[Analytical Perspectives]
[Crosscutting Programs]
[5. Research and Development]
[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]
[[Page 45]]
5. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
The U.S. economy is the largest in the world, and has been growing
faster than any other G-7 industrialized nation. In large measure, the
U.S. economy owes its strength to its willingness to build innovation
capacity through the creation and growth of a world-class science and
technology research enterprise and a high-quality scientific and
technical education infrastructure. The relationship between support for
science and economic growth is well documented. Investments in basic
research lead to knowledge breakthroughs that fuel innovation, drive
productivity, grow the economy, and improve our understanding of the
world. Economists estimate that as much as half of post-World War II
economic growth is directly due to technological progress fueled by
research and development (R&D).
Economic payoffs from research come in the form of process and product
innovations that reduce the costs of production, lower product prices,
and result in new and better products and services. Consumers ultimately
benefit from less expensive, higher quality and more useful products and
services, and of course, from earnings accruing to innovative companies.
Today's transforming technologies and most popular consumer items have
deep roots in basic and applied research.
To sustain the Nation's economic competitiveness, the President, in
last year's State of the Union address, called for a long-term vision to
strengthen Federal support for the Nation's innovation enterprise in an
integrated package of investments and policies called the American
Competitiveness Initiative (ACI).
I. THE AMERICAN COMPETITIVENESS INITIATIVE
The President's 2008 Budget maintains a strong commitment, through the
ACI, to invest in basic research areas that advance knowledge and
technologies used by scientists in nearly every field. Through the ACI,
the President plans to double, over 10 years, investment in innovation-
enabling research at three Federal agencies--the National Science
Foundation (NSF), the Department of Energy's (DOE's) Office of Science,
and the Department of Commerce's National Institute of Science and
Technology (NIST) laboratories.
In 2008, the second year of the American Competitiveness Initiative,
President Bush proposes $11.4 billion total for NSF, DOE's Office of
Science, and NIST laboratories, an overall funding increase of $764
million, or 7.2 percent, above his 2007 Budget of $10.7 billion. To
reach doubling within ten years, overall annual increases will average
roughly seven percent.
[[Page 46]]
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Research Agencies in the American Competitiveness Initiative
The National Science Foundation is the primary source of support for academic research in the physical sciences,
funding basic research in areas such as nanotechnology, advanced networking and information technology,
physics, chemistry, materials science, mathematics, and engineering. It also is well regarded for funding
nearly all of its research through a competitive, peer-reviewed process. The increase in NSF funding will
support many more researchers, students, post-doctoral fellows and technicians contributing to the innovation
enterprise.
The Department of Energy's Office of Science supports grants and infrastructure for a wide range of basic
research related to economically significant innovations including nanotechnology, biotechnology, high-end
computing and advanced networking, and energy technologies. The 2008 Budget increases funding for both research
and cutting edge facilities in these critical mission areas, such as an expansion in the number of bio-energy
research centers, major growth in the United States' contribution to the international fusion energy project
known as ITER, expanded supercomputing facilities and related research, and design or construction activities
for world-leading next generation light sources.
The Department of Commerce's National Institute of Standards and Technology invests in technological innovation
through research and standards development. These investments will improve nanotechnology manufacturing
capabilities; expand NIST's neutron facility to aid in characterizing novel materials in high-growth research
fields; construct new, high-performance laboratories at NIST's Boulder, Colorado facility; and improve our
understanding of quantum information science that has the potential to dramatically improve computer processing
speeds and enable more secure communications.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
II. IMPROVING THE PERFORMANCE OF R&D PROGRAMS
R&D is critically important for keeping our Nation economically
competitive, and it will help solve the challenges we face in health,
defense, energy, and the environment. Therefore, every Federal R&D
dollar must be invested as effectively as possible.
R&D Investment Criteria
The Administration continues to improve the effectiveness of the
Federal Government's investments in R&D by applying transparent
investment criteria in analyses that inform recommendations for program
funding and management. R&D performance assessment must be done with
care. Research often leads scientists and engineers down unpredictable
pathways with unpredictable results. This outcome can require special
consideration when measuring an R&D program's performance against its
initial goals.
