    [Analytical Perspectives]
    [Crosscutting Programs]
    [3. Homeland Security Funding Analysis]
    [From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]

    [[Page 19]]

                      3. HOMELAND SECURITY FUNDING ANALYSIS

      Since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the Federal
    Government, with State, local and private sector partners, has engaged
    in a broad, determined effort to thwart terrorism, identify and pursue
    terrorists abroad and implement an array of measures to secure our
    citizens and resources at home. The Administration has worked with the
    Congress to reorganize the Federal Government; acquire countermeasures
    to chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) weapons;
    enhance the security of our borders, transportation modes and critical
    infrastructure; and strengthen America's preparedness and response
    capabilities in our cities and local communities. Elements of our
    national homeland security strategy--to prevent terrorist attacks within
    the United States, reduce America's vulnerability to terrorism, and
    minimize the damage from attacks that may occur--involve every level of
    government as well as the private sector and individual citizens. Since
    September 11th, homeland security has continued to be a major policy
    focus for all levels of government, and one of the President's highest
    priorities.
      Underscoring the importance of homeland security as a crosscutting
    Government-wide function, section 889 of the Homeland Security Act of
    2002 requires a homeland security funding analysis to be incorporated in
    the President's Budget. This analysis addresses that legislative
    requirement. This analysis covers the homeland security funding and
    activities of all Federal agencies, not only those carried out by the
    Department of Homeland Security (DHS), but also addresses State, local,
    and private sector expenditures. Since not all activities carried out by
    DHS constitute homeland security funding (e.g., response to natural
    disasters, Coast Guard search and rescue activities), DHS estimates in
    this section do not represent the entire DHS budget.

                   Data Collection Methodology and Adjustments

      The Federal spending estimates in this analysis utilize funding and
    programmatic information collected on the Executive Branch's homeland
    security efforts. \1\ Throughout the budget formulation process, the
    Office of Management and Budget (OMB) collects three-year funding
    estimates and associated programmatic information from all Federal
    agencies with homeland security responsibilities. These estimates do not
    include the efforts of the Legislative or Judicial branches. Information
    in this chapter is augmented by a detailed appendix of account-level
    funding estimates, which is available on the Analytical Perspectives CD-
    ROM.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
      \1\ All data in the Federal expenditures section are based on the
    President's policy for the 2008 Budget. Additional policy and baseline
    data is presented in the ``Additional Tables'' section. Due to rounding,
    data in this section may not add to totals in other Budget volumes.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
      To compile this data, agencies report information using standardized
    definitions for homeland security. \2\ The data provided by the agencies
    are developed at the ``activity level,'' which is a set of like programs
    or projects, at a level of detail sufficient to consolidate the
    information to determine total Governmental spending on homeland
    security.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
      \2\ Federal homeland security activities are currently defined by OMB
    in Circular A-11 as, ``activities that focus on combating and protecting
    against terrorism, and that occur within the United States and its
    territories (this includes Critical Infrastructure Protection (CIP) and
    Continuity of Operations (COOP) data), or outside of the United States
    and its territories if they support domestically-based systems or
    activities (e.g., visa processing or pre-screening high-risk cargo at
    overseas ports). Such activities include efforts to detect, deter,
    protect against, and, if needed, respond to terrorist attacks.''
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
      To the extent possible, this analysis maintains programmatic and
    funding consistency with previous estimates. Some discrepancies from
    data reported in earlier years arise due to agencies' improved ability
    to extract homeland security-related activities from host programs and
    refine their characterizations. As in the Budget, where appropriate, the
    data is also updated to reflect agency activities, Congressional action,
    and technical re-estimates. In addition, the Administration may refine
    definitions or mission area estimates over time based on additional
    analysis or changes in the way specific activities are characterized,
    aggregated, or disaggregated.

                              Federal Expenditures

      Total funding for homeland security has grown significantly since the
    attacks of September 11, 2001. For 2008, the President's Budget includes
    $61.1 billion of gross budget authority for homeland security
    activities, a $4.7 billion (8.4 percent) increase over the 2007
    estimated level. \3\ Not including the Department of Defense's (DOD)
    funding, the gross non-defense 2008 request for homeland spending is
    $43.6 billion, or a $3.8 billion (9.5 percent) increase over the 2007
    estimated level. Excluding mandatory spending, fees, and the DOD's
    homeland security budget, the 2008 Budget proposes a net, non-Defense
    discretionary increase of $3.4 billion (10.3 percent) over the 2007
    level (see Table 3-1).
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
      \3\ Aside from DHS and DOD, all other agencies' 2007 funding is at the
    estimated full-year Continuing Resolution levels. Further, the FY07
    gross homeland security funding excludes supplemental and emergency
    funding received in 2007 ($1.7 billion) and the Department of Commerce's
    mandatory borrowing authority for emergency communications
    interoperability grants ($1 billion).
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
      The 2008 Budget proposes homeland security funding for a total of 31
    agencies. Of those, five agencies--the Departments of Homeland Security,
    Defense, Health and Human Services (HHS), Justice (DOJ) and Energy
    (DOE)--account for approximately 93 percent of total Government-wide
    homeland security funding in 2008.

    [[Page 20]]

                                     Table 3-1.  HOMELAND SECURITY FUNDING BY AGENCY
                                       (Budget authority, in millions of dollars)
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                 2006                         2007
                 Budget Authority                  2006      Supplemental/      2007      Supplemental/      2008
                                                  Actual       Emergency     Enacted/CR   Emergency \1\  Request \2\
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Department of Agriculture................        597.4  ..............        522.5  ..............        718.5
    Department of Commerce \3\...............        181.1  ..............        194.1  ..............        217.7
    Department of Defense....................     16,479.3         1,030.5     16,538.3  ..............     17,461.2
    Department of Education..................         24.7  ..............         24.0  ..............         23.2
    Department of Energy.....................      1,702.1  ..............      1,696.6  ..............      1,833.9
    Department of Health and Human Services..      4,351.8             0.1      4,313.2  ..............      4,424.1
    Department of Homeland Security..........     25,154.9         1,416.1     26,872.2         1,816.4     29,666.5
    Department of Housing and Urban                    1.9  ..............          1.9  ..............          3.4
     Development.............................
    Department of the Interior...............         59.5  ..............         46.8  ..............         48.4
    Department of Justice....................      2,995.4            30.3      3,089.3            96.0      3,330.5
    Department of Labor......................         48.3  ..............         49.4  ..............         51.8
    Department of State......................      1,107.9  ..............      1,239.6  ..............      1,405.7
    Department of Transportation.............        181.0  ..............        178.6  ..............        200.0
    Department of the Treasury...............        113.5             1.3        108.8             3.0        118.0
    Department of Veterans Affairs...........        297.8  ..............        243.6  ..............        270.0
    Corps of Engineers.......................         72.0  ..............         43.0  ..............         42.0
    Environmental Protection Agency..........        129.4  ..............        132.9  ..............        152.4
    Executive Office of the President........         20.8  ..............         20.8  ..............         20.8
    General Services Administration..........         98.6             0.1         73.7  ..............         42.3
    National Aeronautics and Space                   212.6  ..............        199.2  ..............        193.9
     Administration..........................
    National Science Foundation..............        344.2  ..............        344.2  ..............        375.4
    Office of Personnel Management...........          2.7  ..............          2.8  ..............          2.3
    Social Security Administration...........        176.4  ..............        194.0  ..............        217.1
    District of Columbia.....................         13.5  ..............          8.0  ..............          3.0
    Federal Communications Commission........          2.3  ..............          2.3  ..............          3.6
    Intelligence Community Management Account         56.0  ..............         56.0  ..............         58.0
    National Archives and Records                     18.2  ..............         18.2  ..............         18.1
     Administration..........................
    Nuclear Regulatory Commission............         79.3  ..............         66.0  ..............         68.9
    Securities and Exchange Commission.......          5.0  ..............         14.3  ..............         18.3
    Smithsonian Institution..................         83.7  ..............         80.6  ..............         92.8
    United States Holocaust Memorial Museum..          7.8  ..............          7.8  ..............          8.4
    Corporation for National and Community            20.4  ..............         20.4  ..............         14.9
     Service.................................
                                              ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total, Homeland Security Budget Authority     54,639.4         2,478.4     56,403.0         1,915.4     61,104.9
      Less Department of Defense.............    -16,479.3        -1,030.5    -16,538.3  ..............    -17,461.2
                                              ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    Non-Defense Homeland Security Budget          38,160.1         1,447.9     39,864.7         1,915.4     43,643.7
     Authority, excluding Mandatory
     Interoperability Communications Grants
     \4\.....................................
      Less Fee-Funded Homeland Security           -3,512.9  ..............     -4,396.4  ..............     -4,986.2
       Programs..............................
      Less Mandatory Homeland Security            -2,256.9  ..............     -2,487.7  ..............     -2,291.0
       Programs..............................
                                              ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    Net Non-Defense Discretionary Homeland        32,390.3         1,447.9     32,980.6         1,915.4     36,366.5
     Security Budget Authority, excluding
     Mandatory Interoperability
     Communications Grants \4\...............
      Plus Mandatory Interoperability          ...........  ..............      1,000.0  ..............  ...........
       Communications Grants.................
                                              ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    Net Non-Defense, Discretionary Homeland       32,390.3         1,447.9     33,980.6         1,915.4     36,366.5
     Security Budget Authority, including
     Mandatory Interoperability
     Communications Grants \4\...............

