
Symphony Orchestra are held on the west front lawn.
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[[Page 569]]
ROOMS IN BASEMENT, TERRACE, AND COURTYARDS OF THE CAPITOL
HOUSE SIDE SENATE SIDE
basement basement
HB-1, 6. House Sergeant at Arms. SB-1. Senate Restaurant. Banquet
Department.
HB-1A. Clerk of the House. SB-7. Senate Restaurant. Kitchen.
HB-3, 13B. Democratic Leader. SB-8. Senate Sergeant at Arms.
Recording studio.
HB-4. Library of Congress-Capitol SB-9. Senate Sergeant at Arms.
Station.
HB-5, 13. Speaker of the House. SB-10. Senate Restaurant. Carry-
Out.
HB-9, 10. House Restaurant. Coffee SB-11, 12. Architect of the
shop. Capitol. Senate engineers.
HB-15. Architect of the Capitol. SB-13, 13A, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19,
House engineers. 21, 21A. Architect of the
Capitol.
HB-16, 17, 18. Committee on SB-20. Secretary of the Senate.
Appropriations.
HB-19. Architect of the Capitol. SB-22. Architect of the Capitol.
Elevator operators. Masonry shop.
HB-20, 21, 22, 23, 24. House SB-23. Senate Sergeant at Arms.
Restaurant. Kitchen. Custodial service.
HB-25. House Chaplain. SB-36. Secretary of the Senate.
Newspaper room.
HB-26, 27, 28, 29, 32, 32A, 33.
Architect of the Capitol.
HB-30, 31. Chief Administrative
Officer.
terrace terrace
HT-2, 2M, 4, 4M, 6, 6M. Committee ST-1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 17, 18.
on Standards of Official Capitol Police.
Conduct.
HT-3, 5, 7. Architect of the ST-13, 15. Capitol Guide Service.
Capitol. Curator.
HT-8, 10. Clerk of the House. ST-16. Architect of the Capitol.
Pages. Insulation shop.
HT-9, 11, 13, 15, 17. Clerk of the ST-19, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 30, 49,
House. Legislative 52, 59, 61, 68. Architect of the
Operations. Capitol. Mechanical rooms.
HT-12, 14, 16, 18. Architect of ST-20, 53, 60, 62. Senate Sergeant
Capitol. Flag office. at Arms. Custodial service.
HT-20, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 49, 49A, ST-29. Designated Smoking Room.
51, 62, 63. Architect of
the Capitol. Mechanical
rooms.
HT-30, 32, 34, 36. Architect of the ST-34, 36, 38. Senate Sergeant at
Capitol. Sheetmetal shop. Arms. Senate television control.
HT-33. Architect of the Capitol. ST-41, 44. Secretary of the Senate.
Carpenter's key shop. Official Reporters of Debates.
HT-35, 37, 39. Architect of the ST-45, 45A. Assistant Majority
Capitol. Elevator shop. Leader.
HT-38, 40, 41. Architect of the ST-47, 48, 70. Senate Sergeant at
Capitol. Electrical shop. Arms.
HT-42, 44, 62. Architect of the ST-50. Democratic Policy Committee.
Capitol.
HT-43. Architect of the Capitol. ST-51, 52, 64, 66. Architect of the
Paint shop. Capitol. Paint shop.
HT-45, 47. Architect of the ST-54. Secretary of the Senate.
Capitol. Laborers' shop. Captioning services.
HT-46. Architect of the Capitol. ST-55. Democratic Leader.
Plumbers' shop.
HT-48, 50, 52. Clerk of the House. ST-56, 58. Secretary of the Senate.
Daily Digest.
HT-53, 55, 57. House television ST-57. Republican Policy Committee.
control.
HT-56, 65, 66, 66A, 67. Committee ST-71, 73. Senate Sergeant at Arms.
on Appropriations. Recording studio (old Senate
subway tunnel).
HT-58, 59, 60, 61. Clerk of the
House. Official Reporters
of Debates.
courtyard courtyard
HC-4. Committee on Rules. SC-4, 5A, 5B, 6. Conference /
Hearing rooms.
HC-5. Foyer. SC-5. Foyer.
HC-5A, 5B, 6, 7, 8. Conference / SC-5C. Kitchen.
Hearing rooms.
HC-5C. Kitchen. SC-7, 8. Democratic Leader.
