[Analytical Perspectives]
[Special Analyses and Presentations]
[9. Aid to State and Local Governments]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office, www.gpo.gov]
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9. AID TO STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS \1\
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\1\ Federal aid to State and local governments is defined as the
provision of resources by the Federal Government to support a State or
local program of governmental service to the public. The three primary
forms of aid are grants, loan subsidies, and tax expenditures.
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State and local governments have a vital constitutional responsibility
to provide government services. They have the major role in providing
domestic public services, such as public education, law enforcement,
roads, water supply, and sewage treatment. The Federal Government
contributes to that role both by promoting a healthy economy and by
providing grants, loans, and tax subsidies to State and local
governments.
Federal grants help State and local governments finance programs
covering most areas of domestic public spending, including income
support, infrastructure, education, and social services. Federal grant
outlays were $267.1 billion in 1999 and are estimated to increase to
$284.1 billion in 2000 and $305.6 billion in 2001.
Grant outlays for payments for individuals, such as Medicaid, are
estimated to be 62 percent of total grants in 2001; for physical capital
investment, 17 percent; and for all other purposes, largely education,
training, and social services, 21 percent.
Federal aid to State and local governments is also provided through
tax expenditures. Tax expenditures are revenue losses due to
preferential provisions of the Federal tax laws, such as special
exclusions, exemptions, deductions, credits, deferrals, or tax rates.
The two major tax expenditures benefitting State and local governments
are the deductibility of personal income and property taxes from gross
income for Federal income tax purposes, and the exclusion of interest on
State and local public purpose bonds from Federal taxation. These
provisions, on an outlay equivalent basis, are estimated to be $95.4
billion in 2000 and $98.7 billion in 2001. A detailed discussion of the
measurement and definition of tax expenditures and a complete list of
the amount of specific tax expenditures are in Chapter 5, ``Tax
Expenditures.'' As discussed in that chapter, there are generally
interactions among tax expenditure provisions, so that the estimates
above only approximate the aggregate effect of these provisions.
Tax expenditures that especially aid State and local governments are
displayed separately at the end of Table 5-5 in that chapter.
Table 9-1. FEDERAL GRANT OUTLAYS BY AGENCY
(In billions of dollars)
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Estimate
Agency 1999 -----------------
actual 2000 2001
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Department of Agriculture.................... 18.8 19.7 20.4
Department of Commerce....................... 0.5 0.6 0.7
Department of Education...................... 19.4 22.8 23.5
Department of Energy......................... 0.2 0.1 0.2
Department of Health and Human Services...... 148.8 160.7 174.7
Department of Housing and Urban Development.. 27.7 24.9 26.2
Department of the Interior................... 2.0 2.2 2.2
Department of Justice........................ 4.5 3.8 6.4
Department of Labor.......................... 7.6 8.3 8.7
Department of Transportation................. 28.9 32.3 34.3
Department of the Treasury................... 0.5 0.5 0.5
Department of Veterans Affairs............... 0.3 0.4 0.4
Environmental Protection Agency.............. 3.0 3.3 3.6
Federal Emergency Management Agency.......... 3.4 2.7 2.1
Other agencies............................... 1.8 1.8 1.6
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Total..................................... 267.1 284.1 305.6
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Table 9-1 shows the distribution of grants by agency. Grant outlays
for the Department of Health and Human Services are estimated to be
$174.7 billion in 2001, 57 percent of total grants, more than five times
as much as any other agency.
HIGHLIGHTS OF THE FEDERAL AID PROGRAM
Major proposals in this budget affect Federal aid to State and local
governments and the important relationships between the levels of
government. Through the use of grants, the Federal government can share
with State and local governments the cost and, ultimately, the benefits
of a better educated, healthier, and safer citizenry. The Administration
is committed to working with State and local governments to make our
Federal system more efficient and effective and to improving the design
and administration of Federal grant programs. One way the Administration
will do this is by leading a governmentwide effort to use electronic
processing in the administration of grant programs.
This budget continues the Administration's commitment to giving State
and local governments increased flexibility. Through the use of grants,
Federal agencies can create partnerships with State and local
governments that focus on joint goals and the progress made toward
meeting them. The Administration's efforts to improve the grant
administration process will include efforts to identify statutory
impediments to grants simplification and encourage flexible legislation,
such as
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the Workforce Investment Act of 1998, which allows Federal agencies to
streamline the delivery of grants.
In addition, this budget proposes several initiatives to increase
access to health care, to increase child care assistance for low-income
families, to help States recruit new teachers and reduce class sizes, to
encourage investment in distressed communities, and to protect the
environment and encourage ``smart-growth.''
Highlights of grants to State and local governments follow. For
additional information on grants, see the detailed Table 9-3 in this
Chapter, or information in the Budget volume.
Education
This budget requests $23.5 billion in budget authority for 2001 for
grants to State and local governments for education, an increase of $7.5
billion above the 2000 amount of $16.0 billion. The education proposals
in this budget will help States improve accountability for school and
student performance, enhance teacher quality, acquire better technology,
and support innovative programs.
The budget includes $8.4 billion for Title I grants to local
educational agencies, providing $250 million for an Accountability Fund
to help accelerate States' implementation of accountability provisions
in the Title I program, nearly doubling the amount available in 2000.
The Accountability Fund will help States identify their lowest
performing schools, intervene with effective strategies to improve
student outcomes, and report on their results.
The budget proposes $1,750 million, an increase of $450 million over
2000, as the third installment of the President's plan to help schools
recruit, hire, and train 100,000 new teachers by 2005 and reduce class
size in the early grades. The budget provides $1.0 billion to help
States and districts provide sustained, content-rich professional
development, and support State efforts to align curricula and
assessments with content standards.
The Administration's education technology programs serve to make
modern computers and technologies accessible to all students; connect
classrooms to the Internet; make high-quality educational software an
integral part of the curriculum; and enable teachers to effectively
integrate technology into their instruction. The budget provides $903
million for education technology.
A variety of innovative programs to improve the educational
development of the Nation's students are proposed, or expanded from
previous funding levels. As part of a comprehensive approach to fix
failing schools the budget more than doubles the funding of the 21st
Century Community Learning Centers/After School Programs to $1.0
billion. In 2001 more than 10,000 schools will receive 21st Century
Community Learning Center grants. The budget requests $247 million in
competitive grants under the interagency Safe Schools/Healthy Students
program, which includes contributions from the Departments of Health and
Human Services, Justice, and Labor; $50 million for the newly
established Coordinator initiative to ensure that more than 1,300 middle
schools have a director of drug and violence prevention programs to
monitor local programs and link school-based programs to community-based
programs; and $10 million for Project SERV, a resource for responding to
school violence incidents. The Administration proposes $175 million in
funding for charter schools, enough to support 2,400 schools in 2001 and
continue progress toward the President's goal of 3,000 charter schools
by 2002. In addition, in 2001, $1.3 billion is requested to repair the
Nation's schools.
For higher education, this budget proposes to increase funds for GEAR-
UP by $125 million in 2001. This program provides funds for States and
for local partnerships to help students in high-poverty schools prepare
for and attend college.
Training and Employment
Several initiatives in the budget continue the Administration's
efforts to reform the Nation's workforce development system and increase
job training opportunities to help workers succeed in the economy of the
21st Century.
