[Analytical Perspectives]
[Special Analyses and Presentations]
[9. Aid to State and Local Governments]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office, www.gpo.gov]
ANALYTICAL PERSPECTIVES
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9. AID TO STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS \1\
State and local governments have a vital constitutional responsibility
to provide government services. They have the major role in providing
domestic public services, such as public education, law enforcement,
roads, water supply, and sewage treatment. The Federal Government
contributes to that role both by promoting a healthy economy and by
providing grants, loans, and tax subsidies to State and local
governments.
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\1\Federal aid to State and local governments is defined as the
provision of resources by the Federal Government to support a State or
local program of governmental service to the public. The three primary
forms of aid are grants, loans, and tax expenditures.
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Federal grants help State and local governments finance programs
covering most areas of domestic public spending, including income
support, infrastructure, education, and social services. Federal grant
outlays were $234.2 billion in 1997 and are estimated to increase to
$250.9 billion in 1998 and $271.3 billion in 1999.
Grant outlays for payments for individuals, such as Medicaid, are
estimated to be 61 percent of total grants in 1999; for physical capital
investment, 16 percent; and for all other purposes, largely education,
training, and social services, 22 percent.
Federal aid to State and local governments is also provided through
tax expenditures. Tax expenditures are revenue losses due to
preferential provisions of the Federal tax laws, such as special
exclusions, exemptions, deductions, credits, deferrals, or tax rates.
The two major tax expenditures benefiting State and local governments
are the deductibility of personal income and property taxes from gross
income for Federal income tax purposes, and the exclusion of interest on
State and local securities from Federal taxation. These provisions, on
an outlay equivalent basis, are estimated to be $70.5 billion in 1998
and $73.2 billion in 1999. A detailed discussion of the measurement and
definition of tax expenditures and a complete list of the amount of
specific tax expenditures are in Chapter 5, ``Tax Expenditures.'' As
discussed in that chapter, there are generally interactions among tax
expenditure provisions, so that the estimates above only approximate the
aggregate effect of these provisions.
Tax expenditures that especially aid State and local governments are
displayed separately at the end of Table 5-5 in that chapter.
Table 9-1. FEDERAL GRANT OUTLAYS BY AGENCY
(In billions of dollars)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Estimate
Agency 1997 -----------------
actual 1998 1999
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Agriculture.................... 17.9 19.1 19.3
Department of Commerce....................... 0.5 0.5 0.5
Department of Education...................... 16.5 16.9 19.8
Department of Energy......................... 0.2 0.2 0.2
Department of Health and Human Services...... 130.7 140.9 152.0
Department of Housing and Urban Development.. 22.3 24.2 24.5
Department of the Interior................... 2.0 2.2 2.0
Department of Justice........................ 2.7 3.2 4.5
Department of Labor.......................... 7.0 8.0 8.8
Department of Transportation................. 26.8 27.7 28.4
Department of the Treasury................... 0.4 0.4 3.8
Department of Veterans Affairs............... 0.3 0.3 0.3
Environmental Protection Agency.............. 2.9 2.7 3.1
Federal Emergency Management Agency.......... 2.2 2.8 2.6
Other agencies............................... 1.7 1.8 1.5
--------------------------
Total...................................... 234.2 250.9 271.3
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 9-1 shows the distribution of grants by agency. Grant outlays
for the Department of Health and Human Services are estimated to be
$152.0 billion in 1999, 56 percent of total grants, much more than any
other agency.
HIGHLIGHTS OF THE FEDERAL AID PROGRAM
Major proposals in this budget affect Federal aid to State and local
governments and the important relationships between the levels of
government. Through the use of grants, the Federal government can share
with State and local governments the cost and, ultimately, the benefits
of a better educated, healthier, and safer citizenry. The Administration
is committed to a Federal system that is more efficient and effective
and to improving the design and administration of Federal grants.
This budget continues the Administration's commitment to giving State
and local governments increased flexibility. Through the use of grants,
Federal agencies can create partnerships with State and local
governments that focus on joint goals and the progress made toward
meeting them.
In addition, this budget proposes several initiatives to successfully
implement welfare reform, new initiatives to improve educational
facilities, and set new standards for educational achievement.
Additional in
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formation on these and other proposals can be found in the main budget
volume.
Medicaid.--Medicaid is the largest grant program. Outlays for Medicaid
are projected to be $107.7 billion in 1999. To promote program integrity
in Medicaid, the Administration is considering an incentive project that
encourages States to measure errors and fraud in State Medicaid programs
and develop performance measures. These projects would help States
identify problem areas in their Medicaid programs, target program
integrity resources more effectively, and measure the success of their
efforts to reduce errors and combat fraud.
As part of the new Children's Health Insurance Program that was
enacted in the Balanced Budget Act of 1997, the budget proposes to allow
school and child care center staff to enroll children into Medicaid
temporarily on the presumption that they are eligible. This proposal
also would enable Medicaid to cover the costs related to providing this
temporary coverage, rather than force States to cover the costs from
their CHIP allotment. In addition, the budget proposes to expand the use
of a special $500 million Medicaid fund, now aimed at outreach for
children losing welfare, to fund outreach to all children. Finally, the
budget would also enable states to provide Medicaid and CHIP assistance
to legal immigrant children who entered the United States after the
President signed the 1996 welfare law.
Other Health.--The new Children's Health Insurance Program that was
enacted in the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 will help extend health
insurance coverage to as many as 5 million uninsured children. The
budget includes $1.8 billion in outlays for grants to States to provide
health insurance coverage to eligible low-income children and $34
million in increased funding for Puerto Rico and the other four
territories. Because States have the option to expand children's health
insurance coverage through the State grant program, through Medicaid or
through a combination of the two, the Medicaid outlays described above
include $1.2 billion for CHIP expenditures.
The Budget also assumes that a portion of receipts from tobacco
legislation would support the kind of activities recommended by States'
Attorneys General and supported by the President, such as grants to
states, cessation programs, assistance to farmers and other state public
health programs. Funding for these activities is shown in the general
government function.
