[Analytical Perspectives]
[Crosscutting Programs]
[3. Homeland Security Funding Analysis]
[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]
[[Page 19]]
3. HOMELAND SECURITY FUNDING ANALYSIS
Since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the Federal
Government, with State, local and private sector partners, has engaged
in a broad, determined effort to thwart terrorism, identifying and
pursuing terrorists abroad and implementing an array of measures to
secure our citizens and resources at home. The Administration has worked
with the Congress to reorganize the Federal Government; acquire
countermeasures to biological weapons; enhance security at our borders,
transportation sites and critical infrastructures; and strengthen
America's preparedness and response capabilities in our cities and local
communities. Elements of our national homeland security strategy--to
prevent terrorist attacks within the United States, reduce America's
vulnerability to terrorism, and minimize the damage from attacks that
may occur--involve every level of government as well as the private
sector and individual citizens. Since September 11th, homeland security
has continued to be a major policy focus for all levels of government,
and one of the President's highest priorities.
To underscore the importance of homeland security as a crosscutting
Government-wide function, section 889 of the Homeland Security Act of
2002 requires a homeland security funding analysis to be incorporated in
the President's Budget. This analysis addresses that legislative
requirement. It covers the homeland security funding and activities of
all Federal agencies, not only those carried out by the Department of
Homeland Security (DHS), and discusses State, local, and private sector
expenditures. In addition, not all activities carried out by DHS
constitute homeland security funding (e.g., response to natural
disasters, Coast Guard search and rescue activities), so DHS estimates
in this section do not represent the entire DHS budget.
Federal Expenditures
The Federal spending estimates in this analysis utilize funding and
programmatic information collected on the Executive Branch's homeland
security efforts. \1\ Throughout the budget formulation process, the
Office of Management and Budget (OMB) collects three-year funding
estimates and associated programmatic information from all Federal
agencies with homeland security responsibilities. These estimates do not
include the efforts of the Legislative or Judicial branches. Information
in this chapter is augmented by a detailed appendix of account-level
funding estimates, which is available on the Analytical Perspectives CD
ROM.
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\1\ All data in the Federal expenditures section are based on the
President's policy for the 2007 Budget. Additional policy and baseline
data is presented in the ``Additional Tables'' section. Due to rounding,
data in this section may not add to totals in other Budget volumes.
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To compile this data, agencies report information using standardized
definitions for homeland security. The data provided by the agencies are
developed at the ``activity level,'' which is a set of like programs or
projects, at a level of detail sufficient to consolidate the information
to determine total Governmental spending on homeland security.
To the extent possible, this analysis maintains programmatic and
funding consistency with previous estimates. Some discrepancies from
data reported in earlier years arise due to agencies' improved ability
to extract terrorism-related activities from host programs and refine
their characterizations. As in the Budget, where appropriate, the data
is also updated to reflect agency activities, Congressional action, and
technical re-estimates. In addition, the Administration may refine
definitions or mission area estimates over time based on additional
analysis or changes in the way specific activities are characterized,
aggregated, or disaggregated. For example, this year's budget includes
significant re-estimates for the homeland security funding requested in
two agencies' budgets: the U.S. Coast Guard, and the Department of
Defense. When changes in the way agencies estimate homeland security
expenditures are made, they are reflected in all years in order to
maintain consistency.
In the case of the Coast Guard, the agency derives its homeland
security funding estimates using an activity-based costing model to
allocate its budget among its various missions. In early fiscal year
2005, the Coast Guard discovered the assumptions for this model had not
been updated to reflect post-9/11 mission demands, meaning the
projections derived from the model were increasingly inconsistent with
actual, post-9/11 spending. After reviewing several years of post-9/11
performance data, the Coast Guard updated its modeling assumptions to
better reflect its current mission execution. In addition, as part of
its annual government-wide review of homeland security activities, OMB
determined that the Coast Guard was reporting both its ``Drug
Interdiction'' and ``International Fisheries Enforcement'' activities as
homeland security programs, which was inconsistent with the Government-
wide definition of homeland security activities. As a result, these two
mission activities have been dropped from the homeland security data.
The revisions to the Department of Defense (DOD) homeland security
funding estimates also better reflect actual spending by the Department.
Previously, the DOD homeland security funding estimates were derived
from an annual report issued by the DOD Comptroller's office that
identified funding spent on combating terrorism activities. Now, DOD has
been able to identify discrete, homeland security-related projects,
programs
[[Page 20]]
and activities within the budget accounts of the various service
branches. As a result, the funding estimates are more precise and
integrated with the DOD budget.
The following table reflects the adjustments made for the Coast Guard
and DOD re-estimates:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
FY 2005 FY 2006
Effect Effect \2\
------------------------------------------------------------------------
DoD Re-Estimate.................................. +7,541 +7,992
Coast Guard Re-Estimate.......................... -940 -790
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\2\ The 2006 adjustments reflect comparisons between the 2006 requested
levels and the revised 2006 enacted levels. As a result, a small
amount of the adjustment is attributable to differences between the
2006 Budget and the 2006 enacted funding levels, not just technical re-
estimates.
Total funding for homeland security has grown significantly since the
attacks of September 11, 2001. For 2007, the President's Budget includes
$58.3 billion for homeland security activities, a $3.4 billion (6.3
percent) increase over the 2006 level. Excluding mandatory funding and
the Department of Defense, the 2007 Budget proposes a gross
discretionary increase of $3 billion (8.2 percent) over the 2006 level.
The Budget also proposes to increase aviation security fees to allow the
Government to recover more of its core security costs of Federal
aviation screening operations. Including this fee proposal, the net non-
defense discretionary increase from 2006 to 2007 is 3.3 percent.
Table 3-1. HOMELAND SECURITY FUNDING BY AGENCY
(Budget authority, in millions of dollars)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2005 2005 2006 2006 2007
Budget Authority Enacted Supplemental Enacted Supplemental Request
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Agriculture.................... 595.9 ............ 563.0 ............ 650.3
Department of Commerce....................... 166.7 ............ 181.1 ............ 217.8
Department of Defense........................ 16,107.7 1,080.2 16,440.4 ............ 16,697.8
Department of Education...................... 23.9 ............ 27.5 ............ 25.8
Department of Energy......................... 1,562.0 ............ 1,705.2 ............ 1,699.6
Department of Health and Human Services...... 4,229.4 ............ 4,299.1 0.1 4,563.3
Department of Homeland Security.............. 23,979.9 569.2 25,499.0 176.9 27,777.0
Department of Housing and Urban Development.. 2.0 ............ 1.9 ............ 1.9
Department of the Interior................... 65.0 ............ 55.6 ............ 55.4
Department of Justice........................ 2,690.8 76.1 2,975.4 16.1 3,279.8
Department of Labor.......................... 56.1 ............ 48.3 ............ 58.7
Department of State.......................... 824.1 ............ 1,107.9 ............ 1,212.5
Department of Transportation................. 219.3 ............ 181.0 ............ 206.0
Department of the Treasury................... 101.1 0.4 115.8 ............ 133.4
Department of Veterans Affairs............... 249.4 ............ 308.8 ............ 313.4
Corps of Engineers........................... 89.0 ............ 72.0 ............ 43.0
Environmental Protection Agency.............. 106.3 ............ 129.3 ............ 183.3
Executive Office of the President............ 29.5 ............ 20.8 ............ 24.6
General Services Administration.............. 65.2 ............ 98.6 ............ 95.9
National Aeronautics and Space Administration 220.5 ............ 212.6 ............ 203.7
National Science Foundation.................. 342.2 ............ 344.2 ............ 387.4
Office of Personnel Management............... 3.0 ............ 2.7 ............ 2.8
Social Security Administration............... 154.7 ............ 176.8 ............ 183.8
District of Columbia......................... 15.0 ............ 13.5 ............ 9.0
Federal Communications Commission............ 1.8 ............ 2.3 ............ 5.4
Intelligence Community Management Account.... 72.4 ............ 56.0 ............ 55.0
National Archives and Records Administration. 17.1 ............ 18.2 ............ 18.1
Nuclear Regulatory Commission................ 59.2 ............ 79.3 ............ 70.3
Postal Service............................... 503.0 ............ ........... ............ ...........
