[Analytical Perspectives]
[Special Analyses and Presentations]
[7. Research and Development Expenditures]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office, www.gpo.gov]
7. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT EXPENDITURES
Scientific and technological advances have left few facets of life
untouched. Great leaps in the speed and economy of transportation,
enormous increases in farm productivity, global flows of information and
services, advances in health treatment and prevention and in
environmental protection--all these changes have created a world at the
dawn of the 21st Century that is vastly different from the world our
grandparents knew. As numerous studies show, technological innovation
and scientific discovery have been responsible for at least half of the
Nation's productivity growth in the last 50 years, generated millions of
high-skill, high-wage jobs, and substantially improved the quality of
life in America.
The Federal government has played an important role in spurring and
sustaining this scientific and technological advance. Among other feats,
Government-sponsored research and development (R&D) has put Americans on
the moon, explored the oceans, harnessed the atom, devised more
effective treatments for cancers, found the remains of lost
civilizations, tracked weather patterns and earthquake faults, and
discovered the chemistry of life. No other country in history can match
the United States' record of achievement in science and technology.
Because these investments have paid such rich dividends, and because the
next century will bring new challenges, opportunities and problems that
science and technology can help address, continued U.S. leadership in
science and technology is a cornerstone of the President's vision for
America. The Administration is proposing $76.4 billion in outlays for
R&D activities in 1999, including $36.4 billion for civilian R&D--a six-
percent increase over 1998. University-based research will increase to
roughly $13.5 billion, an eight-percent increase over 1998. The
``Federal Science and Technology'' (FS&T) budget is an alternative
measure of the Federal investment in science and technology proposed by
the National Academy of Sciences. By this alternative accounting method
the FS&T budget total would be approximately $45 billion in 1999.
Chapter Six of the Budget includes a lengthier discussion of R&D
activities and shows budget authority data.
Table 7-1. FEDERAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT EXPENDITURES
(Outlays, dollar amounts in millions)
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Dollar Percent
1997 1998 1999 Change: Change:
Actual Estimate Proposed 1998 to 1998 to
1999 1999
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By Agency
Defense................................................................................................ 37,844 36,592 36,714 122 0%
Health and Human Services.............................................................................. 11,407 13,096 14,127 1,031 8%
National Aeronautics and Space Administration.......................................................... 9,811 9,769 9,618 -151 -2%
Energy................................................................................................. 6,572 6,289 7,002 713 11%
National Science Foundation............................................................................ 2,343 2,370 2,607 237 10%
Agriculture............................................................................................ 1,478 1,561 1,599 38 2%
Commerce............................................................................................... 792 820 837 17 2%
Interior............................................................................................... 572 622 632 10 2%
Transportation......................................................................................... 561 517 908 391 76%
Veterans Affairs....................................................................................... 563 608 664 56 9%
Environmental Protection Agency........................................................................ 537 596 617 21 4%
Other.................................................................................................. 1,050 1,007 1,108 101 10%
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TOTAL................................................................................................ 73,530 73,847 76,433 2,586 4%
By R&D Type
Basic Research......................................................................................... 14,113 14,549 15,805 1,256 9%
Applied Research....................................................................................... 13,898 15,030 15,787 757 5%
Development............................................................................................ 43,062 41,800 42,112 312 1%
Equipment.............................................................................................. 731 698 828 130 19%
Facilities............................................................................................. 1,726 1,770 1,901 131 7%
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TOTAL................................................................................................ 73,530 73,847 76,433 2,586 4%
By Civilian Theme
Basic Research......................................................................................... 12,981 13,456 14,684 1,228 9%
Applied Research....................................................................................... 9,785 10,733 11,219 486 5%
Development............................................................................................ 8,118 8,166 8,384 218 3%
Equipment.............................................................................................. 582 552 684 132 24%
Facilities............................................................................................. 1,411 1,336 1,423 87 7%
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SUBTOTAL............................................................................................. 32,877 34,243 36,394 2,151 6%
[[Page 164]]
By Defense Theme
Basic Research......................................................................................... 1,132 1,093 1,121 28 3%
Applied Research....................................................................................... 4,113 4,297 4,568 271 6%
Development............................................................................................ 34,944 33,634 33,72 894 0%
Equipment.............................................................................................. 149 146 144 -2 -1%
Facilities............................................................................................. 315 434 478 44 10%
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SUBTOTAL............................................................................................. 40,653 39,604 40,039 435 1%
R&D Support to Universities.............................................................................. 11,748 12,458 13,455 997 8%
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