[Congressional Bills 119th Congress]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
[H.R. 9693 Introduced in House (IH)]

<DOC>






119th CONGRESS
  2d Session
                                H. R. 9693

   To amend title XVIII of the Social Security Act to modify certain 
             physician payments under the Medicare program.


_______________________________________________________________________


                    IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

                             July 15, 2026

 Mr. Joyce of Pennsylvania (for himself, Ms. Schrier, Mr. Murphy, Mr. 
  Bera, Mr. Dunn of Florida, Mr. Conaway, Mr. Harris of Maryland, Ms. 
Morrison, Mrs. Miller-Meeks, Ms. Dexter, Mrs. Harshbarger, Mr. Veasey, 
 Mr. Carter of Georgia, Ms. Sewell, Mr. Onder, Ms. DelBene, Mr. Babin, 
 Mr. Panetta, Mr. McCormick, Mr. Suozzi, Mrs. Biggs of South Carolina, 
    Mrs. Fletcher, Mr. Bilirakis, Mrs. Trahan, Mrs. Miller of West 
    Virginia, Mr. LaHood, Ms. Kelly of Illinois, and Mr. Van Drew) 
 introduced the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on 
   Energy and Commerce, and in addition to the Committee on Ways and 
 Means, for a period to be subsequently determined by the Speaker, in 
   each case for consideration of such provisions as fall within the 
                jurisdiction of the committee concerned

_______________________________________________________________________

                                 A BILL


 
   To amend title XVIII of the Social Security Act to modify certain 
             physician payments under the Medicare program.

    Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the 
United States of America in Congress assembled,

SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

    This Act may be cited as the ``Patients First Act of 2026''.

        TITLE I--STRENGTHENING REIMBURSEMENT AND PATIENT ACCESS

SEC. 101. MODIFYING THE CONVERSION FACTOR UPDATES APPLICABLE TO 
              PHYSICIANS' SERVICES UNDER THE MEDICARE PROGRAM.

    (a) In General.--Section 1848(d) of the Social Security Act (42 
U.S.C. 1395w-4(d)) is amended--
            (1) in paragraph (1)(A), in the second sentence, by 
        inserting ``or (21)'' after ``paragraph (20)'';
            (2) in paragraph (20)--
                    (A) in the header, by striking ``and subsequent 
                years''; and
                    (B) by striking ``and each subsequent year''; and
            (3) by adding at the end the following new paragraph:
            ``(21) Update for 2027 and subsequent years.--
                    ``(A) In general.--For 2027 and each subsequent 
                year, the update to the nonqualifying APM conversion 
                factor established under paragraph (1)(A) is, subject 
                to subparagraph (B), the Secretary's estimate of the 
                percentage increase in the MEI (as defined in section 
                1842(i)(3)) for the year, less 1 percentage point, and 
                the update to the qualifying APM conversion factor 
                established under such paragraph is the update to the 
                nonqualifying APM conversion factor for the year, 
                increased by 0.5 percentage point.
                    ``(B) Floor and ceiling on nonqualifying apm 
                conversion factor update.--In the case that the update 
                to the nonqualifying APM conversion factor for a year 
                as calculated under subparagraph (A) is--
                            ``(i) less than 25 percent of the 
                        Secretary's estimate of the percentage increase 
                        in the MEI (as defined in section 1842(i)(3)) 
                        for the year, such update shall be deemed to be 
                        equal to 25 percent of such estimate; or
                            ``(ii) more than 75 percent of such 
                        estimate, such update shall be deemed to be 
                        equal to 75 percent of such estimate.''.
    (b) Reports.--The Secretary of Health and Human Services shall, for 
2027 and each year thereafter, submit to Congress a report on the 
updates to the qualifying APM conversion factor and nonqualifying APM 
conversion factor under section 1848(d) of the Social Security Act (42 
U.S.C. 1395w-4(d)) for such year. Such report shall include an analysis 
of the impact of such updates on Medicare beneficiaries' access to 
services under the Medicare program and on the consolidation of 
physician practices.

SEC. 102. HYBRID PAYMENT MODEL FOR PRIMARY CARE SERVICES.

    Part E of title XVIII of the Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. 1395x 
et seq.) is amended by inserting after section 1866G the following new 
section:

``SEC. 1866H. HYBRID PAYMENT MODEL FOR PRIMARY CARE SERVICES.

