[Budget of the United States Government]
[IV. Preparing For the 21st Century]
[5. Promoting Research]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office, www.gpo.gov]


[[Page 95]]

 
                         5.  PROMOTING RESEARCH

  ----------------------------------------------------------------------




  We have to have a balanced research portfolio, because the research enterprise is increasingly interdependent.
Advances in health care, for example, are often dependent on breakthroughs in other disciplines--such as the
physics needed for medical imaging technology, or the computer science needed to develop more drugs more
rapidly, or to continue the mapping of the human genome.

                                      President Clinton
                                      December 1999


  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
  Investments in scientific discovery and technological development--
both public and private--have driven economic growth and improvements in 
the quality of life in America for as long as our Nation has existed. In 
the last 50 years, developments in science and technology have generated 
at least half of the Nation's productivity growth, creating millions of 
high-skill, high-wage jobs and leading to advances in the economy, 
national security, the environment, transportation, and medical care. 
Federal Government support for science and technology has helped put 
Americans on the moon, boosted agricultural productivity, harnessed the 
atom, devised more effective treatments for cancers, tracked weather 
patterns and earthquake faults, and deciphered the chemistry of life.
  Because technological advances are key to progress and economic 
growth, in 1993 President Clinton took office committed to expanding 
investment in civilian research and development. The President's 
economic strategy relied upon the critical element of investing in 
people and proposed targeted investments to help the Nation compete in 
the global economy and improve our quality of life. In his first year, 
the President proposed and secured passage of a research tax credit to 
spur additional basic and applied research as well as significant 
investments to fund research and development (R&D) in a range of fields. 
In 1999, the President established the 21st Century Research Fund for 
America, relying upon a coordinated and balanced investment strategy to 
provide resources for basic research at the National Institutes of 
Health (NIH), the National Science Foundation (NSF), and the Department 
of Energy (DOE) and a wide range of applied research activities in areas 
such as the environment, agriculture, energy, computers, communications, 
and transportation.
  The Administration's support for R&D has been essential to the flow of 
innovative ideas, which have resulted in everything from the discovery 
of the first multi-planet system beyond our own, to unraveling human, 
plant, and microbial genomes, a critical step in understanding the 
function of genes and in turn, potentially treating and curing diseases 
now beyond the reach of medical science. Investments in science and 
technology can bring us breakthroughs in the areas of the environment, 
health, national security, and more, including, for example: fuel 
economies that are double those of today; radical new surgical 
techniques that will make procedures far less invasive; a strong defense 
that continually hones its technological edge; and, fundamental research 
that may provide answers to key basic questions--why cells age and die, 
how human beings learn and remember information, and whether there is 
life on other planets.
  The interdependence of disciplines upon which today's and tomorrow's 
scientific breakthroughs rely means that the balanced allocation of 
resources is all the more important to research in the 21st Century. 
With this budget, the Administration builds significantly upon its 
ongoing strategy of balanced investments in science and technology as 
established in the 21st Century Research Fund. Today,

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balance is often key to scientific discovery, it is increasingly true 
that scientific advances in a broad range of areas build upon each 
other, with developments in one field providing the building blocks for 
others, which in turn serve as the foundation for discoveries in still 
other areas. For example, breakthroughs in the field of health often 
stem from advances, or a combination of advances, in the fields of 
engineering, mathematics, and the physical sciences.

The Science and Technology Initiative: A Bold Course of Strategic Growth

  The President's new Science and Technology Initiative builds upon the 
Administration's 21st Century Research Fund, a balanced set of 
investments in basic and applied research in areas throughout the 
Federal Government (see Chart 5-1). In addition to allocating resources 
in a balanced manner, the Research Fund serves as an effective tool to 
ensure that complementary disciplines are funded consistent with a 
balanced portfolio of research activity.

                                     


  ----------------------------------------------------------------------

                                     Table 5-1.  21st Century Research Fund
                                 (Budget authority, dollar amounts in millions)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                               Percent   Percent
                                                        1993      1999      2000      2001     Change:   Change:
                                                       Actual    Actual   Estimate  Proposed   1993 to   2000 to
                                                                                                2001      2001
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Health and Human Services:
  National Institutes of Health.....................    10,335    15,612    17,813    18,813      +82%       +6%

National Science Foundation.........................     2,750     3,672     3,897     4,572      +66%      +17%