With this in mind, the Administration is improving methods for setting
priorities based on expected results, and is asking agencies to apply
specific criteria that programs or projects must meet to be started or
continued and supply clear milestones for gauging progress and improved
metrics for assessing results.
As directed by the President's Management Agenda, the R&D Investment
Criteria accommodate the wide range of R&D activities, from basic
research to development and demonstration programs, by addressing three
fundamental aspects of R&D:
Relevance--Programs must be able to articulate why they are
important, relevant, and appropriate for Federal investment;
Quality--Programs must justify how funds will be allocated
to ensure quality; and
Performance--Programs must be able to monitor and document
how well the investments are performing.
In addition, R&D projects and programs relevant to industry are
expected to apply criteria to determine the appropriateness of the
public investment, enable comparisons of proposed and demonstrated
benefits, and provide meaningful decision points for completing or
transitioning the activity to the private sector.
As part of the President's Management Agenda's Budget and Performance
Integration initiative, the Administration uses the Program Assessment
Rating Tool (PART) to consistently assess the effectiveness of programs.
A section of the PART specifically addresses the assessment of R&D
program management and performance and is aligned with the R&D
Investment criteria. In the last five years, agencies completed 977 PART
assessments, of which 121 were for R&D programs. The results of these
PART assessments may be found on the web at www.expectmore.gov.
[[Page 47]]
Performance assessments help policy makers identify those programs
that are the most effective and worthy of funding; however, the
Administration does not allocate funding levels and initiate management
reforms strictly by formula or based solely on PART results. While
programs rated Effective are typically favored for additional funding
over related programs that do not perform as well, PART ratings do not
automatically relate to specific funding levels. For instance, a program
rated Effective that has achieved what it set out to do may have its
funding reduced. On the other hand, a program rated Ineffective might
receive more money to correct a deficiency that would help it become
more effective. The PART provides information that leads to more
informed decisions.
Research Earmarks
President Bush has called on Congress to reform the earmark process,
proposing a series of reforms that include full disclosure for each
earmark and cutting the number and cost of all earmarks by at least
half. Consistent with this effort, the Administration is continuing its
strong support for awarding research funds based on merit review through
a competitive process refereed by scientists themselves. Such a system
has the best prospects for ensuring that the top research is supported.
Research earmarks--in general the assignment of money during the
legislative process for use by a specific organization or project--are
counter to a merit-based competitive selection process. Earmarks signal
to potential investigators that there is an acceptable alternative to
creating quality research proposals for merit-based consideration. Such
an alternative can be an ineffective use of taxpayer funds.
Unfortunately, the practice of earmarking funds to colleges,
universities, and other entities for specific research projects has
expanded dramatically in recent years. Some argue that earmarks help
spread the research money to states or institutions that would receive
less research funding through other means. The Chronicle of Higher
Education has reported that this is not the main role earmarks play.
Often only a minor portion of academic earmark funding goes to the
states with the smallest shares of Federal research funds.
Some proponents of earmarking assert that earmarks provide a means of
funding unique projects that would not be recognized by the conventional
peer-review process. To address this concern, a number of research
agencies have procedures and programs to reward ``out-of-the-box''
thinking. For example, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency,
within the Department of Defense (DOD), seeks out high-risk, high-payoff
scientific proposals, the National Institutes of Health has established
a similarly focused ``Pioneer Award,'' and program managers at the NSF
set aside a share of funding for higher-risk projects in which they see
high potential.
Earmarks that are outside of an agency's mission can detract from an
efficient and effective Federal effort on behalf of taxpayers. For
instance, the Congress directed DOD to fund research on a wide range of
diseases including diabetes, neurofibromatosis (a genetic disorder of
the nervous system), and childhood cancer. Congressional adds in DOD's
budget for medical research projects totals about $500 million in 2007
alone.
[[Page 48]]
While research on these diseases is very important, these diseases are
generally not unique to the U.S. military and the research can be better
selected, carried out and coordinated within civil medical research
agencies, without disruption to the military mission. At the same time,
intrusion of earmarks into the peer-review processes of civilian medical
research agencies would have a significant detrimental impact on funding
the most important and promising research.
Earmarks that divert funding from a merit-based process undermine
America's research productivity. The Administration commends Congress
for taking measures to protect NSF and the National Institutes of Health
from this practice, which is an approach that should be followed
throughout the R&D programs.