    ``(a) In General.--The Secretary shall, for 2027 and each 
subsequent year through 2031, carry out a hybrid payment model for 
primary care services (in this section referred to as the `model') 
under which the Secretary shall make a monthly payment to each 
qualifying supplier for each individual attributed to such practice for 
such year in lieu of payment for any designated primary care services 
furnished by such supplier to such individuals during such year that 
would otherwise be made under the payment schedule established under 
section 1848 (or on the basis of such schedule).
    ``(b) Payment Amount.--
            ``(1) In general.--The monthly amount payable to a 
        qualifying supplier for a year under the model is equal to one-
        twelfth of the national average amount that the Secretary 
        estimates will be payable under the payment basis established 
        under section 1848 for designated primary care services 
        furnished during such year (so estimated as if no cost sharing 
        requirements applied to individuals enrolled under part B), 
        adjusted by a geographic index determined appropriate by the 
        Secretary and risk adjusted in a manner determined appropriate 
        by the Secretary.
            ``(2) Nonapplication of cost sharing.--No cost sharing 
        requirement shall apply with respect to a monthly payment made 
        under the model to a qualifying supplier for an individual 
        attributed to such supplier.
    ``(c) Attribution Process.--
            ``(1) In general.--The Secretary shall establish a process 
        under which, for each year of the model, individuals enrolled 
        under part B who are not enrolled under an MA plan under part C 
        may designate a qualifying supplier as such individual's 
        primary care provider for such year.
            ``(2) Attribution based on prior claims.--In the case of an 
        individual described in paragraph (1) who fails to make a 
        designation for a year but for whom the Secretary determines, 
        based on claims history of items and services furnished under 
        this title, that such individual has a primary care provider 
        who is a qualifying supplier, the Secretary may designate such 
        supplier as such individual's primary care provider for such 
        year.
            ``(3) Treated as attributed.--For purposes of this section, 
        each individual who makes a designation under paragraph (1) (or 
        for whom such a designation is made under paragraph (2)) with 
        respect to a qualifying supplier for a year shall be treated as 
        attributed to such supplier for such year.
    ``(d) No Effect on PFS Budget Neutrality.--Section 1848(c)(2)(B) 
shall be applied for 2027 and each subsequent year as if the model had 
never applied.
    ``(e) Funding.--Payments under the model shall be made from the 
Federal Supplementary Medical Insurance Trust Fund established under 
section 1841.
    ``(f) Definitions.--In this section:
            ``(1) Designated health care practitioner.--The term 
        `designated health care practitioner' means a physician 
        assistant, a nurse practitioner, a clinical nurse specialist, a 
        physical therapist, an occupational therapist, or such other 
        health care practitioner as the Secretary may specify.
            ``(2) Designated primary care services.--The term 
        `designated primary care services' means--
                    ``(A) care management services;
                    ``(B) behavioral health integration services;
                    ``(C) office-based evaluation and management 
                services (whether furnished in person or via 
                telehealth); and
                    ``(D) communications such as telephone calls, 
                emails and patient portals between patients and their 
                care givers.
            ``(3) Excluded practice.--
                    ``(A) In general.--The term `excluded practice' 
                means, subject to subparagraph (B), any practice--
                            ``(i) in which any entity that is not a 
                        physician or designated health care 
                        practitioner or a professional corporation, 
                        professional association, limited liability 
                        company, or other professional body that is 
                        majority owned and controlled by physicians or 
                        designated health care practitioners has an 
                        ownership interest;
                            ``(ii) in which any entity described in 
                        subparagraph (A) exercises de facto control 
                        over employment decisions (including rates of 
                        pay and terms of employment), clinical staffing 
                        levels, amount of time spent between a supplier 
                        and a patient, diagnostic or procedural coding 
                        decisions, clinical standards or policy, 
                        billing and collection, prices for items and 
                        services, contracting with third party payors, 
                        or controlling or restricting the practice's 
                        assets;
                            ``(iii) in which physicians or designated 
                        health care practitioners hold 50 percent or 
                        less of voting shares or membership interests;
                            ``(iv) that has a governing board in which 
                        physicians or designated health care 
                        practitioners constitute less than 50 percent 
                        of the members; or
                            ``(v) in the case such practice is a 
                        corporation or professional association, that 
                        permits the removal of directors or officers 
                        that are physicians or designated health care 
                        practitioners except by majority vote of 
                        stakeholders that are physicians or designated 
                        health care practitioners.
                    ``(B) Exception.--The term `excluded practice' does 
                not include any practice consisting of 15 or fewer 
                designated health care practitioners.
            ``(4) Specified practitioner.--The term `specified 
        practitioner' means--
                    ``(A) a physician with a primary specialty or 
                practice area of family medicine, internal medicine, 
                geriatric medicine, or pediatric medicine; or
                    ``(B) a physician assistant, a nurse practitioner, 
                or a clinical nurse specialist.
            ``(5) Qualifying supplier.--The term `qualifying supplier' 
        means, with respect to a year, a specified practitioner--
                    ``(A) who is not part of an excluded practice;
                    ``(B) who furnished items and services under this 
                title during the preceding year;
                    ``(C) for whom, with respect to payments under this 
                title for all items and services furnished by such 
                practitioner during the preceding year, at least 60 
                percent of such payments were for designated primary 
                care services; and
                    ``(D) who has elected to participate in the model 
                for such year through such process as the Secretary 
                shall establish.''.

SEC. 103. WORK GEOGRAPHIC FLOOR ADJUSTMENT FOR HIGH INFLATIONARY YEARS.

    (a) In General.--Section 1848(e)(1)(E) of the Social Security Act 
(42 U.S.C. 1395w-4(e)(1)(E)) is amended--
            (1) by striking the header and inserting ``Work geographic 
        index'';
            (2) by striking ``After calculating'' and inserting the 
        following:
                            ``(i) In general.--After calculating'';
            (3) in clause (i) (as so inserted)--
                    (A) by inserting ``(or 1.025, in the case such year 
                is a high inflationary year (as defined in clause 
                (iii)))'' after ``to 1.00''; and
                    (B) by striking ``2027'' and inserting ``2032''; 
                and
            (4) by adding at the end the following new clauses:
                            ``(ii) Increase in high inflationary years 
                        for other localities.--After calculating the 
                        work geographic index in subparagraph (A)(iii), 
                        for purposes of payment for services furnished 
                        on or after January 1, 2027, and before January 
                        1, 2033, the Secretary shall increase the work 
                        geographic index by .02 points if such year is 
                        a high inflationary year, unless such work 
                        geographic index is subject to an increase 
                        under clause (i) for such year.
                            ``(iii) Definition.--In this subparagraph, 
                        the term `high inflationary year' means a year 
                        if, over the 12-month period ending on the last 
                        day of the preceding year, the consumer price 
                        index for all urban consumers (U.S. city 
                        average) increased by more than 2 percent.
                            ``(iv) Publication.--Medicare 
                        administrative contractors shall publish the 
                        geographically adjusted work relative value 
                        units for both the inflation adjustments under 
                        clauses (i) and (ii) and the work geographic 
                        adjustment for all services on a quarterly 
                        basis effective January 1, 2027, for each of 
                        their geographic areas.''.
    (b) Report.--Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment 
of this Act, the Comptroller General of the United States shall submit 
to the House Energy and Commerce and Ways and Means Committees and 
Senate Finance Committee a study on the economic factors that are 
impacting physician choice, by specialty, regarding the geographic area 
in which such physicians choose to practice, including salaries, 
contract terms, cost of living, availability of capital, volume of 
services, and costs to conduct a practice.

                            TITLE II--POINTS

SEC. 201. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PATIENT OUTCOME IMPROVEMENT NATIONAL 
              TABULATION SYSTEM.

    (a) In General.--Effective January 1, 2032, there is established 
the Patient Outcome Improvement National Tabulation System, which shall 
consist of the payment system under section 1848(q) of the Social 
Security Act (42 U.S.C. 1395w-4(q)), including as amended by this 
section.
    (b) References.--Subject to paragraph (3), any reference to the 
payment system under section 1848(q) of the Social Security Act (42 
U.S.C. 1395w-4(q)), including the terms ``Merit-based Incentive Payment 
System'' and ``MIPS'', shall be deemed a reference to the ``Patient 
Outcome Improvement National Tabulation System'' and ``POINTS'', 
respectively.
    (c) Transition.--In order to provide for an orderly transition and 
avoid provider confusion, the Secretary of Health and Human Services 
shall provide for an appropriate transition in the use of the terms 
``Merit-based Incentive Payment System'' (and ``MIPS'') and ``Patient 
Outcome Improvement National Tabulation System'' (and ``POINTS'') in 
reference to the payment system under section 1848(q) of the Social 
Security Act (42 U.S.C. 1395w-4(q)). Before the completion of such 
transition, any reference to the ``Patient Outcome Improvement National 
Tabulation System'' (or ``POINTS'') shall be deemed to include a 
reference to the ``Merit-based Incentive Payment System''.

SEC. 202. PAYMENT REFORM.

