    [Analytical Perspectives]
    [Crosscutting Programs]
    [3. Homeland Security Funding Analysis]
    [From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

    [[Page 17]]

      ======================================================================

                              CROSSCUTTING PROGRAMS

    ========================================================================

    [[Page 19]]

                      3. HOMELAND SECURITY FUNDING ANALYSIS

      Since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the Federal
    Government, with State, local and private sector partners, has engaged
    in a concerted national effort to prevent terrorist attacks within the
    United States, reduce America's vulnerability to terrorism, and minimize
    the damage and recover from any attacks that do occur. Accordingly, we
    have identified and pursued terrorists abroad, and implemented an array
    of measures to secure our citizens and resources at home. We have worked
    with the Congress to reorganize the Federal Government; acquire
    countermeasures to chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear
    (CBRN) weapons; enhance the security of our borders; protect our
    critical infrastructure and key resources; and strengthen America's
    response and recovery capabilities in our cities and local communities.
    Elements of our National Strategy for Homeland Security involve every
    level of government as well as the private sector and individual
    citizens. Since September 11th, homeland security has continued to be a
    major policy focus for all levels of government, and the U.S. government
    has no more important mission than securing the Homeland.
      Underscoring the importance of homeland security as a crosscutting
    Government-wide function, section 889 of the Homeland Security Act of
    2002 requires a homeland security funding analysis to be incorporated in
    the President's Budget. This analysis addresses that legislative
    requirement. This analysis covers the homeland security funding and
    activities of all Federal agencies, not only those carried out by the
    Department of Homeland Security (DHS), but also State, local, and
    private sector expenditures. Since not all activities carried out by DHS
    constitute homeland security funding (e.g. response to natural disasters
    and Coast Guard search and rescue activities), DHS estimates in this
    section do not represent the entire DHS budget.

                   Data Collection Methodology and Adjustments

      The Federal spending estimates in this analysis utilize funding and
    programmatic information collected on the Executive Branch's homeland
    security efforts. \1\ Throughout the budget formulation process, the
    Office of Management and Budget (OMB) collects three-year funding
    estimates and associated programmatic information from all Federal
    agencies with homeland security responsibilities. These estimates do not
    include the efforts of the Legislative or Judicial branches. Information
    in this chapter is augmented by a detailed appendix of account-level
    funding estimates, which is available on the Analytical Perspectives CD-
    ROM.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
      \1\ All data in the Federal expenditures section are based on the
    President's policy for the 2009 Budget. Additional policy and baseline
    data is presented in the ``Additional Tables'' section. Due to rounding,
    data in this section may not add to totals in other Budget volumes.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
      To compile this data, agencies report information using standardized
    definitions for homeland security. \2\ The data provided by the agencies
    are developed at the ``activity level,'' which is a set of like programs
    or projects, at a level of detail sufficient to consolidate the
    information to determine total Governmental spending on homeland
    security.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
      \2\ Federal homeland security activities are currently defined by OMB
    in Circular A-11 as, ``activities that focus on combating and protecting
    against terrorism, and that occur within the United States and its
    territories (this includes Critical Infrastructure Protection (CIP) and
    Continuity of Operations (COOP) data), or outside of the United States
    and its territories if they support domestically-based systems or
    activities (e.g., visa processing or pre-screening high-risk cargo at
    overseas ports). Such activities include efforts to detect, deter,
    protect against, and, if needed, respond to terrorist attacks.''
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
      To the extent possible, this analysis maintains programmatic and
    funding consistency with previous estimates. Some discrepancies from
    data reported in earlier years arise due to agencies' improved ability
    to extract homeland security-related activities from host programs and
    refine their characterizations. As in the Budget, where appropriate, the
    data is also updated to reflect agency activities, Congressional action,
    and technical re-estimates. In addition, the Administration may refine
    definitions or mission area estimates over time based on additional
    analysis or changes in the way specific activities are characterized,
    aggregated, or disaggregated.

                              Federal Expenditures

      Total funding for homeland security has grown significantly since the
    attacks of September 11, 2001. For 2009, the President's Budget includes
    $66.3 billion of gross budget authority for homeland security
    activities, a $4.5 billion (7.3 percent) increase over the 2008 enacted
    level. \3\ Excluding mandatory spending, fees, and the Department of
    Defense's (DOD) homeland security budget, the 2009 Budget proposes a
    net, non-Defense, discretionary budget authority level of $40.1 billion,
    which is an increase of $3.9 billion (10.7 percent) over the 2008 level
    (see Table 3-1).
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
      \3\ The 2009 gross homeland security funding request level excludes
    $2.2 billion for BioShield.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
      A total of 32 agency budgets comprise Federal homeland security
    funding in 2009. Of those, five agencies--the Departments of Homeland
    Security, Defense, Health and Human Services (HHS), Justice (DOJ) and
    Energy (DOE)--account for approximately $60.7 billion (91 percent) of
    total Government-wide gross discretionary homeland security funding in
    2009.

    [[Page 20]]

                                     Table 3-1.  HOMELAND SECURITY FUNDING BY AGENCY
                                       (Budget authority, in millions of dollars)
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                 2007                         2008
                 Budget Authority                  2007      Supplemental/      2008      Supplemental/      2009
                                                 Enacted       Emergency      Enacted     Emergency \1\    Request
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Department of Agriculture................        540.5  ..............        570.0  ..............        690.9
    Department of Commerce \2\...............        205.0  ..............        206.9  ..............        262.3
    Department of Defense....................     16,538.3  ..............     17,374.4  ..............     17,645.9
    Department of Education..................         26.2  ..............         27.1  ..............         30.3
    Department of Energy.....................      1,719.2  ..............      1,828.7  ..............      1,942.9
    Department of Health and Human Services..      4,327.0  ..............      4,300.6  ..............      4,456.7
    Department of Homeland Security..........     26,857.9         2,695.6     30,100.6         2,639.7     32,817.1
    Department of Housing and Urban                    1.9  ..............          1.9  ..............          4.1
     Development.............................
    Department of the Interior...............         47.8  ..............         49.6  ..............         43.5
    Department of Justice....................      3,306.4           211.3      3,273.5           249.5      3,794.9
    Department of Labor......................         49.4  ..............         47.5  ..............         51.4
    Department of State......................      1,241.6  ..............      1,961.5  ..............      2,465.6
    Department of Transportation.............        205.7  ..............        205.3  ..............        221.2
    Department of the Treasury...............        126.8  ..............        116.0  ..............        126.6
    Department of Veterans Affairs...........        259.8  ..............        271.7  ..............        348.1
    Corps of Engineers.......................         42.0  ..............         42.0  ..............         42.0
    Environmental Protection Agency..........        166.7  ..............        138.1  ..............        170.3
    Executive Office of the President........         20.8  ..............         21.2  ..............         20.7
    General Services Administration..........        168.2  ..............        143.0           225.0        119.4
    National Aeronautics and Space                   199.2  ..............        205.2  ..............        203.0
     Administration..........................
    National Science Foundation..............        385.4  ..............        373.9  ..............        379.0
    Office of Personnel Management...........          2.8  ..............          2.3  ..............          2.5
    Social Security Administration...........        194.0  ..............        212.6  ..............        221.5
    District of Columbia.....................          8.5  ..............          3.4  ..............         15.0
    Federal Communications Commission........          2.3  ..............          2.3  ..............          2.3
    Intelligence Community Management Account         56.0  ..............        122.0  ..............         12.6
    National Archives and Records                     17.9  ..............         17.7  ..............         18.8
     Administration..........................
    Nuclear Regulatory Commission............         72.2  ..............         72.1  ..............         72.8
    Securities and Exchange Commission.......         14.3  ..............         16.4  ..............         15.9
    Smithsonian Institution..................         80.7  ..............         93.1  ..............         96.6
    United States Holocaust Memorial Museum..          7.8  ..............          8.0  ..............          9.0
    Corporation for National and Community            33.6  ..............  ...........  ..............  ...........
     Service.................................
                                              ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total, Homeland Security Budget Authority     56,925.9         2,906.9     61,808.4         3,114.3     66,302.5
    Less Department of Defense...............    -16,538.3  ..............    -17,374.4  ..............    -17,645.9
                                              ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    Non-Defense Homeland Security BA,             40,387.5         2,906.9     44,434.0         3,114.3     48,656.6
     excluding Mandatory PSIC Grants and
     BioShield...............................
      Less Fee-Funded Homeland Security           -4,534.4  ..............     -5,347.7  ..............     -5,355.3
       Programs..............................
      Less Mandatory Homeland Security            -2,435.5  ..............     -2,871.7  ..............     -3,223.9
       Programs..............................
                                              ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    Net Non-Defense Discretionary Homeland        33,417.7         2,906.9     36,214.6         3,114.3     40,077.3
     Security BA, excluding Mandatory PSIC
     Grants and BioShield....................
      Plus Mandatory PSIC Grants.............      1,000.0  ..............  ...........  ..............  ...........
      Plus BioShield.........................  ...........  ..............  ...........  ..............      2,175.0
                                              ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    Net Non-Defense Discretionary Homeland        34,417.7         2,906.9     36,214.6         3,114.3     42,252.3
     Security BA, including Mandatory PSIC
     Grants and BioShield....................

