[Analytical Perspectives]
[Crosscutting Programs]
[5. Research and Development]
[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]
[[Page 43]]
5. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
During the past five years the U.S. economy has shown remarkable
resilience and vitality. Economic growth is now steady and strong.
Incomes are rising, household net worth is at an all-time high, and
unemployment is low and continues to decline. Meanwhile inflation
remains in check, largely because of record sustained productivity
growth--averaging a 3.4 percent annual rate for the past half-decade.
Our prosperity is no accident. The U.S. economy owes its strength in
large measure to its willingness to build innovation capacity through
the creation and growth of a world-class science and technology research
enterprise and a high-quality scientific and technical education
infrastructure. The relationship between support for science and
economic growth is well documented. Investments in basic research lead
to knowledge breakthroughs that fuel innovation, drive productivity,
grow the economy, and change the way we see the world. Economists
estimate that approximately half of post-World War II economic growth is
directly due to technological progress fueled by research and
development (R&D).
Economic payoffs to research come in the form of process and product
innovations that reduce the costs of production, lower product prices,
and result in new and better products and services. Consumers ultimately
benefit from less expensive, higher quality and more useful products and
services, and of course from earnings accruing to innovative companies.
Today's transforming technologies and most popular consumer items have
deep roots in basic and applied research.
By nearly every relevant metric, the U.S. leads the world in science
and technology. With only about five percent of the world's population,
the U.S. employs nearly one-third of all scientists and engineers and
accounts for approximately one-third of global R&D spending (more than
the rest of the G-8 nations combined), and U.S. researchers publish 35
percent of global science and engineering articles.
To sustain the nation's economic competitiveness, the President has
called for a long-term vision to strengthen Federal support for the
Nation's innovation enterprise in an integrated package of investments
and policies in the American Competitiveness Initiative.
[[Page 44]]
I. THE AMERICAN COMPETITIVENESS INITIATIVE
The centerpiece of the American Competitiveness Initiative in the
President's 2007 Budget is a strong commitment to invest in basic
research areas that advance knowledge and technologies used by
scientists in nearly every field. Through the American Competitiveness
Initiative, President Bush plans to double, over 10 years, investment in
innovation-enabling research at three Federal agencies--the National
Science Foundation (NSF), the Department of Energy's (DOE's) Office of
Science, and the Department of Commerce's National Institute of Science
and Technology (NIST) laboratories.
In 2007, the first year of the American Competitiveness Initiative,
President Bush proposes $10.7 billion total for these agencies, an
overall funding increase of $910 million, or 9.3 percent, above 2006. To
reach doubling within ten years, overall annual increases will average
roughly seven percent.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Research Agencies in the American Competitiveness Initiative
The National Science Foundation is the primary source of support for academic research in the physical sciences,
funding potentially transformative basic research in areas such as nanotechnology, advanced networking and
information technology, physics, chemistry, materials science, mathematics, and engineering. It is well
regarded for management of funding through a competitive, peer-reviewed process. The increase in NSF funding is
expected to support as many as 500 more research grants in 2007 and 6,400 additional researchers, students,
post-doctoral fellows and technicians contributing to the innovation enterprise.
The Department of Energy's Office of Science supports grants and infrastructure for a wide range of basic
research related to economically significant innovations including nanotechnology, biotechnology, high-end
computing and advanced networking, and energy technologies. In addition to supporting 2,600 (10 percent) more
researchers in 2007 than in 2006, the initiative provides for the construction of a number of cutting-edge
scientific research tools with direct implications for economically-relevant R&D, including the world's most
powerful civilian supercomputer and an x-ray light source user facility with world-leading capabilities to
study materials, chemicals, and biological matter at the scale of an individual atom.