    (a) In General.--Section 1848(q) of the Social Security Act (42 
U.S.C. 1395w-4(q)) is amended--
            (1) in paragraph (1)(D)(i)(II), by striking ``(iv)'' and 
        inserting ``(v)'';
            (2) in paragraph (2)--
                    (A) in subparagraph (A)--
                            (i) in clause (iii), by striking ``Clinical 
                        practice'' and inserting ``For performance 
                        periods beginning before January 1, 2032, 
                        clinical practice'';
                            (ii) in clause (iv), by striking 
                        ``Meaningful use'' and inserting ``For 
                        performance periods before January 1, 2032, 
                        meaningful use''; and
                            (iii) by adding at the end the following 
                        new clause:
                            ``(v) For performance periods beginning on 
                        or after January 1, 2032, care efficiency.'';
                    (B) in subparagraph (B)--
                            (i) in clause (ii)--
                                    (I) by striking ``subparagraph 
                                (A)(ii), the measurement'' and 
                                inserting the following: ``subparagraph 
                                (A)(ii)--
                                    ``(I) for performance periods 
                                beginning before January 1, 2032, the 
                                measurement''; and
                                    (II) by striking the period at the 
                                end and inserting the following: ``; 
                                and
                                    ``(II) for performance periods 
                                beginning on or after January 1, 2032, 
                                the measurement described in subclause 
                                (I) and any resource use measures 
                                included in the final measures list 
                                published under subparagraph (D)(i) for 
                                such period.''; and
                            (ii) by inserting after clause (iv) the 
                        following new clause:
                            ``(v) Care efficiency.--For the performance 
                        category described in subparagraph (A)(v), care 
                        efficiency measures (such as measures relating 
                        to reductions in avoidable hospitalizations, 
                        reductions in medication burden (when 
                        clinically appropriate), reductions in 
                        complications from chronic diseases, and 
                        referral patterns to the lowest-cost clinically 
                        appropriate settings) included in the final 
                        measures list published under subparagraph 
                        (D)(i) for such period.'';
                    (C) in subparagraph (D)--
                            (i) in the header, by striking ``quality'';
                            (ii) in clause (i)--
                                    (I) in the matter preceding 
                                subclause (I), by inserting ``(or, with 
                                respect to performance periods 
                                beginning on or after January 1, 2032, 
                                an annual final list of quality 
                                measures, resource use measures (if 
                                determined appropriate by the 
                                Secretary), and care efficiency 
                                measures)'' after ``quality measures''; 
                                and
                                    (II) in subclause (II)--
                                            (aa) in item (aa), by 
                                        striking ``quality measures'' 
                                        and inserting ``measures'';
                                            (bb) in item (bb), by 
                                        inserting ``(or, with respect 
                                        to a final list for a 
                                        performance period beginning on 
                                        or after January 1, 2032, new 
                                        quality measures, resource use 
                                        measures, or care efficiency 
                                        measures)'' after ``quality 
                                        measures''; and
                                            (cc) in item (cc), by 
                                        striking ``quality measures'' 
                                        and inserting ``measures'';
                            (iii) in clause (ii)--
                                    (I) in the header, by striking 
                                ``quality''; and
                                    (II) in subclause (I)--
                                            (aa) by inserting ``(or, 
                                        with respect to such an annual 
                                        list for a performance period 
                                        beginning on or after January 
                                        1, 2032, quality measures, 
                                        resource use measures, and care 
                                        efficiency measures)'' after 
                                        ``submit quality measures''; 
                                        and
                                            (bb) by striking ``quality 
                                        measures published'' and 
                                        inserting ``measures 
                                        published'';
                            (iv) in clause (iii)--
                                    (I) in the matter preceding 
                                subclause (I), by striking ``quality'';
                                    (II) in subclause (I), by striking 
                                ``and'' at the end;
                                    (III) in subclause (II)--
                                            (aa) by striking ``ensure 
                                        that'' and inserting ``with 
                                        respect to such an annual final 
                                        list for a performance period 
                                        beginning before January 1, 
                                        2032, ensure that''; and
                                            (bb) by striking the period 
                                        at the end and inserting ``; 
                                        and''; and
                                    (IV) by adding at the end the 
                                following new subclause:
                                    ``(III) with respect to such an 
                                annual final list for a performance 
                                period beginning on or after January 1, 
                                2032, provide that--
                                            ``(aa) no quality measure 
                                        applicable to a medical 
                                        specialty is included on such 
                                        list if--

                                                    ``(AA) the task 
                                                force established under 
                                                subparagraph (E) has 
                                                issued recommendations 
                                                on quality measures for 
                                                use under this 
                                                subsection with respect 
                                                to such specialty; and

                                                    ``(BB) the quality 
                                                measure does not have 
                                                in effect such a 
                                                recommendation; and

