[Analytical Perspectives]
[Crosscutting Programs]
[3. Homeland Security Funding Analysis]
[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]


[[Page 19]]

 
                  3. HOMELAND SECURITY FUNDING ANALYSIS

  Since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the Federal 
Government, with State, local and private sector partners, has engaged 
in a broad, determined effort to thwart terrorism, identify and pursue 
terrorists abroad and implement an array of measures to secure our 
citizens and resources at home. The Administration has worked with the 
Congress to reorganize the Federal Government; acquire countermeasures 
to chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) weapons; 
enhance the security of our borders, transportation modes and critical 
infrastructure; and strengthen America's preparedness and response 
capabilities in our cities and local communities. Elements of our 
national homeland security strategy--to prevent terrorist attacks within 
the United States, reduce America's vulnerability to terrorism, and 
minimize the damage from attacks that may occur--involve every level of 
government as well as the private sector and individual citizens. Since 
September 11th, homeland security has continued to be a major policy 
focus for all levels of government, and one of the President's highest 
priorities.
  Underscoring the importance of homeland security as a crosscutting 
Government-wide function, section 889 of the Homeland Security Act of 
2002 requires a homeland security funding analysis to be incorporated in 
the President's Budget. This analysis addresses that legislative 
requirement. This analysis covers the homeland security funding and 
activities of all Federal agencies, not only those carried out by the 
Department of Homeland Security (DHS), but also addresses State, local, 
and private sector expenditures. Since not all activities carried out by 
DHS constitute homeland security funding (e.g., response to natural 
disasters, Coast Guard search and rescue activities), DHS estimates in 
this section do not represent the entire DHS budget.

               Data Collection Methodology and Adjustments

  The Federal spending estimates in this analysis utilize funding and 
programmatic information collected on the Executive Branch's homeland 
security efforts. \1\ Throughout the budget formulation process, the 
Office of Management and Budget (OMB) collects three-year funding 
estimates and associated programmatic information from all Federal 
agencies with homeland security responsibilities. These estimates do not 
include the efforts of the Legislative or Judicial branches. Information 
in this chapter is augmented by a detailed appendix of account-level 
funding estimates, which is available on the Analytical Perspectives CD-
ROM.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  \1\ All data in the Federal expenditures section are based on the 
President's policy for the 2008 Budget. Additional policy and baseline 
data is presented in the ``Additional Tables'' section. Due to rounding, 
data in this section may not add to totals in other Budget volumes.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  To compile this data, agencies report information using standardized 
definitions for homeland security. \2\ The data provided by the agencies 
are developed at the ``activity level,'' which is a set of like programs 
or projects, at a level of detail sufficient to consolidate the 
information to determine total Governmental spending on homeland 
security.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  \2\ Federal homeland security activities are currently defined by OMB 
in Circular A-11 as, ``activities that focus on combating and protecting 
against terrorism, and that occur within the United States and its 
territories (this includes Critical Infrastructure Protection (CIP) and 
Continuity of Operations (COOP) data), or outside of the United States 
and its territories if they support domestically-based systems or 
activities (e.g., visa processing or pre-screening high-risk cargo at 
overseas ports). Such activities include efforts to detect, deter, 
protect against, and, if needed, respond to terrorist attacks.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  To the extent possible, this analysis maintains programmatic and 
funding consistency with previous estimates. Some discrepancies from 
data reported in earlier years arise due to agencies' improved ability 
to extract homeland security-related activities from host programs and 
refine their characterizations. As in the Budget, where appropriate, the 
data is also updated to reflect agency activities, Congressional action, 
and technical re-estimates. In addition, the Administration may refine 
definitions or mission area estimates over time based on additional 
analysis or changes in the way specific activities are characterized, 
aggregated, or disaggregated.

                          Federal Expenditures

  Total funding for homeland security has grown significantly since the 
attacks of September 11, 2001. For 2008, the President's Budget includes 
$61.1 billion of gross budget authority for homeland security 
activities, a $4.7 billion (8.4 percent) increase over the 2007 
estimated level. \3\ Not including the Department of Defense's (DOD) 
funding, the gross non-defense 2008 request for homeland spending is 
$43.6 billion, or a $3.8 billion (9.5 percent) increase over the 2007 
estimated level. Excluding mandatory spending, fees, and the DOD's 
homeland security budget, the 2008 Budget proposes a net, non-Defense 
discretionary increase of $3.4 billion (10.3 percent) over the 2007 
level (see Table 3-1).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  \3\ Aside from DHS and DOD, all other agencies' 2007 funding is at the 
estimated full-year Continuing Resolution levels. Further, the FY07 
gross homeland security funding excludes supplemental and emergency 
funding received in 2007 ($1.7 billion) and the Department of Commerce's 
mandatory borrowing authority for emergency communications 
interoperability grants ($1 billion).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  The 2008 Budget proposes homeland security funding for a total of 31 
agencies. Of those, five agencies--the Departments of Homeland Security, 
Defense, Health and Human Services (HHS), Justice (DOJ) and Energy 
(DOE)--account for approximately 93 percent of total Government-wide 
homeland security funding in 2008.

[[Page 20]]



                                 Table 3-1.  HOMELAND SECURITY FUNDING BY AGENCY
                                   (Budget authority, in millions of dollars)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                             2006                         2007
             Budget Authority                  2006      Supplemental/      2007      Supplemental/      2008
                                              Actual       Emergency     Enacted/CR   Emergency \1\  Request \2\
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Agriculture................        597.4  ..............        522.5  ..............        718.5
Department of Commerce \3\...............        181.1  ..............        194.1  ..............        217.7
Department of Defense....................     16,479.3         1,030.5     16,538.3  ..............     17,461.2
Department of Education..................         24.7  ..............         24.0  ..............         23.2
Department of Energy.....................      1,702.1  ..............      1,696.6  ..............      1,833.9
Department of Health and Human Services..      4,351.8             0.1      4,313.2  ..............      4,424.1
Department of Homeland Security..........     25,154.9         1,416.1     26,872.2         1,816.4     29,666.5
Department of Housing and Urban                    1.9  ..............          1.9  ..............          3.4
 Development.............................
Department of the Interior...............         59.5  ..............         46.8  ..............         48.4
Department of Justice....................      2,995.4            30.3      3,089.3            96.0      3,330.5
Department of Labor......................         48.3  ..............         49.4  ..............         51.8
Department of State......................      1,107.9  ..............      1,239.6  ..............      1,405.7
Department of Transportation.............        181.0  ..............        178.6  ..............        200.0
Department of the Treasury...............        113.5             1.3        108.8             3.0        118.0
Department of Veterans Affairs...........        297.8  ..............        243.6  ..............        270.0
Corps of Engineers.......................         72.0  ..............         43.0  ..............         42.0
Environmental Protection Agency..........        129.4  ..............        132.9  ..............        152.4
Executive Office of the President........         20.8  ..............         20.8  ..............         20.8
General Services Administration..........         98.6             0.1         73.7  ..............         42.3
National Aeronautics and Space                   212.6  ..............        199.2  ..............        193.9
 Administration..........................
National Science Foundation..............        344.2  ..............        344.2  ..............        375.4
Office of Personnel Management...........          2.7  ..............          2.8  ..............          2.3
Social Security Administration...........        176.4  ..............        194.0  ..............        217.1
District of Columbia.....................         13.5  ..............          8.0  ..............          3.0
Federal Communications Commission........          2.3  ..............          2.3  ..............          3.6
Intelligence Community Management Account         56.0  ..............         56.0  ..............         58.0
National Archives and Records                     18.2  ..............         18.2  ..............         18.1
 Administration..........................
Nuclear Regulatory Commission............         79.3  ..............         66.0  ..............         68.9
Securities and Exchange Commission.......          5.0  ..............         14.3  ..............         18.3
Smithsonian Institution..................         83.7  ..............         80.6  ..............         92.8
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum..          7.8  ..............          7.8  ..............          8.4
Corporation for National and Community            20.4  ..............         20.4  ..............         14.9
 Service.................................
                                          ----------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, Homeland Security Budget Authority     54,639.4         2,478.4     56,403.0         1,915.4     61,104.9
  Less Department of Defense.............    -16,479.3        -1,030.5    -16,538.3  ..............    -17,461.2
                                          ----------------------------------------------------------------------
Non-Defense Homeland Security Budget          38,160.1         1,447.9     39,864.7         1,915.4     43,643.7
 Authority, excluding Mandatory
 Interoperability Communications Grants
 \4\.....................................
  Less Fee-Funded Homeland Security           -3,512.9  ..............     -4,396.4  ..............     -4,986.2
   Programs..............................
  Less Mandatory Homeland Security            -2,256.9  ..............     -2,487.7  ..............     -2,291.0
   Programs..............................
                                          ----------------------------------------------------------------------
Net Non-Defense Discretionary Homeland        32,390.3         1,447.9     32,980.6         1,915.4     36,366.5
 Security Budget Authority, excluding
 Mandatory Interoperability
 Communications Grants \4\...............
  Plus Mandatory Interoperability          ...........  ..............      1,000.0  ..............  ...........
   Communications Grants.................
                                          ----------------------------------------------------------------------
Net Non-Defense, Discretionary Homeland       32,390.3         1,447.9     33,980.6         1,915.4     36,366.5
 Security Budget Authority, including
 Mandatory Interoperability
 Communications Grants \4\...............
 