Securities and Exchange Commission........... 5.0 ............ 5.0 ............ 5.0
Smithsonian Institution...................... 75.0 ............ 83.7 ............ 80.4
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum...... 8.0 ............ 7.8 ............ 7.8
Corporation for National and Community 17.0 ............ 20.4 ............ 14.9
Service.....................................
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Total, Homeland Security Budget Authority.... 52,657.2 1,725.8 54,852.9 193.1 58,282.9
Less Department of Defense................. -16,107.7 -1,080.2 -16,440.4 ............ -16,697.8
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Non-Def. Homeland Security Budget Authority 36,549.5 645.6 38,412.6 193.1 41,585.1
excluding BioShield.........................
Less Fee-Funded Homeland Security Programs. -3,444.1 ............ -4,130.0 ............ -6,022.0
Less Mandatory Homeland Security Programs.. -2,193.6 ............ -2,232.0 ............ -2,454.1
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Net Non-Defense Discretionary, Homeland 30,911.8 645.6 32,050.6 193.1 33,109.0
Security Budget Authority excluding
BioShield...................................
Plus BioShield............................. 2,508.0 ............ ........... ............ ...........
------------------------------------------------------------------
Net Non-Defense Discretionary, Homeland 33,419.8 645.6 32,050.6 193.1 33,109.0
Security Budget Authority including
BioShield...................................
Obligations Limitations
Department of Transportation Obligations 78.2 ............ 121.0 ............ 99.7
Limitation..................................
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 21]]
A total of 32 agencies comprise Federal homeland security funding in
2007. Of those, five agencies--the Departments of Homeland Security
(DHS), Defense (DOD), Health and Human Services (HHS), Justice (DOJ) and
Energy (DOE)--account for approximately 93 percent of total Government-
wide homeland security funding in 2007.
The growth in Federal homeland security funding is indicative of the
efforts that have been initiated to secure our Nation. However, it
should be recognized that fully developing the strategic capacity to
protect America is a complex effort. There is a wide range of potential
threats and risks from terrorism. To optimize limited resources and
minimize the potential social costs to our free and open society,
homeland security activities should be prioritized based on the highest
threats and risks. Homeland security represents a partnership among the
Federal Government, State and local governments, the private sector, and
individual citizens, each with a unique role in protecting our Nation.
The National Strategy for Homeland Security provides a framework for
addressing these challenges. It guides the highest priority requirements
for securing the Nation. As demonstrated below, the Federal Government
has used the National Strategy to guide its homeland security efforts.
For this analysis, agencies categorize their funding data based on the
critical mission areas defined in the National Strategy for Homeland
Security: intelligence and warning, border and transportation security,
domestic counterterrorism, protecting critical infrastructures and key
assets, defending against catastrophic threats, and emergency
preparedness and response. In all tables, classified funding controlled
by the Director of National Intelligence is combined with the Department
of Defense and titled ``Department of Defense.''
The National Strategy is a dynamic document. It includes actions that
agencies use and must build upon to measure progress. In some cases,
progress may be easily measured. In others, Federal agencies, along with
State and local governments and the private sector, are working together
to develop measurable goals. Finally, in some areas, Federal agencies
and partners must continue to develop a better understanding of risks
and threats--such as the biological agents most likely to be used by a
terrorist group or the highest-risk critical infrastructure targets--in
order to develop benchmarks.
Funding presented in this report is analyzed in the context of major
``mission areas.'' Activities in many of the mission areas are closely
related. For example, information gleaned from activities in the
intelligence and warning category may be utilized to inform law
enforcement activities in the domestic counterterrorism category.
Augmentation of pharmaceutical stockpiles categorized as emergency
preparedness and response, may address agents that represent
catastrophic threats.
This chapter highlights some significant results from OMB's
Performance Assessment Rating Tool (PART), as well as some major
performance metrics and milestones. These are not an exhaustive list of
homeland security PART results, measures, or milestones; nor are they
exempt from the performance measurement challenges highlighted above.
However, they do illustrate the Government's efforts to build a better
framework to measure homeland security performance.
The following table summarizes funding levels by the National
Strategy's mission areas; more detailed analysis is provided in
subsequent mission-specific analysis sections.
Table 3-2. HOMELAND SECURITY FUNDING BY NATIONAL STRATEGY MISSION AREA
(Budget authority, in millions of dollars)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2005 2005 2006 2006 2007
Agency Enacted Supplemental Enacted Supplemental Request
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Intelligence and Warning..................... 349.8 ............ 428.2 ............ 604.4
Border and Transportation Security........... 16,652.3 386.2 18,348.6 159.6 20,177.1
Domestic Counterterrorism.................... 3,974.5 257.3 4,548.0 17.6 4,661.6
Protecting Critical Infrastructure and Key 17,835.9 849.4 17,851.7 ............ 18,350.6
Assets......................................
Defending Against Catastrophic Threats....... 8,146.4 142.8 8,639.8 0.5 8,882.1
Emergency Preparedness and Response.......... 5,654.5 90.1 4,924.3 15.4 5,474.9
Other........................................ 43.8 ............ 112.4 ............ 132.2
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Total, Homeland Security Budget Authority.... 52,657.2 1,725.8 54,852.9 193.1 58,282.9
Plus BioShield............................. 2,508.0 ............ ........... ............ ...........
------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, Homeland Security Budget Authority , 55,165.2 1,725.8 54,852.9 193.1 58,282.9
including BioShield.........................
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
National Strategy Mission Area: Intelligence and Warning
The intelligence and warning mission area covers activities to detect
terrorist threats and disseminate terrorist-threat information. The
category includes intelligence collection, risk analysis, and threat-
vulnerability integration activities for preventing terrorist attacks.
It also includes information sharing activities among Federal, State,
and local governments, relevant private sector entities, and the public
at large. It does not include most foreign intelligence collection--
although
[[Page 22]]
the resulting intelligence may inform homeland security activities--nor
does it fully capture classified intelligence activities. In 2007,
funding for intelligence and warning is distributed between DHS (61
percent), primarily in the Office of Intelligence and Analysis; DOJ (26
percent), primarily in the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI); and
other Intelligence Community members (13 percent). The 2007 funding for
intelligence and warning activities is 41 percent above the 2006 level.
Table 3-3. INTELLIGENCE AND WARNING FUNDING
(Budget authority, in millions of dollars)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2005 2005 2006 2006 2007
Agency Enacted Supplemental Enacted Supplemental Request
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Agriculture.................... 6.3 ............ 6.7 ............ 22.3
Department of Homeland Security.............. 226.4 ............ 323.3 ............ 370.4
Department of Justice........................ 44.2 ............ 41.7 ............ 156.2
Department of the Treasury................... 0.6 ............ 0.6 ............ 0.6
Intelligence Community Management Account.... 72.4 ............ 56.0 ............ 55.0
------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, Intelligence and Warning.............. 349.8 ............ 428.2 ............ 604.4
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The major requirements addressed in the intelligence and warning
mission area include:
Unifying and enhancing intelligence and analytical
capabilities to ensure officials have the information they
need to prevent attacks; and
Implementing information sharing and warning mechanisms,
such as the Homeland Security Advisory System, to allow
Federal, State, local, and private authorities to take action
to prevent attacks and protect potential targets.
As established by the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act
of 2004, the Director of National Intelligence (DNI) is ensuring that
his newly established office is setting collection and analysis
priorities that are consistent with the new National Intelligence
Strategy. This new strategy calls for the integration of both the
domestic and foreign dimensions of U.S. intelligence so that there are
no gaps in our understanding of threats to the homeland. The DNI is also
ensuring that information sharing takes place in an environment where
access to terrorism information is matched to the roles,
responsibilities, and missions of all the organizations across the
intelligence community. These changes allow the intelligence community
to ``connect the dots'' more effectively, develop a better integrated
system for identifying and analyzing terrorist threats, and issue
warnings more rapidly.
