[Analytical Perspectives]
[Special Analyses and Presentations]
[9. Aid to State and Local Governments]
[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]
State and local governments have a vital constitutional responsibility
to provide government services. They have the major role in providing
domestic public services, such as public education, law enforcement,
roads, water supply, and sewage treatment. The Federal Government
contributes to that role both by promoting a healthy economy and by
providing grants, loans, and tax subsidies to State and local
governments.
\1\Federal aid to State and local governments is defined as the
provision of resources by the Federal Government to support a State or
local program of governmental service to the public. The three primary
forms of aid are grants, loans, and tax expenditures.
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Federal grants help State and local governments finance programs
covering most areas of domestic public spending, including income
support, infrastructure, education, and social services. Federal grant
outlays were $225.0 billion in 1995 and are estimated to increase from
$236.7 billion in 1996 to $249.3 billion in 1997.
Grant outlays for payments for individuals, such as Medicaid, are
estimated to be 63 percent of total grants in 1997; for physical capital
investment, 16 percent; and for all other purposes, largely education,
training, and social services, 21 percent.
States and localities receive Federal loans and guarantees mostly for
the purpose of rural development. Outlays for direct loan and loan
guarantee subsidies to State and local governments are estimated to be
$0.2 billion in both 1996 and 1997. Information on Federal credit
activities appears in Chapter 8, ``Underwriting Federal Credit and
Insurance.''
Federal aid to State and local governments is also provided through
tax expenditures. Tax expenditures are revenue losses due to
preferential provisions of the Federal tax laws, such as special
exclusions, exemptions, deductions, credits, deferrals, or tax rates.
The two major tax expenditures benefiting State and local governments
are the deductibility of most non-business State and local taxes, except
sales and excise taxes, from gross income for Federal income tax
purposes, and the exclusion of interest on State and local securities
from Federal taxation. These provisions, on an outlay equivalent basis,
are estimated to be $75.2 billion in 1996 and $78.3 billion in 1997. A
detailed discussion of the measurement and definition of tax
expenditures and a complete list of the amount of specific tax
expenditures are in Chapter 5, ``Tax Expenditures.'' As discussed in
that chapter, there are generally interactions among tax expenditure
provisions, so that the estimates above only approximate the aggregate
effect of these provisions.
Tax expenditures that especially aid State and local governments are
displayed separately at the end of Table 5-4 in that chapter.
TABLE 9-1. FEDERAL GRANT OUTLAYS BY AGENCY
(in billions of dollars)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Estimate
Agency 1995 -----------------
Actual 1996 1997
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Department of Agriculture.................... 16.4 17.6 17.8
Department of Commerce....................... 0.4 0.6 0.6
Department of Education...................... 16.0 17.8 17.5
Department of Energy......................... 0.2 0.2 0.2
Department of Health and Human Services...... 126.1 132.3 145.4
Department of Housing and Urban Development.. 22.8 22.0 23.3
Department of Interior....................... 1.8 1.8 1.9
Department of Justice........................ 1.1 2.0 3.5
Department of Labor.......................... 7.3 7.4 7.4
Department of Transportation................. 25.8 26.6 25.5
Department of Treasury....................... 0.4 0.4 0.5
Environmental Protection Agency.............. 2.9 2.8 2.8
Federal Emergency Management Agency.......... 2.0 3.4 3.0
Welfare allowance............................ 0.0 -0.1 -2.1
Other agencies............................... 1.8 1.8 1.9
--------------------------
Total.................................... 225.0 236.7 249.3
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Federal Grants by Agency
Table 9-1 shows the distribution of grants by agency. Grant outlays
for the Department of Health and Human Services are estimated to be
$145.4 billion in 1997, 58 percent of total grants, much more than any
other agency.
HIGHLIGHTS OF THE FEDERAL AID PROGRAM
Major proposals in this budget affect Federal aid to State and local
governments and the important relationships between the levels of
government. Through the use of grants, the Federal government can share
with State and local governments the cost and, ultimately, the benefits
of a smarter, healthier, and safer citizenry. The Administration is
committed to a Federal system that is more efficient and effective and
to improving the design and administration of Federal grants.
State and local governments will enjoy an increased level of
flexibility under the proposals in this Budget. The Administration
supports a fundamental change in the way the Federal Government finances
and administers more than six hundred intergovernmental service delivery
programs--concentrating on the outcomes, rather than regulating the
inputs. Proposed, bipartisan legislation, the Local Empowerment and
Flexibility Act, provides State and local governments with the
opportunity to coordinate better Federal, State, local, and
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nonprofit funds and services, and to request waivers from Federal laws and
regulations that impede innovation. Nonetheless, greater responsibility
accompanies greater flexibility. Performance-based partnerships will
help ensure that State and local governments will be held accountable
for not only the results they achieve, but also how these results are
achieved.
Medicaid.--Medicaid is the largest grant program and has estimated
outlays of $105.6 billion in 1997. The President's budget proposes
reforms to Medicaid that would reduce the rate of growth in Federal
spending, while preserving the entitlement to health coverage for the
most vulnerable Americans--children, people with disabilities, and the
elderly. The plan reduces the growth in Medicaid costs by imposing a
``per capita cap'' on Federal Medicaid spending and reducing and
retargeting Disproportionate Share Hospital payments. Special payments
to States and facilities to ease the transition into the new Medicaid
system would be provided. Finally, the plan gives States unprecedented
flexibility to administer their programs more efficiently. For example,
the so-called ``Boren Amendment'' is repealed, eliminating Federal
provider payment requirements for hospitals and nursing homes, and
States are allowed to mandate enrollment in managed care without having
to seek Federal waivers. This initiative is estimated to achieve savings
of $59.0 billion over seven years.