Obligations Limitations
Department of Transportation Obligations         121.0  ..............        121.0  ..............        121.3
 Limitation..............................
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ The 2007 supplemental and emergency funding levels for the Departments of Homeland Security (DHS), Justice
  (DOJ), and Treasury include both enacted and requested supplemental funding. In the 2007 Global War on Terror
  (GWOT) supplemental request, DHS, DOJ, and Treasury request $120 million, $96 million, and $3 million,
  respectively, for additional 2007 budget authority.
\2\ The 2008 request levels for DHS and DOJ does not include additional budget authorities for 2008 requested in
  the 2007 GWOT supplemental request. Specifically, DHS and DOJ request $225 million and $85 million,
  respectively, in additional budget authority for 2008 to be provided in the 2007 GWOT supplemental
  appropriation bill.
\3\ DOC's 2007 gross Continuing Resolution full-year estimate for homeland security excludes $1 billion in
  mandatory borrowing authority to provide Federal grants to public safety agencies for communications
  interoperability purposes. Although technically scored in 2007, this funding will be made available from
  proceeds of the Federal Communications Commission's 2008 auction of returned television spectrum.
\4\ The Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 appropriated $1 billion from anticipated spectrum auction receipts for the
  Department of Commerce, in consultation with the Department of Homeland Security, to make grants to public
  safety agencies for communications interoperability purposes.

  The growth in Federal homeland security funding is indicative of the 
efforts that have been initiated to secure our Nation. However, it 
should be recognized that fully developing the strategic capacity to 
protect America is a complex effort with many challenges. There is a 
wide range of potential threats and risks from terrorism. To optimize 
limited resources and minimize the potential social costs to our free 
and open society, homeland security activities should be prioritized 
based on the highest threats and risks. Homeland security

[[Page 21]]

represents a partnership between the Federal government and its State 
and local counterparts, the private sector, and individual citizens, 
each with a unique role in protecting our Nation.
  The National Strategy for Homeland Security provides a framework for 
addressing these challenges. It guides the highest priority requirements 
for securing the Nation. As demonstrated below, the Federal government 
has used the National Strategy to guide its homeland security efforts. 
For this analysis, agencies categorize their funding data based on the 
critical mission areas defined in the National Strategy: intelligence 
and warning, border and transportation security, domestic 
counterterrorism, protecting critical infrastructures and key assets, 
defending against catastrophic threats, and emergency preparedness and 
response.
  The National Strategy is a dynamic document being implemented through 
a robust interagency planning and coordination process. It includes 
actions that agencies use and must build upon to measure progress. In 
some cases, progress may be easily measured. In others, Federal 
agencies, along with State and local governments and the private sector, 
are working together to develop measurable goals. Finally, in some 
areas, Federal agencies and partners must continue to develop a better 
understanding of changing risks and threats--such as the biological 
agents most likely to be used by a terrorist group or the highest-risk 
critical infrastructure targets--in order to develop benchmarks that 
suit the needs of the moment and at the same time align to long-term 
goals. For example, a major inter-agency effort currently occurring at 
the Federal level is the development of the National Implementation Plan 
for the Global War on Terrorism and attendant performance measures that 
address homeland security.
  Funding presented in this report is analyzed in the context of major 
``mission areas.'' Activities in many of the mission areas are closely 
related and certain capabilities highlighted by a single mission area 
also enhance capabilities captured by other mission areas. For example, 
information gleaned from activities in the intelligence and warning 
category may be utilized to inform law enforcement activities in the 
domestic counterterrorism category. Augmentation of pharmaceutical 
stockpiles, categorized as emergency preparedness and response, may also 
address agents that represent catastrophic threats. However, for the 
purposes of segmenting Federal homeland security funding by mission 
areas, discussions of cross-cutting activities have also been separated 
by mission areas.
  Furthermore, there are a small number of notable cross-cutting 
activities that are not specifically highlighted in any of the mission 
areas. For example, although pandemic influenza preparedness is 
considered an essential homeland security activity, it does not 
necessarily fit into a single mission area, and general bio-defense and 
preparedness activities of the Federal government encompass it. 
Nevertheless, the preparations we are making for pandemic influenza have 
a direct impact on our ability to defend against and respond to 
terrorist Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) threats.
  The following table summarizes funding levels by the National 
Strategy's mission areas; more detailed analyses are provided in 
subsequent mission-specific analysis sections.

                                     

                     Table 3-2.  HOMELAND SECURITY FUNDING BY NATIONAL STRATEGY MISSION AREA
                                   (Budget authority, in millions of dollars)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                           2007
                   Agency                         2006         2006          2007     Supplemental/      2008
                                                 Actual    Supplemental   Enacted/CR    Emergency      Request
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Intelligence and Warning....................        443.0          6.3         500.3         13.0          647.9
Border and Transportation Security..........     18,042.3      1,335.8      19,528.1      1,816.4       22,403.8
Domestic Counterterrorism...................      4,535.6         89.8       4,980.3         83.0        4,889.4
Protecting Critical Infrastructure and Key       17,933.2        862.4      17,919.7          3.0       19,096.1
 Assets.....................................
Defending Against Catastrophic Threats......      8,573.7        122.4       8,460.6  .............      8,828.9
Emergency Preparedness and Response.........      4,992.3         61.6       4,935.9  .............      5,022.0
Other.......................................        119.3  ............         78.1  .............        216.8
                                             -------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, Homeland Security Budget Authority...     54,639.4      2,478.4      56,403.0      1,915.4       61,104.9
  Plus Mandatory Interoperability             ...........  ............      1,000.0  .............  ...........
   Communications Grants....................
                                             -------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Homeland Security Budget Authority         54,639.4      2,478.4      57,403.0      1,915.4       61,104.9
 plus Mandatory Interoperability
 Communications Grants......................
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


[[Page 22]]

National Strategy Mission Area: Intelligence and Warning

  The intelligence and warning mission area covers activities to detect 
terrorist threats and disseminate terrorist-threat information. This 
category includes intelligence collection, risk analysis, and threat-
vulnerability integration activities for preventing terrorist attacks. 
It also includes information sharing activities among Federal, State, 
and local governments, relevant private sector entities, and the public 
at large. It does not include most foreign intelligence collection--
although the resulting intelligence may inform homeland security 
activities--nor does it fully capture classified intelligence 
activities. In 2008, funding for intelligence and warning is distributed 
between DHS (60 percent), primarily in the Office of Intelligence and 
Analysis (I&A); DOJ (27 percent), primarily in the Federal Bureau of 
Investigation (FBI); and other Intelligence Community members (9 
percent). The 2008 funding for intelligence and warning activities is 
29.5 percent above the 2007 level.

                                     

                                  Table 3-3.  INTELLIGENCE AND WARNING FUNDING
                                   (Budget authority, in millions of dollars)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                           2007
                   Agency                         2006         2006          2007     Supplemental/      2008
                                                 Actual    Supplemental   Enacted/CR    Emergency      Request
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Agriculture...................          5.2  ............          5.2  .............         22.3
Department of Commerce......................  ...........  ............          1.8  .............          1.8
Department of Homeland Security.............        337.7  ............        380.1  .............        388.4
Department of Justice.......................         41.7          5.0          54.8         10.0          173.8
Department of the Treasury..................          2.4          1.3           2.4          3.0            3.6
Intelligence Community Management Account...         56.0  ............         56.0  .............         58.0
                                             -------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, Intelligence and Warning.............        443.0          6.3         500.3         13.0          647.9
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

  The major requirements addressed in the intelligence and warning 
mission area include:
    Unifying and enhancing intelligence and analytical 
          capabilities to ensure officials have the information they 
          need to prevent attacks; and
    Implementing information sharing and warning mechanisms, 
          such as the Homeland Security Advisory System, to allow 
          Federal, State, local, and private authorities to take action 
          to prevent attacks and protect potential targets.
  As established by the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act 
(IRTPA) of 2004, the Director of National Intelligence (DNI) ensures 
that this office is setting collection and analysis priorities that are 
consistent with the National Intelligence Strategy. This strategy calls 
for the integration of both the domestic and foreign dimensions of U.S. 
intelligence so that there are no gaps in our understanding of threats 
to the homeland.
  In accordance with the IRTPA's requirements for the Information 
Sharing Environment (ISE), the DNI is also ensuring that information 
sharing takes place in an environment where access to terrorism 
information is matched to the roles, responsibilities, and missions of 
all the organizations across the intelligence community. These changes 
allow the intelligence community to ``connect the dots'' more 
effectively, develop a better integrated system for identifying and 
analyzing terrorist threats, and issue warnings more rapidly. The DNI, 
in conjunction with the Homeland Security Council (HSC) and relevant 
Federal agencies, has established the ISE Implementation Plan and ISE 
Privacy Guidelines in accordance with a Presidential directive in 
December, 2005, which outlined new guidelines and protocols for 
improving information sharing between Federal, State, local, and foreign 
governments and the private sector. The President has extended work on 
the ISE for another two years and fully supports the plan going forward 
to complete the ISE mandate as outlined in IRTPA.
  The National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC) is specifically chartered 
to centralize U.S. Government terrorism threat analysis and ensure that 
all agencies receive relevant analysis and information. NCTC serves as 
the primary organization in the U.S. Government for analyzing and 
integrating all intelligence pertaining to terrorism and 
counterterrorism (except purely domestic terrorism) and the central and 
shared knowledge bank on known and suspected terrorists and 
international terror groups. It also ensures that agencies, as 
appropriate, have access to and receive the all-source intelligence 
support needed to execute their counterterrorism plans or perform 
independent, alternative analysis. NCTC is tasked with coordinating 
counterterrorism operational planning on a global basis and developing 
strategic, operational plans for the Global War on Terrorism. The NCTC, 
with guidance from the National Security Council and the HSC, has 
created the first National Implementation Plan for the Global War on 
Terrorism, which will further consolidate the U.S. Government's efforts 
on the Global War on Terrorism.
  The DNI and the NCTC work to utilize the unique assets and 
capabilities of other Government agencies

