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<bill bill-stage="Introduced-in-Senate" dms-id="A1" public-private="public" slc-id="S1-KAT26483-VRH-MK-WGW"><metadata xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">
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<dc:title>119 S5092 IS: Restoring Affordability in Automobile Manufacturing Act</dc:title>
<dc:publisher>U.S. Senate</dc:publisher>
<dc:date>2026-07-22</dc:date>
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<dc:language>EN</dc:language>
<dc:rights>Pursuant to Title 17 Section 105 of the United States Code, this file is not subject to copyright protection and is in the public domain.</dc:rights>
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<distribution-code display="yes">II</distribution-code><congress>119th CONGRESS</congress><session>2d Session</session><legis-num>S. 5092</legis-num><current-chamber>IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES</current-chamber><action><action-date date="20260722">July 22, 2026</action-date><action-desc><sponsor name-id="S266">Mr. Crapo</sponsor> (for himself, <cosponsor name-id="S423">Mr. Ricketts</cosponsor>, <cosponsor name-id="S323">Mr. Risch</cosponsor>, <cosponsor name-id="S404">Mr. Scott of Florida</cosponsor>, <cosponsor name-id="S440">Mr. Armstrong</cosponsor>, and <cosponsor name-id="S395">Mrs. Hyde-Smith</cosponsor>) introduced the following bill; which was read twice and referred to the <committee-name committee-id="SSCM00">Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation</committee-name></action-desc></action><legis-type>A BILL</legis-type><official-title>To amend title 49, United States Code, to eliminate corporate average fuel economy standards, and for other purposes.</official-title></form><legis-body><section id="S1" section-type="section-one"><enum>1.</enum><header>Short title</header><text display-inline="no-display-inline">This Act may be cited as the <quote><short-title>Restoring Affordability in Automobile Manufacturing Act</short-title></quote> or the <quote><short-title>RAAM Act</short-title></quote>.</text></section><section commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id2ef558edbd624f8b8cf8c78aa52586a1"><enum>2.</enum><header>Elimination of CAFE standards</header><subsection commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id33ad7d9b751745fe997f4ea6b567815a"> <enum>(a)</enum> <header>Repeal</header> <paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="ida5b85ebf040741cbbfcc48a44e33a68c"> <enum>(1)</enum> <header>In general</header> <text display-inline="yes-display-inline">Chapter 329 of subtitle VI of title 49, United States Code, is repealed.</text>
                </paragraph>
                <paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id4cb5569115764c07be2129171c147d30">
                    <enum>(2)</enum>
                    <header>Clerical amendment</header>
 <text>The analysis for part C of subtitle VI of title 49, United States Code, is amended by striking the items relating to chapter 329.</text>
                </paragraph>
 </subsection><subsection commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id900aebed540846e284251210dae9fc0b"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Applicability</header><text>The amendment made by subsection (a)(1) shall apply to model year 2029, and each model year thereafter, of a manufacturer.</text></subsection><subsection commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id204a2da3b7b04c7386256e590e47145d"><enum>(c)</enum><header>Conforming amendments</header><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idc03814fb592442d293132644502e758f"><enum>(1)</enum><text>Section 321 of the Energy Policy and Conservation Act (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/42/6291">42 U.S.C. 6291</external-xref>) is amended—</text><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id9086b09e37a24007af9c715fb39ad452"><enum>(A)</enum><text>in paragraph (1)—</text><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id6ace840762bb470391af2821b96ae9db"><enum>(i)</enum><text>in the matter preceding subparagraph (A), by striking <quote>, as defined in section 32901(a)(3) of title 49, United States Code</quote>;</text></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id58941e1cc07d4ce4b26cfd7cd2c705c2"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>by redesignating subparagraphs (A) and (B) as clauses (i) and (ii), respectively, and indenting appropriately; and</text></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="ide328947d68cb4609a485e61d7d6dd98f"><enum>(iii)</enum><text>in the matter preceding clause (i) (as so redesignated), by striking <quote>(1) The term</quote> and inserting the following:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id1310e9647026431dabbcb4be7830d8b5"><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idcc1da8c6410c463983ecd32b017f6165"> <enum>(1)</enum> <header>Consumer product</header> <subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id68a2eceb7bdf46538bc9a61eff070770"> <enum>(A)</enum> <header>In general</header> <text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The term</text>
                                    </subparagraph>