    Obligations Limitations
    Department of Transportation Obligations         121.0  ..............        121.0  ..............        121.3
     Limitation..............................
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    \1\ The 2007 supplemental and emergency funding levels for the Departments of Homeland Security (DHS), Justice
      (DOJ), and Treasury include both enacted and requested supplemental funding. In the 2007 Global War on Terror
      (GWOT) supplemental request, DHS, DOJ, and Treasury request $120 million, $96 million, and $3 million,
      respectively, for additional 2007 budget authority.
    \2\ The 2008 request levels for DHS and DOJ does not include additional budget authorities for 2008 requested in
      the 2007 GWOT supplemental request. Specifically, DHS and DOJ request $225 million and $85 million,
      respectively, in additional budget authority for 2008 to be provided in the 2007 GWOT supplemental
      appropriation bill.
    \3\ DOC's 2007 gross Continuing Resolution full-year estimate for homeland security excludes $1 billion in
      mandatory borrowing authority to provide Federal grants to public safety agencies for communications
      interoperability purposes. Although technically scored in 2007, this funding will be made available from
      proceeds of the Federal Communications Commission's 2008 auction of returned television spectrum.
    \4\ The Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 appropriated $1 billion from anticipated spectrum auction receipts for the
      Department of Commerce, in consultation with the Department of Homeland Security, to make grants to public
      safety agencies for communications interoperability purposes.

      The growth in Federal homeland security funding is indicative of the
    efforts that have been initiated to secure our Nation. However, it
    should be recognized that fully developing the strategic capacity to
    protect America is a complex effort with many challenges. There is a
    wide range of potential threats and risks from terrorism. To optimize
    limited resources and minimize the potential social costs to our free
    and open society, homeland security activities should be prioritized
    based on the highest threats and risks. Homeland security

    [[Page 21]]

    represents a partnership between the Federal government and its State
    and local counterparts, the private sector, and individual citizens,
    each with a unique role in protecting our Nation.
      The National Strategy for Homeland Security provides a framework for
    addressing these challenges. It guides the highest priority requirements
    for securing the Nation. As demonstrated below, the Federal government
    has used the National Strategy to guide its homeland security efforts.
    For this analysis, agencies categorize their funding data based on the
    critical mission areas defined in the National Strategy: intelligence
    and warning, border and transportation security, domestic
    counterterrorism, protecting critical infrastructures and key assets,
    defending against catastrophic threats, and emergency preparedness and
    response.
      The National Strategy is a dynamic document being implemented through
    a robust interagency planning and coordination process. It includes
    actions that agencies use and must build upon to measure progress. In
    some cases, progress may be easily measured. In others, Federal
    agencies, along with State and local governments and the private sector,
    are working together to develop measurable goals. Finally, in some
    areas, Federal agencies and partners must continue to develop a better
    understanding of changing risks and threats--such as the biological
    agents most likely to be used by a terrorist group or the highest-risk
    critical infrastructure targets--in order to develop benchmarks that
    suit the needs of the moment and at the same time align to long-term
    goals. For example, a major inter-agency effort currently occurring at
    the Federal level is the development of the National Implementation Plan
    for the Global War on Terrorism and attendant performance measures that
    address homeland security.
      Funding presented in this report is analyzed in the context of major
    ``mission areas.'' Activities in many of the mission areas are closely
    related and certain capabilities highlighted by a single mission area
    also enhance capabilities captured by other mission areas. For example,
    information gleaned from activities in the intelligence and warning
    category may be utilized to inform law enforcement activities in the
    domestic counterterrorism category. Augmentation of pharmaceutical
    stockpiles, categorized as emergency preparedness and response, may also
    address agents that represent catastrophic threats. However, for the
    purposes of segmenting Federal homeland security funding by mission
    areas, discussions of cross-cutting activities have also been separated
    by mission areas.
      Furthermore, there are a small number of notable cross-cutting
    activities that are not specifically highlighted in any of the mission
    areas. For example, although pandemic influenza preparedness is
    considered an essential homeland security activity, it does not
    necessarily fit into a single mission area, and general bio-defense and
    preparedness activities of the Federal government encompass it.
    Nevertheless, the preparations we are making for pandemic influenza have
    a direct impact on our ability to defend against and respond to
    terrorist Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) threats.
      The following table summarizes funding levels by the National
    Strategy's mission areas; more detailed analyses are provided in
    subsequent mission-specific analysis sections.

                         Table 3-2.  HOMELAND SECURITY FUNDING BY NATIONAL STRATEGY MISSION AREA
                                       (Budget authority, in millions of dollars)
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                               2007
                       Agency                         2006         2006          2007     Supplemental/      2008
                                                     Actual    Supplemental   Enacted/CR    Emergency      Request
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Intelligence and Warning....................        443.0          6.3         500.3         13.0          647.9
    Border and Transportation Security..........     18,042.3      1,335.8      19,528.1      1,816.4       22,403.8
    Domestic Counterterrorism...................      4,535.6         89.8       4,980.3         83.0        4,889.4
    Protecting Critical Infrastructure and Key       17,933.2        862.4      17,919.7          3.0       19,096.1
     Assets.....................................
    Defending Against Catastrophic Threats......      8,573.7        122.4       8,460.6  .............      8,828.9
    Emergency Preparedness and Response.........      4,992.3         61.6       4,935.9  .............      5,022.0
    Other.......................................        119.3  ............         78.1  .............        216.8
                                                 -------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total, Homeland Security Budget Authority...     54,639.4      2,478.4      56,403.0      1,915.4       61,104.9
      Plus Mandatory Interoperability             ...........  ............      1,000.0  .............  ...........
       Communications Grants....................
                                                 -------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total Homeland Security Budget Authority         54,639.4      2,478.4      57,403.0      1,915.4       61,104.9
     plus Mandatory Interoperability
     Communications Grants......................
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    [[Page 22]]

    National Strategy Mission Area: Intelligence and Warning

      The intelligence and warning mission area covers activities to detect
    terrorist threats and disseminate terrorist-threat information. This
    category includes intelligence collection, risk analysis, and threat-
    vulnerability integration activities for preventing terrorist attacks.
    It also includes information sharing activities among Federal, State,
    and local governments, relevant private sector entities, and the public
    at large. It does not include most foreign intelligence collection--
    although the resulting intelligence may inform homeland security
    activities--nor does it fully capture classified intelligence
    activities. In 2008, funding for intelligence and warning is distributed
    between DHS (60 percent), primarily in the Office of Intelligence and
    Analysis (I&A); DOJ (27 percent), primarily in the Federal Bureau of
    Investigation (FBI); and other Intelligence Community members (9
    percent). The 2008 funding for intelligence and warning activities is
    29.5 percent above the 2007 level.

                                      Table 3-3.  INTELLIGENCE AND WARNING FUNDING
                                       (Budget authority, in millions of dollars)
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                               2007
                       Agency                         2006         2006          2007     Supplemental/      2008
                                                     Actual    Supplemental   Enacted/CR    Emergency      Request
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Department of Agriculture...................          5.2  ............          5.2  .............         22.3
    Department of Commerce......................  ...........  ............          1.8  .............          1.8
    Department of Homeland Security.............        337.7  ............        380.1  .............        388.4
    Department of Justice.......................         41.7          5.0          54.8         10.0          173.8
    Department of the Treasury..................          2.4          1.3           2.4          3.0            3.6
    Intelligence Community Management Account...         56.0  ............         56.0  .............         58.0
                                                 -------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total, Intelligence and Warning.............        443.0          6.3         500.3         13.0          647.9
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

      The major requirements addressed in the intelligence and warning
    mission area include:
        Unifying and enhancing intelligence and analytical
              capabilities to ensure officials have the information they
              need to prevent attacks; and
        Implementing information sharing and warning mechanisms,
              such as the Homeland Security Advisory System, to allow
              Federal, State, local, and private authorities to take action
              to prevent attacks and protect potential targets.
      As established by the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act
    (IRTPA) of 2004, the Director of National Intelligence (DNI) ensures
    that this office is setting collection and analysis priorities that are
    consistent with the National Intelligence Strategy. This strategy calls
    for the integration of both the domestic and foreign dimensions of U.S.
    intelligence so that there are no gaps in our understanding of threats
    to the homeland.
      In accordance with the IRTPA's requirements for the Information
    Sharing Environment (ISE), the DNI is also ensuring that information
    sharing takes place in an environment where access to terrorism
    information is matched to the roles, responsibilities, and missions of
    all the organizations across the intelligence community. These changes
    allow the intelligence community to ``connect the dots'' more
    effectively, develop a better integrated system for identifying and
    analyzing terrorist threats, and issue warnings more rapidly. The DNI,
    in conjunction with the Homeland Security Council (HSC) and relevant
    Federal agencies, has established the ISE Implementation Plan and ISE
    Privacy Guidelines in accordance with a Presidential directive in
    December, 2005, which outlined new guidelines and protocols for
    improving information sharing between Federal, State, local, and foreign
    governments and the private sector. The President has extended work on
    the ISE for another two years and fully supports the plan going forward
    to complete the ISE mandate as outlined in IRTPA.
      The National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC) is specifically chartered
    to centralize U.S. Government terrorism threat analysis and ensure that
    all agencies receive relevant analysis and information. NCTC serves as
    the primary organization in the U.S. Government for analyzing and
    integrating all intelligence pertaining to terrorism and
    counterterrorism (except purely domestic terrorism) and the central and
    shared knowledge bank on known and suspected terrorists and
    international terror groups. It also ensures that agencies, as
    appropriate, have access to and receive the all-source intelligence
    support needed to execute their counterterrorism plans or perform
    independent, alternative analysis. NCTC is tasked with coordinating
    counterterrorism operational planning on a global basis and developing
    strategic, operational plans for the Global War on Terrorism. The NCTC,
    with guidance from the National Security Council and the HSC, has
    created the first National Implementation Plan for the Global War on
    Terrorism, which will further consolidate the U.S. Government's efforts
    on the Global War on Terrorism.
      The DNI and the NCTC work to utilize the unique assets and
    capabilities of other Government agencies