The National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC) is specifically chartered
to centralize U.S. Government terrorism threat analysis and ensure that
all agencies receive relevant analysis and information. NCTC serves as
the primary organization in the U.S. Government for analyzing and
integrating all intelligence pertaining to terrorism and
counterterrorism (except purely domestic terrorism) and the central and
shared knowledge bank on known and suspected terrorists and
international terror groups. It also ensures that agencies, as
appropriate, have access to and receive the all-source intelligence
support needed to execute their counterterrorism plans or perform
independent, alternative analysis. NCTC is tasked to coordinate
counterterrorism operations on a global basis and develop strategic,
operational plans for the Global War on Terrorism.
The DNI and the NCTC work to utilize the unique assets and
capabilities of other Government agencies--some of which are
reorganizing to improve these capabilities and better interface with the
new intelligence structure. As such, the NCTC allocates requirements to
the agencies with the assets and capabilities to address them. In
addition, NCTC has formed a new core staff of analysts drawn from
multiple intelligence agencies. This variety ensures that NCTC can
access the Intelligence Community's full breadth of knowledge and
complement the activities of individual agencies. Despite the addition
of this new permanent planning staff, NCTC will not undertake direct
operations but will continue to leave mission execution with the
appropriate agencies. This separation ensures that the chain of command
remains intact and prevents potential bureaucratic micromanagement of
counterterrorism missions. Taken together, the creation of the NCTC and
recent legislation and executive orders will ensure counterterrorism
assets are better allocated and more tightly coordinated to produce
improved indications and warning intelligence to benefit homeland
security.
The 2007 request for FBI supports improvements in its intelligence
infrastructure to enable the Bureau to leverage its workforce,
particularly the agents, intelligence analysts, and support staff in the
newly-created National Security Branch. The National Security Branch
will integrate the Intelligence Directorate with the Counterterrorism
and Counterintelligence Divisions to ensure that FBI activities are
coordinated with other Intelligence Community agencies under the
Director of National Intelligence's leadership.
Over the past four years, the FBI has developed its intelligence
capabilities and improved its ability to protect the American people
from threats to national security. It has built on its established
capacity to collect information and enhanced its ability to analyze and
disseminate intelligence. The President's 2007 Budget supports the FBI's
priorities and its continuing transformation by providing the resources
needed for its in
[[Page 23]]
telligence operations and modernization of its operations. These
initiatives will increase the number of secure facilities for conducting
intelligence analysis; enhance intelligence collection, systems, and
training; continue development of the FBI's new case management system
that will reduce paperwork and improve information sharing; and upgrade
fingerprint identification systems to improve screening activities to
identify potential terrorists.
As a result of the Department of Homeland Security's 2005 re-
organization, a new Office of Intelligence and Analysis (OIA) was
established to strengthen intelligence functions and information sharing
within DHS. OIA gathers information to analyze terrorist threats to
critical infrastructure, transportation systems, or other targets inside
the homeland. Led by the newly-created DHS Chief Intelligence Officer
reporting directly to the Secretary, this office not only relies on its
own analysts (comprised of personnel from the former Information
Analysis and Infrastructure Protection Directorate), but draws on the
expertise of other DHS components with information collection and
analytical capabilities. For example, improved coordination and
information sharing between border agents, air marshals, and
intelligence analysts deepens the Department's understanding of
terrorist threats. By maintaining and expanding its partnership with the
NCTC, DHS will better coordinate its activities with other members
within the intelligence community and the DNI. The Office also serves as
the focal point for disseminating information to states and local
entities. For example, OIA is connected to homeland security directors
of States and territories through the Homeland Security Information
Network (HSIN). All fifty States and major urban areas are connected to
HSIN, and HSIN is now being rolled out to major counties as well.
National Strategy Mission Area: Border and Transportation Security
Table 3-4. BORDER AND TRANSPORTATION SECURITY FUNDING
(Budget authority, in millions of dollars)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2005 2005 2006 2006 2007
Agency Enacted Supplemental Enacted Supplemental Request
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Agriculture.................... 159.1 ............ 165.3 ............ 164.9
Department of Homeland Security.............. 15,628.7 386.2 17,078.6 159.6 18,820.9
Department of Justice........................ 34.5 ............ 30.4 ............ 20.5
Department of State.......................... 778.5 ............ 1,056.6 ............ 1,152.1
Department of Transportation................. 51.5 ............ 17.7 ............ 18.7
------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, Border and Transportation Security.... 16,652.3 386.2 18,348.6 159.6 20,177.1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
This mission area covers activities to protect border and
transportation systems, such as screening airport passengers, detecting
dangerous materials at ports overseas and at U.S. ports-of-entry, and
patrolling our coasts and the land between ports-of-entry. The majority
of funding in this mission area ($18.8 billion, or 93 percent, in 2007)
is in DHS, largely for the U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP), the
Transportation Security Administration (TSA), and the Coast Guard. Other
DHS bureaus and other Departments, such as State and Justice, also play
a significant role. The President's 2007 request would increase funding
for border and transportation security activities by 10 percent over the
2006 level.
Securing our borders and transportation systems is a complex task.
Security enhancements in one area may make another avenue more
attractive to terrorists. Therefore, our border and transportation
security strategy aims to make the U.S. borders ``smarter''--targeting
resources toward the highest risks and sharing information so that
frontline personnel can stay ahead of potential adversaries--while
facilitating the flow of legitimate visitors and commerce. The creation
of DHS, which unified the Federal Government's major border and
transportation security resources, facilitates the integration of risk
targeting systems and ensures greater accountability in border and
transportation security. Rather than having separate systems for
managing goods, people, and agricultural products, one agency is now
accountable for ensuring that there is one cohesive border management
system.
Since 2001, the Administration and Congress have increased funding for
border security by 93 percent and immigration enforcement by 90 percent.
The Administration continues to deploy new technology--from unmanned
aircraft to ground sensors to infrared cameras; and has eliminated the
barriers that prevented DHS from completing a 14-mile border fence
running along the border south of San Diego. The 2007 Budget provides
funding for 1,500 new border patrol agents and new technology, including
portable imaging machines, cameras, sensors and automated targeting
systems that focus on high-risk travelers and goods. This investment
will support smarter and more secure borders.
To ensure detention and removal of illegal aliens present in the
United States, the Budget provides $2.1 billion, a $626 million increase
over 2006, to support detention and removal efforts. This includes
funding to expand the program to apprehend alien fugitives and to
increase efforts to ensure that aliens convicted of crimes in the United
States are deported directly from correctional institutions after their
time is served. The Budget provides funding to add more than 6,000 new
detention beds to hold illegal immigrants while they await removal. This
will bring the total number of beds available to approximately 27,500.
DHS will also make improvements in processing and deporting
[[Page 24]]
aliens, cutting the time of detention for aliens in half from 30 days to
15 days. A 2003 PART found this program moderately effective because DHS
Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) has reorganized its operations
and engaged in significant strategic and performance planning efforts to
identify ambitious goals to improve program performance.
DHS is leading the interagency effort to implement a coordinated
approach to terrorist-related screening in immigration, law enforcement,
intelligence, counterintelligence, border and transportation systems,
and critical infrastructure, covering areas from information sharing to
screener training. Key to the Federal Government's screening of
international visitors is the US-VISIT program, which is designed to
expedite the clearance of legitimate travelers while identifying and
denying clearance to those who may intend harm. Through 2005, the first
phases of US-VISIT were successfully deployed. US-VISIT currently
collects two digital fingerprints and a digital photograph. The ability
to screen visitors against criminal and terrorist information as well as
confirming the identity of travelers has improved border security.
