[House Calendars for June 4, 2015 - 114th Congress, 1st Session]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]


                    HISTORY OF BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS

========================================================================
                                                                        
    No.                                Index Key and History of Bill    
________________________________________________________________________


 
                              SENATE BILLS

S. 1 (H. Res. 100).-- To approve the Keystone XL Pipeline. Ordered 
    placed on the calendar Jan. 7, 2015. Considered Jan. 13, 16, 
    20, 21, 22, 26, 27, 28, 2015. Passed Senate amended Jan. 29, 
    2015; Roll No. 49: 62-36. Received in House and held at desk 
    Jan. 30, 2015. Passed House Feb. 11, 2015; Roll No. 75: 270-
    152. Presented to the President Feb. 24, 2015. Vetoed Feb. 24, 
    2015. Senate sustained Presidential veto Mar. 4, 2015; Roll 
    No. 68: 62-37.
  
S. 32.-- To provide the Department of Justice with additional 
    tools to target extraterritorial drug trafficking activity, 
    and for other purposes. Referred to Finance Jan. 6, 2015. 
    Committee discharged Jan. 13, 2015. Referred to the Judiciary 
    Jan. 13, 2015.
  
S. 95.-- To terminate the $1 presidential coin program. Referred 
    to Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Jan. 7, 2015. 
    Committee discharged Apr. 14, 2015. Referred to Banking, 
    Housing, and Urban Affairs Apr. 14, 2015.
  
S. 125.-- To amend title I of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe 
    Streets Act of 1968 to extend the authorization of the 
    Bulletproof Vest Partnership Grant Program through fiscal year 
    2020, and for other purposes. Referred to the Judiciary Jan. 
    8, 2015. Reported Mar. 26, 2015; no written report. Passed 
    Senate amended May 6, 2015. Received in House and referred to 
    the Judiciary May 8, 2015.
  
S. 136.-- To amend chapter 21 of title 5, United States Code, to 
    provide that fathers of certain permanently disabled or 
    deceased veterans shall be included with mothers of such 
    veterans as preference eligibles for treatment in the civil 
    service. Referred to Homeland Security and Governmental 
    Affairs Jan. 8, 2015. Reported May 5, 2015; Rept. 114-35. 
    Passed Senate May 11, 2015. Received in House and referred to 
    Oversight and Government Reform May 12, 2015.
  
S. 142.-- To require the Consumer Product Safety Commission to 
    promulgate a rule to require child safety packaging for liquid 
    nicotine containers, and for other purposes. Referred to 
    Commerce, Science and Transportation Jan. 8, 2015. Reported 
    amended Apr. 13, 2015; Rept. 114-12.
  
S. 143.-- To allow for improvements to the United States Merchant 
    Marine Academy and for other purposes. Referred to Commerce, 
    Science and Transportation Jan. 9, 2015. Reported May 21, 
    2015; Rept. 114-51.
  
S. 147.-- To approve the Keystone XL Pipeline. Reported from 
    Energy and Natural Resources Jan. 12, 2015; Rept. 114-1.
  
S. 165.-- Referred to Armed Services Jan. 13, 2015. Reported 
    amended Feb. 23, 2015; no written report.
  
S. 166.-- To stop exploitation through trafficking. Referred to 
    the Judiciary Jan. 13, 2015. Reported amended Mar. 2, 2015; no 
    written report.
  
S. 178 (H. Con. Res. 47).-- To provide justice for the victims of 
    trafficking. Referred to the Judiciary Jan. 13, 2015. Reported 
    amended Mar. 2, 2015; no written report. Considered Mar. 10, 
    11, 12, 16, 17, 18, 19, Apr. 14, 16, 20, 21, 2015. Passed 
    Senate amended Apr. 22, 2015; Roll No. 163: 99-0. Received in 
    House and held at desk Apr. 23, 2015. Considered under 
    suspension of rules May 18, 2015. Rules suspended. Passed 
    House May 19, 2015; Roll No. 244: 420-3. Presented to the 
    President May 21, 2015. Approved May 29, 2015. Public Law 114-
    22.
  