    [[Page 23]]

    and interagency groups--some of which are reorganizing to improve these
    capabilities and better interface with the new intelligence structure.
    As such, the NCTC allocates requirements to the agencies with the assets
    and capabilities to address them. In addition, NCTC has formed a new
    core staff of analysts drawn from multiple intelligence agencies. This
    variety ensures that NCTC can access the Intelligence Community's full
    breadth of knowledge and complement the activities of individual
    agencies. Despite the addition of this new permanent planning staff,
    NCTC will not undertake direct operations but will continue to leave
    mission execution with the appropriate agencies. This separation ensures
    that agencies' chains of command remain intact and prevent potentially
    excessive micromanagement of counterterrorism missions. Taken together,
    the creation of the NCTC and recent legislation and executive orders
    will ensure counterterrorism intelligence and warning assets are better
    allocated and more tightly coordinated, leading to improved intelligence
    for homeland security.
      The 2008 budget request for the FBI supports improvements in its
    national security investigations and intelligence analysis, as well as
    technical and tactical support programs. Many of the improvements are
    targeted at FBI's National Security Branch, which integrates the
    Intelligence Directorate, Counterterrorism Division and
    Counterintelligence Division.
      Over the past five years, the FBI has developed its intelligence
    capabilities and improved its ability to protect the American people
    from threats to national security. It has built on its established
    capacity to collect information and enhanced its ability to analyze,
    disseminate and utilize intelligence. The President's 2008 Budget
    supports the FBI's priorities and its continuing transformation by
    providing the resources needed to enhance its national security
    capabilities and improve supporting information technology and
    infrastructure. These initiatives will increase the number of agents and
    specialists working national security cases; enhance intelligence
    collection, systems, and training; improve IT systems that reduce
    paperwork and facilitate information sharing; and upgrade biometric
    identification systems to improve the identification of terrorists.
      As a result of the Department of Homeland Security's 2006 re-
    organization (Second Stage Review), a new Office of Intelligence and
    Analysis was established to strengthen intelligence functions and
    information sharing within DHS. I&A gathers information to analyze
    terrorist threats to critical infrastructure, transportation systems, or
    other targets inside the homeland. Led by the DHS Chief Intelligence
    Officer reporting directly to the Secretary, this office not only relies
    on personnel from the former Information Analysis and Infrastructure
    Protection Directorate, but also draws on the expertise of other DHS
    components with information collection and analytical capabilities. For
    example, improved coordination and information sharing between border
    agents, air marshals, and intelligence analysts deepens the Department's
    understanding of terrorist threats. By maintaining and expanding its
    partnership with the NCTC, DHS will better coordinate its activities
    with other members within the Intelligence Community and the DNI.

                                 Table 3-4.  BORDER AND TRANSPORTATION SECURITY FUNDING
                                       (Budget authority, in millions of dollars)
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                               2007
                       Agency                         2006         2006          2007     Supplemental/      2008
                                                     Actual    Supplemental   Enacted/CR    Emergency      Request
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Department of Agriculture...................        205.6  ............        210.2  .............        221.7
    Department of Commerce......................  ...........  ............          1.5  .............          1.6
    Department of Energy........................  ...........  ............  ...........  .............          7.1
    Department of Homeland Security.............     16,732.1      1,335.8      18,086.3      1,816.4       20,812.8
    Department of Justice.......................         30.4  ............         25.4  .............          4.6
    Department of State.........................      1,056.6  ............      1,188.3  .............      1,346.0
    Department of Transportation................         17.7  ............         16.4  .............         10.0
                                                 -------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total, Border and Transportation Security...     18,042.3      1,335.8      19,528.1      1,816.4       22,403.8
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

      I&A also serves as the focal point for disseminating homeland security
    information to State and local entities. For example, I&A is connected
    to homeland security directors of States, counties, and territories
    through the Homeland Security Information Network (HSIN) and it is
    deploying the Homeland Security Data Network (HSDN) to them as well. All
    fifty States and major urban areas are connected to HSIN, and HSIN is
    being rolled out to major counties as well. Furthermore, in recognition
    of the limitations of virtual interactions through electronic
    communications networks, beginning in late 2006, I&A has begun deploying
    liaisons and intelligence analysts to State and Local Intelligence
    Fusion Centers across the nation to improve the flow and quality of
    homeland security information to State, local and private sector
    partners and ensure a more accurate situational awareness for DHS and
    its Federal partners.

    National Strategy Mission Area: Border and Transportation Security

      This mission area covers activities to protect border and
    transportation systems, such as screening airport passengers, detecting
    dangerous materials at ports

    [[Page 24]]

    overseas and at U.S. ports-of-entry, and patrolling our coasts and the
    land between ports-of-entry. The majority of funding in this mission
    area ($20.9 billion, or 93 percent, in 2008) is in DHS, largely for the
    U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP), the Transportation Security
    Administration (TSA), and the U.S Coast Guard. Other DHS bureaus and
    other Federal Departments, such as the Departments of State and Justice,
    also play significant roles. The President's 2008 request would increase
    funding for border and transportation security activities by 6.7 percent
    over the 2007 level.
      Securing our borders and transportation systems is a complex task.
    Security enhancements in one area may make another avenue more
    attractive to terrorists. Therefore, our border and transportation
    security strategy aims to make the U.S. borders ``smarter''--targeting
    layered resources toward the highest risks and sharing information so
    that frontline personnel can stay ahead of potential adversaries--while
    facilitating the flow of legitimate visitors and commerce. The creation
    of DHS allowed for unification of the Federal Government's major border
    and transportation security resources, which facilitates the integration
    of risk targeting systems, and ensures greater accountability in border
    and transportation security. Rather than having separate systems for
    managing goods, people, and agricultural products, one agency is now
    accountable for ensuring that there is one cohesive border management
    system.
      The 2008 Budget provides approximately $8.8 billion for the Border
    Patrol (an increase of 36 percent over 2007) including funding for 3,000
    new agents. The President has committed to doubling the size of the
    Border Patrol to over 18,000 agents before he leaves office. At the
    start of the President's Administration, there were 9,096 Border Patrol
    agents. This Budget will bring the total number of agents to 17,819, and
    the next one will meet the President's goal. To gain control of our
    borders, the Budget also continues funding for fencing technology and
    other infrastructure along the border. For example, in September of
    2006, DHS awarded a contract to implement the technological and
    infrastructure component of its Secure Border Initiative effort, SBInet.
    SBInet will concentrate on using proven technology to significantly
    improve the availability of information and tools to Border Patrol
    agents so they can better detect, identify, classify and confront
    illegal border activity by those who pose a threat to the United States.
    The Budget includes $1 billion for this priority. This investment will
    support smarter and more secure borders.
      The Administration has effectively ended the practice of ``catch and
    release'' along the northern and southern borders. Non-Mexican illegal
    aliens apprehended at the border are now detained and then returned to
    their home countries as quickly as possible and all non-criminal
    Mexicans apprehended for crossing the border illegally are returned to
    Mexico immediately. The 2008 Budget includes $2.2 billion in detention
    and removal resources to continue this success and supports a total of
    28,450 detention beds across the country to house illegal aliens
    apprehended by DHS.
      To improve coordination and provide assistance to State and local law
    enforcement officials, the Budget will expand a successful Federal,
    State and local partnership--the 287(g) program, which provides State/
    local law enforcement officials with guidance and training in
    immigration law, subject to the direction of the Secretary of Homeland
    Security. The 2008 Budget includes an increase of $26 million for the
    287(g) program and the Law Enforcement Support Center, including the
    training of 250 State and local law enforcement officers, detention beds
    for apprehended illegal aliens, and personnel to assist State and local
    law enforcement when they encounter aliens. The Budget also includes an
    increase of $29 million to identify criminal aliens in Federal, State,
    and local prison facilities and remove those aliens from the United
    States, $13 million for investigating smuggling and border criminal
    activity and $5 million for identifying, apprehending, prosecuting and
    removing aliens involved in gang activities.
      Key to the Federal Government's screening of international visitors is
    the US-VISIT program, which is designed to expedite the clearance of
    legitimate travelers while identifying and denying clearance to those
    who may intend harm. US-VISIT currently collects two digital
    fingerprints and a digital photograph of all foreign visitors entering
    the United States. The ability to screen foreign visitors against
    criminal and terrorist databases as well as confirming the identity of
    travelers has improved border security. However, in the future, to
    improve accuracy in the identification of visitors, first-time visitors
    to the United States will be enrolled in the program by submitting ten
    fingerprints, allowing for improved accuracy in identifying foreign
    visitors and preventing the entry of known terrorists and criminals to
    the United States. DHS, in conjunction with the Departments of State and
    Justice, will implement this multiyear project to improve screening, and
    the 2008 Budget includes $462 million for US-VISIT, of which $228
    million is for 10-print deployment and interoperability with the FBI's
    fingerprint system, the Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification
    System.
      In the area of aviation security, the Administration continues to
    enhance the multiple levels of security implemented in the wake of the
    September 11th attacks. The Transportation Security Administration has
    made significant improvements in aviation security since September
    11th by implementing a layered, risk-based security approach.
    These advances include hardened cockpit doors, a greatly expanded
    Federal Air Marshals program, arming some pilots through the Federal
    Flight Deck Officers program, offering voluntary self defense training
    to crew members, and screening 100 percent of passenger and checked
    baggage. TSA will further strengthen these efforts in 2008 by requesting
    $4 billion for aviation screening operations. TSA will also commit $729
    million to the purchase, installation, and maintenance of baggage
    screening devices, including inline systems that will increase baggage
    throughput up to