The Department of Commerce's National Institute of Standards and Technology is a high-leverage Federal research
agency that supports economically significant innovations such as new materials and processes, electronics,
computing and information technologies, advanced manufacturing integration, biotechnology, new energy sources
such as hydrogen, and nanotechnology. NIST also plays a critical role in supporting standards development
activities that are used by industry and government agencies.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
II. IMPROVING THE PERFORMANCE OF R&D PROGRAMS
R&D is critically important for keeping our Nation economically
competitive, and it will help solve the challenges we face in health,
defense, energy, and the environment. Therefore, every Federal R&D
dollar must be invested as effectively as possible.
R&D Investment Criteria
The Administration continues to improve the effectiveness of the
Federal Government's investments in R&D by applying transparent
investment criteria in analyses that inform recommendations for program
funding and management. R&D performance assessment must be done with
care. Research often leads scientists and engineers down unpredictable
pathways with unpredictable results. This outcome can require special
consideration when measuring an R&D program's performance against its
initial goals.
With this in mind, the Administration is improving methods for setting
priorities based on expected results, and is asking agencies to apply
specific criteria that programs or projects must meet to be started or
continued and supply clear milestones for gauging progress and improved
metrics for assessing results.
As directed by the President's Management Agenda, the R&D Investment
Criteria accommodate the wide range of R&D activities, from basic
research to development and demonstration programs, by addressing three
fundamental aspects of R&D:
Relevance--Programs must be able to articulate why they are
important, relevant, and appropriate for Federal investment;
Quality--Programs must justify how funds will be allocated
to ensure quality; and
Performance--Programs must be able to monitor and document
how well the investments are performing.
In addition, R&D projects and programs relevant to industry are
expected to apply criteria to determine the appropriateness of the
public investment, enable comparisons of proposed and demonstrated
benefits, and provide meaningful decision points for completing or
transitioning the activity to the private sector.
[[Page 45]]
As part of the President's Management Agenda's Budget and Performance
Integration initiative, the Administration uses the Program Assessment
Rating Tool (PART) to consistently assess the effectiveness of programs.
A section of the PART specifically addresses the assessment of R&D
program management and performance and is aligned with the R&D
Investment criteria. In the last four years, agencies completed 795 PART
assessments, of which 102 were for R&D programs. The results of these
PART assessments may be found on the web at www.whitehouse.gov/omb/
part/.
Performance assessments help policy makers identify those programs
that are the most effective and worthy of funding; however, the
Administration does not allocate funding levels and initiate management
reforms strictly by formula or based solely on PART results. For
instance, funding may be reduced for Effective programs that have
achieved what they set out to do, and Ineffective programs might receive
more money if it is clear it would help them become more effective. The
PART provides information that leads to more informed decisions.
R&D agencies will continue to integrate the R&D Criteria more
meaningfully into the budget formulation process in the coming year.
Based on lessons learned and other feedback from experts and
stakeholders, the Administration will continue to improve the R&D
Investment Criteria and their implementation to achieve more effective
management of R&D programs and better-informed budget-allocation
decisions.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
President's Management Agenda Initiative
Research and Development Investment Criteria
FY 2006, Quarter 1 Status: RED, Progress: YELLOW
The initiative's red status score reflects the limited success many agencies have had in the Government-wide
implementation of the initiative. The yellow progress score indicates that the initiative maintains momentum,
as more R&D agencies use the criteria to assess their programs. All of the top 13 R&D agencies are using the
R&D PART to assess their programs this year.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 46]]
Research Earmarks
The Administration strongly supports awarding research funds based on
merit review through a competitive process refereed by scientists. Such
a system has the best prospects for ensuring that the top research is
supported. Research earmarks--in general the assignment of money during
the legislative process for use by a specific organization or project--
are counter to a merit-based competitive selection process. Earmarks
signal to potential investigators that there is an acceptable
alternative to creating quality research proposals for merit-based
consideration. Such an alternative can be an ineffective use of taxpayer
funds.
Unfortunately, the practice of earmarking funds to colleges,
universities, and other entities for specific research projects has
expanded dramatically in recent years. The American Association for the
Advancement of Science (AAAS) recently estimated that R&D earmarks total
$2.4 billion in 2006, an increase of 13 percent over the Association's
2005 estimate. The AAAS uses a relatively narrow definition of an R&D
earmark. Other organizations have estimated even higher levels of R&D
earmarking.