However, in the future, to improve accuracy in the identification of
visitors, first-time visitors to the United States will be enrolled in
the program by submitting 10 fingerprints, allowing the identification
of visitors with even greater accuracy. DHS, in conjunction with the
Departments of State and Justice, is in the process of implementing this
multi-year project to improve screening, and the 2007 Budget includes: a
$60 million increase for DHS for 10-print deployment and for
interoperability with the FBI's fingerprint system, the Integrated
Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS); a $71 million
increase for FBI to upgrade IAFIS; and $10 million for the Department of
State to begin implementing these new security measures.
In the area of aviation security, the Administration continues to
enhance the multiple levels of security implemented in the wake of the
September 11th attacks. The Transportation Security Administration (TSA)
has made significant improvements in aviation security since 9/11 by
implementing a layered, risk-based security approach. These advances
include hardened cockpit doors, a greatly expanded Federal Air Marshals
program, arming some pilots through the Federal Flight Deck Officers
program, offering voluntary self defense training to crew members, and
screening 100 percent of passenger and checked baggage. TSA will further
strengthen these efforts in 2007 by requesting $4.6 billion for aviation
screening operations, an increase of $74 million, which ensures
sufficient resources for Transportation Security Officer staffing at our
Nation's airports. Combined with the funds provided in 2006, TSA will
apply over $100 million to enhance air cargo security over the next two
years. TSA will also commit over $690 million to the purchase,
installation, and maintenance of baggage screening devices, including
in-line systems that will increase baggage throughput up to 250 percent.
The Budget also provides over $80 million for emerging technology at
passenger checkpoints. This technology will enhance the detection of
prohibited items, especially firearms and explosives, through the use of
additional sensors such as whole body imaging, automated explosive
sampling, and cast and prosthesis scanners. The Budget also proposes to
cover about 70 percent of core aviation security costs through aviation
security fees.
The safeguarding of our seaports is critical since terrorists may seek
to use them to enter the country or introduce weapons or other dangerous
materials. With 95 percent of all U.S. cargo passing through the
Nation's 361 ports, a terrorist attack on a major seaport could slow the
movement of goods and be economically devastating. The Maritime
Transportation Security Act (MTSA) and its implementing regulations,
issued by DHS in October 2003, require ports, vessels, and facilities to
conduct security assessments. In 2007, the Coast Guard will continue to
ensure compliance with MTSA port and vessel security standards and
regulations. The 2007 Budget provides more than $2 billion for port
security across DHS, primarily for Coast Guard port security activities
such as Maritime Safety and Security Teams and harbor patrols. In
addition, the Coast Guard's budget funds operations to strengthen
intelligence collection and surveillance capabilities in the maritime
environment, both of which contribute to the broader Coast Guard effort
to enhance Maritime Domain Awareness. In addition, ports are among the
infrastructure assets protected through DHS Targeted Infrastructure
Protection (TIP) grants, which fall under the Infrastructure Protection
mission area.
The State Department Bureau of Consular Affairs is the second largest
contributor to border and transportation security. The State Border
Security program includes visa, passport, American Citizen Services and
International Adoption programs. In 2007, the State Department will work
through the interagency process to achieve full and real-time
interoperability between biographic and biometric screening systems for
10 fingerprint collection from foreign travelers, as part of the US-
VISIT Program.
In addition, the Department of State will also lead the implementation
of the Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative in 2007, which mandates that
all travelers within the Western Hemisphere travel with a passport or
other authorized document by 2009. Under this initiative, United States
citizens and foreign visitors traveling to and from the Caribbean,
Bermuda, Panama, Canada or Mexico will be required to have a passport or
standardized travel card that establishes the bearer's identity and
nationality to enter or re-enter the United States. The initiative will
improve security at our borders by standardizing entry and exit
information and increasing the ability of Government agencies to work
together.
In 2007, the State Department plans to increase staff to create a
dedicated team focused on inter-country adoptions and preventing and
resolving cases of international parental child abduction.
[[Page 25]]
National Strategy Mission Area: Domestic Counterterrorism
Funding in the domestic counterterrorism mission area covers Federal
and Federally-supported efforts to identify, thwart, and prosecute
terrorists in the United States. The largest contributors to the
domestic counterterrorism mission are law enforcement organizations: the
Department of Justice (largely for the FBI) and DHS (largely for ICE),
accounting for 53 and 44 percent of funding for 2007, respectively. The
President's 2007 request would increase funding for domestic
counterterrorism activities by 2.5 percent over the 2006 level.
Table 3-5. DOMESTIC COUNTERRORISM FUNDING
(Budget authority, in millions of dollars)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2005 2005 2006 2006 2007
Agency Enacted Supplemental Enacted Supplemental Request
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Homeland Security.............. 1,897.0 183.0 2,132.8 2.0 2,070.8
Department of Justice........................ 1,999.0 74.3 2,325.3 15.6 2,482.7
Department of Transportation................. 20.0 ............ 21.0 ............ 21.0
Department of the Treasury................... 54.9 ............ 64.8 ............ 82.5
Social Security Administration............... 3.7 ............ 4.2 ............ 4.6
------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, Domestic Counterterrorism............. 3,974.5 257.3 4,548.0 17.6 4,661.6
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Since the attacks of September 11th, preventing and interdicting
terrorist activity within the United States has become a priority for
law enforcement at all levels of government. The major requirements
addressed in the domestic counterterrorism mission area include:
Developing a proactive law enforcement capability to prevent
terrorist attacks;
Apprehending potential terrorists; and
Improving law enforcement cooperation and information
sharing to enhance domestic counterterrorism efforts across
all levels of government.
The President's 2007 Budget supports the FBI's top strategic priority:
to protect the United States from terrorist attacks. FBI continues to
build its counterterrorism capabilities post-9/11. Over the past five
years, FBI has shifted resources to counterterrorism from lower priority
programs, hired and trained additional field investigators, and
strengthened headquarters oversight of the counterterrorism program.
More recently, FBI has taken a major step toward integration of
counterterrorism, counterintelligence, and intelligence functions by
establishing the new National Security Branch to oversee all three
programs. Overall, FBI resources in the domestic counterterrorism
category have increased from $0.9 billion in 2002 to $1.9 billion in
2007, with the 2007 Budget providing an increase of more than $200
million over the 2006 level. One of the largest 2007 initiatives for
enhancing counterterrorism capabilities is $100 million for Sentinel,
the FBI's new automated case management system, which will streamline
record-keeping and facilitate sharing of information about terrorists.
By merging existing immigration and customs enforcement functions into
ICE, the Department of Homeland Security created one of America's
largest law enforcement agencies. The Nation is better prepared to
apprehend potential terrorists because DHS has combined the information
and resources to identify and investigate illegal activities--such as
smuggling, identity theft, and money laundering, and trafficking in
dangerous materials. The 2004 PART found that the investigative arm of
ICE, the Office of Investigations, has made significant progress in the
integration of former customs and immigration investigators, and has
started to reap the benefits of additional investigative authorities.
However, the program must institute stronger financial and management
controls to ensure appropriate expenditure and budgeting of resources
and to hold managers and agency partners accountable for performance
results. The 2007 Budget provides an increase of $127 million for these
enforcement activities.
National Strategy Mission Area: Protecting Critical Infrastructure and
Key Assets
Funding in the protecting critical infrastructure and key assets
mission area captures the efforts of the U.S. Government to secure the
Nation's infrastructure, including information infrastructure, from
terrorist attacks. Protecting the Nation's key assets is a complex
challenge because of the diversity of infrastructures and since it is
estimated that more than 85 percent of the Nation's key assets are
privately owned. DOD reports the largest share of funding in this
category for 2007 ($11.3 billion, or 62 percent), and includes programs
focusing on physical security and improving the military's ability to
prevent or mitigate the consequences of attacks against departmental
personnel and facilities. DHS has overall responsibility for
prioritizing and executing infrastructure protection activities at a
national level and accounts for $2.9 billion (16 percent) of 2007
funding. In addition, a total of 25 other agencies report funding to
protect their own assets and work with States, localities, and the
private sector to reduce vulnerabilities in their areas of expertise.