The Workforce Investment Act of 1998 (WIA) takes full effect on July
1, 2000, as the Job Training Partnership Act is repealed and all States
fully implement the WIA requirements. The budget includes funding for
initiatives to ensure that: (1) all displaced workers would receive the
training they want and need; (2) individuals who lose their job due to
no fault of their own could get re-employment services; and (3) every
American would have access to One-Stop Career Centers. The budget
proposes $1.8 billion for dislocated workers, an increase of $181
million over 2000. The Employment Service provides a free labor exchange
for all workers and job seekers, and is growing more effective through
implementation of One-Stop Career Centers. The budget proposes $1.0
billion for these activities.
In order to enhance the prospects of employment for individuals with
disabilities, the budget includes $20 million for competitive grants to
partnerships or consortia in each State to provide new services and
information for individuals with disabilities who want to return to
work. To boost the skills and productivity of the U.S. workforce, the
budget includes $30 million for competitive grants to States for
training and upgrading the skills of currently employed workers.
Applicants would be required to provide non-Federal matching resources,
and employers that received grant assistance would be expected to
demonstrate that training increased participant earnings.
The Youth Opportunity Grants initiative addresses the special problems
of out-of-school youth, especially in inner-cities and other areas where
unemployment rates are high. The budget provides a total of $375 million
for this program, including $250 million for the third year of 5-year
competitive grants to 25-30 communities and $125 million for this first
year of competitive grants to 12-15 additional communities serving a
total of about 85,000 disadvantaged youth.
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To build on the investments and partnerships begun under the Welfare-
to-Work program and the Workforce Investment Act, this budget includes
an additional $255 million for FathersWork/Families Win. This initiative
would help low income noncustodial parents work and pay child support
and help custodial parents stay in their jobs, move up the career ladder
and remain off cash assistance. This program includes a $10 million set
aside to provide grants to Native Americans.
In 2001, the Responsible Reintegration of Young Offenders initiative
will provide competitive grants to serve almost 19,000 young ex-
offenders. The budget includes $75 million for this new initiative to
establish partnerships between the criminal justice system and local
one-stop delivery systems created under the Workforce Investment Act.
Social Services
Head Start, America's premiere early childhood development program,
supports working families by helping parents get involved in their
children's educational lives and providing services to the entire
family. In proposing the expansion of Head Start funding by $1.0 billion
and adding 61,000 Head Start pre-school slots and 9,000 Early Head Start
slots, the Administration intends to increase participation in these
programs by under-represented groups in specifically targeted areas.
This budget proposes to fund the social services block grant at $1,775
million, $75 million more than the authorized level to maintain funding
at the 2000 level. Of this amount, $25 million will be available to
support second-chance homes for unmarried teen parents and their
children. This block grant provides funding to States to support a wide
range of programs including child protection and child welfare, child
care, and services for the elderly and disabled.
Income Support
Welfare-to-work.--In addition to the $16.5 billion per year provided
through the Temporary Assistance for Needy Children Program, the
Administration sought, and Congress provided, a total of $3 billion in
1998 and 1999. This budget provides for a two-year extension of the time
period grantees have to spend for their funds to continue their efforts
and provide long-term recipients and non-custodial parents of children
on welfare the work and employment services they need to help support
their children.
Housing assistance.--The budget continues to reduce poverty
concentrations by providing $625 million in HOPE VI grants to local
housing authorities to demolish 28,000 dilapidated non-viable public
housing units over the next three years, and replace them with portable
subsidies or newly constructed mixed income housing.
Food and nutrition assistance.--This budget requests $9.4 billion for
grants for the National School Lunch and School Breakfast Programs and
other child nutrition programs. These programs provide free or low-cost
nutritious meals to children in participating schools. In 2001, the
programs will serve an estimated 27.8 million lunches daily. The Special
Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)
provides vouchers for nutritious supplemental food packages, nutrition
education and counseling, and health and immunization referrals. This
budget request $4.1 billion for WIC for 2001 to serve by year-end 7.5
million low-income women, infants, and children who are at nutritional
risk.
Other income security.--The Child Care and Development Fund provides
grants to States to improve the availability, affordability, and quality
of child care. This budget proposes an increase of $817 million for
child care subsidies for low-income families, which is sufficient to
provide subsidies for nearly 150,000 additional children. The budget
also proposes to create an Early Learning Fund, which would provide
community grants for activities to improve school readiness of children
under five.
Health
This budget proposes $133.4 billion in outlays for 2001 in grants to
State and local governments for health, $10.1 billion more than for
2000.
Medicaid.--Medicaid is the largest grant program, and outlays for
Medicaid are projected to be $124.8 billion in 2001. This Federal-State
health care program served about 33 million low-income Americans in
1999. The Federal Government spent $108 billion, 57 percent of the
total, on the program in 1999 while States spent $81 billion, or 43
percent. Medicaid covers a fourth of the Nation's children and is the
largest single purchaser of maternity care as well as of nursing home
services and other long-term care services; the program covers almost
two-thirds of nursing home residents.
This budget proposes several new initiatives in Medicaid, including
eligibility expansions to parents of Medicaid and SCHIP children (see
below), people with long-term care needs in community settings, and
legal immigrants. This budget steps up efforts to enroll eligible
individuals in the program by extending and improving the transitional
Medicaid program, allowing new sites to determine presumptive
eligibility, and aligning Medicaid with SCHIP enrollment processes. This
budget seeks to provide States with efficiencies in the Medicaid
prescription drug program and includes other Medicaid-related proposals
as well.
State Children's Health Insurance Program.--More than 11 million
American children lack health insurance. To increase the number of
children with insurance, the State Children's Health Insurance Program
(SCHIP) was established in 1997 to provide $24 billion over five years
for States to expand health insurance coverage to low-income, uninsured
children. SCHIP provides States with broad flexibility in pro
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gram design while protecting beneficiaries through basic Federal
standards.
This budget requests $4.5 billion in budget authority for 2001 for
this program and proposes to allow States to provide health insurance
coverage to parents of children eligible for Medicaid and SCHIP.
Other health.--This budget requests increased Federal spending for
certain public health programs that assist State and local governments
in addressing substance abuse, mental health, and HIV/AIDS for 2001.
These increases include an additional $31 million for the substance
abuse block grant and $60 million for the mental health block grant for
State governments. Increased funds for State and local governments are
also included in the $125 million overall increase for Ryan White AIDS
treatment grants.
Natural Resources and Environment
Federal water infrastructure funds in the State and Tribal Assistance
grants account provide capitalization grants to State revolving funds,
which make low-interest loans to help municipalities pay for wastewater
and drinking water treatment systems required by Federal law. The
proposed $1.6 billion in budget authority in 2001 for the State
Revolving Fund capitalization grants in this account is consistent with
the Administration's plans to capitalize these funds to the point where
the Clean Water State Revolving Funds and the Drinking Water State
Revolving Funds provide a total of $2.5 billion in average annual
assistance.
Administration of Justice
The budget requests $4.5 billion in budget authority in 2001 to help
State and local governments fight crime, including $542 million to
assist crime victims. The 2001 budget builds on the success of the
Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS) program and includes $1.3
billion for the second year of the 21st Century Policing Initiative.
This program expands the concept of community policing to include
community prosecution, law enforcement technology assistance, and
prevention. To combat the significant problem of violence against women,
the budget proposes $462 million to enhance the States' abilities to
respond, and to further expand access to previously under-served rural,
Indian, and other minority populations.