Some argue that earmarks help spread the research money to states or
institutions that would receive less research funding through other
means. The Chronicle of Higher Education has reported that this is not
the main role earmarks play. Often only a minor portion of academic
earmark funding goes to the states with the smallest shares of Federal
research funds.
Some proponents of earmarking assert that earmarks provide a means of
funding unique projects that would not be recognized by the conventional
peer-review process. To address this concern, a number of research
agencies have procedures and programs to reward ``out-of-the-box''
thinking. Within the Department of Defense (DOD), the Defense Advanced
Research Projects Agency seeks out high-risk, high-payoff scientific
proposals, and program managers at the NSF set aside a share of funding
for higher-risk projects in which they see high potential.
Earmarks that are outside of an agency's mission can detract from an
efficient and effective Federal effort on behalf of taxpayers. For
instance, the Congress directed DOD to fund research on a wide range of
diseases including ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, diabetes, leukemia,
and childhood cancer. Congressional adds in DOD's budget for medical
research projects totals about $900 million in 2006 alone. While
research on these diseases is very important, it is generally not unique
to the U.S. military and can be better selected, carried out and
coordinated within civil medical research agencies, without disruption
to the military mission. At the same time, intrusion of earmarks into
the peer-review processes of civilian medical research agencies would
have a significant detrimental impact on funding the most important and
promising research.
Earmarks that divert funding from a merit-based process will undermine
America's research productivity. The Administration commends Congress
for taking measures to protect NSF and the National Institutes of Health
from this practice, which is a practice that should be followed
throughout the R&D programs.
III. PRIORITIES FOR FEDERAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
The 2007 Budget requests $137 billion for Federal R&D funding, which
targets key research investments within agencies such as NSF, the DOE's
Office of Science, and the Department of Commerce's National Institute
of Standards and Technology laboratories. (Table 5-1 provides details by
agency).
The ``Federal Science and Technology'' (FS&T) budget (shown in Table
5-2) highlights the creation of new knowledge and technologies more
consistently and accurately than overall R&D data collection. The FS&T
budget emphasizes research; does not count funding for defense
development, testing, and evaluation; and totals less than half of
Federal R&D spending. The 2007 Budget requests $60 billion for FS&T.
Multi-Agency R&D Priorities
The 2007 Budget targets important research investments that must be
coordinated across multiple agencies. Three of these multi-agency
initiatives--nanotechnology, information technology R&D, and climate
change science--are coordinated by three separate dedicated offices to
ensure unified strategic planning and implementation. The Administration
is strengthening interagency coordination for other priority areas--such
as improving cybersecurity. The Administration will continue to analyze
other areas of critical need that could benefit in the future from
improved focus and coordination among agencies.
Combating Terrorism R&D: Significant advances in securing the homeland
and winning the war on terror have been made over the past few years
through the focused application of the Nation's science and technology
capability. Challenges remain, however, a number of which are being
addressed through multi-agency research efforts that are coordinated
through the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) and other
inter-agency fora.
In 2005, multi-agency R&D funding efforts made significant progress
towards increasing the security of the homeland. A key example is the
formation of the Domestic Nuclear Detection Office (DNDO). DNDO has the
primary responsibility for developing a comprehensive system to detect
and mitigate any attempt to illicitly import, assemble or transport a
nuclear explosive device or its components into the U.S. To accomplish
this mission, DNDO coordinates and draws upon the R&D expertise of key
departments and agencies. An interagency group led by the Office of
Science and Technology Policy has continued to support these and other
related efforts by generating a long-term nuclear secu
[[Page 47]]
rity R&D vision and roadmap. In another example, interagency research
programs such as the Face Recognition Grand Challenge are advancing core
biometrics technologies and enhancing our understanding of the critical
nexus between technical and privacy considerations.
