[Analytical Perspectives]
[Crosscutting Programs]
[5. Research and Development]
[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]
[[Page 45]]
5. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
At a record $147 billion in the President's 2009 Budget, Federal
research and development (R&D) comprises one out of every seven dollars
funded in the discretionary budget and 5 percent of total government
spending. This substantial investment in the quest for new knowledge and
future discovery will enhance U.S. economic strength, national security,
and world leadership by building innovation capacity through a world-
class science and technology research enterprise and a high-quality
scientific and technical education infrastructure.
The relationship between support for science and economic growth is
well documented. Investments in basic research lead to knowledge
breakthroughs that fuel innovation, drive productivity, grow the
economy, and improve our understanding of the world. Economists estimate
that as much as half of post-World War II economic growth is directly
due to technological progress fueled by R&D. Economic payoffs from
research come in the form of process and product innovations that reduce
the costs of production, lower product prices, and result in new and
better products and services. Consumers ultimately benefit from less
expensive, higher quality and more useful products and services. Today's
transforming technologies and most popular consumer items have deep
roots in basic and applied research.
Under this Administration, Federal R&D is being increased 61 percent,
from $91 billion in 2001 to the $147 billion in this year's request. To
sustain the nation's economic competitiveness, the President, in his
2006 State of the Union address, presented a long-term vision to
strengthen Federal support for the Nation's innovation enterprise in an
integrated package of investments and policies called the American
Competitiveness Initiative (ACI). President Bush remains firmly
committed to the fulfillment of that vision and seeks to continue that
implementation of the ACI in the 2009 Budget.
I. THE AMERICAN COMPETITIVENESS INITIATIVE
The President's 2009 Budget maintains a strong commitment to invest in
basic research areas that advance knowledge and technologies used by
scientists in nearly every field. Through the ACI, the President plans
to double, over 10 years, investment in innovation-enabling research at
three Federal agencies--the National Science Foundation (NSF), the
Department of Energy's (DOE's) Office of Science, and the Department of
Commerce's National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST)
laboratories.
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In 2009, the third year of the ACI, President Bush proposes $12.2
billion total for NSF, DOE's Office of Science, and NIST laboratories,
an overall funding increase of $1.6 billion, or 15 percent, above the
2008 enacted total of $10.6 billion. Unfortunately, the 2008 omnibus
appropriations bill drastically cut proposed ACI research increases,
funding only one-third of the President's requested increase. In
addition, Congress directed over half of the enacted increase ($207
million of a total $408 million increase) to earmarks and an unrequested
new grants program.
This outcome greatly impairs the Administration's efforts to
strengthen long-term economic competitiveness through support for
innovation-enabling basic research in the physical sciences and
engineering. President Bush's call for doubling of these research levels
had been roundly supported by business and academic leaders and embraced
by Congress when it enacted the bipartisan America COMPETES Act (Public
Law 110-69). The President's Budget continues funding for ACI research
on its doubling path to ensure this consensus national priority
objective is realized.
[[Page 47]]
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Research Agencies in the American Competitiveness Initiative
The National Science Foundation is the primary source of support for academic research in the physical sciences,
funding basic research in areas such as nanotechnology, advanced networking and information technology,
physics, chemistry, materials science, mathematics, and engineering. It also is well regarded for funding
nearly all of its research through a competitive, peer-reviewed process. The increase in NSF funding will
support many more researchers, students, post-doctoral fellows and technicians contributing to the innovation
enterprise.
The Department of Energy's Office of Science supports grants and infrastructure for a wide range of basic
research related to economically significant innovations including nanotechnology, biotechnology, high-end
computing and advanced networking, and energy technologies. The 2009 Budget increases funding for both research
and cutting-edge facilities, meets the United States' contribution to the international fusion energy project
known as ITER, upgrades the nuclear physics accelerator at the Thomas Jefferson lab in Virginia, accelerates
strategic basic research for electrical energy storage and an advanced nuclear fuel cycle, and reorganizes and
reforms the radioisotope production and application programs within the Department.