    Obligations Limitations
    Department of Transportation Obligations         121.0  ..............        121.0  ..............        121.3
     Limitation..............................
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    \1\ The 2008 supplemental and emergency funding levels for the Departments of Homeland Security (DHS) and
      Justice (DOJ) include both enacted and requested supplemental and emergency funding. DHS supplemental funding
      includes the pending $113 million and DOJ supplemental funding includes the pending $106 million.
    \2\ DOC's 2007 gross full-year CR level per H.J.Res. 20 for homeland security excludes $1 billion in mandatory
      borrowing authority for the Public Safetly Interoperable Communications (PSIC) Grants program to provide
      Federal grants to public safety agencies for communications interoperability purposes. Although technically
      scored in 2007, this funding will be made available from proceeds of the Federal Communications Commission's
      2008 auction of returned television spectrum, at which time DOC will begin obligating funds.

      The growth in Federal homeland security funding is indicative of the
    efforts that have been initiated to secure our Nation. However, it
    should be recognized that fully developing the strategic capacity to
    protect America is a complex effort with many challenges. There is a
    wide range of potential threats and risks from terrorism. To optimize
    limited resources and minimize the potential social costs to our free
    and open society, we must apply a risk management approach across all
    homeland security efforts in order to identify and assess potential
    hazards (including their downstream effects), determine what levels of
    relative risk are acceptable, and prioritize and allocate resources
    among all homeland security partners, both public and private, to
    prevent, protect against, and respond to and recover from incidents.

    [[Page 21]]

      Homeland security is a shared responsibility built upon a foundation
    of partnerships--Federal, State, local, and Tribal governments, the
    private and non-profit sectors, communities, and individual citizens all
    share common goals, responsibilities, as well as accountability, for
    securing the Homeland. In addition, partnerships in homeland security
    also extend beyond our Nation's borders, with international cooperation
    continuing to be an enduring feature of our approach to threats that
    transcend jurisdictional and geographic boundaries.
      The latest National Strategy for Homeland Security of 2007 continues
    to provide a framework for addressing these challenges first set out by
    the President's 2002 version. It guides the highest priority
    requirements for securing the Nation. As demonstrated below, the Federal
    government has used the National Strategy to guide its homeland security
    efforts.
      In October 2007, the President issued an updated National Strategy for
    Homeland Security, which is serving to guide, organize, and unify our
    Nation's homeland security efforts. This updated National Strategy,
    which builds directly from the first National Strategy for Homeland
    Security issued in July 2002, reflects our increased understanding of
    the terrorist threats confronting the United States and incorporates
    lessons learned from exercises and real-world catastrophes. It provides
    a common framework through which our entire Nation should focus its
    homeland security efforts on the following four goals:
        prevent and disrupt terrorist attacks;
        protect the American people, our critical infrastructure,
              and key resources;
        respond to and recover from incidents that do occur; and
        continue to strengthen the homeland security foundation we
              have built to ensure our long-term success.

                Table 3-2.  POLICY ESTIMATES--HOMELAND SECURITY FUNDING BY NATIONAL STRATEGY MISSION AREA
                                       (Budget authority, in millions of dollars)
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                   2007                        2008
                       Agency                        2007     Supplemental/      2008     Supplemental/      2009
                                                   Enacted      Emergency      Enacted      Emergency      Request
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Intelligence and Warning...................        670.8         15.2          682.7         39.1          765.9
    Border and Transportation Security.........     19,365.3      2,253.6       22,286.8      2,842.7       25,712.5
    Domestic Counterterrorism..................      5,026.6        222.8        4,896.8        154.7        5,392.9
    Protecting Critical Infrastructure and Key      18,388.2        228.5       19,926.1         15.8       20,164.5
     Assets....................................
    Defending Against Catastrophic Threats.....      8,595.9        149.9        8,278.1          2.0        9,054.8
    Emergency Preparedness and Response........      4,822.2         37.0        5,551.4         60.0        5,013.1
    Other......................................         56.9  .............        186.5  .............        198.8
                                                --------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total, Homeland Security Budget Authority..     56,925.9      2,906.9       61,808.4      3,114.3       66,302.5
      Plus Mandatory Interoperability                1,000.0  .............  ...........  .............  ...........
       Communications Grants...................
      Plus BioShield...........................  ...........  .............  ...........  .............      2,175.0
                                                --------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total Homeland Security Budget Authority        57,925.9      2,906.9       61,808.4      3,114.3       68,477.5
     plus Mandatory PSIC Grants and BioShield..
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

      For this year's analysis, departments and agencies categorized their
    funding data based on the critical mission areas defined in the National
    Strategy for Homeland Security (July 2002), which are: Intelligence and
    Warning; Border and Transportation Security; Domestic Counterterrorism;
    Protecting Critical Infrastructures and Key Assets; Defending Against
    Catastrophic Threats; and Emergency Preparedness and Response. Next
    year's categorization will be based on the four goals of the 2007
    National Strategy for Homeland Security.
      At the Federal level, the National Strategy is a dynamic document
    being implemented through a robust interagency planning and coordination
    process. It includes actions that agencies use and must build upon to
    measure progress. In some cases, progress may be easily measured. In
    others, Federal departments and agencies, along with State and local
    governments and the private sector, are working together to develop
    measurable goals. Finally, in some areas, Federal departments and
    agencies and partners must continue to develop a better understanding of
    changing risks and threats--such as the biological agents most likely to
    be used by a terrorist group or the highest-risk critical infrastructure
    targets--in order to develop benchmarks that suit the needs of the
    moment and at the same time align to long-term goals. For example, a
    major inter-agency effort currently occurring at the Federal level is
    the tracking and updating of the National Implementation Plan for the
    Global War on Terrorism and attendant performance measures that address
    homeland security.
      Funding presented in this report is analyzed in the context of major
    ``mission areas.'' Activities in many of the mission areas are closely
    related and certain capabilities highlighted by a single mission area
    also enhance capabilities captured by other mission areas. For example,
    information gleaned from activities in the

    [[Page 22]]

    intelligence and warning category may be utilized to inform law
    enforcement activities in the domestic counterterrorism category.
    However, for the purposes of segmenting Federal homeland security
    funding by mission areas, discussions of cross-cutting activities have
    also been separated by mission areas.
      Furthermore, there are a small number of notable cross-cutting
    activities that are not specifically highlighted in any of the mission
    areas. For example, although pandemic influenza preparedness is
    considered an essential activity, it does not necessarily fit into a
    single homeland security mission area, and general bio-defense and
    preparedness activities of the Federal government encompass it.
    Nevertheless, the preparations we are making for pandemic influenza have
    a direct impact on our ability to defend against and respond to
    terrorist weapons of mass destruction (WMD) threats.
      The following table summarizes funding levels by the mission areas set
    forth in the 2002 National Strategy for Homeland Security ; more
    detailed analysis is provided in subsequent mission-specific analysis
    sections.

    Intelligence and Warning

      The Intelligence and Warning mission area covers activities to detect
    terrorist threats and disseminate terrorist-threat information. This
    category includes intelligence collection, risk analysis, and threat-
    vulnerability integration activities for preventing terrorist attacks.
    It also includes information sharing activities among Federal, State,
    and local governments, relevant private sector entities, and the public
    at large. It does not include most foreign intelligence collection--
    although the resulting intelligence may inform homeland security
    activities--nor does it fully capture classified intelligence
    activities. In 2009, funding for intelligence and warning is distributed
    between DHS (53 percent), primarily in the Office of Intelligence and
    Analysis; DOJ (43 percent), primarily in the Federal Bureau of
    Investigation (FBI); and other Intelligence Community members (4
    percent). The 2009 funding for intelligence and warning activities is
    12.2 percent above the 2008 level.