Education.--This Budget includes $7.9 billion in outlays for Title I
of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act to help school provide
educational services to over 10 million children in poor communities.
Title I provides funds to raise the educational achievement of
disadvantaged children. The Budget requests an additional $3.8 billion
over five years to fund Head Start. More than 26,000 regular Head Start
slots and 10,000 Early Start slots would be added in 1999 to the roughly
830,000 low-income children who will be served by Head Start in 1998.
Training.--The Budget proposes $1.5 billion to fund the dislocated
worker assistance program to provide readjustment services, job search
assistance, training, and other services to help an estimated 686,000
dislocated workers find new jobs as quickly as possible.
Welfare-to-work.--To help reach the Temporary Assistance for Needy
Families (TANF) employment goal for welfare recipients, the Budget
includes $3.0 billion in additional targeted funds over 2 years (1998
and 1999) to provide formula and competitive grants to States and local
communities in order to give long-term welfare recipients the job
placement services, transitional employment, and job retention and
support services they need to achieve economic self-sufficiency.
Transportation.--The Budget includes more than $28.3 billion in
outlays for transportation grants to States and local governments for
1999. Of this amount grants to maintain and improve surface
transportation infrastructure include more than $22.6 billion in outlays
for highways and $3.8 billion in outlays for mass transit. In addition
$1.6 billion in outlays are proposed for grants to improve the Nation's
airports.
Housing.--The Budget proposes a second round of funding for
Empowerment Zones and Enterprise Communities to stimulate the public-
private partnerships needed for large scale job creation. The first
round has already proven successful in leveraging private sector funds
and promoting economic opportunity and community-wide revitalization. In
addition, the Brownfields Redevelopment Initiative would be extended to
allow cities to clean up polluted sites, returning them to productive
uses that create jobs and address the economic development needs of
communities in and around those sites.
Rural Development.--The Administration proposes to give States,
localities, and Tribes more flexibility in how they use the Department
of Agriculture's rural development grants and loans for businesses,
water and wastewater facilities, and community facilities such as day
care centers and health clinics. The 1996 Farm Bill authorized this
approach through a new Rural Community Assistance Program (RCAP),
combining 12 separate USDA programs into a Performance Partnership that
can tailor assistance to the unique economic development needs of each
rural community. The Budget proposes $2.9 billion in loans and grants
for RCAP, 4 percent more than in 1998, and the full flexibility that the
1996 Farm Bill envisioned.
Environment.--The budget proposes $775 million in capitalization
grants for Drinking Water State Revolving Funds (SRFs), which make low-
interest loans to help municipalities meet the requirements of the Safe
Drinking Water Act Amendments. These funds help ensure that Americans
have safe, clean, drinking water. In addition, $1.1 billion in
capitalization grants are proposed for Clean Water SRFs to help
municipalities reduce beach closure and keep waterways safe and clean.
General Government.--Federal revenue generated from national forests
and other public lands has been shared with States and local governments
since the
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early 1920's. In some parts of the country, declining or unstable
revenue has resulted in varying levels of funds for needed local
government programs such as roads and schools. The Budget includes
proposals in the Department of Agriculture Forest Service and Department
of the Interior to provide stable, guaranteed payments to States and
counties that are not directly tied to current revenue generated from
public lands, such as from timber sales.
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES
In recent decades, Federal aid to State and local governments has
become a major factor in the financing of certain government functions.
The rudiments of the present system date back to the Civil War. The
Morrill Act, passed in 1862, established the land grant colleges and
instituted certain federally-required standards for States that received
the grants, as is characteristic of the present grant programs. Federal
aid was later initiated for agriculture, highways, vocational education
and rehabilitation, forestry, and public health. In the depression
years, Federal aid was extended to meet income security and other social
welfare needs. However, Federal grants did not become a significant
factor in Federal Government expenditures until after World War II.
Table 9-2 displays trends in Federal grants to State and local
governments since 1960. Section A shows Federal grants by function.
Functions with a substantial amount of grants are shown separately.
Grants for the national defense, energy, commerce and housing credit and
the veterans benefits and services functions are combined in the ``other
functions'' line in the table.
Federal grants for transportation increased to $3.0 billion, or 43
percent of all Federal grants, in 1960 after initiation of aid to States
to build the Interstate Highway System in the late 1950s.
By 1970 there had been significant increases in the relative amounts
for education, training, employment, social services, and health
(largely Medicaid).
In the early and mid-1970s, major new grants were created for natural
resources and environment (construction of sewage treatment plants),
community and regional development (community development block grants),
and general government (general revenue sharing).
Since the late 1970s changes in the relative amounts among functions
reflected steady growth of grants for health (Medicaid) and income
security and restraint in most other areas. The functions with the
largest amount of grants are health, income security, education and
transportation with combined proposed estimated grant outlays of $246.5
billion or 91 percent of estimated total grant outlays in 1999.
Section B of the table shows the distribution of grants divided into
mandatory and discretionary spending, the major categories in the Budget
Enforcement Act (BEA).
Funding for grant programs classified as mandatory occurs in
authorizing legislation. Funding levels for mandatory programs can only
be changed by changing eligibility criteria or benefit formulas
established in law. They are not subject to the annual appropriations
process. Outlays for mandatory grant programs are estimated to be $164.2
billion in 1999. The three largest mandatory grant programs are
Medicaid, with proposed outlays of $107.7 billion in 1999, Temporary
Assistance to Needy Families, $15.9 billion in 1999, and grants for the
Food Stamp and Child nutrition programs, with combined outlays of $12.7
billion in 1999.
The funding level for discretionary grant programs is subject to
approval by Congress annually through appropriations acts. Outlays for
discretionary grant programs are estimated to be $108.3 billion in 1999.
The three largest discretionary grant programs are Federal-aid for
highways ($20.4 billion in 1999), education for the disadvantaged ($7.9
billion in 1999), and Head Start and other children and family services
programs ($5.5 billion in 1999). Table 9-3. ``Federal Grants To State
And Local Governments'' at the end of this chapter identifies
discretionary and mandatory grant programs separately. For more
information on the Budget Enforcement Act and these categories, see
Chapter 23. ``Budget System and Concepts and Glossary'' in this volume.