The Department of Commerce's National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) invests in technological
innovation through research and standards development. These investments will improve NIST's research
capabilities by providing high performance laboratory space for diverse research fields and world-class
researchers; aid the responsible development of nanotechnology manufacturing; expand NIST's neutron facility to
aid in characterizing novel materials in high-growth research fields; and improve our understanding of complex
biological systems to accelerate innovations and enable investment in biosciences, including disease diagnosis
and treatment.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
II. IMPROVING THE PERFORMANCE OF R&D PROGRAMS
R&D is critically important for keeping our Nation economically
competitive, and it will help solve the challenges we face in health,
defense, energy, and the environment. Therefore, every Federal R&D
dollar must be invested as effectively as possible.
R&D Investment Criteria
The Administration continues to improve the effectiveness of the
Federal Government's investments in R&D by applying transparent
investment criteria in analyses that inform recommendations for program
funding and management. R&D performance assessment must be done with
care. Research often leads scientists and engineers down unpredictable
pathways with unpredictable results. This outcome can require special
consideration when measuring an R&D program's performance against its
initial goals.
With this in mind, the Administration is improving methods for setting
priorities based on expected results, and is asking agencies to apply
specific criteria that programs or projects must meet to be started or
continued and supply clear milestones for gauging progress and improved
metrics for assessing results.
As directed by the President's Management Agenda, the R&D Investment
Criteria accommodate the wide range of R&D activities, from basic
research to development and demonstration programs, by addressing three
fundamental aspects of R&D:
Relevance--Programs must be able to articulate why they are
important, relevant, and appropriate for Federal investment;
Quality--Programs must justify how funds will be allocated
to ensure quality; and
Performance--Programs must be able to monitor and document
how well the investments are performing.
In addition, R&D projects and programs relevant to industry are
expected to apply criteria to determine the appropriateness of the
public investment, enable comparisons of proposed and demonstrated
benefits, and provide meaningful decision points for completing or
transitioning the activity to the private sector.
As part of the President's Management Agenda's Performance Improvement
initiative, the Administration uses the Program Assessment Rating Tool
(PART) to consistently assess the effectiveness of programs. A section
of the PART specifically addresses the assessment of R&D program
management and performance and is aligned with the R&D Investment
criteria. In the last six years, agencies completed 1,016 PART
assessments, of which 130 were for R&D programs. The results of these
PART assessments may be found on the web at www.expectmore.gov.
Performance assessments help policy makers identify those programs
that are the most effective and worthy of funding; however, the
Administration does not allocate funding levels and initiate management
reforms strictly by formula or based solely on PART results. For
instance, funding may be reduced for programs rated Effective by the
PART that have achieved what they set out to do, and programs rated
Ineffective by the PART might receive more money if it is clear it would
help them become more effective. The PART provides information that
leads to more informed decisions.
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Research Earmarks
President Bush called on Congress to reform the earmark process,
proposing a series of reforms that include full disclosure for each
earmark and cutting the total number and cost of all earmarks by at
least half. Consistent with this effort, the Administration is
continuing its strong support for awarding research funds based on merit
review through a competitive process refereed by scientists. Such a
system has the best prospects for ensuring that the top research is
supported. Research earmarks--in general the assignment of money during
the legislative process for use by a specific organization or project--
are counter to a merit-based competitive selection process. Earmarks
signal to potential investigators that there is an acceptable
alternative to creating quality research proposals for merit-based
consideration. Such an alternative can be an ineffective use of taxpayer
funds.
Unfortunately, the practice of earmarking funds to colleges,
universities, and other entities for specific research projects expanded
in recent years. Some argue that earmarks help spread the research money
to states or institutions that would receive less research funding
through other means. However, The Chronicle of Higher Education has
reported that this is not the main role earmarks play. Often only a
minor portion of academic earmark funding goes to the states with the
smallest shares of Federal research funds.
Some proponents of earmarking assert that earmarks provide a means of
funding unique projects that would not be recognized by the conventional
peer-review process. To address this concern, a number of research
agencies have procedures and programs to reward ``out-of-the-box''
thinking. For example, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency,
within the Department of Defense, seeks out high-risk, high-payoff
scientific proposals, the National Institutes of Health has established
a similarly focused ``Pioneer Award,'' and program managers at NSF set
aside a share of funding for higher-risk projects in which scientists
and engineers see high potential.