                                      Table 3-3.  INTELLIGENCE AND WARNING FUNDING
                                       (Budget authority, in millions of dollars)
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                   2007                        2008
                       Agency                        2007     Supplemental/      2008     Supplemental/      2009
                                                   Enacted      Emergency      Enacted      Emergency      Request
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Department of Agriculture..................          7.6  .............         16.8  .............         16.8
    Department of Commerce.....................          1.8  .............          2.0  .............          2.0
    Department of Homeland Security............        380.1          8.0          370.2  .............        403.0
    Department of Justice......................        219.5          7.2          213.8         39.1          329.3
    Department of the Treasury.................          5.7  .............          3.6  .............          7.3
    Intelligence Community Management Account..         56.0  .............         76.4  .............          7.5
                                                --------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total, Intelligence and Warning............        670.8         15.2          682.7         39.1          765.9
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

      The major requirements addressed in the intelligence and warning
    mission area include:
        Unifying and enhancing intelligence and analytical
              capabilities to ensure officials have the information they
              need to prevent attacks; and
        Implementing information sharing and warning mechanisms,
              such as the Homeland Security Advisory System, to allow
              Federal, State, local, and private authorities to take action
              to prevent attacks and protect potential targets.
      As established by the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act
    (IRTPA) of 2004, the Director of National Intelligence (DNI) ensures
    that this office is setting collection and analysis priorities that are
    consistent with the National Intelligence Strategy. This strategy calls
    for the integration of both the domestic and foreign dimensions of U.S.
    intelligence so that there are no gaps in our understanding of threats
    to the homeland.
      In accordance with the IRTPA's requirements for the Information
    Sharing Environment (ISE), the DNI is also ensuring that information
    sharing takes place in an environment where access to terrorism
    information is matched to the roles, responsibilities, and missions of
    all the organizations across the intelligence community. These changes
    allow the intelligence community to ``connect the dots'' more
    effectively, develop a better integrated system for identifying and
    analyzing terrorist threats, and issue warnings more rapidly. The DNI,
    in conjunction with the Homeland Security Council (HSC) and relevant
    Federal agencies, has established the ISE Implementation Plan and ISE
    Privacy Guidelines in accordance with a Presidential directive in
    December 2005, which outlined new guidelines and protocols for improving
    information sharing between Federal, State, local, and foreign
    governments and the private sector.
      The National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC) is specifically chartered
    to centralize U.S. Government terrorism threat analysis and ensure that
    all agencies receive relevant analysis and information. NCTC serves as
    the primary organization in the U.S. Government

    [[Page 23]]

    for analyzing and integrating all intelligence pertaining to terrorism
    and counterterrorism (except purely domestic terrorism) and the central
    and shared knowledge bank on known and suspected terrorists and
    international terror groups. It also ensures that agencies, as
    appropriate, have access to and receive the all-source intelligence
    support needed to execute their counterterrorism plans or perform
    independent, alternative analysis. NCTC is tasked with coordinating
    counterterrorism operational planning on a global basis and developing
    strategic, operational plans for the Global War on Terrorism. The NCTC,
    with guidance from the National Security Council and the HSC, has
    created the first National Implementation Plan for the Global War on
    Terrorism, which will further consolidate the U.S. Government's efforts
    on the Global War on Terrorism.
      The DNI and the NCTC work to utilize the unique assets and
    capabilities of other Government agencies and interagency groups--some
    of which are reorganizing to improve these capabilities and better
    interface with the new intelligence structure. As such, the NCTC
    allocates requirements to the agencies with the assets and capabilities
    to address them. In addition, NCTC has formed a new core staff of
    analysts drawn from multiple intelligence agencies. This variety ensures
    that NCTC can access the Intelligence Community's full breadth of
    knowledge and complement the activities of individual agencies. Despite
    the addition of this new permanent planning staff, NCTC will not
    undertake direct operations but will continue to leave mission execution
    with the appropriate agencies. This separation ensures that agencies'
    chains of command remain intact and prevent potentially excessive
    micromanagement of counterterrorism missions. Taken together, the
    creation of the NCTC and recent legislation and executive orders will
    ensure counterterrorism intelligence and warning assets are better
    allocated and more tightly coordinated, leading to improved intelligence
    for homeland security.
      Over the past seven years, the FBI has developed its intelligence
    capabilities and improved its ability to protect the American people
    from threats to national security. It has built on its established
    capacity to collect information and enhanced its ability to analyze,
    disseminate and utilize intelligence. The percentage of the FBI's
    finished intelligence reports that were responsive to National
    Intelligence Priority Framework topics (which is a measure of how
    responsive the program is to the U.S. Intelligence Community's
    collection requirements) increased from 79 percent in 2005 to 92 percent
    in 2007. In 2007, 33 percent of human sources that the FBI obtained
    information from reported on Tier 1 threat groups, which is composed of
    entities with high intentions to harm the homeland and moderate or
    strong links with al-Qa'ida. Furthermore, the FBI's Terrorist Screening
    Center has significantly increase the number of positive encounters
    (database hits) with subjects through multiple Federal screening
    processes from approximately 5,300 hits in 2004 to over 21,000 in 2007.
      The President's 2009 Budget supports the FBI's priorities and its
    continuing transformation by providing the resources needed to enhance
    its national security capabilities and improve supporting information
    technology and infrastructure. These initiatives will increase the
    number of agents and specialists working national security cases;
    enhance intelligence collection, systems, and training; improve
    information technology (IT) systems that reduce paperwork and facilitate
    information sharing; and expand partnerships with Federal, state, local
    and foreign agencies, as well as the private sector. Among the
    intelligence-related enhancements in the 2009 budget are $26 million for
    the confidential human source validation program, $25 million for
    foreign language translation programs and $10 million for technical
    collections.
      As a result of the Department of Homeland Security's 2006
    reorganization (Second Stage Review), a new Office of Intelligence and
    Analysis (I&A) was established to strengthen intelligence functions and
    information sharing within DHS. I&A gathers information to analyze
    terrorist threats to critical infrastructure, transportation systems, or
    other targets inside the homeland. Led by the DHS Chief Intelligence
    Officer reporting directly to the Secretary, this office not only relies
    on personnel from the former Information Analysis and Infrastructure
    Protection Directorate, but also draws on the expertise of other DHS
    components with information collection and analytical capabilities. For
    example, improved coordination and information sharing between border
    agents, air marshals, and intelligence analysts deepens the Department's
    understanding of terrorist threats. By maintaining and expanding its
    partnership with the NCTC, DHS will better coordinate its activities
    with other members within the intelligence community and the DNI.
      I&A also serves as the focal point for disseminating homeland security
    information to State and local entities. For example, I&A is connected
    to homeland security directors and intelligence analysts of States,
    counties, and territories through the Homeland Security Information
    Network (HSIN) and it is deploying the Homeland Security Data Network
    (HSDN) to them as well, with over 18 State and Local Fusion Centers
    already able to access DHS secret-level classified systems through HSDN.
    All 50 States and major urban areas are connected to HSIN, and it is
    being rolled out to major counties as well. Furthermore, in recognition
    of the limitations of virtual interactions through electronic
    communications networks, beginning in 2006, I&A has begun deploying
    liaisons and intelligence analysts to State and Local Intelligence
    Fusion Centers across the Nation to improve the flow and quality of
    homeland security information to State, local and private sector
    partners and ensure a more accurate situational awareness for DHS and
    its Federal partners. In 2007, DHS disseminated a total of 355
    intelligence products to its Federal, State, local, tribal, and private
    sector partners.

    [[Page 24]]

    Border and Transportation Security

      This mission area covers activities to protect border and
    transportation systems, such as screening airport passengers, detecting
    dangerous materials at ports overseas and at U.S. ports-of-entry, and
    patrolling our coasts and the land between ports-of-entry. The majority
    of funding in this mission area ($23 billion, or 89 percent, in 2009) is
    in DHS, largely for the U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP), the
    Transportation Security Administration (TSA), and the U.S Coast Guard.
    Other DHS bureaus and other Federal Departments, such as the Departments
    of State and Justice, also play a significant role. The President's 2009
    request would increase funding for border and transportation security
    activities by 15.4 percent over the 2008 level.

                                 Table 3-4.  BORDER AND TRANSPORTATION SECURITY FUNDING
                                       (Budget authority, in millions of dollars)
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                   2007                        2008
                       Agency                        2007     Supplemental/      2008     Supplemental/      2009
                                                   Enacted      Emergency      Enacted      Emergency      Request
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Department of Agriculture..................        214.2  .............        244.1  .............        255.1
    Department of Commerce.....................          1.5  .............          1.6  .............          1.8
    Department of Homeland Security............     17,823.7      2,253.6       20,004.5      2,511.7       22,970.8
    Department of Justice......................         20.6  .............          4.5        106.0            4.6
    Department of State........................      1,190.3  .............      1,901.8  .............      2,395.5
    Department of Transportation...............         14.6  .............         15.3  .............         10.7
    General Services Administration............        100.4  .............        115.0        225.0           74.0
                                                --------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total, Border and Transportation Security..     19,365.3      2,253.6       22,286.8      2,842.7       25,712.5
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