 </paragraph><after-quoted-block>; and</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></clause></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id9cff94ddcc5c40d6b32a778ea68948c8"><enum>(B)</enum><text>by adding at the end the following:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id6c5d7404dd7c4db48fa9dcc8d9321144"><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id7e434dfd9b874f12acb7334ae1b75d1e"><enum>(B)</enum><header>Related definition</header><text>For purposes of subparagraph (A), the term <term>automobile</term> means a 4-wheeled vehicle that is propelled by fuel, or by alternative fuel, manufactured primarily for use on public streets, roads, and highways and rated at less than 10,000 pounds gross vehicle weight, except—</text><clause id="idcb2f51a0a7e24cb3bdfcf6c6fb99c1e5" commented="no"><enum>(i)</enum><text>a vehicle operated only on a rail line;</text></clause><clause id="id9141fd5fec9f4079b5d1c84a4e20fe67" commented="no"><enum>(ii)</enum><text>a vehicle manufactured in different stages by 2 or more manufacturers, if no intermediate or final-stage manufacturer of that vehicle manufactures more than 10,000 multi-stage vehicles per year; or</text></clause><clause commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id81ee76cd1eef4fa5a52a1e47a3dab22d"><enum>(iii)</enum><text>a work truck.</text></clause></subparagraph><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id8380ff18b1ef46b286f949022b27b885"><enum>(2)</enum><text>Section 400AA(g) of the Energy Policy and Conservation Act (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/42/6374">42 U.S.C. 6374(g)</external-xref>) is amended—</text><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idb01d34504e3941258a2d783f776dca8d"><enum>(A)</enum><text>by redesignating paragraphs (4), (5), and (6) as paragraphs (5), (7), and (8), respectively;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id87d5e15cbcb14616b1293374e0a79adb"><enum>(B)</enum><text>by inserting after paragraph (3) the following:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id0c06836a428e40f4b8c47e4acc1ca274"><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="iddc6cba7e7971435b86d0c2a84551feac"><enum>(4)</enum><text>the term <term>dedicated automobile</term> means an automobile that operates only on alternative fuel;</text></paragraph><after-quoted-block>;</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id3bfda5c1b2c2450392bc94d6cf17c0fb"><enum>(C)</enum><text>in subparagraph (A) of paragraph (5) (as so redesignated), by striking <quote>, as such term is defined in section 513(h)(1)(C) of the Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act</quote>;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id54dd1bedea1a436d980cd9b7f09def60"><enum>(D)</enum><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">by inserting after paragraph (5) (as so redesignated) the following:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id6f691a5f0ea14407806a7d00fc7ac20f"><paragraph id="iddedc216b371f408598019be5a11d6773" commented="no"><enum>(6)</enum><text>the term <term>dual fueled automobile</term> means an automobile that—</text><subparagraph id="idcc1bff6a55d54f77859facf861d4d40a" commented="no"><enum>(A)</enum><text>is capable of operating on alternative fuel or a mixture of biodiesel and diesel fuel meeting the standard established by the American Society for Testing and Materials or under section 211(u) of the Clean Air Act (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/42/7545">42 U.S.C. 7545(u)</external-xref>) for fuel containing 20 percent biodiesel (commonly known as <quote>B20</quote>) and on gasoline or diesel fuel; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="id9fa6c2bfdc314934a96b280f56fbf7cd" commented="no"><enum>(B)</enum><text>provides equal or superior energy efficiency, as calculated for the applicable model year during fuel economy testing for the United States Government, when operating on alternative fuel as when operating on gasoline or diesel fuel;</text></subparagraph></paragraph><after-quoted-block>; and</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idcd4de2f62aa24f6f890409f9b8f02095"><enum>(E)</enum><text>in subparagraph (A) of paragraph (7) (as so redesignated), by striking <quote>, as such term is defined in section 513(h)(1)(D) of the Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act</quote>.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id1b1f67fe6eaf4895be5652abe98d628a"><enum>(3)</enum><text>Section 301 of the Energy Policy Act of 1992 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/42/13211">42 U.S.C. 13211</external-xref>) is amended—</text><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id9990fba20382404d8f0545e19a4b7f7f"><enum>(A)</enum><text>by redesignating paragraphs (6), (7), (8), and (9) through (14) as paragraphs (7), (8), (10), and (11) through (16), respectively;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id16781bb86a2d424e8ca548ee9b428b9a"><enum>(B)</enum><text>by inserting after paragraph (5) the following:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id0f442f5a0e9c4a6b8c2011b3aec26c2d"><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id42ad99ede2ef44d2999bcdf27c6f086e"><enum>(6)</enum><text>the term <term>dedicated automobile</term> means an automobile that operates only on alternative fuel;</text></paragraph><after-quoted-block>;</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id1bd68791f50d4d57aa4fd07514975cc1"><enum>(C)</enum><text>in subparagraph (A) of paragraph (7) (as so redesignated), by striking <quote>, as such term is defined in section 513(h)(1)(C) of the Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act</quote>;</text></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="ida0ee35333c6146bd928f9b90aa6d2f3e"><enum>(D)</enum><text>by inserting after paragraph (8) (as so redesignated) the following:</text><quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id9f659ea216794316bd44ab94a9245ed1"><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id0c4b56a957ca4d469d3c016d078c8d6e"><enum>(9)</enum><text>the