III. PRIORITIES FOR FEDERAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
The 2008 Budget requests $143 billion for Federal R&D funding, and
targets key research investments within agencies, in particular, the
three ACI agencies: NSF, the DOE's Office of Science, and the NIST
laboratories. (Table 5-1 provides details by agency).
Multi-Agency R&D Priorities
The 2008 Budget continues to target important research investments
that must be coordinated across multiple agencies. The Administration
will continue to analyze other areas of critical need that could benefit
in the future from improved focus and coordination among agencies.
Combating Terrorism R&D: A robust R&D effort continues to be a key
asset in advancing technologies in support of the President's national
strategy for homeland security. Though there have been numerous
achievements over the past four years, many challenges remain. A number
of these challenges are being addressed through multi-agency research
efforts that are coordinated through the National Science and Technology
Council (NSTC) and other inter-agency forums.
In 2006, key multi-agency R&D efforts made significant progress
towards improving the Nation's counterterrorism capability. Using the
2006 Administration R&D budget priorities memorandum as a guide,
agencies, for example:
improved radiation portal monitors with the ability to
discern threatening sources of radiation from non-threatening
sources;
advanced technology to meet new international electronic
passport standards that enables biometric screening of
individuals entering the country;
developed standards for technologies that enable the
detection and interception of nuclear and radioactive material
before it enters the U.S.;
developed and established standard methodologies and
practices for the sampling and detection of biological agents;
and
developed rapid diagnostics and next generation vaccines.
The 2008 Budget provides continued support for these and many other
R&D related to combating terrorism, including: pursuing stand-off
detection and imaging capabilities to locate and identify nuclear threat
materials at a distance; advancing cargo screening capabilities to
recognize and expedite safe cargo while securing the borders against
other entries; improving the capabilities and implementation planning of
biometric systems; initiating the 2008-2012 R&D plan for high-
consequence foreign animal diseases; and focusing on critical medical
countermeasures that do not have a pre-existing market to stimulate
their development.
Networking and Information Technology R&D: The Budget provides $3
billion for the multi-agency Networking and Information Technology
Research and Development (NITRD) Program, which plans and coordinates
agency research efforts in high-end computing systems, cyber security,
large-scale networking, software development, high-confidence systems,
information management, and other information technologies. The agencies
involved in this program coordinate efforts to accelerate research
advancement in information technology, upon which every economic sector
now depends.
In 2006, agencies participating in high-end computing R&D continued to
make significant progress in implementing the recommendations contained
in the Federal Plan for High-End Computing. The 2008 Budget continues
the path toward the development of petascale systems for science by both
DOE and NSF. Relevant agencies will continue to conduct research in
highly scalable systems software and applications to ensure that Federal
investments in high-end computing achieve maximal impact.
Participating agencies also completed and published the Federal Plan
for Cyber Security and Information Assurance R&D in 2006, and are now
undertaking the development of the roadmap for addressing any identified
R&D gaps as recommended in the Plan.
In 2007, participating agencies will undertake the development of a
Federal Plan for Advanced Networking R&D, analogous to the recent Plans
for High-End Computing and for Cyber Security and Information Assurance
R&D. The Federal Plan for Advanced Networking R&D will provide a
strategy for addressing current and future networking needs of the
Federal government in support of science and national security missions,
and provide a process for developing a more detailed roadmap to guide
future multi-agency investments in advancing networking R&D. Reports and
general information about NITRD are available at www.nitrd.gov/.
[[Page 49]]
Nanotechnology R&D: The Budget provides $1 billion for the multi-
agency National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI). The NNI focuses on R&D
that creates materials, devices, and systems that exploit the
fundamentally distinct properties of matter as it is manipulated at the
atomic and molecular levels. The results of NNI-supported R&D are
already leading to breakthroughs in disease detection and treatment,
manufacturing at the nanoscale level, environmental monitoring and
protection, energy production and storage, and creating electronic
devices that have even greater capabilities than those available today.
Research opportunities cover a similarly broad spectrum. Advances that
will be foundational for all aspects of nanotechnology R&D in particular
include: instrumentation for characterizing nanoscale materials in the
laboratory, in the body, and in the environment; and computational
research to model and predict properties at the nanoscale, for designing
novel materials, and for determining their behavior under various
conditions and environments.