S. 179.-- To designate the facility of the United States Postal 
    Service located at 14 3rd Avenue, NW, in Chisholm, Minnesota, 
    as the ``James L. Oberstar Memorial Post Office Building''. 
    Referred to Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Jan. 
    13, 2015. Reported May 6, 2015; no written report. Passed 
    Senate May 11, 2015. Received in House and referred to 
    Oversight and Government Reform May 12, 2015.
  
S. 184 (H.R. 1168).-- To amend the Indian Child Protection and 
    Family Violence Prevention Act to require background checks 
    before foster care placements are ordered in tribal court 
    proceedings, and for other purposes. Referred to Indian 
    Affairs Jan. 16, 2015. Reported May 11, 2015; Rept. 114-37. 
    Passed Senate June 1, 2015. Received in House and held at desk 
    June 1, 2015.
  
S. 192.-- To reauthorize the Older Americans Act of 1965, and for 
    other purposes. Referred to Health, Education, Labor, and 
    Pensions Jan. 20, 2015. Reported Feb. 3, 2015; no written 
    report.
  
S. 203.-- To restore Americans' individual liberty by striking the 
    Federal mandate to purchase insurance.
  
S. 227.-- To strengthen the Federal education research system to 
    make research and evaluations more timely and relevant to 
    State and local needs in order to increase student 
    achievement. Referred to Health, Education, Labor, and 
    Pensions Jan. 21, 2015. Reported Feb. 4, 2015; no written 
    report.
  
S. 230.-- To provide for the conveyance of certain property to the 
    Yukon Kuskokwim Health Corporation located in Bethel, Alaska. 
    Referred to Indian Affairs Jan. 21, 2015. Reported May 11, 
    2015; Rept. 114-38.
  
S. 246.-- To establish the Alyce Spotted Bear and Walter Soboleff 
    Commission on Native Children, and for other purposes. 
    Referred to Indian Affairs Jan. 22, 2015. Reported amended May 
    11, 2015; Rept. 114-39. Passed Senate amended June 1, 2015. 
    Received in House and referred to Natural Resources June 1, 
    2015.
  
S. 253.-- To amend the Communications Act of 1934 to consolidate 
    the reporting obligations of the Federal Communications 
    Commission in order to improve congressional oversight and 
    reduce reporting burdens. Referred to Commerce, Science and 
    Transportation Jan. 26, 2015. Reported amended May 22, 2015; 
    Rept. 114-58.
  
S. 261.-- To designate the United States courthouse located at 200 
    NW 4th Street in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, as the William J. 
    Holloway, Jr. United States Courthouse. Referred to 
    Environment and Public Works Jan. 27, 2015. Reported May 4, 
    2015; no written report. Passed Senate May 21, 2015. Received 
    in House and referred to Transportation and Infrastructure May 
    22, 2015.
  
S. 272.-- Making appropriations for the Department of Homeland 
    Security for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2015, and 
    for other purposes. Ordered placed on the calendar Jan. 28, 
    2015.
  
S. 286.-- To amend the Indian Self-Determination and Education 
    Assistance Act to provide further self-governance by Indian 
    tribes, and for other purposes. Referred to Indian Affairs 
    Jan. 28, 2015. Reported May 22, 2015; Rept. 114-60.
  
S. 295.-- To amend section 2259 of title 18, United States Code, 
    and for other purposes. Referred to the Judiciary Jan. 28, 
    2015. Reported Feb. 9, 2015; no written report. Ordered placed 
    on the calendar Feb. 9, 2015. Passed Senate amended Feb. 11, 
    2015; Roll No. 55: 98-0. Received in House and referred to the 
    Judiciary Feb. 12, 2015.
  
S. 301.-- To require the Secretary of the Treasury to mint coins 
    in commemoration of the centennial of Boys Town, and for other 
    purposes. Referred to Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs Jan. 
    29, 2015. Committee discharged. Passed Senate Mar. 24, 2015. 
    Received in House and held at desk Mar. 25, 2015.
  