[[Page 23]]

and interagency groups--some of which are reorganizing to improve these 
capabilities and better interface with the new intelligence structure. 
As such, the NCTC allocates requirements to the agencies with the assets 
and capabilities to address them. In addition, NCTC has formed a new 
core staff of analysts drawn from multiple intelligence agencies. This 
variety ensures that NCTC can access the Intelligence Community's full 
breadth of knowledge and complement the activities of individual 
agencies. Despite the addition of this new permanent planning staff, 
NCTC will not undertake direct operations but will continue to leave 
mission execution with the appropriate agencies. This separation ensures 
that agencies' chains of command remain intact and prevent potentially 
excessive micromanagement of counterterrorism missions. Taken together, 
the creation of the NCTC and recent legislation and executive orders 
will ensure counterterrorism intelligence and warning assets are better 
allocated and more tightly coordinated, leading to improved intelligence 
for homeland security.
  The 2008 budget request for the FBI supports improvements in its 
national security investigations and intelligence analysis, as well as 
technical and tactical support programs. Many of the improvements are 
targeted at FBI's National Security Branch, which integrates the 
Intelligence Directorate, Counterterrorism Division and 
Counterintelligence Division.
  Over the past five years, the FBI has developed its intelligence 
capabilities and improved its ability to protect the American people 
from threats to national security. It has built on its established 
capacity to collect information and enhanced its ability to analyze, 
disseminate and utilize intelligence. The President's 2008 Budget 
supports the FBI's priorities and its continuing transformation by 
providing the resources needed to enhance its national security 
capabilities and improve supporting information technology and 
infrastructure. These initiatives will increase the number of agents and 
specialists working national security cases; enhance intelligence 
collection, systems, and training; improve IT systems that reduce 
paperwork and facilitate information sharing; and upgrade biometric 
identification systems to improve the identification of terrorists.
  As a result of the Department of Homeland Security's 2006 re-
organization (Second Stage Review), a new Office of Intelligence and 
Analysis was established to strengthen intelligence functions and 
information sharing within DHS. I&A gathers information to analyze 
terrorist threats to critical infrastructure, transportation systems, or 
other targets inside the homeland. Led by the DHS Chief Intelligence 
Officer reporting directly to the Secretary, this office not only relies 
on personnel from the former Information Analysis and Infrastructure 
Protection Directorate, but also draws on the expertise of other DHS 
components with information collection and analytical capabilities. For 
example, improved coordination and information sharing between border 
agents, air marshals, and intelligence analysts deepens the Department's 
understanding of terrorist threats. By maintaining and expanding its 
partnership with the NCTC, DHS will better coordinate its activities 
with other members within the Intelligence Community and the DNI.

                                     

                             Table 3-4.  BORDER AND TRANSPORTATION SECURITY FUNDING
                                   (Budget authority, in millions of dollars)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                           2007
                   Agency                         2006         2006          2007     Supplemental/      2008
                                                 Actual    Supplemental   Enacted/CR    Emergency      Request
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Agriculture...................        205.6  ............        210.2  .............        221.7
Department of Commerce......................  ...........  ............          1.5  .............          1.6
Department of Energy........................  ...........  ............  ...........  .............          7.1
Department of Homeland Security.............     16,732.1      1,335.8      18,086.3      1,816.4       20,812.8
Department of Justice.......................         30.4  ............         25.4  .............          4.6
Department of State.........................      1,056.6  ............      1,188.3  .............      1,346.0
Department of Transportation................         17.7  ............         16.4  .............         10.0
                                             -------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, Border and Transportation Security...     18,042.3      1,335.8      19,528.1      1,816.4       22,403.8
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

  I&A also serves as the focal point for disseminating homeland security 
information to State and local entities. For example, I&A is connected 
to homeland security directors of States, counties, and territories 
through the Homeland Security Information Network (HSIN) and it is 
deploying the Homeland Security Data Network (HSDN) to them as well. All 
fifty States and major urban areas are connected to HSIN, and HSIN is 
being rolled out to major counties as well. Furthermore, in recognition 
of the limitations of virtual interactions through electronic 
communications networks, beginning in late 2006, I&A has begun deploying 
liaisons and intelligence analysts to State and Local Intelligence 
Fusion Centers across the nation to improve the flow and quality of 
homeland security information to State, local and private sector 
partners and ensure a more accurate situational awareness for DHS and 
its Federal partners.

National Strategy Mission Area: Border and Transportation Security

  This mission area covers activities to protect border and 
transportation systems, such as screening airport passengers, detecting 
dangerous materials at ports

[[Page 24]]

overseas and at U.S. ports-of-entry, and patrolling our coasts and the 
land between ports-of-entry. The majority of funding in this mission 
area ($20.9 billion, or 93 percent, in 2008) is in DHS, largely for the 
U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP), the Transportation Security 
Administration (TSA), and the U.S Coast Guard. Other DHS bureaus and 
other Federal Departments, such as the Departments of State and Justice, 
also play significant roles. The President's 2008 request would increase 
funding for border and transportation security activities by 6.7 percent 
over the 2007 level.
  Securing our borders and transportation systems is a complex task. 
Security enhancements in one area may make another avenue more 
attractive to terrorists. Therefore, our border and transportation 
security strategy aims to make the U.S. borders ``smarter''--targeting 
layered resources toward the highest risks and sharing information so 
that frontline personnel can stay ahead of potential adversaries--while 
facilitating the flow of legitimate visitors and commerce. The creation 
of DHS allowed for unification of the Federal Government's major border 
and transportation security resources, which facilitates the integration 
of risk targeting systems, and ensures greater accountability in border 
and transportation security. Rather than having separate systems for 
managing goods, people, and agricultural products, one agency is now 
accountable for ensuring that there is one cohesive border management 
system.
  The 2008 Budget provides approximately $8.8 billion for the Border 
Patrol (an increase of 36 percent over 2007) including funding for 3,000 
new agents. The President has committed to doubling the size of the 
Border Patrol to over 18,000 agents before he leaves office. At the 
start of the President's Administration, there were 9,096 Border Patrol 
agents. This Budget will bring the total number of agents to 17,819, and 
the next one will meet the President's goal. To gain control of our 
borders, the Budget also continues funding for fencing technology and 
other infrastructure along the border. For example, in September of 
2006, DHS awarded a contract to implement the technological and 
infrastructure component of its Secure Border Initiative effort, SBInet. 
SBInet will concentrate on using proven technology to significantly 
improve the availability of information and tools to Border Patrol 
agents so they can better detect, identify, classify and confront 
illegal border activity by those who pose a threat to the United States. 
The Budget includes $1 billion for this priority. This investment will 
support smarter and more secure borders.
  The Administration has effectively ended the practice of ``catch and 
release'' along the northern and southern borders. Non-Mexican illegal 
aliens apprehended at the border are now detained and then returned to 
their home countries as quickly as possible and all non-criminal 
Mexicans apprehended for crossing the border illegally are returned to 
Mexico immediately. The 2008 Budget includes $2.2 billion in detention 
and removal resources to continue this success and supports a total of 
28,450 detention beds across the country to house illegal aliens 
apprehended by DHS.
  To improve coordination and provide assistance to State and local law 
enforcement officials, the Budget will expand a successful Federal, 
State and local partnership--the 287(g) program, which provides State/
local law enforcement officials with guidance and training in 
immigration law, subject to the direction of the Secretary of Homeland 
Security. The 2008 Budget includes an increase of $26 million for the 
287(g) program and the Law Enforcement Support Center, including the 
training of 250 State and local law enforcement officers, detention beds 
for apprehended illegal aliens, and personnel to assist State and local 
law enforcement when they encounter aliens. The Budget also includes an 
increase of $29 million to identify criminal aliens in Federal, State, 
and local prison facilities and remove those aliens from the United 
States, $13 million for investigating smuggling and border criminal 
activity and $5 million for identifying, apprehending, prosecuting and 
removing aliens involved in gang activities.
  Key to the Federal Government's screening of international visitors is 
the US-VISIT program, which is designed to expedite the clearance of 
legitimate travelers while identifying and denying clearance to those 
who may intend harm. US-VISIT currently collects two digital 
fingerprints and a digital photograph of all foreign visitors entering 
the United States. The ability to screen foreign visitors against 
criminal and terrorist databases as well as confirming the identity of 
travelers has improved border security. However, in the future, to 
improve accuracy in the identification of visitors, first-time visitors 
to the United States will be enrolled in the program by submitting ten 
fingerprints, allowing for improved accuracy in identifying foreign 
visitors and preventing the entry of known terrorists and criminals to 
the United States. DHS, in conjunction with the Departments of State and 
Justice, will implement this multiyear project to improve screening, and 
the 2008 Budget includes $462 million for US-VISIT, of which $228 
million is for 10-print deployment and interoperability with the FBI's 
fingerprint system, the Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification 
System.
  In the area of aviation security, the Administration continues to 
enhance the multiple levels of security implemented in the wake of the 
September 11th attacks. The Transportation Security Administration has 
made significant improvements in aviation security since September 
11th by implementing a layered, risk-based security approach. 
These advances include hardened cockpit doors, a greatly expanded 
Federal Air Marshals program, arming some pilots through the Federal 
Flight Deck Officers program, offering voluntary self defense training 
to crew members, and screening 100 percent of passenger and checked 
baggage. TSA will further strengthen these efforts in 2008 by requesting 
$4 billion for aviation screening operations. TSA will also commit $729 
million to the purchase, installation, and maintenance of baggage 
screening devices, including inline systems that will increase baggage 
throughput up to