National Aeronautics and Space Administration
 (NASA):
  Space Science.....................................     1,770     2,119     2,193     2,399  ........  ........
  Earth Science.....................................       996     1,414     1,443     1,406  ........  ........
  Aerospace Technology..............................       884     1,199       984     1,058  ........  ........
  Life and Microgravity Sciences....................       408       264       275       302  ........  ........
                                                     -----------------------------------------
    NASA Total......................................     4,058     4,996     4,895     5,165      +27%       +6%

Department of Energy (DOE):
  Science Programs..................................     3,066     2,721     2,788     3,151  ........  ........
  Solar and Renewable R&D...........................       249       336       315       410  ........  ........
  Energy Conservation R&D...........................       346       526       577       660  ........  ........
                                                     -----------------------------------------
    DOE Total.......................................     3,661     3,583     3,680     4,221      +15%      +15%

Department of Defense (DOD):
  Basic Research....................................     1,314     1,068     1,167     1,217  ........  ........
  Applied Research..................................     3,549     3,052     3,415     3,144  ........  ........
                                                     -----------------------------------------
    DOD Total.......................................     4,863     4,120     4,582     4,361      -10%       -5%

Department of Agriculture (USDA):
  CSREES Research and Education.....................       433       486       487       469  ........  ........
  Economic Research Service.........................        59        54        53        55  ........  ........
  Agricultural Research Service.....................       661       794       830       894  ........  ........
  Forest Service Research...........................       183       197       203       231  ........  ........
                                                     -----------------------------------------
    USDA Total......................................     1,336     1,531     1,573     1,649      +23%       +5%

Department of Commerce (DOC):
  Oceanic and Atmospheric Research..................       202       287       301       303  ........  ........
  National Institutes of Standards and Technology          364       540       534       559  ........  ........
   \1\..............................................
                                                     -----------------------------------------
    DOC Total.......................................       566       827       835       862      +52%       +3%

Department of Transportation (DOT):
  Highway Research..................................       221       468       490       715  ........  ........
  Aviation Research.................................       230       150       156       184  ........  ........
                                                     -----------------------------------------
    DOT Total.......................................       451       618       646       899      +99%      +39%

Department of the Interior: U.S. Geological Survey..       750       797       813       895      +19%      +10%

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA):
  Office of Research and Development................       517       562       561       531  ........  ........
  Climate Change Technology programs................  ........       109       103       227  ........  ........
                                                     -----------------------------------------
    EPA Total.......................................       517       671       664       758      +47%      +14%

Department of Education: Research programs..........       162       289       319       379     +134%      +19%

Department of Veterans Affairs: Medical Research....       232       316       321       321      +38%  ........
                                                     -----------------------------------------------------------
21st Century Research Fund..........................    29,681    37,032    40,038    42,895      +45%       +7%
  Science and Technology Initiative.................  ........  ........  ........     2,857  ........  ........
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Does not include the Manufacturing Extension Partnership.

  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
  The Science and Technology Initiative provides a $2.9 billion, or 
seven-percent, increase over the 2000 Research Fund total. The goal of 
the initiative is to accelerate our scientific progress toward meeting 
long-term economic, medical, and national security needs. It supports 
major new investments in existing and new research areas. The initiative 
will sustain U.S. economic and scientific leadership through key 
investments across many fields of science and technology; increase 
investments in fundamental, long-term research; help maintain the 
balance between health care research and other scientific disciplines; 
emphasize university-based research; and increase support for strategic 
research priorities.
  The Science and Technology Initiative puts special emphasis on high-
priority, long-term basic research, including funding to support

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the development of nanotechnology, which is based upon the manipulation 
of matter at the atomic level that could result in new technologies as 
significant to our economy as was the development of the transistor and 
the Internet. For example, nanotechnology offers the promise that 
medical science may one day be able to perform surgery with minimally 
invasive techniques or detect cancerous tumors when they are only a few 
cells in size.
  The initiative also funds the development of biobased products and 
bioenergy to develop new technologies for products to compete with 
transportation fuels and other products made from fossil energy 
resources. In addition, it provides significant funding increases for 
the ongoing Information Technology R&D program to supplement fundamental 
research and advanced supercomputing applications. The initiative also 
boosts many new initiatives and on-going programs, including 
biocomplexity and work force education at NSF, basic energy sciences at 
DOE, solar system exploration and space launch technology at the 
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), critical 
infrastructure protection at the Department of Defense (DOD), and the 
advanced technology program at the Department of Commerce (DOC).
  In keeping with the Administration's emphasis on civilian R&D 
activities, the budget provides an increased share for civilian R&D 
investments, now 51 percent of the total and a substantial increase from 
42 percent in 1993. (For total Federal R&D funding, see Table 5-2; for 
Science and Technology Initiatives highlights, see Table 5-3.) Many of 
the key features of the Science and Technology Initiative are described 
below.
  ----------------------------------------------------------------------