Section C of the table shows the composition of grants divided into
three major categories: payments for individuals, grants for physical
capital, and other grants.\2\ Grant outlays for payments for
individuals, which are mainly entitlement programs in which the Federal
Government and the States share the costs, have grown significantly as a
percent of total grants. They increased from 36 percent of the total in
1980 to 63 percent of the total in 1995. They are projected to remain at
a little more than 60 percent of the total for the next several years.
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\2\ Certain housing grants are classified in the budget as both
payments for individuals and physical capital spending. In the text and
tables in this section, these grants are included in the category for
physical capital spending.
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These grants are distributed through State or local governments to
provide cash or in-kind benefits that constitute income transfers to
individuals or families. The major grant in this category is Medicaid,
which had outlays of $95.6 billion in 1997, increasing to an estimated
$107.7 billion in 1999. Welfare payments to States (Aid To Families with
Dependent Children (Pre 1997) and Temporary Assistance for Needy
Families), child nutrition programs, and housing assistance are also
large grants in this category.
Grants for physical capital assist States and localities with
construction and other physical capital activities. The major capital
grants are for highways, but there are also grants for airports, mass
transit, sewage treatment plant construction, community development, and
other facilities. Grants for physical capital were almost half of total
grants in 1960, shortly after grants began
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Table 9-2. TRENDS IN FEDERAL GRANTS TO STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS
(Outlays; dollar amounts in billions)
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Actual Estimate
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1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
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A. Distribution of grants by
function:
Natural resources and environment.. 0.1 0.2 0.4 2.4 5.4 4.1 3.7 4.1 3.9 4.1 4.2 4.1 4.4 4.4 4.2 4.1
Agriculture....................... 0.2 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.6 2.4 1.3 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7
Transportation..................... 3.0 4.1 4.6 5.9 13.0 17.0 19.2 25.8 26.0 26.8 27.7 28.4 28.7 28.8 29.0 29.1
Community and regional development. 0.1 0.6 1.8 2.8 6.5 5.2 5.0 7.2 7.9 8.2 9.2 9.0 8.5 7.6 6.7 5.9
Education, training, employment,
and social services............... 0.5 1.1 6.4 12.1 21.9 17.8 23.4 34.1 34.0 34.7 36.2 40.0 42.7 43.1 43.7 44.3
Health............................. 0.2 0.6 3.8 8.8 15.8 24.5 43.9 93.6 97.7 99.0 105.4 113.7 120.9 129.7 139.0 149.8
Income security.................... 2.6 3.5 5.8 9.4 18.5 27.2 35.2 55.1 53.4 55.0 61.2 64.4 67.4 68.9 70.1 71.2
General government................. 0.2 0.2 0.5 7.1 8.6 6.8 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.2 2.3 5.4 5.8 6.4 6.7 7.1
Justice............................ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.5 0.1 0.6 1.2 1.5 2.8 3.3 4.8 4.5 4.5 4.1 3.6
Other.............................. 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.9
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total............................ 7.0 10.9 24.1 49.8 91.4 105.9 135.3 225.0 227.8 234.2 250.9 271.3 284.3 295.1 304.9 316.6
B. Distribution of Grants by major
BEA Category:
Discretionary...................... NA 2.9 10.1 21.0 53.2 55.5 63.4 94.0 94.0 96.2 101.8 107.0 109.4 109.9 108.0 106.5
Mandatory.......................... NA 8.0 13.9 28.8 38.1 50.4 72.0 131.0 133.9 138.0 149.1 164.2 174.8 185.2 196.9 210.1
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Total............................ 7.0 10.9 24.1 49.8 91.4 105.9 135.3 225.0 227.8 234.2 250.9 271.3 284.3 295.1 304.9 316.6
C. Composition:
Current dollars:
Payments for individuals \1\..... 2.5 3.7 8.7 16.8 32.6 49.3 75.7 141.2 142.8 144.2 156.8 166.0 176.1 188.1 198.9 211.2
Physical capital \1\............. 3.3 5.0 7.1 10.9 22.6 24.9 27.2 39.6 40.4 41.5 44.1 44.4 45.3 45.0 43.8 43.2
Other grants..................... 1.2 2.2 8.3 22.2 36.2 31.6 32.5 44.2 44.7 48.5 50.1 60.9 62.9 62.0 62.2 62.2
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Total............................ 7.0 10.9 24.1 49.8 91.4 105.9 135.3 225.0 227.8 234.2 250.9 271.3 284.3 295.1 304.9 316.6
Percentage of total grants:
Payments for individuals \1\..... 35% 34% 36% 34% 36% 47% 56% 63% 63% 62% 62% 61% 62% 64% 65% 67%
Physical capital \1\............. 47% 46% 29% 22% 25% 24% 20% 18% 18% 18% 18% 16% 16% 15% 14% 14%
Other grants..................... 17% 20% 34% 45% 40% 30% 24% 20% 20% 21% 20% 22% 22% 21% 20% 20%
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Total............................ 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
Constant (FY 1992) dollars:
Payments for individuals \1\..... 10.7 15.1 30.0 43.0 56.7 65.2 81.9 130.6 129.1 127.0 135.2 140.1 145.3 151.8 156.9 162.9
Physical capital \1\............. 15.0 21.3 23.8 22.3 33.6 29.5 28.0 36.7 36.5 36.6 38.1 37.4 37.3 36.2 34.3 33.0
Other grants..................... 7.6 11.9 33.1 61.3 65.4 40.9 34.9 40.9 39.9 42.2 42.7 50.7 51.2 49.2 48.1 47.0
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Total............................ 33.4 48.2 86.9 126.6 155.7 135.6 144.7 208.2 205.5 205.8 215.9 228.3 233.8 237.1 239.4 242.9
D. Total grants as a percent of:
Federal outlays:
Total............................ 8% 9% 12% 15% 15% 11% 11% 15% 15% 15% 15% 16% 16% 16% 16% 16%
Domestic programs \2\............ 18% 18% 23% 22% 22% 18% 17% 22% 21% 21% 21% 22% 22% 22% 22% 22%
State and local expenditures....... 19% 20% 24% 27% 31% 25% 21% 25% 24% 24% N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Gross domestic product............. 1% 2% 2% 3% 3% 3% 2% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3%
E. As a share of total State and
local capital spending:
Federal capital grants............. 25% 26% 26% 26% 36% 31% 23% 27% 26% 25% N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
State and local source financing... 75% 74% 74% 74% 64% 69% 77% 73% 74% 75% N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
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Total............................ 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
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N/A = Not available.