Earmarks for activities that are outside of an agency's mission can
detract from an efficient and effective Federal effort on behalf of
taxpayers. For instance, in 2008, the Congress has directed DOD to fund
research on a wide range of diseases including diabetes, autism, and
muscular dystrophy. Funding for unrequested medical research projects in
DOD's budget totals about $800 million in 2008 alone. While research on
these diseases is very important, these diseases are not unique to the
U.S. military and the research could be better selected, carried out and
coordinated within civil medical research agencies without disruption to
the military mission. At the same time, intrusion of earmarks into the
peer-review processes of civilian medical research agencies would have a
significant detrimental impact on ensuring that the most important and
promising research is chosen by medical research professionals with
access to information on the most promising research opportunities.
Earmarks that divert funding from a merit-based process undermine
America's research productivity. The Administration commends Congress
for taking measures to protect NSF and the National Institutes of Health
from this practice, a practice that should be followed throughout the
R&D programs.
[[Page 49]]
III. PRIORITIES FOR FEDERAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
The 2009 Budget requests $147 billion for Federal R&D funding, which
targets key research investments within agencies, in particular, the
three ACI agencies: NSF, the DOE's Office of Science, and the NIST
laboratories. In addition, DOD requests $1.7 billion for basic research,
$270 million more than was requested in the 2008 Budget. This increase
is partially hidden by the earmarked funding included in the 2008
enacted level. (Table 5-1 provides details by agency.)
Multi-Agency R&D Priorities
The 2009 Budget continues to target important research investments
that must be coordinated across multiple agencies. A number of these
challenges are being addressed through multi-agency research efforts
coordinated through the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC)
and other interagency forums. The Administration will continue to
analyze other areas of critical need that could benefit in the future
from improved focus and coordination among agencies.
Homeland Security R&D: A robust R&D effort continues to be a key asset
in advancing technologies in support of the President's national
strategy for homeland security. The United States derives much of its
ability to thwart and recover from these threats via its advantage in
the realm of science and technology (S&T), and we must continue to use
this advantage and encourage innovative R&D to assist in protecting and
defending against the range of natural and man-made threats confronting
the country. Though there have been numerous achievements over the past
five years to improve the Nation's counterterrorism capability, many
challenges remain.
The Administration's annual R&D budget priorities memorandum
summarizes priorities from the Administration's homeland security
strategies that should be addressed via multi-agency coordination. For
example, in response to the 2007 memo, agencies:
advanced biometric capabilities as outlined in The National
Biometrics Challenge, and established policy for agency
adoption of biometric standards that will enable real-time,
verifiable, interoperable, and privacy-protecting root
identification;
improved radiation portal monitors and developed standards
for technologies that detect nuclear and radioactive material
before it enters the U.S.;
developed more sensitive environmental sensors to quickly
detect the presence of biological or toxic agents; and
integrated modeling efforts for high consequence foreign
animal diseases, including avian influenza and foot and mouth
disease, to facilitate coordinated response planning and guide
countermeasure R&D investments.
The 2009 Budget provides continued support for these and many other
interagency R&D programs, including: pursuing stand-off detection and
imaging capabilities to locate and identify nuclear threat materials at
a distance; improving the capability to detect and mitigate the use of
improvised explosive devices in the U.S.; continuing the implementation
of the 2008-2012 R&D plan for high-consequence foreign animal diseases;
and accelerating the advanced development of critical medical
countermeasures that do not have a pre-existing market to stimulate
their development.
Networking and Information Technology R&D: The Budget provides $3.6
billion for the multi-agency Networking and Information Technology
Research and Development (NITRD) Program, which plans and coordinates
agency research efforts in advanced networking, cyber security, high-end
computing systems, software development, high-confidence systems,
information management, and other information technologies. Advances in
information technology contribute both to accelerating progress in
scientific research and to U.S. economic competitiveness. Federal
agencies coordinate their R&D investments in the NITRD Program to avoid
unnecessary duplication and to help ensure that the investments have
maximum impact.