    [[Page 25]]

    250 percent. The Budget also provides more than $82 million for emerging
    technology at passenger checkpoints. This technology will enhance the
    detection of prohibited items, especially firearms and explosives,
    through the use of additional sensors such as whole body imaging, liquid
    bottle scanners, automated explosive sampling, and cast and prosthesis
    scanners.
      Safeguarding our seaports is critical since terrorists may seek to use
    them to enter the country or introduce weapons or other dangerous
    materials. With 95 percent of all U.S. cargo passing through the
    Nation's 361 ports, a terrorist attack on a major seaport could slow the
    movement of goods and be economically devastating to the nation. The
    Maritime Transportation Security Act (MTSA) and its implementing
    regulations, issued by DHS in October 2003, require ports, vessels, and
    facilities to conduct security assessments. In 2008, the Coast Guard
    will continue to ensure compliance with MTSA port and vessel security
    standards and regulations. The 2008 Budget provides nearly $3 billion
    for port security across DHS, primarily for Coast Guard port security
    activities such as Maritime Safety and Security Teams and harbor
    patrols. In addition, the Coast Guard's budget funds operations to
    strengthen intelligence collection and surveillance capabilities in the
    maritime environment, both of which contribute to the broader Coast
    Guard effort to enhance Maritime Domain Awareness. In 2007, Congress
    passed P.L. 109-347, the SAFE Port Act, which requires enhanced
    screening of cargo bound for the Unites States, among other port
    security measures. In addition, port operators are eligible for grants
    to fund security enhancements under DHS' Infrastructure Protection
    Program (IPP) which falls under the Infrastructure Protection mission
    area.
      The State Department Bureau of Consular Affairs is the second largest
    contributor to border and transportation security. The State Border
    Security program includes visa, passport, American Citizen Services and
    International Adoption programs. In 2008, the State Department will
    continue working with interagency partners to enable the transition of
    the US-VISIT program to a ten fingerprint system. For visitors that
    require a visa, the Department of State collects the visitor's biometric
    and biographic data, which is then checked against watch lists, thereby
    improving the ability to make a visa determination. When the visitor
    arrives in the United States, US-VISIT procedures allow DHS to determine
    whether the person applying for entry is the same person who was issued
    the visa by the Department of State. This and additional watch list
    checks improve the ability of DHS to make admissibility decisions.
      In addition, the Department of State will also lead the implementation
    of the Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative in 2008, which mandates that
    all persons travelling internationally within the Western Hemisphere
    travel with a passport or other authorized document by 2009. Under this
    initiative, United States citizens and foreign visitors traveling to and
    from the Caribbean, Bermuda, Panama, Canada or Mexico will be required
    to have a passport or standardized travel card that establishes the
    bearer's identity and nationality to enter or re-enter the United
    States. The initiative will improve security at our borders by
    standardizing entry and exit information and increasing the ability of
    Government agencies to work together.

                                       Table 3-5.  DOMESTIC COUNTERRORISM FUNDING
                                       (Budget authority, in millions of dollars)
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                               2007
                       Agency                         2006         2006          2007     Supplemental/      2008
                                                     Actual    Supplemental   Enacted/CR    Emergency      Request
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Department of Homeland Security.............      2,127.0         65.0       2,482.8  .............      2,201.0
    Department of Interior......................          0.3  ............          0.3  .............          0.3
    Department of Justice.......................      2,325.3         24.8       2,418.2         83.0        2,604.0
    Department of Transportation................         21.0  ............         20.0  .............         21.0
    Department of the Treasury..................         60.7  ............         57.6  .............         61.7
    Social Security Administration..............          1.4  ............          1.4  .............          1.4
                                                 -------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total, Domestic Counterterrorism............      4,535.6         89.8       4,980.3         83.0        4,889.4
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    National Strategy Mission Area: Domestic Counterterrorism

      Funding in the domestic counterterrorism mission area covers Federal
    and Federally-supported efforts to identify, thwart, and prosecute
    terrorists in the United States. The largest contributors to the
    domestic counterterrorism mission are law enforcement organizations:
    within DOJ (largely the FBI) and DHS (largely ICE), which account for
    53.3 and 45 percent of total funding for 2008, respectively.
      Since the attacks of September 11th, preventing and interdicting
    terrorist activity within the United States has become a priority for
    law enforcement at all levels of government. The major requirements
    addressed in the domestic counterterrorism mission area include:
        Developing a proactive law enforcement capability to prevent
              terrorist attacks;
        Apprehending potential terrorists; and
        Improving law enforcement cooperation and information
              sharing to enhance domestic counterterrorism efforts across
              all levels of government.

    [[Page 26]]

      The President's 2008 Budget supports the FBI's top strategic priority:
    to protect the United States from terrorist attacks. FBI continues to
    build its counterterrorism capabilities post-September 11th.
    Over the past six years, FBI has shifted resources to counterterrorism
    from lower priority programs, hired and trained additional field
    investigators, enhanced science and technology capabilities, and
    strengthened headquarters oversight of the counterterrorism program. In
    addition, FBI has integrated its counterterrorism, counterintelligence,
    and intelligence functions by establishing the National Security Branch
    to oversee all three programs. More recently, the FBI has created a
    Weapons of Mass Destruction Directorate to coordinate all investigative
    and analytical efforts directed at WMD issues. Overall, FBI resources in
    the domestic counterterrorism category have increased from $0.9 billion
    in 2002 to $2 billion in 2008. Among the largest 2008 initiatives for
    enhancing counterterrorism capabilities are $38 million to improve FBI's
    data intercept and access program, $26 million to fund additional
    counterterrorism agents, and $19 million to expand the WMD Directorate.
      Within DHS, ICE focuses on a broad array of national security,
    financial, and smuggling violations, including illegal arms exports,
    financial crimes, commercial fraud, and human trafficking. The 2008
    Budget provides $2 billion for these enforcement activities.

                          Table 3-6.  PROTECTING CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND KEY ASSETS FUNDING
                                       (Budget authority, in millions of dollars)
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                               2007
                       Agency                         2006         2006          2007     Supplemental/      2008
                                                     Actual    Supplemental   Enacted/CR    Emergency      Request
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Department of Agriculture...................         90.7  ............         31.1  .............         64.0
    Department of Defense.......................     11,150.5        862.3      11,254.0  .............     11,966.2
    Department of Energy........................      1,520.6  ............      1,515.1  .............      1,607.1
    Department of Health and Human Services.....        181.7  ............        184.8  .............        180.2
    Department of Homeland Security.............      2,698.3  ............      2,779.6  .............      3,035.5
    Department of Justice.......................        541.1  ............        531.2          3.0          494.3
    Department of Transportation................        131.9  ............        131.9  .............        166.1
    Department of Veterans Affairs..............        262.5  ............        208.3  .............        221.9
    National Aeronautics and Space                      212.6  ............        199.2  .............        193.9
     Administration.............................
    National Science Foundation.................        317.2  ............        317.2  .............        350.4
    Social Security Administration..............        174.6  ............        191.9  .............        215.0
    Other Agencies..............................        651.7          0.1         575.4  .............        601.6
                                                 -------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total, Protecting Critical Infrastructure        17,933.2        862.4      17,919.7          3.0       19,096.1
     and Key Assets.............................
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    National Strategy Mission Area: Protecting Critical Infrastructure and
    Key Assets