The President's 2007 request increases funding for activities to
[[Page 26]]
protect critical infrastructure and key assets by $499 million (2.8
percent) over the 2006 level.
Securing America's critical infrastructure and key assets is a complex
task. The major requirements include:
Unifying disparate efforts to protect critical
infrastructure across the Federal Government, and with State,
local, and private stakeholders;
Building and maintaining a complete and accurate assessment
of America's critical infrastructure and key assets and
prioritizing protective action based on risk;
Enabling effective partnerships to protect critical
infrastructure; and
Reducing threats and vulnerabilities in cyberspace.
Table 3-6. PROTECTING CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND KEY ASSETS FUNDING
(Budget authority, in millions of dollars)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2005 2005 2006 2006 2007
Agency Enacted Supplemental Enacted Supplemental Request
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Agriculture.................... 150.7 ............ 93.2 ............ 46.0
Department of Defense........................ 10,838.2 847.8 11,096.8 ............ 11,304.3
Department of Energy......................... 1,456.1 ............ 1,523.7 ............ 1,503.6
Department of Health and Human Services...... 168.2 ............ 181.7 ............ 188.8
Department of Homeland Security.............. 2,580.9 ............ 2,678.5 ............ 2,898.0
Department of Justice........................ 468.8 1.3 521.1 ............ 568.3
Department of Transportation................. 137.0 ............ 132.5 ............ 154.0
Department of Veterans Affairs............... 212.8 ............ 273.5 ............ 271.2
National Aeronautics and Space Administration 220.5 ............ 212.6 ............ 203.7
National Science Foundation.................. 315.2 ............ 317.2 ............ 359.4
Social Security Administration............... 150.6 ............ 172.0 ............ 178.5
Postal Service............................... 503.0 ............ ........... ............ ...........
Other Agencies............................... 633.9 0.4 649.2 ............ 675.0
------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, Protecting Critical Infrastructure and 17,835.9 849.4 17,851.7 ............ 18,350.6
Key Assets..................................
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Homeland Security Policy Directive 7 (HSPD-7), signed in December
2003, established a national policy to protect critical infrastructures
and key resources from attack, ensure the delivery of essential goods
and services, and maintain public safety and security. Under HSPD-7, DHS
is responsible for managing Federal critical infrastructure protection
efforts. To provide the overall framework to integrate various critical
infrastructure protection activities, DHS has developed the interim
National Infrastructure Protection Plan. Under the plan's risk-
management approach, DHS will coordinate the infrastructure protection
programs of other Federal departments and agencies.
Recognizing that each infrastructure sector possesses it own unique
characteristics, the National Infrastructure Protection Plan designates
a sector-specific agency to oversee infrastructure protection efforts
for each sector. This approach enables agencies to rely on specialized
expertise and long-standing relationships with industry in conducting
infrastructure protection activities. With the National Infrastructure
Protection Plan, sector-specific agencies are pursuing infrastructure
protection efforts in concert with DHS. There are 13 critical
infrastructure sectors and 9 sector-specific agencies, including DHS, to
cover them. For example, the Budget provides $10 million to DHS to
improve security at chemical plant sites. The Environmental Protection
Agency is seeking $38 million in 2007 to expand its Water Sentinel
program to four more cities. The program develops pilot systems for cost
effective, early detection of disease, pest, or poisonous agents in
drinking water systems. To protect agricultural resources, the
Department of Agriculture has undertaken the responsibility to identify
critical agricultural assets throughout the country. They have completed
extensive physical security assessments to make sure that all
agricultural physical security issues throughout the United States are
in line with latest polices and regulations. The Department of Energy
continues to coordinate protection activities within the energy sector.
Overall, additional enhancements are being provided for 14 agencies to
perform critical infrastructure protection activities that are essential
to the success of the National Infrastructure Protection Plan.
In addition to developing the National Infrastructure Protection Plan,
DHS recently reorganized its infrastructure protection programs and
created a new Preparedness Directorate in order to better focus
preparedness activities on objective measures of risk and performance.
The new Directorate is responsible for both physical and cyber
infrastructure protection. The Office of Infrastructure Protection,
located within the new Preparedness Directorate, is responsible for
managing and prioritizing infrastructure protection at a national level.
The Office operates the National Asset Database, which catalogues
critical infrastructure and key assets. The data collected within the
database is used to identify the most critical infrastructure, assess
vulnerabilities, and enable DHS to develop a risk-based strategy to
protect them. DHS conducts site visits and
[[Page 27]]
assessments at various sites each year, and has used this information to
develop site security guidelines for nuclear power plants and chemical
facilities. Security guidelines are also being developed for other
infrastructure sectors. DHS also trains State and local officials and
infrastructure owners to improve security in the areas immediately
surrounding critical sites. The 2007 Budget provides $462 million for
these activities in the protecting critical infrastructures and key
assets mission area. In conjunction with funding for the Office of
Infrastructure Protection, the Administration proposes $600 million for
Targeted Infrastructure Protection (TIP) grants, which will integrate
existing disparate grant programs for securing transportation assets and
other critical infrastructures. Awarded through the Preparedness
Directorate's Office of Grants and Training, TIP grants and assistance
will supplement State and local infrastructure protection efforts,
especially detection and security investments.
Cyberspace security is a key element of infrastructure protection
because the internet and other computer systems link infrastructure
sectors. The consequences of a cyber attack could cascade across the
economy, imperiling public safety and national security. To address this
threat, DHS established the National Cyber Security Division (NCSD) in
2003, in response to the President's National Strategy to Secure
Cyberspace, in order to identify, analyze and reduce cyber threats and
vulnerabilities, coordinate incident response, and provide technical
assistance. NCSD, now part of DHS' Preparedness Directorate, works
collaboratively with public, private, and international entities to
secure cyberspace and America's cyber assets. For example, it
coordinated the response and mitigation of the Sober and Zotob computer
viruses. NCSD has also established the U.S. Computer Emergency Response
Team (US-CERT), which operates a cyber watch, warning, and incident
response center. US-CERT supports a watch and warning capability
responsible for tracking incident and trend data, ranking associated
severity, and generating real-time alerts.
NCSD also operates a Control Systems Security Program. Today, many
critical infrastructures such as pipelines, water and pumping stations,
and pharmaceutical production are run by control systems. These systems
make our critical infrastructure assets more automated, more productive,
more efficient, and more innovative, but they also may expose many of
those physical assets to cyber-related threats and vulnerabilities. NCSD
works to address these weaknesses and enhance control systems security.
To evaluate readiness and response programs such as the National
Response Plan, NCSD conducts national cyber exercises such as Cyber
Storm with public and private sector entities. These exercises test our
capabilities and improve our ability to respond to an incident. To
support these critical preparedness activities, the Budget includes $93
million for the NCSD in 2007. The Budget also includes an increase of $6
million for research and development on new technologies to enhance
cyber security that will be conducted by the Science and Technology
Directorate.