The NITRD agencies focused on implementing the recommendations
contained in both the Federal Plan for High-End Computing and the
Federal Plan for Cyber Security and Information Assurance R&D in 2007,
and will complete the Federal Plan for Advanced Networking R&D in early
2008. Also in 2007, the President's Council of Advisors on Science and
Technology (PCAST) issued a report reviewing the NITRD program and
providing recommendations for the future. The Federal agencies are
evaluating these recommendations and will begin implementation in 2008.
The 2009 Budget sustains a substantial level of investment in high-end
computing research for large-scale scientific and national security
applications, particularly in scalable systems software and applications
that can capitalize on emerging architectures based on processing units
with many computational cores. The 2009 Budget also increases support
for investments in innovative research in both cyber security and
advanced networking R&D that have the potential to transform the
Internet into a more secure and reliable interconnected network to
support both commerce and high-speed data transfers for scientific
applications. Reports and general information about NITRD are available
at www.nitrd.gov/.
Nanotechnology R&D: The Budget provides $1.5 billion for the multi-
agency National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI). The NNI focuses on R&D
that creates materials, devices, and systems that exploit the
fundamentally distinct properties of matter as it is manipulated at the
atomic and molecular levels. The results of NNI-supported R&D are
already leading to breakthroughs in disease detection and treatment,
manufacturing at or near the nanoscale level, environmental monitoring
and protection, energy production and storage, and creating electronic
devices that have even greater capabilities than those available today.
Re
[[Page 50]]
search opportunities cover a similarly broad spectrum. Advances that
will be foundational for all aspects of nanotechnology R&D in particular
include: instrumentation for characterizing nanoscale materials in the
laboratory, in the body, and in the environment; and computational
research to model and predict properties at the nanoscale, for designing
novel materials, and for determining their behavior under various
conditions and environments.
Guided by the NNI Strategic Plan, participating agencies will continue
to support discovery, development and application of nanotechnology
through investigator-led fundamental and applied research;
multidisciplinary centers of excellence; education and training of
nanotechnology researchers, teachers, workers, and the public; and
infrastructure and standards development, including user facilities and
networks that are broadly available to support research and innovation.
In addition, agencies continue to maintain a focus on the responsible
development of nanotechnology, with attention to the human and
environmental health impacts, as well as ethical, legal, and other
societal issues.
These activities will be appropriately coordinated with stakeholders
outside of the Federal government, including industry, academia, and
other governments. Agency investments in nanotechnology R&D are informed
by the NSTC's Nanoscale Science, Engineering, and Technology
Subcommittee and by outside reviews of the PCAST and the National
Research Council. Reports of these Federal and non-Federal bodies help
to identify and prioritize research, including in the area of
environmental, health, and safety aspects of nanotechnology. Reports and
general information about the NNI are available at www.nano.gov/.
Climate Change R&D: The 2009 Budget for the Climate Change Science
Program (CCSP) continues to support the implementation of the CCSP
Strategic Plan, which was released in July 2003. The 13 departments and
agencies that participate in the CCSP coordinate preparation of the
budget and program implementation. During 2009, the CCSP will continue
research into important physical science aspects of climate change,
including scientific uncertainties and preparation of a series of
Synthesis and Assessment reports. In addition, added emphasis will be
placed on the impacts of climate change and the science of adaptation.
Working within the overarching priorities defined in the Strategic Plan,
the CCSP's interagency coordination and integration efforts will give
particular emphasis in FY 2009 to the following climate change research
issues: development of an integrated earth system analysis capability; a
focus toward creating a high-quality record of the state of the
atmosphere and ocean since 1979; development of an end-to-end hydrologic
projection and application capability; enhanced carbon cycle research on
high latitude systems; quantification of climate forcing and feedbacks
by aerosols, non-carbon dioxide greenhouse gases, water vapor, and
clouds; assessment of abrupt change in a warming climate; examination of
the feasibility of development an abrupt change early warning system;
and ecological forecasting.
The program expects to receive input from the National Research
Council under the terms of a continuing advisory agreement. This advice
will include review of several CCSP Synthesis and Assessment Products.
The CCSP will continue to track deliverables and milestones for each of
its programs in order to assess overall performance. Additional detail
on individual agency activities will be provided in the Administration's
2009 edition of Our Changing Planet. Reports and general information
about the CCSP are available on the program's website:
www.climatescience.gov/.