Transportation
This budget requests $42.2 billion in budget authority in 2001 for
grants to State and local governments to assist with transportation
infrastructure and related programs.
Highways.--The budget requests $34.0 billion in budget authority in
2001 for grants to States and local governments for highways. Most of
this, or $33.5 billion, is in the Federal-aid highways program to
maintain and improve surface transportation infrastructure. In addition,
States will be provided dedicated funding to heighten enforcement of
traffic laws regarding commercial drivers (e.g., truck and bus drivers).
Grants to States to enforce Federal and compatible State standards for
commercial motor vehicle safety inspections, traffic enforcement, and
compliance reviews are proposed to increase 78 percent over 2000 to $187
million in 2001.
Other transportation.--This budget requests $6.2 billion in budget
authority for 2001 to assist State and local governments with mass
transit and $2.0 billion to assist with the construction of airports.
Community and Regional Development
Community development.--This budget proposes $1.4 billion in mandatory
grant funding for the remaining nine years for the 15 Round II Urban
Zones; and $120 million in mandatory grant funding for the remaining
eight years for the 5 Rural Zones and 20 Rural Enterprise Communities as
the Administration proposed in 1999 and 2000. These grants would allow
communities to implement comprehensive long term strategies to address
their local needs.
This budget also proposes a series of tax measures to extend and
improve economic growth in the 31 existing Round I and Round II
Empowerment Zones and also proposes to create a Third Round of 10 new
Empowerment Zones. The total cost of the President's tax expenditure
proposals is approximately $4 billion over 10 years. To encourage
employment and growth, the Budget proposes to extend until 2009 the wage
credit currently available only for Round I Zones through 2004, and to
make the wage credit also available in Round II and Round III Zones
through 2009. To lower the cost of investment for small businesses in
Empowerment Zones, the Budget proposes to allow them to deduct an
additional $35,000 in investments above the normal small business
investment deductions. The proposal also will allow local governments to
issue tax-exempt bonds on behalf of Empowerment Zone businesses.
Finally, the President's proposal would permanently extend the
Brownfields Tax Incentive in Empowerment Zones.
Area and regional development.--The Administration proposes to give
States, localities, and Tribes more flexibility in how they use the
Department of Agriculture's rural development grants and loans for
businesses, water and wastewater facilities, and community facilities
such as day care centers and health clinics. The 1996 Farm Bill
authorized this approach through a new Rural Community Advancement
Program (RCAP), combining 12 separate programs into a performance
partnership that can tailor assistance to the unique economic
development needs of each rural community. The budget proposes $3.4
billion in loans and grants for RCAP, 29 percent more than in 2000 and
the full flexibility that the 1996 Farm Bill envisioned. It also re-
proposes partnership technical assistance grants and grants for early-
warning weather systems in areas prone to tornadoes.
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As part of the Administration's multi-agency initiative for the
Mississippi Delta Region (MDR), $2 million of the partnership technical
assistance grants are targeted to MDR counties (the 219 counties of the
region as defined by P.L. 100-460). In addition, there is a set-aside of
$8 million in Intermediary Re-lending Program Loans for the MDR as well.
The Administration is doubling the Appalachian Regional Commission's
Entrepreneurship Initiative, which funds innovative economic development
projects in the region, from $5 million to $10 million in 2001.
Other Functions
Discussions of these and other Federal aid programs can be found in
the main budget volume in Part IV, Part V, and elsewhere. As noted
earlier, a detailed listing of budget authority and outlays for all
grants to State and local governments is in Table 9-3 in this chapter.
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES
In recent decades, Federal aid to State and local governments has
become a major factor in the financing of certain government functions.
The rudiments of the present system date back to the Civil War. The
Morrill Act, passed in 1862, established the land grant colleges and
instituted certain federally-required standards for States that received
the grants, as is characteristic of the present grant programs. Federal
aid was later initiated for agriculture, highways, vocational education
and rehabilitation, forestry, and public health. In the depression
years, Federal aid was extended to meet income security and other social
welfare needs. However, Federal grants did not become a significant
factor in Federal Government expenditures until after World War II.
Table 9-2 displays trends in Federal grants to State and local
governments since 1960. Section A shows Federal grants by function.
Functions with a substantial amount of grants are shown separately.
Grants for the national defense, energy, and the veterans benefits and
services functions are combined in the ``other functions'' line in the
table.
Table 9-2. TRENDS IN FEDERAL GRANTS TO STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS
(Outlays; dollar amounts in billions)
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Actual Estimate
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1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
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A. Distribution of grants by function:
Natural resources and environment........... 0.1 0.2 0.4 2.4 5.4 4.1 3.7 4.1 4.1 4.5 5.0 5.0 4.9 4.9 4.9
Agriculture................................. 0.2 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.6 2.4 1.3 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7
Transportation.............................. 3.0 4.1 4.6 5.9 13.0 17.0 19.2 25.8 28.9 32.3 34.3 35.9 35.9 36.4 36.8
Community and regional development.......... 0.1 0.6 1.8 2.8 6.5 5.2 5.0 7.2 9.3 9.0 8.2 8.2 7.6 7.6 7.2
Education, training, employment, and social 0.5 1.1 6.4 12.1 21.9 17.8 23.4 34.1 38.2 43.7 46.8 47.9 50.3 51.1 52.2
services....................................
Health...................................... 0.2 0.6 3.8 8.8 15.8 24.5 43.9 93.6 114.0 123.3 133.4 145.5 160.0 174.8 189.8
Income security............................. 2.6 3.5 5.8 9.4 18.5 27.2 35.2 55.1 64.2 63.2 67.2 70.3 73.3 75.9 77.7
Justice..................................... ....... ....... * 0.7 0.5 0.1 0.6 1.2 4.8 4.2 6.7 5.2 4.7 4.5 4.5
General government.......................... 0.2 0.2 0.5 7.1 8.6 6.8 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2
Other....................................... 0.2 0.3 0.6 7.2 9.3 7.6 3.1 3.0 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.1 1.1
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Total..................................... 7.0 10.9 24.1 49.8 91.4 105.9 135.3 225.0 267.1 284.1 305.6 321.8 340.4 359.1 377.2
B. Distribution of Grants by BEA Category:
Discretionary............................... NA 2.9 10.2 21.0 53.3 55.5 63.3 94.0 112.0 116.8 125.7 128.3 130.2 132.3 133.7
Mandatory................................... NA 8.0 13.9 28.8 38.1 50.4 72.0 131.0 155.1 167.3 179.9 193.5 210.2 226.8 243.5
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Total..................................... 7.0 10.9 24.1 49.8 91.4 105.9 135.3 225.0 267.1 284.1 305.6 321.8 340.4 359.1 377.2
C. Composition:
Current dollars:
Payments for individuals \1\.............. 2.5 3.7 8.7 16.8 32.6 49.3 75.7 141.2 167.7 175.6 189.0 203.7 220.4 237.1 253.6
Physical capital \1\...................... 3.3 5.0 7.1 10.9 22.6 24.9 27.2 39.6 43.9 48.7 51.7 53.2 53.6 54.9 55.5
Other grants.............................. 1.2 2.2 8.3 22.2 36.2 31.6 32.5 44.2 55.5 59.8 65.0 64.9 66.5 67.1 68.1
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Total................................... 7.0 10.9 24.1 49.8 91.4 105.9 135.3 225.0 267.1 284.1 305.6 321.8 340.4 359.1 377.2
Percentage of total grants:
Payments for individuals \1\.............. 35% 34% 36% 34% 36% 47% 56% 63% 63% 62% 62% 63% 65% 66% 67%
Physical capital \1\...................... 47% 46% 29% 22% 25% 24% 20% 18% 16% 17% 17% 17% 16% 15% 15%
Other grants.............................. 17% 20% 34% 45% 40% 30% 24% 20% 21% 21% 21% 20% 20% 19% 18%
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Total................................... 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
Constant (FY 1996) dollars:
Payments for individuals \1\.............. 11.2 15.7 31.3 44.9 59.8 69.3 88.6 144.0 159.9 163.0 171.3 180.1 190.0 199.2 207.7
Physical capital \1\...................... 16.9 23.9 26.6 24.7 37.2 32.2 30.4 40.4 42.1 45.4 46.9 47.0 46.2 46.2 45.5
Other grants.............................. 8.3 12.8 36.1 67.0 72.0 45.4 38.6 45.3 51.8 54.4 57.6 56.1 55.9 55.1 54.4
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Total................................... 36.4 52.5 94.0 136.6 169.0 146.9 157.6 229.7 253.8 262.7 275.8 283.2 292.2 300.4 307.6
D. Total grants as a percent of:
Federal outlays:
Total..................................... 8% 9% 12% 15% 15% 11% 11% 15% 16% 16% 17% 17% 17% 18% 18%
Domestic programs \2\..................... 18% 18% 23% 22% 22% 18% 17% 22% 22% 22% 22% 23% 23% 23% 23%
State and local expenditures................ 19% 20% 24% 27% 30% 24% 21% 25% 25% N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Gross domestic product...................... 1% 2% 2% 3% 3% 3% 2% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3%
E. As a share of total State and local capital
spending:
Federal capital grants...................... 24% 25% 25% 26% 35% 30% 22% 26% 22% N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
State and local source financing............ 76% 75% 75% 74% 65% 70% 78% 74% 78% N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
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Total..................................... 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
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AN/A: Not available.
