    [Analytical Perspectives]
    [Other Technical Presentations]
    [20. Outlays to Public, Net and Gross]
    [From the U.S. Government Publishing Office, www.gpo.gov]

                    20.  OUTLAYS TO THE PUBLIC, NET AND GROSS

       Table 20-1 shows net and gross outlays, and the relationship between
    them, for all major agencies. Outlays are the measure of Government
    spending. The budget records outlays when the Government makes payment
    for such things as Federal employee salaries, the purchase of supplies
    and equipment, grants to state and local governments, and benefits to
    individuals. The Government's gross outlays are the sum of all these
    payments.
       The outlay totals in the budget, however whether for the Government
    as a whole or for agencies, programs, and functions (such as national
    defense) are net outlays, unless otherwise specified. Gross outlays, as
    the table shows, are the net outlays plus offsetting collections and
    receipts from the public. These constitute the income the Government
    receives from its business-like enterprises and other market activities
    with the public, such as the proceeds from selling postage stamps, the
    fees charged for admittance to recreational areas, and the proceeds from
    selling land or natural resources. The budget refers to them as
    ``offsetting,'' because they are subtracted from gross outlays rather
    than added to taxes and other receipts resulting from governmental
    activities. The budget focuses on net outlay totals in order to show
    outlays and receipts that measure governmental activity rather than a
    combination of governmental and market activity. As a result, the budget
    totals represent the amount of resources allocated and distributed by
    political decision making rather than by private choice and the market
    mechanism. The surplus is calculated by subtracting total outlays from
    total receipts. It would be the same if offsetting collections and
    receipts were included in total receipts and subtracted from gross
    outlays. This would hold true if outlays exceeded receipts, resulting in
    a deficit.
       The table shows that offsetting receipts and collections are
    relatively much more important for some agencies than others. The
    outlays for the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation are negative
    amounts, because its collections, mostly insurance premiums, currently
    exceed its payments. The amounts for ``Allowances'' cover certain
    transactions that are expected to increase or decrease outlays but are
    not, for various reasons, attributed to any specific agency. The amounts
    labeled ``undistributed offsetting receipts'' are deducted from the
    Government-wide outlay totals but not from any specific agency. Chapter
    4, ``User Fees and Other Collections,'' in this volume discusses
    offsetting collections and receipts in more detail.

    [[Page 336]]

                     Table 20-1.  TOTAL OUTLAYS, NET AND GROSS OF OFFSETTING COLLECTIONS AND RECEIPTS FROM THE PUBLIC, BY AGENCY, 2000-2002
                                                                    (In millions of dollars)
    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                            2000                                  2001                                  2002
                                           -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                         Offsetting                            Offsetting                            Offsetting
                                                        Collections    Outlays                Collections    Outlays                Collections    Outlays
          (Department or Other Unit)            Net         and        Gross of       Net         and        Gross of       Net         and        Gross of
                                              Outlays     Receipts   Collections    Outlays     Receipts   Collections    Outlays     Receipts   Collections
                                                          from the     from the                 from the     from the                 from the     from the
                                                           Public       Public                   Public       Public                   Public       Public
    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Legislative Branch....................       2,911           85        2,996       3,086           89        3,175       3,268           93        3,361
    Judicial Branch.......................       4,086           52        4,138       4,300           51        4,351       4,856           53        4,909

    Executive Branch
      Agriculture.........................      75,663       19,415       95,078      69,599       20,115       89,714      63,250       18,787       82,037
      Commerce............................       7,807        1,210        9,017       5,549        1,364        6,913       5,182        1,522        6,704
      Defense-Military....................     281,223       12,144      293,367     283,915       10,953      294,868     303,449       10,707      314,156
      Education...........................      33,900        2,606       36,506      36,652        1,421       38,073      45,230        1,240       46,470
      Energy..............................      15,010        5,479       20,489      16,739        5,692       22,431      17,245        6,244       23,489
      Health and Human Services...........     382,626       23,962      406,588     430,466       25,616      456,082     468,787       29,247      498,034
      Housing and Urban Development.......      30,828        2,967       33,795      37,299        3,370       40,669      34,791        2,799       37,590
      Interior............................       8,029        2,847       10,876       8,687        3,870       12,557       9,275        3,532       12,807
      Justice.............................      19,554        2,049       21,603      20,689        2,886       23,575      22,527        3,045       25,572
      Labor...............................      31,355        2,280       33,635      38,220        2,351       40,571      42,042        2,613       44,655
      State...............................       6,850          590        7,440       9,302          568        9,870       9,700          577       10,277
      Transportation......................      45,964          488       46,452      50,611          413       51,024      54,861          473       55,334
      Treasury............................     391,246       18,112      409,358     388,549       18,517      407,066     381,539       19,284      400,823
      Veteran Affairs.....................      47,087        3,746       50,833      45,235        4,324       49,559      51,480        3,146       54,626
      Corps of Engineers..................       4,333          387        4,720       4,571          341        4,912       4,351          396        4,747
      Other Defense-Civil Programs........      32,864           17       32,881      34,400           17       34,417      35,402           17       35,419
      Environmental Protection Agency.....       7,238          263        7,501       7,495          232        7,727       7,596          246        7,842
      Executive Office of the President...         283            4          287         289            3          292         309            3          312
      Federal Emergency Management Agency.       3,142        1,499        4,641       3,145        1,577        4,722       3,216        1,655        4,871
      General Services Administration.....          28          297          325         603          287          890        -223          589          366
      International Assistance Programs...      12,093       13,228       25,321      11,351       13,247       24,598      12,058       12,835       24,893
      National Aeronautics and Space            13,442          846       14,288      13,777          839       14,616      14,248          881       15,129
       Administration.....................
      National Science Foundation.........       3,487  ...........        3,487       3,967  ...........        3,967       4,359  ...........        4,359
      Office of Personnel Management......      48,660        6,764       55,424      50,978        7,336       58,314      53,351        8,031       61,382
      Small Business Administration.......        -421        1,298          877        -971        2,683        1,712         687          458        1,145
      Social Security Administration......     441,811        5,110      446,921     463,006        5,345      468,351     488,182        5,624      493,806
      Export-Import Bank of the United            -743        3,219        2,476      -1,844        3,463        1,619         358          384          742
       States.............................
      Federal Deposit Insurance                 -2,837        3,459          622        -718        2,310        1,592        -244        2,361        2,117
       Corporation........................
      Postal Service......................       2,129       63,529       65,658       2,689       65,498       68,187       3,205       67,218       70,423
      Railroad Retirement Board...........       4,992           24        5,016       5,679           26        5,705       5,184           26        5,210
      Other Independent Agencies..........       7,028       10,012       17,040        -873        9,674        8,801      10,497       10,173       20,670

    Allowances............................  ..........  ...........  ...........  ..........  ...........  ...........       2,351  ...........        2,351
    Undistributed Offsetting Receipts.....    -172,842        6,082     -166,760    -190,204        8,503     -181,701    -201,805        7,844     -193,961
                                           -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        Total.............................   1,788,826      214,070    2,002,896   1,856,238      222,981    2,079,219   1,960,564      222,103    2,182,667
    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------