* 0.5 percent or less.
\1\ Grants that are both payments for individuals and capital investment are shown under capital investment.
\2\ Excludes national defense, international affairs, net interest, and undistributed offsetting receipts
for construction of the Interstate Highway System. The relative share of
these outlays has declined, as payments for individuals have grown. In
1999, grants for physical capital are estimated to be 16 percent of
total grants.
The other grants are primarily for education, training, employment,
and social services. These grants increased to 45 percent of total
grants by 1975, and are projected to be 22 percent of total grants in
1999.
Section C of Table 9-2 also shows these three categories in constant
dollars. In constant 1992 dollars, total grants increase from $144.7
billion in 1990 to an estimated $228.3 billion in 1999, an average
annual increase of 5.2 percent. Grants for payments to individ
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uals increase from $81.9 billion in 1990 to an estimated $140.1 billion
in 1999, an average annual increase of 6.1 percent; grants for physical
capital increase from $28.0 billion in 1990 to an estimated $37.4
billion in 1999, an average annual increase of 3.3 percent, and other
grants increased from $34.9 billion in 1990 to an estimated $50.7
billion in 1999, an average annual increase of 4.8 percent.
Section D of this table shows grants as a percentage of Federal
outlays, State and local expenditures, and gross domestic product.
Grants have increased as a percentage of total Federal outlays from 11
percent in 1990 to an estimated 16 percent in 1999. Grants as a
percentage of domestic spending are estimated to be 22 percent in 1999.
As a percentage of total State and local expenditures, grants have
increased from 21 percent in 1990 to 24 percent in 1997.
Section E shows the relative contribution of physical capital grants
in assisting States and localities with capital spending. Federal
capital grants have increased slightly from 23 percent of State and
local spending in 1990 to 25 percent in 1997.
OTHER INFORMATION ON FEDERAL AID TO STATE AND LOCALGOVERNMENTS
Additional information regarding aid to State and local governments
can be found elsewhere in this budget and in other documents.
Major public physical capital investment programs providing Federal
grants to State and local governments are identified in Chapter 6,
``Federal Investment Spending and Capital Budgeting.''
Data for summary and detailed grants to State and local governments
can be found in many sections of a separate document entitled Historical
Tables. Section 12 of that document is devoted exclusively to grants to
State and local governments. Additional information on grants can be
found in Section 6 (Composition of Federal Government Outlays); Section
9 (Federal Government Outlays for Investment: Major Physical Capital,
Research and Development, and Education and Training); Section 11
(Federal Government Payments for Individuals); and Section 15 (Total
(Federal and State and Local) Government Finances).
In addition to these sources, a number of other sources of information
are available that use slightly different concepts of grants, provide
State-by-State information, or provide information on how to apply for
Federal aid.
Government Finances, published annually by the Bureau of the Census in
the Department of Commerce, provides data on public finances, including
Federal aid to State and local governments.
The Survey of Current Business, published monthly by the Bureau of
Economic Analysis in the Department of Commerce, provides data on the
national income and product accounts (NIPA), a broad statistical concept
encompassing the entire economy. These accounts include data on Federal
grants to State and local governments. Data using the NIPA concepts
appear in this volume in Chapter 18, ``National Income and Product
Accounts.''
The Budget Information for States (BIS) provides estimates of State-
by-State funding allocations for the largest formula grant programs for
the past, present, and budget year. These programs comprise
approximately 85 percent of total Federal aid to State and local
governments. The document is prepared by the Office of Management and
Budget soon after the Budget is released.
Federal Expenditures by State, a report prepared by the Bureau of the
Census, shows Federal spending by State for grants and other spending
for the most recently completed fiscal year.
The Consolidated Federal Funds Report is an annual document that shows
the distribution of Federal spending by State and county areas and by
local governmental jurisdictions. It is released by the Bureau of the
Census in the Spring.
The Federal Assistance Awards Data System (FAADS) provides
computerized information about current grant funding. Data on all direct
assistance awards are provided quarterly by the Bureau of the Census to
the States and to the Congress.
The Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance is a primary reference
source for communities wishing to apply for grants and other domestic
assistance. The Catalog is prepared by the General Services
Administration with data collected by the Office of Management and
Budget and is available from the Government Printing Office. The basic
edition of the Catalog is usually published in June and an update is
generally published in December. It contains a detailed listing of grant
and other assistance programs; discussions of eligibility criteria,
application procedures, and estimated obligations; and related
information.
DETAILED FEDERAL AID TABLE
Table 9-3, ``Federal Grants to State and Local Governments-Budget
Authority and Outlays,'' provides detailed budget authority and outlay
data for grants. This table displays discretionary and mandatory grant
programs separately.
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Table 9-3. FEDERAL GRANTS TO STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS--BUDGET AUTHORITY AND OUTLAYS
(in millions of dollars)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Budget Authority Outlays
Category, Function, Agency and ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Program 1997 1998 1999 1997 1998 1999
Actual Estimate Estimate Actual Estimate Estimate
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Discretionary
Energy:
Department of Energy:
Energy Programs:
Energy conservation..... 150 155 191 168 160 165
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, energy........... 150 155 191 168 160 165
=================================================================================
Natural resources and
environment:
Department of Agriculture:
Natural Resources
Conservation Service:
Resource conservation
and development........ ........... ............ ............ 2 1 1
Watershed and flood
prevention operations.. 265 47 49 174 279 68
Forest Service:
State and private
forestry............... 90 94 79 101 100 78
Department of Commerce:
National Oceanic and
Atmospheric
Administration:
Operations, research,
and facilities......... 7 3 3 2 2 2
Coastal zone management
fund................... 4 4 ............ 5 8 ............