                                Table 5-2.  Research and Development Investments
                                 (Budget authority, dollar amounts in millions)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                               Percent   Percent
                                                        1993      1999      2000      2001     Change:   Change:
                                                       Actual    Actual   Estimate  Proposed   1993 to   2000 to
                                                                                                2001      2001
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Funding by Agency:
  Defense...........................................    38,898    38,850    38,719    38,640       -1%  ........
  Health and Human Services.........................    10,472    15,797    18,063    18,998      +81%       +5%
  National Aeronautics and Space Admin..............     8,873     9,715     9,753    10,035      +13%       +3%
  Energy............................................     6,896     6,992     7,091     7,655      +11%       +8%
  National Science Foundation.......................     2,012     2,702     2,903     3,464      +72%      +19%
  Agriculture.......................................     1,467     1,645     1,773     1,825      +25%       +3%
  Commerce..........................................       793     1,084     1,073     1,152      +45%       +7%
  Transportation....................................       613       786       585       731      +19%      +25%
  Environmental Protection Agency...................       511       670       648       679      +33%       +5%
  Veterans Affairs..................................       253       644       655       655     +159%  ........
  Interior..........................................       649       500       584       590       -9%       +1%
  Education.........................................       200       205       233       271      +36%      +16%
  Other.............................................     1,055       752       664       638      -40%       -4%
                                                     -----------------------------------------------------------
    Total...........................................    72,692    80,342    82,744    85,333      +17%       +3%

Funding by R&D Type:
  Basic Research....................................    13,362    17,468    19,027    20,328      +52%       +7%
  Applied Research..................................    13,608    15,915    17,193    18,026      +32%       +5%
  Development.......................................    42,795    44,302    44,071    44,321       +4%       +1%
  Equipment.........................................       \1\     1,045     1,026     1,137        NA      +11%
  Facilities........................................     2,727     1,612     1,427     1,521       -3%       +7%
                                                     -----------------------------------------------------------
    Total...........................................    72,492    80,342    82,744    85,333      +18%       +3%

Funding by Civilian Theme:
  Basic Research....................................    11,951    16,340    17,808    19,054      +59%       +7%
  Applied Research..................................     9,130    11,551    12,405    13,274      +45%       +7%
  Development.......................................     7,269     8,522     8,818     8,981      +24%       +2%
  Equipment.........................................       \1\       745       743       852        NA      +15%
  Facilities........................................     1,979     1,135       976     1,112       -1%      +14%
                                                     -----------------------------------------------------------
  Subtotal..........................................    30,329    38,293    40,750    43,273      +43%       +6%

Funding by Defense Theme:
  Basic Research....................................     1,411     1,128     1,219     1,274      -10%       +5%
  Applied Research..................................     4,478     4,364     4,788     4,752       +6%       -1%
  Development.......................................    35,526    35,780    35,253    35,340       -1%  ........
  Equipment.........................................       \1\       300       283       285        NA       +1%
  Facilities........................................       748       477       451       409       -7%       -9%
                                                     -----------------------------------------------------------
  Subtotal..........................................    42,163    42,049    41,994    42,060  ........  ........

Funding by R&D Share:
  Civilian..........................................    30,329    38,293    40,750    43,273      +43%       +6%
  Defense...........................................    42,163    42,049    41,994    42,060  ........  ........
                                                     -----------------------------------------------------------
    Total...........................................    72,492    80,342    82,744    85,333      +18%       +3%
                                                     -----------------------------------------------------------
  Civilian (percent)................................       42%       48%       49%       51%  ........  ........

R&D Support to Universities.........................    11,674    15,118    16,547    17,831      +53%       +8%

Merit (Peer) Reviewed R&D Programs..................        NA    23,812    26,021    28,157        NA       +8%
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NA = Not Applicable

\1\ Equipment and facilities data were not collected separately in 1993.