                                            ``(bb) no resource use 
                                        measure or care efficiency 
                                        measure is included on such 
                                        list unless such measure has in 
                                        effect a recommendation from 
                                        such task force.'';
                            (v) in clause (v), in the matter preceding 
                        subclause (I), by inserting ``for a performance 
                        period beginning before January 1, 2032,'' 
                        after ``published under clause (i)'';
                            (vi) in clause (vi), by striking ``under 
                        clauses (i), (iv), and (v)'' and inserting 
                        ``under this subparagraph''; and
                            (vii) in clause (vii)(II), by striking 
                        ``shall be'' and inserting ``subject to clause 
                        (iii)(III)(aa), shall be'';
            (3) in paragraph (5)--
                    (A) in subparagraph (B)--
                            (i) in clause (ii)--
                                    (I) in subclause (I)--
                                            (aa) by striking 
                                        ``encourage'' and inserting 
                                        ``with respect to a performance 
                                        period beginning before January 
                                        1, 2032, encourage''; and
                                            (bb) by striking ``and'' at 
                                        the end;
                                    (II) in subclause (II), by striking 
                                the period and inserting ``; and''; and
                                    (III) by adding at the end the 
                                following new subclause:
                                    ``(III) with respect to a 
                                performance period beginning on or 
                                after January 1, 2032, with respect to 
                                a year, provide that in the case of a 
                                MIPS eligible professional who fails to 
                                report on an applicable quality measure 
                                through the use of certified EHR 
                                technology or clinical data registries, 
                                the professional shall be treated as 
                                achieving the lowest potential score 
                                applicable to such measure.''; and
                            (ii) by adding at the end the following new 
                        clause:
                            ``(iii) Incentive to report on certain 
                        measures.--
                                    ``(I) In general.--With respect to 
                                performance periods for years beginning 
                                on or after January 1, 2027, in the 
                                case a MIPS eligible professional 
                                elects to report on a measure for such 
                                period that, with respect to such 
                                professional and such period, is a new 
                                measure described in subclause (II), a 
                                substantively changed measure described 
                                in subclause (III), or a measure 
                                described in paragraph (2)(B)(i) for 
                                which the Secretary is unable to 
                                establish a benchmark, such 
                                professional shall be treated as 
                                achieving the highest possible score 
                                with respect to such measure.
                                    ``(II) New measures.--For purposes 
                                of subclause (I), a new measure 
                                described in this subclause, with 
                                respect to a MIPS eligible professional 
                                and performance period for a year, is a 
                                measure applicable to such professional 
                                with respect to the performance 
                                category described in paragraph 
                                (2)(A)(i) that is included in the final 
                                list of quality measures published 
                                under paragraph (2)(D)(i) (or the list 
                                of quality measures described in 
                                paragraph (2)(D)(vi) used by qualified 
                                clinical data registries under 
                                subsection (m)(3)(E)) for such year but 
                                was not included in such final list 
                                under paragraph (2)(D)(i) (or list 
                                under paragraph (2)(D)(vi)) for any of 
                                the previous 3 years.
                                    ``(III) Substantively changed 
                                measure.--For purposes of subclause 
                                (I), a substantively changed measure 
                                described in this subclause, with 
                                respect to a MIPS eligible professional 
                                and performance period for a year, is a 
                                measure applicable to such professional 
                                with respect to the performance 
                                category described in paragraph 
                                (2)(A)(i) that is included in the final 
                                list of quality measures published 
                                under paragraph (2)(D)(i) (or the list 
                                of quality measures described in 
                                paragraph (2)(D)(vi) used by qualified 
                                clinical data registries under 
                                subsection (m)(3)(E)) for such year and 
                                each of the previous three years but 
                                that underwent a substantive change (as 
                                defined by the Secretary) during any of 
                                such previous three years.''; and
                    (B) in subparagraph (E)--
                            (i) in clause (i)--
                                    (I) in subclause (I)(aa), by 
                                inserting ``(or, with respect to 2032 
                                and subsequent years, 65 percent)'' 
                                after ``thirty percent'';
                                    (II) in subclause (II)(aa), by 
                                inserting ``(or, with respect to 2032 
                                and subsequent years, 20 percent)'' 
                                after ``thirty percent'';
                                    (III) in subclause (III), by 
                                inserting ``(or, with respect to 2032 
                                and subsequent years, 0 percent)'' 
                                after ``fifteen percent'';
                                    (IV) in subclause (IV), by 
                                inserting ``(or, with respect to 2032 
                                and subsequent years, 0 percent)'' 
                                after ``twenty-five percent''; and
                                    (V) by adding at the end the 
                                following new subclause:
                                    ``(V) Care efficiency.--With 
                                respect to 2032 and subsequent years, 
                                15 percent of such score shall be based 
                                on performance with respect to the 
                                category described in clause (v) of 
                                paragraph (2)(A).''; and
                            (ii) in clause (ii), by inserting ``(before 
                        2032)'' after ``In any year'';
            (4) in paragraph (11)(A)(i), by striking ``clauses (i) 
        through (iv) of''; and
            (5) in paragraph (12)(A)(i)(II), by striking ``and (iv)'' 
        and inserting ``through (v)''.
    (b) Improvements to Resource Use Performance Category.--Section 
1848(r) of the Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. 1395w-4(r)) is amended--
            (1) in paragraph (2)(H), by adding at the end the following 
        new sentence: ``In making such revisions for 2027 and 
        subsequent years, the Secretary shall revise care episode 
        groups and patient condition groups without regard to any 
        target described in subparagraph (D)(i)(I).''; and
            (2) in paragraph (5)(C)(i)--
                    (A) by inserting ``, for years before 2027,'' after 
                ``shall''; and
                    (B) by inserting ``and shall, for 2027 and 
                subsequent years, use such care episode codes and 
                patient condition codes'' before the period.

SEC. 203. QUALITY REFORM TASK FORCE.

    Section 1848(q)(2) of the Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. 1395w-
4(q)(2)) is amended by adding at the end the following new 
subparagraph:
                    ``(E) Quality reform task force.--
                            ``(i) In general.--Not later than 6 months 
                        after the date of the enactment of this 
                        subparagraph, the Secretary shall establish a 
                        Quality Reform Task Force (in this subparagraph 
                        referred to as the `Task Force') for purposes 
                        of issuing recommendations with respect to the 
                        use of quality, resource use, and care 
                        efficiency measures under this subsection.
                            ``(ii) Membership.--
                                    ``(I) In general.--Members of the 
                                Task Force shall be appointed by the 
                                Secretary and shall include--
                                            ``(aa) representatives of 
                                        the Department of Health and 
                                        Human Services;
                                            ``(bb) representatives of 
                                        eligible professional 
                                        organizations (as defined in 
                                        subparagraph (D)(ii)(II)); and
                                            ``(cc) other experts 
                                        determined appropriate by the 
                                        Secretary.
                                    ``(II) Appropriate 
                                representation.--In making appointments 
                                under subclause (I), the Secretary 
                                shall ensure that--
                                            ``(aa) each medical 
                                        specialty or subspecialty as 
                                        determined appropriate by the 
                                        Secretary in which a MIPS 
                                        eligible professional may 
                                        practice is adequately 
                                        represented on the Task Force 
                                        through a relevant organization 
                                        described in subclause (I)(bb) 
                                        if a measure relating to such 
                                        specialty or subspecialty is 
                                        under consideration;
                                            ``(bb) a majority of the 
                                        Task Force is comprised of 
                                        designated health care 
                                        practitioners (as defined in 
                                        section 1866H(f)) or 
                                        representatives of designated 
                                        health care professional-led 
                                        professional organizations 
                                        described in subclause (I)(bb);
                                            ``(cc) not more than 3 
                                        members of the Task Force are 
                                        representatives of group health 
                                        plans, health insurance 
                                        issuers, or Medicare Advantage 
                                        organizations; and
                                            ``(dd) at least 1 
                                        designated health care 
                                        practitioner who is not part of 
                                        an excluded practice (as 
                                        defined in section 1866H(f)) 
                                        who practices in a medical 
                                        specialty or subspecialty is 
                                        included on the Task Force when 
                                        the Task Force is considering 
                                        measures relating to such 
                                        specialty or subspecialty.
                                    ``(III) Maximum number of 
                                members.--The number of members of the 
                                Task Force may not exceed 25.
                            ``(iii) Duties.--
                                    ``(I) In general.--The Task Force 
                                shall, with respect to each performance 
                                period beginning on or after January 1, 
                                2032--
                                            ``(aa) issue 
                                        recommendations on quality, 
                                        resource use, and care 
                                        efficiency measures for use 
                                        under this subsection; and
                                            ``(bb) update any 
                                        recommendations previously 
                                        issued by the Task Force as 
                                        determined appropriate by the 
                                        Task Force.
                                    ``(II) Requirements.--The Task 
                                Force--
                                            ``(aa) shall ensure that 
                                        any measure recommended under 
                                        subclause (I) conforms with 
                                        applicable clinical guidelines 
                                        developed by a professional 
                                        organization representing the 
                                        medical specialty or 
                                        subspecialty to be subject to 
                                        such measure and is designed to 
                                        promote quality of care, 
                                        improve resource use, or reduce 
                                        costs;
                                            ``(bb) may only recommend a 
                                        quality measure to the extent 
                                        that data for such measure can 
                                        be submitted through certified 
                                        EHR technology, administrative 
                                        or billing claims, or a 
                                        qualified clinical data 
                                        registry;
                                            ``(cc) shall take into 
                                        account the circumstances of 
                                        practitioners in specialty 
                                        types that furnish services 
                                        that do not typically involve 
                                        face-to-face interaction with 
                                        patients (or that typically 
                                        involve such interaction only 
                                        at the direction of another 
                                        practitioner ordering such 
                                        services);
                                            ``(dd) shall, in reviewing 
                                        measures and making 
                                        recommendations, take into 
                                        account--

