    [Budget of the United States Government]
    [IV. Preparing For the 21st Century]
    [5. Promoting Research]
    [From the U.S. Government Publishing Office, www.gpo.gov]

    [[Page 95]]

                             5.  PROMOTING RESEARCH

      ----------------------------------------------------------------------

      We have to have a balanced research portfolio, because the research enterprise is increasingly interdependent.
    Advances in health care, for example, are often dependent on breakthroughs in other disciplines--such as the
    physics needed for medical imaging technology, or the computer science needed to develop more drugs more
    rapidly, or to continue the mapping of the human genome.

                                          President Clinton
                                          December 1999

      ----------------------------------------------------------------------
      Investments in scientific discovery and technological development--
    both public and private--have driven economic growth and improvements in
    the quality of life in America for as long as our Nation has existed. In
    the last 50 years, developments in science and technology have generated
    at least half of the Nation's productivity growth, creating millions of
    high-skill, high-wage jobs and leading to advances in the economy,
    national security, the environment, transportation, and medical care.
    Federal Government support for science and technology has helped put
    Americans on the moon, boosted agricultural productivity, harnessed the
    atom, devised more effective treatments for cancers, tracked weather
    patterns and earthquake faults, and deciphered the chemistry of life.
      Because technological advances are key to progress and economic
    growth, in 1993 President Clinton took office committed to expanding
    investment in civilian research and development. The President's
    economic strategy relied upon the critical element of investing in
    people and proposed targeted investments to help the Nation compete in
    the global economy and improve our quality of life. In his first year,
    the President proposed and secured passage of a research tax credit to
    spur additional basic and applied research as well as significant
    investments to fund research and development (R&D) in a range of fields.
    In 1999, the President established the 21st Century Research Fund for
    America, relying upon a coordinated and balanced investment strategy to
    provide resources for basic research at the National Institutes of
    Health (NIH), the National Science Foundation (NSF), and the Department
    of Energy (DOE) and a wide range of applied research activities in areas
    such as the environment, agriculture, energy, computers, communications,
    and transportation.
      The Administration's support for R&D has been essential to the flow of
    innovative ideas, which have resulted in everything from the discovery
    of the first multi-planet system beyond our own, to unraveling human,
    plant, and microbial genomes, a critical step in understanding the
    function of genes and in turn, potentially treating and curing diseases
    now beyond the reach of medical science. Investments in science and
    technology can bring us breakthroughs in the areas of the environment,
    health, national security, and more, including, for example: fuel
    economies that are double those of today; radical new surgical
    techniques that will make procedures far less invasive; a strong defense
    that continually hones its technological edge; and, fundamental research
    that may provide answers to key basic questions--why cells age and die,
    how human beings learn and remember information, and whether there is
    life on other planets.
      The interdependence of disciplines upon which today's and tomorrow's
    scientific breakthroughs rely means that the balanced allocation of
    resources is all the more important to research in the 21st Century.
    With this budget, the Administration builds significantly upon its
    ongoing strategy of balanced investments in science and technology as
    established in the 21st Century Research Fund. Today,

    [[Page 96]]

    balance is often key to scientific discovery, it is increasingly true
    that scientific advances in a broad range of areas build upon each
    other, with developments in one field providing the building blocks for
    others, which in turn serve as the foundation for discoveries in still
    other areas. For example, breakthroughs in the field of health often
    stem from advances, or a combination of advances, in the fields of
    engineering, mathematics, and the physical sciences.

    The Science and Technology Initiative: A Bold Course of Strategic Growth

      The President's new Science and Technology Initiative builds upon the
    Administration's 21st Century Research Fund, a balanced set of
    investments in basic and applied research in areas throughout the
    Federal Government (see Chart 5-1). In addition to allocating resources
    in a balanced manner, the Research Fund serves as an effective tool to
    ensure that complementary disciplines are funded consistent with a
    balanced portfolio of research activity.

      ----------------------------------------------------------------------

                                         Table 5-1.  21st Century Research Fund
                                     (Budget authority, dollar amounts in millions)
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                                   Percent   Percent
                                                            1993      1999      2000      2001     Change:   Change:
                                                           Actual    Actual   Estimate  Proposed   1993 to   2000 to
                                                                                                    2001      2001
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Health and Human Services:
      National Institutes of Health.....................    10,335    15,612    17,813    18,813      +82%       +6%

    National Science Foundation.........................     2,750     3,672     3,897     4,572      +66%      +17%