Department of the Interior:
Office of Surface Mining
Reclamation and
Enforcement:
Regulation and
technology............. 51 50 51 51 50 51
Abandoned mine
reclamation fund....... 164 164 167 182 167 148
Bureau of Reclamation:
Bureau of reclamation
loan subsidy........... 13 12 12 10 20 11
United States Fish and
Wildlife Service:
Cooperative endangered
species conservation
fund................... 14 14 17 9 11 14
Wildlife conservation
and appreciation fund.. 1 1 1 1 1 1
Miscellaneous permanent
appropriations......... 2 2 2 2 2 2
National Park Service:
Urban park and
recreation fund........ ........... ............ 2 2 3 2
Land acquisition and
State assistance....... ........... ............ ............ 20 20 9
Historic preservation
fund................... 37 41 101 40 45 62
Environmental Protection
Agency:
Environmental Protection
Agency:
State and Tribal
Assistance Grants...... 2,910 3,213 2,903 2,719 2,553 2,781
Hazardous substance
superfund.............. 143 131 335 135 140 227
Leaking underground
storage tank trust fund 51 56 61 53 55 59
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Total, natural resources
and environment........ 3,752 3,832 3,783 3,508 3,457 3,516
=================================================================================
Agriculture:
Department of Agriculture:
Departmental
Administration:
Outreach for socially
disadvantaged farmers.. 1 3 10 2 5 10
Cooperative State
Research, Education, and
Extension Service:
Extension activities.... 426 423 419 420 420 420
Research and education
activities............. 222 222 216 207 223 227
Integrated research,
education, and
extension competitive
grants program......... ........... ............ 4 ........... ............ 2
Agricultural Marketing
Service:
Payments to States and
possessions............ 1 1 1 1 1 1
Farm Service Agency:
State mediation grants.. 2 2 4 3 2 3
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, agriculture...... 652 651 654 633 651 663
=================================================================================
Commerce and housing credit:
Department of Commerce:
National Institute of
Standards and Technology:
Industrial technology
services............... 6 6 7 4 4 4
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, commerce and
housing credit......... 6 6 7 4 4 4
=================================================================================
Transportation:
Department of
Transportation:
Coast Guard:
Port safety development. 5 ............ ............ 5 ............ ............
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Boat safety............. 35 35 ............ 26 30 18
Federal Aviation
Administration:
Grants-in-aid for
airports (Airport and
airway trust fund)..... 1,460 1,700 1,700 1,489 1,554 1,636
Federal Highway
Administration:
Orange County (CA) toll
road demonstration
project subsidy........ ........... ............ ............ 1 1 1
State infrastructure
banks.................. 150 ............ ............ 2 84 32
Appalachian development
highway system......... ........... 300 ............ ........... 81 123
Highway-related safety
grants................. ........... ............ ............ 9 4 2
Motor carrier safety
program................ 79 85 100 78 80 89
Transportation
infrastructure credit
enhancement program.... ........... ............ 100 ........... ............ 75
Federal-aid highways.... 19,455 21,262 21,257 18,422 19,533 20,393
State infrastructure
banks (Highway trust
fund).................. ........... ............ 150 ........... ............ 30
Miscellaneous
appropriations......... ........... ............ ............ 178 123 108
Miscellaneous highway
trust funds............ ........... ............ ............ 56 64 53
National Highway Traffic
Safety Administration:
Highway traffic safety
grants................. 162 180 227 142 171 199
Federal Railroad
Administration:
Emergency railroad
rehabilitation and
repair................. 19 ............ ............ ........... 8 8
Direct loan financing
program................ 59 ............ ............ 21 21 18
Local rail freight
assistance............. ........... ............ ............ 7 4 4
Alaska railroad
rehabilitation......... 10 10 ............ 8 6 6
Railroad research and
development............ 1 3 1 1 1 1
Conrail commuter
transition assistance.. ........... ............ ............ 2 2 11
Federal Transit
Administration:
Research, training, and
human resources........ ........... ............ ............ 5 3 2
Interstate transfer
grants-transit......... ........... ............ ............ 18 19 5
Washington metropolitan
area transit authority. 200 200 ............ 214 202 152
Formula grants.......... 2,149 2,500 ............ 2,199 2,054 1,710
Transit planning and
research............... 55 61 ............ 53 50 63
Major capital
investments (Highway
trust fund, mass
transit account)....... 1,898 2,000 876 2,002 1,738 1,698
Washington metropolitan
area transit authority
(Highway trust fund,
mass transit account).. ........... ............ 50 ........... ............ 1
Formula programs
(Highway trust fund,
mass transit account).. ........... ............ 3,709 ........... ............ 185
Miscellaneous expired
accounts............... ........... ............ ............ 8 2 1
Research and Special
Programs Administration:
Pipeline safety......... 13 14 15 12 13 14
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, Transportation... 25,750 28,350 28,185 24,958 25,848 26,638
=================================================================================
Community and regional
development:
Department of Agriculture:
Rural Development:
Rural community
advancement program.... 654 644 706 627 645 640
Rural Utilities Service:
Distance learning and
medical link subsidy... 9 13 15 3 22 25
Rural Housing Service:
Rural community fire
protection grants...... 1 2 ............ 2 2 1
Rural Business--
Cooperative Service:
Rural cooperative
development grants..... 3 3 6 2 4 6
Forest Service:
Southeast Alaska
economic disaster fund. ........... ............ ............ 47 13 13
Department of Commerce:
Economic Development
Administration:
Economic development
assistance programs.... 404 340 368 400 417 401
Department of Housing and
Urban Development:
Community Planning and
Development:
Community development
block grants........... 4,854 4,924 4,725 4,517 4,989 4,959
Urban development action
grants................. -4 ............ ............ 30 50 30
Economic development
initiative............. ........... ............ 400 ........... ............ 8
Supplemental assistance
for facilities to
assist the homeless.... ........... ............ ............ 2 2 ............