  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
  ----------------------------------------------------------------------

                            Table 5-3.  Science and Technology Initiative Highlights
                                 (Budget authority, dollar amounts in millions)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                               Dollar    Percent
                                                                  1999      2000      2001     Change:   Change:
                                                                 Actual   Estimate  Proposed   2000 to   2000 to
                                                                                                2001      2001
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
National Science and Technology Council Initiatives:
  National Nanotechnology Initiative..........................       247       270       495      +225      +83%
  Information Technology R&D..................................     1,301     1,721     2,315      +594      +35%
     Information Technology Initiative (IT\2\)................  ........       309       823      +514     +166%
     Next Generation Internet.................................       105        86        89        +3       +3%
  Clean Energy: Biobased Products and Bioenergy...............       195       196       289       +93      +47%
  Climate Change Technology Initiative........................     1,021     1,099     1,432      +333      +30%
  Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles................       235       226       255       +29      +13%
  Integrated Science for Ecosystem Challenges.................       630       657       747       +90      +14%
  U.S. Global Change Research Program.........................     1,657     1,701     1,740       +39       +2%
  Interagency Education Research Initiative...................        30        38        50       +12      +32%
  Critical Infrastructure Protection R&D......................       450       461       606      +145      +31%
  Weapons of Mass Destruction Preparedness R&D................       320       473       501       +28       +6%

National Science Foundation:
  Biocomplexity in the Environment............................        12        50       136       +86     +173%
  Work Force in the 21st Century..............................  ........        72       155       +83     +115%

National Aeronautics and Space Administration:................
  Space Launch Initiative.....................................       392       231       290       +59      +26%
  Solar System Exploration....................................       683       801       940      +139      +17%

Department of Energy:
  Spallation Neutron Source (SNS).............................       130       118       281      +163     +138%
  National Scientific User Facilities (excluding SNS).........     1,124     1,124     1,191       +67       +6%

Department of Commerce:
  Advanced Technology Program (New Awards)....................        40        51        65       +14      +27%
  E-Commerce Research.........................................         7         7        11        +4      +57%

Department of Agriculture:
  Climate Change Programs.....................................        52        53       109       +56     +107%
  National Research Initiative................................       119       119       150       +31      +26%

Department of Transportation:
  Intelligent Transportation System Initiative................       177       184       338      +154      +84%
  Highway Vehicle Crashworthiness.............................        27        22        43       +21      +95%

R&D Support to Universities...................................    15,118    16,547    17,831    +1,284       +8%
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

  ----------------------------------------------------------------------

  Strengthening Basic Research and Balancing the Federal Research 
Portfolio: Over the last several years, private industry has expanded 
its support for research and development, but most of these efforts 
focus on bringing new products to market rather than funding the basic 
research that can lead to breakthrough applications in a wide range of 
fields. By supporting basic research that can provide the foundation for 
tomorrow's technologies, the Federal Government can act as a catalyst 
for these breakthroughs. Federal investment in basic research increased 
by nearly 45 percent from 1993 to 2000, with emphasis on health 
research. The budget proposes $20.3 billion to advance a balanced 
portfolio in basic research, an increase of $1.3 million, or seven 
percent, over 2000.
  This initiative builds upon recent gains for the NIH and furthers the 
President's commitment to sustained increases in NIH funding. It 
provides double the largest annual dollar increase ever for NSF, to 
increase support for Administration research priorities and university-
based research. With this initiative, NIH will have grown 82 percent 
since 1993 and NSF by 66 percent. This initiative also provides an 
increase of $363 million for DOE's science portfolio, providing a much 
needed increase for the physical sciences and the user facilities that 
serve the entire science community. NASA's space science program would 
increase $206 million--nine percent for important basic research 
programs that probe the universe and explore nearby planets.

  Strengthening University-Based Research: University-based basic 
research plays a special role in the development of scientific advances. 
The competitive grants process upon which university research relies 
fosters innovation and expands scientific frontiers. At the same time, 
these research grants provide a training ground for the next generation 
of scientists and engineers.
  Funding support for universities, provided primarily through NSF, NIH, 
and DOD, has grown to roughly $16.5 billion, a 42-percent increase, 
since 1993 (see Chart 5-2). The budget proposes $17.8 billion for 
university-based research, an increase of $1.3 billion over 2000. NSF 
represents nearly four percent of Federal R&D funding, but supports over 
50 percent of the Federal non-health basic research conducted at 
colleges and universities. By significantly increasing the number and 
size of new awards available for non-health university researchers in 
2001, the NSF budget also creates incentives to encourage promising 
students to pursue careers in science and technology. 