A* $50 million or less.
\1\ Grants that are both payments for individuals and capital investment are shown under capital investment.
\2\ Excludes national defense, international affairs, net interest, and undistributed offsetting receipts.
Federal grants for transportation increased to $3.0 billion, or 43
percent of all Federal grants, in 1960 after initiation of aid to States
to build the Interstate Highway System in the late 1950s.
By 1970 there had been significant increases in the relative amounts
for education, training, employment, social services, and health
(largely Medicaid).
In the early and mid-1970s, major new grants were created for natural
resources and environment (construction of sewage treatment plants),
community and regional development (community development block grants),
and general government (general revenue sharing).
Since the late 1970s changes in the relative amounts among functions
reflect steady growth of grants for health (Medicaid) and income
security and restraint in most other areas. The functions with the
largest amount of grants are health; income security; education,
training, employment, and social services; and transportation, with
combined estimated grant outlays of $281.8 billion or 92 percent of
total grant outlays in 2001.
The increase in total outlays for grants overall since 1990 has been
driven by increases in grants for health, which more than tripled from
$43.9 billion in 1990 to an estimated $133.4 billion in 2001. The income
security; education, training, employment, and social services; and
transportation functions also increased substantially, but at a slower
rate than the increase for health.
Section B of the Table shows the distribution of grants divided into
mandatory and discretionary spending.
Funding for grant programs classified as mandatory occurs in
authorizing legislation. Funding levels for mandatory programs can only
be changed by changing eligibility criteria or benefit formulas
established in law and are usually not limited by the annual
appropriations process. Outlays for mandatory grant programs are
estimated to be $179.9 billion in 2001. The three largest mandatory
grant programs are Medicaid, with estimated outlays of $124.8 billion in
2001, Temporary Assistance to Needy Families, $15.8 billion in 2001, and
Food Stamp grants for State administration and Child nutrition programs,
with combined outlays of $13.6 billion in 2001.
The funding level for discretionary grant programs is subject to
approval by Congress annually through appropriations acts. Outlays for
discretionary grant programs are estimated to be $125.7 billion in 2001.
Table 9-3 at the end of this chapter identifies discretionary and
mandatory grant programs separately. For more information on the Budget
Enforcement Act and these categories, see Chapter 24. ``Budget System
and Concepts and Glossary'' in this volume.
Section C of the Table shows the composition of grants divided into
three major categories: payments for individuals, grants for physical
capital, and other grants \2\ Grant outlays for payments for
individuals, which are mainly entitlement programs in which the Federal
Government and the States share the costs, have grown significantly as a
percent of total grants. They increased from 56 percent of the total in
1990 to 63 percent of the total in 1999. While payments for individuals
will comprise 62 percent of grants in 2001, they are estimated to
increase to an estimated 67 percent of the total by 2005.
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\2\ Certain housing grants are classified in the budget as both
payments for individuals and physical capital spending. In the text and
tables in this section, these grants are included in the category for
physical capital spending.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
These grants are distributed through State or local governments to
provide cash or in-kind benefits that
[[Page 246]]
constitute income transfers to individuals or families. The major grant
in this category is Medicaid, which had outlays of $108.0 billion in
1999, increasing to $124.8 billion in 2001. Temporary Assistance for
Needy Families, child nutrition programs, and housing assistance are
also large grants in this category.
Grants for physical capital assist States and localities with
construction and other physical capital activities. The major capital
grants are for highways, but there are also grants for airports, mass
transit, sewage treatment plant construction, community development, and
other facilities. Grants for physical capital were almost half of total
grants in 1960, shortly after grants began for construction of the
Interstate Highway System. The relative share of these outlays has
declined, as payments for individuals have grown. In 2001, grants for
[[Page 247]]
physical capital are estimated to be 17 percent of total grants.
The other grants are primarily for education, training, employment,
and social services. These grants increased to 45 percent of total
grants by 1975, and are projected to be 21 percent of total grants in
2001.
Section C of Table 9-2 also shows these three categories in constant
dollars. In constant 1996 dollars, total grants increase from $157.6
billion in 1990 to an estimated $275.8 billion in 2001, an average
increase of 5.2 percent per year. During this same period, grants for
payments to individuals are estimated to increase an average of 6.2
percent per year; grants for physical capital an average of 4.0 percent
per year, and other grants an average of 3.7 percent per year.
The real growth in grants during the 1990s is in contrast to the
1980s. During the period between 1980 and 1990, outlays for grants in
constant 1996 dollars decreased from $169.0 billion in 1980 to $157.6
billion in 1990.
Section D of this table shows grants as a percentage of Federal
outlays, State and local expenditures, and gross domestic product.
Grants have increased as a percentage of total Federal outlays from 11
percent in 1990 to an estimated 17 percent in 2001. Grants as a
percentage of domestic spending are estimated to be 22 percent in 2001.
As a percentage of total State and local expenditures, grants have
increased from 21 percent in 1990 to 25 percent in 1999.
Section E shows the relative contribution of physical capital grants
in assisting States and localities with capital spending. After a slight
increase to 26 percent of State and local capital spending in 1995,
Federal capital grants have declined to be 22 percent of State and local
spending in 1999, the same share as in 1990.
OTHER INFORMATION ON FEDERAL AID TO STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS
Additional information regarding aid to State and local governments
can be found elsewhere in this budget and in other documents.