Health Insurance.--States would receive Federal funds to design and
administer a program to assist people who lose health coverage if they
lose their job. This program would help them purchase coverage for up to
six months. The Administration is requesting $1.5 billion in 1997 for
this initiative.
To make insurance more affordable for small businesses, the Federal
Government would provide grants to States for technical assistance in
designing and implementing voluntary health insurance purchasing
cooperatives. These grants would total $25 million per year beginning in
1997 and continuing through 2001.
Welfare reform.--The budget seeks to move families from welfare to
work and to reform a range of related programs. Aid to Families with
Dependent Children would be replaced with a work-oriented, time-limited
conditional entitlement for cash assistance. States would have broad
flexibility in designing programs and could automatically receive
increased funding during economic downturns. There would be added
funding for child care and work programs. Child support enforcement
would be strengthened with new tools for States, and targeting would be
improved in a number of programs.
Education.--This budget includes funds to increase the technological
literacy of children by proposing to help ensure that all students have
access to technology-rich learning environments and to help charter
schools meet the specific needs of a community's children. The
Administration is requesting $250 million in budget authority for 1997
and $2.0 billion over five years for the Technology Literacy Challenge
Fund designed to help State and local communities leverage public and
private sector resources necessary to integrate technology into schools.
Charter schools would be allowed to customize their curriculum and
obtain waivers from State and local rules and regulations in exchange
for increasing student achievements. The Administration is requesting
$40 million in budget authority for this initiative for 1997.
Transportation.--Through the use of Federal-aid funds for revolving
loans and other non-traditional forms of financial assistance, the State
Infrastructure Banks (SIBs) program would provide States with greater
flexibility in developing and financing transportation projects. The
Administration is requesting $250 million in funding to capitalize SIBs
in 1997.
Training.--Opportunity Areas for Out-of-School Youth would provide
grants to selected empowerment zones (EZ), empowerment communities (EC),
and other communities meeting EZ/EC criteria in order to reduce
significant unemployment among out-of-school youth through employment
and training assistance, combined with other Federal assistance. Jobs
for Residents will link unemployed youth and adults residing in
empowerment zones and empowerment communities with jobs outside those
areas. The Administration is requesting $250 million and $50 million,
respectively, for these proposals.
Housing.--The Administration proposes to consolidate HUD programs into
three flexible, performance-based funds. It will award most of the
funding by formula in the form of a block grant, but focus on clearly
stated national goals. The use of funds by communities will be judged
against measures that are consistent with national goals but tailored to
the situation of each community. To support this reinvention, HUD will
be transformed into a ``right-side-up, community-first'' agency by
creating single points of contact for all major localities. HUD will
move much of its staff out of Washington and into the communities to
operate as problem-solvers.
Agriculture.--The budget proposes a new, more flexible program for
distributing the Department of Agriculture's rural development
assistance. The Rural Performance Partnership Program would combine
fourteen existing rural development programs into three funding streams:
rural utilities, rural community facility infrastructure, and rural
businesses. USDA's Rural Economic and Community Development State
Directors would have authority to transfer funding among the three
funding streams. Using performance measures and incentives, the State
Directors would work with State and local governments, and other
community-based organizations to direct funds to each State's highest
rural economic development priorities. The budget requests $879 million
in budget authority for this initiative for State and local governments
and other intermediaries in 1997.
Environment.--The Administration proposes two performance partnerships
in the environmental area. One would allow States and tribes to combine
several
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categorical grants (i.e., grants that specifically address air
and water quality, or hazardous waste) and the other proposes to allow
States to consolidate the clean water and drinking water State revolving
funds. In addition, the budget requests funds for grants to expand and
complement the Environmental Protection Agency's ``brownfields''
initiative to cleanup polluted urban and rural areas.
Additional information on these and other Federal aid proposals are in
the 1997 Budget-Supplement volume. The consolidations noted above are
discussed in Chapters 13 and 14, ``Improving Government Performance''
and ``Building on Success.'' Chapter 6, ``Strengthening Health Care,''
focuses on health issues. Chapter 7, ``Making Work Pay,'' details
welfare reforms. Chapter 8, ``Investing in Education and Training,''
discusses increases in assistance to help State and local and community
schools. Chapter 9, ``Protecting the Environment,'' discusses
environmental issues.
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES
In recent decades, Federal aid to State and local governments has
become a major factor in the financing of certain government functions.
The rudiments of the present system date back to the Civil War. The
Morrill Act, passed in 1862, established the land grant colleges and
instituted certain federally-required standards for States that received
the grants, as is characteristic of the present grant programs. Federal
aid was later initiated for agriculture, highways, vocational education
and rehabilitation, forestry, and public health. In the depression
years, Federal aid was extended to meet income security and other social
welfare needs. However, Federal grants did not become a significant
factor in Federal Government expenditures until after World War II.