Community development
loan guarantees subsidy 32 30 30 3 16 19
Brownfields
redevelopment.......... ........... 25 50 ........... 1 10
Urban empowerment zones. ........... 5 ............ ........... ............ 2
Homeownership zones..... ........... ............ 25 ........... ............ 1
Office of Lead Hazard
Control:
Lead hazard reduction... ........... ............ 85 ........... ............ 1
[[Page 220]]
Department of the Interior:
Bureau of Indian Affairs:
Operation of Indian
programs............... 151 119 131 110 117 112
Indian guaranteed loan
subsidy................ 37 5 5 33 5 5
Federal Emergency Management
Agency:
Federal Emergency
Management Agency:
Emergency management
planning and assistance 133 159 119 108 144 138
Disaster relief......... 3,696 256 246 2,041 2,602 2,376
Pre-disaster mitigation. ........... ............ 45 ........... ............ 22
Appalachian Regional
Commission:
Appalachian Regional
Commission:
Appalachian regional
commission............. 154 164 60 236 159 176
Delta region economic
development program.... ........... ............ 24 ........... ............ 2
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, community and
regional development... 10,124 6,689 7,040 8,161 9,188 8,947
=================================================================================
Education, training,
employment, and social
services:
Department of Commerce:
National
Telecommunications and
Information
Administration:
Public
telecommunications
facilities and digital
broadcast applications
program................ 13 19 14 17 21 21
Information
infrastructure grants.. 21 20 22 28 27 25
Department of Education:
Office of Elementary and
Secondary Education:
America Reads Challenge. ........... ............ 260 ........... ............ 14
Indian education........ 58 60 65 51 52 65
Impact aid.............. 730 805 686 651 1,001 716
Chicago litigation
settlement............. ........... ............ ............ ........... 5 2
Education Reform........ 677 1,100 1,090 427 648 1,095
Education for the
disadvantaged.......... 7,772 7,852 8,469 7,187 6,231 7,923
School improvement
programs............... 1,323 1,427 1,345 1,187 1,282 1,362
Office of Bilingual
Education and Minority
Languages Affairs:
Bilingual and immigrant
education.............. 254 324 332 171 268 318
Office of Special
Education and
Rehabilitative Services:
Special education....... 3,784 4,560 4,590 3,067 3,584 4,075
American printing house
for the blind.......... 7 7 7 7 8 7
Office of Vocational and
Adult Education:
Vocational and adult
education.............. 1,458 1,478 1,501 1,375 1,306 1,467
Office of Postsecondary
Education:
Student financial
assistance............. 50 25 ............ 43 50 20
Higher education........ 33 55 39 32 34 49
Office of Educational
Research and Improvement:
Title I--Education
research, statistics,
and improvement........ 204 45 205 44 159 67
Department of Health and
Human Services:
Administration for
Children and Families:
Children and families
services programs...... 5,087 5,408 5,676 4,876 5,233 5,519
Administration on Aging:
Aging services programs. 832 865 871 828 851 860
Department of the Interior:
Bureau of Indian Affairs:
Operation of Indian
programs............... 79 90 106 90 80 84
Department of Labor:
Employment and Training
Administration:
Training and employment
services............... 3,513 3,647 3,809 3,324 3,643 3,440
Community service
employment for older
Americans.............. 102 97 97 88 100 97
State unemployment
insurance and
employment service
operations............. 200 203 192 105 233 180
Unemployment trust fund. 980 981 982 1,032 981 974
Corporation for National and
Community Service:
Corporation for National
and Community Service:
Domestic volunteer
service programs,
Operating expenses..... 135 162 175 143 152 168
National and community
service programs,
operating expenses..... 72 77 90 65 55 81
Corporation for Public
Broadcasting:
Corporation for Public
Broadcasting:
Corporation for public
broadcasting........... 87 83 83 87 83 83
National Endowment for the
Arts:
National Endowment for the
Arts:
National endowment for
the arts: Grants and
administration......... 28 32 47 28 34 33
[[Page 221]]
Institute of Museum and
Library Services:
Institute of Museum and
Library Services:
Office of Museum
Services: Grants and
administration......... 6 5 6 6 8 5
Office of Library
Services: Grants and
administration......... 128 129 131 132 171 129
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, education,
training, employment,
and social services.... 27,633 29,556 30,890 25,091 26,300 28,879
=================================================================================
Health:
Department of Agriculture:
Food Safety and Inspection
Service:
Salaries and expenses... 42 43 42 42 43 42
Department of Health and
Human Services:
Health Resources and
Services Administration:
Health Resources and
Services............... 1,682 1,762 1,793 1,080 1,132 1,151
Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention:
Disease control,
research, and training. 678 666 674 596 643 666
Substance Abuse and Mental
Health Services
Administration:
Substance abuse and
mental health services. 2,195 2,197 2,280 1,622 2,164 2,193
Department of Labor:
Occupational Safety and
Health Administration:
Salaries and expenses... 77 78 81 76 77 80
Mine Safety and Health
Administration:
Salaries and expenses... 6 6 6 6 6 6
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, health........... 4,680 4,752 4,876 3,422 4,065 4,138
=================================================================================
Income security:
Department of Agriculture:
Food and Nutrition
Service:
Commodity assistance
program................ 307 282 317 319 290 315
Special supplemental
nutrition program for
women, infants, and
children (WIC)......... 3,803 3,921 4,078 3,863 3,946 4,049
Department of Health and
Human Services:
Administration for
Children and Families:
Low income home energy
assistance............. 1,215 1,000 1,100 1,221 1,074 1,077
Refugee and entrant
assistance............. 380 377 369 277 363 361
Payments to States for
the child care and
development block grant 19 1,003 1,183 909 980 1,068
Department of Housing and
Urban Development:
Public and Indian Housing
Programs:
Public housing operating
fund................... ........... 2,900 2,818 1,530 3,090 2,861
Annual contributions for
assisted housing....... -3,725 ............ ............ 12,142 4,263 1,854
Drug elimination grants
for low-income housing. 290 310 310 291 288 273
Revitalization of
severely distressed
public housing (HOPE
VI).................... 550 550 550 205 405 524
Public housing capital
fund................... ........... 2,500 2,550 ........... 3,810 3,511
Preserving existing
housing investment..... 5,753 ............ ............ 1,483 ............ ............