      Securing our borders and transportation systems is a complex task.
    Security enhancements in one area may make another avenue more
    attractive to terrorists. Therefore, our border and transportation
    security strategy aims to make the U.S. borders ``smarter''--targeting
    layered resources toward the highest risks and sharing information so
    that frontline personnel can stay ahead of potential adversaries--while
    facilitating the flow of legitimate visitors and commerce. The creation
    of DHS allowed for unification of the Federal Government's major border
    and transportation security resources, which facilitates the integration
    of risk targeting systems and ensures greater accountability in border
    and transportation security. Rather than having separate systems for
    managing goods, people, and agricultural products, one agency is now
    accountable for ensuring that there is one cohesive border management
    system.
      The 2009 Budget provides approximately $9.5 billion for Customs and
    Border Protection (CBP) including nearly $500 million in funding for
    2,200 new Border Patrol agents. The President has committed to more than
    doubling the size of the Border Patrol to 18,300 agents before he leaves
    office and obtaining funding for an additional 1,700 by the end of 2009.
    At the start of the President's administration, there were approximately
    9,000 Border Patrol agents.
      To further gain control of our borders, the Budget also continues
    funding for technology and infrastructure along the border. In September
    of 2006, DHS awarded a contract to implement the technological and
    infrastructure component of its Secure Border Initiative (SBI) effort,
    SBInet. SBInet will concentrate on using proven, technology to
    significantly improve the availability of information and tools to
    Border Patrol agents so they can better detect, identify, classify and
    confront illegal border activity by those who pose a threat to the
    United States. The Budget includes $775 million for this priority. This
    investment will support smarter and more secure borders.
      The Administration has effectively ended the practice of ``catch and
    release'' along the northern and southern borders. Non-Mexican illegal
    aliens apprehended at the border are now detained and then returned to
    their home countries as quickly as possible and all non-criminal Mexican
    illegal aliens apprehended are returned to Mexico immediately. The 2009
    Budget includes $2.6 billion in detention and removal resources to
    continue this success and supports a total of 33,000 detention beds
    across the country to house illegal aliens apprehended by DHS.
      To improve coordination and provide assistance to State and local law
    enforcement officials, the Budget will expand a successful Federal/State
    and local partnership--the 287(g) program, which provides State/local
    law enforcement officials with guidance and training in immigration law,
    subject to the direction of the Secretary of Homeland Security. The 2009
    Budget includes an increase of $12 million for the 287(g) program and
    the Law Enforcement Support Center, including the training of State and
    local law enforcement officers, detention beds for apprehended illegal
    aliens, and personnel to assist state and local law enforcement when
    they encounter aliens.
      Key to the Federal Government's screening of international visitors is
    the US-VISIT program, which is designed to expedite the clearance of
    legitimate travelers while identifying and denying clearance to those
    who may intend harm. US-VISIT previously collected two digital
    fingerprints and a digital photograph of all foreign visitors entering
    the United States. In 2007,

    [[Page 25]]

    the number of biometric watch list hits for travelers processed at U.S.
    ports of entry exceeded 6,000, and the number of hits for visa
    applicants at consular offices exceeded 4,000. In November 2007, US-
    VISIT introduced technology to collect 10 fingerprints from arriving
    foreign visitors with the plan to roll-out 10-print collection to 8 more
    ports soon. In order to ensure that US-VISIT has full coverage of all
    potential visitors to the United States, all U.S. ports of entry will
    transition to collecting 10 fingerprints by the end of 2008. The 2009
    Budget includes $390 million to support the increased system
    infrastructure and continue the progress toward interoperability with
    the FBI's fingerprint system, the Integrated Automated Fingerprint
    Identification System (IAFIS).
      In order to further improve aviation security, in 2009, the
    Administration will devote nearly $6.0 billion to the multi-layered,
    risk-based aviation security system, including: $3 billion for over
    48,000 Transportation Security Officers and technologies to screen
    passengers and their baggage for weapons and explosives. TSA will
    continue to provide specialized training in the detection of suspicious
    behaviors, fraudulent documents, and improvised explosive devices, $131
    million for enhancements at passenger checkpoints to improve the
    detection of prohibited items, especially weapons and explosives,
    through the use of additional sensors such as whole body imaging, liquid
    bottle scanners, automated explosive sampling, and cast and prosthesis
    scanners; and nearly $100 million for air cargo security inspectors,
    canine teams, and the Certified Shipper Program to achieve 100 percent
    screening of passenger air cargo in 2010.
      The Budget will also recapitalize checked baggage screening devices
    and accelerate deployment of inline systems that will increase baggage
    throughput by up to 300 percent. The President's Budget proposes a
    temporary, four-year surcharge on the passenger security fee of $0.50
    per enplanement with a maximum increase of $1.00 per one-way trip. The
    additional fee collections of $426 million would be deposited in the
    mandatory Aviation Security Capital Fund to accelerate the deployment of
    optimal checked baggage screening systems and address the need to
    recapitalize existing equipment deployed immediately after September 11,
    2001.
      In the area of surface transportation security, TSA assessed
    approximately 37 percent of national critical surface transportation
    assets or systems in pipeline, maritime, mass transit, rail, highway,
    motor carrier, and postal shipping sectors in 2007 and continues to
    provide assistance to the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) in
    its review of infrastructure protection grant applications. In 2009, TSA
    will devote over $375 million for surface transportation security,
    including funding for nearly 100 inspectors to conduct risk-based
    assessments in the largest mass transit and rail systems.
      Safeguarding our seaports is critical since terrorists may seek to use
    them to enter the country or introduce weapons or other dangerous
    materials. With 95 percent of all U.S. cargo passing through the
    Nation's 361 ports, a terrorist attack on a major seaport could slow the
    movement of goods and be economically devastating to the nation. The
    Maritime Transportation Security Act (MTSA) and its implementing
    regulations, issued by DHS in October 2003, require ports, vessels, and
    facilities to conduct security assessments. In 2009, the Coast Guard
    will continue to ensure compliance with MTSA port and vessel security
    standards and regulations. The 2009 Budget provides nearly $3 billion
    for port security across DHS, primarily for Coast Guard port security
    activities such as Maritime Safety and Security Teams and harbor
    patrols. In addition, the Coast Guard's budget funds operations to
    strengthen intelligence collection and surveillance capabilities in the
    maritime environment, both of which contribute to the broader Coast
    Guard effort to enhance Maritime Domain Awareness. In 2007, Congress
    passed P.L. 109-347, the SAFE Port Act, which requires enhanced
    screening of cargo bound for the Unites States, among other port
    security measures. In addition, port operators are eligible for grants
    to fund security enhancements under DHS' Infrastructure Protection
    Program (IPP) which falls under the Infrastructure Protection mission
    area.
      The Department of State's Bureau of Consular Affairs is the second
    largest contributor to border and transportation security. The
    Department's Border Security Program includes visa, passport, American
    Citizen Services and International Adoption programs. For foreign
    visitors that require a visa, the Department of State collects the
    visitor's biometric and biographic data, which is then checked against
    U.S. government databases, thereby improving the ability to make a visa
    determination. When the visitor arrives in the United States, US-VISIT
    procedures allow DHS to determine whether the person applying for entry
    is the same person who was issued the visa by the Department of State.
    This and additional database checks improve the ability of DHS to make
    admissibility decisions.
      In addition, the Department of State will continue to respond to
    demand for secure travel documents that will be required by the Western
    Hemisphere Travel Initiative. Under this initiative, United States
    citizens and foreign visitors traveling to and from the Caribbean,
    Bermuda, Panama, Canada or Mexico will be required to have a passport or
    standardized travel card that establishes the bearer's identity and
    nationality to enter or re-enter the United States. The initiative will
    improve security at our borders by standardizing entry and exit
    information and increasing the ability of Government agencies to work
    together.
      Furthermore, the President's 2009 request significantly increases
    funding for the Department of State's border security program to Mexico
    for the purchase of x-ray systems to inspect trucks and trains, a mobile
    x-ray van, patrol vehicles, cameras, fences, and training and systems
    support to Mexican customs and immigration officials.

    [[Page 26]]

    Domestic Counterterrorism

      Funding in the Domestic Counterterrorism mission area covers Federal
    and Federally-supported efforts to identify, thwart, and prosecute
    terrorists in the United States. The largest contributors to the
    domestic counterterrorism mission are law enforcement organizations: the
    DOJ (largely for the FBI) and DHS (largely for ICE), accounting for 52.7
    and 45.5 percent of funding for 2009, respectively.

                                       Table 3-5.  DOMESTIC COUNTERRORISM FUNDING
                                       (Budget authority, in millions of dollars)
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                   2007                        2008
                       Agency                        2007     Supplemental/      2008     Supplemental/      2009
                                                   Enacted      Emergency      Enacted      Emergency      Request
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Department of Homeland Security............      2,461.1         27.0        2,220.2         68.0        2,454.3
    Department of Interior.....................          0.3  .............          0.2  .............          0.2
    Department of Justice......................      2,469.4        195.8        2,590.9         86.7        2,839.4
    Department of Transportation...............         20.0  .............         23.0  .............         29.0
    Department of the Treasury.................         74.4  .............         62.4  .............         69.8
    Social Security Administration.............          1.4  .............          0.2  .............          0.2
                                                --------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total, Domestic Counterterrorism...........      5,026.6        222.8        4,896.8        154.7        5,392.9
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

      Since the attacks of September 11th, preventing and interdicting
    terrorist activity within the United States has become a priority for
    law enforcement at all levels of government. The major requirements
    addressed in the domestic counterterrorism mission area include:
        Developing a proactive law enforcement capability to prevent
              terrorist attacks;
        Apprehending potential terrorists; and
        Improving law enforcement cooperation and information
              sharing to enhance domestic counterterrorism efforts across
              all levels of government.
      The President's 2009 Budget supports the FBI's top strategic priority:
    to protect the United States from terrorist attacks. FBI continues to
    build its counterterrorism capabilities post-9/11. Over the past seven
    years, FBI has shifted resources to counterterrorism from lower priority
    programs, hired and trained additional field investigators, enhanced
    science and technology capabilities, and strengthened headquarters
    oversight of the counterterrorism program. In 2007, the FBI reported
    over 3,600 State and local law enforcement participants in its Joint
    Terrorism Task Forces that are found all across the nation. Overall, FBI
    resources in the domestic counterterrorism category have increased from
    $0.9 billion in 2002 to $2 billion in 2009. Among the largest 2009
    initiatives for enhancing counterterrorism capabilities are $28 million
    for national security field investigations, $28 million for surveillance
    operations, and $16 million for the Weapons of Mass Destruction
    Directorate.
      ICE works to deter and dismantle terrorist groups, individuals, and
    companies involved in the illegal procurement and movement of weapons of
    mass destruction and their materials and components. ICE National
    Security Investigations personnel work closely with the Federal Bureau
    of Investigation's Joint Terrorism Task Forces to utilize the collective
    resources of the participating agencies for the prevention, deterrence,
    and investigation of terrorism and related activities occurring in or
    affecting the United States.