Major public physical capital investment programs providing Federal
grants to State and local governments are identified in Chapter 6,
``Federal Investment Spending and Capital Budgeting.''
Data for summary and detailed grants to State and local governments
can be found in many sections of a separate document entitled Historical
Tables. Section 12 of that document is devoted exclusively to grants to
State and local governments. Additional information on grants can be
found in Section 6 (Composition of Federal Government Outlays); Section
9 (Federal Government Outlays for Investment: Major Physical Capital,
Research and Development, and Education and Training); Section 11
(Federal Government Payments for Individuals); and Section 15 (Total
(Federal and State and Local) Government Finances).
In addition to these sources, a number of other sources of information
are available that use slightly different concepts of grants, provide
State-by-State information, provide information on how to apply for
Federal aid, or display information about audits.
Government Finances, published annually by the Bureau of the Census in
the Department of Commerce, provides data on public finances, including
Federal aid to State and local governments.
The Survey of Current Business, published monthly by the Bureau of
Economic Analysis in the Department of Commerce, provides data on the
national income and product accounts (NIPA), a broad statistical concept
encompassing the entire economy. These accounts include data on Federal
grants to State and local governments. Data using the NIPA concepts
appear in this volume in Chapter 16, ``National Income and Product
Accounts.''
The Budget Information for States (BIS) report provides estimates of
State-by-State funding allocations for the largest formula grant
programs for the past, present, and budget year. These programs comprise
approximately 85 percent of total Federal aid to State and local
governments. The document is prepared by the Office of Management and
Budget soon after the Budget is released.
Federal Aid to States, a report prepared by the Bureau of the Census,
shows Federal spending by State for grants for the most recently
completed fiscal year.
The Consolidated Federal Funds Report is an annual document that shows
the distribution of Federal spending by State and county areas and by
local governmental jurisdictions. It is released by the Bureau of the
Census in the Spring.
The Federal Assistance Awards Data System (FAADS) provides
computerized information about current grant funding. Data on all direct
assistance awards are provided quarterly by the Bureau of the Census to
the States and to the Congress.
The Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance is a primary reference
source for communities wishing to apply for grants and other domestic
assistance. The Catalog is prepared by the General Services
Administration with data collected by the Office of Management and
Budget and is available from the Government Printing Office. The basic
edition of the Catalog is usually published in June and an update is
generally published in December. It contains a detailed listing of grant
and other assistance programs; discussions of eligibility criteria,
application procedures, and estimated obligations; and related
information.
The Federal Audit Clearinghouse maintains an on-line database (http://
harvester.census.gov/sac) that provides access to summary information
about audits conducted under OMB Circular A-133, ``Audits to States,
Local Governments, and Non-Profit Organizations.'' Information is
available for each audited entity, including the amount of Federal money
expended by program and whether there were audit findings.
[[Page 248]]
DETAILED FEDERAL AID TABLE
Table 9-3, ``Federal Grants to State and Local Governments-Budget
Authority and Outlays,'' provides detailed budget authority and outlay
data for grants. This table displays discretionary and mandatory grant
programs separately.
Table 9-3. FEDERAL GRANTS TO STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS--BUDGET AUTHORITY AND OUTLAYS
(in millions of dollars)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Budget Authority Outlays
Function, Category, Agency and ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Program 1999 2000 2001 1999 2000 2001
Actual Estimate Estimate Actual Estimate Estimate
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NATIONAL DEFENSE
Discretionary:
Federal Emergency Management
Agency:
Emergency management ........... ............ ............ 1 ............ ............
planning and assistance..
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, discretionary.... ........... ............ ............ 1 ............ ............
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, national ........... ............ ............ 1 ............ ............
defense..............
=================================================================================
ENERGY
Discretionary:
Department of Energy:
Energy Programs:
Energy conservation..... 176 145 219 158 124 151
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, discretionary.... 176 145 219 158 124 151
=================================================================================
Mandatory:
Tennessee Valley Authority:
Tennessee Valley Authority 304 306 314 304 306 314
fund.....................
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, mandatory........ 304 306 314 304 306 314
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, energy......... 480 451 533 462 430 465
=================================================================================
NATURAL RESOURCES AND
ENVIRONMENT
Discretionary:
Department of Agriculture:
Natural Resources
Conservation Service:
Resource conservation ........... ............ ............ 1 1 1
and development........
Watershed and flood 52 41 17 52 66 58
prevention operations..
Forest Service:
State, private and 84 102 123 90 98 117
international forestry.
Management of national 3 ............ 6 ........... 3 6
forest lands for
subsistence uses.......
Department of Commerce:
National Oceanic and
Atmospheric
Administration:
Operations, research, 103 120 135 91 91 101
and facilities.........
Pacific coastal salmon ........... 58 160 ........... 58 160
recovery...............
Department of the Interior:
Office of Surface Mining
Reclamation and
Enforcement:
Regulation and 51 51 45 50 50 54
technology.............
Abandoned mine 170 181 196 154 152 192
reclamation fund.......
Bureau of Reclamation:
Bureau of reclamation 11 12 9 9 14 10
loan subsidy...........
United States Geological
Survey:
Surveys, investigations ........... ............ 8 ........... ............ 8
and research...........
Surveys, investigations ........... ............ 17 ........... ............ 16
and research...........
United States Fish and
Wildlife Service:
Commercial salmon ........... 5 ............ ........... 5 ............
fishery capacity
reduction..............
Non-game wildlife state ........... ............ 100 ........... ............ 25
grants.................
Cooperative endangered 14 23 65 9 15 23
species conservation
fund...................
Wildlife conservation 1 1 1 1 1 1
and appreciation fund..
Miscellaneous permanent 2 2 2 2 2 2
appropriations.........
National Park Service:
National recreation and ........... 2 20 ........... 1 13
preservation...........
Land acquisition and ........... 20 145 ........... 7 51
State assistance.......
[[Page 249]]
Historic preservation 72 75 72 37 73 80
fund...................
Departmental Management:
Priority Federal land ........... 20 ............ ........... 10 4
aquisitions and
exchanges..............
Environmental Protection
Agency:
State and Tribal 3,408 3,446 2,907 2,745 3,064 3,400
Assistance Grants........
Hazardous substance 179 166 171 156 134 141
superfund................
Leaking underground 62 60 62 59 62 61
storage tank trust fund..
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, discretionary.... 4,212 4,385 4,261 3,456 3,907 4,524
=================================================================================
Mandatory:
Department of the Interior:
Bureau of Land Management:
Miscellaneous permanent 50 5 8 50 5 8
payment accounts.......
Minerals Management
Service:
National forests fund, 3 5 3 3 5 3
payment to States......
Leases of lands acquired 1 1 1 1 1 1
for flood control,
navigation, and allied
purposes...............
United States Fish and
Wildlife Service:
Federal aid in wildlife 199 228 237 212 202 209
restoration............
Sport fish restoration.. 279 306 292 257 292 293
Departmental Management:
Everglades watershed ........... ............ ............ 119 42 ............
protection.............
Everglades restoration 4 1 1 ........... 4 1
account................
Department of the Treasury:
Financial Management
Service:
Payment to terrestrial 5 5 5 5 5 5
wildlife habitat
restoration trust fund.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, mandatory........ 541 551 547 647 556 520
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, natural 4,753 4,936 4,808 4,103 4,463 5,044
resources and
environment..........