    National Aeronautics and Space Administration
     (NASA):
      Space Science.....................................     1,770     2,119     2,193     2,399  ........  ........
      Earth Science.....................................       996     1,414     1,443     1,406  ........  ........
      Aerospace Technology..............................       884     1,199       984     1,058  ........  ........
      Life and Microgravity Sciences....................       408       264       275       302  ........  ........
                                                         -----------------------------------------
        NASA Total......................................     4,058     4,996     4,895     5,165      +27%       +6%

    Department of Energy (DOE):
      Science Programs..................................     3,066     2,721     2,788     3,151  ........  ........
      Solar and Renewable R&D...........................       249       336       315       410  ........  ........
      Energy Conservation R&D...........................       346       526       577       660  ........  ........
                                                         -----------------------------------------
        DOE Total.......................................     3,661     3,583     3,680     4,221      +15%      +15%

    Department of Defense (DOD):
      Basic Research....................................     1,314     1,068     1,167     1,217  ........  ........
      Applied Research..................................     3,549     3,052     3,415     3,144  ........  ........
                                                         -----------------------------------------
        DOD Total.......................................     4,863     4,120     4,582     4,361      -10%       -5%

    Department of Agriculture (USDA):
      CSREES Research and Education.....................       433       486       487       469  ........  ........
      Economic Research Service.........................        59        54        53        55  ........  ........
      Agricultural Research Service.....................       661       794       830       894  ........  ........
      Forest Service Research...........................       183       197       203       231  ........  ........
                                                         -----------------------------------------
        USDA Total......................................     1,336     1,531     1,573     1,649      +23%       +5%

    Department of Commerce (DOC):
      Oceanic and Atmospheric Research..................       202       287       301       303  ........  ........
      National Institutes of Standards and Technology          364       540       534       559  ........  ........
       \1\..............................................
                                                         -----------------------------------------
        DOC Total.......................................       566       827       835       862      +52%       +3%

    Department of Transportation (DOT):
      Highway Research..................................       221       468       490       715  ........  ........
      Aviation Research.................................       230       150       156       184  ........  ........
                                                         -----------------------------------------
        DOT Total.......................................       451       618       646       899      +99%      +39%

    Department of the Interior: U.S. Geological Survey..       750       797       813       895      +19%      +10%

    Environmental Protection Agency (EPA):
      Office of Research and Development................       517       562       561       531  ........  ........
      Climate Change Technology programs................  ........       109       103       227  ........  ........
                                                         -----------------------------------------
        EPA Total.......................................       517       671       664       758      +47%      +14%

    Department of Education: Research programs..........       162       289       319       379     +134%      +19%

    Department of Veterans Affairs: Medical Research....       232       316       321       321      +38%  ........
                                                         -----------------------------------------------------------
    21st Century Research Fund..........................    29,681    37,032    40,038    42,895      +45%       +7%
      Science and Technology Initiative.................  ........  ........  ........     2,857  ........  ........
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    \1\ Does not include the Manufacturing Extension Partnership.

      ----------------------------------------------------------------------
      The Science and Technology Initiative provides a $2.9 billion, or
    seven-percent, increase over the 2000 Research Fund total. The goal of
    the initiative is to accelerate our scientific progress toward meeting
    long-term economic, medical, and national security needs. It supports
    major new investments in existing and new research areas. The initiative
    will sustain U.S. economic and scientific leadership through key
    investments across many fields of science and technology; increase
    investments in fundamental, long-term research; help maintain the
    balance between health care research and other scientific disciplines;
    emphasize university-based research; and increase support for strategic
    research priorities.
      The Science and Technology Initiative puts special emphasis on high-
    priority, long-term basic research, including funding to support

    [[Page 98]]

    the development of nanotechnology, which is based upon the manipulation
    of matter at the atomic level that could result in new technologies as
    significant to our economy as was the development of the transistor and
    the Internet. For example, nanotechnology offers the promise that
    medical science may one day be able to perform surgery with minimally
    invasive techniques or detect cancerous tumors when they are only a few
    cells in size.
      The initiative also funds the development of biobased products and
    bioenergy to develop new technologies for products to compete with
    transportation fuels and other products made from fossil energy
    resources. In addition, it provides significant funding increases for
    the ongoing Information Technology R&D program to supplement fundamental
    research and advanced supercomputing applications. The initiative also
    boosts many new initiatives and on-going programs, including
    biocomplexity and work force education at NSF, basic energy sciences at
    DOE, solar system exploration and space launch technology at the
    National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), critical
    infrastructure protection at the Department of Defense (DOD), and the
    advanced technology program at the Department of Commerce (DOC).
      In keeping with the Administration's emphasis on civilian R&D
    activities, the budget provides an increased share for civilian R&D
    investments, now 51 percent of the total and a substantial increase from
    42 percent in 1993. (For total Federal R&D funding, see Table 5-2; for
    Science and Technology Initiatives highlights, see Table 5-3.) Many of
    the key features of the Science and Technology Initiative are described
    below.
      ----------------------------------------------------------------------