Guided by the NNI, participating agencies will continue to support
discovery, development and application of nanotechnology through
investigator-led fundamental and applied research; multidisciplinary
centers of excellence; education and training of nanotechnology
researchers, teachers, workers, and the public; and infrastructure
development, including user facilities and networks that are broadly
available to support research and innovation. In addition, agencies
continue to maintain a focus on the responsible development of
nanotechnology, with attention to the human and environmental health
impacts, as well as ethical, legal, and other societal issues. Reports
and general information about the NNI are available at www.nano.gov/.
Climate Change R&D: The 2008 Budget for the Climate Change Science
Program (CCSP) continues to support the implementation of the CCSP
Strategic Plan, which was released in July 2003. The 13 departments and
agencies that participate in the CCSP coordinate preparation of the
budget and program implementation. During 2008, the CCSP will continue
research into important scientific uncertainties and preparation of a
series of Synthesis and Assessment reports. Working within the
overarching priorities defined in the Strategic Plan, the CCSP's
interagency coordination and integration efforts will give particular
emphasis in 2008 to the following activities: abrupt climate change;
integrated Earth system analysis; coping with drought through research
and regional partnerships; integration of water cycle observations,
research and modeling; carbon cycle research integration; aerosol
forcing and interactions with clouds and non-carbon dioxide trace gases;
impacts of climate variability and change on ecosystem productivity and
biodiversity; and interactions on land use/land cover change and
climate.
The program expects to receive input from the National Research
Council under the terms of a continuing advisory agreement. This advice
will include findings and recommendations on the process for evaluating
progress toward the five goals in the CCSP Strategic Plan, and a
preliminary assessment of progress made toward the program's goals. The
CCSP will continue to track deliverables and milestones for each of its
programs in order to assess overall performance. Additional detail on
individual agency activities will be provided in the Administration's
2008 edition of Our Changing Planet. Reports and general information
about the CCSP are available on the program's website:
www.climatescience.gov/.
The Climate Change Technology Program (CCTP) continues to provide
strategic direction, planning, and analysis to help coordinate and
prioritize activities within the portfolio of Federally funded climate
change technology R&D consistent with the President's National Climate
Change Technology Initiative (NCCTI). In 2005, the CCTP published a
Vision and Framework for Strategy and Planning and released a draft
Strategic Plan for review by the scientific community and the public. In
2006, the CCTP addressed the nearly 300 comments received and published
a final Strategic Plan. The CCTP has also identified within its
portfolio a subset of NCCTI priority activities, defined as discrete R&D
activities that address technological challenges, which, if solved,
could advance technologies with the potential to dramatically reduce,
avoid, or sequester greenhouse gas emissions. In 2008, CCTP's focus will
be on implementing the Strategic Plan, which lays out a series of next
steps. Reports and general information about the CCTP are available on
the program's website: www.climatetechnology.gov/.
The CCSP and CCTP will continue to coordinate implementation of
relevant climate change provisions in the 2005 Energy Policy Act as
appropriate.
Ocean Research: The 2008 Budget supports ocean and coastal research as
outlined in the recently released report Charting the Course for Ocean
Science in the United States for the Next Decade: An Ocean Research
Priorities Plan and Implementation Strategy. Developed by the National
Science and Technology Council's Joint Subcommittee on Ocean Science and
Technology, plan implementation will deploy key components of an ocean
observing system that can better and more accurately describe actual
conditions, enhance our understanding and capability to forecast ocean
processes and phenomena, and provide scientific support for ecosystem-
based management. These three overarching goals represent tremendous
potential for ocean science, as well as for maintaining U.S. leadership
in ocean technology and enhancing U.S. competitiveness. These goals are
supported by 20 separate national ocean research priorities, established
with extensive community input and oriented around the most compelling
issues of interaction between society and the ocean. The Joint
Subcommittee on Ocean Science and Technology will coordinate this multi-
agency research into key aspects of the oceans, coasts and Great Lakes
and work closely with the other coordinating bodies of the President's
Ocean Action Plan.