      Funding in the protecting critical infrastructure and key assets
    mission area captures the efforts of the U.S. Government to secure the
    Nation's infrastructure, including information infrastructure, from
    terrorist attacks. Protecting the Nation's key assets is a complex
    challenge for two reasons: (1) the diversity of infrastructure and (2)
    the high level of private ownership (85 percent) of the Nation's key
    assets. DOD continues to report the largest share of funding in this
    category for 2008 ($12 billion, or 62.8 percent), which includes
    programs focusing on physical security and improving the military's
    ability to prevent or mitigate the consequences of attacks against
    departmental personnel and facilities. Nevertheless, DHS has overall
    responsibility for prioritizing and executing infrastructure protection
    activities at the national level and accounts for $3 billion (16
    percent) of 2008 funding. In addition, a total of 25 other agencies
    report funding to protect their own assets and work with States,
    localities, and the private sector to reduce vulnerabilities in their
    areas of expertise. The President's 2008 request increases funding for
    activities to protect critical infrastructure and key assets by $1.2
    billion (6.6 percent) over the 2007 level.
      Securing America's critical infrastructure and key assets is a complex
    task. The major requirements include:
        Unifying disparate efforts to protect critical
              infrastructure across the Federal Government, and with State,
              local, and private stakeholders;
        Building and maintaining an accurate assessment of America's
              critical infrastructure and key assets and prioritizing
              protective action based on risk;
        Enabling effective partnerships to protect critical
              infrastructure; and
        Reducing threats and vulnerabilities in cyberspace.
      Homeland Security Policy Directive 7 (HSPD-7), signed in December
    2003, established a national policy to protect critical infrastructure
    and key resources from attack, to ensure the delivery of essential goods
    and services, and to maintain public safety and security. Under HSPD-7,
    DHS is responsible for coordinating Federal critical infrastructure
    programs and working closely with State and local governments and the
    private sector to align protection efforts. To provide the overall
    framework to integrate various critical infrastructure protection
    activities, DHS developed the Na

    [[Page 27]]

    tional Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP). The plan's risk-management
    approach provides the framework for government and industry to work
    together on common protective goals, while focusing resources where they
    are needed the most.
      Recognizing that each infrastructure sector possesses it own unique
    characteristics, HSPD-7 also designated sector-specific agencies to
    coordinate infrastructure protection efforts within each sector. This
    approach enables agencies to rely on specialized expertise and long-
    standing relationships with industry in conducting infrastructure
    protection activities. There are 17 critical infrastructure sectors and
    9 sector-specific agencies, including DHS. In December of 2006, DHS
    received the first set of sector-specific plans that address how each
    critical infrastructure sector will work together to collect
    infrastructure information, prioritize assets and protective programs,
    and develop metrics to inform future initiatives.
      Although these efforts aimed at protecting critical infrastructure and
    key assets nationwide are in motion, the Administration has also been
    focusing on a select number of high-priority areas in parallel with NIPP
    implementation. For example, the 2008 Budget provides $25 million to DHS
    to focus on chemical security regulation enforcement activities, such as
    requiring security vulnerability assessments and facility security plans
    and inspecting chemical facilities for compliance. The budget for the
    Environmental Protection Agency includes $22 million in 2008 to begin
    testing the last of its pilot systems for the Water Security Initiative.
    The program develops pilot systems for cost effective, early warning of
    disease, pest, or poisonous agents in drinking water systems and offers
    subsequent consequence management. The Department of Agriculture also
    has completed extensive physical security assessments to make sure that
    agricultural physical security issues throughout the United States are
    in line with the latest best practices. Many other departments and
    agencies have critical infrastructure protection programs underway that
    support the mission of the NIPP and will benefit from the NIPP process.
      DHS recently reorganized and combined its preparedness and response
    functions to fulfill requirements of the 2007 Homeland Security
    Appropriations Act. DHS also created the National Protection and
    Programs Directorate (NPPD), which includes offices that were omitted
    from the transfer to FEMA by statute. These offices, which focus on
    physical and cyber infrastructure protection, communications, as well as
    other major security initiatives, will be part of the newly created
    NPPD.
      The Office of Infrastructure Protection (IP), located within this new
    directorate, is responsible for managing and prioritizing infrastructure
    protection at the national level. The Office operates the national asset
    database, which aggregates infrastructure data from across the nation.
    The database supports DHS in developing a risk-based strategy for
    protection and can be used to identify critical infrastructure under
    certain scenarios. IP also conducts site visits and assessments each
    year, and has used this information to develop site security guidelines
    for nuclear power plants and chemical facilities. The 2008 Budget
    provides $240 million for these activities. In conjunction with funding
    for the Office of Infrastructure Protection, the Administration supports
    the Infrastructure Protection Program, which consists of five grant
    programs funding security enhancement projects in and around
    transportation assets and other critical infrastructure sites. Awarded
    through the Office of Grant Programs, IPP grants supplement State and
    local infrastructure security efforts, especially detection and
    prevention investments.
      Cyberspace security is a key element of infrastructure protection
    because the Internet and other computer systems link infrastructure
    sectors. The consequences of a cyber attack could cascade across the
    economy, imperiling public safety and national security. To address this
    threat, DHS established the National Cyber Security Division (NCSD) in
    2003--in response to the President's National Strategy to Secure
    Cyberspace--in order to identify, analyze and reduce cyber threats and
    vulnerabilities, coordinate incident response, and provide technical
    assistance. NCSD, now part of NPPD, works collaboratively with public,
    private, and international entities to secure cyberspace and America's
    cyber assets. NCSD has also established the U.S. Computer Emergency
    Response Team (US-CERT), which operates a cyber watch, warning, and
    incident response center. US-CERT supports a watch and warning
    capability responsible for tracking incident and trend data, ranking
    associated severity, and generating real-time alerts.
      NCSD also operates a Control Systems Security Program. Today, many
    critical infrastructures such as pipelines, water and pumping stations,
    and pharmaceutical production are run by computerized control systems.
    These systems make our critical infrastructure assets more automated,
    more productive, more efficient, and more innovative, but they also may
    expose those physical assets to cyber-related threats. NCSD works to
    address these weaknesses and enhance control systems security. To
    evaluate readiness and response programs such as the National Response
    Plan, NCSD has conducted national cyber exercises such as Cyber Storm
    with public and private sector entities. These exercises test our
    capabilities and improve our ability to respond to an incident. To
    support these critical preparedness activities, the Budget includes $98
    million for the NCSD in 2008.

    National Strategy Mission Area: Defending Against Catastrophic Threats

      The defending against catastrophic threats mission area covers
    activities including research, development, and deployment of
    technologies, systems, and medical measures to detect and counter the
    threat of chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear weapons. The
    agencies with the most significant resources to help develop and field
    technologies to counter CBRN threats are:

    [[Page 28]]

    (1) DOD ($5 billion, or 57.6 percent, of the 2008 total); (2) HHS,
    largely for research at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) ($1.9
    billion, or 22.1 percent, of the 2008 total); and (3) DHS ($1.3 billion,
    or 14.5 percent, of the 2008 total). The President's 2008 request would
    increase funding for activities to defend against catastrophic threats
    by $368 million (4 percent) over the 2007 level.

                               Table 3-7.  DEFENDING AGAINST CATASTROPHIC THREATS FUNDING
                                       (Budget authority, in millions of dollars)
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                               2007
                       Agency                         2006         2006          2007     Supplemental/      2008
                                                     Actual    Supplemental   Enacted/CR    Emergency      Request
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Department of Agriculture...................        238.3  ............        226.0  .............        343.5
    Department of Commerce......................         80.6  ............         88.7  .............         90.7
    Department of Defense.......................      4,988.5        122.0       4,889.8  .............      5,007.9
    Department of Energy........................         62.1  ............         62.1  .............         63.2
    Department of Health and Human Services.....      1,806.0  ............      1,848.5  .............      1,954.2
    Department of Homeland Security.............      1,306.1  ............      1,255.1  .............      1,276.7
    Department of Justice.......................         37.4          0.5          40.0  .............         43.9
    Department of the Treasury..................  ...........  ............  ...........  .............          1.8
    National Science Foundation.................         27.0  ............         27.0  .............         25.0
    Nuclear Regulatory Commission...............         27.8  ............         23.4  .............         21.9
                                                 -------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total, Defending Against Catastrophic             8,573.7        122.4       8,460.6  .............      8,828.9
     Threats....................................
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