=================================================================================
AGRICULTURE
Discretionary:
Department of Agriculture:
Departmental
Administration:
Outreach for socially 3 3 10 4 3 10
disadvantaged farmers..
Cooperative State
Research, Education, and
Extension Service:
Extension activities.... 437 424 428 407 452 421
Research and education 237 237 238 206 228 238
activities.............
Integrated activities... ........... 9 18 ........... 1 4
Agricultural Marketing
Service:
Payments to States and 1 1 2 1 1 2
possessions............
Farm Service Agency:
State mediation grants.. 2 3 4 2 3 5
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, discretionary.... 680 677 700 620 688 680
=================================================================================
Mandatory:
Department of Agriculture:
Office of the Secretary:
Fund for rural America.. 1 20 30 12 11 22
Farm Service Agency:
Commodity credit 27 132 93 27 132 93
corporation fund.......
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, mandatory........ 28 152 123 39 143 115
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, agriculture.... 708 829 823 659 831 795
=================================================================================
COMMERCE AND HOUSING CREDIT
Mandatory:
Department of Commerce:
National Oceanic and
Atmospheric
Administration:
Promote and develop 3 1 2 5 6 3
fishery products and
research pertaining to
American fisheries.....
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, mandatory........ 3 1 2 5 6 3
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 250]]
Total, commerce and 3 1 2 5 6 3
housing credit.......
=================================================================================
TRANSPORTATION
Discretionary:
Department of
Transportation:
Coast Guard:
Boat safety............. ........... ............ ............ 21 9 1
Federal Aviation
Administration:
Grants-in-aid for 2,322 1,896 1,950 1,565 1,896 1,899
airports (Airport and
airway trust fund).....
Federal Highway
Administration:
State infrastructure -7 ............ ............ 29 15 12
banks..................
Appalachian development 132 ............ ............ 73 118 76
highway system.........
Highway-related safety ........... ............ ............ 1 1 ............
grants.................
Federal-aid highways \1\ 28,244 30,530 32,764 21,118 23,739 25,829
Miscellaneous ........... ............ ............ 65 132 99
appropriations.........
Miscellaneous highway ........... ............ ............ 40 52 34
trust funds............
Federal Motor Carrier
Safety Administration:
National motor carrier 99 105 187 87 109 128
safety program.........
National Highway Traffic
Safety Administration:
Highway traffic safety 190 197 204 180 200 207
grants.................
Federal Railroad
Administration:
Emergency railroad ........... ............ ............ 6 8 ............
rehabilitation and
repair.................
Alameda Corridor direct ........... ............ ............ 18 ............ ............
loan financing program.
Local rail freight ........... ............ ............ 3 3 ............
assistance.............
Alaska railroad 38 15 ............ 11 42 9
rehabilitation.........
Railroad research and 2 3 ............ 1 2 -1
development............
Conrail commuter ........... ............ ............ 5 6 ............
transition assistance..
Federal Transit
Administration:
Research, training, and ........... ............ ............ 1 2 1
human resources........
Job Access and Reverse 75 75 150 ........... 20 46
Commute Grants \1\.....
Interstate transfer ........... ............ ............ 11 6 3
grants-transit.........
Washington metropolitan 50 ............ ............ 162 134 94
area transit authority.
Formula grants \1\...... 2,799 3,049 3,345 2,174 2,356 2,248
Capital Investment 2,307 2,489 2,646 251 579 1,147
Grants \1\............
Transit planning and 74 89 91 65 64 64
research...............
Discretionary grants -392 ............ ............ 1,524 1,315 933
(Highway trust fund,
Mass transit account)..
Research and Special
Programs Administration:
Research and special ........... ............ 3 1 ............ 2
programs...............
Pipeline safety......... 15 16 24 14 15 16
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, discretionary \1\ 35,948 38,464 41,364 27,426 30,823 32,847
=================================================================================
Mandatory:
Department of
Transportation:
Federal Highway
Administration:
Federal-aid highways.... 739 739 739 1,472 1,446 1,338
Federal Motor Carrier
Safety Administration:
Motor carrier safety.... ........... 76 92 ........... 68 91
Research and Special
Programs Administration:
Emergency preparedness 7 13 13 6 7 10
grants.................
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, mandatory \1\.... 746 828 844 1,478 1,521 1,439
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, transportation. 36,694 39,292 42,208 28,904 32,344 34,286
=================================================================================
COMMUNITY AND REGIONAL
DEVELOPMENT
Discretionary:
Department of Agriculture:
Rural Development:
Rural community 617 590 580 529 599 513
advancement program....
Rural Utilities Service:
Distance learning and 13 21 27 9 15 18
telemedicine program...
Rural Housing Service:
Rural community fire ........... ............ ............ 2 ............ ............
protection grants......
Rural Business--
Cooperative Service:
Rural cooperative 3 6 10 3 6 7
development grants.....
[[Page 251]]
Forest Service:
Southeast Alaska ........... 22 ............ 20 10 7
economic disaster
assistance fund........
Department of Commerce:
Economic Development
Administration:
Economic development 387 386 419 355 408 412
assistance programs....
Department of Housing and
Urban Development:
Public and Indian Housing
Programs:
Moving to work.......... ........... 5 ............ ........... 3 2
Community Planning and
Development:
Community development 4,893 4,781 4,900 4,804 4,856 4,826
block grants...........
Urban development action ........... ............ ............ 18 10 10
grants.................
Community development 30 30 30 9 16 21
loan guarantees subsidy
National cities in 5 5 5 4 4 5
schools community
development program....
Brownfields 25 25 50 ........... 10 28
redevelopment..........
Urban empowerment zones. 45 55 150 3 17 40
Regional connections.... ........... ............ 25 ........... ............ 1
America's private ........... 20 37 ........... 15 28
investment companies
subsidy................
Office of Lead Hazard
Control:
Lead hazard reduction... 80 80 120 2 80 81
Department of the Interior:
Bureau of Indian Affairs:
Operation of Indian 139 135 137 132 133 131
programs...............
Indian guaranteed loan 5 5 6 4 5 7
subsidy................
Departmental Management:
King Cove road and 35 ............ ............ 35 ............ ............
airstrip...............
Department of the Treasury:
Departmental Offices:
United States community 9 10 10 1 14 10
adjustment and
investment program.....
Federal Emergency Management
Agency:
Emergency management 165 173 180 73 168 176
planning and assistance..
Disaster relief........... 1,797 1,797 2,564 3,184 2,339 1,654
Disaster assistance for 230 ............ ............ ........... 74 97
unmet needs..............
National flood mitigation 20 20 20 8 18 25
fund.....................
Appalachian Regional
Commission:
Appalachian regional 58 59 64 136 144 109
commission...............
Commission of Fine Arts:
D.C. arts education grants ........... ............ 1 ........... ............ ............
Denali Commission:
Denali commission......... 20 20 20 1 19 19
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, discretionary.... 8,576 8,245 9,355 9,332 8,963 8,227
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, community and 8,576 8,245 9,355 9,332 8,963 8,227
regional development.
=================================================================================
EDUCATION, TRAINING,
EMPLOYMENT, AND SOCIAL
SERVICES
Discretionary:
Department of Commerce:
National
Telecommunications and
Information
Administration:
Public 10 13 104 14 23 32
telecommunications
facilities, planning
and construction.......
Technology Opportunity 7 6 21 7 13 9
Grants.................