Hydrogen R&D: In 2006, the Hydrogen R&D Interagency Task Force led
coordination among nine agen
[[Page 50]]
cies in hydrogen-related manufacturing and innovation, safety, codes and
standards, and fundamental research on fuel cells, hydrogen production,
and hydrogen storage. The Task Force improved and updated its web portal
(www.hydrogen.gov) for hydrogen and fuel cell information. Additionally,
the Task Force works with the International Partnership for the Hydrogen
Economy, which coordinates hydrogen research among 15 nations
representing two thirds of global energy consumption.
DOE will continue to lead the President's Hydrogen Fuel Initiative to
accelerate the worldwide availability and affordability of hydrogen-
powered fuel cell vehicles and the infrastructure to support them. The
initiative focuses on research to advance hydrogen production, storage,
conversion, and infrastructure technologies. The 2008 Budget completes
the President's five-year, $1.2 billion commitment announced in his 2003
State of the Union address, but work will continue on the many technical
challenges that remain.
Biomass R&D: The Biomass R&D Act of 2000 established the Biomass R&D
Board to guide interagency coordination and bring coherence to Federal
strategic planning on biomass-related issues. Since 2002, the
Departments of Agriculture and Energy have been preparing joint annual
reports on a subset of coordinated biomass activities. In 2006, the
Board began preparation of an interagency coordination and planning
document that will be reviewed by the National Academy of Sciences. In
addition to assessing the goals and plans for interagency biomass
research, the Academy will be tasked with considering economic and other
impacts of increased biomass utilization under various energy price and
policy scenarios. Additional information on the Biomass R&D Board is
available online at www.biomass.govtools.us.
Stimulating Private Investment
Along with direct spending on R&D, the Federal Government has sought
to stimulate private R&D investment through incentives in the Internal
Revenue Code. A long-standing credit, which had provided a 20-percent
tax credit for private research and experimentation expenditures above a
certain base amount, was extended for two years through the end of 2007
and enhanced through the Tax Relief and Health Care Act of 2006. The
Administration proposes making the enhanced Research and Experimentation
tax credit permanent starting in 2008. The proposed extension will cost
$42 billion over the period from 2008 to 2012. In addition, a permanent
tax provision lets companies deduct, up front, the costs of certain
kinds of research and experimentation, rather than capitalize these
costs. Also, equipment used for research benefits from relatively rapid
tax depreciation allowance.
IV. FEDERAL R&D DATA
Federal R&D Funding
R&D is the collection of efforts directed towards gaining greater
knowledge or understanding and applying knowledge toward the production
of useful materials, devices, and methods. R&D investments can be
characterized as basic research, applied research, development, R&D
equipment, or R&D facilities, and the Office of Management and Budget
has used those or similar categories in its collection of R&D data since
1949.
Basic research is systematic study directed toward a fuller knowledge
or understanding of the fundamental aspects of phenomena and of
observable facts without specific applications towards processes or
products in mind. Basic research, however, may include activities with
broad applications in mind.
Applied research is systematic study to gain knowledge or
understanding necessary to determine the means by which a recognized and
specific need may be met.
Development is systematic application of knowledge or understanding,
directed toward the production of useful materials, devices, and systems
or methods, including design, development, and improvement of prototypes
and new processes to meet specific requirements.
Research and development equipment includes acquisition or design and
production of movable equipment, such as spectrometers, research
satellites, detectors, and other instruments. At a minimum, this
category should include programs devoted to the purchase or construction
of R&D equipment.
Research and development facilities include the acquisition, design,
and construction of, or major repairs or alterations to, all physical
facilities for use in R&D activities. Facilities include land,
buildings, and fixed capital equipment, regardless of whether the
facilities are to be used by the Government or by a private
organization, and regardless of where title to the property may rest.
This category includes such fixed facilities as reactors, wind tunnels,
and particle accelerators.
There are over twenty Federal agencies that fund R&D in the U.S. The
nature of the R&D that these agencies fund depends on the mission of
each agency and on the role of R&D in accomplishing it. Table 5-1 shows
agency-by-agency spending on basic and applied research, development,
and R&D equipment and facilities.