      The major requirements addressed in this mission area include:
        Preventing terrorist use of CBRN weapons through detection
              systems and procedures, and improving decontamination
              techniques; and
        Developing countermeasures, such as vaccines and other drugs
              to protect the public from the threat of a CBRN attack or
              other public health emergency.
      To protect against a nuclear or radiological weapon entering the
    country, the Domestic Nuclear Detection Office (DNDO) was created in
    2005 within DHS to coordinate the Nation's nuclear detection efforts.
    DNDO, together with the Departments of State, Energy, Defense, and
    Justice, is responsible for developing and deploying a comprehensive
    system to detect and report any attempt to import a nuclear explosive
    device or radiological material into the United States. DNDO is also
    responsible for establishing response protocols to ensure that the
    detection of a nuclear explosive device or radiological material leads
    to timely and effective action by military, law enforcement, emergency
    response, and other appropriate Government assets. The 2008 Budget
    includes $562 million for DNDO, a 17 percent increase from the 2007
    level.
      In 2008, DNDO will invest $100 million in transformational research
    and development aimed at enhancing our ability to detect, identify, and
    attribute nuclear and radiological materials. This research looks beyond
    current capabilities and seeks to find new scientific tools and
    methodologies that may prove useful in broad efforts to focus the
    Nation's resources toward countering the threat of nuclear and
    radiological devices. DNDO's budget also includes $178 million for the
    deployment of both fixed and mobile radiation portal monitors at
    strategic points of entry throughout the country. An additional $30
    million will be used to improve the detection of radiological and
    nuclear materials in and around the Nation's major urban areas under a
    program called Securing the Cities. Together with overseas non-
    proliferation efforts led by the Department of State, and overseas
    detection capabilities managed by the Department of Energy, these
    programs seek to create a seamless approach toward preventing terrorists
    anywhere in the world from acquiring, transporting, or introducing these
    materials into the United States.
      To counter the threat of CBRN weapons, the Budget continues to invest
    in efforts to decrease the time between an attack and implementation of
    Federal, State and local response protocols. Unlike an attack with
    conventional weapons, a CBRN attack may not be immediately apparent.
    Working to ensure earlier detection and characterization of an attack
    helps protect and save lives. DHS will therefore continue to support
    efforts such as the BioWatch environmental monitoring program, which
    samples and analyzes air in over 30 metropolitan areas to continually
    check for dangerous biological agents. The program is designed to
    provide early warning of a large-scale biological weapon attack, thereby
    allowing the distribution of life-saving treatment and preventative
    measures before the development of serious and widespread illnesses.
    Beginning in 2008, DHS bio-defense programs such as BioWatch and
    biosurveillance will be consolidated in the newly established Office of
    Health Affairs. However, on-going research and development into next-
    generation bio-sensors that are able to better detect biological
    pathogens will continue in DHS's Science and Technology Directorate.
      A key element in defending against catastrophic threats is developing
    and maintaining adequate countermeasures for a CBRN attack. This not
    only means

    [[Page 29]]

    stockpiling countermeasures that are currently available, but developing
    new countermeasures for agents that currently have none, and next-
    generation countermeasures that are safer and more effective than those
    that presently exist. The Budget continues HHS's investment in
    developing medical countermeasures to CBRN threats with $1.9 billion in
    funding, which is more than $1.8 billion over the level prior to
    September 11th (this includes funding for programs focused on
    chemical and radiological and nuclear countermeasures referenced below).
    For 2008, the Budget includes nearly $190 million for the advanced
    development of medical countermeasures against threats of bioterrorism.
    Large investments in basic research of medical countermeasures at HHS
    have helped create multiple promising products to protect the public
    against the threat of a terrorist attack. These investments will
    accelerate the development of these products to help Project BioShield
    acquire them more quickly for inclusion in the Strategic National
    Stockpile.
      HHS will also continue to improve human health surveillance with $88
    million dedicated to biosurveilance activities, including the BioSense
    program (allowing local, State, and national public health authorities
    to monitor ``real-time'' trends in data from hospitals, emergency
    departments, and laboratories to identify and characterize potential
    human health threats), increasing laboratory capacity, and augmenting
    the number and quality of border health and quarantine stations. The
    Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Agriculture will also
    conduct surveillance to ensure the security of the food supply.
    Information collected from these programs will be disseminated to the
    National Biosurveillance Integration Center at DHS.
      DOD defends the nation against catastrophic threats by undertaking
    long-term research on chemical and biological threats and by developing
    strategies to counter the risk of such attacks. DOD's efforts in
    maritime defense and interdiction provide early detection and response
    to possible CBRN threats. DOD also conducts anti-terrorism planning to
    defend against a potential CBRN or other terrorist attack against a
    military base or installment. Finally, the U.S. Northern Command, the
    military command responsible for DOD's homeland defense activities, is
    included in this category.

                                 Table 3-8.  EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE FUNDING
                                       (Budget authority, in millions of dollars)
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                               2007
                       Agency                         2006         2006          2007     Supplemental/      2008
                                                     Actual    Supplemental   Enacted/CR    Emergency      Request
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Department of Defense.......................        340.4         46.2         394.5  .............        487.1
    Department of Energy........................        119.4  ............        119.4  .............        156.3
    Department of Health and Human Services.....      2,364.2          0.1       2,279.9  .............      2,289.7
    Department of Homeland Security.............      1,842.9         15.3       1,821.6  .............      1,755.6
    Other Agencies..............................        325.4  ............        320.5  .............        333.3

                                                 -------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total, Emergency Preparedness and Response..      4,992.3         61.6       4,935.9  .............      5,022.0
      Plus Mandatory Communications               ...........  ............      1,000.0  .............  ...........
       Interoperability Grants..................
                                                 -------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total, Emergency Preparedness and Response,       4,992.3         61.6       5,935.9  .............      5,022.0
     including Mandatory Communications
     Interoperability Grants....................
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    National Strategy Mission Area: Emergency Preparedness and Response

      The Emergency Preparedness and Response mission area covers agency
    efforts to prepare for and minimize the damage from major incidents and
    disasters, particularly terrorist attacks that endanger lives and
    property or disrupt Government operations. The mission area encompasses
    a broad range of agency incident management activities, as well as
    grants and other assistance to States and localities. Response to
    natural disasters, including catastrophic natural events such as
    Hurricane Katrina, does not directly fall within the definition of a
    homeland security activity for funding purposes, as defined by Section
    889 of the Homeland Security Act of 2002. However, in preparing for
    terrorism-related threats, many of the activities within this mission
    area also support preparedness for catastrophic natural disasters.
    Additionally, lessons learned from the response to Hurricane Katrina
    will help to revise and strengthen catastrophic response planning.
      HHS, the largest participant in this mission area ($2.3 billion, or
    48.4 percent, in 2008), assists States, localities and hospitals to
    upgrade public health capacity and maintains a national stockpile of
    medicines and vaccines for use following an event. DHS maintains the
    second largest share of funding in this category ($1.5 billion, or 30.7
    percent, for 2008), mainly for preparedness grant assistance to State
    and local first responders. A total of 23 other agencies include
    emergency preparedness and response funding. A number of agencies
    maintain specialized response assets that may be called upon in select
    circumstances, and others report only funding for their agency's
    internal preparedness capability. The major requirements addressed in
    this mission area include:

    [[Page 30]]

        Establishing measurable goals for national preparedness and
              ensuring that Federal funding supports these goals;
        Ensuring that Federal programs to train and equip States and
              localities meet national preparedness goals in a coordinated
              and complementary manner;
        Encouraging standardization and interoperability of first
              responder equipment, especially for communications;
        Building a national training, exercise, and evaluation
              system;
        Implementing the National Incident Management System;
        Preparing health care providers for a mass casualty event;
              and
        Augmenting America's pharmaceutical and vaccine stockpiles.
      Many of the key elements of the national emergency response system are
    already in place. During 2004, separate Federal response plans were
    integrated into a single all-hazards National Response Plan. The
    National Incident Management System was simultaneously developed to
    integrate a standardized Incident Command System throughout Federal,
    State and local response agencies and organizations. Additionally, the
    release of a unified National Preparedness Goal will provide a new
    framework for guiding Federal, State, and local investments. In order to
    ensure that these investments translate into improvements in
    preparedness, we must continue to identify capability gaps and improve
    response and recovery efforts at all levels of government. A related
    challenge is ensuring that investments in State and local preparedness
    are focused on building and enhancing response capabilities, and not
    simply supplanting normal operating expenses. DHS is leading an
    interagency effort to better match Federal resources with achieving
    national preparedness goals.
      From 2001 through 2007, the Federal Government has allocated over $16
    billion in State and local terrorism preparedness funding from the
    Departments of Homeland Security, Health and Human Services, and
    Justice, increasing spending from an annual level of approximately $350
    million in 2001 to $2.9 billion in the 2008 request. The funding growth
    has been directed to Federal programs and grant assistance which support
    State and local preparedness and response activities, including
    equipping, training and exercising first responders, and preparing the
    public health infrastructure, for a range of terrorist threats. The
    Federal Government has taken steps to rationalize and simplify the
    distribution of State and local assistance; better target funds based on
    risk and effectiveness; and develop and implement the seven national
    priorities and 37 target capabilities identified in the National
    Preparedness Goal.
      The 2008 Budget provides over $100 million for DHS programs which
    train and exercise first responders in preparation for catastrophic
    events including the National Exercise Program and the Center for
    Domestic Preparedness. In addition to these programs, DHS will provide
    grant funding to State and local agencies to support approximately 1,200
    all-hazards preparedness exercises annually in 2007 and in 2008. The
    2008 Budget also provides grants which support coordinated terrorism
    preparedness training and equipment for State and local responders
    across the various responder agencies. The 2008 request includes over
    $1.5 billion for terrorism preparedness grants to be administered by the
    Office of Grant Programs within DHS, and proposes to continue current
    progress on the grant allocation process to better address threats and
    needs. In addition, to supplement assistance for public safety
    communications projects available through the DHS grants, the Department
    of Commerce, in consultation with DHS, will be awarding $1 billion in
    additional grants for first responder communications interoperability to
    qualified applicants from anticipated spectrum auction receipts. The
    full outlay and impact of these funds will begin to be realized in FY
    2008. The Budget also supports a range of Federal response capabilities,
    including providing $110 million for the Department of Energy's Nuclear
    Emergency Support Team, $20 million within DHS for the Federal Emergency
    Management Agency's Urban Search and Rescue teams, $53 million for the
    National Disaster Medical System, and other emergency response,
    management, and operations assets. The capabilities of these teams range
    from providing radiological assistance in support of State and local
    agencies to responding to major incidents worldwide.
      In order to ensure that the nation is prepared for dealing with a
    biological attack, including pandemic influenza, the Administration
    continues to make significant investments in medical countermeasures
    through Project BioShield. \4\ While the stockpiling of medical
    countermeasures is the primary goal, BioShield is also designed to
    stimulate the development of the next generation of countermeasures by
    allowing the Federal Government to buy critically needed vaccines and
    medications for biodefense as soon as experts agree that they are safe
    and effective enough to be added to the Strategic National Stockpile. As
    a result, this program also provides an incentive for the development
    and manufacturing of advanced countermeasures, ensuring that new and
    improved countermeasures will be available in the future. The Budget
    includes $581 million to maintain and augment this supply of vaccines
    and other countermeasures that can be made available within 12 hours in
    the event of a terrorist attack or other public health emergency. This
    includes funding for storage and maintenance of products purchased
    through BioShield.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
      \4\ BioShield is a shared responsibility, joining the intelligence
    capabilities of DHS with the medical expertise of HHS.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
      Finally, HHS has the lead role in preparing public health providers
    for catastrophic terrorism. In addition to providing additional funding
    to expand HHS's public health and medical response capabilities,
    including disaster medical assistance, the 2008 Budget also provides