The 2007 Budget provides continued support for these and many other
homeland security related research areas, including R&D aimed at:
finding and applying quick and cost-effective decontamination
capabilities following a biological, chemical, nuclear or radiological
incident; strengthening predictive modeling capabilities to augment our
ability to assess the rate of geographic spread of infectious diseases
or chemical agents or predict the impact of key policy decisions on
factors affecting disease transmission; enhancing the safety of the
Nation's food supply and agricultural systems through research directed
at the epidemiology and ecology of emerging plant and animal diseases,
and the development of more effective vaccine and diagnostic
technologies; and enhancing cyber security through the Networking and
Information Technology R&D program.
Networking and Information Technology R&D: The Budget provides $3
billion for the multi-agency Networking and Information Technology
Research and Development (NITRD) Program, which plans and coordinates
agency research efforts in high-end computing systems, large-scale
networking, software development, high-confidence systems, information
management, cyber security, and other information technologies. The
agencies involved in this program coordinate efforts to accelerate
research advancement in information technology, upon which every
economic sector now depends.
In 2005, agencies participating in high-end computing R&D continued to
make significant progress in implementing the recommendations contained
in the Federal Plan for High-End Computing. The 2007 Budget provides for
substantially increased activities in Leadership Class Computing by both
DOE and NSF, one of the priorities contained in the Federal Plan.
Relevant agencies will continue to conduct research in scalable systems
software and applications to ensure that Federal investments in high-end
computing achieve maximal impact.
Participating agencies will broaden their R&D activities in cyber
security and information assurance, continuing to emphasize interagency
coordination. For example, the Interagency Working Group (IWG) that
coordinates R&D on information technology infrastructure protection was
incorporated as part of the NITRD program in 2005, strengthening the
connection between cyber security R&D and overall infrastructure
protection. After completion of the Federal Plan for Cyber Security and
Information Assurance R&D, the IWG will develop a roadmap for addressing
any identified R&D gaps. Reports and general information about NITRD are
available at www.nitrd.gov/.
Nanotechnology R&D: The Budget provides $1 billion for the multi-
agency National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI). The NNI focuses on R&D
that creates materials, devices, and systems that exploit the
fundamentally distinct properties of matter as it is manipulated at the
atomic and molecular levels. The results of NNI-supported R&D are
already leading to breakthroughs in disease detection and treatment,
manufacturing at the nanoscale level, environmental monitoring and
protection, energy production and storage, and creating electronic
devices that have even greater capabilities than those available today.
Guided by the NNI, participating agencies will continue to focus on
fundamental and applied research through investigator-led activities,
multidisciplinary centers of excellence, education and training of
nanotechnology workers, and infrastructure development, including user
facilities and networks that are broadly available to researchers from
across the scientific research community. In addition, agencies continue
to maintain a focus on the responsible development of nanotechnology,
with attention to the human and environmental health impacts, as well as
ethical, legal, and other societal issues. Reports and general
information about the NNI are available at www.nano.gov/.
Climate Change R&D: The 2007 Budget for the Climate Change Science
Program (CCSP) continues to support the implementation of the CCSP
Strategic Plan, which was released in July 2003. The 13 departments and
agencies that participate in CCSP coordinate preparation of the budget
and program implementation. During 2007, CCSP will continue research
into important scientific uncertainties and preparation of a series of
Synthesis and Assessment reports. The program expects to receive input
from the National Research Council under the terms of a continuing
advisory agreement. CCSP will continue to track deliverables and
milestones for each of its programs in order to assess overall
performance. Additional detail on individual agency activities will be
provided in the Administration's 2007 edition of Our Changing Planet.
Reports and general information about CCSP are available on the
program's website: www.climatescience.gov/.