The Climate Change Technology Program (CCTP) continues to provide
strategic direction, planning, and analysis to help coordinate and
prioritize activities within the portfolio of federally funded climate
change technology R&D consistent with the President's National Climate
Change Technology Initiative (NCCTI). The CCTP has published a Vision
and Framework for Strategy and Planning and a Strategic Plan that
outlines the program's goals and priorities. The CCTP has also
identified within its portfolio a subset of NCCTI priority activities,
defined as discrete R&D activities that address technological
challenges, which, if solved, could advance technologies with the
potential to dramatically reduce, avoid, or sequester greenhouse gas
emissions. In 2009, CCTP will continue to focus on implementing the
elements of its Vision and Framework document and Strategic Plan.
Reports and general information about the CCTP are available on the
program's website: www.climatetechnology.gov/.
The CCSP and CCTP will continue to coordinate implementation of
relevant climate change provisions in the 2005 Energy Policy Act as
appropriate.
Ocean Research: The 2009 Budget supports ocean and coastal research as
outlined in Charting the Course for Ocean Science in the United States
for the Next Decade: An Ocean Research Priorities Plan and
Implementation Strategy. Developed by the NSTC's Joint Subcommittee on
Ocean Science and Technology, the plan provides a framework for an ocean
observing system that will accurately describe marine conditions in
real-time, enhance our capability to forecast ocean processes, and
provide scientific support for ecosystem-based management. These three
overarching goals will maintain U.S. leadership in ocean technology and
enhance U.S. competitiveness. These goals are supported by 20 national
ocean research priorities, established with extensive community input
and oriented around the most compelling societal issues. The Joint
Subcommittee on Ocean Science and Technology will coordinate multi-
agency research into key aspects of the oceans, coasts and Great Lakes
and work closely with the other coordinating bodies of the President's
Ocean Action Plan.
Biomass R&D: The Biomass R&D Act of 2000 established the Biomass R&D
Board to guide interagency coordination and bring coherence to Federal
strategic planning on biomass-related issues. The Board is com
[[Page 51]]
pleting an interagency coordination and planning document that will be
reviewed by the National Academy of Sciences. In addition to assessing
the goals and plans for interagency biomass research, the Academy will
be tasked with considering economic and other impacts of increased
biomass utilization under various energy price and policy scenarios.
Additional information on the Biomass R&D Board is available online at
www.biomass.govtools.us.
Stimulating Private Investment
Along with direct spending on R&D, the Federal Government has sought
to stimulate private R&D investment through incentives in the Internal
Revenue Code. A long-standing credit, which had provided a 20-percent
tax credit for private research and experimentation expenditures above a
certain base amount, expired at the end of December 2007. The
Administration again proposes making the enhanced Research and
Experimentation tax credit permanent starting in 2008. The proposed
extension will cost $55 billion over the period from 2008 to 2013. In
addition, a permanent tax provision lets companies deduct, up front, the
costs of certain kinds of research and experimentation, rather than
capitalize these costs. Also, equipment used for research benefits from
relatively rapid tax depreciation allowance.
IV. FEDERAL R&D DATA
Federal R&D Funding
R&D is the collection of efforts directed towards gaining greater
knowledge or understanding and applying knowledge toward the production
of useful materials, devices, and methods. R&D investments can be
characterized as basic research, applied research, development, R&D
equipment, or R&D facilities, and the Office of Management and Budget
has used those or similar categories in its collection of R&D data since
1949.
Basic research is systematic study directed toward a fuller knowledge
or understanding of the fundamental aspects of phenomena and of
observable facts without specific applications towards processes or
products in mind. Basic research, however, may include activities with
broad applications in mind.
Applied research is systematic study to gain knowledge or
understanding necessary to determine the means by which a recognized and
specific need may be met.
Development is systematic application of knowledge or understanding,
directed toward the production of useful materials, devices, and systems
or methods, including design, development, and improvement of prototypes
and new processes to meet specific requirements.
Research and development equipment includes acquisition or design and
production of movable equipment, such as spectrometers, research
satellites, detectors, and other instruments. At a minimum, this
category should include programs devoted to the purchase or construction
of R&D equipment.