                                    Table 5-2.  Research and Development Investments
                                     (Budget authority, dollar amounts in millions)
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                                   Percent   Percent
                                                            1993      1999      2000      2001     Change:   Change:
                                                           Actual    Actual   Estimate  Proposed   1993 to   2000 to
                                                                                                    2001      2001
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Funding by Agency:
      Defense...........................................    38,898    38,850    38,719    38,640       -1%  ........
      Health and Human Services.........................    10,472    15,797    18,063    18,998      +81%       +5%
      National Aeronautics and Space Admin..............     8,873     9,715     9,753    10,035      +13%       +3%
      Energy............................................     6,896     6,992     7,091     7,655      +11%       +8%
      National Science Foundation.......................     2,012     2,702     2,903     3,464      +72%      +19%
      Agriculture.......................................     1,467     1,645     1,773     1,825      +25%       +3%
      Commerce..........................................       793     1,084     1,073     1,152      +45%       +7%
      Transportation....................................       613       786       585       731      +19%      +25%
      Environmental Protection Agency...................       511       670       648       679      +33%       +5%
      Veterans Affairs..................................       253       644       655       655     +159%  ........
      Interior..........................................       649       500       584       590       -9%       +1%
      Education.........................................       200       205       233       271      +36%      +16%
      Other.............................................     1,055       752       664       638      -40%       -4%
                                                         -----------------------------------------------------------
        Total...........................................    72,692    80,342    82,744    85,333      +17%       +3%

    Funding by R&D Type:
      Basic Research....................................    13,362    17,468    19,027    20,328      +52%       +7%
      Applied Research..................................    13,608    15,915    17,193    18,026      +32%       +5%
      Development.......................................    42,795    44,302    44,071    44,321       +4%       +1%
      Equipment.........................................       \1\     1,045     1,026     1,137        NA      +11%
      Facilities........................................     2,727     1,612     1,427     1,521       -3%       +7%
                                                         -----------------------------------------------------------
        Total...........................................    72,492    80,342    82,744    85,333      +18%       +3%

    Funding by Civilian Theme:
      Basic Research....................................    11,951    16,340    17,808    19,054      +59%       +7%
      Applied Research..................................     9,130    11,551    12,405    13,274      +45%       +7%
      Development.......................................     7,269     8,522     8,818     8,981      +24%       +2%
      Equipment.........................................       \1\       745       743       852        NA      +15%
      Facilities........................................     1,979     1,135       976     1,112       -1%      +14%
                                                         -----------------------------------------------------------
      Subtotal..........................................    30,329    38,293    40,750    43,273      +43%       +6%

    Funding by Defense Theme:
      Basic Research....................................     1,411     1,128     1,219     1,274      -10%       +5%
      Applied Research..................................     4,478     4,364     4,788     4,752       +6%       -1%
      Development.......................................    35,526    35,780    35,253    35,340       -1%  ........
      Equipment.........................................       \1\       300       283       285        NA       +1%
      Facilities........................................       748       477       451       409       -7%       -9%
                                                         -----------------------------------------------------------
      Subtotal..........................................    42,163    42,049    41,994    42,060  ........  ........

    Funding by R&D Share:
      Civilian..........................................    30,329    38,293    40,750    43,273      +43%       +6%
      Defense...........................................    42,163    42,049    41,994    42,060  ........  ........
                                                         -----------------------------------------------------------
        Total...........................................    72,492    80,342    82,744    85,333      +18%       +3%
                                                         -----------------------------------------------------------
      Civilian (percent)................................       42%       48%       49%       51%  ........  ........

    R&D Support to Universities.........................    11,674    15,118    16,547    17,831      +53%       +8%

    Merit (Peer) Reviewed R&D Programs..................        NA    23,812    26,021    28,157        NA       +8%
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    NA = Not Applicable

    \1\ Equipment and facilities data were not collected separately in 1993.