    [[Page 31]]

    nearly $414 million to continue improvements for hospital infrastructure
    and $698 million for upgrades to State and local public health capacity.
    This investment will bring the total assistance provided by HHS to
    States, local governments and health care providers since 2001 to over
    $9 billion.

                          Non-Federal Expenditures \5\
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

      \5\ OMB does not collect detailed homeland security expenditure data
    from State, local, or private entities directly.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
      State and local governments and private-sector firms also have devoted
    resources of their own to the task of defending against terrorist
    threats. Some of the additional spending has been of a one-time nature,
    such as investment in new security equipment and infrastructure; some
    additional spending has been ongoing, such as hiring more personnel, and
    increasing overtime for existing security personnel. In many cases, own-
    source spending has supplemented the resources provided by the Federal
    Government.
      Many governments and businesses continue to place a high priority on
    and provide additional resources for security. On the other hand, many
    entities have not increased their spending. A 2004 survey conducted by
    the National Association of Counties found that as a result of the
    homeland security process of intergovernmental planning and funding,
    three out of four counties believed they were better prepared to respond
    to terrorist threats. Moreover, almost 40 percent of the surveyed
    counties had appropriated their own funds to assist with homeland
    security. Own-source resources supplemented funds provided by States and
    the Federal Government. However, the same survey revealed that 54
    percent of counties had not used any of their own funds. \6\
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
      \6\ Source: National Association of Counties, ``Homeland Security
    Funding--2003 State Homeland Security Grants Programs I and II.''
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
      There is also a diversity of responses in the businesses community. A
    2003 survey conducted by the Conference Board showed that just over half
    of the companies reported that they had permanently increased security
    spending post-September 11, 2001. About 15 percent of the companies
    surveyed had increased their security spending by 20 percent or more.
    Large increases in spending were especially evident in critical
    industries, such as transportation, energy, financial services, media
    and telecommunications, information technology, and healthcare. However,
    about one-third of the surveyed companies reported that they had not
    increased their security spending after September 11th. \7\ Given the
    difficulty of obtaining survey results that are representative of the
    entire universe of States, localities, and businesses, it is expected
    that there will be a wide range of estimates on non-Federal security
    spending for critical infrastructure protection.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
      \7\ Source: Conference Board, ``Corporate Security Management'' 2003.
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

                                Additional Tables

      The tables in the Federal expenditures section above present data
    based on the President's policy for the 2008 Budget. The tables below
    present additional policy and baseline data, as directed by the Homeland
    Security Act of 2002.

    [[Page 32]]

    Estimates by Agency:

                       Table 3-9.  DISCRETIONARY FEE-FUNDED HOMELAND SECURITY ACTIVITIES BY AGENCY
                                       (Budget authority, in millions of dollars)
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                               2007
                       Agency                         2006         2006          2007     Supplemental/      2008
                                                     Actual    Supplemental   Enacted/CR    Emergency      Request
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Department of Energy........................          1.9  ............          1.9  .............          3.3
    Department of Homeland Security.............      2,422.0  ............      2,885.0  .............      3,319.0
    Department of State.........................        815.0  ............      1,166.7  .............      1,323.1
    General Services Administration.............         91.8  ............         66.9  .............         34.3
    Social Security Administration \1\..........        175.0  ............        193.3  .............        215.7
    Federal Communications Commission...........          2.3  ............          2.3  .............          3.6
    Nuclear Regulatory Commission...............  ...........  ............         66.0  .............         68.9
    Securities and Exchange Commission..........          5.0  ............         14.3  .............         18.3
                                                 -------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total, Discretionary Homeland Security Fee-       3,512.9  ............      4,396.4  .............      4,986.2
     Funded Activities..........................
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    \1\ Social Security physical and computer security measures are financed by amounts from the Social Security
      trust funds and payroll taxes.

                               Table 3-10.  MANDATORY HOMELAND SECURITY FUNDING BY AGENCY
                                       (Budget authority, in millions of dollars)
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                               2007
                       Agency                         2006         2006          2007     Supplemental/      2008
                                                     Actual    Supplemental   Enacted/CR    Emergency      Request
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Department of Agriculture...................        177.4  ............        182.0  .............        194.5
    Department of Commerce......................         14.1  ............         16.3  .............         18.3
    Department of Energy........................         12.0  ............         12.0  .............         13.0
    Department of Health and Human Services.....         16.6  ............         15.9  .............         14.3
    Department of Homeland Security.............      2,032.8  ............      2,257.5  .............      2,042.2
    Department of Labor.........................          3.9  ............          3.9  .............          8.8
                                                 -------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total, Homeland Security Mandatory Programs.      2,256.9  ............      2,487.7  .............      2,291.0
      Plus Mandatory Communications               ...........  ............      1,000.0  .............  ...........
       Interoperability Grants..................
                                                 -------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total, Homeland Security Mandatory Programs       2,256.9  ............      3,487.7  .............      2,291.0
     including Mandatory Communications
     Interoperability Grants....................
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    [[Page 33]]

                       Table 3-11.  BASELINE ESTIMATES--TOTAL HOMELAND SECURITY FUNDING BY AGENCY
                                       (Budget authority, in millions of dollars)
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                       2007                           Baseline
                        Agency                       Enacted/ ------------------------------------------------------
                                                      CR \1\      2008       2009       2010       2011       2012
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Department of Agriculture.....................        523        545        559        574        587        602
    Department of Commerce \2\....................        193        200        205        210        215        222
    Department of Defense.........................     16,538     17,064     17,569     18,077     18,591     19,110
    Department of Education.......................         24         25         25         26         26         27
    Department of Energy..........................      1,695      1,738      1,777      1,817      1,856      1,896
    Department of Health and Human Services.......      4,313      4,422      4,532      4,640      4,752      4,853
    Department of Homeland Security...............     28,572     29,562     30,549     31,508     32,480     33,466
    Department of Housing and Urban Development...          2          2          2          2          2          3
    Department of the Interior....................         45         46         48         50         53         55
    Department of Justice.........................      3,090      3,210      3,327      3,446      3,566      3,694
    Department of Labor...........................         49         54         51         52         52         53
    Department of State...........................      1,239      1,268      1,299      1,327      1,354      1,380
    Department of Transportation..................        179        187        193        202        210        219
    Department of the Treasury....................        109        113        116        120        123        127
    Department of Veterans Affairs................        245        252        259        268        276        282
    Corps of Engineers............................         43         44         45         46         47         48
    Environmental Protection Agency...............        133        137        141        145        148        153
    Executive Office of the President.............         20         20         21         21         22         23
    General Services Administration...............         74         75         78         79         80         81
    National Aeronautics and Space Administration.        199        203        208        213        217        222
    National Science Foundation...................        344        352        360        368        376        384
    Office of Personnel Management................          3          3          3          3          3          3
    Social Security Administration................        194        217        186        190        192        196
    District of Columbia..........................          8          8          8          9          9          9
    Federal Communications Commission.............          2          2          2          2          2          2
    Intelligence Community Management Account.....         56         57         59         60         61         62
    National Archives and Records Administration..         18         18         19         19         20         20
    Nuclear Regulatory Commission.................         66         69         71         74         75         78
    Securities and Exchange Commission............         14         18         18         19         19         20
    Smithsonian Institution.......................         80         84         88         92         96        100
    United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.......          8          8          8          8          9          9
    Corporation for National and Community Service         20         20         21         21         21         22
                                                   -----------------------------------------------------------------
    Total, Homeland Security Budget Authority.....     58,098     60,023     61,847     63,688     65,540     67,421
      Less Department of Defense..................    -16,538    -17,064    -17,569    -18,077    -18,591    -19,110
                                                   -----------------------------------------------------------------
    Non-Defense Homeland Security Budget               41,560     42,959     44,278     45,611     46,949     48,311
     Authority, excluding Mandatory
     Interoperability Communications Grants and
     BioShield \3\................................
      Less Fee-Funded Homeland Security Programs..     -4,397     -4,833     -4,909     -5,020     -5,124     -5,228
      Less Mandatory Homeland Security Programs...     -2,489     -2,290     -2,426     -2,531     -2,631     -2,735
                                                   -----------------------------------------------------------------
    Net Non-Defense, Discretionary Homeland            34,674     35,836     36,943     38,060     39,194     40,348
     Security Budget Authority, excluding
     Mandatory Interoperability Communications
     Grants and Bioshield \3\.....................
      Plus Mandatory Communications                     1,000  .........  .........  .........  .........  .........
       Interoperability Grants....................
      Plus BioShield..............................  .........  .........      2,175  .........  .........  .........
                                                   -----------------------------------------------------------------
    Net Non-Defense, Discretionary Homeland            35,674     35,836     39,118     38,060     39,194     40,348
     Security Budget Authority, including
     Mandatory Interoperability Communications
     Grants and BioShield \3\.....................