[[Page 25]]

250 percent. The Budget also provides more than $82 million for emerging 
technology at passenger checkpoints. This technology will enhance the 
detection of prohibited items, especially firearms and explosives, 
through the use of additional sensors such as whole body imaging, liquid 
bottle scanners, automated explosive sampling, and cast and prosthesis 
scanners.
  Safeguarding our seaports is critical since terrorists may seek to use 
them to enter the country or introduce weapons or other dangerous 
materials. With 95 percent of all U.S. cargo passing through the 
Nation's 361 ports, a terrorist attack on a major seaport could slow the 
movement of goods and be economically devastating to the nation. The 
Maritime Transportation Security Act (MTSA) and its implementing 
regulations, issued by DHS in October 2003, require ports, vessels, and 
facilities to conduct security assessments. In 2008, the Coast Guard 
will continue to ensure compliance with MTSA port and vessel security 
standards and regulations. The 2008 Budget provides nearly $3 billion 
for port security across DHS, primarily for Coast Guard port security 
activities such as Maritime Safety and Security Teams and harbor 
patrols. In addition, the Coast Guard's budget funds operations to 
strengthen intelligence collection and surveillance capabilities in the 
maritime environment, both of which contribute to the broader Coast 
Guard effort to enhance Maritime Domain Awareness. In 2007, Congress 
passed P.L. 109-347, the SAFE Port Act, which requires enhanced 
screening of cargo bound for the Unites States, among other port 
security measures. In addition, port operators are eligible for grants 
to fund security enhancements under DHS' Infrastructure Protection 
Program (IPP) which falls under the Infrastructure Protection mission 
area.
  The State Department Bureau of Consular Affairs is the second largest 
contributor to border and transportation security. The State Border 
Security program includes visa, passport, American Citizen Services and 
International Adoption programs. In 2008, the State Department will 
continue working with interagency partners to enable the transition of 
the US-VISIT program to a ten fingerprint system. For visitors that 
require a visa, the Department of State collects the visitor's biometric 
and biographic data, which is then checked against watch lists, thereby 
improving the ability to make a visa determination. When the visitor 
arrives in the United States, US-VISIT procedures allow DHS to determine 
whether the person applying for entry is the same person who was issued 
the visa by the Department of State. This and additional watch list 
checks improve the ability of DHS to make admissibility decisions.
  In addition, the Department of State will also lead the implementation 
of the Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative in 2008, which mandates that 
all persons travelling internationally within the Western Hemisphere 
travel with a passport or other authorized document by 2009. Under this 
initiative, United States citizens and foreign visitors traveling to and 
from the Caribbean, Bermuda, Panama, Canada or Mexico will be required 
to have a passport or standardized travel card that establishes the 
bearer's identity and nationality to enter or re-enter the United 
States. The initiative will improve security at our borders by 
standardizing entry and exit information and increasing the ability of 
Government agencies to work together.

                                     

                                   Table 3-5.  DOMESTIC COUNTERRORISM FUNDING
                                   (Budget authority, in millions of dollars)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                           2007
                   Agency                         2006         2006          2007     Supplemental/      2008
                                                 Actual    Supplemental   Enacted/CR    Emergency      Request
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Homeland Security.............      2,127.0         65.0       2,482.8  .............      2,201.0
Department of Interior......................          0.3  ............          0.3  .............          0.3
Department of Justice.......................      2,325.3         24.8       2,418.2         83.0        2,604.0
Department of Transportation................         21.0  ............         20.0  .............         21.0
Department of the Treasury..................         60.7  ............         57.6  .............         61.7
Social Security Administration..............          1.4  ............          1.4  .............          1.4
                                             -------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, Domestic Counterterrorism............      4,535.6         89.8       4,980.3         83.0        4,889.4
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


National Strategy Mission Area: Domestic Counterterrorism

  Funding in the domestic counterterrorism mission area covers Federal 
and Federally-supported efforts to identify, thwart, and prosecute 
terrorists in the United States. The largest contributors to the 
domestic counterterrorism mission are law enforcement organizations: 
within DOJ (largely the FBI) and DHS (largely ICE), which account for 
53.3 and 45 percent of total funding for 2008, respectively.
  Since the attacks of September 11th, preventing and interdicting 
terrorist activity within the United States has become a priority for 
law enforcement at all levels of government. The major requirements 
addressed in the domestic counterterrorism mission area include:
    Developing a proactive law enforcement capability to prevent 
          terrorist attacks;
    Apprehending potential terrorists; and
    Improving law enforcement cooperation and information 
          sharing to enhance domestic counterterrorism efforts across 
          all levels of government.

[[Page 26]]

  The President's 2008 Budget supports the FBI's top strategic priority: 
to protect the United States from terrorist attacks. FBI continues to 
build its counterterrorism capabilities post-September 11th. 
Over the past six years, FBI has shifted resources to counterterrorism 
from lower priority programs, hired and trained additional field 
investigators, enhanced science and technology capabilities, and 
strengthened headquarters oversight of the counterterrorism program. In 
addition, FBI has integrated its counterterrorism, counterintelligence, 
and intelligence functions by establishing the National Security Branch 
to oversee all three programs. More recently, the FBI has created a 
Weapons of Mass Destruction Directorate to coordinate all investigative 
and analytical efforts directed at WMD issues. Overall, FBI resources in 
the domestic counterterrorism category have increased from $0.9 billion 
in 2002 to $2 billion in 2008. Among the largest 2008 initiatives for 
enhancing counterterrorism capabilities are $38 million to improve FBI's 
data intercept and access program, $26 million to fund additional 
counterterrorism agents, and $19 million to expand the WMD Directorate.
  Within DHS, ICE focuses on a broad array of national security, 
financial, and smuggling violations, including illegal arms exports, 
financial crimes, commercial fraud, and human trafficking. The 2008 
Budget provides $2 billion for these enforcement activities.

                                     

                      Table 3-6.  PROTECTING CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND KEY ASSETS FUNDING
                                   (Budget authority, in millions of dollars)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                           2007
                   Agency                         2006         2006          2007     Supplemental/      2008
                                                 Actual    Supplemental   Enacted/CR    Emergency      Request
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Agriculture...................         90.7  ............         31.1  .............         64.0
Department of Defense.......................     11,150.5        862.3      11,254.0  .............     11,966.2
Department of Energy........................      1,520.6  ............      1,515.1  .............      1,607.1
Department of Health and Human Services.....        181.7  ............        184.8  .............        180.2
Department of Homeland Security.............      2,698.3  ............      2,779.6  .............      3,035.5
Department of Justice.......................        541.1  ............        531.2          3.0          494.3
Department of Transportation................        131.9  ............        131.9  .............        166.1
Department of Veterans Affairs..............        262.5  ............        208.3  .............        221.9
National Aeronautics and Space                      212.6  ............        199.2  .............        193.9
 Administration.............................
National Science Foundation.................        317.2  ............        317.2  .............        350.4
Social Security Administration..............        174.6  ............        191.9  .............        215.0
Other Agencies..............................        651.7          0.1         575.4  .............        601.6
                                             -------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, Protecting Critical Infrastructure        17,933.2        862.4      17,919.7          3.0       19,096.1
 and Key Assets.............................
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


National Strategy Mission Area: Protecting Critical Infrastructure and 
Key Assets