HC-9. Democratic Whip. SC-12. Republican Leader.
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[[Page 571]]
ROOMS ON FIRST (GROUND) FLOOR OF THE CAPITOL
HOUSE SIDE SENATE SIDE
Hall of Columns.
Hall of Capitols.
Great Experiment Hall.
Westward Expansion Hall. Brumidi Corridors.
H-101. House Post Office. S-101. Railroad Ticket Office.
H-104, 105, 105A, 106, 107, 107A, S-109, 110, 112, 112A, 112B, 114,
108, 109, 110, 111, 113, 115. Senate Restaurant.
114, 114A, 115, 116.
Majority Whip.
H-117. House Restaurant [Ernest S-111, 111A, 111B, 113B. Senate
Petinaud Room]. Restaurant. Kitchen.
H-118, 118A, 120A, 120B, 121. House S-113. Senate Restaurant [Styles
Restaurant. Bridges Room].
H-119, 120C. House Restaurant. S-113A. Senate Restaurant. Catering
Kitchen. Office.
H-120 House Restaurant [Charles E. S-116, 117. Committee on Foreign
Bennett Room]. Relations.
H-122, 123. Private dining room S-118, 119, 121. Democratic Policy
(Speaker). Committee.
H-123A. House Restaurant. Catering S-120. Reception Room (Restaurant)
Office. [Hugh Scott Room].
H-124, 125. Sergeant at Arms. S-122, 123. Secretary of the
Senate. Bill Clerk and Morning
Business Clerk.
H-126. Parliamentarian. S-125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 129A,
130, 130A, 131. Committee on
Appropriations.
H-127, 128. Speaker of the House. S-132, 133. Secretary of the
Senate. Parliamentarian.
H-129. Wright Patman Congressional S-134. Secretary of the Senate.
Federal Credit Union. Legislative Clerk.
H-130, 131. Members' private dining S-135. Secretary of the Senate.
rooms. Journal Clerk.
H-132, 151. Democratic Leader. S-138. Secretary of the Senate.
Executive Clerk and Office
Services [Arthur H. Vandenberg
Room].
H-133, 134. Republican Conference. S-139. Secretary of the Senate.
Engrossing and Enrolling Clerks.
H-135. Subcommittee on Defense S-141. Old Supreme Court Chamber.
(Appropriations).
H-136, 137. Committee on Ways and S-145. Senate Wives' Reception
Means. Room.
H-139. Committee on International S-146. Committee on Appropriations.
Relations.
H-140. Committee on Appropriations S-146A. Subcommittee on Commerce,
[George Mahon Room]. Justice, State, and the Judiciary
(Appropriations).
H-142, 143. Subcommittee on HUD- S-147. Architect of the Capitol.
Independent Agencies
(Appropriations).
H-144, 145, 146, 148. Committee on S-148, 149, 150. Assistant Minority
Appropriations. Leader.
H-147. Subcommittee on Legislative- S-151. Committee on Rules.
D.C. (Appropriations).
H-149. Subcommittee on Defense S-153, 154. Attending Physician.
(Appropriations). First Aid.
H-150. Subcommittee on Foreign S-155. Attending Physician.
Operations
(Appropriations).
H-152, 152A. Committee on Rules. S-156. Capitol Guide Service.
Congressional Special Services
Office.
H-153, 154, 155, 156, 156A, 158.
Clerk of the House.
H-159, 160, 161, 162, 165, 166,
166A, 166B, 166C, 167.
Attending Physician.
H-163, 164. Committee on House
Oversight.
CRYPT
EF-100.
Reception Room (center, East Front).
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[[Page 573]]
ROOMS ON SECOND (PRINCIPAL) FLOOR OF THE CAPITOL
HOUSE SIDE SENATE SIDE
National Statuary Hall. Senate Chamber.
Hall of the House of Balcony [Robert J. Dole Balcony].
Representatives.
H-201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206. S-207. Senators' Conference Room
Democratic Leader. [Mike Mansfield Room].
H-207. House Reception Room [Sam S-208, 209. Assistant Majority
Rayburn Room]. Leader.
H-208, 208A. Committee on Ways and S-210. Assistant Majority Leader
Means. [John F. Kennedy Room].
H-209, 210. Speaker's Rooms. S-211. Secretary of the Senate
[Lyndon B. Johnson Room].