S. 304.-- To improve motor vehicle safety by encouraging the 
    sharing of certain information. Referred to Commerce, Science 
    and Transportation Jan. 29, 2015. Reported amended Apr. 13, 
    2015; Rept. 114-13. Passed Senate amended Apr. 28, 2015. 
    Received in House and referred to Energy and Commerce Apr. 29, 
    2015.
  
S. 321 (H.R. 533).-- To revoke the charter of incorporation of the 
    Miami Tribe of Oklahoma at the request of that tribe, and for 
    other purposes. Referred to Indian Affairs Jan. 29, 2015. 
    Reported May 11, 2015; Rept. 114-40.
  
S. 335.-- To amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to improve 
    529 plans. Referred to Finance Feb. 2, 2015. Reported amended 
    May 21, 2015; Rept. 114-56.
  
S. 337.-- To improve the Freedom of Information Act. Referred to 
    the Judiciary Feb. 2, 2015. Reported Feb. 9, 2015; Rept. 114-
    4.
  
S. 338.-- To permanently reauthorize the Land and Water 
    Conservation Fund. Ordered placed on the calendar Feb. 3, 
    2015.
  
S. 339.-- To repeal the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act 
    and the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 
    entirely. Ordered placed on the calendar Feb. 3, 2015.
  
S. 405.-- To protect and enhance opportunities for recreational 
    hunting, fishing, and shooting, and for other purposes. 
    Ordered placed on the calendar Feb. 9, 2015.
  
S. 501.-- To make technical corrections to the Navajo water rights 
    settlement in the State of New Mexico, and for other purposes. 
    Referred to Indian Affairs Feb. 12, 2015. Reported May 11, 
    2015; Rept. 114-41. Passed Senate May 21, 2015. Received in 
    House and referred to Natural Resources May 22, 2015.
  
S. 527 (H.R. 431).-- To award a Congressional Gold Medal to the 
    Foot Soldiers who participated in Bloody Sunday, Turnaround 
    Tuesday, or in the final Selma to Montgomery Voting Rights 
    March in March of 1965, which served as a catalyst for the 
    Voting Rights Act of 1965. Referred to Banking, Housing, and 
    Urban Affairs Feb. 12, 2015. Reported Feb. 24, 2015; no 
    written report. Passed Senate Feb. 26, 2015. Received in House 
    and held at desk Feb. 27, 2015.
  
S. 534.-- To prohibit funds from being used to carry out certain 
    Executive actions related to immigration and for other 
    purposes. Ordered placed on the calendar Feb. 24, 2015.
  
S. 535.-- To promote energy efficiency. Ordered placed on the 
    calendar Feb. 24, 2015. Passed Senate Mar. 27 (Legislative day 
    of Mar. 26), 2015. Received in House and referred to Energy 
    and Commerce Apr. 13, 2015. Rules suspended. Passed House Apr. 
    21, 2015. Presented to the President Apr. 23, 2015. Approved 
    Apr. 30, 2015. Public Law 114-11.
  
S. 565.-- To reduce the operation and maintenance costs associated 
    with the Federal fleet by encouraging the use of 
    remanufactured parts, and for other purposes. Referred to 
    Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Feb. 25, 2015. 
    Reported May 22, 2015; Rept. 114-59. Ordered placed on the 
    calendar May 22, 2015.
  
S. 579.-- To amend the Inspector General Act of 1978 to strengthen 
    the independence of the Inspectors General, and for other 
    purposes. Referred to Homeland Security and Governmental 
    Affairs Feb. 26, 2015. Reported amended May 5, 2015; Rept. 
    114-36.
  
S. 611.-- To amend the Safe Drinking Water Act to reauthorize 
    technical assistance to small public water systems, and for 
    other purposes. Referred to Environment and Public Works Feb. 
    27, 2015. Reported May 18, 2015; Rept. 114-47.
  
S. 612.-- To designate the Federal building and United States 
    courthouse located at 1300 Victoria Street in Laredo, Texas, 
    as the ``George P. Kazen Federal Building and United States 
    Courthouse''. Referred to Environment and Public Works Feb. 
    27, 2015. Reported May 4, 2015; no written report. Passed 
    Senate May 21, 2015. Received in House and referred to 
    Transportation and Infrastructure May 22, 2015.
  