Native American housing
block grant............ ........... 600 600 ........... 81 240
Section 8 reserve
preservation account... ........... -550 ............ ........... 350 2,176
Housing certificate fund 2,768 6,191 4,874 51 3,550 4,428
Welfare-to-work housing
vouchers............... ........... ............ 283 ........... ............ 27
Community Planning and
Development:
Home loan guarantee
subsidy................ ........... ............ 11 ........... ............ 3
Emergency shelter grants
program................ ........... ............ ............ 4 2 ............
Supportive housing
program................ ........... -6 ............ 159 146 112
Homeless assistance
grants................. 823 823 1,150 319 609 798
Shelter plus care....... ........... -4 ............ 58 47 49
Home investment
partnership program.... 1,400 1,500 1,883 1,211 1,559 1,525
Youthbuild program...... ........... ............ 45 32 8 5
Innovative homeless
initiatives
demonstration program.. ........... ............ ............ 21 17 16
Housing opportunities
for persons with AIDS.. 196 204 225 130 168 176
Housing Programs:
Congregate services..... ........... ............ ............ 7 7 7
Section 8 moderate
rehabilitation, single
room occupancy......... ........... ............ ............ 25 58 56
Homeownership and
opportunity for people
everywhere grants (HOPE
grants)................ -30 ............ ............ 49 51 42
Housing for special
populations............ ........... 839 ............ ........... 650 759
Department of Labor:
Employment and Training
Administration:
Unemployment trust fund. 2,345 2,485 2,590 2,293 2,421 2,638
[[Page 222]]
Federal Emergency Management
Agency:
Federal Emergency
Management Agency:
Emergency food and
shelter program........ 100 100 100 100 100 100
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, income security.. 16,194 25,025 25,036 26,699 28,333 29,050
=================================================================================
Veterans benefits and
services:
Department of Veterans
Affairs:
Veterans Health
Administration:
Medical care............ 230 241 271 230 241 271
Construction:
Grants for construction
of State extended care
facilities............. 47 80 37 41 47 52
Grants for the
construction of State
veterans cemeteries.... 1 10 10 6 2 5
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, veterans benefits
and services........... 278 331 318 277 290 328
=================================================================================
Administration of justice:
Department of Health and
Human Services:
Administration for
Children and Families:
Violent crime reduction
programs............... 17 72 84 10 32 62
Department of Housing and
Urban Development:
Fair Housing and Equal
Opportunity:
Fair housing activities. 30 30 52 28 22 29
Department of Justice:
Office of Justice
Programs:
Justice assistance...... 66 104 82 217 82 85
State and local law
enforcement assistance. 331 504 ............ 257 242 497
Juvenile crime control
and prevention programs 145 211 260 74 182 244
Violent crime reduction
programs............... 2,036 2,382 2,409 1,172 1,164 1,909
Community oriented
policing services...... 1,420 1,430 1,420 616 838 1,241
Violent Crime Reduction
Trust Fund:
Violent crime reduction
trust fund............. ........... ............ ............ ........... ............ ............
District of Columbia
Offender Supervision
Defender and Courts Se:
District of Columbia
Offender Supervision
Defender and Courts Se:
Salaries and expenses... ........... ............ 59 ........... ............ 47
Equal Employment Opportunity
Commission:
Equal Employment
Opportunity Commission:
Salaries and expenses... 28 28 29 25 25 14
Ounce of Prevention Council:
Ounce of Prevention
Council:
Ounce of prevention
council................ 1 ............ ............ 1 ............ ............
State Justice Institute:
State Justice Institute:
State Justice Institute:
Salaries and expenses.. 6 7 6 6 7 8
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, administration of
justice................ 4,080 4,768 4,401 2,406 2,594 4,136
=================================================================================
General government:
Department of the Interior:
Bureau of Land Management:
Payments in lieu of
taxes.................. 114 120 120 114 120 120
Insular Affairs:
Trust Territory of the
Pacific Islands........ ........... ............ ............ 6 10 10
District of Columbia:
District of Columbia:
Federal payment to the
District of Columbia... 719 ............ ............ 719 ............ ............
Federal payment for
Management Reform...... ........... 8 ............ ........... 8 ............
Payment to the District
of Columbia Corrections
Trustee, Operations.... ........... 169 185 ........... 169 185
Payment to the District
of Columbia Corrections
Trustee for
correctional
facilities,
construction, and
repair................. ........... 302 ............ ........... 302 ............
Federal support for
economic development
and management reforms
in the District........ ........... 190 100 ........... 190 100
Federal payment to the
District of Columbia
Criminal Justice System ........... 151 ............ ........... 151 ............
Federal payment for
Medicare Coordinated
Care Demonstration
Project................ ........... 3 ............ ........... ............ ............
Federal Payment to the
District of Columbia
Courts................. ........... ............ 142 ........... ............ 142
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, general
government............. 833 943 547 839 950 557
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 223]]
Total, discretionary.... 94,132 105,058 105,928 96,166 101,840 107,021
=================================================================================
Mandatory
Energy:
Tennessee Valley Authority:
Tennessee Valley
Authority:
Tennessee Valley
Authority fund......... 272 264 303 272 264 303
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, energy........... 272 264 303 272 264 303
=================================================================================
Natural resources and
environment:
Department of the Interior:
Bureau of Land Management:
Miscellaneous permanent
payment accounts....... 123 76 74 123 77 74
Minerals Management
Service:
National forests fund,
payment to States...... 4 3 3 4 3 3
Leases of lands acquired
for flood control,
navigation, and allied
purposes............... 1 1 1 1 1 1
United States Fish and
Wildlife Service:
Federal aid in wildlife
restoration............ 203 189 199 220 227 211
Sport fish restoration.. 316 321 286 230 290 297
National Park Service:
Miscellaneous permanent
appropriations......... ........... ............ ............ ........... ............ ............