                                                    ``(AA) how the 
                                                measure relates to an 
                                                episode of care or a 
                                                continuum of health 
                                                care, as applicable, 
                                                involved;

                                                    ``(BB) the context 
                                                of the respective 
                                                performance category of 
                                                such measure and how 
                                                the measure may serve 
                                                to complement or align 
                                                with measures 
                                                applicable in other 
                                                performance categories 
                                                under this subsection;

                                                    ``(CC) measures 
                                                developed by qualified 
                                                clinical data 
                                                registries; and

                                                    ``(DD) consult with 
                                                such registries as 
                                                necessary in the 
                                                development and 
                                                evaluation of measures; 
                                                and

                                            ``(ee) ensure that the role 
                                        of qualified clinical data 
                                        registries in the development, 
                                        maintenance, and refinement of 
                                        measures is preserved or 
                                        strengthened.
                            ``(iv) Secretarial response to 
                        recommendations.--
                                    ``(I) In general.--Not later than 
                                120 days after the Task Force issues 
                                recommendations with respect to 
                                measures for a performance period, the 
                                Secretary shall transmit to the Task 
                                Force and to the Committee on Ways and 
                                Means and the Committee on Energy and 
                                Commerce of the House of 
                                Representatives and the Committee on 
                                Finance of the Senate a formal written 
                                response that, with respect to each 
                                such recommendation, affirmatively 
                                states one of the following:
                                            ``(aa) The Secretary will 
                                        implement the recommendation as 
                                        issued.
                                            ``(bb) The Secretary will 
                                        implement the recommendation 
                                        with specified modifications, 
                                        accompanied by a written 
                                        explanation of the 
                                        modifications and the clinical, 
                                        administrative, or program 
                                        integrity basis for each such 
                                        modification.
                                            ``(cc) The Secretary will 
                                        implement the recommendation in 
                                        part, accompanied by a written 
                                        explanation of which elements 
                                        will be implemented and the 
                                        basis for declining the 
                                        remainder.
                                            ``(dd) The Secretary 
                                        declines to implement the 
                                        recommendation, accompanied by 
                                        a detailed written explanation 
                                        of the clinical, 
                                        administrative, or program 
                                        integrity basis for the 
                                        decision.
                                    ``(II) Inclusion of measures.--
                                            ``(aa) In general.--The 
                                        Secretary shall include a 
                                        measure receiving a 
                                        recommendation from the Task 
                                        Force for a performance period 
                                        in the final measures list 
                                        published under subparagraph 
                                        (D)(i) for such performance 
                                        period unless the Secretary, 
                                        not later than 90 days after 
                                        receiving the recommendation, 
                                        publishes in the Federal 
                                        Register a written 
                                        determination explaining the 
                                        specific clinical, 
                                        administrative, or program 
                                        integrity basis for excluding 
                                        the measure.
                                            ``(bb) Further requirements 
                                        for certain recommendations.--
                                        Notwithstanding item (aa), with 
                                        respect to any measure 
                                        recommended by the Task Force 
                                        for a performance period with 
                                        the support of not fewer than 
                                        75 percent of the members of 
                                        the Task Force, the Secretary 
                                        may not exclude such measure 
                                        from the final measures list 
                                        published under subparagraph 
                                        (D)(i) for such performance 
                                        period unless the Secretary--

                                                    ``(AA) consults 
                                                with the task force 
                                                regarding such proposed 
                                                exclusion; and

                                                    ``(BB) includes in 
                                                the written 
                                                determination under 
                                                subclause (I) a 
                                                response to the Task 
                                                Force's position and a 
                                                specific finding that 
                                                the basis for exclusion 
                                                outweighs the clinical 
                                                judgment of the Task 
                                                Force.

                                    ``(III) Annual report.--Not later 
                                than March 1 of each year beginning 
                                with the first calendar year after the 
                                Task Force issues its initial 
                                recommendations, the Secretary shall 
                                submit to the Committee on Ways and 
                                Means and the Committee on Energy and 
                                Commerce of the House of 
                                Representatives and the Committee on 
                                Finance of the Senate, and shall make 
                                publicly available on the website of 
                                the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid 
                                Services, a report that includes, for 
                                each recommendation issued by the Task 
                                Force during the preceding calendar 
                                year--
                                            ``(aa) the text of the 
                                        recommendation and the vote of 
                                        the Task Force;
                                            ``(bb) the Secretary's 
                                        response under subclause (I);
                                            ``(cc) the outcome with 
                                        respect to the final measures 
                                        list published under 
                                        subparagraph (D)(i), including 
                                        whether the recommended measure 
                                        was included, included with 
                                        modifications, or excluded; and
                                            ``(dd) if the measure was 
                                        excluded or modified, the 
                                        written justification provided 
                                        under subclause (I).''.

SEC. 204. MODIFICATION OF MIPS PAYMENT ADJUSTMENTS.