S. 615.-- To provide for congressional review and oversight of 
    agreements relating to Iran's nuclear program, and for other 
    purposes. Referred to Foreign Relations Feb. 27, 2015. 
    Reported amended Apr. 14, 2015; no written report.
  
S. 625.-- To provide for congressional review and oversight of 
    agreements relating to Iran's nuclear program, and for other 
    purposes. Ordered placed on the calendar Mar. 4, 2015.
  
S. 653.-- To amend the Water Resources Research Act of 1984 to 
    reauthorize grants for and require applied water supply 
    research regarding the water resources research and technology 
    institutes established under that Act. Referred to Environment 
    and Public Works Mar. 4, 2015. Reported May 18, 2015; Rept. 
    114-48.
  
S. 665.-- To encourage, enhance, and integrate Blue Alert plans 
    throughout the United States in order to disseminate 
    information when a law enforcement officer is seriously 
    injured or killed in the line of duty, is missing in 
    connection with the officer's official duties, or an imminent 
    and credible threat that an individual intends to cause the 
    serious injury or death of a law enforcement officer is 
    received, and for other purposes. Referred to the Judiciary 
    Mar. 4, 2015. Reported Mar. 26, 2015; no written report. 
    Passed Senate Apr. 30, 2015. Received in House and referred to 
    the Judiciary May 5, 2015. Rules suspended. Passed House May 
    12, 2015. Presented to the President May 14, 2015. Approved 
    May 19, 2015. Public Law 114-12.
  
S. 754.-- To improve cybersecurity in the United States through 
    enhanced sharing of information about cybersecurity threats, 
    and for other purposes. Reported from Intelligence Mar. 17, 
    2015; Rept. 114-32.
  
S. 782.-- To direct the Secretary of the Interior to establish a 
    bison management plan for Grand Canyon National Park. Referred 
    to Environment and Public Works Mar. 18, 2015. Committee 
    discharged Apr. 22, 2015. Referred to Energy and Natural 
    Resources Apr. 22, 2015.
  
S. 792.-- To expand sanctions imposed with respect to Iran and to 
    impose additional sanctions with respect to Iran, and for 
    other purposes. Reported from Banking, Housing, and Urban 
    Affairs Mar. 18, 2015; no written report.
  
S. 802.-- To authorize the Secretary of State and the 
    Administrator of the United States Agency for International 
    Development to provide assistance to support the rights of 
    women and girls in developing countries, and for other 
    purposes. Referred to Foreign Relations Mar. 19, 2015. 
    Reported amended May 21, 2015; no written report. Ordered 
    placed on the calendar May 21, 2015. Passed Senate amended May 
    23 (Legislative day of May 22), 2015. Received in House and 
    held at desk May 26, 2015. Rules suspended. Passed House June 
    1, 2015. Presented to the President June 3, 2015.
  
S. 808.-- To establish the Surface Transportation Board as an 
    independent establishment, and for other purposes. Referred to 
    Commerce, Science and Transportation Mar. 19, 2015. Reported 
    May 21, 2015; Rept. 114-52.
  
S. 903.-- To amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to improve 
    access and administration of the United States Tax Court. 
    Reported from Finance Apr. 14, 2015; Rept. 114-14.
  
S. 904.-- To amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to remove 
    bond requirements and extend filing periods for certain 
    taxpayers with limited excise tax liability. Reported from 
    Finance Apr. 14, 2015; Rept. 114-15.
  
S. 905.-- To amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to increase 
    the limitation on eligibility for the alternative tax for 
    certain small insurance companies. Reported from Finance Apr. 
    14, 2015; Rept. 114-16.
  
S. 906.-- To amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to modify the 
    types of wines taxed as hard cider. Reported from Finance Apr. 
    14, 2015; Rept. 114-17.
  
S. 907.-- To amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to prevent 
    the extension of the tax collection period merely because the 
    taxpayer is a member of the Armed Forces who is hospitalized 
    as a result of combat zone injuries. Reported from Finance 
    Apr. 14, 2015; Rept. 114-18.
  