Table 9-2 displays trends in Federal grants to State and local
governments. Section A shows Federal grants by function. Functions with
a substantial amount of grants are shown separately. Grants for the
national defense, energy, veterans benefits and services, and the
administration of justice functions are combined in the ``other
functions'' line in the table.
Table 9-2. TRENDS IN FEDERAL GRANTS TO STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS
(Outlays; dollar amounts in billions)
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Actual Estimate
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1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1998 2000 2001 2002
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A. Distribution of grants by function:
Natural resources and environment.............. 0.1 0.2 0.4 2.4 5.4 4.1 3.7 4.1 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.1
Agriculture.................................... 0.2 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.6 2.4 1.3 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.7
Transportation................................. 3.0 4.1 4.6 5.9 13.0 17.0 19.2 25.8 26.6 24.5 25.0 23.5 21.8 20.6 21.5
Community and regional development............. 0.1 0.6 1.8 2.8 6.5 5.2 5.0 7.2 9.7 9.1 8.1 7.2 6.1 5.7 5.7
Education, training, employment, and social
services...................................... 0.5 1.1 6.4 12.1 21.9 17.8 23.4 34.1 36.6 36.4 38.0 39.2 40.4 42.0 43.9
Health......................................... 0.2 0.6 3.8 8.8 15.8 24.5 43.9 93.6 99.2 111.2 117.5 122.9 128.4 131.9 136.7
Income security................................ 2.6 3.5 5.8 9.4 18.5 27.2 35.2 55.1 54.9 55.7 56.7 57.8 58.4 59.8 61.0
General government............................. 0.2 0.2 0.5 7.1 8.6 6.8 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.2 3.4
Other.......................................... * 0.1 0.1 0.9 1.2 0.9 1.4 2.0 2.9 5.4 5.6 5.9 6.4 6.4 5.3
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total..................................... 7.0 10.9 24.1 49.8 91.4 105.9 135.3 225.0 236.7 249.3 257.9 263.9 269.1 274.4 282.3
B. Composition:
Current dollars:
Payments for individuals\1\................. 2.5 3.7 8.7 16.8 32.6 49.3 75.7 141.2 146.0 156.3 163.0 169.2 175.1 182.9 189.1
Physical capital\1\......................... 3.3 5.0 7.1 10.9 22.5 24.9 27.2 39.6 41.3 40.2 39.5 37.8 35.8 34.0 34.5
Other grants................................ 1.2 2.2 8.3 22.2 36.2 31.6 32.5 44.2 49.3 52.8 55.4 56.8 58.2 57.5 58.7
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Total...................................... 7.0 10.9 24.1 49.8 91.4 105.9 135.3 225.0 236.7 249.3 257.9 263.9 269.1 274.4 282.3
Percentage of total grants:
Payments for individuals\1\................. 35% 34% 36% 34% 36% 47% 56% 63% 62% 63% 63% 64% 65% 67% 67%
Physical capital\1\......................... 47 46 29 22 25 24 20 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 12
Other grants................................. 17 20 34 45 40 30 24 20 21 21 21 22 22 21 21
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Total...................................... 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
Constant (FY 1987) dollars:
Payments for individuals\1\.................. 9.0 12.5 24.7 35.1 46.2 52.9 66.1 106.8 107.6 111.8 113.3 114.4 115.1 116.9 117.6
Physical capital\1\......................... 13.7 19.5 21.9 20.6 27.7 25.8 24.9 32.8 33.6 31.9 30.6 28.6 26.4 24.5 24.3
Other grants................................. 6.3 9.8 26.9 49.6 53.5 34.1 28.5 33.1 36.1 37.8 38.7 38.8 38.8 37.4 37.3
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total..................................... 29.1 41.8 73.6 105.4 127.5 112.9 119.5 172.7 177.3 181.5 182.6 181.8 180.4 178.9 179.2
C. Total grants as a percent of:
Federal outlays:
Total........................................ 8% 9% 12% 15% 15% 11% 11% 15% 15% 15% 15% 15% 15% 15% 15%
Domestic programs\2\........................ 18% 18% 23% 22% 22% 18% 17% 22% 22% 21% 21% 21% 21% 20% 20%
State and local expenditures................... 15% 16% 20% 24% 28% 23% 20% 23% N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Gross domestic product......................... 1% 2% 2% 3% 3% 3% 2% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3%
D. As a share of total State and local capital
spending:
Federal capital grants......................... 25% 25% 25% 26% 37% 31% 23% 26% N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
State and local source financing............... 75 75 75 74 63 69 77 74 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
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Total...................................... 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
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NA: Not available.
*$50 million or less.
\1\Grants that are both payments for individuals and capital investment are shown under capital investment.
\2\Excludes national defense, international affairs, net interest, and undistributed offsetting receipts.
Federal grants for transportation increased to $3.0 billion, or 43
percent of all Federal grants, in 1960 after initiation of aid to States
to build the Interstate Highway System in the late 1950s.
By 1970 there had been significant increases in the relative amounts
for education, training, employment, social services, and health
(largely Medicaid).
In the early and mid-1970s, major new grants were created for natural
resources and environment (construction of sewage treatment plants),
community and regional development (community development block grants),
and general government (general revenue sharing).