  Funding in the protecting critical infrastructure and key assets 
mission area captures the efforts of the U.S. Government to secure the 
Nation's infrastructure, including information infrastructure, from 
terrorist attacks. Protecting the Nation's key assets is a complex 
challenge for two reasons: (1) the diversity of infrastructure and (2) 
the high level of private ownership (85 percent) of the Nation's key 
assets. DOD continues to report the largest share of funding in this 
category for 2008 ($12 billion, or 62.8 percent), which includes 
programs focusing on physical security and improving the military's 
ability to prevent or mitigate the consequences of attacks against 
departmental personnel and facilities. Nevertheless, DHS has overall 
responsibility for prioritizing and executing infrastructure protection 
activities at the national level and accounts for $3 billion (16 
percent) of 2008 funding. In addition, a total of 25 other agencies 
report funding to protect their own assets and work with States, 
localities, and the private sector to reduce vulnerabilities in their 
areas of expertise. The President's 2008 request increases funding for 
activities to protect critical infrastructure and key assets by $1.2 
billion (6.6 percent) over the 2007 level.
  Securing America's critical infrastructure and key assets is a complex 
task. The major requirements include:
    Unifying disparate efforts to protect critical 
          infrastructure across the Federal Government, and with State, 
          local, and private stakeholders;
    Building and maintaining an accurate assessment of America's 
          critical infrastructure and key assets and prioritizing 
          protective action based on risk;
    Enabling effective partnerships to protect critical 
          infrastructure; and
    Reducing threats and vulnerabilities in cyberspace.
  Homeland Security Policy Directive 7 (HSPD-7), signed in December 
2003, established a national policy to protect critical infrastructure 
and key resources from attack, to ensure the delivery of essential goods 
and services, and to maintain public safety and security. Under HSPD-7, 
DHS is responsible for coordinating Federal critical infrastructure 
programs and working closely with State and local governments and the 
private sector to align protection efforts. To provide the overall 
framework to integrate various critical infrastructure protection 
activities, DHS developed the Na

[[Page 27]]

tional Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP). The plan's risk-management 
approach provides the framework for government and industry to work 
together on common protective goals, while focusing resources where they 
are needed the most.
  Recognizing that each infrastructure sector possesses it own unique 
characteristics, HSPD-7 also designated sector-specific agencies to 
coordinate infrastructure protection efforts within each sector. This 
approach enables agencies to rely on specialized expertise and long-
standing relationships with industry in conducting infrastructure 
protection activities. There are 17 critical infrastructure sectors and 
9 sector-specific agencies, including DHS. In December of 2006, DHS 
received the first set of sector-specific plans that address how each 
critical infrastructure sector will work together to collect 
infrastructure information, prioritize assets and protective programs, 
and develop metrics to inform future initiatives.
  Although these efforts aimed at protecting critical infrastructure and 
key assets nationwide are in motion, the Administration has also been 
focusing on a select number of high-priority areas in parallel with NIPP 
implementation. For example, the 2008 Budget provides $25 million to DHS 
to focus on chemical security regulation enforcement activities, such as 
requiring security vulnerability assessments and facility security plans 
and inspecting chemical facilities for compliance. The budget for the 
Environmental Protection Agency includes $22 million in 2008 to begin 
testing the last of its pilot systems for the Water Security Initiative. 
The program develops pilot systems for cost effective, early warning of 
disease, pest, or poisonous agents in drinking water systems and offers 
subsequent consequence management. The Department of Agriculture also 
has completed extensive physical security assessments to make sure that 
agricultural physical security issues throughout the United States are 
in line with the latest best practices. Many other departments and 
agencies have critical infrastructure protection programs underway that 
support the mission of the NIPP and will benefit from the NIPP process.
  DHS recently reorganized and combined its preparedness and response 
functions to fulfill requirements of the 2007 Homeland Security 
Appropriations Act. DHS also created the National Protection and 
Programs Directorate (NPPD), which includes offices that were omitted 
from the transfer to FEMA by statute. These offices, which focus on 
physical and cyber infrastructure protection, communications, as well as 
other major security initiatives, will be part of the newly created 
NPPD.
  The Office of Infrastructure Protection (IP), located within this new 
directorate, is responsible for managing and prioritizing infrastructure 
protection at the national level. The Office operates the national asset 
database, which aggregates infrastructure data from across the nation. 
The database supports DHS in developing a risk-based strategy for 
protection and can be used to identify critical infrastructure under 
certain scenarios. IP also conducts site visits and assessments each 
year, and has used this information to develop site security guidelines 
for nuclear power plants and chemical facilities. The 2008 Budget 
provides $240 million for these activities. In conjunction with funding 
for the Office of Infrastructure Protection, the Administration supports 
the Infrastructure Protection Program, which consists of five grant 
programs funding security enhancement projects in and around 
transportation assets and other critical infrastructure sites. Awarded 
through the Office of Grant Programs, IPP grants supplement State and 
local infrastructure security efforts, especially detection and 
prevention investments.
  Cyberspace security is a key element of infrastructure protection 
because the Internet and other computer systems link infrastructure 
sectors. The consequences of a cyber attack could cascade across the 
economy, imperiling public safety and national security. To address this 
threat, DHS established the National Cyber Security Division (NCSD) in 
2003--in response to the President's National Strategy to Secure 
Cyberspace--in order to identify, analyze and reduce cyber threats and 
vulnerabilities, coordinate incident response, and provide technical 
assistance. NCSD, now part of NPPD, works collaboratively with public, 
private, and international entities to secure cyberspace and America's 
cyber assets. NCSD has also established the U.S. Computer Emergency 
Response Team (US-CERT), which operates a cyber watch, warning, and 
incident response center. US-CERT supports a watch and warning 
capability responsible for tracking incident and trend data, ranking 
associated severity, and generating real-time alerts.
  NCSD also operates a Control Systems Security Program. Today, many 
critical infrastructures such as pipelines, water and pumping stations, 
and pharmaceutical production are run by computerized control systems. 
These systems make our critical infrastructure assets more automated, 
more productive, more efficient, and more innovative, but they also may 
expose those physical assets to cyber-related threats. NCSD works to 
address these weaknesses and enhance control systems security. To 
evaluate readiness and response programs such as the National Response 
Plan, NCSD has conducted national cyber exercises such as Cyber Storm 
with public and private sector entities. These exercises test our 
capabilities and improve our ability to respond to an incident. To 
support these critical preparedness activities, the Budget includes $98 
million for the NCSD in 2008.

National Strategy Mission Area: Defending Against Catastrophic Threats

  The defending against catastrophic threats mission area covers 
activities including research, development, and deployment of 
technologies, systems, and medical measures to detect and counter the 
threat of chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear weapons. The 
agencies with the most significant resources to help develop and field 
technologies to counter CBRN threats are:

[[Page 28]]

(1) DOD ($5 billion, or 57.6 percent, of the 2008 total); (2) HHS, 
largely for research at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) ($1.9 
billion, or 22.1 percent, of the 2008 total); and (3) DHS ($1.3 billion, 
or 14.5 percent, of the 2008 total). The President's 2008 request would 
increase funding for activities to defend against catastrophic threats 
by $368 million (4 percent) over the 2007 level.

                                     

                           Table 3-7.  DEFENDING AGAINST CATASTROPHIC THREATS FUNDING
                                   (Budget authority, in millions of dollars)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                           2007
                   Agency                         2006         2006          2007     Supplemental/      2008
                                                 Actual    Supplemental   Enacted/CR    Emergency      Request
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Agriculture...................        238.3  ............        226.0  .............        343.5
Department of Commerce......................         80.6  ............         88.7  .............         90.7
Department of Defense.......................      4,988.5        122.0       4,889.8  .............      5,007.9
Department of Energy........................         62.1  ............         62.1  .............         63.2
Department of Health and Human Services.....      1,806.0  ............      1,848.5  .............      1,954.2
Department of Homeland Security.............      1,306.1  ............      1,255.1  .............      1,276.7
Department of Justice.......................         37.4          0.5          40.0  .............         43.9
Department of the Treasury..................  ...........  ............  ...........  .............          1.8
National Science Foundation.................         27.0  ............         27.0  .............         25.0
Nuclear Regulatory Commission...............         27.8  ............         23.4  .............         21.9
                                             -------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, Defending Against Catastrophic             8,573.7        122.4       8,460.6  .............      8,828.9
 Threats....................................
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