Research and development facilities include the acquisition, design,
and construction of, or major repairs or alterations to, all physical
facilities for use in R&D activities. Facilities include land,
buildings, and fixed capital equipment, regardless of whether the
facilities are to be used by the Government or by a private
organization, and regardless of where title to the property may rest.
This category includes such fixed facilities as reactors, wind tunnels,
and particle accelerators.
There are over twenty Federal agencies that fund R&D in the U.S. The
nature of the R&D that these agencies fund depends on the mission of
each agency and on the role of R&D in accomplishing it. Table 5-1 shows
agency-by-agency spending on basic and applied research, development,
and R&D equipment and facilities.
The ``Federal Science and Technology'' (FS&T) budget (shown in Table
5-2) highlights the creation of new knowledge and technologies more
consistently and accurately than the overall R&D data. The FS&T budget
emphasizes research; does not count funding for defense development,
testing, and evaluation; and totals less than half of Federal R&D
spending. The 2009 Budget requests $62 billion for FS&T.
[[Page 52]]
Table 5-1. FEDERAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
(Budget authority, dollar amounts in millions)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dollar Percent
2007 2008 2009 Change: Change: 2008
Actual Estimate Proposed 2008 to 2009 to 2009
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
By Agency
Defense............................................................................ 78,329 80,192 80,494 302 0%
Health and Human Services.......................................................... 29,201 29,475 29,480 5 0%
NASA............................................................................... 9,952 10,436 10,737 301 3%
Energy............................................................................. 8,522 9,739 10,558 819 8%
National Science Foundation........................................................ 4,479 4,500 5,201 701 16%
Homeland Security.................................................................. 1,246 1,143 3,287 2,144 188%
Agriculture........................................................................ 2,275 2,309 1,952 -357 -15%
Commerce........................................................................... 1,080 1,113 1,157 44 4%
Transportation..................................................................... 768 823 901 78 9%
Veterans Affairs................................................................... 892 960 884 -76 -8%
Interior........................................................................... 604 676 617 -59 -9%
Environmental Protection Agency.................................................... 606 557 550 -7 -1%
Other.............................................................................. 1,118 1,140 1,145 5 0%
------------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL.............................................................................. 139,072 143,063 146,963 3,900 3%
Basic Research
Defense............................................................................ 1,525 1,634 1,699 65 4%
Health and Human Services.......................................................... 15,646 15,897 15,884 -13 0%
NASA............................................................................... 1,786 2,104 1,912 -192 -9%
Energy............................................................................. 3,123 3,232 3,556 324 10%
National Science Foundation........................................................ 3,635 3,689 4,336 647 18%
Homeland Security.................................................................. 247 248 276 28 11%
Agriculture........................................................................ 893 856 798 -58 -7%
Commerce........................................................................... 142 96 176 80 83%
Transportation..................................................................... 2 3 3 ............ ..............
Veterans Affairs................................................................... 358 385 354 -31 -8%
Interior........................................................................... 34 43 40 -3 -7%
Environmental Protection Agency.................................................... 101 97 95 -2 -2%
Other.............................................................................. 196 188 190 2 1%
------------------------------------------------------------------
SUBTOTAL......................................................................... 27,688 28,472 29,319 847 3%
Applied Research
Defense............................................................................ 5,103 5,058 4,245 -813 -16%
Health and Human Services.......................................................... 13,405 13,414 13,424 10 0%
NASA............................................................................... 947 974 919 -55 -6%
Energy............................................................................. 2,630 3,513 3,474 -39 -1%
National Science Foundation........................................................ 357 340 422 82 24%
Homeland Security.................................................................. 434 382 381 -1 0%
Agriculture........................................................................ 1,072 1,103 922 -181 -16%
Commerce........................................................................... 637 731 737 6 1%
Transportation..................................................................... 562 576 614 38 7%
Veterans Affairs................................................................... 482 519 478 -41 -8%
Interior........................................................................... 510 549 513 -36 -7%
Environmental Protection Agency.................................................... 415 379 370 -9 -2%
Other.............................................................................. 576 574 588 14 2%
------------------------------------------------------------------
SUBTOTAL......................................................................... 27,130 28,112 27,087 -1,025 -4%
Development
Defense............................................................................ 71,641 73,358 74,393 1,035 1%
Health and Human Services.......................................................... 22 22 22 ............ ..............