    (a) In General.--Section 1848(q)(6)(B) of the Social Security Act 
(42 U.S.C. 1395w-4(q)(6)(B)) is amended--
            (1) in clause (iii), by striking ``and'' at the end;
            (2) in clause (iv), by amending such clause to read as 
        follows:
                            ``(iv) for 2022 and subsequent years 
                        (through 2026), 9 percent;''; and
            (3) by adding at the end the following new clauses:
                            ``(v) for 2027 through 2031, 2 percent;
                            ``(vi) for 2032, 3 percent;
                            ``(vii) for 2033, 4 percent; and
                            ``(viii) for 2034, 5 percent.''.
    (b) No Reduction in Case of Failure To Provide Feedback.--
            (1) In general.--Section 1848(q)(6) of the Social Security 
        Act (42 U.S.C. 1395w-4(q)(6)) is amended by adding at the end 
        the following new subparagraph:
                    ``(G) No reduction in payments in case of failure 
                to provide feedback.--Notwithstanding the preceding 
                provisions of this paragraph, in the case that the 
                Secretary fails to provide a MIPS eligible professional 
                feedback required under paragraph (12) with respect to 
                the performance of such professional for a performance 
                period with respect to a year for administrative 
                claims-based measures included in the performance 
                categories described in subparagraph (A)(i)(II) of such 
                paragraph, if application of subparagraph (E) would 
                result in a negative adjustment to payment for covered 
                professional services furnished by such professional 
                during such year, the product otherwise determined 
                under such subparagraph for such professional and year 
                shall be deemed to be zero.''.
            (2) Modification of feedback requirements.--Section 
        1848(q)(12) of the Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. 1395w-
        4(q)(12)) is amended--
                    (A) in subparagraph (A)(i)(II), by inserting 
                ``(and, beginning with 2032, shall, on a quarterly 
                basis and with respect to administrative claims-based 
                measures in accordance with clause (vi))'' after 
                ``may''; and
                    (B) by adding at the end the following new clause:
                            ``(vi) Feedback on administrative-claims 
                        based measures.--With respect to quarters 
                        beginning on or after January 1, 2032, the 
                        Secretary shall, not later than 60 days after 
                        each such quarter, provide to each MIPS 
                        eligible professional, with respect to 
                        administrative claims-based measures included 
                        in the performance categories described in 
                        subparagraph (A)(i)(II), feedback on such 
                        professional's performance, including--
                                    ``(I) a description of the patients 
                                and episodes attributed with respect to 
                                such measures for purposes of assessing 
                                the performance of such professional 
                                during such quarter;
                                    ``(II) an identification of the 
                                items and services furnished by such 
                                professional or another individual that 
                                will contribute to the assessment of 
                                the performance of such professional 
                                during such quarter with respect to 
                                such measures; and
                                    ``(III) an identification of 
                                whether each item or service identified 
                                under subitem (BB) for the quarter was 
                                furnished by such professional or 
                                another individual (and, in the case 
                                that the performance of such 
                                professional for such quarter with 
                                respect to such measures is assessed 
                                based on participation in a group 
                                practice or other group, whether each 
                                such item or service was furnished by 
                                such professional, another individual 
                                in such group, or another individual 
                                outside of such group).''.
    (c) Extension of Additional Incentive Payments for Certain 
Professionals.--Section 1848(q)(6) of the Social Security Act (42 
U.S.C. 1395w-4(q)(6)) is amended--
            (1) in subparagraph (C)--
                    (A) by inserting ``and for 2032 and each subsequent 
                year'' after ``2024,''; and
                    (B) by inserting ``(other than, with respect to 
                2032 and each subsequent year, such a professional that 
                is part of an excluded practice (as defined in section 
                1866H(f)))'' after ``MIPS eligible professional''; and
            (2) in subparagraph (F)(iv)(I), by inserting ``and for 2032 
        and each subsequent year'' before the period.
    (d) Reduction in Positive Adjustments for Certain Professionals.--
Section 1848(q)(6) of the Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. 1395w-
4(q)(6)), as amended by paragraph (1), is further amended by adding at 
the end the following new subparagraph:
                    ``(H) Reduction in positive adjustments for certain 
                professionals.--The Secretary shall reduce each 
                positive MIPS adjustment factor otherwise determined 
                under this paragraph for a year (beginning with 2032) 
                for a MIPS eligible professional who is part of an 
                excluded practice (as defined in section 1866H(f)) by 
                50 percent. The preceding sentence shall be applied in 
                a budget neutral manner.''.

SEC. 205. MODIFYING REQUIREMENTS AND APPROVAL PERIODS FOR QUALIFIED 
              CLINICAL DATA REGISTRIES.

    Section 1848(m)(3)(E) of the Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. 1395w-
4(m)(3)(E)) is amended--
            (1) in clause (i), by adding at the end the following: 
        ``Beginning January 1, 2027, such requirements shall include a 
        requirement that the entity--
                                    ``(I) be established and operated 
                                by a professional society that is 
                                controlled or led by a designated 
                                practitioner (as defined in section 
                                1866H) and that has demonstrated 
                                expertise in developing evidence-based 
                                clinical practice guidelines and 
                                quality measures for improving patient 
                                outcomes;
                                    ``(II) demonstrates adherence to 
                                data quality and fidelity standards, 
                                including standards relating to data 
                                elements, data completeness, and 
                                validation processes;
                                    ``(III) demonstrates capacity to 
                                generate timely, actionable feedback to 
                                participating practitioners to support 
                                continuous quality improvement and 
                                track practitioner use of such 
                                feedback;
                                    ``(IV) demonstrate transparency in 
                                measure development (including the 
                                methodology used in such measures and 
                                any risk adjustment used in such 
                                measures); and
                                    ``(V) has established self-audit or 
                                review processes focusing on data 
                                accuracy, measure integrity, and 
                                appropriate use of results.''; and
            (2) in clause (v), by adding the following flush matter at 
        the end:
                        ``A determination or designation made under 
                        this clause on or after January 1, 2027, shall 
                        be effective for a period of 3 years. At the 
                        end of such period, the Secretary (or, in the 
                        case of a designation made by an organization, 
                        such organization) may extend such 
                        determination or designation (as applicable) 
                        for subsequent 3-year periods based on a 
                        showing by such entity that such entity 
                        continues to meet the requirements of clause 
                        (i).''.

SEC. 206. EXPANDED ACCESS TO CLAIMS DATA TO FACILITATE RESEARCH AND 
              QUALITY IMPROVEMENT.

    (a) In General.--Not later than January 1, 2027, the Secretary of 
Health and Human Services shall establish a process to allow a 
qualified clinical data registry under section 1848(m)(3)(E) of the 
Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. 1395w-4(m)(3)(E)) or a clinician-led 
clinical data registry under section 4005 of the 21st Century Cures Act 
(Public Law 114-255) to request claims data described in subsection (b) 
(in a form and manner determined to be appropriate by the Secretary) 
for the purposes of--
            (1) linking such data with clinical outcomes data;
            (2) conducting quality assessments and quality improvement 
        activities of providers of services (as defined in subsection 
        (u) of section 1861 of the Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. 
        1395x) and suppliers (as defined in subsection (d) of such 
        section)), reporting the results of such assessments and 
        activities to such providers and suppliers, and performing 
        risk-adjusted, scientifically valid analyses and research to 
        support quality improvement or patient safety; and
            (3) publishing research and quality improvement analyses, 
        which may include deidentified combined claims and clinical 
        outcomes data.
    (b) Claims Data Described.--For purposes of subsection (a), the 
claims data described in this subsection--
            (1) are--
                    (A) claims data under the Medicare program under 
                title XVIII of the Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. 1395 
                et seq.); and
                    (B) if the Secretary determines appropriate, claims 
                data under the Medicaid program under title XIX of such 
                Act (42 U.S.C. 1396 et seq.) and the State Children's 
                Health Insurance Program under title XXI of such Act 
                (42 U.S.C. 1397aa et seq.); and
            (2) may include provider-specific claims data, clinical 
        specialty-specific claims data, State-specific claims data, or 
        nationwide claims data.
    (c) Treatment of Qualified Clinical Data Registries and Clinician-
Led Clinical Data Registries.--For the purposes of this section, 
qualified clinical data registries and clinician-led clinical data 
registries shall not be required to be qualified entities, as defined 
in section 1874(e)(2) of the Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. 
1395kk(e)(2)), or quasi-qualified entities, to access claims data 
pursuant to subsection (a).
    (d) Fee.--Data described in subsection (b) shall be made available 
to a qualified clinical data registry or clinician-led clinical data 
registry under this section at a reasonable fee equal to the cost of 
making such data available. Any fee collected pursuant to the preceding 
sentence shall be deposited into the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid 
Services Program Management Account.