      ----------------------------------------------------------------------
      ----------------------------------------------------------------------

                                Table 5-3.  Science and Technology Initiative Highlights
                                     (Budget authority, dollar amounts in millions)
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                                   Dollar    Percent
                                                                      1999      2000      2001     Change:   Change:
                                                                     Actual   Estimate  Proposed   2000 to   2000 to
                                                                                                    2001      2001
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    National Science and Technology Council Initiatives:
      National Nanotechnology Initiative..........................       247       270       495      +225      +83%
      Information Technology R&D..................................     1,301     1,721     2,315      +594      +35%
         Information Technology Initiative (IT\2\)................  ........       309       823      +514     +166%
         Next Generation Internet.................................       105        86        89        +3       +3%
      Clean Energy: Biobased Products and Bioenergy...............       195       196       289       +93      +47%
      Climate Change Technology Initiative........................     1,021     1,099     1,432      +333      +30%
      Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles................       235       226       255       +29      +13%
      Integrated Science for Ecosystem Challenges.................       630       657       747       +90      +14%
      U.S. Global Change Research Program.........................     1,657     1,701     1,740       +39       +2%
      Interagency Education Research Initiative...................        30        38        50       +12      +32%
      Critical Infrastructure Protection R&D......................       450       461       606      +145      +31%
      Weapons of Mass Destruction Preparedness R&D................       320       473       501       +28       +6%

    National Science Foundation:
      Biocomplexity in the Environment............................        12        50       136       +86     +173%
      Work Force in the 21st Century..............................  ........        72       155       +83     +115%

    National Aeronautics and Space Administration:................
      Space Launch Initiative.....................................       392       231       290       +59      +26%
      Solar System Exploration....................................       683       801       940      +139      +17%

    Department of Energy:
      Spallation Neutron Source (SNS).............................       130       118       281      +163     +138%
      National Scientific User Facilities (excluding SNS).........     1,124     1,124     1,191       +67       +6%

    Department of Commerce:
      Advanced Technology Program (New Awards)....................        40        51        65       +14      +27%
      E-Commerce Research.........................................         7         7        11        +4      +57%

    Department of Agriculture:
      Climate Change Programs.....................................        52        53       109       +56     +107%
      National Research Initiative................................       119       119       150       +31      +26%

    Department of Transportation:
      Intelligent Transportation System Initiative................       177       184       338      +154      +84%
      Highway Vehicle Crashworthiness.............................        27        22        43       +21      +95%

    R&D Support to Universities...................................    15,118    16,547    17,831    +1,284       +8%
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

      ----------------------------------------------------------------------

      Strengthening Basic Research and Balancing the Federal Research
    Portfolio: Over the last several years, private industry has expanded
    its support for research and development, but most of these efforts
    focus on bringing new products to market rather than funding the basic
    research that can lead to breakthrough applications in a wide range of
    fields. By supporting basic research that can provide the foundation for
    tomorrow's technologies, the Federal Government can act as a catalyst
    for these breakthroughs. Federal investment in basic research increased
    by nearly 45 percent from 1993 to 2000, with emphasis on health
    research. The budget proposes $20.3 billion to advance a balanced
    portfolio in basic research, an increase of $1.3 million, or seven
    percent, over 2000.
      This initiative builds upon recent gains for the NIH and furthers the
    President's commitment to sustained increases in NIH funding. It
    provides double the largest annual dollar increase ever for NSF, to
    increase support for Administration research priorities and university-
    based research. With this initiative, NIH will have grown 82 percent
    since 1993 and NSF by 66 percent. This initiative also provides an
    increase of $363 million for DOE's science portfolio, providing a much
    needed increase for the physical sciences and the user facilities that
    serve the entire science community. NASA's space science program would
    increase $206 million--nine percent for important basic research
    programs that probe the universe and explore nearby planets.

      Strengthening University-Based Research: University-based basic
    research plays a special role in the development of scientific advances.
    The competitive grants process upon which university research relies
    fosters innovation and expands scientific frontiers. At the same time,
    these research grants provide a training ground for the next generation
    of scientists and engineers.
      Funding support for universities, provided primarily through NSF, NIH,
    and DOD, has grown to roughly $16.5 billion, a 42-percent increase,
    since 1993 (see Chart 5-2). The budget proposes $17.8 billion for
    university-based research, an increase of $1.3 billion over 2000. NSF
    represents nearly four percent of Federal R&D funding, but supports over
    50 percent of the Federal non-health basic research conducted at
    colleges and universities. By significantly increasing the number and
    size of new awards available for non-health university researchers in
    2001, the NSF budget also creates incentives to encourage promising
    students to pursue careers in science and technology.