S. 908.-- To amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to provide 
    for the deductibility of charitable contributions to 
    agricultural research organizations, and for other purposes. 
    Reported from Finance Apr. 14, 2015; Rept. 114-19.
  
S. 909.-- To amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to exempt 
    private foundations from the tax on excess business holdings 
    in the case of certain philanthropic enterprises which are 
    independently supervised, and for other purposes. Reported 
    from Finance Apr. 14, 2015; Rept. 114-20.
  
S. 910.-- To amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to clarify 
    the special rules for accident and health plans of certain 
    governmental entities, and for other purposes. Reported from 
    Finance Apr. 14, 2015; Rept. 114-21.
  
S. 912.-- To amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to exclude 
    payments received under the Work Colleges Program from gross 
    income, including payments made from institutional funds. 
    Reported from Finance Apr. 14, 2015; Rept. 114-22.
  
S. 913.-- To amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to provide an 
    investment tax credit for waste heat to power technology. 
    Reported from Finance Apr. 14, 2015; Rept. 114-23.
  
S. 914.-- To amend title 31, United States Code, to clarify the 
    use of credentials by enrolled agents. Reported from Finance 
    Apr. 14, 2015; Rept. 114-24.
  
S. 915.-- To amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to exempt 
    certain stock of real estate investment trusts from the tax on 
    foreign investments in United States real property interests, 
    and for other purposes. Reported from Finance Apr. 14, 2015; 
    Rept. 114-25.
  
S. 916 (H.R. 606).-- To amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to 
    exclude certain compensation received by public safety 
    officers and their dependents from gross income. Reported from 
    Finance Apr. 14, 2015; Rept. 114-26.
  
S. 917.-- To amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to equalize 
    the excise tax on liquefied petroleum gas and liquefied 
    natural gas. Reported from Finance Apr. 14, 2015; Rept. 114-
    27.
  
S. 918.-- To amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to provide 
    notice to charities and other nonprofit organizations before 
    their tax-exempt status is automatically revoked. Reported 
    from Finance Apr. 14, 2015; Rept. 114-28.
  
S. 919.-- To exclude from gross income certain clean coal power 
    grants to non-corporate taxpayers. Reported from Finance Apr. 
    14, 2015; Rept. 114-29.
  
S. 920.-- To amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to allow a 
    credit against income tax for amounts paid by a spouse of a 
    member of the Armed Forces for a new State license or 
    certification required by reason of a permanent change in the 
    duty station of such member to another State. Reported from 
    Finance Apr. 14, 2015; Rept. 114-30.
  
S. 971.-- To amend title XVIII of the Social Security Act to 
    provide for an increase in the limit on the length of an 
    agreement under the Medicare independence at home medical 
    practice demonstration program. Referred to Finance Apr. 16, 
    2015. Committee discharged. Passed Senate amended Apr. 22, 
    2015. Received in House and referred to Ways and Means and in 
    addition to Energy and Commerce Apr. 22, 2015.
  
S. 984.-- To amend title XVIII of the Social Security Act to 
    provide Medicare beneficiary access to eye tracking 
    accessories for speech generating devices and to remove the 
    rental cap for durable medical equipment under the Medicare 
    Program with respect to speech generating devices. Ordered 
    placed on the calendar Apr. 20, 2015. Passed Senate Apr. 22, 
    2015. Received in House and referred to Energy and Commerce 
    and in addition to Ways and Means Apr. 22, 2015.
  
S. 993.-- To increase public safety by facilitating collaboration 
    among the criminal justice, juvenile justice, veterans 
    treatment services, mental health treatment, and substance 
    abuse systems. Referred to the Judiciary Apr. 16, 2015. 
    Reported Apr. 30, 2015; no written report.
  
S. 994.-- To designate the facility of the United States Postal 
    Service located at 1 Walter Hammond Place in Waldwick, New 
    Jersey, as the ``Staff Sergeant Joseph D'Augustine Post Office 
    Building''. Referred to Homeland Security and Governmental 
    Affairs Apr. 16, 2015. Reported May 6, 2015; no written 
    report. Passed Senate May 11, 2015. Received in House and 
    referred to Oversight and Government Reform May 12, 2015.
  