SEC. 207. MODIFICATION OF APPROPRIATE USE CRITERIA DATA COLLECTION FOR 
              APPLICABLE IMAGING SERVICES.

    (a) In General.--Section 1834(q) of the Social Security Act (42 
U.S.C. 1395m(q)) is amended--
            (1) in paragraph (3)(B)(ii)--
                    (A) in subclause (IV), by striking ``generates and 
                provides to the ordering professional a certification 
                or documentation that''; and
                    (B) by adding at the end the following new 
                subclause:
                                    ``(VIII) Beginning January 1, 2027, 
                                the mechanism provides to the 
                                Secretary--
                                            ``(aa) the information 
                                        described in subclauses (III) 
                                        and (IV);
                                            ``(bb) the information 
                                        described in paragraph (4)(B); 
                                        and
                                            ``(cc) such other 
                                        information as the Secretary 
                                        determines to be appropriate, 
                                        at such time, and in such form 
                                        and manner, as the Secretary 
                                        may specify.'';
            (2) in paragraph (4)--
                    (A) in subparagraph (A), by striking clause (ii) 
                and inserting the following:
                            ``(ii) beginning January 1, 2027, comply 
                        with such requirements as the Secretary may 
                        establish.'';
                    (B) in subparagraph (B)--
                            (i) in the heading, by striking 
                        ``furnishing professional'' and inserting 
                        ``qualified clinical decision support 
                        mechanism'';
                            (ii) in the matter preceding clause (i)--
                                    (I) by striking ``with January 1, 
                                2017'' and inserting ``January 1, 
                                2027''; and
                                    (II) by striking ``payment for such 
                                service may only be made if the claim 
                                for the service includes'' and 
                                inserting ``the qualified decision 
                                support mechanism shall maintain and 
                                report to the Secretary under 
                                subparagraph (F)''; and
                            (iii) in clause (iii), by striking ``(if 
                        different from the furnishing professional)'';
                    (C) in subparagraph (C), by adding at the end the 
                following new clauses:
                            ``(iv) Clinical trials.--An applicable 
                        imaging service that is ordered for an 
                        individual as part of a clinical trial.
                            ``(v) Small and rural practices.--An 
                        applicable imaging service ordered by an 
                        ordering professional practicing in a small 
                        practice (consisting of 15 or fewer ordering 
                        professionals), or a practice in a health 
                        professional shortage area (as designated under 
                        section 332(a)(1)(A) of the Public Health 
                        Service Act) located in a rural area.
                            ``(vi) Specified exemptions.--The following 
                        types of applicable imaging services:
                                    ``(I) A mammography.
                                    ``(II) A lung cancer screening 
                                performed using computed tomography.
                                    ``(III) A colonography performed 
                                using computed tomography.
                                    ``(IV) Such a service furnished to 
                                treat an emergency medical condition or 
                                a suspected emergency medical 
                                condition.
                                    ``(V) Such other preventive or 
                                screening imaging services as the 
                                Secretary determines appropriate.'';
                    (D) in subparagraph (D), by adding at the end the 
                following new clause:
                            ``(iv) Any other payment system determined 
                        appropriate by the Secretary.''; and
                    (E) by adding at the end the following new 
                subparagraphs:
                    ``(E) Furnishing professional requirement.--
                Beginning January 1, 2027, with respect to an 
                applicable imaging service furnished in an applicable 
                setting and paid for under an applicable payment system 
                (as defined in subparagraph (D)), the furnishing 
                professional shall include the national provider 
                identifier of the ordering professional (if different 
                from the furnishing professional) on the claim for the 
                service.
                    ``(F) Reporting requirements.--The Secretary shall 
                provide, through guidance or rulemaking, information on 
                appropriate ways that each qualified clinical decision 
                support mechanism may report the information maintained 
                under subparagraph (B) to the Secretary to support the 
                Secretary in implementing paragraphs (5) and (6).'';
            (3) in paragraph (5)--
                    (A) in the heading, by striking ``outlier'' and 
                inserting ``low compliant'';
                    (B) by striking subparagraphs (A) and (B) and 
                inserting the following:
                    ``(A) In general.--With respect to applicable 
                imaging services furnished on or after January 1, 2027, 
                the Secretary shall determine on an annual basis the 
                total number of ordering professionals who are 
                designated as low compliant ordering professionals 
                under subparagraph (B).
                    ``(B) Low compliant ordering professionals.--The 
                Secretary shall designate ordering professionals with a 
                compliance rate (as determined under subparagraph (D)) 
                lower than an amount determined by the Secretary as low 
                compliant ordering professionals.'';
                    (C) in paragraph (C), by striking ``outlier'' and 
                inserting ``low compliant'';
                    (D) by striking subparagraph (D) and inserting the 
                following:
                    ``(D) Determination of compliance rate.--
                            ``(i) In general.--
                                    ``(I) Compliance rates.--For 
                                applicable imaging services furnished 
                                on or after January 1, 2027, the 
                                Secretary shall determine a compliance 
                                rate (as defined in clause (ii)) for 
                                each ordering professional for a period 
                                specified by the Secretary.
                                    ``(II) Use of data.--In determining 
                                a compliance rate for an ordering 
                                professional under subclause (I), the 
                                Secretary shall use data made available 
                                to the Secretary by qualified clinical 
                                decision support mechanisms published 
                                in the list under paragraph (3)(C) that 
                                were consulted by the ordering 
                                professional for the period specified 
                                by the Secretary under subclause (I).
                            ``(ii) Definition of compliance rate.--
                                    ``(I) In general.--In this 
                                subparagraph, the term `compliance 
                                rate' means, with respect to the 
                                requirement under paragraph (4)(A) that 
                                an order from an ordering professional 
                                for an applicable imaging service was 
                                the subject of consultation with a 
                                qualified decision support mechanism, 
                                the ratio (expressed as a percentage) 
                                of--
                                            ``(aa) the number of orders 
                                        from such ordering professional 
                                        included in a report from one 
                                        or more qualified decision 
                                        support mechanisms described in 
                                        paragraph (3)(B); and
                                            ``(bb) the aggregate number 
                                        of such orders from such 
                                        ordering professional for such 
                                        period.
                                    ``(II) Exclusion of excepted 
                                orders.--In calculating the compliance 
                                rate for an ordering professional under 
                                subclause (I), the Secretary shall 
                                exclude from the total number of orders 
                                in item (bb) of such subclause any 
                                order for an applicable imaging service 
                                described in paragraph (4)(C).''; and
                    (E) in subparagraph (E), by striking ``outlier'' 
                and inserting ``low compliant'';
            (4) by striking paragraph (6) and inserting the following:
            ``(6) Study and report on low compliant ordering 
        professionals and utilization of applicable imaging services.--
                    ``(A) In general.--Not later than January 1, 2031, 
                and every 5 years thereafter, the Secretary shall 
                conduct a study regarding the compliance rates 
                calculated under paragraph (5) and submit a report to 
                Congress that--
                            ``(i) discusses--
                                    ``(I) such rates and compliance 
                                with this subsection;
                                    ``(II) the impact this subsection 
                                has on the utilization of applicable 
                                imaging services; and
                                    ``(III) potential mechanisms for 
                                improving compliance with this 
                                subsection, including--
                                            ``(aa) prior authorization 
                                        for applicable imaging services 
                                        ordered by low compliant 
                                        ordering professionals;
                                            ``(bb) any payment 
                                        adjustment related to the 
                                        services, or a subset of 
                                        services, that the Secretary 
                                        may designate under the fee 
                                        schedule under section 1848; or
                                            ``(cc) other mechanisms 
                                        determined appropriate by the 
                                        Secretary; and
                            ``(ii) proposes alternative compliance rate 
                        thresholds for low compliant ordering 
                        professionals for purposes of paragraph 
                        (5)(B).''; and
            (5) by adding at the end the following new paragraph:
            ``(8) Specialty society endorsement.--In specifying 
        applicable appropriate use criteria for applicable imaging 
        services under paragraph (2) and qualified clinical decision 
        support mechanisms under paragraph (3), the Secretary shall 
        substantially adhere to the approach described in section 
        414.94 of title 42, Code of Federal Regulations (as in effect 
        on January 1, 2023).''.
    (b) Effective Date.--The amendments made by subsection (a) shall 
apply with respect to items and services furnished on or after January 
1, 2027.