term <term>dual fueled automobile</term> means an automobile that—</text><subparagraph id="id8a69694e4f3e47ff85f45748e43a9e8d" commented="no"><enum>(A)</enum><text>is capable of operating on alternative fuel or a mixture of biodiesel and diesel fuel meeting the standard established by the American Society for Testing and Materials or under section 211(u) of the Clean Air Act (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/42/7545">42 U.S.C. 7545(u)</external-xref>) for fuel containing 20 percent biodiesel (commonly known as <quote>B20</quote>) and on gasoline or diesel fuel; and</text></subparagraph><subparagraph id="idf6021d4ae36b4c0db39685fd8bfce5fc" commented="no"><enum>(B)</enum><text>provides equal or superior energy efficiency, as calculated for the applicable model year during fuel economy testing for the United States Government, when operating on alternative fuel as when operating on gasoline or diesel fuel;</text></subparagraph></paragraph><after-quoted-block>; and</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></subparagraph><subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id9256909ac32f4b25bc17b11594c613ab"><enum>(E)</enum><text>in subparagraph (A) of paragraph (10) (as so redesignated), by striking <quote>, as such term is defined in section 513(h)(1)(D) of the Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act</quote>.</text></subparagraph></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idb634924da1de491d9bdaf42cb4d6df5b"> <enum>(4)</enum> <text>Section 30501(1) of title 49, United States Code, is amended by striking <quote>has the same meaning given that term in section 32901(a) of this title</quote> and inserting the following: “means a 4-wheeled vehicle that is propelled by fuel, or by alternative fuel, manufactured primarily for use on public streets, roads, and highways and rated at less than 10,000 pounds gross vehicle weight, except—</text>
                    <quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="ida6f4ed6924eb419f8615cfbe3ae53999">
                        <subparagraph id="ide099a1714d02451c8e23f28a6ca0c822" commented="no">
                            <enum>(A)</enum>
 <text>a vehicle operated only on a rail line;</text> </subparagraph> <subparagraph id="id38a6b972bb5d4b6a91e2acdb62f0ba94" commented="no"> <enum>(B)</enum> <text>a vehicle manufactured in different stages by 2 or more manufacturers, if no intermediate or final-stage manufacturer of that vehicle manufactures more than 10,000 multi-stage vehicles per year; or</text>
                        </subparagraph>
                        <subparagraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id27a7db6e3a7d4830b1d1a099ed05d023">
                            <enum>(C)</enum>
 <text>a work truck.</text> </subparagraph> <after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block> </quoted-block> </paragraph><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="ida82dfb75436b4af9b80e9870fa71991e"> <enum>(5)</enum> <text>Section 33101(8) of title 49, United States Code, is amended by striking <quote>has the same meaning given that term in section 32901(a) of this title</quote> and inserting the following: “, with respect to a specific calendar year, means—</text>
                    <quoted-block style="OLC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id5aaf3c9b06144f4ca727a6193e093bc6">
                        <subparagraph id="id4345cc1ae46241188df99be3c1244732" commented="no">
                            <enum>(A)</enum>
 <text>the annual production period of a manufacturer, as determined by the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, that includes January 1 of that calendar year; or</text>
                        </subparagraph>
                        <subparagraph id="ide914592008cd461386e2f3a2dfbd0272" commented="no">
                            <enum>(B)</enum>
 <text>that calendar year if the manufacturer does not have an annual production period.</text>
                        </subparagraph>
                        <after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block>
                    </quoted-block>
                </paragraph><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id2782a87db7f24b9895c68e0178a76244">
                    <enum>(6)</enum>
 <text>Section 30114(b)(4) of title 49, United States Code, is amended by striking <quote>sections 32304, 32502, and 32902</quote> and inserting <quote>sections 32304 and 32502</quote>.</text>
 </paragraph><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id36026d362173442d94317c8647f64411"><enum>(7)</enum><text>Section 166(e)(2) of title 23, United States Code, is amended by striking <quote>, in accordance with section 32908(b) of title 49</quote>.</text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="ida1d9eba2ab4b4ae6b8ecb3b99f428b2c"><enum>(8)</enum><text>Section 32304(g) of title 49, United States Code, is amended, in the second sentence, by striking <quote>, on the label required by section 32908 of this title,</quote>.</text></paragraph><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="idb26ece544bca4feda11ae656a53b50aa"><enum>(9)</enum><text>Section 33117 of title 49, United States Code, is amended to read as follows:</text><quoted-block style="USC" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id216a58bc6b72454e813d4af4745ad807"><section commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id26702026bb8f41008e2cba2877d16d64"><enum>33117.