In the 1980s changes in the relative amounts among functions reflected
steady growth of grants for health (Medicaid) and income security and
restraint in most other areas. The functions with the largest amount of
grants are health and income security, with combined grant outlays of
$166.9 billion or 67 percent of total grant outlays in 1997.
Section B of the Table shows the composition of grants divided into
three major categories: payments for individuals, physical capital, and
other grants.\2\ Grant outlays for payments for individuals, which are
mainly entitlement programs in which the Federal Government and the
States share the costs, have grown significantly as a percent of total
grants. In 1980, they were 36 percent of the total, and by 1995 they had
grown to 63 percent of the total.
\2\Certain grants are classified in the budget as both payments for
individuals and physical capital spending. In the text and tables in
this section, these grants are included in the category for physical
capital spending.
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These grants are distributed through State or local governments to
provide cash or in-kind benefits that constitute income transfers to
individuals or families. The major grant in this category is Medicaid,
which had outlays of $89.1 billion in 1995, increasing to an estimated
$105.6 billion in 1997. Family support payments to States (AFDC), child
nutrition programs, and housing assistance are also large grants in this
category.
Grants for physical capital assist States and localities with
construction and other physical capital activities. The major capital
grants are for highways, but there are also grants for airports, mass
transit, sewage treatment plant construction, community development, and
other facilities. Grants for physical capital were almost half of total
grants in 1960, shortly after grants began for construction of the
Interstate Highway System. The relative share of these outlays has
declined, as payments for individuals have grown. In 1995, grants for
physical capital were 18 percent of total grants.
The other grants are primarily for education, training, employment,
and social services. These grants increased to 45 percent of total
grants by 1975, but declined to 20 percent of total grants in 1995.
Section B of Table 9-2 also shows these three categories in constant
dollars. In constant 1987 dollars, total grants increased from $127.5
billion in 1980 to $172.7 billion in 1995, an average annual increase of
2.0 percent. From 1980 to 1995, payments for individuals grew from $46.2
billion to $106.8 billion, an average annual increase of 5.7 percent;
grants for physical capital increased from $27.7 billion to $32.8
billion, an average annual increase of 1.1 percent, and other grants
decreased from $53.5 billion to $33.1 billion, an average annual
decrease of 3.2 percent.
Section C of this table shows grants as a percent of Federal outlays,
State and local expenditures, and gross domestic product. Grants
declined as a percent of total Federal outlays from 15 percent in 1980
to
[[Page 170]]
11 percent in 1985 and 1990, and are estimated to increase to 15
percent in 1996 and 1997, the same as in 1980. Grants as a percentage of
domestic spending are estimated to be 21 percent in 1997.
As a percent of total State and local expenditures, grants have
declined from 28 percent in 1980 to 23 percent in 1995.
Section D shows the relative contribution of physical capital grants
in assisting States and localities with capital spending. Federal
capital grants declined as a percent of State and local capital spending
from 37 percent in 1980 to 26 percent in 1995, reflecting restraint in
Federal spending and increased capital spending by States and localities
financed from their own sources, such as taxes or borrowing.
[[Page 171]]
OTHER INFORMATION ON FEDERAL AID TO STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS
Additional information regarding aid to State and local governments
can be found elsewhere in this budget and in other documents.
Major public physical capital investment programs providing Federal
grants to State and local governments are identified in Chapter 6,
``Federal Investment Spending and Capital Budgeting.''
Data for summary and detailed grants to State and local governments
can be found in many sections of a separate document entitled Historical
Tables. Section 12 of that document is devoted exclusively to grants to
State and local governments. Additional information on grants can be
found in Section 6 (Composition of Federal Government Outlays); Section
9 (Federal Government Outlays for Investment: Major Physical Capital,
Research and Development, and Education and Training); Section 11
(Federal Government Payments for Individuals); and Section 15 (Total
(Federal and State and Local) Government Finances).
In addition to these sources, a number of other sources of information
are available that use slightly different concepts of grants, provide
State-by-State information, or provide information on how to apply for
Federal aid.
Government Finances, published annually by the Bureau of the Census in
the Department of Commerce, provides data on public finances, including
Federal aid to State and local governments.
The Survey of Current Business, published monthly by the Bureau of
Economic Analysis in the Department of Commerce, provides data on the
national income and product accounts (NIPA), a broad statistical concept
encompassing the entire economy. These accounts include data on Federal
grants to State and local governments. Data using the NIPA concepts
appear in this volume in Chapter 19, ``National Income and Product
Accounts.''
Budget Information for States (BIS) provides estimates of State-by-
State funding allocations for the largest formula grant programs for the
past, present, and budget year. These programs comprise approximately 85
percent of total Federal aid to State and local governments. The
document is prepared by the Office of Management and Budget soon after
the Budget is released.
Federal Expenditures by State, a report prepared by the Bureau of the
Census, shows Federal spending by State for grants and other spending
for the most recently completed fiscal year.
Consolidated Federal Funds Report is an annual document that shows the
distribution of Federal spending by State and county areas and by local
governmental jurisdictions. It is released by the Bureau of the Census
in the Spring.
The Federal Assistance Awards Data System (FAADS) provides
computerized information about current grant funding. Data on all direct
assistance awards are provided quarterly by the Bureau of the Census to
the States and to the Congress.