National Strategy Mission Area: Defending Against Catastrophic Threats
Table 3-7. DEFENDING AGAINST CATASTROPHIC THREATS FUNDING
(Budget authority, in millions of dollars)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2005 2005 2006 2006 2007
Agency Enacted Supplemental Enacted Supplemental Request
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Agriculture.................... 222.7 ............ 238.3 ............ 342.7
Department of Commerce....................... 73.4 ............ 80.6 ............ 83.4
Department of Defense........................ 4,925.4 142.4 5,004.3 ............ 4,986.4
Department of Energy......................... 7.5 ............ 62.1 ............ 58.9
Department of Health and Human Services...... 1,901.8 ............ 1,856.3 ............ 1,976.0
Department of Homeland Security.............. 936.1 ............ 1,306.1 ............ 1,338.6
Department of Justice........................ 33.5 0.5 37.4 0.5 42.3
Department of the Treasury................... ........... ............ ........... ............ 0.9
National Science Foundation.................. 27.0 ............ 27.0 ............ 28.0
Nuclear Regulatory Commission................ 19.0 ............ 27.8 ............ 24.9
------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, Defending Against Catastrophic Threats 8,146.4 142.8 8,639.8 0.5 8,882.1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The defending against catastrophic threats mission area covers
activities to research, develop, and deploy technologies, systems, and
medical measures to detect and counter the threat of chemical,
biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) weapons. The agencies with
the most significant resources to help develop and field technologies to
counter CBRN threats are DOD ($5.0 billion, or 56 percent, of the 2007
total), HHS ($2.0 billion, or 22 percent, of the 2007 total), largely
for research at the National Institutes of Health, and DHS, mostly for
the Directorate of Science and Technology (S&T) ($1.3 billion, or 15
percent, of the 2007 total). The President's 2007 request would increase
funding for activities to defend against catastrophic threats by 2.8
percent over the 2006 level.
The major requirements addressed in this mission area include:
Preventing terrorist use of CBRN weapons through detection
systems and procedures, and improving decontamination
techniques; and
[[Page 28]]
Developing countermeasures, such as vaccines and other drugs
to protect the public from the threat of a CBRN attack or
other public health emergency.
DOD defends the nation against catastrophic threats by undertaking
long-term research on chemical and biological threats and by developing
strategies to counter the risk of such attacks. DOD's efforts in
maritime defense and interdiction provide early detection and response
to possible CBRN threats. DOD also conducts anti-terrorism planning to
defend against a potential CBRN or other terrorist attack against a
military base or installment. Finally, the U.S. Northern Command, the
military command responsible for homeland defense, is included in this
category.
To protect against a nuclear or radiological weapon entering the
country, the Domestic Nuclear Detection Office (DNDO), created in 2006
within the Department of Homeland Security, will coordinate the Nation's
nuclear detection efforts. The DNDO is responsible for developing and
deploying a comprehensive system to detect and report any attempt to
import a nuclear explosive device or radiological material into the
United States. This Office has oversight of all research and development
for detection, identification, and reporting of radiological and nuclear
materials. It is also responsible for establishing response protocols to
ensure that the detection of a nuclear explosive device or radiological
material leads to timely and effective action by military, law
enforcement, emergency response, and other appropriate Government
assets. The 2007 Budget includes $536 million for the DNDO, a 70-percent
increase from the 2006 level. Together with the Departments of State,
Energy, Defense, and Justice, the DNDO is deploying a comprehensive
system to detect and report any attempt to import, assemble, or
transport a nuclear device, fissile or radiological materials within the
United States.
In 2007, DNDO will conduct $100 million in transformational research
and development aimed at enhancing our ability to detect, identify, and
attribute nuclear and radiological materials. This research looks beyond
current capabilities and seeks to find new scientific tools and
methodologies that may prove useful in broad efforts to focus the
Nation's resources toward countering the threat of nuclear and
radiological devices. The DNDO budget also includes $178 million for the
deployment of both fixed and mobile radiation portal monitors at
strategic points of entry throughout the country. Together with overseas
non-proliferation efforts led by the Department of State, and overseas
detection capabilities managed by the Department of Energy, these
programs seek to create a seamless approach toward preventing terrorists
anywhere in the world from acquiring, transporting, or introducing these
materials into the United States.
Another key element in addressing these requirements is developing and
maintaining adequate countermeasures for a CBRN attack. This not only
means stockpiling countermeasures that are currently available, but
developing new countermeasures for agents that currently have none, and
next-generation countermeasures that are safer and more effective than
those that presently exist. Also, unlike an attack with conventional
weapons, a CBRN attack may not be immediately apparent. Working to
ensure earlier detection and characterization of an attack helps protect
and save lives.
The Budget continues to invest in efforts to decrease the time between
an attack and implementation of Federal, State and local response
protocols. The Science and Technology Directorate will expand and
enhance the BioWatch environmental monitoring program, which samples and
analyzes air in over 30 metropolitan areas to continually check for
dangerous biological agents. The program is designed to provide early
warning of a large-scale biological weapon attack, thereby allowing the
distribution of life-saving treatment and preventative measures before
the development of serious and widespread illnesses.
The Administration continues HHS' investment in developing medical
countermeasures to CBRN threats, investing nearly $2 billion, an
increase of $120 million over 2006 and $1.9 billion over the level prior
to September 11th (this includes funding for programs focused on
chemical and radiological and nuclear countermeasures referenced below).
For 2007, the Budget includes nearly $160 million at NIH for the
advanced development of medical countermeasures against threats of
bioterrorism. Large investments in basic research of medical
countermeasures through NIH have helped create multiple promising
products to protect the public against the threat of a terrorist attack.
These investments will accelerate the development of these products to
help Project BioShield acquire them more quickly for inclusion in the
Strategic National Stockpile.
HHS will continue to improve human health surveillance with over $100
million dedicated to the BioSense program (collecting information from
hospitals, emergency departments, and laboratories to identify ``real-
time'' trends), increasing laboratory capacity, and augmenting the
number and quality of border health and quarantine stations. FDA and
USDA will also conduct surveillance to ensure the security of the food
supply. Information collected from these programs will be disseminated
to the National Biosurveillance Integration Center at DHS.
National Strategy Mission Area: Emergency Preparedness and Response
The Emergency Preparedness and Response mission area covers agency
efforts to prepare for and minimize the damage from major incidents and
disasters, particularly terrorist attacks that endanger lives and
property or disrupt Government operations. The mission area encompasses
a broad range of agency incident management activities, as well as
grants and other assistance to States and localities. Response to
natural disasters, including catastrophic natural events such as
Hurricane Katrina, does not fall within the definition of a homeland
security activity. However, in preparing for ter
[[Page 29]]
rorism-related threats, many of the activities within this mission area
also support preparedness for catastrophic natural disasters.
Additionally, lessons learned from the response to Hurricane Katrina
will help to revise and strengthen catastrophic response planning.
Table 3-8. EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE FUNDING
(Budget authority, in millions of dollars)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2005 2005 2006 2006 2007
Agency Enacted Supplemental Enacted Supplemental Request
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Defense........................ 344.2 90.1 339.4 ............ 407.0
Department of Energy......................... 98.4 ............ 119.4 ............ 137.1
Department of Health and Human Services...... 2,159.4 ............ 2,261.2 0.1 2,398.5
Department of Homeland Security.............. 2,671.8 ............ 1,868.9 15.3 2,147.9
Other Agencies............................... 380.7 ............ 335.5 ............ 384.4
------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, Emergency Preparedness and Response... 5,654.5 90.1 4,924.3 15.4 5,474.9
Plus BioShield............................. 2,508.0 ............ ........... ............ ...........
------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, Emergency Preparedness and Response 8,162.5 90.1 4,924.3 15.4 5,474.9
including BioShield.........................
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
HHS, the largest contributor ($2.4 billion, or 44 percent, in 2007),
assists States, localities and hospitals to upgrade public health
capacity and maintains a national stockpile of medicines and vaccines
for use following an event. DHS maintains the second largest share of
funding in this category ($2.1 billion, or 39 percent, for 2007), mainly
for preparedness grant assistance to State and local first responders. A
total of 23 other agencies include emergency preparedness and response
funding. A number of agencies maintain specialized response assets that
may be called upon in select circumstances, and others report only
funding for their agency's internal preparedness capability. In the
President's 2007 Budget, funding for emergency preparedness and response
activities would increase by $551 billion (11 percent) over the 2006
level. The major requirements addressed in this mission area include:
Establishing measurable goals for national preparedness and
ensuring that Federal funding supports these goals;
Ensuring that Federal programs to train and equip States and
localities meet national preparedness goals in a coordinated
and complementary manner;
Encouraging standardization and interoperability of first
responder equipment, especially for communications;
Building a national training, exercise, and evaluation
system;
Implementing the National Incident Management System;
Preparing health care providers for a mass casualty event;
and
Augmenting America's pharmaceutical and vaccine stockpiles.