                                     




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   Promoting Major Multiagency Research Initiatives:  The Science and 
Technology Initiative also supports multiagency investments, including 
two critical new activities: the National Nanotechnology Initiative and 
Biobased Products and Bioenergy, while significantly increasing funding 
for Information Technology and continuing support for other key areas.
  Nanotechnology Research: The budget proposes a new multiagency 
National Nanotechnology Initiative at $495 million--nearly doubling the 
level of effort in 2000. The initiative focuses on the manipulation of 
matter at the atomic and molecular level, allowing us an unprecedented 
chance to study new properties, processes, and phenomena that matter 
exhibits at a scale between atoms and molecules and giving us an 
unprecedented ability to create new classes of devices as small as or 
smaller than a human cell. This research could lead to continued 
improvement in electronics/electro-optics for information technology; 
higher-performance, lower-maintenance materials for manufacturing, 
defense, space, and environmental applications; and, accelerated 
biotechnical applications in medicine, health care, and agriculture. Its 
application in medical science could lead to radical new surgical 
techniques that are far less invasive, and the detection of cancerous 
tumors when they are only a few cells in size.

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  Clean Energy--Biobased products and bioenergy: The budget proposes 
$289 million--a $93 million increase--for a new initiative established 
to meet the goal of tripling U.S. use of biobased products and bioenergy 
as stated by the President in Executive Order 13134 and Memorandum on 
Promoting Biobased Products and Bioenergy. The program provides funds 
for the research and development of technology that can produce 
feedstocks for chemical manufacturing, transportation fuels, and 
electricity that would compete with equivalent products made from fossil 
energy resources. It also funds advanced technology development for 
improving crop productivity and harvesting technologies to produce these 
raw plant materials from farm and forestry operations at an acceptably 
low cost. These new cash crops can boost farm incomes and add good jobs 
to rural economies while offsetting oil imports and reducing pollution 
and greenhouse gas emissions.
  Information Technology (IT) R&D: The IT R&D program funds long-term 
research in computing, information, and communication that will result 
in the development of increasingly powerful high performance computing 
systems, global-scale networking technologies with advanced 
capabilities, advances in software development technologies and 
applications software, advances in managing and accessing vast 
distributed knowledge repositories, and advances in human interface 
technologies. Federal investments for these programs are critical to 
ensuring America's leadership in an industry that accounts for one third 
of our economic growth, creates high-tech, high-wage jobs, and improves 
our quality of life. The budget proposes $2.3 billion for this program, 
which now formally merges the former High Performance Computing and 
Communications (HPCC) program (including the Next Generation Internet) 
with the Information Technology initiative (IT\2\). HPCC is a 10-year 
old program to research better

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supercomputers and networks. IT\2\, introduced in 2000, builds on the 
recommendations of the President's Information Technology Advisory 
Committee to significantly increase investments in long-term, 
fundamental research and advanced computing applications. The merged IT 
R&D program provides a $594 million increase above 2000, to build on the 
fundamental research proposed in IT\2\.
  Climate Change Technology Initiative (CCTI): The budget proposes $1.6 
billion for the third year of this effort to promote energy efficiency, 
develop low-carbon energy sources, and demonstrate technologies to 
reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Of the amount proposed, $1.4 billion is 
for R&D on energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies, carbon 
sequestration, extension of the useful life of existing nuclear plants, 
and development of highly efficient fossil fuel technologies. The 
remainder, $0.2 billion, funds tax credits to stimulate the adoption of 
energy-efficient technologies in buildings, homes, industrial processes, 
vehicles, and power generation.
  Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles (PNGV): The budget 
proposes $255 million--$29 million more than in 2000. This cost-sharing 
partnership with industry aims to produce attractive, affordable 
vehicles capable of meeting all applicable emission and safety 
requirements while achieving a fuel economy up to three times higher 
than today's cars. Current priorities include development of highly 
efficient fuel cells and direct injection engines that meet stringent 
new air quality standards, efficient energy storage systems, power 
electronics, batteries, and lightweight materials.
  Integrated Science for Ecosystem Challenges (ISEC): The budget 
proposes $747 million--$90 million more than in 2000--to support 
environmental research to improve our understanding of factors that 
result in ecosystem decline and biodiversity loss and to design more 
effective options to prevent further decline. In 2001, ISEC will address 
four priority areas: invasive species, biodiversity and species decline; 
harmful algal blooms, hypoxia and eutrophication; habitat conservation 
and ecosystem productivity; and information management, monitoring, and 
integrated assessments.
  Fundamental Health Research: The budget reflects the Administration's 
continued focus on R&D to protect human health. (See Chapter 3 
``Strengthening Health Care'' for more detail.) It funds research 
programs at NIH that have made the United States the world's leader in 
medical research. It also supports the development of vaccines for 
diseases like AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis, which kill more than 
seven million people each year, research on cancer and diabetes, efforts 
to reduce the demand for illicit drugs, a food safety initiative, and 
the fight against emerging infectious diseases. To implement the 
President's Directive on emerging infectious diseases, we have stepped 
up research, surveillance, and response by calling for a nearly 15-
percent increase for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's 
emerging infections programs.
  Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) Preparedness and Critical 
Infrastructure Protection R&D: The budget provides $501 million, a $28 
million increase, for WMD preparedness R&D to enhance our efforts in 
preventing, detecting, and responding to the release of weapons of mass 
destruction, and to more effectively manage the health, environmental, 
and law enforcement consequences should such an incident ever occur. The 
budget also includes $606 million, a $145 million increase, for Critical 
Infrastructure Protection R&D to improve the safety and security of the 
Nation's Critical Infrastructure--the power, communications, 
information, transportation, and other systems on which our economy and 
quality of life depend. These funds will both increase Federal research 
and also establish the Institute for Information Infrastructure 
Protection to work collaboratively with industry, non-profit research 
institutions and academia on key information infrastructure protection 
technologies that private corporations would not otherwise address.
  Education Technology and the Interagency Education Research 
Initiative:  As part of the Administration's commitment to bridge the 
digital divide, the budget proposes $903 million--$137 million more than 
in 2000--for education technology, to ensure that America's classrooms 
are equipped with modern computers and connected to the Internet, that 
educational software is effectively inte