The Climate Change Technology Program (CCTP) continues to provide
strategic direction and planning to help coordinate and prioritize
activities within the portfolio of Federally funded climate change
technology R&D consistent with the President's National Climate Change
Technology Initiative (NCCTI). In 2005, the CCTP published a Vision and
Framework for Strategy and Planning and released a draft Strategic Plan
for review by the scientific community and the public. In 2006, the CCTP
will address the nearly 300 comments received and publish a final
Strategic Plan. The CCTP has also identified within its portfolio a
subset of NCCTI priority activities, defined as discrete R&D activities
that address technological challenges, which, if solved, could advance
technologies with the potential to dramatically reduce, avoid, or
sequester greenhouse gas emissions. Reports and general information
about the CCTP are available on the program's website:
www.climatetechnology.gov/.
[[Page 48]]
The CCSP and CCTP will coordinate implementation of relevant climate
change provisions in the 2005 Energy Policy Act as appropriate.
Hydrogen R&D: In 2005, the Hydrogen R&D Interagency Task Force led
interagency coordination in hydrogen-related manufacturing and
innovation, safety, codes and standards, and fundamental research on
fuel cells, hydrogen production, and hydrogen storage. The Task Force
established a web portal (www.hydrogen.gov) for hydrogen and fuel cell
information. Additionally, the Task Force works with the International
Partnership for the Hydrogen Economy, which coordinates hydrogen
research among 15 nations representing two thirds of global energy
consumption.
DOE will continue the President's Hydrogen Fuel Initiative to
accelerate the worldwide availability and affordability of hydrogen-
powered fuel cell vehicles. The initiative, which includes a 54-percent
increase in targeted basic research investments in 2007, focuses on
research to advance hydrogen production, storage, and infrastructure.
The Initiative complements the Department's FreedomCAR Partnership with
the auto industry, which is aimed at developing viable hydrogen fuel
cell vehicle technology. To keep FreedomCAR on track, it will be
essential that Congress refrain from earkmarking this program.
Stimulating Private Investment
Along with direct spending on R&D, the Federal Government has sought
to stimulate private R&D investment through incentives in the Internal
Revenue Code. A long-standing credit that expired at the end of 2005
provided a 20-percent tax credit for private research and
experimentation expenditures above a certain base amount. The
Administration proposes extending the Research and Experimentation tax
credit starting 2006 and making it permanent. The proposed extension
will cost $33.4 billion over the period from 2007 to 2011. In addition,
a permanent tax provision lets companies deduct, up front, the costs of
certain kinds of research and experimentation, rather than capitalize
these costs. Also, equipment used for research benefits from relatively
rapid tax depreciation allowance.
IV. FEDERAL R&D DATA
Federal R&D Funding
R&D is the collection of efforts directed towards gaining greater
knowledge or understanding and applying knowledge toward the production
of useful materials, devices, and methods. R&D investments can be
characterized as basic research, applied research, development, R&D
equipment, or R&D facilities, and the Office of Management and Budget
has used those or similar categories in its collection of R&D data since
1949.
Basic research is defined as systematic study directed toward greater
knowledge or understanding of the fundamental aspects of phenomena and
of observable facts without specific applications towards processes or
products in mind.
Applied research is systematic study to gain knowledge or
understanding necessary to determine the means by which a recognized and
specific need may be met.
Development is systematic application of knowledge toward the
production of useful materials, devices, and systems or methods,
including design, development, and improvement of prototypes and new
processes to meet specific requirements.
Research and development equipment includes acquisition or design and
production of movable equipment, such as spectrometers, microscopes,
detectors, and other instruments.
Research and development facilities include the acquisition, design,
and construction of, or major repairs or alterations to, all physical
facilities for use in R&D activities. Facilities include land,
buildings, and fixed capital equipment, regardless of whether the
facilities are to be used by the Government or by a private
organization, and regardless of where title to the property may rest.
This category includes such fixed facilities as reactors, wind tunnels,
and particle accelerators.
There are over twenty Federal agencies that fund R&D in the U.S. The
nature of the R&D that these agencies fund depends on the mission of
each agency and on the role of R&D in accomplishing it. Table 5-1 shows
agency-by-agency spending on basic and applied research, development,
and R&D equipment and facilities.