  The major requirements addressed in this mission area include:
    Preventing terrorist use of CBRN weapons through detection 
          systems and procedures, and improving decontamination 
          techniques; and
    Developing countermeasures, such as vaccines and other drugs 
          to protect the public from the threat of a CBRN attack or 
          other public health emergency.
  To protect against a nuclear or radiological weapon entering the 
country, the Domestic Nuclear Detection Office (DNDO) was created in 
2005 within DHS to coordinate the Nation's nuclear detection efforts. 
DNDO, together with the Departments of State, Energy, Defense, and 
Justice, is responsible for developing and deploying a comprehensive 
system to detect and report any attempt to import a nuclear explosive 
device or radiological material into the United States. DNDO is also 
responsible for establishing response protocols to ensure that the 
detection of a nuclear explosive device or radiological material leads 
to timely and effective action by military, law enforcement, emergency 
response, and other appropriate Government assets. The 2008 Budget 
includes $562 million for DNDO, a 17 percent increase from the 2007 
level.
  In 2008, DNDO will invest $100 million in transformational research 
and development aimed at enhancing our ability to detect, identify, and 
attribute nuclear and radiological materials. This research looks beyond 
current capabilities and seeks to find new scientific tools and 
methodologies that may prove useful in broad efforts to focus the 
Nation's resources toward countering the threat of nuclear and 
radiological devices. DNDO's budget also includes $178 million for the 
deployment of both fixed and mobile radiation portal monitors at 
strategic points of entry throughout the country. An additional $30 
million will be used to improve the detection of radiological and 
nuclear materials in and around the Nation's major urban areas under a 
program called Securing the Cities. Together with overseas non-
proliferation efforts led by the Department of State, and overseas 
detection capabilities managed by the Department of Energy, these 
programs seek to create a seamless approach toward preventing terrorists 
anywhere in the world from acquiring, transporting, or introducing these 
materials into the United States.
  To counter the threat of CBRN weapons, the Budget continues to invest 
in efforts to decrease the time between an attack and implementation of 
Federal, State and local response protocols. Unlike an attack with 
conventional weapons, a CBRN attack may not be immediately apparent. 
Working to ensure earlier detection and characterization of an attack 
helps protect and save lives. DHS will therefore continue to support 
efforts such as the BioWatch environmental monitoring program, which 
samples and analyzes air in over 30 metropolitan areas to continually 
check for dangerous biological agents. The program is designed to 
provide early warning of a large-scale biological weapon attack, thereby 
allowing the distribution of life-saving treatment and preventative 
measures before the development of serious and widespread illnesses. 
Beginning in 2008, DHS bio-defense programs such as BioWatch and 
biosurveillance will be consolidated in the newly established Office of 
Health Affairs. However, on-going research and development into next-
generation bio-sensors that are able to better detect biological 
pathogens will continue in DHS's Science and Technology Directorate.
  A key element in defending against catastrophic threats is developing 
and maintaining adequate countermeasures for a CBRN attack. This not 
only means

[[Page 29]]

stockpiling countermeasures that are currently available, but developing 
new countermeasures for agents that currently have none, and next-
generation countermeasures that are safer and more effective than those 
that presently exist. The Budget continues HHS's investment in 
developing medical countermeasures to CBRN threats with $1.9 billion in 
funding, which is more than $1.8 billion over the level prior to 
September 11th (this includes funding for programs focused on 
chemical and radiological and nuclear countermeasures referenced below). 
For 2008, the Budget includes nearly $190 million for the advanced 
development of medical countermeasures against threats of bioterrorism. 
Large investments in basic research of medical countermeasures at HHS 
have helped create multiple promising products to protect the public 
against the threat of a terrorist attack. These investments will 
accelerate the development of these products to help Project BioShield 
acquire them more quickly for inclusion in the Strategic National 
Stockpile.
  HHS will also continue to improve human health surveillance with $88 
million dedicated to biosurveilance activities, including the BioSense 
program (allowing local, State, and national public health authorities 
to monitor ``real-time'' trends in data from hospitals, emergency 
departments, and laboratories to identify and characterize potential 
human health threats), increasing laboratory capacity, and augmenting 
the number and quality of border health and quarantine stations. The 
Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Agriculture will also 
conduct surveillance to ensure the security of the food supply. 
Information collected from these programs will be disseminated to the 
National Biosurveillance Integration Center at DHS.
  DOD defends the nation against catastrophic threats by undertaking 
long-term research on chemical and biological threats and by developing 
strategies to counter the risk of such attacks. DOD's efforts in 
maritime defense and interdiction provide early detection and response 
to possible CBRN threats. DOD also conducts anti-terrorism planning to 
defend against a potential CBRN or other terrorist attack against a 
military base or installment. Finally, the U.S. Northern Command, the 
military command responsible for DOD's homeland defense activities, is 
included in this category.

                                     

                             Table 3-8.  EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE FUNDING
                                   (Budget authority, in millions of dollars)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                           2007
                   Agency                         2006         2006          2007     Supplemental/      2008
                                                 Actual    Supplemental   Enacted/CR    Emergency      Request
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Defense.......................        340.4         46.2         394.5  .............        487.1
Department of Energy........................        119.4  ............        119.4  .............        156.3
Department of Health and Human Services.....      2,364.2          0.1       2,279.9  .............      2,289.7
Department of Homeland Security.............      1,842.9         15.3       1,821.6  .............      1,755.6
Other Agencies..............................        325.4  ............        320.5  .............        333.3
 
                                             -------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, Emergency Preparedness and Response..      4,992.3         61.6       4,935.9  .............      5,022.0
  Plus Mandatory Communications               ...........  ............      1,000.0  .............  ...........
   Interoperability Grants..................
                                             -------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, Emergency Preparedness and Response,       4,992.3         61.6       5,935.9  .............      5,022.0
 including Mandatory Communications
 Interoperability Grants....................
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


National Strategy Mission Area: Emergency Preparedness and Response

  The Emergency Preparedness and Response mission area covers agency 
efforts to prepare for and minimize the damage from major incidents and 
disasters, particularly terrorist attacks that endanger lives and 
property or disrupt Government operations. The mission area encompasses 
a broad range of agency incident management activities, as well as 
grants and other assistance to States and localities. Response to 
natural disasters, including catastrophic natural events such as 
Hurricane Katrina, does not directly fall within the definition of a 
homeland security activity for funding purposes, as defined by Section 
889 of the Homeland Security Act of 2002. However, in preparing for 
terrorism-related threats, many of the activities within this mission 
area also support preparedness for catastrophic natural disasters. 
Additionally, lessons learned from the response to Hurricane Katrina 
will help to revise and strengthen catastrophic response planning.
  HHS, the largest participant in this mission area ($2.3 billion, or 
48.4 percent, in 2008), assists States, localities and hospitals to 
upgrade public health capacity and maintains a national stockpile of 
medicines and vaccines for use following an event. DHS maintains the 
second largest share of funding in this category ($1.5 billion, or 30.7 
percent, for 2008), mainly for preparedness grant assistance to State 
and local first responders. A total of 23 other agencies include 
emergency preparedness and response funding. A number of agencies 
maintain specialized response assets that may be called upon in select 
circumstances, and others report only funding for their agency's 
internal preparedness capability. The major requirements addressed in 
this mission area include:

[[Page 30]]

    Establishing measurable goals for national preparedness and 
          ensuring that Federal funding supports these goals;
    Ensuring that Federal programs to train and equip States and 
          localities meet national preparedness goals in a coordinated 
          and complementary manner;
    Encouraging standardization and interoperability of first 
          responder equipment, especially for communications;
    Building a national training, exercise, and evaluation 
          system;
    Implementing the National Incident Management System;
    Preparing health care providers for a mass casualty event; 
          and
    Augmenting America's pharmaceutical and vaccine stockpiles.
  Many of the key elements of the national emergency response system are 
already in place. During 2004, separate Federal response plans were 
integrated into a single all-hazards National Response Plan. The 
National Incident Management System was simultaneously developed to 
integrate a standardized Incident Command System throughout Federal, 
State and local response agencies and organizations. Additionally, the 
release of a unified National Preparedness Goal will provide a new 
framework for guiding Federal, State, and local investments. In order to 
ensure that these investments translate into improvements in 
preparedness, we must continue to identify capability gaps and improve 
response and recovery efforts at all levels of government. A related 
challenge is ensuring that investments in State and local preparedness 
are focused on building and enhancing response capabilities, and not 
simply supplanting normal operating expenses. DHS is leading an 
interagency effort to better match Federal resources with achieving 
national preparedness goals.
  From 2001 through 2007, the Federal Government has allocated over $16 
billion in State and local terrorism preparedness funding from the 
Departments of Homeland Security, Health and Human Services, and 
Justice, increasing spending from an annual level of approximately $350 
million in 2001 to $2.9 billion in the 2008 request. The funding growth 
has been directed to Federal programs and grant assistance which support 
State and local preparedness and response activities, including 
equipping, training and exercising first responders, and preparing the 
public health infrastructure, for a range of terrorist threats. The 
Federal Government has taken steps to rationalize and simplify the 
distribution of State and local assistance; better target funds based on 
risk and effectiveness; and develop and implement the seven national 
priorities and 37 target capabilities identified in the National 
Preparedness Goal.
  The 2008 Budget provides over $100 million for DHS programs which 
train and exercise first responders in preparation for catastrophic 
events including the National Exercise Program and the Center for 
Domestic Preparedness. In addition to these programs, DHS will provide 
grant funding to State and local agencies to support approximately 1,200 
all-hazards preparedness exercises annually in 2007 and in 2008. The 
2008 Budget also provides grants which support coordinated terrorism 
preparedness training and equipment for State and local responders 
across the various responder agencies. The 2008 request includes over 
$1.5 billion for terrorism preparedness grants to be administered by the 
Office of Grant Programs within DHS, and proposes to continue current 
progress on the grant allocation process to better address threats and 
needs. In addition, to supplement assistance for public safety 
communications projects available through the DHS grants, the Department 
of Commerce, in consultation with DHS, will be awarding $1 billion in 
additional grants for first responder communications interoperability to 
qualified applicants from anticipated spectrum auction receipts. The 
full outlay and impact of these funds will begin to be realized in FY 
2008. The Budget also supports a range of Federal response capabilities, 
including providing $110 million for the Department of Energy's Nuclear 
Emergency Support Team, $20 million within DHS for the Federal Emergency 
Management Agency's Urban Search and Rescue teams, $53 million for the 
National Disaster Medical System, and other emergency response, 
management, and operations assets. The capabilities of these teams range 
from providing radiological assistance in support of State and local 
agencies to responding to major incidents worldwide.
  In order to ensure that the nation is prepared for dealing with a 
biological attack, including pandemic influenza, the Administration 
continues to make significant investments in medical countermeasures 
through Project BioShield. \4\ While the stockpiling of medical 
countermeasures is the primary goal, BioShield is also designed to 
stimulate the development of the next generation of countermeasures by 
allowing the Federal Government to buy critically needed vaccines and 
medications for biodefense as soon as experts agree that they are safe 
and effective enough to be added to the Strategic National Stockpile. As 
a result, this program also provides an incentive for the development 
and manufacturing of advanced countermeasures, ensuring that new and 
improved countermeasures will be available in the future. The Budget 
includes $581 million to maintain and augment this supply of vaccines 
and other countermeasures that can be made available within 12 hours in 
the event of a terrorist attack or other public health emergency. This 
includes funding for storage and maintenance of products purchased 
through BioShield.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  \4\ BioShield is a shared responsibility, joining the intelligence 
capabilities of DHS with the medical expertise of HHS.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Finally, HHS has the lead role in preparing public health providers 
for catastrophic terrorism. In addition to providing additional funding 
to expand HHS's public health and medical response capabilities, 
including disaster medical assistance, the 2008 Budget also provides