[[Page 103]]

grated in the curriculum, and that teachers are ready to use and teach 
with technology (see Chapter 9, ``Strengthening the American 
Community''). This includes Next Generation Technology grants to develop 
education technology for the next century such as computer use of speech 
understanding to help every student learn to read, or interactive 
simulations that allow students to ``learn by doing.'' Federal R&D 
investments such as the Interagency Education Research Initiative 
(IERI)--a Department of Education, NSF, and NIH's National Institute of 
Child Health and Human Development effort to support research to improve 
student learning and the development and promotion of the use of best 
practices in our schools. IERI is funded at $50 million, a $12 million 
increase above 2000.
  U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP): The budget proposes $1.7 
billion for the USGCRP in 2001. This program will expand our 
understanding of changes in the Earth's environment, humanity's 
influence upon global change, and the impact of change upon society and 
the environment. USGCRP provides useful information for making decisions 
on environmental issues such as climate and ecosystem change, ozone 
depletion, and land use planning. In 1999, the program increased 
attention on the role of vegetation in the processes by which carbon 
moves between the atmosphere, the oceans, and the land.

Investments at Federal Agencies

  National Institutes of Health (NIH):  The budget continues its 
commitment to biomedical research by providing an increase of $1 billion 
over the 2000 level for NIH. This funding level will support research on 
diabetes, brain disorders, cancer, genetic medicine, disease prevention 
strategies, biomedical information and technology--including 
nanotechnology--and development of an AIDS vaccine. NIH's highest 
priority continues to be investigator-initiated, peer-reviewed research 
project grants. In the last year, NIH-supported researchers, who are 
leading the international effort to sequence the human genome, achieved 
a scientific milestone by unraveling for the first time the genetic code 
of an entire human chromosome. This achievement is the first step in the 
genetic revolution which could profoundly alter our approaches to 
preventing, treating, and curing disease.
  National Science Foundation (NSF):  The budget provides $4.57 
billion--17 percent more than in 2000--for NSF, whose broad mission is 
to promote science and engineering research and education across all 
fields and disciplines. In 1999, NSF-funded scientists reported the 
first complete DNA sequence of a plant chromosome, which will provide 
new information about chromosome structure, evolution, intracellular 
signaling and disease resistance in plants. The budget provides $740 
million for NSF's lead role in IT R&D, focusing on long-term computer 
science research and providing scientists access to world-class 
supercomputers. The budget also provides $217 million for the National 
Nanotechnology Initiative. The budget increases funding for 
biocomplexity research by $86 million, or 173 percent, over 2000 to 
promote understanding of the complex biological, physical, chemical, and 
social interactions within and among the Earth's ecosystems. The budget 
also increases funding for the agency's 21st Century Work Force 
initiative by $83 million or 115 percent over 2000, focusing on the 
science of learning and enhancing educational performance and broadening 
participation in the science, mathematics, engineering, and technology 
enterprise.
  Department of Energy (DOE):  The budget provides $3.15 billion, a 13-
percent increase over 2000, for DOE's research programs in physics, 
chemistry, biology, materials, environmental, and computer sciences. The 
budget provides for the construction of new scientific facilities, 
including the Spallation Neutron Source and the Large Hadron Collider 
(in partnership with other countries), and an additional $30 million to 
increase support for DOE's National User Facilities. During this 
Administration, DOE-funded research has produced more than 5,000 new 
Ph.D. scientists. In 1995, researchers at Fermilab announced their 
discovery of the top quark, the last fundamental particle to be 
discovered. In the last seven years, 10 scientists have won Nobel Prizes 
in Chemistry or Physics for their DOE-supported research. In 2001, the 
budget will further strengthen the DOE research community by increasing 
support for research in materials science, the life sciences, and 
computational sciences, along with increased support