    [[Page 100]]

       Promoting Major Multiagency Research Initiatives:  The Science and
    Technology Initiative also supports multiagency investments, including
    two critical new activities: the National Nanotechnology Initiative and
    Biobased Products and Bioenergy, while significantly increasing funding
    for Information Technology and continuing support for other key areas.
      Nanotechnology Research: The budget proposes a new multiagency
    National Nanotechnology Initiative at $495 million--nearly doubling the
    level of effort in 2000. The initiative focuses on the manipulation of
    matter at the atomic and molecular level, allowing us an unprecedented
    chance to study new properties, processes, and phenomena that matter
    exhibits at a scale between atoms and molecules and giving us an
    unprecedented ability to create new classes of devices as small as or
    smaller than a human cell. This research could lead to continued
    improvement in electronics/electro-optics for information technology;
    higher-performance, lower-maintenance materials for manufacturing,
    defense, space, and environmental applications; and, accelerated
    biotechnical applications in medicine, health care, and agriculture. Its
    application in medical science could lead to radical new surgical
    techniques that are far less invasive, and the detection of cancerous
    tumors when they are only a few cells in size.

    [[Page 101]]

      Clean Energy--Biobased products and bioenergy: The budget proposes
    $289 million--a $93 million increase--for a new initiative established
    to meet the goal of tripling U.S. use of biobased products and bioenergy
    as stated by the President in Executive Order 13134 and Memorandum on
    Promoting Biobased Products and Bioenergy. The program provides funds
    for the research and development of technology that can produce
    feedstocks for chemical manufacturing, transportation fuels, and
    electricity that would compete with equivalent products made from fossil
    energy resources. It also funds advanced technology development for
    improving crop productivity and harvesting technologies to produce these
    raw plant materials from farm and forestry operations at an acceptably
    low cost. These new cash crops can boost farm incomes and add good jobs
    to rural economies while offsetting oil imports and reducing pollution
    and greenhouse gas emissions.
      Information Technology (IT) R&D: The IT R&D program funds long-term
    research in computing, information, and communication that will result
    in the development of increasingly powerful high performance computing
    systems, global-scale networking technologies with advanced
    capabilities, advances in software development technologies and
    applications software, advances in managing and accessing vast
    distributed knowledge repositories, and advances in human interface
    technologies. Federal investments for these programs are critical to
    ensuring America's leadership in an industry that accounts for one third
    of our economic growth, creates high-tech, high-wage jobs, and improves
    our quality of life. The budget proposes $2.3 billion for this program,
    which now formally merges the former High Performance Computing and
    Communications (HPCC) program (including the Next Generation Internet)
    with the Information Technology initiative (IT\2\). HPCC is a 10-year
    old program to research better

    [[Page 102]]

    supercomputers and networks. IT\2\, introduced in 2000, builds on the
    recommendations of the President's Information Technology Advisory
    Committee to significantly increase investments in long-term,
    fundamental research and advanced computing applications. The merged IT
    R&D program provides a $594 million increase above 2000, to build on the
    fundamental research proposed in IT\2\.
      Climate Change Technology Initiative (CCTI): The budget proposes $1.6
    billion for the third year of this effort to promote energy efficiency,
    develop low-carbon energy sources, and demonstrate technologies to
    reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Of the amount proposed, $1.4 billion is
    for R&D on energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies, carbon
    sequestration, extension of the useful life of existing nuclear plants,
    and development of highly efficient fossil fuel technologies. The
    remainder, $0.2 billion, funds tax credits to stimulate the adoption of
    energy-efficient technologies in buildings, homes, industrial processes,
    vehicles, and power generation.
      Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles (PNGV): The budget
    proposes $255 million--$29 million more than in 2000. This cost-sharing
    partnership with industry aims to produce attractive, affordable
    vehicles capable of meeting all applicable emission and safety
    requirements while achieving a fuel economy up to three times higher
    than today's cars. Current priorities include development of highly
    efficient fuel cells and direct injection engines that meet stringent
    new air quality standards, efficient energy storage systems, power
    electronics, batteries, and lightweight materials.
      Integrated Science for Ecosystem Challenges (ISEC): The budget
    proposes $747 million--$90 million more than in 2000--to support
    environmental research to improve our understanding of factors that
    result in ecosystem decline and biodiversity loss and to design more
    effective options to prevent further decline. In 2001, ISEC will address
    four priority areas: invasive species, biodiversity and species decline;
    harmful algal blooms, hypoxia and eutrophication; habitat conservation
    and ecosystem productivity; and information management, monitoring, and
    integrated assessments.
      Fundamental Health Research: The budget reflects the Administration's
    continued focus on R&D to protect human health. (See Chapter 3
    ``Strengthening Health Care'' for more detail.) It funds research
    programs at NIH that have made the United States the world's leader in
    medical research. It also supports the development of vaccines for
    diseases like AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis, which kill more than
    seven million people each year, research on cancer and diabetes, efforts
    to reduce the demand for illicit drugs, a food safety initiative, and
    the fight against emerging infectious diseases. To implement the
    President's Directive on emerging infectious diseases, we have stepped
    up research, surveillance, and response by calling for a nearly 15-
    percent increase for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's
    emerging infections programs.
      Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) Preparedness and Critical
    Infrastructure Protection R&D: The budget provides $501 million, a $28
    million increase, for WMD preparedness R&D to enhance our efforts in
    preventing, detecting, and responding to the release of weapons of mass
    destruction, and to more effectively manage the health, environmental,
    and law enforcement consequences should such an incident ever occur. The
    budget also includes $606 million, a $145 million increase, for Critical
    Infrastructure Protection R&D to improve the safety and security of the
    Nation's Critical Infrastructure--the power, communications,
    information, transportation, and other systems on which our economy and
    quality of life depend. These funds will both increase Federal research
    and also establish the Institute for Information Infrastructure
    Protection to work collaboratively with industry, non-profit research
    institutions and academia on key information infrastructure protection
    technologies that private corporations would not otherwise address.
      Education Technology and the Interagency Education Research
    Initiative:  As part of the Administration's commitment to bridge the
    digital divide, the budget proposes $903 million--$137 million more than
    in 2000--for education technology, to ensure that America's classrooms
    are equipped with modern computers and connected to the Internet, that
    educational software is effectively inte