    Protecting Critical Infrastructure and Key Assets

      Funding in the Protecting Critical Infrastructure and Key Assets
    mission area captures the efforts of the U.S. Government to secure the
    Nation's infrastructure, including information infrastructure, from
    terrorist attacks. Protecting the Nation's critical infrastructure and
    key assets is a complex challenge for two reasons: (1) the diversity of
    infrastructure and (2) the high level of private ownership (85 percent)
    of the Nation's critical infrastructure and key assets. DOD continues to
    report the largest share of funding in this category for 2009 ($12
    billion, or 59.8 percent), which includes programs focusing on physical
    security and improving the military's ability to prevent or mitigate the
    consequences of attacks against departmental personnel and facilities.
    DHS has overall responsibility for prioritizing and executing
    infrastructure protection activities at the national level and accounts
    for $3.8 billion (18.7 percent) of 2009 funding. In addition, a total of
    25 other agencies report funding to protect their own assets and work
    with States, localities, and the private sector to reduce
    vulnerabilities in their areas of expertise. The President's 2009
    request increases funding for activities to protect critical
    infrastructure and key assets by $238 million (1.2 percent) over the
    2008 level.

                          Table 3-6.  PROTECTING CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND KEY ASSETS FUNDING
                                       (Budget authority, in millions of dollars)
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                   2007                        2008
                       Agency                        2007     Supplemental/      2008     Supplemental/      2009
                                                   Enacted      Emergency      Enacted      Emergency      Request
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Department of Agriculture..................         34.2  .............         39.2  .............         59.3
    Department of Defense......................     11,254.0  .............     12,126.8  .............     12,058.3
    Department of Energy.......................      1,537.6  .............      1,604.4  .............      1,626.0
    Department of Health and Human Services....        185.4  .............        192.4  .............        199.6
    Department of Homeland Security............      3,107.3        222.0        3,840.4  .............      3,768.4
    Department of Justice......................        545.0          6.5          409.4         15.8          571.4
    Department of Transportation...............        155.5  .............        149.3  .............        162.7
    Department of Veterans Affairs.............        217.7  .............        216.3  .............        277.4
    National Aeronautics and Space                     199.2  .............        205.2  .............        203.0
     Administration............................
    National Science Foundation................        357.4  .............        348.9  .............        364.0
    Social Security Administration.............        191.9  .............        211.5  .............        220.3
    Other Agencies.............................        603.0  .............        582.3  .............        654.1
                                                --------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total, Protecting Critical Infrastructure       18,388.2        228.5       19,926.1         15.8       20,164.5
     and Key Assets............................
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

      Securing America's critical infrastructure and key assets is a complex
    task. The major requirements include:
        Unifying disparate efforts to protect critical
              infrastructure across the Federal Government, and with State,
              local, and private stakeholders;
        Building and maintaining an accurate assessment of America's
              critical infrastructure and key assets and prioritizing
              protective action based on risk;

    [[Page 27]]

        Enabling effective partnerships to protect critical
              infrastructure; and
        Reducing threats and vulnerabilities in cyberspace.
      Homeland Security Presidential Directive 7 (HSPD-7), signed in
    December 2003, established a national policy to protect critical
    infrastructure and key resources from attack, to ensure the delivery of
    essential goods and services, and to maintain public safety and
    security. Under HSPD-7, DHS is responsible for coordinating Federal
    critical infrastructure programs and working closely with State and
    local governments and the private sector to aligning protection efforts.
    To provide the overall framework to integrate various critical
    infrastructure protection activities, DHS developed the National
    Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP). The plan's risk-management
    approach provides the framework for government and industry to work
    together on common protective goals, while focusing resources where they
    are needed the most.
      Recognizing that each infrastructure sector possesses it own unique
    characteristics, HSPD-7 also designated sector-specific agencies to
    coordinate infrastructure protection efforts within each sector. As a
    result, each of the 17 sectors developed a Sector Specific Plan (SSP) as
    part of the NIPP process. These plans build on the base NIPP plan and
    establish partnership models through which public and private sector
    security partners will work together to collect infrastructure
    information, prioritize assets and protective programs, and develop
    metrics to inform future initiatives.
      DHS recently reorganized and combined its preparedness and response
    functions to fulfill requirements of the 2007 Homeland Security
    Appropriations Act. DHS also created the National Protection and
    Programs Directorate (NPPD), which includes offices that were omitted
    from the transfer to FEMA by statute. These offices, which focus on
    physical and cyber infrastructure protection, as well as other major
    security initiatives, will be part of the newly created NPPD.
      The Office of Infrastructure Protection (IP) within NPPD oversees NIPP
    implementation and is responsible for managing and prioritizing
    infrastructure protection at the national level. IP conducts site visits
    and assessments each year on critical infrastructure and provides
    sector-specific threat and vulnerability information to the private
    sector in partnership with DHS Intelligence and Analysis. In 2007, IP
    also took on the responsibility for implementing DHS' chemical facility
    security regulations, which ensure our nation's chemical facilities meet
    risk-based performance standards for security. The 2009 Budget provides
    $273 million for these activities. In conjunction with funding for the
    Office of Infrastructure Protection, the Infrastructure Protection
    Program (IPP) within FEMA consists of five grant programs funding
    security enhancement projects in and around transportation assets and
    other critical infrastructure sites. Awarded through the Office of
    Grants and Training, IPP grants supplement State and local
    infrastructure security efforts, especially detection and prevention
    investments.
      Cyberspace security is a key element of infrastructure protection. The
    consequences of a cyber attack could cascade across the economy,
    imperiling public safety and national security. To address this threat,
    DHS established the National Cyber Security Division (NCSD) in 2003--in
    response to the President's National Strategy to Secure Cyberspace--in
    order to identify, analyze and reduce cyber threats and vulnerabilities,
    coordinate incident response, and provide technical assistance. NCSD
    works collaboratively with public, private, and international entities
    to secure cyberspace and America's cyber assets. NCSD also manages the
    U.S. Computer Emergency Response Team (US-CERT), which coordinates
    defense against and responds to cyber attacks across the nation. US-CERT
    deploys ``Einstein'' intrusion detection sensors on Federal networks and
    oper

    [[Page 28]]

    ates a cyber watch, warning, and analysis center to provide real-time
    alerts to Federal departments and agencies, State and local governments,
    and the private sector. The 2009 budget expands US-CERT analytic
    capabilities and defensive measures to ensure information on our Federal
    networks is secure. To support these critical preparedness activities,
    the Budget includes $294 million for the NCSD in 2009. Moreover, the
    Budget includes an additional $39 million for the FBI's cyber security
    activities in 2009.

    Defending Against Catastrophic Threats

      The Defending Against Catastrophic Threats mission area covers
    activities including research, development, and deployment of
    technologies, systems, and medical measures to detect and counter the
    threat of chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear weapons. The
    agencies with the most significant resources to help develop and field
    technologies to counter CBRN threats are: (1) DOD ($5 billion, or 55.5
    percent, of the 2009 total); (2) HHS, largely for research at the
    National Institutes of Health (NIH) and for advanced development of
    medical countermeasures ($2.2 billion, or 24.5 percent, of the 2009
    total); and (3) DHS ($1.2 billion, or 13.7 percent, of the 2009 total).
    The President's 2009 request would increase funding for activities to
    defend against catastrophic threats by $777 million (8.6 percent) over
    the 2008 level.