The Catalog for Federal Domestic Assistance is a primary reference
source for communities wishing to apply for grants and other domestic
assistance. The Catalog is prepared by the General Services
Administration with data collected by the Office of Management and
Budget and is available from the Government Printing Office. The basic
edition of the Catalog is usually published in June and an update is
generally published in December. It contains a detailed listing of grant
and other assistance programs; discussions of eligibility criteria,
application procedures, and estimated obligations; and related
information.
[[Page 172]]
DETAILED FEDERAL AID TABLE
Table 9-3, ``Federal Grants to State and Local Governments-Budget
Authority and Outlays,'' provides detailed budget authority and outlay
data for grants.
Table 9-3. FEDERAL GRANTS TO STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS--BUDGET AUTHORITY AND OUTLAYS
(in millions of dollars)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Budget Authority Outlays
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Function, Agency and Program 1995 1996 1997 1995 1996 1997
Actual Estimate Estimate Actual Estimate Estimate
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
National defense:
Department of Defense--
Military:
Military Construction:
Military construction,
Army National Guard.... 70 ............ ............ 4 15 9
Federal Emergency Management
Agency:
Emergency management
planning and assistance ........... ............ ............ 64 10 ............
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, national defense. 70 ............ ............ 68 25 9
=================================================================================
Energy:
Department of Energy:
Energy Programs:
Energy conservation..... 268 149 168 240 228 173
Tennessee Valley Authority:
Tennessee Valley
Authority fund......... 252 254 265 252 254 265
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, energy........... 520 403 433 492 482 438
=================================================================================
Natural resources and
environment:
Department of Agriculture:
Natural Resources
Conservation Service:
Resource conservation
and development........ ........... ............ ............ 5 3 2
Watershed and flood
prevention operations.. 39 69 85 244 235 118
Forest Service:
State and private
forestry............... 103 82 88 103 83 86
Department of Commerce:
National Oceanic and
Atmospheric
Administration:
Operations, research,
and facilities......... 5 3 3 3 1 1
Construction............ 56 40 32 11 51 56
Coastal zone management
fund................... ........... ............ ............ -3 8 4
Department of the Interior:
Bureau of Land Management:
Miscellaneous permanent
payment accounts....... 81 78 75 163 79 75
Minerals Management
Service:
National forests fund,
payment to States...... 2 2 2 2 2 2
Leases of lands acquired
for flood control,
navigation, and allied
purposes............... 1 1 1 1 1 1
Office of Surface Mining
Reclamation and
Enforcement:
Regulation and
technology............. 52 48 51 31 53 50
Abandoned mine
reclamation fund....... 138 140 146 160 121 159
Bureau of Reclamation:
Bureau of reclamation
loan subsidy........... 9 12 13 6 18 13
United States Fish and
Wildlife Service:
Cooperative endangered
species conservation
fund................... 9 8 16 7 8 9
Wildlife conservation
and appreciation fund.. 1 1 1 1 1 1
Sport fish restoration.. 243 266 300 237 228 237
Miscellaneous permanent
appropriations......... 247 240 231 191 207 229
National Park Service:
Urban park and
recreation fund........ ........... ............ ............ 4 5 3
Land acquisition and
State assistance....... 25 2 2 23 28 20
Historic preservation
fund................... 46 36 38 47 48 41
Everglades restoration
fund................... ........... ............ 80 ........... ............ 40
Miscellaneous permanent
appropriations......... ........... 1 1 ........... 1 1
Environmental Protection
Agency:
State and tribal
assistance grants...... 1,885 2,863 2,852 2,455 2,500 2,579
Environmental programs
and management......... 456 ............ ............ 232 128 55
Abatement, control, and
compliance loan subsidy ........... ............ ............ 9 4 2
Hazardous substance
superfund.............. 120 120 145 153 153 125
Leaking underground
storage tank trust fund 61 41 58 63 43 49
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[[Page 173]]
Total, natural resources
and environment........ 3,579 4,053 4,220 4,148 4,009 3,958
=================================================================================
Agriculture:
Department of Agriculture:
Cooperative State
Research, Education, and
Extension Service:
Extension activities.... 439 428 423 435 429 425
Cooperative state
research activities.... 226 222 222 225 231 222
Agricultural Marketing
Service:
Payments to States and
possessions............ 1 1 1 1 1 1
Farm Service Agency:
State mediation grants.. 3 2 3 3 2 3
Outreach for socially
disadvantaged farmers.. 3 1 3 1 3 2
Commodity credit
corporation fund....... 115 10 54 115 10 54
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Total, agriculture...... 787 664 706 780 676 707
=================================================================================
Commerce and housing credit:
Department of Commerce:
National Oceanic and
Atmospheric
Administration:
Promote and develop
fishery products and
research pertaining to
American fisheries-.... 5 6 7 2 10 11
National Institute of
Standards and Technology:
Industrial technology
services............... 4 6 6 3 4 4
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, commerce and
housing credit....... 9 12 13 5 14 15
=================================================================================
Transportation:
Department of
Transportation:
Federal Highway
Administration:
High priority corridors
loan subsidy........... 6 ............ ............ 6 ............ ............
