[Analytical Perspectives]
[Special Analyses and Presentations]
[7. Research and Development Expenditures]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office, www.gpo.gov]
[[Page 179]]
7. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT EXPENDITURES
In the last one hundred years, science and technology have
fundamentally transformed our lives, from the ways we travel and
communicate, to the food we eat; from the manner in which we learn, to
the quality of our health care and our ability to create a cleaner
environment. The next century offers new fields of research and
innovation and potential solutions to some of society's most pressing
challenges. Technological advances continue to strengthen the ties
between Americans and the rest of the world, enabling new business
endeavors, providing access to news and information from anywhere on the
globe, and improving cultural understanding. As the forces of innovation
and globalization gain momentum, the 21st Century promises to be an era
of great opportunity for the entire world, propelled by new and
remarkable developments.
In the latter half of this century, the Federal Government has played
a critical role in spurring and sustaining scientific and technological
advances. Among other feats, Government-sponsored research and
development put Americans on the moon, explored the oceans, boosted
agricultural productivity, harnessed the atom, devised more effective
treatments for cancers, found the remains of lost civilizations, tracked
weather patterns and earthquake faults, created the Internet, and
deciphered the chemistry of life. Numerous studies show technological
innovation and scientific discovery generated at least half of the
Nation's productivity growth over the last 50 years, created millions of
high-skill, high-wage jobs, and improved the quality of life in America.
In the last year alone, Federal government funding of research and
development produced numerous impressive results, including the first
photograph of a planet outside our own solar system, creation of the
world's fastest supercomputer, identification of the gene that causes
Parkinson's Disease, and a host of other notable achievements.
The future holds even greater possibilities. Scientists and engineers
in many disciplines are within reach of even more exciting advances.
Building on decades of experimental and theoretical developments, they
will be able to rely on new and sophisticated research tools for future
discoveries--supercomputers that can make trillions of calculations in a
second, particle accelerators and electron microscopes that can decipher
atoms and the nature of matter, and space telescopes that can reach to
parts of the universe previously unexplored. In particular,
computational science--supercomputer modeling of extremely complex
systems such as the global climate, the human body, and galaxies--is
emerging as a new and significant branch of research, providing insights
not likely to occur through experimentation or theorizing alone.
Continued leadership in science and technology is a cornerstone of the
President and the Vice President's vision for America. The
Administration is proposing $77.1 billion in outlays for research and
development (R&D) activities in 2000, including $38.7 billion for
civilian R&D--a six percent increase over 1999. Chapter Seven of the
Budget includes a lengthier discussion of R&D activities and shows
budget authority data.
Table 7-1. FEDERAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT EXPENDITURES
(Outlays, dollar amounts in millions)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dollar Percent
1998 1999 2000 Change: Change:
Actual Estimate Proposed 1999 to 1999 to
2000 2000
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
By Agency
Defense................................................................................................ 37,844 37,186 34,992 -2,194 -6%
Health and Human Services.............................................................................. 12,685 14,226 15,582 1,356 9%
National Aeronautics and Space Administration.......................................................... 10,251 10,032 9,620 -412 -4%
Energy................................................................................................. 6,730 7,194 7,495 301 4%
National Science Foundation............................................................................ 2,302 2,334 2,634 300 11%
Agriculture............................................................................................ 1,546 1,671 1,707 36 2%
Commerce............................................................................................... 835 862 864 2 0%
Interior............................................................................................... 451 519 618 99 19%
Transportation......................................................................................... 661 573 1,324 751 131%
Veterans Affairs....................................................................................... 564 658 662 4 1%
Environmental Protection Agency........................................................................ 527 638 652 14 2%
Other.................................................................................................. 958 966 983 17 2%
----------------------------------------------
TOTAL................................................................................................ 75,354 76,859 77,133 274 0%
By R&D Type
Basic Research......................................................................................... 14,892 16,248 17,598 1,350 8%
Applied Research....................................................................................... 14,545 15,447 15,916 469 3%
Development............................................................................................ 43,325 42,281 40,560 -1,721 -4%
Equipment.............................................................................................. 937 937 1,021 84 9%
[[Page 180]]
Facilities............................................................................................. 1,659 1,950 2,038 88 5%
----------------------------------------------
TOTAL................................................................................................ 75,354 76,859 77,133 274 0%
By Civilian Theme
Basic Research......................................................................................... 13,839 15,096 16,448 1,352 9%
Applied Research....................................................................................... 10,410 10,923 11,350 427 4%
Development............................................................................................ 8,370 8,343 8,616 273 3%
Equipment.............................................................................................. 608 608 707 99 16%
Facilities............................................................................................. 1,251 1,455 1,581 126 9%
----------------------------------------------
SUBTOTAL............................................................................................. 34,478 36,425 38,702 2,277 6%
By Defense Theme
Basic Research......................................................................................... 1,053 1,152 1,150 -2 0%
Applied Research....................................................................................... 4,135 4,524 4,566 42 1%
Development............................................................................................ 34,951 33,934 31,950 -1,984 -6%
Equipment.............................................................................................. 329 329 314 -15 -5%
Facilities............................................................................................. 408 495 457 -38 -8%
----------------------------------------------
SUBTOTAL............................................................................................. 40,876 40,434 38,431 -2,003 -5%
R&D Support to Universities.............................................................................. 12,528 13,719 14,427 708 5%
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------