The ``Federal Science and Technology'' (FS&T) budget (shown in Table
5-2) highlights the creation of new knowledge and technologies more
consistently and accurately than the overall R&D data. The FS&T budget
emphasizes research; does not count funding for defense development,
testing, and evaluation; and totals less than half of Federal R&D
spending. The 2008 Budget requests $61 billion for FS&T.
[[Page 51]]
Table 5-1. FEDERAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
(Budget authority, dollar amounts in millions)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dollar Percent
2006 2007 2008 Change: Change: 2007
Actual Estimate Proposed 2007 to 2008 to 2008
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
By Agency
Defense............................................................................ 73,723 77,881 78,862 981 1%
Health and Human Services.......................................................... 28,531 28,743 29,027 284 1%
NASA............................................................................... 11,317 11,613 12,428 815 7%
Energy............................................................................. 8,596 8,389 9,224 835 10%
National Science Foundation........................................................ 4,227 4,232 4,880 648 15%
Agriculture........................................................................ 2,438 2,316 2,010 -306 -13%
Commerce........................................................................... 1,090 920 1,088 168 18%
Homeland Security.................................................................. 1,455 1,079 1,068 -11 -1%
Veteran Affairs.................................................................... 824 818 822 4 0%
Transportation..................................................................... 820 752 812 60 8%
Interior........................................................................... 639 636 621 -15 -2%
Environmental Protection Agency.................................................... 622 567 562 -5 -1%
Other.............................................................................. 1,250 1,223 1,251 28 2%
------------------------------------------------------------------
Total.............................................................................. 135,532 139,169 142,655 3,486 3%
Basic Research
Defense............................................................................ 1,457 1,565 1,428 -137 -9%
Health and Human Services.......................................................... 15,546 15,545 15,615 70 0%
NASA............................................................................... 2,299 2,259 2,226 -33 -1%
Energy............................................................................. 2,930 2,957 3,409 452 15%
National Science Foundation........................................................ 3,520 3,499 3,993 494 14%
Agriculture........................................................................ 853 799 771 -28 -4%
Commerce........................................................................... 118 118 164 46 39%
Homeland Security.................................................................. 85 105 132 27 26%
Veteran Affairs.................................................................... 343 328 330 2 1%
Transportation..................................................................... ......... ........... ........... ............ N/A
Interior........................................................................... 42 42 39 -3 -7%
Environmental Protection Agency.................................................... 105 94 94 ............ ..............
Other.............................................................................. 158 163 170 7 4%
------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal......................................................................... 27,456 27,474 28,371 897 3%
Applied Research
Defense............................................................................ 4,948 5,330 4,357 -973 -18%
Health and Human Services.......................................................... 12,827 12,964 13,237 273 2%
NASA............................................................................... 1,680 1,010 1,127 117 12%
Energy............................................................................. 2,700 2,707 2,869 162 6%
National Science Foundation........................................................ 286 281 380 99 35%
Agriculture........................................................................ 1,149 1,117 984 -133 -12%
Commerce........................................................................... 729 617 696 79 13%
Homeland Security.................................................................. 662 518 533 15 3%
Veteran Affairs.................................................................... 435 442 444 2 0%
Transportation..................................................................... 497 501 541 40 8%
Interior........................................................................... 546 534 525 -9 -2%
Environmental Protection Agency.................................................... 400 369 364 -5 -1%
Other.............................................................................. 590 549 581 32 6%
------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal......................................................................... 27,449 26,939 26,638 -301 -1%
Development
Defense............................................................................ 67,154 70,926 72,873 1,947 3%
Health and Human Services.......................................................... 22 22 22 ............ ..............
NASA............................................................................... 5,141 6,451 6,707 256 4%
Energy............................................................................. 1,939 1,843 1,891 48 3%
National Science Foundation........................................................ ......... ........... ........... ............ N/A
Agriculture........................................................................ 164 158 156 -2 -1%
Commerce........................................................................... 93 55 72 17 31%
Homeland Security.................................................................. 659 325 269 -56 -17%
Veteran Affairs.................................................................... 46 48 48 ............ ..............
Transportation..................................................................... 305 232 252 20 9%
Interior........................................................................... 46 53 55 2 4%
Environmental Protection Agency.................................................... 117 104 104 ............ ..............
