[Analytical Perspectives]
[Special Analyses and Presentations]
[7. Research and Development Funding]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office, www.gpo.gov]


 
                   7. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT FUNDING

   Technological innovation and scientific discovery have generated much 
of the Nation's productivity growth over the last 50 years, created 
millions of high-skill, high-wage jobs, and improved the quality of life 
in America. This innovation and discovery has been possible only through 
the strong national investment in research and development (R&D), from 
both the public and private sectors. Data from the National Science 
Foundation indicate that the total national investment in R&D recently 
surpassed 2.7 percent of the Gross Domestic Product.
  Table 7-1 shows R&D highlights of the 2002 Budget.

                                     

                                   Table 7-1.  R&D HIGHLIGHTS IN 2002 SPENDING
                                 (Budget authority, dollar amounts in millions)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                                        Percent
                                                                                                        Change:
                              By Agency                                  2000       2001       2002     2001 to
                                                                                                          2002
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 National Institutes of Health
  Biomedical research...............................................     17,827     20,361     23,112        14%

 Defense
  R&D initiative....................................................  .........  .........      2,600         NA

 NASA
  Space Launch Initiative...........................................         30        290        475        64%
  Mars Exploration Program..........................................        249        426        431         1%
  Astronomical Search for Origins...................................        118        123        194        57%
  Earth Observing System Follow-on Program..........................         15         55        130       136%

Energy
  Basic Energy Sciences.............................................        772        994      1,005         1%
  Fossil Energy.....................................................        404        445        544        22%

National Science Foundation
  Math and Science Partnership Initiative...........................  .........  .........        200         NA
  Mathematical Sciences.............................................        106        121        141        17%
  Nanoscale Science, Engineering, and Technology....................         97        150        174        16%

Agriculture
  Biotechnology.....................................................        188        197        204         4%
  Bioproducts and Bioenergy.........................................         81        240        249         4%

Commerce
  Ocean Exploration.................................................  .........          4         14       250%
  National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite.......         60         73        157       115%
  NIST internal research............................................        282        313        347        11%

Transportation
  Highway Surface Transportation....................................         66         73        114        56%
  Intelligent Transportation Systems Initiative.....................         40         41         62        51%

Veterans Affairs
  Medical and Prosthetic Research...................................        321        350        360         3%

Education
  National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research......         86        100        110        10%
  Research and Dissemination........................................        104        121        123         2%
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

                 Federal Research and Development Funding

  R&D is the collection of efforts directed towards gaining greater 
knowledge or understanding and applying knowledge toward the production 
of useful materials, devices, and methods. Since 1949, the Budget has 
collected and reported information on R&D. The budget is characterized 
by the following categories: basic research, applied research, 
development, R&D equipment, and R&D facilities.
  Basic research is defined as systematic study directed toward greater 
knowledge or understanding of the fundamental aspects of phenomena and 
of observable facts without specific applications towards processes or 
products in mind.
  Applied research is systematic study to gain knowledge or 
understanding necessary to determine the means by which a recognized and 
specific need may be met.

[[Page 134]]

  Development is systematic application of knowledge toward the 
production of useful materials, devices, and systems or methods, 
including design, development, and improvement of prototypes and new 
processes to meet specific requirements.
  Research and development equipment includes acquisition or design and 
production of movable equipment, such as spectrometers, microscopes, 
detectors, and other instruments.
  Research and development facilities include the acquisition, design, 
and construction of, or major repairs or alterations to, all physical 
facilities for use in R&D activities. Facilities include land, 
buildings, and fixed capital equipment, regardless of whether the 
facilities are to be used by the Government or by a private 
organization, and regardless of where title to the property may rest. 
This category includes reactors, wind tunnels, and particle 
accelerators, and the International Space Station.
  Table 7-2 shows agency-by-agency spending on basic and applied 
research, development, and R&D equipment and facilities.