Alameda corridor project
loan program........... ........... ............ 59 ........... ............ 21
Orange County (CA) toll
road demonstration
project subsidy........ 8 ............ ............ ........... ............ 2
Highway-related safety
grants................. ........... 2 ............ 9 12 8
Motor carrier safety
grants................. 82 73 89 66 75 79
Federal-aid highways.... 20,719 17,671 21,720 18,945 19,842 19,090
State infrastructure
banks.................. ........... ............ 250 ........... ............ 37
Miscellaneous
appropriations......... 321 ............ ............ 192 295 175
Miscellaneous highway
trust funds............ -11 ............ ............ 102 97 70
National Highway Traffic
Safety Administration:
Highway traffic safety
grants................. 190 169 185 155 146 165
Federal Railroad
Administration:
Office of the
Administrator.......... 3 ............ ............ 3 ............ ............
Local rail freight
assistance............. 10 ............ ............ 16 13 11
Alaska railroad
rehabilitation......... ........... 10 ............ ........... 4 6
Railroad research and
development............ ........... 6 1 2 6 4
Conrail commuter
transition assistance.. ........... ............ ............ 1 2 13
Northeast corridor high-
speed rail
infrastructure program. 5 1 10 ........... 1 5
Federal Transit
Administration:
Research, training, and
human resources........ ........... ............ ............ 2 5 5
Interstate transfer
grants-transit......... 48 ............ ............ 152 27 12
Washington metropolitan
area transit authority. 200 200 200 218 206 159
Formula grants.......... 2,492 2,052 2,152 1,901 2,109 1,972
Transit planning and
research............... 55 54 54 43 45 56
Discretionary grants
(trust fund)........... 1,691 1,665 2,880 2,025 1,978 1,983
Miscellaneous expired
accounts............... ........... ............ ............ 12 14 10
Federal Aviation
Administration:
Grants-in-aid for
airports (Airport and
airway trust fund)..... 67 2,214 1,350 1,826 1,622 1,483
Research, engineering
and development
(Airport and airway
trust fund)............ 41 60 60 33 57 63
Coast Guard:
Research, development,
test, and evaluation... 1 1 1 1 1 1
Boat safety............. 50 60 45 62 43 42
Research and Special
Programs Administration:
Pipeline safety......... 12 12 14 10 11 14
Emergency preparedness
grants................. 5 6 6 5 6 6
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, transportation... 25,995 24,256 29,076 25,787 26,617 25,492
=================================================================================
[[Page 174]]
Community and regional
development:
Department of Agriculture:
Rural Utilities Service:
Distance learning and
medical link grants.... 8 8 20 6 26 17
Rural water and waste
disposal loans subsidy. ........... 109 61 ........... 86 95
Emergency community
water assistance grants 10 ............ ............ 15 12 6
Rural water and waste
disposal grants........ 415 331 490 295 379 357
Rural development
insurance fund subsidy. 212 ............ ............ 150 ............ ............
Rural Housing and
Community Development
Service:
Rural community facility
loans subsidy.......... ........... 42 13 ........... 27 20
Rural community fire
protection grants...... 3 2 2 3 3 2
Rural Business and
Cooperative Development
Service:
Rural technology and
cooperative development
grants................. 2 2 3 ........... 1 2
Rural business and
industry loans subsidy. ........... 6 7 ........... 6 7
Rural business
enterprise grants...... 34 32 32 23 29 31
Department of Commerce:
Economic Development
Administration:
Economic development
assistance programs.... 431 339 334 322 441 417
Department of Housing and
Urban Development:
Community Planning and
Development:
Community development
grants fund............ 4,819 4,600 4,900 4,333 5,093 4,931
Urban development action
grants................. -18 ............ ............ 20 37 30
Supplemental assistance
for facilities to
assist the homeless.... ........... ............ ............ 8 6 3
Community development
loan guarantees subsidy ........... 33 47 ........... 17 40
Department of the Interior:
Bureau of Indian Affairs:
Operation of Indian
programs............... 91 101 102 91 93 111
Indian direct loan
subsidy................ 1 ............ ............ 1 ............ ............