[[Page 31]]

nearly $414 million to continue improvements for hospital infrastructure 
and $698 million for upgrades to State and local public health capacity. 
This investment will bring the total assistance provided by HHS to 
States, local governments and health care providers since 2001 to over 
$9 billion.

                      Non-Federal Expenditures \5\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

  \5\ OMB does not collect detailed homeland security expenditure data 
from State, local, or private entities directly.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  State and local governments and private-sector firms also have devoted 
resources of their own to the task of defending against terrorist 
threats. Some of the additional spending has been of a one-time nature, 
such as investment in new security equipment and infrastructure; some 
additional spending has been ongoing, such as hiring more personnel, and 
increasing overtime for existing security personnel. In many cases, own-
source spending has supplemented the resources provided by the Federal 
Government.
  Many governments and businesses continue to place a high priority on 
and provide additional resources for security. On the other hand, many 
entities have not increased their spending. A 2004 survey conducted by 
the National Association of Counties found that as a result of the 
homeland security process of intergovernmental planning and funding, 
three out of four counties believed they were better prepared to respond 
to terrorist threats. Moreover, almost 40 percent of the surveyed 
counties had appropriated their own funds to assist with homeland 
security. Own-source resources supplemented funds provided by States and 
the Federal Government. However, the same survey revealed that 54 
percent of counties had not used any of their own funds. \6\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  \6\ Source: National Association of Counties, ``Homeland Security 
Funding--2003 State Homeland Security Grants Programs I and II.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  There is also a diversity of responses in the businesses community. A 
2003 survey conducted by the Conference Board showed that just over half 
of the companies reported that they had permanently increased security 
spending post-September 11, 2001. About 15 percent of the companies 
surveyed had increased their security spending by 20 percent or more. 
Large increases in spending were especially evident in critical 
industries, such as transportation, energy, financial services, media 
and telecommunications, information technology, and healthcare. However, 
about one-third of the surveyed companies reported that they had not 
increased their security spending after September 11th. \7\ Given the 
difficulty of obtaining survey results that are representative of the 
entire universe of States, localities, and businesses, it is expected 
that there will be a wide range of estimates on non-Federal security 
spending for critical infrastructure protection.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  \7\ Source: Conference Board, ``Corporate Security Management'' 2003.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

                            Additional Tables

  The tables in the Federal expenditures section above present data 
based on the President's policy for the 2008 Budget. The tables below 
present additional policy and baseline data, as directed by the Homeland 
Security Act of 2002.


[[Page 32]]


Estimates by Agency:

                                     

                   Table 3-9.  DISCRETIONARY FEE-FUNDED HOMELAND SECURITY ACTIVITIES BY AGENCY
                                   (Budget authority, in millions of dollars)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                           2007
                   Agency                         2006         2006          2007     Supplemental/      2008
                                                 Actual    Supplemental   Enacted/CR    Emergency      Request
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Energy........................          1.9  ............          1.9  .............          3.3
Department of Homeland Security.............      2,422.0  ............      2,885.0  .............      3,319.0
Department of State.........................        815.0  ............      1,166.7  .............      1,323.1
General Services Administration.............         91.8  ............         66.9  .............         34.3
Social Security Administration \1\..........        175.0  ............        193.3  .............        215.7
Federal Communications Commission...........          2.3  ............          2.3  .............          3.6
Nuclear Regulatory Commission...............  ...........  ............         66.0  .............         68.9
Securities and Exchange Commission..........          5.0  ............         14.3  .............         18.3
                                             -------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, Discretionary Homeland Security Fee-       3,512.9  ............      4,396.4  .............      4,986.2
 Funded Activities..........................
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Social Security physical and computer security measures are financed by amounts from the Social Security
  trust funds and payroll taxes.

                                     

                           Table 3-10.  MANDATORY HOMELAND SECURITY FUNDING BY AGENCY
                                   (Budget authority, in millions of dollars)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                           2007
                   Agency                         2006         2006          2007     Supplemental/      2008
                                                 Actual    Supplemental   Enacted/CR    Emergency      Request
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Agriculture...................        177.4  ............        182.0  .............        194.5
Department of Commerce......................         14.1  ............         16.3  .............         18.3
Department of Energy........................         12.0  ............         12.0  .............         13.0
Department of Health and Human Services.....         16.6  ............         15.9  .............         14.3
Department of Homeland Security.............      2,032.8  ............      2,257.5  .............      2,042.2
Department of Labor.........................          3.9  ............          3.9  .............          8.8
                                             -------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, Homeland Security Mandatory Programs.      2,256.9  ............      2,487.7  .............      2,291.0
  Plus Mandatory Communications               ...........  ............      1,000.0  .............  ...........
   Interoperability Grants..................
                                             -------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, Homeland Security Mandatory Programs       2,256.9  ............      3,487.7  .............      2,291.0
 including Mandatory Communications
 Interoperability Grants....................
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


[[Page 33]]


                   Table 3-11.  BASELINE ESTIMATES--TOTAL HOMELAND SECURITY FUNDING BY AGENCY
                                   (Budget authority, in millions of dollars)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                   2007                           Baseline
                    Agency                       Enacted/ ------------------------------------------------------
                                                  CR \1\      2008       2009       2010       2011       2012
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Agriculture.....................        523        545        559        574        587        602
Department of Commerce \2\....................        193        200        205        210        215        222
Department of Defense.........................     16,538     17,064     17,569     18,077     18,591     19,110
Department of Education.......................         24         25         25         26         26         27
Department of Energy..........................      1,695      1,738      1,777      1,817      1,856      1,896
Department of Health and Human Services.......      4,313      4,422      4,532      4,640      4,752      4,853
Department of Homeland Security...............     28,572     29,562     30,549     31,508     32,480     33,466
Department of Housing and Urban Development...          2          2          2          2          2          3
Department of the Interior....................         45         46         48         50         53         55
Department of Justice.........................      3,090      3,210      3,327      3,446      3,566      3,694
Department of Labor...........................         49         54         51         52         52         53
Department of State...........................      1,239      1,268      1,299      1,327      1,354      1,380
Department of Transportation..................        179        187        193        202        210        219
Department of the Treasury....................        109        113        116        120        123        127
Department of Veterans Affairs................        245        252        259        268        276        282
Corps of Engineers............................         43         44         45         46         47         48
Environmental Protection Agency...............        133        137        141        145        148        153
Executive Office of the President.............         20         20         21         21         22         23
General Services Administration...............         74         75         78         79         80         81
National Aeronautics and Space Administration.        199        203        208        213        217        222
National Science Foundation...................        344        352        360        368        376        384
Office of Personnel Management................          3          3          3          3          3          3
Social Security Administration................        194        217        186        190        192        196
District of Columbia..........................          8          8          8          9          9          9
Federal Communications Commission.............          2          2          2          2          2          2
Intelligence Community Management Account.....         56         57         59         60         61         62
National Archives and Records Administration..         18         18         19         19         20         20
Nuclear Regulatory Commission.................         66         69         71         74         75         78
Securities and Exchange Commission............         14         18         18         19         19         20
Smithsonian Institution.......................         80         84         88         92         96        100
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.......          8          8          8          8          9          9
Corporation for National and Community Service         20         20         21         21         21         22
                                               -----------------------------------------------------------------
Total, Homeland Security Budget Authority.....     58,098     60,023     61,847     63,688     65,540     67,421
  Less Department of Defense..................    -16,538    -17,064    -17,569    -18,077    -18,591    -19,110
                                               -----------------------------------------------------------------
Non-Defense Homeland Security Budget               41,560     42,959     44,278     45,611     46,949     48,311
 Authority, excluding Mandatory
 Interoperability Communications Grants and
 BioShield \3\................................
  Less Fee-Funded Homeland Security Programs..     -4,397     -4,833     -4,909     -5,020     -5,124     -5,228
  Less Mandatory Homeland Security Programs...     -2,489     -2,290     -2,426     -2,531     -2,631     -2,735
                                               -----------------------------------------------------------------
Net Non-Defense, Discretionary Homeland            34,674     35,836     36,943     38,060     39,194     40,348
 Security Budget Authority, excluding
 Mandatory Interoperability Communications
 Grants and Bioshield \3\.....................
  Plus Mandatory Communications                     1,000  .........  .........  .........  .........  .........
   Interoperability Grants....................
  Plus BioShield..............................  .........  .........      2,175  .........  .........  .........
                                               -----------------------------------------------------------------
Net Non-Defense, Discretionary Homeland            35,674     35,836     39,118     38,060     39,194     40,348
 Security Budget Authority, including
 Mandatory Interoperability Communications
 Grants and BioShield \3\.....................
 