    Obligations Limitations
      Department of Transportation Obligations            121        124        126        130        133        135
       Limitation.................................
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    \1\ 2007 levels include enacted supplemental appropriations ($1,696 million in DHS) but exclude GWOT
      supplemental requests in DHS, DOJ, and Treasury totaling $219 million.
    \2\ DOC's 2007 gross Continuing Resolution full-year estimate for homeland security excludes $1 billion in
      mandatory borrowing authority to provide Federal grants to public safety agencies for communications
      interoperability purposes. Although technically scored in 2007, this funding will be made available from
      proceeds of the Federal Communications Commission's 2008 auction of returned television spectrum.
    \3\ The Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 appropriated $1 billion from anticipated spectrum auction receipts for the
      Department of Commerce, in consultation with the Department of Homeland Security, to make grants to public
      safety agencies for communications interoperability purposes.

    [[Page 34]]

    Estimates by Budget Function:

                                Table 3-12.  HOMELAND SECURITY FUNDING BY BUDGET FUNCTION
                                       (budget authority, in millions of dollars)
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                                 2007
                                       Agency                                        2006      Enacted/      2008
                                                                                  Actual \1\    CR \2\   Request \3\
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    National Defense............................................................      22,056     20,463      21,359
    International Affairs.......................................................       1,107      1,239       1,406
    General Science Space and Technology........................................         616        602         635
    Energy......................................................................         124        106         122
    Natural Resources and the Environment.......................................         288        264         292
    Agriculture.................................................................         581        506         679
    Commerce and Housing Credit4................................................         149        154         180
    Transportation..............................................................       8,186      9,161       9,453
    Community and Regional Development..........................................       2,212      2,257       2,010
    Education, Training, Employment and Social Services.........................         177        174         179
    Health......................................................................       4,393      4,317       4,451
    Medicare....................................................................          12         15          14
    Income Security.............................................................           8          8          14
    Social Security.............................................................         175        193         216
    Veterans Benefits and Services..............................................         299        245         270
    Administration of Justice...................................................      15,917     17,792      18,941
    General Government..........................................................         816        821         890
                                                                                 -----------------------------------
    Total, Homeland Security Budget Authority...................................      57,116     58,317      61,111
      Less National Defense, DoD................................................     -17,508    -16,538     -17,465
                                                                                 -----------------------------------
    Non-Defense Homeland Security Budget Authority, excluding Mandatory               39,608     41,779      43,646
     Interoperability Communications Grants \4\.................................
      Less Fee-Funded Homeland Security Programs................................      -3,509     -4,317      -4,899
      Less Mandatory Homeland Security Programs.................................      -2,257     -2,489      -2,290
                                                                                 -----------------------------------
    Net Non-Defense, Discretionary Homeland Security Budget Authority, excluding      33,842     34,973      36,457
     Mandatory Interoperability Communications Grants \4\.......................
      Plus Mandatory Interoperability Communications Grants.....................  ..........      1,000  ...........
                                                                                 -----------------------------------
    Net Non-Defense, Discretionary Homeland Security Budget Authority, including      33,842     35,973      36,457
     Mandatory Interoperability Communications Grants \4\.......................
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    \1\ 2006 actual levels include enacted supplemental appropriations.
    \2\ For 2007, only DOD and DHS have enacted appropriations; all other agencies' funding levels are based on
      their full-year CR rates. 2007 funding levels also include enacted supplemental appropriations ($1,696
      million) and requested 2007 supplemental budget authority ($219 million) in the GWOT supplemental request.
    \3\ DOC's 2007 gross Continuing Resolution full-year estimate for homeland security excludes $1 billion in
      mandatory borrowing authority to provide Federal grants to public safety agencies for communications
      interoperability purposes. Although technically scored in 2007, this funding will be made available from
      proceeds of the Federal Communications Commission's 2008 auction of returned television spectrum.
    \4\ The Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 appropriated $1 billion from anticipated spectrum auction receipts for the
      Department of Commerce, in consultation with the Department of Homeland Security, to make grants to public
      safety agencies for communications interoperability purposes.

    [[Page 35]]

                      Table 3-13.  BASELINE ESTIMATES--HOMELAND SECURITY FUNDING BY BUDGET FUNCTION
                                       (Budget authority, in millions of dollars)
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                       2007                           Baseline
                   Budget Authority                  Enacted/ ------------------------------------------------------
                                                      CR\1\       2008       2009       2010       2011       2012
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    National Defense..............................     20,264     20,897     21,508     22,120     22,738     23,364
    International Affairs.........................      1,239      1,268      1,299      1,327      1,354      1,380
    General Science Space and Technology..........        602        616        630        644        657        672
    Energy........................................        106        111        112        116        117        121
    Natural Resources and the Environment.........        264        271        279        287        295        304
    Agriculture...................................        506        528        541        555        568        583
    Commerce and Housing Credit \2\...............        154        164        167        172        175        181
    Transportation................................      9,161      9,537      9,832     10,132     10,438     10,745
    Community and Regional Development............      2,257      2,312      2,367      2,418      2,469      2,523
    Education, Training, Employment and Social            174        179        186        192        197        204
     Services.....................................
    Health........................................      4,317      4,425      4,536      4,644      4,755      4,855
    Medicare......................................         15         16         16         17         18         19
    Income Security...............................          8         13          8          8          8          9
    Social Security...............................        193        216        185        189        191        195
    Veterans Benefits and Services................        245        252        259        268        276        282
    Administration of Justice.....................     17,775     18,379     19,057     19,712     20,375     21,053
    General Government............................        818        839        865        887        909        931
                                                   -----------------------------------------------------------------
    Total, Homeland Security Budget Authority.....     58,098     60,023     61,847     63,688     65,540     67,421
      Less National Defense, DoD..................    -16,538    -17,064    -17,569    -18,077    -18,591    -19,110
                                                   -----------------------------------------------------------------
    Non-Defense, Discretionary Homeland Security       41,560     42,959     44,278     45,611     46,949     48,311
     Budget Authority, excluding Mandatory
     Interoperability Communications Grants and
     Bioshield \3\................................
      Less Fee-Funded Homeland Security Programs..     -4,397     -4,833     -4,909     -5,020     -5,124     -5,228
      Less Mandatory Homeland Security Programs...     -2,489     -2,290     -2,426     -2,531     -2,631     -2,735
                                                   -----------------------------------------------------------------
    Net Non-Defense, Discretionary Homeland            34,674     35,836     36,943     38,060     39,194     40,348
     Security Budget Authority, excluding
     Mandatory Interoperability Communications
     Grants and Bioshield \3\.....................
      Plus Mandatory Communications                     1,000  .........  .........  .........  .........  .........
       Interoperability Grants....................
      Plus BioShield..............................  .........  .........      2,175  .........  .........  .........
                                                   -----------------------------------------------------------------
    Net Non-Defense, Discretionary Homeland            35,674     35,836     39,118     38,060     39,194     40,348
     Security Budget Authority, including
     Mandatory Interoperability Communications
     Grants and BioShield \3\.....................

    Obligations Limitations
      Department of Transportation Obligations            199        203        208        213        217        222
       Limitation.................................
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    \1\ 2007 levels include enacted supplemental appropriations ($1,696 million in DHS) but exclude GWOT
      supplemental requests in DHS, DOJ, and Treasury totaling $219 million.
    \2\ DOC's 2007 gross full-year CR estimate for homeland security excludes $1 billion in mandatory borrowing
      authority to provide Federal grants to public safety agencies for communications interoperability purposes.
      Although technically scored in 2007, this funding will be made available from proceeds of the Federal
      Communications Commission's 2008 auction of returned television spectrum.
    \3\ The Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 appropriated $1 billion from anticipated spectrum auction receipts for the
      Department of Commerce, in consultation with the Department of Homeland Security, to make grants to public
      safety agencies for communications interoperability purposes.

    Detailed Estimates by Budget Account:

      An appendix of account-level funding estimates, organized by National
    Strategy mission area, is available on the Analytical Perspectives CD-
    ROM.