</enum><header>Judicial review</header><subsection id="id69f2e743b7334893915abf7b39e44844"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Filing and venue</header><text>A person that may be adversely affected by a regulation promulgated under this chapter may apply for review of the regulation by filing a petition for review in the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit or in the court of appeals of the United States for the circuit in which the person resides or has its principal place of business.</text></subsection><subsection id="id7d50a908758f4ca286930ab87f26012c"> <enum>(b)</enum> <header>Time for filing and judicial procedures</header> <paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id57b7b415e7794126b19751d15bca80ee"> <enum>(1)</enum> <header>In general</header> <text display-inline="yes-display-inline">A petition filed under subsection (a) shall be filed not later than 59 days after the regulation is promulgated.</text>
                                </paragraph>
                                <paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id10e2a0e7ac6c443fb001a595d9dbae87">
                                    <enum>(2)</enum>
                                    <header>Clerk of court</header>
 <text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The clerk of the court shall send immediately a copy of a petition filed under subsection (a) to the Secretary of Transportation.</text>
                                </paragraph>
                                <paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id8cfac03508724384b991aea525293852">
                                    <enum>(3)</enum>
                                    <header>Record of proceeding</header>
 <text display-inline="yes-display-inline">The Secretary of Transportation shall file with the court a record of the proceeding in which the applicable regulation was promulgated.</text>
                                </paragraph>
 </subsection><subsection id="idaa34fe98ae6643b3868447e7eec02f0b"><enum>(c)</enum><header>Additional proceedings</header><paragraph commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id96ae190b6a5f496e8916785fbca0f14c"><enum>(1)</enum><header display-inline="yes-display-inline">In general</header><text>When reviewing a regulation under subsection (a), the court, on request of the petitioner, may order the Secretary of Transportation to receive additional submissions if the court is satisfied the additional submissions are material and there were reasonable grounds for not presenting the submissions in the proceeding before the Secretary of Transportation.</text></paragraph><paragraph id="id7149cb0f5a664712b3fc413300e3aabe"><enum>(2)</enum><header>Amend or set aside</header><text>The Secretary of Transportation may amend or set aside the regulation, or promulgate a new regulation, based on the additional submissions presented under paragraph (1), which shall be filed with and reviewed by the court.</text></paragraph></subsection><subsection id="id465319d5979f48e3b1288dfdda97f53f"><enum>(d)</enum><header>Supreme court review and additional remedies</header><text>A judgment of a court under this section may be reviewed only by the Supreme Court under section 1254 of title 28.</text></subsection><subsection commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline" id="id3d0150fa1ec647a4bcddea07bb8bb685"><enum>(e)</enum><header>Clarification</header><text display-inline="yes-display-inline">A remedy under subsections (a) and (c) is in addition to any other remedies provided by law.</text></subsection></section><after-quoted-block>.</after-quoted-block></quoted-block></paragraph><paragraph id="id3bb50da27bc048abbe78aaee3c36d8c6" commented="no" display-inline="no-display-inline"> <enum>(10)</enum> <text>Section 513 of the Energy Policy Act of 1992 (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/42/13263">42 U.S.C. 13263</external-xref>) is amended by striking <quote>under section 505(b)(1) of the Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act (<external-xref legal-doc="usc" parsable-cite="usc/15/2005">15 U.S.C. 2005(b)(1)</external-xref>)</quote> and inserting <quote>under subchapter II of chapter 5, and chapter 7, of title 5, United States Code (commonly known as the <quote>Administrative Procedure Act</quote>)</quote>.</text>
 </paragraph></subsection></section><section id="id3253f6c76cbf45198acb1300f3b91b16"><enum>3.</enum><header>National fuel economy policy</header><subsection id="idc838c3eb628942a8bee36714f1758e68"><enum>(a)</enum><header>Federal authority and exclusivity</header><text>It is the sense of Congress that, pursuant to the Commerce Clause of section 8 of article I of the Constitution of the United States, the regulation of fuel economy standards for motor vehicles manufactured for sale in interstate commerce is exclusively reserved to the Federal Government.</text></subsection><subsection id="id29ab0b821ca14def90fe954db011e411"><enum>(b)</enum><header>Preemption</header><text>A State or a political subdivision thereof may not adopt or enforce a law or regulation requiring compliance with fuel economy standards or average fuel economy standards for automobiles.</text></subsection><subsection id="idea4013ff27f447d69059e084cc274930"><enum>(c)</enum><header>Rule of construction</header><text>This section shall be construed as providing that a person involved in the purchase, manufacture, or sale of a motor vehicle for use in interstate commerce, including consumers, manufacturers, distributors, and sellers of motor vehicles, has a right to be free from the adoption or enforcement of State laws or regulations inconsistent with this section.</text></subsection></section></legis-body></bill>