Obligations Limitations
  Department of Transportation Obligations            121        124        126        130        133        135
   Limitation.................................
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ 2007 levels include enacted supplemental appropriations ($1,696 million in DHS) but exclude GWOT
  supplemental requests in DHS, DOJ, and Treasury totaling $219 million.
\2\ DOC's 2007 gross Continuing Resolution full-year estimate for homeland security excludes $1 billion in
  mandatory borrowing authority to provide Federal grants to public safety agencies for communications
  interoperability purposes. Although technically scored in 2007, this funding will be made available from
  proceeds of the Federal Communications Commission's 2008 auction of returned television spectrum.
\3\ The Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 appropriated $1 billion from anticipated spectrum auction receipts for the
  Department of Commerce, in consultation with the Department of Homeland Security, to make grants to public
  safety agencies for communications interoperability purposes.


[[Page 34]]

Estimates by Budget Function:

                                     

                            Table 3-12.  HOMELAND SECURITY FUNDING BY BUDGET FUNCTION
                                   (budget authority, in millions of dollars)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                             2007
                                   Agency                                        2006      Enacted/      2008
                                                                              Actual \1\    CR \2\   Request \3\
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
National Defense............................................................      22,056     20,463      21,359
International Affairs.......................................................       1,107      1,239       1,406
General Science Space and Technology........................................         616        602         635
Energy......................................................................         124        106         122
Natural Resources and the Environment.......................................         288        264         292
Agriculture.................................................................         581        506         679
Commerce and Housing Credit4................................................         149        154         180
Transportation..............................................................       8,186      9,161       9,453
Community and Regional Development..........................................       2,212      2,257       2,010
Education, Training, Employment and Social Services.........................         177        174         179
Health......................................................................       4,393      4,317       4,451
Medicare....................................................................          12         15          14
Income Security.............................................................           8          8          14
Social Security.............................................................         175        193         216
Veterans Benefits and Services..............................................         299        245         270
Administration of Justice...................................................      15,917     17,792      18,941
General Government..........................................................         816        821         890
                                                                             -----------------------------------
Total, Homeland Security Budget Authority...................................      57,116     58,317      61,111
  Less National Defense, DoD................................................     -17,508    -16,538     -17,465
                                                                             -----------------------------------
Non-Defense Homeland Security Budget Authority, excluding Mandatory               39,608     41,779      43,646
 Interoperability Communications Grants \4\.................................
  Less Fee-Funded Homeland Security Programs................................      -3,509     -4,317      -4,899
  Less Mandatory Homeland Security Programs.................................      -2,257     -2,489      -2,290
                                                                             -----------------------------------
Net Non-Defense, Discretionary Homeland Security Budget Authority, excluding      33,842     34,973      36,457
 Mandatory Interoperability Communications Grants \4\.......................
  Plus Mandatory Interoperability Communications Grants.....................  ..........      1,000  ...........
                                                                             -----------------------------------
Net Non-Defense, Discretionary Homeland Security Budget Authority, including      33,842     35,973      36,457
 Mandatory Interoperability Communications Grants \4\.......................
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ 2006 actual levels include enacted supplemental appropriations.
\2\ For 2007, only DOD and DHS have enacted appropriations; all other agencies' funding levels are based on
  their full-year CR rates. 2007 funding levels also include enacted supplemental appropriations ($1,696
  million) and requested 2007 supplemental budget authority ($219 million) in the GWOT supplemental request.
\3\ DOC's 2007 gross Continuing Resolution full-year estimate for homeland security excludes $1 billion in
  mandatory borrowing authority to provide Federal grants to public safety agencies for communications
  interoperability purposes. Although technically scored in 2007, this funding will be made available from
  proceeds of the Federal Communications Commission's 2008 auction of returned television spectrum.
\4\ The Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 appropriated $1 billion from anticipated spectrum auction receipts for the
  Department of Commerce, in consultation with the Department of Homeland Security, to make grants to public
  safety agencies for communications interoperability purposes.


[[Page 35]]


                  Table 3-13.  BASELINE ESTIMATES--HOMELAND SECURITY FUNDING BY BUDGET FUNCTION
                                   (Budget authority, in millions of dollars)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                   2007                           Baseline
               Budget Authority                  Enacted/ ------------------------------------------------------
                                                  CR\1\       2008       2009       2010       2011       2012
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
National Defense..............................     20,264     20,897     21,508     22,120     22,738     23,364
International Affairs.........................      1,239      1,268      1,299      1,327      1,354      1,380
General Science Space and Technology..........        602        616        630        644        657        672
Energy........................................        106        111        112        116        117        121
Natural Resources and the Environment.........        264        271        279        287        295        304
Agriculture...................................        506        528        541        555        568        583
Commerce and Housing Credit \2\...............        154        164        167        172        175        181
Transportation................................      9,161      9,537      9,832     10,132     10,438     10,745
Community and Regional Development............      2,257      2,312      2,367      2,418      2,469      2,523
Education, Training, Employment and Social            174        179        186        192        197        204
 Services.....................................
Health........................................      4,317      4,425      4,536      4,644      4,755      4,855
Medicare......................................         15         16         16         17         18         19
Income Security...............................          8         13          8          8          8          9
Social Security...............................        193        216        185        189        191        195
Veterans Benefits and Services................        245        252        259        268        276        282
Administration of Justice.....................     17,775     18,379     19,057     19,712     20,375     21,053
General Government............................        818        839        865        887        909        931
                                               -----------------------------------------------------------------
Total, Homeland Security Budget Authority.....     58,098     60,023     61,847     63,688     65,540     67,421
  Less National Defense, DoD..................    -16,538    -17,064    -17,569    -18,077    -18,591    -19,110
                                               -----------------------------------------------------------------
Non-Defense, Discretionary Homeland Security       41,560     42,959     44,278     45,611     46,949     48,311
 Budget Authority, excluding Mandatory
 Interoperability Communications Grants and
 Bioshield \3\................................
  Less Fee-Funded Homeland Security Programs..     -4,397     -4,833     -4,909     -5,020     -5,124     -5,228
  Less Mandatory Homeland Security Programs...     -2,489     -2,290     -2,426     -2,531     -2,631     -2,735
                                               -----------------------------------------------------------------
Net Non-Defense, Discretionary Homeland            34,674     35,836     36,943     38,060     39,194     40,348
 Security Budget Authority, excluding
 Mandatory Interoperability Communications
 Grants and Bioshield \3\.....................
  Plus Mandatory Communications                     1,000  .........  .........  .........  .........  .........
   Interoperability Grants....................
  Plus BioShield..............................  .........  .........      2,175  .........  .........  .........
                                               -----------------------------------------------------------------
Net Non-Defense, Discretionary Homeland            35,674     35,836     39,118     38,060     39,194     40,348
 Security Budget Authority, including
 Mandatory Interoperability Communications
 Grants and BioShield \3\.....................
 
Obligations Limitations
  Department of Transportation Obligations            199        203        208        213        217        222
   Limitation.................................
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ 2007 levels include enacted supplemental appropriations ($1,696 million in DHS) but exclude GWOT
  supplemental requests in DHS, DOJ, and Treasury totaling $219 million.
\2\ DOC's 2007 gross full-year CR estimate for homeland security excludes $1 billion in mandatory borrowing
  authority to provide Federal grants to public safety agencies for communications interoperability purposes.
  Although technically scored in 2007, this funding will be made available from proceeds of the Federal
  Communications Commission's 2008 auction of returned television spectrum.
\3\ The Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 appropriated $1 billion from anticipated spectrum auction receipts for the
  Department of Commerce, in consultation with the Department of Homeland Security, to make grants to public
  safety agencies for communications interoperability purposes.


Detailed Estimates by Budget Account:

  An appendix of account-level funding estimates, organized by National 
Strategy mission area, is available on the Analytical Perspectives CD-
ROM.