[[Page 49]]
Table 5-1. FEDERAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
(Budget authority, dollar amounts in millions)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dollar Percent
2005 2006 2007 Change: Change: 2006
Actual Estimate Proposed 2006 to 2007 to 2007
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
By Agency
Defense............................................................................ 69,743 71,946 74,234 2,288 3%
Health and Human Services.......................................................... 28,687 28,767 28,737 -30 0%
NASA............................................................................... 10,197 11,394 12,245 851 7%
Energy............................................................................. 8,596 8,563 9,158 595 7%
National Science Foundation........................................................ 4,138 4,199 4,548 349 8%
Agriculture........................................................................ 2,410 2,411 2,012 -399 -17%
Homeland Security.................................................................. 1,182 1,484 1,508 24 2%
Commerce........................................................................... 1,133 1,079 1,065 -14 -1%
Veteran Affairs.................................................................... 742 765 765 ............ ..............
Interior........................................................................... 622 637 600 -37 -6%
Transportation..................................................................... 549 704 557 -147 -21%
Environmental Protection Agency.................................................... 640 600 557 -43 -7%
Other.............................................................................. 1,235 1,232 1,218 -14 -1%
------------------------------------------------------------------
Total............................................................................ 129,874 133,781 137,204 3,423 3%
Basic Research
Defense............................................................................ 1,485 1,470 1,422 -48 -3%
Health and Human Services.......................................................... 15,752 15,996 16,037 41 0%
NASA............................................................................... 2,386 2,305 2,226 -79 -3%
Energy............................................................................. 2,937 2,987 3,315 328 11%
National Science Foundation........................................................ 3,427 3,478 3,687 209 6%
Agriculture........................................................................ 838 846 771 -75 -9%
Homeland Security.................................................................. 55 95 49 -46 -48%
Commerce........................................................................... 53 56 87 31 55%
Veteran Affairs.................................................................... 297 306 306 ............ ..............
Interior........................................................................... 36 42 40 -2 -5%
Transportation..................................................................... 33 39 39 ............ ..............
Environmental Protection Agency.................................................... 110 101 94 -7 -7%
Other.............................................................................. 155 169 174 5 3%
------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal......................................................................... 27,564 27,890 28,247 357 1%
Applied Research
Defense............................................................................ 4,787 5,169 4,478 -691 -13%
Health and Human Services.......................................................... 12,573 12,605 12,540 -65 -1%
NASA............................................................................... 1,957 1,759 1,118 -641 -36%
Energy............................................................................. 2,770 2,730 2,723 -7 0%
National Science Foundation........................................................ 332 319 379 60 19%
Agriculture........................................................................ 1,124 1,157 974 -183 -16%
Homeland Security.................................................................. 842 1,093 943 -150 -14%
Commerce........................................................................... 813 779 769 -10 -1%
Veteran Affairs.................................................................... 401 414 414 ............ ..............
Interior........................................................................... 533 545 510 -35 -6%
Transportation..................................................................... 304 392 305 -87 -22%
Environmental Protection Agency.................................................... 415 387 359 -28 -7%
Other.............................................................................. 587 591 594 3 1%
------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal......................................................................... 27,438 27,940 26,106 -1,834 -7%
Development
Defense............................................................................ 63,336 65,221 68,315 3,094 5%
Health and Human Services.......................................................... 57 37 37 ............ ..............
NASA............................................................................... 3,494 5,174 6,755 1,581 31%
Energy............................................................................. 1,759 1,804 1,990 186 10%
National Science Foundation........................................................ ......... ........... ........... ............ N/A
Agriculture........................................................................ 156 164 155 -9 -5%
Homeland Security.................................................................. 133 195 335 140 72%
Commerce........................................................................... 148 118 94 -24 -20%
Veteran Affairs.................................................................... 44 45 45 ............ ..............
Interior........................................................................... 50 47 47 ............ ..............