                                     

                                                  Table 7-2.  FEDERAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT SPENDING
                                                     (Budget authority, dollar amounts in millions)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                                                       Dollar  Percent   Dollar  Percent
                                                                                           2000     2001      2002    Change:  Change:  Change:  Change:
                                                                                          Actual  Estimate  Proposed  2000 to  2000 to  2001 to  2001 to
                                                                                                                        2002     2002     2002     2002
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
By Agency
  Defense*.............................................................................   39,664    41,571   45,159*   5,495*     14%*   3,588*      9%*
  Health and Human Services............................................................   18,051    20,805    23,313    5,262      29%    2,508      12%
  National Aeronautics and Space Administration........................................    9,242     9,632     9,311       69       1%     -321      -3%
  Energy...............................................................................    6,892     7,692     7,435      543       8%     -257      -3%
  National Science Foundation..........................................................    2,947     3,297     3,242      295      10%      -55      -2%
  Agriculture..........................................................................    1,773     1,961     1,803       30       2%     -158      -8%
  Commerce.............................................................................    1,110     1,096     1,029      -81      -7%      -67      -6%
  Interior.............................................................................      618       632       593      -25      -4%      -39      -6%
  Transportation.......................................................................      603       743       795      192      32%       52       7%
  Veterans Affairs.....................................................................      645       703       721       76      12%       18       3%
  Environmental Protection Agency......................................................      559       610       575       16       3%      -35      -6%
  Education............................................................................      238       265       259       21       9%       -6      -2%
  Other................................................................................      796     1,007     1,022      226      28%     151%       1%
                                                                                        ----------------------------------------------------------------
    TOTAL..............................................................................   83,138    90,010    95,253   12,115      15%    5,243       6%

Basic Research
  Defense*.............................................................................    1,136     1,317    1,345*     209*     18%*      28*      2%*
  Health and Human Services............................................................   10,062    11,544    12,980    2,918      29%    1,436      12%
  National Aeronautics and Space Administration........................................    2,137     2,548     2,465      328      15%      -83      -3%
  Energy...............................................................................    2,262     2,378     2,344       82       4%      -34      -1%
  National Science Foundation..........................................................    2,540     2,796     2,799      259      10%        3       0%
  Agriculture..........................................................................      684       742       717       33       5%      -25      -3%
  Commerce.............................................................................       42        40        46        4      10%        6      15%
  Interior.............................................................................       52        57        54        2       4%       -3      -5%
  Transportation.......................................................................       10        17        21       11     110%        4      24%
  Veterans Affairs.....................................................................      266       290       304       38      14%       14       5%
  Environmental Protection Agency......................................................       58       106        98       40      69%       -8      -8%
  Education............................................................................        2         2         2        0       0%        0       0%
  Other................................................................................      170       181       177        7       4%       -4      -2%
                                                                                        ----------------------------------------------------------------
    SUBTOTAL...........................................................................   19,421    22,018    23,352    3,931      20%    1,334       6%

Applied Research
  Defense*.............................................................................    3,405     3,664    3,741*     336*     10%*      77*      2%*
  Health and Human Services............................................................    7,692     8,915     9,824    2,132      28%      909      10%
  National Aeronautics and Space Administration........................................    1,534     1,683     1,811     -277     -18%      128       8%
  Energy...............................................................................    1,874     2,185     2,020      146       8%     -165      -8%
  National Science Foundation..........................................................      184       220       218       34      18%       -2      -1%
  Agriculture..........................................................................      831       922       829       -2       0%      -93     -10%
  Commerce.............................................................................      780       829       820       40       5%       -9      -1%
  Interior.............................................................................      520       537       503      -17      -3%      -34      -6%
  Transportation.......................................................................      396       456       507      111      28%       51      11%
  Veterans Affairs.....................................................................      367       399       403       36      10%        4       1%
  Environmental Protection Agency......................................................      388       369       349      -39     -10%      -20      -5%
  Education............................................................................      151       165       167       16      11%        2       1%
  Other................................................................................      344       390       361       17       5%      -29      -7%
                                                                                        ----------------------------------------------------------------
    SUBTOTAL...........................................................................   18,466    20,734    21,553    3,057      17%      819       4%


[[Page 135]]