Many of the key elements of the national emergency response system are
already in place. During 2004, separate Federal response plans were
integrated into a single all-discipline National Response Plan. The
recent release of a unified National Preparedness Goal provides a new
framework for guiding Federal, State, and local investments. In order to
ensure that these investments translate into improvements in
preparedness, we must continue to identify capability gaps and improve
response and recovery efforts at all levels of government. A related
challenge is ensuring that investments in State and local preparedness
are focused on building new response capabilities, and not simply
supplanting normal operating expenses. DHS is leading an interagency
effort to better match Federal resources with achieving national
preparedness goals.
From 2001 through 2006, the Federal Government has allocated $22.5
billion in State and local terrorism preparedness grant funding from the
Departments of Homeland Security, Health and Human Services, and
Justice, increasing spending from an annual level of approximately $350
million in 2001 to $4 billion in the 2007 request. The funding growth
has been directed to Federal assistance for State and local preparedness
and response activities, including equipping and training first
responders and preparing the public health infrastructure for a range of
terrorist threats. The Federal Government has also taken steps to
rationalize and simplify the distribution of State and local assistance;
better target funds based on risks, threats, vulnerability and need; and
develop and implement the eight national priorities and 37 target
capabilities identified in the new National Preparedness Goal.
In 2005, DHS rolled-out the National Response Plan, and the
Administration is currently reviewing the plan to include lessons
learned from the response to Hurricane Katrina. DHS will provide grant
funding to support approximately 200 terrorism preparedness exercises in
2006 and 2007, and take an active role in organizing the 2007 Top
Officials (TOPOFF) exercise. The 2007 Budget continues to provide
coordinated terrorism preparedness training and equipment for State and
local responders across the various responder agen
[[Page 30]]
cies. The 2007 request includes $2.1 billion for terrorism preparedness
grants, training, and exercises to be administered by the Preparedness
Directorate within DHS, and proposes to continue current progress on
restructuring in the grant allocation process to better address threats
and needs. The Budget also supports a range of Federal response
capabilities, including providing $110 million for the Department of
Energy's Nuclear Emergency Support Team, $20 million within DHS for the
Federal Emergency Management Agency's Urban Search and Rescue teams, and
other emergency response, management, and operations assets. The
capabilities of these teams range from providing radiological assistance
in support of State and local agencies to responding to major incidents
worldwide. The Budget also includes more than $100 million in DHS and
HHS to strengthen the Nation's capabilities to respond to a mass
casualty event.
The Administration continues making significant investments in medical
countermeasures through Project BioShield. BioShield is designed to
stimulate the development of the next generation of countermeasures by
allowing the Federal Government to buy critically needed vaccines and
medications for biodefense as soon as experts agree they are safe and
effective enough to be added to the Strategic National Stockpile. This
program provides an incentive to manufacture these countermeasures.
BioShield is a shared responsibility, joining the intelligence
capabilities of DHS with the medical expertise of HHS.
The Budget includes $594 million to maintain and augment this supply
of vaccines and other countermeasures that can be made available within
12 hours in the event of a terrorist attack or other public health
emergency. This includes funding for storage and maintenance of products
purchased through BioShield, and nearly $50 million for the purchase of
supplies under the medical surge capacity initiative. HHS has the lead
role in preparing public health providers for catastrophic terrorism.
For 2007, HHS will provide nearly $475 million to continue improvements
for hospital infrastructure and mutual aid through the Health Resources
and Services Administration, and $824 million for States through the
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for upgrades to State and
local public health capacity. This investment will bring the total
assistance provided by HHS to States, local governments and health care
providers since 2001 to nearly $8.5 billion.
Non-Federal Expenditures \3\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\3\ OMB does not collect detailed homeland security expenditure data
from State, local, or private entities directly.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
State and local governments and private-sector firms also have devoted
resources of their own to the task of defending against terrorist
threats. Some of the additional spending has been of a one-time nature,
such as investment in new security equipment and infrastructure; some
additional spending has been ongoing, such as hiring more personnel, and
increasing overtime for existing security personnel. In many cases, own-
source spending has supplemented the resources provided by the Federal
Government.
Many governments and businesses continue to place a high priority on
and provide additional resources for security. On the other hand, many
entities have not increased their spending. A 2004 survey conducted by
the National Association of Counties found that as a result of the
homeland security process of intergovernmental planning and funding,
three out of four counties believed they were better prepared to respond
to terrorist threats. Moreover, almost 40 percent of the surveyed
counties had appropriated their own funds to assist with homeland
security. Own-source resources supplemented funds provided by States and
the Federal Government. However, the same survey revealed that 54
percent of counties had not used any of their own funds. \4\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\4\ Source: National Association of Counties, ``Homeland Security
Funding--2003 State Homeland Security Grants Programs I and II.''
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
There is also a diversity of responses in the businesses community. A
2003 survey conducted by the Conference Board showed that just over half
of the companies reported that they had permanently increased security
spending post-September 11, 2001. About 15 percent of the companies
surveyed had increased their security spending by 20 percent or more.
Large increases in spending were especially evident in critical
industries, such as transportation, energy, financial services, media
and telecommunications, information technology, and healthcare. However,
about one-third of the surveyed companies reported that they had not
increased their security spending after September 11th. \5\ Given the
difficulty of obtaining survey results that are representative of the
entire universe of States, localities, and businesses, it is expected
that there will be a wide range of estimates on non-Federal security
spending for critical infrastructure protection.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\5\ Source: Conference Board, ``Corporate Security Management'' 2003.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Additional Tables
The tables in the Federal expenditures section above present data
based on the President's policy for the 2007 Budget. The tables below
present additional policy and baseline data, as directed by the Homeland
Security Act of 2002.
[[Page 31]]
Estimates by Agency:
Table 3-9. DISCRETIONARY FEE-FUNDED HOMELAND SECURITY ACTIVITIES BY AGENCY
(Budget authority, in millions of dollars)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2005 2005 2006 2006 2007
Agency Enacted Supplemental Enacted Supplemental Request
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Energy......................... 1.2 ............ 1.9 ............ 2.0
Department of Homeland Security.............. 2,404.0 ............ 2,788.0 ............ 4,578.0
Department of State.......................... 763.3 ............ 988.4 ............ 1,128.8
General Services Administration.............. 58.6 ............ 91.8 ............ 88.4
Social Security Administration............... 151.0 ............ 173.4 ............ 179.2
Federal Communications Commission............ 1.8 ............ 2.3 ............ 5.4
Nuclear Regulatory Commission................ 59.2 ............ 79.3 ............ 35.2
Securities and Exchange Commission........... 5.0 ............ 5.0 ............ 5.0
------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, Discretionary Homeland Security Fee- 3,444.1 ............ 4,130.0 ............ 6,022.0
Funded Activities...........................