NASA............................................................................... 5,576 5,436 5,731 295 5%
Energy............................................................................. 1,973 2,232 2,472 240 11%
National Science Foundation........................................................ ......... ........... ........... ............ ..............
Homeland Security.................................................................. 434 365 380 15 4%
Agriculture........................................................................ 195 195 186 -9 -5%
Commerce........................................................................... 83 76 68 -8 -11%
Transportation..................................................................... 185 225 264 39 17%
Veterans Affairs................................................................... 52 56 52 -4 -7%
Interior........................................................................... 55 62 62 ............ ..............
Environmental Protection Agency.................................................... 90 81 85 4 5%
Other.............................................................................. 300 324 298 -26 -8%
------------------------------------------------------------------
SUBTOTAL......................................................................... 80,606 82,432 84,013 1,581 2%
Facilities and Equipment
Defense............................................................................ 60 142 157 15 11%
Health and Human Services.......................................................... 128 142 150 8 6%
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NASA............................................................................... 1,643 1,922 2,175 253 13%
Energy............................................................................. 796 762 1,056 294 39%
National Science Foundation........................................................ 487 471 443 -28 -6%
Homeland Security.................................................................. 131 148 2,250 2,102 1420%
Agriculture........................................................................ 115 155 46 -109 -70%
Commerce........................................................................... 218 210 176 -34 -16%
Transportation..................................................................... 19 19 20 1 5%
Veterans Affairs................................................................... ......... ........... ........... ............ ..............
Interior........................................................................... 5 22 2 -20 -91%
Environmental Protection Agency.................................................... ......... ........... ........... ............ ..............
Other.............................................................................. 46 54 69 15 28%
------------------------------------------------------------------
SUBTOTAL......................................................................... 3,648 4,047 6,544 2,497 62%
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 54]]
Table 5-2. FEDERAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY BUDGET
(Budget authority, dollar amounts in millions)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dollar Percent
2007 Actual 2008 2009 Change: 2008 Change: 2008
Estimate Proposed to 2009 to 2009
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
By Agency
National Institutes of Health.............. 28,880 29,307 29,307 ............ ..............
Energy \1\................................. 6,200 7,226 7,627 401 6%
Science Programs......................... 3,797 3,973 4,722 749 19%
Electricity Transmission & Distribution.. 97 110 100 -10 -9%
Nuclear Energy........................... 540 962 854 -108 -11%
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy 1,176 1,440 1,197 -243 -17%
Resources \2\...........................
Fossil Energy R&D \3\.................... 590 741 754 13 2%
National Science Foundation................ 5,917 6,032 6,854 822 14%
Defense.................................... 6,628 6,692 5,944 -748 -11%
Basic Research........................... 1,525 1,634 1,699 65 4%
Applied Research......................... 5,103 5,058 4,245 -813 -16%
NASA....................................... 6,148 5,911 5,517 -394 -7%
Science.................................. 4,610 4,627 4,442 -185 -4%
Aeronautics.............................. 594 505 447 -58 -11%
Exploration Systems \4\.................. 755 654 452 -202 -31%
Innovative Partnerships.................. 189 125 176 51 41%
Agriculture................................ 2,158 2,156 1,921 -235 -11%
CSREES Research and Education \5\........ 674 672 539 -133 -20%
Economic Research Service................ 75 77 82 5 6%
Agricultural Research Service \6\........ 1,129 1,121 1,037 -84 -7%
Forest Service: Forest and Rangeland 280 286 263 -23 -8%
Research................................
Commerce................................... 891 1,008 1,012 4 0%
NOAA: Oceanic & Atmospheric Research..... 398 398 378 -20 -5%
NIST Intramural Research and Facilities.. 493 610 634 24 4%
Interior (USGS)............................ 988 1,006 969 -37 -4%
Veterans Affairs \7\....................... 892 891 884 -7 -1%
Environmental Protection Agency \8\........ 764 786 790 4 1%
Transportation............................. 560 577 601 24 4%
Highway research: Federal Highway 430 430 430 ............ ..............
Administration \9\......................
Federal Aviation Administration: 130 147 171 24 16%
Research, Engineering, and Development..