Indian guaranteed loan
subsidy................ 10 5 5 9 10 6
Appalachian Regional
Commission:
Appalachian regional
development programs... 266 164 164 182 170 192
Federal Emergency Management
Agency:
Emergency management
planning and assistance 124 122 125 79 112 124
Disaster relief......... 2,874 2,798 256 1,693 3,142 2,735
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, community and
regional development... 9,282 8,694 6,561 7,230 9,690 9,126
=================================================================================
Education, training,
employment, and social
services:
Department of Commerce:
National
Telecommunications and
Information
Administration:
Public broadcasting
facilities, planning
and construction....... 19 8 8 15 28 21
Information
infrastructure grants.. 37 50 56 9 31 44
Department of Education:
Office of Elementary and
Secondary Education:
Indian education........ 78 59 79 69 75 66
Impact aid.............. 728 660 614 803 808 687
Chicago litigation
settlement............. ........... ............ ............ 6 7 5
Education Reform........ 487 671 691 60 530 647
Education for the
disadvantaged.......... 7,173 7,302 7,662 6,785 7,098 7,423
School improvement
programs............... 1,226 1,217 1,304 1,288 1,473 1,268
Office of Bilingual
Education and Minority
Languages Affairs:
Bilingual and immigrant
education.............. 179 134 234 189 200 159
Office of Special
Education and
Rehabilitative Services:
Special education....... 3,006 3,343 3,336 2,938 3,511 3,281
Rehabilitation services
and disability research 2,171 2,227 2,296 2,113 2,359 2,381
American printing house
for the blind.......... 7 6 6 7 6 6
Office of Vocational and
Adult Education:
Vocational and adult
education.............. 1,364 1,368 1,393 1,449 1,481 1,413
Office of Postsecondary
Education:
Student financial
assistance............. 63 ............ ............ 82 76 3
Higher education........ 33 27 159 35 30 45
Office of Educational
Research and Improvement:
Libraries............... 133 108 110 109 155 117
Education research,
statistics, and
improvement............ 17 13 260 22 21 44
Department of Health and
Human Services:
Administration for
Children and Families:
State legalization
impact assistance
grants................. 195 ............ ............ 358 3 1
[[Page 175]]
Payments to States for
the job opportunities
and basic skills
training program....... 1,300 1,000 1,000 953 959 988
Family preservation and
support................ 150 225 240 38 132 201
Social services block
grant.................. 2,800 2,800 2,800 2,797 3,183 2,839
Children and families
services programs...... 4,604 4,298 4,967 4,463 4,528 4,574
Payments to states for
foster care and
adoption assistance.... 3,597 4,322 4,445 3,244 3,740 4,144
Administration on Aging:
Aging services programs. 877 828 1,328 951 776 1,006
Department of the Interior:
Bureau of Indian Affairs:
Operation of Indian
programs............... 88 84 89 88 80 83
Department of Labor:
Employment and Training
Administration:
Training and employment
services............... 2,764 3,251 3,880 3,620 3,618 3,513
Community service
employment for older
Americans.............. 87 77 ............ 77 82 78
State unemployment
insurance and
employment service
operations............. 127 150 176 34 132 140
Federal unemployment
benefits and allowances 101 101 114 103 95 121
Unemployment trust fund. 1,103 1,004 1,029 1,080 1,065 1,012
Corporation for National and
Community Service:
Domestic volunteer
service programs,
operating expenses..... 136 116 176 140 121 166
National and community
service programs,
operating expenses..... 84 86 98 52 82 92
Corporation for Public
Broadcasting:
Corporation for public
broadcasting........... 95 92 87 95 92 87
National Endowment for the
Arts:
National endowment for
the arts: Grants and
administration......... 44 35 37 45 38 36
Institute of Museum
Services:
Institute of Museum
Services: Grants and
administration......... 7 5 5 8 9 5
Allowances:
Welfare reform.......... ........... -70 -280 ........... -63 -259
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, education,
training, employment,
and social services.... 34,880 35,597 38,399 34,125 36,561 36,437
=================================================================================
Health:
Department of Agriculture:
Food Safety and Inspection
Service:
Salaries and expenses... 41 40 42 41 40 41
Department of Health and
Human Services:
Health Resources and
Services Administration:
Health Resources and
Services............... 1,756 1,692 1,782 1,435 1,530 1,518
Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention:
Disease control,
research, and training. 602 621 1,127 521 594 767
Substance Abuse and Mental
Health Services
Administration:
Substance abuse and
mental health services. 2,195 1,854 2,098 2,444 2,105 2,024
Health Care Financing
Administration:
Grants for cooperatives/
health insurance for
the temporarily
unemployed............. ........... ............ 1,544 ........... ............ 1,544
Grants to States for
Medicaid............... 89,241 83,252 104,470 89,070 94,892 105,571
Department of Labor:
Occupational Safety and
Health Administration:
Salaries and expenses... 71 71 73 70 69 73
Mine Safety and Health
Administration:
Salaries and expenses... 6 6 6 6 6 6
Allowances:
Welfare reform.......... ........... -63 -327 ........... -63 -327
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, health........... 93,912 87,473 110,815 93,587 99,173 111,217
=================================================================================
Income security:
Department of Agriculture:
Agricultural Marketing
Service:
Funds for strengthening
markets, income, and
supply (section 32).... 461 431 400 480 431 400
Rural Housing and
Community Development
Service:
Rural housing for
domestic farm labor
grants................. 11 10 10 11 26 19
Supervisory and
technical assistance
grants................. ........... ............ ............ ........... 1 1
Rural housing
preservation grants.... 7 4 4 7 8 5
Food and Consumer Service:
Food donations programs
for selected groups.... 183 215 65 209 217 91
Food stamp program...... 2,925 2,976 3,089 2,740 3,061 3,084
Commodity assistance
program................ 190 166 172 194 166 186
[[Page 176]]
Special supplemental
nutrition program for
women, infants, and
children (WIC)......... 3,447 3,691 3,877 3,401 3,684 3,823
State child nutrition
programs............... 7,365 7,846 8,559 7,387 8,111 8,445