Transportation..................................................................... 194 255 194 -61 -24%
Environmental Protection Agency.................................................... 115 112 104 -8 -7%
Other.............................................................................. 461 424 409 -15 -4%
------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal......................................................................... 69,947 73,596 78,480 4,884 7%
Facilities and Equipment
Defense............................................................................ 135 86 19 -67 -78%
Health and Human Services.......................................................... 305 129 123 -6 -5%
[[Page 50]]
NASA............................................................................... 2,360 2,156 2,146 -10 0%
Energy............................................................................. 1,130 1,042 1,130 88 8%
National Science Foundation........................................................ 379 402 482 80 20%
Agriculture........................................................................ 292 244 112 -132 -54%
Homeland Security.................................................................. 152 101 181 80 79%
Commerce........................................................................... 119 126 115 -11 -9%
Transportation..................................................................... ......... ........... ........... ............ N/A
Veterans Affairs................................................................... 3 3 3 ............ N/A
Interior........................................................................... 18 18 19 1 6%
Environmental Protection Agency.................................................... ......... ........... ........... ............ N/A
Other.............................................................................. 32 48 41 -7 -15%
------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtotal......................................................................... 4,925 4,355 4,371 16 0%
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 51]]
Table 5-2. FEDERAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY BUDGET
(Budget authority, dollar amounts in millions)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dollar
2005 2006 2007 Change: Percent
Actual Estimate Proposed 2006 to Change:
2007 2006 to 2007
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
By Agency
National Institutes of Health \1\................. 28,444 28,410 28,428 18 0%
NASA.............................................. 8,128 7,680 7,073 -607 -8%
Science......................................... 5,502 5,254 5,330 76 1%
Aeronautics..................................... 962 884 724 -160 -18%
Exploration Systems \2\......................... 1,664 1,542 1,019 -523 -34%
Energy \3\........................................ 5,642 5,636 6,155 519 9%
Science Programs................................ 3,600 3,596 4,102 506 14%
Electricity Transmission & Distribution......... 101 136 96 -40 -29%
Nuclear Energy.................................. 393 416 559 143 34%
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Resources 976 896 933 37 4%
\4\............................................
Fossil Energy \5\............................... 572 592 465 -127 -21%
National Science Foundation....................... 5,472 5,581 6,020 439 8%
Defense........................................... 6,273 6,628 5,900 -728 -11%
Basic Research.................................. 1,485 1,470 1,422 -48 -3%
Applied Research................................ 4,788 5,158 4,478 -680 -13%
Agriculture....................................... 2,111 2,160 1,921 -239 -11%
CSREES Research and Education \6\............... 659 675 569 -106 -16%
Economic Research Service....................... 74 75 83 8 11%
Agricultural Research Service \7\............... 1,102 1,131 1,001 -130 -11%
Forest Service: Forest and Rangeland Research... 276 279 268 -11 -4%
Interior (USGS)................................... 935 962 945 -17 -2%
Commerce.......................................... 855 938 873 -65 -7%
NOAA: Oceanic & Atmospheric Research............ 404 370 338 -32 -9%
NIST Intramural Research and Facilities......... 451 568 535 -33 -6%
Environmental Protection Agency \8\............... 780 761 816 55 7%
Veterans Affairs \9\.............................. 743 765 765 ........... ............
Transportation.................................... 542 567 598 31 5%
Highway research: Federal Highway Administration 411 430 468 38 9%
Federal Aviation Administration: Research, 131 137 130 -7 -5%
Engineering, and Development...................
Education......................................... 355 342 342 ........... ............
Special Education Research and Innovation....... 83 72 72 ........... ............
National Institute on Disability and 108 107 107 ........... ............
Rehabilitation Research........................
Research, Development, and Dissemination \10\... 164 163 163 ........... ............
-------------------------------------------------------------
Total............................................. 60,280 60,430 59,836 -594 -1%
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ In 2006, the Department of Health and Human Services will allocate an additional $18 million to NIH for
Pandemic Influenza research from the Department of Defense Emergency Supplemental Appropriations to Address
Hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico, and Pandemic Influenza Act, 2006.