    [[Page 103]]

    grated in the curriculum, and that teachers are ready to use and teach
    with technology (see Chapter 9, ``Strengthening the American
    Community''). This includes Next Generation Technology grants to develop
    education technology for the next century such as computer use of speech
    understanding to help every student learn to read, or interactive
    simulations that allow students to ``learn by doing.'' Federal R&D
    investments such as the Interagency Education Research Initiative
    (IERI)--a Department of Education, NSF, and NIH's National Institute of
    Child Health and Human Development effort to support research to improve
    student learning and the development and promotion of the use of best
    practices in our schools. IERI is funded at $50 million, a $12 million
    increase above 2000.
      U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP): The budget proposes $1.7
    billion for the USGCRP in 2001. This program will expand our
    understanding of changes in the Earth's environment, humanity's
    influence upon global change, and the impact of change upon society and
    the environment. USGCRP provides useful information for making decisions
    on environmental issues such as climate and ecosystem change, ozone
    depletion, and land use planning. In 1999, the program increased
    attention on the role of vegetation in the processes by which carbon
    moves between the atmosphere, the oceans, and the land.

    Investments at Federal Agencies

      National Institutes of Health (NIH):  The budget continues its
    commitment to biomedical research by providing an increase of $1 billion
    over the 2000 level for NIH. This funding level will support research on
    diabetes, brain disorders, cancer, genetic medicine, disease prevention
    strategies, biomedical information and technology--including
    nanotechnology--and development of an AIDS vaccine. NIH's highest
    priority continues to be investigator-initiated, peer-reviewed research
    project grants. In the last year, NIH-supported researchers, who are
    leading the international effort to sequence the human genome, achieved
    a scientific milestone by unraveling for the first time the genetic code
    of an entire human chromosome. This achievement is the first step in the
    genetic revolution which could profoundly alter our approaches to
    preventing, treating, and curing disease.
      National Science Foundation (NSF):  The budget provides $4.57
    billion--17 percent more than in 2000--for NSF, whose broad mission is
    to promote science and engineering research and education across all
    fields and disciplines. In 1999, NSF-funded scientists reported the
    first complete DNA sequence of a plant chromosome, which will provide
    new information about chromosome structure, evolution, intracellular
    signaling and disease resistance in plants. The budget provides $740
    million for NSF's lead role in IT R&D, focusing on long-term computer
    science research and providing scientists access to world-class
    supercomputers. The budget also provides $217 million for the National
    Nanotechnology Initiative. The budget increases funding for
    biocomplexity research by $86 million, or 173 percent, over 2000 to
    promote understanding of the complex biological, physical, chemical, and
    social interactions within and among the Earth's ecosystems. The budget
    also increases funding for the agency's 21st Century Work Force
    initiative by $83 million or 115 percent over 2000, focusing on the
    science of learning and enhancing educational performance and broadening
    participation in the science, mathematics, engineering, and technology
    enterprise.
      Department of Energy (DOE):  The budget provides $3.15 billion, a 13-
    percent increase over 2000, for DOE's research programs in physics,
    chemistry, biology, materials, environmental, and computer sciences. The
    budget provides for the construction of new scientific facilities,
    including the Spallation Neutron Source and the Large Hadron Collider
    (in partnership with other countries), and an additional $30 million to
    increase support for DOE's National User Facilities. During this
    Administration, DOE-funded research has produced more than 5,000 new
    Ph.D. scientists. In 1995, researchers at Fermilab announced their
    discovery of the top quark, the last fundamental particle to be
    discovered. In the last seven years, 10 scientists have won Nobel Prizes
    in Chemistry or Physics for their DOE-supported research. In 2001, the
    budget will further strengthen the DOE research community by increasing
    support for research in materials science, the life sciences, and
    computational sciences, along with increased support