                               Table 3-7.  DEFENDING AGAINST CATASTROPHIC THREATS FUNDING
                                       (Budget authority, in millions of dollars)
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                   2007                        2008
                       Agency                        2007     Supplemental/      2008     Supplemental/      2009
                                                   Enacted      Emergency      Enacted      Emergency      Request
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Department of Agriculture..................        233.0  .............        215.6  .............        296.2
    Department of Commerce.....................         88.7  .............         85.0  .............         96.0
    Department of Defense......................      4,889.8  .............      4,754.4  .............      5,026.9
    Department of Energy.......................         62.1  .............         63.5  .............         89.9
    Department of Health and Human Services....      2,022.2  .............      2,008.3  .............      2,219.1
    Department of Homeland Security............      1,204.4        148.0        1,056.2  .............      1,236.2
    Department of Justice......................         42.1          1.9           45.2          2.0           40.3
    Department of the Treasury.................          0.9  .............          1.8  .............          2.4
    National Science Foundation................         28.0  .............         25.0  .............         15.0
    Nuclear Regulatory Commission..............         24.7  .............         23.2  .............         32.8
                                                --------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total, Defending Against Catastrophic            8,595.9        149.9        8,278.1          2.0        9,054.8
     Threats...................................
      Plus BioShield...........................  ...........  .............  ...........  .............      2,175.0
                                                --------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total, Defending Against Catastrophic            8,595.9        149.9        8,278.1          2.0       11,229.8
     Threats including BioShield...............
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

      The major requirements addressed in this mission area include:
        Preventing terrorist use of CBRN weapons through detection
              systems and procedures, and improving decontamination
              techniques; and
        Developing countermeasures, such as vaccines and other drugs
              to protect the public from the threat of a CBRN attack or
              other public health emergency.
      To protect against a nuclear or radiological weapon entering the
    country, the Domestic Nuclear Detection Office (DNDO) was created in
    2005 within DHS to coordinate the Nation's nuclear detection efforts.
    DNDO, together with the Departments of State, Energy, Defense, and
    Justice, is responsible for developing and deploying a comprehensive
    system to detect and report any attempt to import a nuclear explosive
    device or radiological material into the United States. With an
    additional 154 radiation portal monitors for screening cargo deployed to
    the Nation's largest seaports, DNDO, in 2007, screened over 94% of
    incoming cargo containers (by volume) to the United States for dangerous
    radioactive materials. DNDO is also responsible for establishing
    response protocols to ensure that the detection of a nuclear explosive
    device or radiological material leads to timely and effective action by
    military, law enforcement, emergency response, and other appropriate
    Government assets. The 2009 Budget includes $564 million for DNDO, a 16
    percent increase from the 2008 level.
      In 2009, DNDO will invest $113 million in transformational research
    and development aimed at enhancing our ability to detect, identify, and
    attribute nuclear and radiological materials. This research looks beyond
    current capabilities and seeks to find new scientific tools and
    methodologies that may prove useful in broad efforts to focus the
    Nation's resources toward countering the threat of nuclear and
    radiological devices. DNDO's budget also includes $170 million for the
    deployment of both fixed and mobile radiation portal monitors at
    strategic points of entry throughout the country. An additional $20
    million will be used to improve the detection of radiological and
    nuclear materials in and around the Nation's major urban areas.

    [[Page 29]]

    Together with overseas non-proliferation efforts led by the Department
    of State, and overseas detection capabilities managed by the Department
    of Energy, these programs seek to create a seamless approach toward
    preventing terrorists anywhere in the world from acquiring,
    transporting, or introducing these materials into the United States.
      To counter the threat of CBRN weapons, the Budget continues to invest
    in efforts to decrease the time between an attack and implementation of
    Federal, State and local response protocols. Unlike an attack with
    conventional weapons, a CBRN attack may not be immediately apparent.
    Working to ensure earlier detection and characterization of an attack
    helps protect and save lives. DHS will therefore continue to support
    efforts such as the BioWatch environmental monitoring program, which
    samples and analyzes air in over 30 metropolitan areas to continually
    check for dangerous biological agents. The program is designed to
    provide early warning of a large-scale biological weapon attack, thereby
    allowing the distribution of life-saving treatment and preventative
    measures before the development of serious and widespread illnesses.
      A key element in defending against catastrophic threats is developing
    and maintaining adequate countermeasures for a CBRN attack. This not
    only means stockpiling countermeasures that are currently available, but
    developing new countermeasures for agents that currently have none, and
    next-generation countermeasures that are safer and more effective than
    those that presently exist. The Budget continues HHS' investment in
    developing medical countermeasures to CBRN threats with $2.1 billion in
    funding, which is more than $2.0 billion over the level prior to 9/11
    (this includes funding for programs focused on chemical and radiological
    and nuclear countermeasures referenced below). For 2009, the Budget
    includes $275 million for the advanced development of medical
    countermeasures against threats of bioterrorism and next generation
    ventilators. Large investments in basic research of medical
    countermeasures at HHS have helped create multiple promising products to
    protect the public against the threat of a terrorist attack. These
    investments will accelerate the development of these products to help
    Project BioShield acquire them more quickly for inclusion in the
    Strategic National Stockpile.
      HHS will also continue to improve human health surveillance with $100
    million dedicated to biosurveilance activities, including the BioSense
    program (allowing local, State, and national public health authorities
    to monitor ``real-time'' trends in data from hospitals, emergency
    departments, and laboratories to identify and characterize potential
    human health threats), and augmenting the number and quality of border
    health and quarantine stations. HHS will enhance its internal biodefense
    and emergency preparedness activities with $131 million, to include an
    expansion of the laboratory response network capability and capacity to
    test for radiological and nuclear material exposure. The Food and Drug
    Administration and the Department of Agriculture will also conduct
    surveillance to ensure the security of the food supply. Information
    collected from these programs will be disseminated to the National
    Biosurveillance Integration Center at DHS.
      DOD defends the nation against catastrophic threats by undertaking
    long-term research on chemical and biological threats and by developing
    strategies to counter the risk of such attacks. DOD's efforts in
    maritime defense and interdiction provide early detection and response
    to possible CBRN threats. DOD also conducts anti-terrorism planning to
    defend against a potential CBRN or other terrorist attack against a
    military base or installment. Finally, the U.S. Northern Command, the
    military command responsible for DOD's homeland defense activities, is
    included in this category.

                                 Table 3-8.  EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE FUNDING
                                       (Budget authority, in millions of dollars)
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                   2007                        2008
                       Agency                        2007     Supplemental/      2008     Supplemental/      2009
                                                   Enacted      Emergency      Enacted      Emergency      Request
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Department of Defense......................        394.5  .............        493.3  .............        560.7
    Department of Energy.......................        119.5  .............        160.8  .............        227.0
    Department of Health and Human Services....      2,119.5  .............      2,099.9  .............      2,038.0
    Department of Homeland Security............      1,826.6         37.0        2,425.4         60.0        1,788.5
    Other Agencies.............................        362.2  .............        372.0  .............        398.8
                                                --------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total, Emergency Preparedness and Response.      4,822.2         37.0        5,551.4         60.0        5,013.1
      Plus Mandatory PSIC Grants...............      1,000.0  .............  ...........  .............  ...........
                                                --------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total, Emergency Preparedness and Response,      5,822.2         37.0        5,551.4         60.0        5,013.1
     including Mandatory Communications
     Interoperability Grants...................
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Emergency Preparedness and Response

      The Emergency Preparedness and Response mission area covers agency
    efforts to bolster capabilities nationwide to prevent and protect
    against terrorist attacks, and also minimize the damage from attacks
    through effective response and recovery. The mission area encompasses a
    broad range of agency incident manage

    [[Page 30]]

    ment activities, as well as grants and other assistance to States and
    localities for first responder preparedness capabilities. Response to
    natural disasters and other major incidents, including catastrophic
    natural events such as Hurricane Katrina and chemical or oil spills, do
    not directly fall within the definition of a homeland security activity
    for funding purposes, as defined by Section 889 of the Homeland Security
    Act of 2002. However, in preparing for terrorism-related threats, many
    of the activities within this mission area also support preparedness for
    catastrophic natural and man-made disasters. Additionally, lessons
    learned from the response to Hurricane Katrina have been used to revise
    and strengthen catastrophic response planning in line with the National
    Response Framework.
      HHS, the largest participant in this mission area ($2 billion, or 40.7
    percent, in 2009), assists States, localities and hospitals to upgrade
    public health capacity, maintains a national stockpile of medicines and
    vaccines for use following an event, and supports the National Disaster
    Medical System. DHS maintains the second largest share of funding in
    this category ($1.8 billion, or 35.7 percent, for 2009), mainly for
    preparedness grant assistance to State and local first responders. A
    total of 23 other agencies include emergency preparedness and response
    funding. A number of agencies maintain specialized response assets that
    may be called upon in select circumstances, and others report only
    funding for their agency's internal preparedness capability. The major
    requirements addressed in this mission area include:
        Establishing measurable goals for national preparedness and
              ensuring that Federal funding supports these goals;
        Ensuring that Federal programs to train and equip States and
              localities meet the National Preparedness Guidelines in a
              coordinated and complementary manner;
        Encouraging standardization and interoperability of first
              responder equipment, especially for communications;
        Building a national training, exercise, and evaluation
              system;
        Implementing the National Incident Management System;
        Preparing health care providers for a mass casualty event;
              and
        Augmenting America's pharmaceutical and vaccine stockpiles.
      Many of the key elements of the national emergency response system are
    already in place. During 2004, separate Federal response plans were
    integrated into a single all-hazards National Response Plan. The
    National Incident Management System was simultaneously developed to
    integrate a standardized Incident Command System throughout Federal,
    State and local response agencies and organizations. Recently, the
    National Response Plan was substantially revised as the National
    Response Framework to provide clear national response doctrine and
    incorporate lessons learned from Hurricane Katrina. Additionally, the
    publication of the National Preparedness Guidelines provides a
    consistent framework for guiding Federal, State, and local investments.
    In order to ensure that these investments translate into improvements in
    preparedness, we must continue to identify capability gaps and improve
    prevention, protection, response and recovery capabilities at all levels
    of government. A related challenge is ensuring that investments in State
    and local preparedness are focused on building and enhancing national
    capabilities, and not simply supplanting day-to-day operating budgets.
    DHS is leading an interagency effort to better match Federal resources
    with achieving national target capabilities.
      From 2001 through 2008, the Federal Government has allocated over $30
    billion in State and local terrorism preparedness funding from the
    Departments of Homeland Security, Health and Human Services, and
    Justice, and the Environmental Protection Agency, increasing spending
    from an annual level of approximately $350 million in 2001 to over $3.1
    billion in the 2009 request. The funding growth has been directed to
    Federal programs and grant assistance which support State and local
    preparedness and response activities, including equipping, training and
    exercising first responders, and preparing the public health
    infrastructure, for a range of terrorist threats. In addition, to
    supplement available State and local assistance for public safety
    communications interoperability, the Department of Commerce, in
    consultation with DHS, awarded up to $1 billion to qualified applicants
    for this purpose in 2007 from anticipated spectrum auction receipts. The
    Federal Government has taken steps to rationalize and simplify the
    distribution of State and local assistance; better target funds based on
    risk and effectiveness; and develop and implement the seven national
    priorities and 37 target capabilities identified in the National
    Preparedness Guidelines. As a result, the percent of participating State
    and local homeland security agencies and major urban area grant
    recipients reporting measurable progress made towards identified goals
    and objectives to prevent and respond to terrorist attacks increased to
    approximately 67 percent and 64 percent, respectively, in 2007.
      The 2009 Budget provides over $150 million for DHS programs which
    train and exercise first responders in preparation for catastrophic
    events including the National Exercise Program, the National Domestic
    Preparedness Consortium, the Center for Domestic Preparedness, the U.S.
    Fire Administration, and the Emergency Management Institute. In 2007,
    the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) within DHS reported that
    72 percent of assisted jurisdictions demonstrated acceptable performance
    on applicable critical tasks in exercises using approved scenarios. To
    continue this positive trend, the 2009 Budget also provides grants which
    support coordinated terrorism preparedness training, exercises, and
    equipment for State and local responders across the various responder
    disciplines. The 2009 request includes nearly $1.5 billion