Department of Education:
Office of Elementary and
Secondary Education:
Reading excellence...... 251 56 277 ........... 128 201
Indian education........ 65 75 113 56 79 78
Impact aid.............. 859 901 765 1,076 1,021 783
Chicago litigation ........... ............ ............ 2 3 3
settlement.............
Education Reform........ 1,028 963 448 792 900 953
Education for the 3,647 8,667 9,120 7,534 8,354 8,533
disadvantaged..........
School improvement 2,687 1,357 3,674 1,255 2,385 2,668
programs...............
Office of Bilingual
Education and Minority
Languages Affairs:
Bilingual and immigrant 325 329 356 284 433 330
education..............
Office of Special
Education and
Rehabilitative Services:
Special education....... 5,080 2,035 6,082 4,251 5,121 5,554
Rehabilitation services 117 120 128 87 160 125
and disability research
American printing house 9 10 10 8 13 10
for the blind..........
Office of Vocational and
Adult Education:
Vocational and adult 1,506 851 1,636 1,336 1,512 1,600
education..............
[[Page 252]]
Office of Postsecondary
Education:
Higher education........ 132 150 193 42 127 150
Office of Student
Financial Assistance:
Student financial 25 40 40 23 30 40
assistance.............
Office of Educational
Research and Improvement:
Education research, 230 55 56 74 216 87
statistics, and
improvement............
Department of Health and
Human Services:
Administration for
Children and Families:
Promoting safe and 4 3 3 4 3 3
stable families........
Children and families 5,730 5,003 7,323 5,421 5,906 6,663
services programs......
Administration on Aging:
Aging services programs. 882 933 1,084 879 886 1,020
Department of the Interior:
Bureau of Indian Affairs:
Operation of Indian 91 95 101 92 93 97
programs...............
Department of Labor:
Employment and Training
Administration:
Training and employment 3,622 1,961 3,882 3,436 3,690 4,028
services...............
Community service 97 97 97 97 97 97
employment for older
Americans..............
State unemployment 162 163 196 45 185 164
insurance and
employment service
operations.............
Unemployment trust fund. 963 962 974 1,026 990 939
Corporation for National and
Community Service:
Domestic volunteer service 173 182 185 152 164 177
programs, Operating
expenses.................
National and community 90 112 112 55 64 56
service programs,
operating expenses.......
Corporation for Public
Broadcasting:
Corporation for public 150 190 224 150 181 209
broadcasting.............
District of Columbia:
District of Columbia
General and Special
Payments:
Federal payment for ........... 17 17 ........... 17 17
resident tuition
support................
National Endowment for the
Arts:
National endowment for the 35 34 54 30 31 40
arts: Grants and
administration...........
Institute of Museum and
Library Services:
Office of Museum Services: 6 6 8 5 6 6
Grants and administration
Office of Library 151 151 157 129 157 157
Services: Grants and
administration...........
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, discretionary.... 28,134 25,537 37,440 28,362 32,988 34,829
=================================================================================
Mandatory:
Department of Education:
Office of Special
Education and
Rehabilitative Services:
Rehabilitation services 2,304 2,339 2,400 2,536 2,279 2,381
and disability research
Office of Vocational and
Adult Education:
Vocational and adult ........... ............ ............ 2 ............ ............
education..............
Department of Health and
Human Services:
Administration for
Children and Families:
State legalization ........... ............ ............ -1 ............ ............
impact assistance
grants.................
Job opportunities and ........... ............ ............ 9 8 5
basic skills training
program................
Promoting safe and 269 289 299 242 280 282
stable families........
Social services block 1,909 1,775 1,775 1,993 1,623 1,998
grant..................
Payments to states for 4,922 5,697 6,406 4,707 5,495 6,294
foster care and
adoption assistance....
Department of Labor:
Employment and Training
Administration:
Welfare to work jobs.... 1,488 -187 ............ 267 860 905
Federal unemployment 131 132 155 100 130 138
benefits and allowances
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, mandatory........ 11,023 10,045 11,035 9,855 10,675 12,003
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, education, 39,157 35,582 48,475 38,217 43,663 46,832
training, employment,
and social services..
=================================================================================
HEALTH
Discretionary:
Department of Agriculture:
Food Safety and Inspection
Service:
Salaries and expenses... 45 45 46 44 45 46
Department of Health and
Human Services:
Health Resources and
Services Administration:
Health Resources and 1,498 1,595 1,843 1,448 1,595 1,837
Services...............
[[Page 253]]
Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention:
Disease control, 1,773 1,957 2,041 1,571 1,745 1,846
research, and training.
Substance Abuse and Mental
Health Services
Administration:
Substance abuse and 2,487 2,652 2,823 2,214 2,451 2,648
mental health services.
Department of Labor:
Occupational Safety and
Health Administration:
Salaries and expenses... 80 82 88 79 81 87
Mine Safety and Health
Administration:
Salaries and expenses... 6 6 8 6 6 8
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, discretionary.... 5,889 6,337 6,849 5,362 5,923 6,472
=================================================================================
Mandatory:
Department of Health and
Human Services:
Health Care Financing
Administration:
Grants to States for 102,394 115,000 124,838 108,042 116,117 124,838
Medicaid...............
State children's health 4,247 4,259 4,461 565 1,300 2,117
insurance fund.........
State grants and ........... ............ 62 ........... ............ 16
demonstrations.........
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, mandatory........ 106,641 119,259 129,361 108,607 117,417 126,971
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, health......... 112,530 125,596 136,210 113,969 123,340 133,443
=================================================================================
INCOME SECURITY
Discretionary:
Department of Agriculture:
Rural Housing Service:
Farm labor subsidy...... ........... ............ 36 ........... ............ 7
Food and Nutrition
Service:
Food donations programs. 141 141 151 144 143 151
Commodity assistance 131 133 158 136 132 168
program................
Special supplemental 3,924 4,032 4,145 3,942 4,059 4,146
nutrition program for
women, infants, and
children (WIC).........
Child nutrition programs 5 13 18 5 13 18
Department of Health and
Human Services:
Administration for
Children and Families:
Low income home energy 1,277 1,400 1,400 1,176 1,242 1,105
assistance.............
Refugee and entrant 340 333 309 236 325 318
assistance.............
Payments to States for 997 1,178 1,993 1,029 1,142 1,713
the child care and
development block grant
Department of Housing and
Urban Development:
Public and Indian Housing
Programs:
Public housing operating 2,818 3,138 3,192 2,876 2,972 3,160
fund...................
Annual contributions for ........... ............ ............ 7,364 ............ ............
assisted housing.......
Drug elimination grants 310 310 345 283 325 315
for low-income housing.
Revitalization of 625 575 625 321 588 597
severely distressed
public housing (HOPE
VI)....................
Public housing capital 3,000 2,869 2,955 3,080 3,159 3,346
fund...................
Native American housing 620 620 650 597 665 699
block grant............
Section 8 reserve ........... ............ ............ 429 ............ ............
preservation account...
Housing certificate fund 5,630 458 9,044 4,715 8,450 8,886
Community Planning and
Development:
Supportive housing ........... ............ ............ 63 ............ ............
program................
Homeless assistance 975 1,020 1,200 643 961 1,112
grants.................
Shelter plus care....... ........... ............ ............ 75 ............ ............
Home investment 1,600 1,600 1,650 1,347 1,657 1,734
partnership program....