Education.................................. 342 337 344 7 2%
Special Education Research and Innovation 72 71 71 ............ ..............
National Institute on Disability and 107 106 106 ............ ..............
Rehabilitation Research.................
Research, Development, and Dissemination 163 160 167 7 4%
\10\....................................
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Total.................................... 60,368 61,929 61,770 -159 -0.3%
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Data do not reflect actual transfers to Science Programs from other Department of Energy R&D programs to
support the Small Business Innovation Research and the Small Business Technology Transfer programs.
\2\ Excludes Weatherization, State grants, and intergovernmental activities.
\3\ Excludes funding for the Alaska Natural Gas Pipeline project.
\4\ Exploration Systems includes the Exploration Technology Development Program, the Human Research Program, and
the Lunar Precursor Robotic Program.
\5\ Includes the appropriation of earnings from the Native American Endowment Fund, but not the appropriation to
the Endowment's principal.
\6\ Excludes building and facilities. Also excludes $3 million transfer to the account in 2007.
\7\ Includes the medical care and prosthetic research appropriation and research support from the VA medical
care appropriations. In 2008, $69 million in emergency funding provided to the Medical and Prosthetics
Research account by the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2008.
\8\ Science and Technology, plus superfund transfer.
\9\ According to the process established in section 1102(f) of SAFETEA-LU, FHWA annually adjusts the research
funding level from the appropriated obligation limitation.
\10\ Does not include funding for Regional Educational Labs.
[[Page 55]]
Table 5-3. AGENCY DETAIL OF SELECTED INTERAGENCY R&D EFFORTS
(Budget authority, dollar amounts in millions)
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Dollar Percent
2007 2008 2009 Change: Change: 2008
Actual Estimate Proposed 2008 to 2009 to 2009
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Networking and Information Technology R&D:
Defense............................................................................ 1,194 1,267 1,242 -25 -2%
National Science Foundation........................................................ 909 931 1,090 159 17%
Health and Human Services \1\...................................................... 566 556 555 -1 0%
Energy............................................................................. 349 436 494 58 13%
Commerce........................................................................... 76 85 90 5 6%
National Aeronautics and Space Administration...................................... 91 86 84 -2 -2%
Environmental Protection Agency.................................................... 6 6 6 ............ ..............
National Archives and Records Administration....................................... 4 5 5 ............ ..............
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TOTAL............................................................................ 3,195 3,372 3,566 194 6%
National Nanotechnology Initiative:
Defense............................................................................ 450 487 431 -56 -11%
National Science Foundation........................................................ 389 389 397 8 2%
Energy............................................................................. 236 251 311 60 24%
Health and Human Services \2\...................................................... 222 232 232 ............ ..............
Commerce (NIST).................................................................... 88 89 110 21 24%
National Aeronautics and Space Administration...................................... 24 24 24 ............ ..............
Environmental Protection Agency.................................................... 8 10 15 5 50%
Agriculture........................................................................ 7 11 8 -3 -27%
Justice............................................................................ 2 2 2 ............ ..............
Transportation..................................................................... 1 1 1 ............ ..............
Homeland Security.................................................................. 2 1 1 ............ ..............
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TOTAL............................................................................ 1,429 1,497 1,532 35 2%
Climate Change Science Program:
National Aeronautics and Space Administration...................................... 1,084 1,078 1,204 126 12%
Commerce (NOAA).................................................................... 184 240 260 20 8%
National Science Foundation........................................................ 207 205 221 16 8%
Energy............................................................................. 126 128 146 18 14%
Agriculture........................................................................ 61 65 62 -3 -5%
National Institutes of Health...................................................... 47 47 47 ............ ..............
Interior (USGS).................................................................... 27 34 31 -3 -9%
U.S. Agency for International Development.......................................... 14 14 20 6 43%
Environmental Protection Agency.................................................... 16 20 16 -4 -20%
Smithsonian........................................................................ 6 6 6 ............ ..............
Transportation..................................................................... 1 1 2 1 100%
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TOTAL............................................................................ 1,773 1,838 2,015 177 10%
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Includes funds from offsetting collections for the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
\2\ Includes funds from both the National Institutes of Health and National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health.