Development
  Defense*.............................................................................   35,026    36,410   39,889*   4,863*     14%*   3,479*     10%*
  Health and Human Services............................................................       44       101        87       43      98%      -14     -14%
  National Aeronautics and Space Administration........................................    2,702     2,687     2,754       52       2%       67       2%
  Energy...............................................................................    1,855     2,253     2,174      319      17%      -79      -4%
  National Science Foundation..........................................................        0         0         0        0       NA        0       NA
  Agriculture..........................................................................      111       120       124       13      12%        4       3%
  Commerce.............................................................................      130       138        83      -47     -36%      -55     -40%
  Interior.............................................................................       29        32        30        1       3%       -2      -6%
  Transportation.......................................................................      185       254       250       65      35%       -4      -2%
  Veterans Affairs.....................................................................       12        14        15        3      25%        1       7%
  Environmental Protection Agency......................................................       92       101        94        2       2%       -7      -7%
  Education............................................................................       85        98        90        5       6%       -8      -8%
  Other................................................................................      253       386       364      111      44%      -22      -6%
                                                                                        ----------------------------------------------------------------
    SUBTOTAL...........................................................................   40,524    42,594    45,954    5,430      13%    3,360       8%

Facilities and Equipment
  Defense..............................................................................       97       180      184*      87*     90%*       4*      2%*
  Health and Human Services............................................................      253       245       422      169      67%      177      72%
  National Aeronautics and Space Administration........................................    2,869     2,714     2,281     -588     -20%     -433     -16%
  Energy...............................................................................      901       876       897       -4       0%       21       2%
  National Science Foundation..........................................................      223       281       225        2       1%      -56     -20%
  Agriculture..........................................................................      147       177       133      -14     -10%      -44     -25%
  Commerce.............................................................................      158        89        80      -78     -49%       -9     -10%
  Interior.............................................................................       17         6         6      -11     -65%        0       0%
  Transportation.......................................................................       12        16        17        5      42%        1       6%
  Veterans Affairs.....................................................................        0         0        -1       -1       NA       -1       NA
  Environmental Protection Agency......................................................       21        34        34       13      62%        0       0%
  Education............................................................................        0         0         0        0       NA        0       NA
  Other................................................................................       29        46       116       87     300%       70     152%
                                                                                        ----------------------------------------------------------------
    SUBTOTAL...........................................................................    4,727     4,664     4,394     -333      -7%     -270      -6%
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Table does not include net mandatory funding for USDA research grant programs, as follows: $140 million in FY 2000, $130 million in FY 2001, and $135
  million in FY 2002.
* FY 2002 entries for DOD research and facilities represent a projection from the enacted FY 2001 levels plus inflation. The entry for development
  includes $2.6 billion for the R&D initiative. FY 2002 levels are subject to change as a result of the Defense Strategy Review now underway.

                The Federal Science and Technology Budget

  In a 1995 report from the National Academy of Sciences, the scientific 
community proposed a ``Federal Science and Technology'' budget. Such a 
compilation would highlight more consistently and accurately activities 
central to the creation of new knowledge and technologies, compared with 
the traditional R&D data collection reported in Table 7-2. Because the 
Federal Science and Technology (FS&T) budget emphasizes research, 
funding for defense development, testing, and evaluation is not 
included. The resulting FS&T budget is about half of the total Federal 
spending on R&D.
  Table 7-3 contains an approximation of the FS&T budget, which accounts 
for nearly all of Federal basic research, over 80 percent of Federal 
applied research, and about half of Federal non-defense development.

[[Page 136]]

                                                    Table 7-3.  FEDERAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY BUDGET
                                                     (Budget authority, dollar amounts in millions)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                                                       Dollar  Percent   Dollar  Percent
                                                                                           2000     2001      2002    Change:  Change:  Change:  Change:
                                                                                          Actual  Estimate  Proposed  2000 to  2000 to  2001 to  2001 to
                                                                                                                        2002     2002     2002     2002
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
By Agency
  National Institutes of Health........................................................   17,827    20,361    23,112    5,285      30%    2,751      14%

  NASA \1\.............................................................................    6,389     6,957     7,038      649      10%       81       1%
    Space Science......................................................................    2,524     2,658     2,786      262      10%      129       5%
    Earth Science......................................................................    1,675     1,702     1,496     -179     -11%     -206     -12%
    Biological and Physical Research...................................................      356       393       380       24       7%      -13      -3%
    Aero-space Technology..............................................................    1,834     2,205     2,376      541      30%      171       8%