Other.............................................................................. 464 455 454 -1 0%
------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal......................................................................... 76,150 80,672 82,903 2,231 3%
Facilities and Equipment
Defense............................................................................ 164 60 204 144 240%
Health and Human Services.......................................................... 136 212 153 -59 -28%
[[Page 52]]
NASA............................................................................... 2,197 1,893 2,368 475 25%
Energy............................................................................. 1,027 882 1,055 173 20%
National Science Foundation........................................................ 421 452 507 55 12%
Agriculture........................................................................ 272 242 99 -143 -59%
Commerce........................................................................... 150 130 156 26 20%
Homeland Security.................................................................. 49 131 134 3 2%
Veteran Affairs.................................................................... ......... ........... ........... ............ N/A
Transportation..................................................................... 18 19 19 ............ N/A
Interior........................................................................... 5 7 2 -5 -71%
Environmental Protection Agency.................................................... ......... ........... ........... ............ N/A
Other.............................................................................. 38 56 46 -10 -18%
------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal......................................................................... 4,477 4,084 4,743 659 16%
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 53]]
Table 5-2. FEDERAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY BUDGET
(Budget authority, dollar amounts in millions)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dollar Percent
2006 2007 2008 Change: Change:
Actual Estimate \1\ Proposed 2007 to 2007 to
2008 2008
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
By Agency
National Institutes of Health \2\..................... 28,242 28,269 28,700 431 2%
NASA \3\.............................................. 7,670 7,173 7,124 -49 -1%
Science............................................. 5,110 5,330 5,516 186 3%
Aeronautics......................................... 893 724 554 -170 -23%
Exploration Systems \4\............................. 1,452 921 856 -65 -7%
Innovative Partnerships............................. 215 198 198 ......... .........
Energy \5\............................................ 5,625 6,186 6,906 720 12%
Science Programs.................................... 3,596 4,102 4,398 296 7%
Electricity Transmission & Distribution............. 136 96 86 -10 -10%
Nuclear Energy...................................... 416 560 811 251 45%
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Resources \6\ 896 963 1,047 84 9%
Fossil Energy R&D \7\............................... 581 465 564 99 21%
National Science Foundation........................... 5,581 6,020 6,429 409 7%
Defense............................................... 6,405 6,895 5,785 -1,110 -16%
Basic Research...................................... 1,457 1,565 1,428 -137 -9%
Applied Research.................................... 4,948 5,330 4,357 -973 -18%
Agriculture........................................... 2,170 1,921 1,934 13 1%
CSREES Research and Education \8\................... 675 569 566 -3 -1%
Economic Research Service........................... 75 83 83 ......... .........
Agricultural Research Service \9\................... 1,141 1,001 1,022 21 2%
Forest Service: Forest and Rangeland Research....... 279 268 263 -5 -2%
Interior (USGS)....................................... 965 945 975 30 3%
Commerce.............................................. 939 869 944 75 9%
NOAA: Oceanic & Atmospheric Research................ 369 338 358 20 6%
NIST Intramural Research and Facilities............. 570 531 586 55 10%
Veterans Affairs \10\................................. 769 765 822 57 7%
Environmental Protection Agency \11\.................. 761 816 781 -35 -4%
Transportation........................................ 563 598 570 -28 -5%
Highway research: Federal Highway Administration.... 426 468 430 -38 -8%
Federal Aviation Administration: Research, 137 130 140 10 8%
Engineering, and Development.......................
Education............................................. 342 342 342 ......... .........
Special Education Research and Innovation........... 72 72 72 ......... .........
National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation 107 107 107 ......... .........
Research...........................................
Research, Development, and Dissemination \12\....... 163 163 163 ......... .........
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Total............................................... 60,032 60,799 61,312 513 1%
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\1\ The amounts included as 2007 Estimates in this table reflect the 2007 Budget levels, with the exception of
the numbers for the Department of Defense, which are the enacted levels.
\2\ In 2006, the Department of Health and Human Services allocated an additional $18 million to NIH for Pandemic
Influenza research from the Department of Defense Emergency Supplemental Appropriations to Address Hurricanes
in the Gulf of Mexico, and Pandemic Influenza Act, 2006.