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for the scientific user facilities that serve the entire community 
supported by the 21st Century Research Fund.
  National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA):  The budget 
provides $14.0 billion for new and ongoing NASA activities, a three-
percent increase over 2000. NASA's budget includes a 48-percent increase 
for space transportation, including $290 million for a five-year, $4.5 
billion Space Launch Initiative to support a competition in 2005 that 
will enable NASA to more safely meet its human space flight needs at 
lower cost on commercial launch vehicles. This initiative fulfills a 
1994 National Space Transportation Policy guideline calling for 
government and private sector decisions by the end of this decade on 
development of an operational, next-generation reusable launch system. 
The budget provides $2.4 billion, a nine-percent increase over 2000, for 
Space Science. This includes $940 million, a 17-percent increase, for 
enhanced solar system exploration, which supports revolutionary 
technologies and systems for a sustained presence at key research sites 
in our solar system that will greatly enhance the science return and 
resiliency of future missions. The budget also includes $256 million for 
investments to help ensure continued safe Space Shuttle operations, a 
37-percent increase over 2000. Finally, the budget supports a wide range 
of other investments, including: continued deployment of the 
International Space Station within cost guidelines, ongoing development 
of the first series of Earth Observing System satellites for Earth 
Science, and key Aero-Space Technology goals to improve aviation safety, 
air traffic congestion, and aircraft noise and emissions.
  Department of Defense (DOD):  The budget funds $1.2 billion in basic 
research, $3.1 billion in applied research, and $3.2 billion in advanced 
technology development, providing options for new defense strategies and 
laying the groundwork for procuring next-generation defense systems. 
With its emphasis on the physical sciences, DOD's research and 
development investments are vital to the Nation's engineering, 
mathematics, and computer science efforts. The budget proposes $116 
million to conduct Advanced Concept Technology Demonstrations, which 
bring technology experts and military operators together early in 
technology system development to eliminate communication barriers, 
improve management of development programs, and address key warfighter 
challenges. The budget also supports a major role in Information 
Technology R&D, the Nanotechnology Initiative, counterproliferation R&D 
and protecting against 21st Century threats. Recent DOD technological 
accomplishments include two developments with life-saving potential: a 
hemostatic dressing developed for containing previously uncontrollable 
hemorrhages and a method to extend the shelf life of stored blood to 10 
weeks.
  Department of Agriculture (USDA):  The budget provides $894 million 
for the operating programs of the Agricultural Research Service, $64 
million more than in 2000, and $55 million for the Economic Research 
Service, which together conduct a broad range of food, farm, and 
environmental research programs. The budget also provides $469 million 
for grants for the research and education programs of the Cooperative 
State Research, Education, and Extension Service (CSREES), including 
$150 million for the National Research Initiative (NRI), a 26-percent 
increase over the 2000 level. CSREES provides grants for agricultural, 
food, and environmental research, and for higher education. NRI 
competitive research grants improve the quality and increase the 
quantity of USDA's farm, food, and environmental research. The USDA 
budget includes increases for high-priority research in areas such as 
bioenergy and bioproduct human nutrition, food safety, climate change, 
air and water quality, food quality protection, agricultural genomes and 
genetics, sustainable ecosystems, carbon sequestration, and ISEC 
activities, including invasive species, emerging and exotic diseases, 
and the Forest Service's Forest and Rangeland Research program. Under 
the Agricultural Research Extension and Education Reform Act of 1998, 
$120 million in mandatory funding also will be available in 2001.
  Department of Commerce:  In the National Institute of Standards and 
Technology (NIST), the budget provides $176 million--a 23-percent 
increase over 2000--for NIST's Advanced Technology Program to promote 
rigorously competitive, cost-shared R&D partnerships that develop high-
risk technologies promising