    [[Page 31]]

    for terrorism preparedness grants to be administered by FEMA and
    proposes to continue current progress on the grant allocation process to
    better address threats and needs. The Budget also supports a range of
    Federal response capabilities, including providing $110 million for the
    Department of Energy's Nuclear Emergency Support Team, $20 million for
    FEMA's Urban Search and Rescue teams, $53 million for the National
    Disaster Medical System, and other emergency response, management, and
    operations assets. The capabilities of these teams range from providing
    radiological assistance in support of State and local agencies to
    responding to major incidents worldwide.
      In order to ensure that the nation is prepared for dealing with a
    biological attack, the Administration continues to make significant
    investments in medical countermeasures through Project BioShield. \4\
    While the stockpiling of medical countermeasures is the primary goal,
    BioShield is also designed to stimulate the development of the next
    generation of countermeasures by allowing the Federal Government to buy
    critically needed vaccines and medications for biodefense as soon as
    experts agree that they are safe and effective enough to be added to the
    Strategic National Stockpile. As a result, this program also provides an
    incentive for the development and manufacturing of advanced
    countermeasures, ensuring that new and improved countermeasures will be
    available in the future. The Budget includes $571 million to maintain
    and augment this supply of vaccines and other countermeasures that can
    be made available within 12 hours in the event of a terrorist attack or
    other public health emergency. This includes funding for storage and
    maintenance of products purchased through BioShield.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
      \4\ BioShield is a shared responsibility, joining the intelligence
    capabilities of DHS with the medical expertise of HHS.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
      Finally, HHS has the lead role in preparing public health providers
    for catastrophic terrorism. In addition to providing additional funding
    to expand HHS's public health and medical response capabilities,
    including disaster medical assistance, the 2009 Budget also provides
    nearly $362 million to continue improvements for hospital infrastructure
    and $571 million for upgrades to State and local public health capacity.
    In 2009, HHS intends to align the grant cycles with the States' fiscal
    year. Taking this one-time change into account, the 2009 funding is a
    $25 million increase over 2008. This investment will bring the total
    assistance provided by HHS to States, local governments and health care
    providers since 2001 to over $9 billion.

                          Non-Federal Expenditures \5\
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

      \5\ OMB does not collect detailed homeland security expenditure data
    from State, local, or private entities directly.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
      State and local governments and private-sector firms also have devoted
    resources of their own to the task of defending against terrorist
    threats. Some of the additional spending has been of a one-time nature,
    such as investment in new security equipment and infrastructure; some
    additional spending has been ongoing, such as hiring more personnel, and
    increasing overtime for existing security personnel. In many cases, own-
    source spending has supplemented the resources provided by the Federal
    Government.
      Many governments and businesses continue to place a high priority on
    and provide additional resources for security. On the other hand, many
    entities have not increased their spending. A 2004 survey conducted by
    the National Association of Counties found that as a result of the
    homeland security process of intergovernmental planning and funding,
    three out of four counties believed they were better prepared to respond
    to terrorist threats. Moreover, almost 40 percent of the surveyed
    counties had appropriated their own funds to assist with homeland
    security. Own-source resources supplemented funds provided by States and
    the Federal Government. However, the same survey revealed that 54
    percent of counties had not used any of their own funds. \6\
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
      \6\ Source: National Association of Counties, ``Homeland Security
    Funding--2003 State Homeland Security Grants Programs I and II.''
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
      There is also a diversity of responses in the businesses community. A
    2003 survey conducted by the Conference Board showed that just over half
    of the companies reported that they had permanently increased security
    spending post-September 11, 2001. About 15 percent of the companies
    surveyed had increased their security spending by 20 percent or more.
    Large increases in spending were especially evident in critical
    industries, such as transportation, energy, financial services, media
    and telecommunications, information technology, and healthcare. However,
    about one-third of the surveyed companies reported that they had not
    increased their security spending after September 11th. \7\ Given the
    difficulty of obtaining survey results that are representative of the
    entire universe of States, localities, and businesses, it is expected
    that there will be a wide range of estimates on non-Federal security
    spending for critical infrastructure protection.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
      \7\ Source: Conference Board, ``Corporate Security Management'' 2003.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

                                Additional Tables

      The tables in the Federal expenditures section above present data
    based on the President's policy for the 2008 Budget. The tables below
    present additional policy and baseline data, as directed by the Homeland
    Security Act of 2002.

    [[Page 32]]

    Estimates by Agency:

                       Table 3-9.  DISCRETIONARY FEE-FUNDED HOMELAND SECURITY ACTIVITIES BY AGENCY
                                       (Budget authority, in millions of dollars)
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                   2007                        2008
                       Agency                        2007     Supplemental/      2008     Supplemental/      2009
                                                   Enacted      Emergency      Enacted      Emergency      Request
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Department of Energy.......................         14.3  .............         15.7  .............         14.4
    Department of Homeland Security............      2,910.0  .............      2,819.0  .............      2,985.0
    Department of State........................      1,166.7  .............      1,878.9  .............      1,959.0
    General Services Administration............        161.5  .............        360.0  .............        111.4
    Social Security Administration8............        193.3  .............        212.4  .............        221.3
    Federal Communications Commission..........          2.3  .............          2.3  .............          2.3
    Nuclear Regulatory Commission..............         72.0  .............         43.0  .............         46.0
    Securities and Exchange Commission.........         14.3  .............         16.4  .............         15.9
                                                --------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total, Discretionary Homeland Security Fee-      4,534.4  .............      5,347.7  .............      5,355.3
     Funded Activities.........................
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

                               Table 3-10.  MANDATORY HOMELAND SECURITY FUNDING BY AGENCY
                                       (Budget authority, in millions of dollars)
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                   2007                        2008
                       Agency                        2007     Supplemental/      2008     Supplemental/      2009
                                                   Enacted      Emergency      Enacted      Emergency      Request
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Department of Agriculture..................        186.0  .............        216.0  .............        226.7
    Department of Commerce.....................         16.6  .............         19.4  .............         19.6
    Department of Energy.......................         12.0  .............         13.0  .............         12.0
    Department of Health and Human Services....         16.8  .............         14.3  .............         14.4
    Department of Homeland Security............      2,200.1  .............      2,601.0  .............      2,942.6
    Department of Labor........................          3.9  .............          8.0  .............          8.6
                                                --------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total, Homeland Security Mandatory Programs      2,435.5  .............      2,871.7  .............      3,223.9
      Plus Mandatory PSIC Grants...............      1,000.0  .............  ...........  .............  ...........
                                                --------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total, Homeland Security Mandatory Programs      3,435.5  .............      2,871.7  .............      3,223.9
     including Mandatory PSIC Grants...........
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    [[Page 33]]