\3\ Due to recent changes in NASA's approach to budgeting overhead costs, 2008 funding levels are not comparable
to 2006 and 2007 levels.
\4\ Includes Exploration Technology Development, the Human Research Program, and the Lunar Precursor Robotic
Program.
\5\ Data do not reflect actual transfers to Science Programs from other Department of Energy R&D programs to
support the Small Business Innovation Research and the Small Business Technology Transfer programs.
\6\ In 2006, Congress merged the Energy Supply and Energy Conservation accounts. The amount reported under the
new Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Resources line within this account reflects a combination of the
former Energy Conservation line item (excluding Weatherization and State grants) and the Renewables line item.
\7\ Excludes funding for the Alaska Natural Gas Pipeline project.
\8\ Includes the appropriation of earnings from the Native American Endowment Fund, but not the appropriation to
the Endowment's principal.
\9\ Excludes building and facilities. Excludes $6 million transfer to the account in 2006.
\10\ Includes the medical care and prosthetic research appropriation and VA medical care support transfer to
research.
\11\ Science and Technology, plus superfund transfer.
\12\ Does not include funding for Regional Educational Labs.
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Table 5-3. AGENCY DETAIL OF SELECTED INTERAGENCY R&D EFFORTS
(Budget authority, dollar amounts in millions)
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Dollar Percent
2006 2007 2008 Change: Change: 2007
Actual Estimate \1\ Proposed 2007 to 2008 to 2008
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Networking and Information Technology R&D \2\
Defense........................................................................... 1,106 1,046 1,027 -19 -2%
National Science Foundation....................................................... 812 904 994 90 10%
Health and Human Services \3\..................................................... 486 541 463 -78 -14%
Energy............................................................................ 282 389 404 15 4%
National Aeronautics and Space Administration..................................... 78 82 85 3 4%
Commerce.......................................................................... 64 73 73 ............ N/A
Environmental Protection Agency................................................... 6 6 6 ............ N/A
National Archives and Records Administration...................................... 4 4 5 1 25%
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Total........................................................................... 2,838 3,045 3,057 12 0%
National Nanotechnology Initiative
National Science Foundation....................................................... 360 373 390 17 5%
Defense........................................................................... 424 417 375 -42 -10%
Energy............................................................................ 231 293 332 39 13%
Health and Human Services \4\..................................................... 196 175 208 33 19%
Commerce (NIST)................................................................... 78 89 97 8 9%
National Aeronautics and Space Administration..................................... 50 25 24 -1 -4%
Environmental Protection Agency................................................... 5 9 10 1 11%
Agriculture....................................................................... 6 7 8 1 14%
Transportation.................................................................... 1 1 1 ............ N/A
Justice........................................................................... ......... 1 1 ............ N/A
Homeland Security................................................................. 2 1 1 ............ N/A
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Total........................................................................... 1,353 1,391 1,447 56 4%
Climate Change Science Program
National Aeronautics and Space Administration \5\................................. 1,045 981 871 -110 -11%
National Science Foundation....................................................... 197 205 208 3 1%
Commerce (NOAA)................................................................... 157 173 174 1 1%
Energy............................................................................ 130 126 130 4 3%
Agriculture....................................................................... 61 60 59 -1 -2%
National Institutes of Health..................................................... 50 57 50 -7 -12%
Interior (USGS)................................................................... 27 26 27 1 4%
Environmental Protection Agency................................................... 19 18 18 ............ N/A
Smithsonian....................................................................... 6 6 6 ............ N/A
Transportation.................................................................... 1 1 1 ............ N/A
U.S. Agency for International Development \6\..................................... 13 14 ........... N/A N/A
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Total........................................................................... 1,706 1,667 1,544 -123 -7%
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\1\ The amounts included as 2007 Estimates in these tables reflect the 2007 Budget levels, with the exception of the numbers for the Department of
Defense and the Department of Homeland Security, which are the enacted levels.
\2\ DHS NITRD funding information is not yet available.
\3\ Includes funds from offsetting collections for the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
\4\ Includes funds from both the National Institutes of Health and National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health.
\5\ Beginning with the 2007 Estimate, NASA is no longer counting its Ground Network and Research Range within its CCSP totals.
\6\ USAID CCSP funding information for 2008 is not yet available.