Youthbuild program...... ........... ............ ............ 2 2 ............
Innovative homeless ........... ............ ............ 9 ............ ............
initiatives
demonstration program..
Housing opportunities 225 232 260 211 212 213
for persons with AIDS..
Rural housing and 32 25 27 ........... 11 22
economic development...
Housing Programs:
Congregate services..... ........... ............ ............ 5 2 ............
Section 8 moderate ........... ............ ............ 31 ............ ............
rehabilitation, single
room occupancy.........
Homeownership and ........... -11 ............ 18 18 18
opportunity for people
everywhere grants (HOPE
grants)................
Housing for special 854 911 989 761 784 1,014
populations............
Department of Labor:
Employment and Training
Administration:
Unemployment trust fund. 2,334 2,266 2,359 2,496 2,282 2,359
[[Page 254]]
Federal Emergency Management
Agency:
Emergency food and shelter 100 110 140 100 110 140
program..................
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, discretionary.... 25,938 21,353 31,646 32,094 29,254 31,241
=================================================================================
Mandatory:
Department of Agriculture:
Agricultural Marketing
Service:
Funds for strengthening 707 730 538 816 536 538
markets, income, and
supply (section 32)....
Food and Nutrition
Service:
Food stamp program...... 3,465 3,797 3,860 3,362 3,717 3,850
Child nutrition programs 9,041 9,403 9,389 8,735 9,198 9,728
Department of Health and
Human Services:
Administration for
Children and Families:
Payments to states for 2,649 1,033 3,124 2,756 3,053 3,091
child support
enforcement and family
support programs.......
Child care entitlement 2,167 2,367 3,161 2,254 2,420 2,952
to States..............
Temporary assistance for 17,693 16,689 16,439 14,161 14,996 15,828
needy families.........
Children's research and ........... ............ 9 ........... ............ 9
technical assistance...
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, mandatory........ 35,722 34,019 36,520 32,084 33,920 35,996
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, income security 61,660 55,372 68,166 64,178 63,174 67,237
=================================================================================
VETERANS BENEFITS AND SERVICES
Discretionary:
Department of Veterans
Affairs:
Veterans Health
Administration:
Medical care............ 273 325 347 273 325 347
Construction:
Grants for construction 90 90 60 40 64 85
of State extended care
facilities.............
Grants for the 10 25 25 4 8 16
construction of State
veterans cemeteries....
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, discretionary.... 373 440 432 317 397 448
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, veterans 373 440 432 317 397 448
benefits and services
=================================================================================
ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE
Discretionary:
Department of Health and
Human Services:
Administration for
Children and Families:
Violent crime reduction 96 92 124 64 97 106
programs...............
Department of Housing and
Urban Development:
Fair Housing and Equal
Opportunity:
Fair housing activities. 40 44 50 31 36 31
Department of Justice:
Office of Justice
Programs:
Justice assistance...... 72 214 238 28 188 185
State and local law 547 1,520 1,577 310 496 3,236
enforcement assistance.
Juvenile justice 231 242 251 127 147 308
programs...............
Violent crime reduction 2,370 1,182 ............ 2,266 1,086 ............
programs, State and
local law enforcement
assistance.............
Community oriented 1,430 595 1,335 1,161 831 1,748
policing services......
Court Services and Offender
Supervision Agency for the
District:
Federal payment to the 59 94 ............ 57 77 ............
Court Services and
Offender Supervision
Agency for the District
of Columbia..............
Equal Employment Opportunity
Commission:
Salaries and expenses..... 29 29 29 28 28 28
State Justice Institute:
State Justice Institute: 7 7 7 8 14 8
Salaries and expenses....
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, discretionary.... 4,881 4,019 3,611 4,080 3,000 5,650
=================================================================================
Mandatory:
Department of Justice:
Legal Activities and U.S.
Marshals:
Assets forfeiture fund.. 288 326 266 240 316 245
[[Page 255]]
Office of Justice
Programs:
Crime victims fund...... 313 495 542 341 742 690
Department of the Treasury:
Departmental Offices:
Department of the 153 97 97 132 108 97
Treasury forfeiture
fund...................
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, mandatory........ 754 918 905 713 1,166 1,032
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, administration 5,635 4,937 4,516 4,793 4,166 6,682
of justice...........
=================================================================================
GENERAL GOVERNMENT
Discretionary:
Department of the Interior:
Bureau of Land Management:
Payments in lieu of 125 134 135 125 135 135
taxes..................
Insular Affairs:
Trust Territory of the ........... ............ ............ 3 6 6
Pacific Islands........
Department of the Treasury:
Departmental Offices:
Department-wide systems ........... 3 ............ ........... 3 ............
and Capital Investments
Programs...............
District of Columbia:
District of Columbia
Courts:
Federal payment to the 4 ............ ............ 4 ............ ............
District of Columbia
Criminal Justice System
Federal payment to the 131 100 103 128 90 103
District of Columbia
Courts.................
Defender services in ........... 33 38 ........... 30 37
District of Columbia
courts.................
District of Columbia
Corrections:
Payment to the District 185 175 134 152 209 134
of Columbia Corrections
Trustee, Operations....
District of Columbia
General and Special
Payments:
Federal payment for 25 ............ ............ 25 ............ ............
Management Reform......
Federal support for 297 32 49 244 81 49
economic development
and management reforms
in the District........
Federal payment for 3 ............ ............ ........... ............ ............
Medicare Coordinated
Care Demonstration
Project................
Federal Drug Control
Programs:
High intensity drug 150 154 192 130 152 166
trafficking areas program
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, discretionary.... 920 631 651 811 706 630
=================================================================================
Mandatory:
Department of Agriculture:
Forest Service:
Payments to states ........... ............ 270 ........... ............ 270
stabilization..........
Payments to States, 125 120 ............ 125 120 ............
northern spotted owl
guarantee, Forest
Service................
Forest Service permanent 109 121 ............ 109 120 ............
appropriations.........
Department of Energy:
Energy Programs:
Payments to States under 3 3 3 3 3 3
Federal Power Act......
Department of the Interior:
Bureau of Land Management:
Miscellaneous permanent 69 69 76 68 67 76
payment accounts.......
Minerals Management
Service:
Mineral leasing and 478 678 583 478 678 583
associated payments....
United States Fish and
Wildlife Service:
National wildlife refuge 19 19 19 19 19 19
fund...................
Insular Affairs:
Assistance to 66 70 74 75 67 90
territories............
Payments to the United 109 109 106 109 109 106
States territories,
fiscal assistance......
Department of the Treasury:
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco
and Firearms:
Internal revenue 235 285 283 235 285 283
collections for Puerto
Rico...................
United States Customs
Service:
Refunds, transfers, and 101 112 114 97 112 114
expenses of operation,
Puerto Rico............
Corps of Engineers:
Permanent appropriations.. 11 9 9 12 9 9
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, mandatory........ 1,325 1,595 1,537 1,330 1,589 1,553
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, general 2,245 2,226 2,188 2,141 2,295 2,183
government...........
=================================================================================
[[Page 256]]
Total, Grants....... 272,814 277,907 317,716 267,081 284,072 305,645
Discretionary \1\. 115,727 110,233 136,528 112,019 116,773 125,699
Mandatory \1\..... 157,087 167,674 181,188 155,062 167,299 179,946
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Budget aurhority for certain highway and mass transit programs is classified as mandatory in other budget
presentations.