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    for the scientific user facilities that serve the entire community
    supported by the 21st Century Research Fund.
      National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA):  The budget
    provides $14.0 billion for new and ongoing NASA activities, a three-
    percent increase over 2000. NASA's budget includes a 48-percent increase
    for space transportation, including $290 million for a five-year, $4.5
    billion Space Launch Initiative to support a competition in 2005 that
    will enable NASA to more safely meet its human space flight needs at
    lower cost on commercial launch vehicles. This initiative fulfills a
    1994 National Space Transportation Policy guideline calling for
    government and private sector decisions by the end of this decade on
    development of an operational, next-generation reusable launch system.
    The budget provides $2.4 billion, a nine-percent increase over 2000, for
    Space Science. This includes $940 million, a 17-percent increase, for
    enhanced solar system exploration, which supports revolutionary
    technologies and systems for a sustained presence at key research sites
    in our solar system that will greatly enhance the science return and
    resiliency of future missions. The budget also includes $256 million for
    investments to help ensure continued safe Space Shuttle operations, a
    37-percent increase over 2000. Finally, the budget supports a wide range
    of other investments, including: continued deployment of the
    International Space Station within cost guidelines, ongoing development
    of the first series of Earth Observing System satellites for Earth
    Science, and key Aero-Space Technology goals to improve aviation safety,
    air traffic congestion, and aircraft noise and emissions.
      Department of Defense (DOD):  The budget funds $1.2 billion in basic
    research, $3.1 billion in applied research, and $3.2 billion in advanced
    technology development, providing options for new defense strategies and
    laying the groundwork for procuring next-generation defense systems.
    With its emphasis on the physical sciences, DOD's research and
    development investments are vital to the Nation's engineering,
    mathematics, and computer science efforts. The budget proposes $116
    million to conduct Advanced Concept Technology Demonstrations, which
    bring technology experts and military operators together early in
    technology system development to eliminate communication barriers,
    improve management of development programs, and address key warfighter
    challenges. The budget also supports a major role in Information
    Technology R&D, the Nanotechnology Initiative, counterproliferation R&D
    and protecting against 21st Century threats. Recent DOD technological
    accomplishments include two developments with life-saving potential: a
    hemostatic dressing developed for containing previously uncontrollable
    hemorrhages and a method to extend the shelf life of stored blood to 10
    weeks.
      Department of Agriculture (USDA):  The budget provides $894 million
    for the operating programs of the Agricultural Research Service, $64
    million more than in 2000, and $55 million for the Economic Research
    Service, which together conduct a broad range of food, farm, and
    environmental research programs. The budget also provides $469 million
    for grants for the research and education programs of the Cooperative
    State Research, Education, and Extension Service (CSREES), including
    $150 million for the National Research Initiative (NRI), a 26-percent
    increase over the 2000 level. CSREES provides grants for agricultural,
    food, and environmental research, and for higher education. NRI
    competitive research grants improve the quality and increase the
    quantity of USDA's farm, food, and environmental research. The USDA
    budget includes increases for high-priority research in areas such as
    bioenergy and bioproduct human nutrition, food safety, climate change,
    air and water quality, food quality protection, agricultural genomes and
    genetics, sustainable ecosystems, carbon sequestration, and ISEC
    activities, including invasive species, emerging and exotic diseases,
    and the Forest Service's Forest and Rangeland Research program. Under
    the Agricultural Research Extension and Education Reform Act of 1998,
    $120 million in mandatory funding also will be available in 2001.
      Department of Commerce:  In the National Institute of Standards and
    Technology (NIST), the budget provides $176 million--a 23-percent
    increase over 2000--for NIST's Advanced Technology Program to promote
    rigorously competitive, cost-shared R&D partnerships that develop high-
    risk technologies promising