Departmental Management:
Everglades watershed
protection............. ........... ............ ............ 35 165 ............
Everglades restoration
account................ ........... ............ 1 ........... ............ 1
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, natural resources
and environment........ 647 590 564 613 763 587
=================================================================================
Agriculture:
Department of Agriculture:
Office of the Secretary:
Fund for rural America.. 36 ............ 50 ........... 14 16
Farm Service Agency:
Commodity credit
corporation fund....... 1 37 50 1 37 50
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, agriculture...... 37 37 100 1 51 66
=================================================================================
Commerce and housing credit:
Department of Commerce:
National Oceanic and
Atmospheric
Administration:
Promote and develop
fishery products and
research pertaining to
American fisheries..... ........... 4 3 5 7 3
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, commerce and
housing credit......... ........... 4 3 5 7 3
=================================================================================
Transportation:
Department of
Transportation:
Federal Highway
Administration:
Federal-aid highways.... 1,847 890 774 1,882 1,890 1,707
Research and Special
Programs Administration:
Emergency preparedness
grants................. 6 7 13 6 6 8
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, Transportation... 1,853 897 787 1,888 1,896 1,715
=================================================================================
Community and regional
development:
Department of Agriculture:
Rural Development:
Rural empowerment zones/
enterprise community
grants................. ........... ............ 20 ........... ............ ............
Department of Housing and
Urban Development:
Community Planning and
Development:
Urban empowerment zones. ........... ............ 150 ........... ............ 3
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, community and
regional development... ........... ............ 170 ........... ............ 3
=================================================================================
Education, training,
employment, and social
services:
Department of Education:
Office of Elementary and
Secondary Education:
Class size reduction and
teacher financing...... ........... ............ 1,100 ........... ............ 55
[[Page 224]]
Office of Special
Education and
Rehabilitative Services:
Rehabilitation services
and disability research 2,254 2,327 2,379 2,243 2,269 2,536
Office of Vocational and
Adult Education:
Vocational and adult
education.............. 7 ............ ............ 7 6 2
Department of Health and
Human Services:
Administration for
Children and Families:
State legalization
impact assistance
grants................. ........... ............ ............ -5 ............ ............
Job opportunities and
basic skills training
program................ 1,000 ............ ............ 445 152 6
Family preservation and
support................ 240 255 275 216 236 252
Social services block
grant.................. 2,500 2,299 1,909 2,571 2,443 2,049
Payments to states for
foster care and
adoption assistance.... 4,445 4,311 5,142 4,047 4,224 4,803
Department of Labor:
Employment and Training
Administration:
Welfare to work jobs.... ........... 1,488 1,488 ........... 466 1,299
Federal unemployment
benefits and allowances 114 119 182 120 106 133
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, education,
training, employment,
and social services.... 10,560 10,799 12,475 9,644 9,902 11,135
=================================================================================
Health:
Department of Health and
Human Services:
Health Care Financing
Administration:
Program management...... ........... ............ 20 ........... ............ 20
Grants to States for
Medicaid............... 101,212 99,591 102,184 95,552 100,960 107,707
State children's health
insurance fund......... ........... 4,235 4,249 ........... 379 1,868
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, health........... 101,212 103,826 106,453 95,552 101,339 109,595
=================================================================================
Income security:
Department of Agriculture:
Agricultural Marketing
Service:
Funds for strengthening
markets, income, and
supply (section 32).... 407 496 450 534 463 417
Food and Nutrition
Service:
Food stamp program...... 3,318 3,553 3,698 3,122 3,673 3,659
Child nutrition programs 8,529 7,968 9,099 8,141 8,664 8,937
Department of Health and
Human Services:
Administration for
Children and Families:
Family support payments
to states.............. 6,958 607 2,641 5,345 4,376 3,168
Contingency fund........ ........... 20 28 ........... 14 23
Child care entitlement
to States.............. 1,967 2,071 3,922 1,398 1,835 3,226
Temporary assistance for
needy families......... 13,411 16,700 16,998 9,726 13,802 15,933
Children's research and
technical assistance... ........... ............ 8 ........... ............ 1
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, income security.. 34,590 31,415 36,844 28,266 32,827 35,364
=================================================================================
Administration of justice:
Department of Justice:
Legal Activities and U.S.
Marshals:
Assets forfeiture fund.. 189 196 206 163 192 202
Office of Justice
Programs:
Crime victims fund...... 525 361 180 223 453 363
Department of the Treasury:
Departmental Offices:
Department of the
Treasury forfeiture
fund................... 60 60 60 53 54 54
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, administration of
justice................ 774 617 446 439 699 619
=================================================================================
General government:
Department of Agriculture:
Forest Service:
Payments to states
northern spotted owl
guarantee, Forest
Service................ 135 130 270 135 130 270
Forest Service permanent
appropriations......... 125 111 7 125 111 7
Department of Energy:
Energy Programs:
Payments to States under
Federal Power Act...... 3 3 3 3 3 3
Department of the Interior:
Minerals Management
Service:
Mineral leasing and
associated payments.... 565 586 607 565 586 607
[[Page 225]]
United States Fish and
Wildlife Service:
National wildlife refuge
fund................... 20 20 20 20 20 20
Insular Affairs:
Assistance to
territories............ 65 68 66 67 69 67
Payments to the United
States territories,
fiscal assistance...... 81 89 98 81 89 98
Department of the Treasury:
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco
and Firearms:
Internal revenue
collections for Puerto
Rico................... 205 210 235 205 210 235
United States Customs
Service:
Miscellaneous permanent
appropriations......... 107 110 111 107 110 111
Allowances:
Miscellaneous activities
to be authorized in
tobacco legislation.... ........... ............ 3,425 ........... ............ 3,425
Corps of Engineers:
Corps of Engineers:
Permanent appropriations 6 6 6 6 6 6
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, general
government............. 1,312 1,333 4,848 1,314 1,334 4,849
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, mandatory........ 151,257 149,782 162,993 137,994 149,082 164,239
=================================================================================
Total, grants........... 245,389 254,840 268,921 234,160 250,922 271,260
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------