  Defense \2\..........................................................................    4,541     4,981  5,086 \2  545 \2\  12% \2\  105 \2\   2% \2\
                                                                                                                   \
    Basic Research \2\.................................................................    1,136     1,317  1,345 \2  209 \2\  18% \2\   28 \2\   2% \2\
                                                                                                                   \
    Applied Research \2\...............................................................    3,405     3,664  3,741 \2  336 \2\  10% \2\   77 \2\   2% \2\
                                                                                                                   \

  Energy...............................................................................    4,353     4,910     4,682      329       8%     -228      -5%
    Science Programs \3\...............................................................    2,788     3,179     3,160      372      13%      -19      -1%
    Energy Supply......................................................................      584       661       494      -90     -15%     -167     -25%
    Energy Conservation \4\............................................................      577       625       484      -93     -16%     -141     -23%
    Fossil Energy \5\..................................................................      404       445       544      140      35%       99      22%

  National Science Foundation..........................................................    3,897     4,416     4,472      575      15%       56       1%

  Agriculture..........................................................................    1,739     1,831     1,759       20       1%      -72      -4%
    CSREES Research and Education......................................................      487       513       416      -71     -15%      -97     -19%
    Mandatory research grants (net total)..............................................      140       130       135       -5      -4%        5       4%
    Economic Research Service..........................................................       64        66        67        3       5%        1       2%
    Agricultural Research Service \6\..................................................      830       897       916       86      10%       19       2%
    Forest Service \7\.................................................................      218       225       225        7       3%        0       0%

  Interior (USGS)......................................................................      813       883       813        0       0%      -70      -8%

  Commerce.............................................................................      819       809       711     -108     -13%      -98     -12%
    NOAA (Oceanic and Atmospheric Research)............................................      285       315       330       45      16%       15       5%
    NIST \8\...........................................................................      534       494       381     -153     -29%     -113     -23%

  Environmental Protection Agency \9\..................................................      683       732       679       -4      -1%      -53      -7%

  Transportation.......................................................................      646       621       631      -94     -15%       12       2%
    Highway research \10\..............................................................      490       437       443      -47     -10%        6       1%
    Aviation research \11\.............................................................      156       184       188       32      21%        4       2%

  Education............................................................................      317       363       368       51      16%        5       1%
    Special Education Research and Innovation..........................................       64        77        70        6       9%       -7      -9%
    NIDRR \12\.........................................................................       86       100       110       24      28%       10      10%
    Research, Development, and Dissemination...........................................      167       186       188       21      13%        2       1%
  Veterans Affairs \13\................................................................      321       350       360       39      12%       10       3%

                                                                                        ----------------------------------------------------------------
       TOTAL...........................................................................   42,345    47,214    49,711    7,366      17%    2,497       5%
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Notes:

\1\ Includes mission support.

\2\ FY 2002 entries for DOD research represent a projection from the enacted FY 2001 levels plus inflation. FY 2002 levels are subject to change as a
  result of the Defense Strategy Review now underway.

\3\ Part of change in 2002 due to transfer from science programs.

\4\ Excludes state grant programs.

\5\ 2002 level includes $95 million unavailable until the last day of FY 2001.

\6\ Excludes buildings and facilities.

\7\ Forest and Rangeland Research.

\8\ Excludes Manufacturing Extension Program.

\9\ Science and Technology account, including transfer from Superfund.

\10\ Includes research and development funding for the Federal Highway Administration, the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, and the National
  Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

\11\ Federal Aviation Administration Research, Engineering, and Development.

\12\ National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research.

\13\ Medical and Prosthetic Research.


               Allocation of Federal Funding for Research

  Federal funds appropriated to Executive Branch agencies may be used in 
different ways, ranging from grants awarded to university researchers to 
supporting research at Federal laboratories. In order to better 
understand and characterize the methods agencies use to allocate their 
research funding, agencies reported how research funds are allocated in 
2001 by the following five categories:
    Research performed at congressional direction consists of 
          intramural and extramural research where funded activities are 
          awarded to a single performer or collection of performers. 
          There is limited or no competitive selection, or there is 
          competitive selection but the research is outside of the agen