Department of Health and
Human Services:
Administration for
Children and Families:
Family support payments
to States.............. 17,491 17,094 18,101 17,133 17,366 17,956
Low income home energy
assistance............. 1,419 1,000 1,000 1,419 1,252 1,025
Refugee and entrant
assistance............. 358 357 337 346 352 344
Payments to States for
the child care and
development block grant 935 935 1,049 933 935 946
Department of Housing and
Urban Development:
Public and Indian Housing
Programs:
Public housing operating
fund................... 2,900 2,900 2,900 2,762 2,874 2,894
Drug elimination grants
for low-income housing. 290 290 290 178 180 308
Revitalization of
severely distressed
public housing projects 500 500 650 31 128 283
Housing certificate fund ........... ............ 290 ........... ............ 29
Public housing capital
fund................... ........... ............ 3,200 ........... ............ 4,276
Community Planning and
Development:
Emergency shelter grants
program................ ........... ............ ............ 84 35 1
Supportive housing
program................ ........... ............ ............ 115 158 157
Homeless assistance fund 1,120 823 1,120 12 198 412
Shelter plus care....... ........... ............ ............ 17 50 50
Home fund............... 1,400 1,400 1,550 1,179 1,240 1,401
Youthbuild program...... 40 ............ ............ 20 21 18
Innovative homeless
initiatives
demonstration program.. ........... ............ ............ 17 19 19
Housing opportunities
for persons with AIDS.. ........... ............ 171 ........... ............ 138
Housing Programs:
Annual contributions for
assisted housing....... 5,666 7,220 3,652 13,903 11,776 8,107
Congregate services..... -12 ............ ............ 6 9 9
Section 8 moderate
rehabilitation, single
room occupancy......... ........... ............ ............ 17 41 51
Homeownership and
opportunity for people
everywhere grants (HOPE
grants)................ 62 ............ ............ 75 96 87
Department of Labor:
Employment and Training
Administration:
Unemployment trust fund. 2,317 2,376 2,565 2,317 2,308 2,497
Federal Emergency Management
Agency:
Emergency food and
shelter program........ 130 100 100 130 100 100
Allowances:
Welfare reform.......... ........... 68 -1,526 ........... 66 -1,472
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, income security.. 49,205 50,402 51,625 55,123 54,909 55,690
=================================================================================
Veterans benefits and
services:
Department of Veterans
Affairs:
Veterans Health
Administration:
Medical care............ 186 208 232 186 208 232
Construction:
Grants for construction
of State extended care
facilities............. 47 47 40 64 41 44
Grants for the
construction of State
veterans cemeteries.... 5 1 1 3 5 3
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, veterans benefits
and services........... 238 256 273 253 254 279
=================================================================================
Administration of justice:
Department of Housing and
Urban Development:
Public and Indian Housing
Programs:
Violent crime reduction
programs............... ........... ............ 3 ........... ............ 3
Fair Housing and Equal
Opportunity:
Fair housing activities. 33 30 33 27 21 29
Department of Justice:
General Administration:
Community oriented
policing services...... 1,100 1,803 1,976 45 638 1,542
Legal Activities:
Assets forfeiture fund.. 224 205 205 224 205 205
Office of Justice
Programs:
Justice assistance...... 58 58 62 571 43 101
State and local law
enforcement assistance. 289 388 ............ 19 144 250
Juvenile justice program 128 128 127 7 55 124
Crime victims fund...... 178 230 164 137 201 134
Violent crime reduction
programs............... 742 1,405 1,924 74 743 1,158
[[Page 177]]
Department of
Transportation:
Federal Transit
Administration:
Violent crime reduction
programs............... ........... ............ 10 ........... ............ 1
Department of the Treasury:
Departmental Offices:
Department of the
Treasury forfeiture
fund................... 81 86 86 77 54 71
Violent crime reduction
programs:
Violent crime reduction
programs............... 9 7 7 3 7 7
Equal Employment Opportunity
Commission:
Salaries and expenses... 26 26 28 26 26 28
Ounce of Prevention Council:
Ounce of prevention
council................ 2 2 8 ........... ............ 2
State Justice Institute:
State Justice Institute:
Salaries and expenses.. 12 5 5 12 5 1
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, administration of
justice................ 2,882 4,373 4,638 1,222 2,142 3,656
=================================================================================
General government:
Department of Agriculture:
Forest Service:
Forest Service permanent
appropriations......... 86 295 291 320 295 291
Department of Defense--
Civil:
Corps of Engineers--Civil:
Permanent appropriations 5 6 6 5 6 6
Department of Energy:
Energy Programs:
Payments to States under
Federal Power Act...... 2 2 2 3 2 2
Department of the Interior:
Bureau of Land Management:
Payments in lieu of
taxes.................. 101 100 102 101 100 102
Minerals Management
Service:
Mineral leasing and
associated payments.... 474 508 515 474 508 515
United States Fish and
Wildlife Service:
National wildlife refuge
fund................... 19 18 18 20 18 18
Insular Affairs:
Assistance to
territories............ 78 67 67 60 70 66
Trust Territory of the
Pacific Islands........ -12 ............ ............ 23 2 2
Payments to the United
States territories,
fiscal assistance...... 83 84 86 83 84 86
Department of the Treasury:
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco
and Firearms:
Internal revenue
collections for Puerto
Rico................... 206 232 297 206 232 297
United States Customs
Service:
Miscellaneous permanent
appropriations......... 138 149 153 135 149 153
Commission on National and
Community Service:
Salaries and expenses... ........... ............ ............ 28 ............ ............
District of Columbia:
Federal payment to the
District of Columbia... 712 712 770 714 712 770
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total, general
government............. 1,892 2,173 2,307 2,172 2,178 2,308
=================================================================================
Total, grants........... 223,251 218,356 249,066 224,992 236,730 249,332
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------