\2\ Includes Exploration Systems Research and Technology, Human Systems Research and Technology, Innovative
Partnerships, and Prometheus Nuclear Systems and Technology.
\3\ Data do not reflect actual transfers to Science Programs from other Department of Energy R&D programs to
support the Small Business Innovation Research and the Small Business Technology Transfer programs.
\4\ In 2006, Congress merged the Energy Supply and Energy Conservation accounts. The amount reported under the
new Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Resources line within this account reflects a combination of the
former Energy Conservation line item (excluding Weatherization and State grants) and the Renewables line item.
\5\ Excludes funding for the Alaska Natural Gas Pipeline project.
\6\ Includes the appropriation of earnings from the Native American Endowment Fund, but not the appropriation to
the Endowment's principal.
\7\ Excludes building and facilities. Also excludes the transfer of $6 million from the account.
\8\ Science and Technology, plus superfund transfer.
\9\ Includes the medical care and prosthetic research appropriation and VA medical care support transfer to
research.
\10\ Does not include funding for Regional Educational Labs.
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Table 5-3. AGENCY DETAIL OF SELECTED INTERAGENCY R&D EFFORTS
(Budget authority, dollar amounts in millions)
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Dollar Percent
2005 2006 2007 Change: Change: 2006
Actual Estimate Proposed 2006 to 2007 to 2007
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Networking and Information Technology R&D
Defense \1\........................................................................ 775 1,128 1,018 -110 -10%
National Science Foundation........................................................ 811 810 904 94 12%
Health and Human Services \2\...................................................... 571 551 541 -10 -2%
Energy............................................................................. 377 384 473 89 23%
National Aeronautics and Space Administration...................................... 163 78 82 4 5%
Commerce........................................................................... 60 60 65 5 8%
Environmental Protection Agency.................................................... 4 6 6 ............ ..............
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Total............................................................................ 2,761 3,017 3,089 72 2%
National Nanotechnology Initiative
National Science Foundation........................................................ 335 344 373 29 8%
Defense \1\........................................................................ 352 435 345 -90 -21%
Energy............................................................................. 208 207 258 51 25%
Health and Human Services \3\...................................................... 168 175 173 -2 -1%
Commerce (NIST).................................................................... 79 76 86 10 13%
National Aeronautics and Space Administration...................................... 45 50 25 -25 -50%
Environmental Protection Agency.................................................... 7 5 9 4 80%
Agriculture........................................................................ 3 5 5 ............ ..............
Justice............................................................................ 2 1 1 0 0%
Homeland Security.................................................................. 1 1 ........... -1 -100%
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Total............................................................................ 1,200 1,299 1,275 -24 -2%
Climate Change Science Program
National Aeronautics and Space Administration...................................... 1,237 1,043 1,025 -18 -2%
National Science Foundation........................................................ 198 197 205 8 4%
Commerce (NOAA).................................................................... 124 163 186 23 14%
Energy............................................................................. 127 131 126 -5 -4%
Agriculture........................................................................ 62 62 61 -1 -2%
National Institutes of Health...................................................... 57 57 57 ............ ..............
Interior (USGS).................................................................... 27 27 26 -1 -4%
Environmental Protection Agency.................................................... 20 19 17 -2 -11%
Smithsonian........................................................................ 6 6 6 ............ ..............
U.S. Agency for International Development.......................................... 6 6 6 ............ ..............
Transportation..................................................................... 3 2 2 ............ ..............
State.............................................................................. 1 ........... ........... ............ ..............
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Total............................................................................ 1,868 1,713 1,717 4 0%
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Subtotal, CCRI (included in CCSP total).......................................... 211 200 200 0 0%
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\1\ In 2005, DOD reviewed its contributions to NITRD and NNI and produced a more comprehensive and accurate accounting of the Department's funding of
those activities. Accordingly, the funding levels shown in this table are larger than those shown in previous years.
\2\ Includes funds from offsetting collections for the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
\3\ Includes funds from both the National Institutes of Health and National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health.