                       Table 3-11.  BASELINE ESTIMATES--TOTAL HOMELAND SECURITY FUNDING BY AGENCY
                                       (Budget authority, in millions of dollars)
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                      Baseline
                        Agency                         2008   ------------------------------------------------------
                                                     Enacted      2009       2010       2011       2012       2013
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Department of Agriculture.....................        571        593        575        589        603        619
    Department of Commerce........................        207        213        466        228        226        234
    Department of Defense.........................     17,375     17,773     18,173     18,577     18,991     19,417
    Department of Education.......................         27         28         28         29         29         30
    Department of Energy..........................      1,830      1,867      1,907      1,946      1,987      2,030
    Department of Health and Human Services.......      4,300      4,399      4,493      4,595      4,697      4,798
    Department of Homeland Security...............     32,661     33,756     34,727     35,803     36,901     38,039
    Department of Housing and Urban Development...          2          2          2          2          2          2
    Department of the Interior....................         48         49         52         54         55         58
    Department of Justice.........................      3,417      3,545      3,661      3,781      3,900      4,034
    Department of Labor...........................         48         49         50         51         51         53
    Department of State...........................      1,962      2,001      2,041      2,082      2,124      2,166
    Department of Transportation..................        206        215        223        231        240        249
    Department of the Treasury....................        117        120        125        127        133        137
    Department of Veterans Affairs................        271        279        285        293        300        308
    Corps of Engineers............................         42         43         44         45         45         46
    Environmental Protection Agency...............        138        142        146        149        152        159
    Executive Office of the President.............         20         20         22         22         22         23
    General Services Administration...............        368        375        382        389        398        405
    National Aeronautics and Space Administration.        205        209        213        218        222        227
    National Science Foundation...................        374        381        388        397        404        413
    Office of Personnel Management................          2          2          2          2          2          2
    Social Security Administration................        212        221        225        230        235        239
    District of Columbia..........................          3          3          3          3          3          3
    Federal Communications Commission.............          2          2          2          2          2          2
    Intelligence Community Management Account.....        122        124        127        129        132        135
    National Archives and Records Administration..         18         18         19         19         19         20
    Nuclear Regulatory Commission.................         72         75         77         80         81         85
    Securities and Exchange Commission............         16         16         17         17         17         18
    Smithsonian Institution.......................         93         97        102        106        111        115
    United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.......          8          8          8          8          9          9
    Corporation for National and Community Service  .........  .........  .........  .........  .........  .........
                                                   -----------------------------------------------------------------
    Total, Homeland Security Budget Authority.....     64,737     66,625     68,585     70,204     72,093     74,075
      Less Department of Defense..................    -17,375    -17,773    -18,173    -18,577    -18,991    -19,417
                                                   -----------------------------------------------------------------
    Non-Defense, Discretionary Homeland Security       47,362     48,852     50,412     51,627     53,102     54,658
     BA, excluding Bioshield \1\..................
      Less Fee-Funded Homeland Security Programs..     -5,338     -5,557     -5,669     -5,781     -5,899     -6,014
      Less Mandatory Homeland Security Programs...     -2,871     -2,799     -3,056     -2,910     -3,002     -3,102
                                                   -----------------------------------------------------------------
    Net Non-Defense, Discretionary Homeland            39,153     40,496     41,687     42,936     44,201     45,542
     Security BA, excluding Bioshield \1\.........
      Plus BioShield..............................  .........      2,175  .........  .........  .........  .........
                                                   -----------------------------------------------------------------
    Net Non-Defense, Discretionary Homeland            39,153     42,671     41,687     42,936     44,201     45,542
     Security BA, including BioShield \1\.........

    Obligations Limitations
      Department of Transportation Obligations            139        142        144        147        152        155
       Limitation.................................
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    \1\ The Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 appropriated $1 billion from anticipated spectrum auction receipts for the
      Department of Commerce, in consultation with the Department of Homeland Security, to make grants to public
      safety agencies for communications interoperability purposes. DHS received $1.57 billion in emergency funding
      for border security in 2007.

    [[Page 34]]

    Estimates by Budget Function:

                                Table 3-12.  HOMELAND SECURITY FUNDING BY BUDGET FUNCTION
                                       (budget authority, in millions of dollars)
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                       2007        2008       2009
                                   Budget Authority                                Enacted \1\   Enacted    Request
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    National Defense.............................................................      20,710      21,893     22,154
    International Affairs........................................................       1,241       1,962      2,465
    General Science Space and Technology.........................................       1,489       1,332      1,398
    Energy.......................................................................         131         125        135
    Natural Resources and the Environment........................................         307         278        328
    Agriculture..................................................................         521         539        659
    Commerce and Housing Credit \1\..............................................         158         164        198
    Transportation...............................................................       9,425      10,038     10,811
    Community and Regional Development...........................................       2,505       3,313      2,216
    Education, Training, Employment and Social Services..........................         191         165        176
    Health.......................................................................       4,340       4,320      4,473
    Medicare.....................................................................          15          14         19
    Income Security..............................................................           8          11         14
    Social Security..............................................................         193         212        221
    Veterans Benefits and Services...............................................         260         271        348
    Administration of Justice....................................................      17,421      18,870     19,729
    General Government...........................................................         907       1,196        967
                                                                                  ----------------------------------
    Total, Homeland Security Budget Authority....................................      59,822      64,703     66,311
      Less National Defense, DoD.................................................     -16,538     -17,375    -17,647
                                                                                  ----------------------------------
    Non-Defense Homeland Security BA, excluding Mandatory PSIC Grants and              43,284      47,328     48,664
     BioShield...................................................................
      Less Fee-Funded Homeland Security Programs.................................      -4,433      -5,279     -5,282
      Less Mandatory Homeland Security Programs..................................      -2,435      -2,871     -3,225
                                                                                  ----------------------------------
    Net Non-Defense, Discretionary Homeland Security BA, excluding Mandatory PSIC      36,416      39,178     40,157
     Grants and BioShield........................................................
      Plus BioShield.............................................................  ...........  .........      2,175
      Plus Mandatory PSIC Grants.................................................       1,000   .........  .........
                                                                                  ----------------------------------
    Net Non-Defense, Discretionary Homeland Security BA, including Mandatory PSIC      37,416      39,178     42,332
     Grants and BioShield........................................................
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    \1\ The Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 appropriated $1 billion from anticipated spectrum auction receipts for the
      Department of Commerce, in consultation with the Department of Homeland Security, to make grants to public
      safety agencies for communications interoperability purposes.

    [[Page 35]]

                      Table 3-13.  BASELINE ESTIMATES--HOMELAND SECURITY FUNDING BY BUDGET FUNCTION
                                       (Budget authority, in millions of dollars)
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                      Baseline
                   Budget Authority                    2008   ------------------------------------------------------
                                                     Enacted      2009       2010       2011       2012       2013
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    National Defense..............................     21,893     22,413     22,933     23,459     23,997     24,557
    International Affairs.........................      1,962      2,001      2,041      2,082      2,124      2,166
    General Science Space and Technology..........      1,332      1,358      1,385      1,414      1,441      1,471
    Energy........................................        125        128        130        134        136        141
    Natural Resources and the Environment.........        278        285        294        301        306        318
    Agriculture...................................        539        560        541        554        568        583
    Commerce and Housing Credit...................        164        169        421        182        179        185
    Transportation................................     10,038     10,329     10,601     10,944     11,295     11,655
    Community and Regional Development............      3,313      3,381      3,448      3,520      3,589      3,662
    Education, Training, Employment and Social            165        170        176        182        188        195
     Services.....................................
    Health........................................      4,320      4,419      4,514      4,616      4,717      4,819
    Medicare......................................         14         15         15         16         17         17
    Income Security...............................         11         12         12         12         12         12
    Social Security...............................        212        221        225        230        235        239
    Veterans Benefits and Services................        271        279        285        293        300        308
    Administration of Justice.....................     18,904     19,679     20,334     21,015     21,714     22,450
    General Government............................      1,196      1,206      1,230      1,250      1,275      1,297
                                                   -----------------------------------------------------------------
    Total, Homeland Security Budget Authority.....     64,737     66,625     68,585     70,204     72,093     74,075
      Less National Defense, DoD..................    -17,375    -17,773    -18,173    -18,577    -18,991    -19,417
                                                   -----------------------------------------------------------------
    Non-Defense, Discretionary Homeland Security       47,362     48,852     50,412     51,627     53,102     54,658
     BA, excluding Bioshield......................
      Less Fee-Funded Homeland Security Programs..     -5,338     -5,557     -5,669     -5,781     -5,899     -6,014
      Less Mandatory Homeland Security Programs...     -2,871     -2,799     -3,056     -2,910     -3,002     -3,102
                                                   -----------------------------------------------------------------
    Net Non-Defense, Discretionary Homeland            39,153     40,496     41,687     42,936     44,201     45,542
     Security BA, excluding Bioshield.............
      Plus BioShield..............................  .........      2,175  .........  .........  .........  .........
                                                   -----------------------------------------------------------------
    Net Non-Defense, Discretionary Homeland            39,153     42,671     41,687     42,936     44,201     45,542
     Security BA, including BioShield.............

    Obligations Limitations
      Department of Transportation Obligations            139        142        144        147        152        155
       Limitation.................................
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Detailed Estimates by Budget Account:

      An appendix of account-level funding estimates, organized by National
    Strategy mission area, is available on the Analytical Perspectives CD
    ROM.