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    widespread economic benefits. The budget provides $331--a 17-percent
    increase over 2000--for research at NIST's Measurement and Standards
    Laboratories. The NIST labs work with industry to develop and apply
    technology, measurements and standards. In 1999, NIST built upon its
    previous breakthroughs in quantum physics and discovered a new type of
    matter by chilling atoms and manipulating them into a novel formation.
    This eventually may lead to a better understanding of superconductivity,
    resulting in new electronic devices and enormous reductions in the cost
    of producing and transmitting electricity. In 2001, NIST will conduct
    additional research on nanotechnology and information technology, and
    will support a new institute to develop technologies to protect our
    national information infrastructure protection. For the National Oceanic
    and Atmospheric Administration, the budget provides $303 million for
    research to improve understanding of climate change, air quality, and
    stratospheric ozone depletion, as well as research to promote economic
    growth through efforts in marine biotechnology and environmental
    technologies.
      Department of the Interior's U.S. Geological Survey (USGS):  The
    budget provides $895 million--a 10-percent increase over 2000--for
    science that supports natural resource management and environmental
    decision-making. In 1999, USGS scientists developed effective techniques
    to control certain invasive species while reducing impacts to native
    species. The 2001 budget supports research and technical assistance on
    the needs of land managers and local land-use planners. USGS will use
    its mapping, remote sensing, and natural resources monitoring
    capabilities to develop new ways to analyze and improve the availability
    of natural hazard, earth science, and biological information. This
    information will promote local planning and conservation efforts to
    protect the most valuable open spaces and critical habitats. The USGS
    will also begin to operate the seventh Landsat Earth observing satellite
    launched in April 1999. The budget also continues to support research to
    enhance understanding of ecosystems, invasive species, and coral reefs.
    Work in 2001 contributes to the multi-agency ISEC initiative.
      Environmental Protection Agency (EPA):  The budget provides $531
    million, a five-percent decrease from 2000, which contained numerous
    one-time congressional earmarks, for EPA's Office of Research and
    Development (ORD). ORD performs the majority of EPA's research and
    provides a sound scientific and technical foundation for environmental
    policy and regulatory decision-making. The budget funds research in all
    environmental media, and includes funding for EPA's participation
    (either by ORD or the Office of Air and Radiation) in crosscutting
    initiatives such as USGCRP, CCTI, PNGV, and ISEC, as well as funding for
    valuable research projects such as Environmental Technology Verification
    (ETV) and the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP).
    Established by the Administration in 1995, the ETV program has verified
    55 environmental technologies and 105 are currently in testing. In the
    last year, EMAP has verified annual declines in sulfate levels in the
    1990s of up to six percent in the Nation's streams and lakes as a result
    of environmental regulations to curb emissions that cause acid rain.
      Department of Transportation:  The budget proposes a total of $715
    million for the Highway Research and Deployment Initiative--a $225
    million increase over the 2000 level. These increases will address
    activities such as improving the technology for traffic operations and
    design, the durability of pavement and bridges, and reducing
    transportation crashes and incidents. The budget includes $338 million
    for the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) initiative--a package of
    technologies to enhance the safety and efficiency of surface
    transportation infrastructure. This ITS total includes an additional
    $120 million for continued deployment of integrated ``intelligent
    infrastructure,'' such as interactive traffic signals, traveler
    information systems, and advanced electronic motor carrier toll
    clearance systems in urban and rural areas and the commercial vehicle
    industry. The budget also provides $184 million for aviation research
    and development, a $28 million increase over the 2000 level. These
    increases will address key aviation safety, air traffic congestion,
    aircraft noise, and emissions goals in the National R&D Plan for
    Aviation.

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      Department of Veterans Affairs' Medical Research:  The budget provides
    $321 million--about a third of the Department's overall $1 billion
    research program--for clinical, epidemiological, and behavioral studies
    across a broad spectrum of medical research disciplines. Among the
    agency's top research priorities are improving the translation of
    research results into patient care, geriatrics (including end-of-life
    care and Alzheimer's disease), and treatment of Parkinson's disease and
    Persian Gulf Veterans' illnesses.
      Department of Education:  The budget proposes a $60 million increase
    above 2000 for Department of Education reserach programs, including a
    $30 million increase for research, development, and dissemination
    activities under the proposed National Institute for Education Research.
    This includes a $10 million increase, for a total of $20 million, for
    the agency's contribution to the third year of the IERI, a collaborative
    effort with NSF and the NIH's National Institute of Child Health and
    Human Development. This innovative initiative will continue to support
    large-scale research focused on identifying the best approaches to
    raising pre-K-12 student achievement and effectively applying the latest
    educational technologies. The proposed increase for education research
    will also support national research and development centers, field-
    initiated studies, ongoing research on comprehensive school reform
    models, and new research on the education of language-minority children.