S. 995.-- To establish congressional trade negotiating objectives 
    and enhanced consultation requirements for trade negotiations, 
    to provide for consideration of trade agreements, and for 
    other purposes. Referred to Finance Apr. 16, 2015. Reported 
    amended May 11, 2015; Rept. 114-42.
  
S. 1034.-- To designate the United States courthouse located at 
    501 East Court Street in Jackson, Mississippi, as the 
    ``Charles Clark United States Courthouse''. Referred to 
    Environment and Public Works Apr. 21, 2015. Reported May 4, 
    2015; no written report.
  
S. 1035.-- To extend authority relating to roving surveillance, 
    access to business records, and individual terrorists as 
    agents of foreign powers under the Foreign Intelligence 
    Surveillance Act of 1978 and for other purposes. Ordered 
    placed on the calendar Apr. 22, 2015.
  
S. 1124.-- To amend the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act 
    to improve the Act. Reported from Health, Education, Labor, 
    and Pensions Apr. 28, 2015; no written report. Passed Senate 
    amended May 6, 2015. Received in House and referred to 
    Education and the Workforce May 8, 2015. Committee discharged. 
    Passed House May 12, 2015. Presented to the President May 14, 
    2015. Approved May 22, 2015. Public Law 114-18.
  
S. 1177.-- To reauthorize the Elementary and Secondary Education 
    Act of 1965 to ensure that every child achieves. Reported from 
    Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Apr. 30, 2015; no 
    written report.
  
S. 1267.-- To extend the African Growth and Opportunity Act, the 
    Generalized System of Preferences, the preferential duty 
    treatment program for Haiti, and for other purposes. Reported 
    from Finance May 11, 2015; Rept. 114-43.
  
S. 1268.-- To extend the trade adjustment assistance program, and 
    for other purposes. Reported from Finance May 11, 2015; Rept. 
    114-44.
  
S. 1269.-- To reauthorize trade facilitation and trade enforcement 
    functions and activities, and for other purposes. Reported 
    from Finance May 11, 2015; Rept. 114-45.
  
S. 1350.-- To provide a short-term extension of Federal-aid 
    highway, highway safety, motor carrier safety, transit, and 
    other programs funded out of the Highway Trust Fund, and for 
    other purposes. Ordered placed on the calendar May 18, 2015.
  
S. 1356 (H.R. 2252).-- To clarify that certain provisions of the 
    Border Patrol Agent Pay Reform Act of 2014 will not take 
    effect until after the Director of the Office of Personnel 
    Management promulgates and makes effective regulations 
    relating to such provisions. Passed Senate May 14, 2015. 
    Received in House and held at desk May 14, 2015.
  
S. 1357.-- To extend authority relating to roving surveillance, 
    access to business records, and individual terrorists as 
    agents of foreign powers under the Foreign Intelligence 
    Surveillance Act of 1978 until July 31, 2015, and for other 
    purposes. Ordered placed on the calendar May 18, 2015.
  
S. 1376.-- To authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2016 for 
    military activities of the Department of Defense, for military 
    construction, and for defense activities of the Department of 
    Energy, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such 
    fiscal year, and for other purposes. Reported from Armed 
    Services May 19, 2015; Rept. 114-49.
  
S. 1417.-- To reauthorize the United States Grain Standards Act, 
    and for other purposes. Reported from Agriculture, Nutrition, 
    and Forestry May 21, 2015; no written report.
  
S. 1463.-- To amend the Veterans Access, Choice, and 
    Accountability Act 0f 2014 to modify the distance requirement 
    for expanded availability of hospital care and medical 
    services for veterans through the use of agreements with non-
    Department of Veterans Affairs entities. Passed Senate May 22, 
    2015. Received in House and referred to Veterans' Affairs and 
    in addition to the Budget May 26, 2015.
  
S. 1484.-- To improve accountability and transparency in the 
    United States financial regulatory system, protect access to 
    credit for consumers, provide sensible relief to financial 
    institutions, and for other purposes. Reported from Banking, 
    Housing, and Urban Affairs June 2, 2015; no written report.
  
  
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________