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widespread economic benefits. The budget provides $331--a 17-percent 
increase over 2000--for research at NIST's Measurement and Standards 
Laboratories. The NIST labs work with industry to develop and apply 
technology, measurements and standards. In 1999, NIST built upon its 
previous breakthroughs in quantum physics and discovered a new type of 
matter by chilling atoms and manipulating them into a novel formation. 
This eventually may lead to a better understanding of superconductivity, 
resulting in new electronic devices and enormous reductions in the cost 
of producing and transmitting electricity. In 2001, NIST will conduct 
additional research on nanotechnology and information technology, and 
will support a new institute to develop technologies to protect our 
national information infrastructure protection. For the National Oceanic 
and Atmospheric Administration, the budget provides $303 million for 
research to improve understanding of climate change, air quality, and 
stratospheric ozone depletion, as well as research to promote economic 
growth through efforts in marine biotechnology and environmental 
technologies.
  Department of the Interior's U.S. Geological Survey (USGS):  The 
budget provides $895 million--a 10-percent increase over 2000--for 
science that supports natural resource management and environmental 
decision-making. In 1999, USGS scientists developed effective techniques 
to control certain invasive species while reducing impacts to native 
species. The 2001 budget supports research and technical assistance on 
the needs of land managers and local land-use planners. USGS will use 
its mapping, remote sensing, and natural resources monitoring 
capabilities to develop new ways to analyze and improve the availability 
of natural hazard, earth science, and biological information. This 
information will promote local planning and conservation efforts to 
protect the most valuable open spaces and critical habitats. The USGS 
will also begin to operate the seventh Landsat Earth observing satellite 
launched in April 1999. The budget also continues to support research to 
enhance understanding of ecosystems, invasive species, and coral reefs. 
Work in 2001 contributes to the multi-agency ISEC initiative.
  Environmental Protection Agency (EPA):  The budget provides $531 
million, a five-percent decrease from 2000, which contained numerous 
one-time congressional earmarks, for EPA's Office of Research and 
Development (ORD). ORD performs the majority of EPA's research and 
provides a sound scientific and technical foundation for environmental 
policy and regulatory decision-making. The budget funds research in all 
environmental media, and includes funding for EPA's participation 
(either by ORD or the Office of Air and Radiation) in crosscutting 
initiatives such as USGCRP, CCTI, PNGV, and ISEC, as well as funding for 
valuable research projects such as Environmental Technology Verification 
(ETV) and the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP). 
Established by the Administration in 1995, the ETV program has verified 
55 environmental technologies and 105 are currently in testing. In the 
last year, EMAP has verified annual declines in sulfate levels in the 
1990s of up to six percent in the Nation's streams and lakes as a result 
of environmental regulations to curb emissions that cause acid rain.
  Department of Transportation:  The budget proposes a total of $715 
million for the Highway Research and Deployment Initiative--a $225 
million increase over the 2000 level. These increases will address 
activities such as improving the technology for traffic operations and 
design, the durability of pavement and bridges, and reducing 
transportation crashes and incidents. The budget includes $338 million 
for the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) initiative--a package of 
technologies to enhance the safety and efficiency of surface 
transportation infrastructure. This ITS total includes an additional 
$120 million for continued deployment of integrated ``intelligent 
infrastructure,'' such as interactive traffic signals, traveler 
information systems, and advanced electronic motor carrier toll 
clearance systems in urban and rural areas and the commercial vehicle 
industry. The budget also provides $184 million for aviation research 
and development, a $28 million increase over the 2000 level. These 
increases will address key aviation safety, air traffic congestion, 
aircraft noise, and emissions goals in the National R&D Plan for 
Aviation.

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  Department of Veterans Affairs' Medical Research:  The budget provides 
$321 million--about a third of the Department's overall $1 billion 
research program--for clinical, epidemiological, and behavioral studies 
across a broad spectrum of medical research disciplines. Among the 
agency's top research priorities are improving the translation of 
research results into patient care, geriatrics (including end-of-life 
care and Alzheimer's disease), and treatment of Parkinson's disease and 
Persian Gulf Veterans' illnesses.
  Department of Education:  The budget proposes a $60 million increase 
above 2000 for Department of Education reserach programs, including a 
$30 million increase for research, development, and dissemination 
activities under the proposed National Institute for Education Research. 
This includes a $10 million increase, for a total of $20 million, for 
the agency's contribution to the third year of the IERI, a collaborative 
effort with NSF and the NIH's National Institute of Child Health and 
Human Development. This innovative initiative will continue to support 
large-scale research focused on identifying the best approaches to 
raising pre-K-12 student achievement and effectively applying the latest 
educational technologies. The proposed increase for education research 
will also support national research and development centers, field-
initiated studies, ongoing research on comprehensive school reform 
models, and new research on the education of language-minority children.
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