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 3-10. MANDATORY HOMELAND SECURITY FUNDING BY AGENCY
(Budget authority, in millions of dollars)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2005 2005 2006 2006 2007
Agency Enacted Supplemental Enacted Supplemental Request
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Agriculture.................... 131.0 ............ 137.1 ............ 139.1
Department of Commerce....................... 12.1 ............ 14.1 ............ 28.7
Department of Energy......................... 11.0 ............ 12.0 ............ 13.0
Department of Health and Human Services...... 14.2 ............ 16.6 ............ 16.6
Department of Homeland Security.............. 2,022.7 ............ 2,048.3 ............ 2,248.2
Department of Labor.......................... 2.6 ............ 3.9 ............ 8.6
---------------------------------------- ------------
Total, Homeland Security Mandatory Programs.. 2,193.6 ............ 2,232.0 ............ 2,454.1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 32]]
Table 3-11. BASELINE ESTIMATES--TOTAL HOMELAND SECURITY FUNDING BY AGENCY
(Budget authority, in millions of dollars)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Baseline
Agency 2006 ------------------------------------------------------
Enacted* 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Agriculture..................... 564 579 593 609 623 639
Department of Commerce........................ 181 200 1,173 194 200 205
Department of Defense......................... 16,441 16,857 17,343 17,836 18,341 18,868
Department of Education....................... 28 28 29 29 30 30
Department of Energy.......................... 1,704 1,743 1,770 1,809 1,848 1,889
Department of Health and Human Services....... 4,300 4,401 4,508 4,612 4,715 4,825
Department of Homeland Security*.............. 25,503 26,565 27,449 28,291 29,152 30,046
Department of Housing and Urban Development... 2 2 2 2 2 3
Department of the Interior.................... 56 57 61 62 66 68
Department of Justice......................... 2,976 3,092 3,205 3,320 3,437 3,561
Department of Labor........................... 48 53 49 51 51 52
Department of State........................... 1,107 1,131 1,157 1,180 1,205 1,230
Department of Transportation.................. 182 190 197 205 212 222
Department of the Treasury.................... 117 120 123 130 134 137
Department of Veterans Affairs................ 310 318 326 334 340 349
Corps of Engineers............................ 72 74 75 77 78 80
Environmental Protection Agency............... 129 133 136 141 144 148
Executive Office of the President............. 21 21 22 22 23 23
General Services Administration............... 99 100 104 104 108 109
National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 213 218 222 228 232 236
National Science Foundation................... 344 351 359 367 374 383
Office of Personnel Management................ 3 3 3 3 3 3
Social Security Administration................ 177 181 185 189 194 196
District of Columbia.......................... 14 14 15 15 15 16
Federal Communications Commission............. 2 5 5 5 5 5
Intelligence Community Management Account..... 56 57 58 60 61 62
National Archives and Records Administration.. 18 18 19 19 20 20
Nuclear Regulatory Commission................. 79 82 85 89 91 94
Securities and Exchange Commission............ 5 5 5 5 5 6
Smithsonian Institution....................... 83 87 90 96 100 103
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum....... 8 8 8 8 9 9
Corporation for National and Community Service 20 20 21 21 21 22
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Total, Homeland Security Budget Authority..... 54,862 56,713 59,397 60,113 61,839 63,639
Less Department of Defense.................. -16,441 -16,857 -17,343 -17,836 -18,341 -18,868
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Non-Defense Discretionary Homeland Security 38,421 39,856 42,054 42,277 43,498 44,771
Budget Authority, excluding BioShield........
Less Fee-Funded Homeland Security Programs.. -4,127 -4,255 -4,350 -4,441 -4,537 -4,630
Less Mandatory Homeland Security Programs... -2,232 -2,455 -3,543 -2,650 -2,733 -2,820
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Net Non-Defense Discretionary Homeland 32,062 33,146 34,161 35,186 36,228 37,321
Security Budget Authority excluding BioShield
Plus BioShield.............................. ......... ......... ......... 2,175 ......... .........
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Net Non-Defense Discretionary Homeland 32,062 33,146 34,161 37,361 36,228 37,321
Security Budget Authority including BioShield
Obligations Limitations
Department of Transportation Obligations 121 124 126 130 131 135
Limitation.................................
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* FY 2006 Enacted estimates exclude supplemental appropriations.
[[Page 33]]
Estimates by Budget Function:
Table 3-12. HOMELAND SECURITY FUNDING BY BUDGET FUNCTION
(budget authority, in millions of dollars)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2005 2006 2007
Agency Enacted * Enacted ** Request
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
National Defense.............................................................. 20,581 20,771 20,430
International Affairs......................................................... 824 1,107 1,213
General Science Space and Technology.......................................... 619 616 655
Energy........................................................................ 102 124 125
Natural Resources and the Environment......................................... 288 285 316
Agriculture................................................................... 578 541 611
Commerce and Housing Credit................................................... 649 160 193
Transportation................................................................ 8,109 8,433 9,632
Community and Regional Development............................................ 2,759 2,201 2,722
Education, Training, Employment and Social Services........................... 164 168 163
Health........................................................................ 4,276 4,347 4,626
Medicare...................................................................... 8 12 14
Income Security............................................................... 9 11 17
Social Security............................................................... 151 173 179
Veterans Benefits and Services................................................ 250 310 314
Administration of Justice..................................................... 14,241 14,784 16,210
General Government............................................................ 778 819 862
---------------------------------
Total, Homeland Security Budget Authority..................................... 54,386 54,862 58,282
Less National Defense, DoD.................................................. -17,186 -16,441 -16,699
---------------------------------
Total, Homeland Security Budget Authority excluding BioShield................. 37,200 38,421 41,583
Less Fee-Funded Homeland Security Programs.................................. -3,444 -4,127 -6,019
Less Mandatory Homeland Security Programs................................... -2,194 -2,232 -2,455
---------------------------------
Net Discretionary, Homeland Security Budget Authority excluding BioShield..... 31,562 32,062 33,109
Plus BioShield.............................................................. 2,508 .......... .........
---------------------------------
Net Discretionary, Homeland Security Budget Authority including BioShield..... 34,070 32,062 33,109
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* FY 2005 Enacted estimates include supplemental appropriations.
** FY 2006 Enacted estimates exclude supplemental appropriations.
[[Page 34]]
Table 3-13. BASELINE ESTIMATES--HOMELAND SECURITY FUNDING BY BUDGET FUNCTION
(Budget authority, in millions of dollars)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Baseline
Budget Authority 2006 ------------------------------------------------------
Enacted* 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
National Defense.............................. 20,771 21,303 21,904 22,509 23,132 23,777
International Affairs......................... 1,107 1,131 1,157 1,180 1,205 1,230
General Science Space and Technology.......... 616 629 643 658 670 685
Energy........................................ 124 129 119 124 126 131
Natural Resources and the Environment......... 285 292 301 310 319 327
Agriculture................................... 541 555 568 584 597 612
Commerce and Housing Credit................... 160 182 1,154 174 179 185
Transportation................................ 8,433 8,825 9,232 9,501 9,781 10,077
Community and Regional Development............ 2,201 2,252 2,302 2,352 2,403 2,454
Education, Training, Employment and Social 168 172 178 186 191 196
Services.....................................
Health*....................................... 4,347 4,450 4,558 4,662 4,767 4,877
Medicare...................................... 12 12 13 14 14 15
Income Security............................... 11 16 11 11 12 13
Social Security............................... 173 177 181 185 189 191
Veterans Benefits and Services................ 310 318 326 334 340 349
Administration of Justice..................... 14,784 15,438 15,898 16,463 17,029 17,620
General Government............................ 819 832 852 866 885 900
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Total, Homeland Security Budget Authority..... 54,862 56,713 59,397 60,113 61,839 63,639
Less National Defense, DoD.................. -16,441 -16,857 -17,343 -17,836 -18,341 -18,868
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Net Discretionary, Homeland Security Budget 38,421 39,856 42,054 42,277 43,498 44,771
Authority, excluding BioShield...............
Less Fee-Funded Homeland Security Programs.. -4,127 -4,255 -4,350 -4,441 -4,537 -4,630
Less Mandatory Homeland Security Programs... -2,232 -2,455 -3,543 -2,650 -2,733 -2,820
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Net Discretionary, Homeland Security Budget 32,062 33,146 34,161 35,186 36,228 37,321
Authority....................................
Plus BioShield.............................. ......... ......... ......... 2,175 ......... .........
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Net Discretionary, Homeland Security Budget 32,062 33,146 34,161 37,361 36,228 37,321
Authority, including BioShield...............
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* FY 2006 Enacted estimates exclude supplemental appropriations.
Detailed Estimates by Budget Account:
An appendix of account-level funding estimates, organized by National
Strategy mission area, is available on the Analytical Perspectives CD
ROM.