[[Page 137]]

          cy's primary mission, and undertaking the research is based on 
          direction from the Congress in law, in report language, or by 
          other direction.
    Inherently unique research is intramural and extramural 
          research where funded activities are awarded to a single 
          performer or team of performers without competitive selection. 
          The award may be based on the provision of unique 
          capabilities, concern for timeliness, or prior record of 
          performance (e.g., facility operations support for a unique 
          facility, such as an electron-positron linear collider; 
          research grants for rapid response studies such as Pfisteria, 
          an environmental hazard that arose suddenly; or the National 
          Science Foundation's merit-based renewals).
    Merit-reviewed research with limited competitive selection 
          is intramural and extramural research where funded activities 
          are competitively awarded from a pool of qualified applicants 
          that are limited to organizations that were created to largely 
          serve Federal missions and continue to receive most of their 
          annual research revenue from Federal sources. The limited 
          competition may be for reasons of stewardship, agency mission 
          constraints, or retention of unique technical capabilities 
          (e.g., funding set aside for researchers at laboratories or 
          centers of the Department of Defense, the National Aeronautics 
          and Space Administration, the Environmental Protection Agency, 
          the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and the 
          National Institutes of Health; Federally-Funded Research and 
          Development Centers; formula funds from the U.S. Department of 
          Agriculture).
    Merit-reviewed research with competitive selection and 
          internal (program) evaluation is intramural and extramural 
          research where funded activities are competitively awarded 
          following review for scientific or technical merit. The review 
          is conducted by the program manager or other qualified 
          individuals from within the agency program, without additional 
          independent evaluation (e.g., merit-reviewed research at the 
          Department of Defense).
    Merit-reviewed research with competitive selection and 
          external (peer) evaluation is intramural and extramural 
          research where funded activities are competitively awarded 
          following review by a set of external scientific or technical 
          reviewers (often called peers) for merit. The review is 
          conducted by appropriately qualified scientists, engineers, or 
          other technically-qualified individuals who are apart from the 
          people or groups making the award decisions, and serves to 
          inform the program manager or other qualified individual who 
          makes the award (e.g., NSF's single-investigator research; 
          NASA's research and analysis funds).
  Table 7-4 lists how Federal R&D agencies report their allocation of 
research funding among these categories.

                                                                   Table 7-4.  ALLOCATION OF FEDERAL RESEARCH FUNDING, FY 2001
                                                                         (Budget authority, dollar amounts in millions)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                                                                                         Merit-Reviewed  Merit-Reviewed
                                                                                                                 Research                Merit-Reviewed      Research        Research
                                                                                                              Performed  at  Inherently      Research         with            with
                                                                                                                                Unique    with  Limited    Competitive     Competitive    Total
                                                                                                              Congressional   Research     Competitive   Selection  and  Selection  and
                                                                                                                 Direction                  Selection        Internal       External
                                                                                                                                                           Evaluation      Evaluation
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
By Agency
  Health and Human Services.................................................................................         159           107         2,819              19          17,355      20,459
  Defense...................................................................................................         614           200         1,131           2,901             135       4,981
  Energy....................................................................................................         139         1,016         2,338             321             749       4,563
  National Aeronautics and Space Administration.............................................................         219           171           636           1,411           1,794       4,231
  National Science Foundation...............................................................................  .............  ..........          168             234           2,655       3,057
  Agriculture*..............................................................................................         458           768           359     ..............           79       1,664
  Commerce..................................................................................................          97           325            54             188             205         869
  Veterans Affairs..........................................................................................           1     ..........            3     ..............          685         689
  Interior..................................................................................................          51           138           375              26               4         594
  Environmental Protection Agency...........................................................................          38            39           195              69             134         475
  Transportation............................................................................................          31            98   ..............          344     ..............      473
  Education.................................................................................................           4     ..........          163     ..............  ..............      167
  Other.....................................................................................................         359           111             5              85              11         571
                                                                                                             -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    TOTAL...................................................................................................       2,170         2,973         8,246           5,598          23,806      43,793
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Does not include net mandatory funding for USDA research grant programs of $130 million in FY 2001.


[[Page 138]]

  Networking and Information Technology and Global Change Research and 
                               Development

  Table 7-5 shows agency-by-agency spending for Networking and 
Information Technology R&D and the U.S. Global Change Research program, 
as required by statute.