H-211. Parliamentarian. S-212. Vice President.
H-212, 213, 214. Representatives' S-213. Senate Reception Room.
retiring rooms.
H-216, 217, 218, 218A. Committee on S-214. Ceremonial Office of the
Appropriations. Vice President.
H-219. Majority Leader. S-215. Senators' retiring room
[Marble Room].
H-220. Speaker's floor office. S-216. President's Room.
H-221, 223. Republican cloakroom. S-219, 219A, 220. Secretary of the
Senate.
H-222, 224. Democratic cloakroom. S-221, 221A, 222, 223, 224.
Democratic Leader [Robert C. Byrd
Rooms].
H-225. Democratic Leader's floor S-225. Democratic cloakroom.
office.
H-226, 226M-A, 226M-B, 226M-C. S-226. Republican cloakroom.
Majority Leader.
H-227, 228, 229, 232A, 233, 236. S-227, 231, 232, 233, 234, 234A,
Speaker of the House. 235, 235A, 236. Republican
Leader.
H-230, 231, 232. Speaker of the S-228. Old Senate Chamber.
House [Robert H. Michel
Rooms].
H-234. Prayer Room. S-229, 229A, 229M. Republican
Legislative Scheduling Office.
H-235, 235A, 235B, 235C. S-230. Republican Leader [Howard H.
Congressional Women's Baker, Jr., Room].
Reading Room [Lindy
Claiborne Boggs Room].
H-304M-A, 304M-B (mezzanine). S-237. President Pro Tempore.
Periodical Press Gallery.
S-238. [Strom Thurmond Room].
ROTUNDA
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[[Page 575]]
ROOMS ON THIRD (GALLERY) FLOOR OF THE CAPITOL
HOUSE SIDE SENATE SIDE
H-301, 302, 303. Democratic Policy S-308. Radio and Television Studio.
Committee.
H-304, 304M-A, 304M-B. Periodical S-309, 310. Democratic Secretary.
Press Gallery.
H-305, 306, 307, 308. Democratic S-311. Senate Wives' Lounge.
Whip.
H-309, 310. Subcommittee on S-312, 312A. Assistant Secretary of
Commerce, Justice, State, the Senate.
and the Judiciary
(Appropriations).
H-311, 312, 312A, 313, 314. S-313, 313A, 314, 314A, 315, 316.
Committee on Rules. Press Gallery.
H-315, 315A, 316, 317, 318, 319. S-317. Press Photographers'
Press Gallery. Gallery.
H-320, 320M, 321, 321M, 322, 322A. S-318. Democratic Policy Committee.
Radio and Television
Correspondents' Gallery.
H-323. Committee on Appropriations. S-319, 321, 322, 323, 324. Sergeant
at Arms.
H-324, 324M. Members' Families S-320. Periodical Press Gallery.
Room. [Thomas P. O'Neill,
Jr. Room].
H-325, 327A, 328, 329, 330, 330A, S-325. Radio and Television
331, 332, 335. Majority Correspondents' Gallery.
Leader.
H-326, 327, 333, 334, 335. Speaker S-326. Hallway.
of the House.
S-331, 332. Senate Chaplain.
S-332, 333. Secretary of the
Senate. Senate Library.
S-337, 337A. Secretary for the
Majority.
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[[Page 577]]
ROOMS ON FOURTH (ATTIC) FLOOR OF THE CAPITOL
HOUSE SIDE SENATE SIDE
H-324M (mezzanine). Members' S-406. Secretary of the Senate.
Families Room. Senate Security.
H-405. Permanent Select Committee S-408, 409. Radio and Television
on Intelligence. Correspondents' Gallery.
H-419A, 419B, 419C, 419D, 419E. S-410. Secretary of the Senate.
Speaker of the House. Conservation and Preservation.
H-420, H-420A, 421. Architect of S-411, 413A, 413B. Secretary of the
the Capitol. Senate. Curator of Art.
S-412, 417. Architect of the
Capitol. Mechanical rooms.
S-413, 414, 414A, 415, 416, 418,
419, 420. Secretary of the
Senate.
Note: To reach H-405 and S-406--Use express
elevator on the first floor at southeast wall of the Crypt, and take to
fourth floor of Capitol.
Maps edited by Jay Bon and Peter
Byrd.
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