                                     

                                              Table 7-5.  AGENCY DETAIL OF SELECTED INTERAGENCY R&D EFFORTS
                                                     (Budget authority, dollar amounts in millions)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                                                       Dollar  Percent   Dollar  Percent
                                                                                           2000     2001      2002    Change:  Change:  Change:  Change:
                                                                                          Actual  Estimate  Proposed  2000 to  2000 to  2001 to  2001 to
                                                                                                                        2002     2002     2002     2002
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Networking and Information Technology R&D
  National Science Foundation..........................................................      496       641       643      147     +30%        2      +0%
  Energy...............................................................................      331       475       480      149      45%        5      +1%
  Defense*.............................................................................      285       349      356*      71*     25%*       7*      2%*
  Health and Human Services**..........................................................      214       244     266**       46      21%       22       9%
  National Aeronautics and Space Administration........................................      129       177       181       52      40%        4       2%
  Commerce.............................................................................       36        39        41        5     +14%        2      +5%
  Environmental Protection Agency......................................................        4         4         2       -2     -50%       -2     -50%
                                                                                        ----------------------------------------------------------------
    TOTAL..............................................................................    1,501     1,929     1,969      468      31%       40       2%

U.S. Global Change Research Program
  National Aeronautics and Space Administration........................................    1,161     1,162     1,072      -89      -8%      -90      -8%
  National Science Foundation..........................................................      187       179       178       -9      -5%       -1      -1%
  Energy...............................................................................      113       119       121        8      +7%        2      +2%
  Commerce.............................................................................       67        80        93       26     +39%       13     +16%
  National Institutes of Health........................................................       48        52        57        9     +19%        5     +10%
  Agriculture..........................................................................       56        56        55       -1      -2%       -1      -2%
  Interior.............................................................................       27        27        25       -2      -7%       -2      -7%
  Environmental Protection Agency......................................................       21        23        22        1      +5%       -1      -4%
  Smithsonian..........................................................................        7         7         7        0      +0%        0      +0%
                                                                                        ----------------------------------------------------------------
    TOTAL..............................................................................    1,687     1,705     1,630      -57      -3%      -75      -4%
                                                                                        ================================================================
    TOTAL WITHOUT NASA DEVELOPMENT.....................................................      758       797       811       53       7%       14       2%
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* FY 2002 entry for DOD R&D represents a projection from enacted FY 2001 levels plus inflation. FY 2002 levels are subject to change as a result of the
  Defense Strategy Review now underway.
** Includes $14 million in offsetting collection in FY 2002 for the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. These activities were funded at $11
  million in FY 2000 and $14 million in FY 2001.

                             Tax Incentives

  Along with direct spending on R&D, the Federal Government has 
stimulated private investment in these activities with tax preferences. 
Current law provides a 20-percent tax credit for private research and 
experimentation expenditures above a certain base amount. The credit, 
which expired in 1999, was retroactively reinstated for five years, to 
2004, in the Tax Relief Extension Act of 1999. The Budget proposes to 
make the Research and Experimentation (R&E) tax credit permanent. The 
proposed extension will cost an additional $49.6 billion over the period 
from 2002 to 2011.
  A permanent tax provision also lets companies deduct, up front, the 
costs of certain kinds of research and experimentation, rather than 
capitalize these costs. This tax expenditure will cost $1.9 billion in 
2001. Finally, equipment used for research benefits from relatively 
rapid cost recovery. The cost of this tax preference is calculated in 
the tax expenditure estimate for accelerated depreciation of machinery 
and equipment.
  Table 7-6 shows a forecast of the costs of the research and 
experimentation tax credit.

                                     

                                     Table 7-6.  PERMANENT EXTENSION OF THE RESEARCH AND EXPERIMENTATION TAX CREDIT
                                                     (Budget authority, dollar amounts in millions)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                                                                                 2002 to
                                                         2002     2003     2004     2005     2006     2007     2008     2009     2010     2011     2011
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Current Policy.......................................    6,760    5,390    4,710    2,720    1,160  .......  .......  .......  .......  .......   20,740
Proposed Extension...................................  .......  .......    1,055    3,431    5,415    6,542    7,388    8,020    8,567    9,158   49,576
                                                      --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total................................................    6,760    5,390    5,765    6,151    6,575    6,542    7,388    8,020    8,567    9,158   70,316
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------