SEC. 208. RULES OF CONSTRUCTION.

    (a) In General.--None of the amendments made by this title may be 
construed to--
            (1) transfer ownership of a measure developed by a 
        qualified clinical data registry to the Secretary or any other 
        entity without the authorization of the qualified clinical data 
        registry; or
            (2) require a qualified clinical data registry to 
        relinquish intellectual property rights as a condition of 
        having a measure considered for inclusion in the annual final 
        list of measures.
    (b) IP.--The Secretary of Health and Human Services shall recognize 
that measures developed by qualified clinical data registries are the 
intellectual property of such registries, including any specifications, 
methodologies, scoring algorithms, specialty or subspecialty 
guidelines, and related materials associated with such measures. 
Nothing in this title shall prohibit a qualified clinical data registry 
from voluntarily licensing a measure to the Secretary or other entities 
under terms agreed to by such registry.

                       TITLE III--APM IMPROVEMENT

SEC. 301. QUALIFYING APM PARTICIPANT THRESHOLD FREEZE.

    (a) In General.--Section 1833(z)(2) of the Social Security Act (42 
U.S.C. 1395l(z)(2)) is amended--
            (1) in subparagraph (B)--
                    (A) in the header, by striking ``2026 and 2028'' 
                and inserting ``2029''; and
                    (B) in the matter preceding clause (i), by striking 
                ``2026 and 2028'' and inserting ``2029''; and
            (2) in subparagraph (C)--
                    (A) in the header, by striking ``2027 and 2029'' 
                and inserting ``2030''; and
                    (B) in the matter preceding clause (i), by striking 
                ``2027 and 2029'' and inserting ``2030''.
    (b) Conforming Amendments.--Section 1848(q)(1)(C)(iii) of the 
Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. 1395w-4(q)(1)(C)(iii)) is amended--
            (1) in subclause (II), in the matter preceding item (aa), 
        by striking ``2026 and 2028'' and inserting ``2029''; and
            (2) in subclause (III), the matter preceding item (aa), by 
        striking ``2027 and 2029'' and inserting ``2030''.
    (c) Authority To Modify Thresholds.--Section 1848(q)(1)(C)(iii) of 
the Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. 1395w-4(q)(1)(C)(iii)) is amended--
            (1) in subclause (II)--
                    (A) in item (aa), by inserting ``(or such lower 
                percentage as may be specified by the Secretary)'' 
                after ``40 percent''; and
                    (B) in item (bb), by inserting ``(or such lower 
                percentages as may be specified by the Secretary)'' 
                after ``respectively''; and
            (2) in subclause (III)--
                    (A) in item (aa), by inserting ``(or such lower 
                percentage as may be specified by the Secretary)'' 
                after ``50 percent''; and
                    (B) in item (bb), by inserting ``(or such lower 
                percentages as may be specified by the Secretary)'' 
                after ``respectively''.

SEC. 302. CMI MODEL REQUIREMENTS.

    Section 1115A of the Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. 1315a) is 
amended--
            (1) in subsection (b)(3)(B), by inserting ``, pursuant to 
        notice-and-comment rulemaking,'' after ``The Secretary shall'';
            (2) in subsection (c), in the flush matter at the end, by 
        adding at the end the following new sentence: ``The Secretary 
        may terminate a model expanded under this subsection prior to 
        the date set for such termination at the time of such expansion 
        only pursuant to notice and comment rulemaking.''; and
            (3) in subsection (g), by adding at the end the following 
        new sentence: ``Each such report submitted in 2027 or a 
        subsequent year shall contain, with respect to each model 
        tested under subsection (b), a description of any savings 
        generated by such model.''.

SEC. 303. REPORT ON BARRIERS TO PARTICIPATION IN VALUE-BASED PAYMENT 
              MODELS.

    Not later than December 31, 2029, the Comptroller General of the 
United States, in consultation with the Medicare Payment Advisory 
Commission, shall submit to the Committees on Energy and Commerce and 
Ways and Means of the House of Representatives, and the Committee on 
Finance of the Senate, a report on ongoing barriers to participation in 
value-based payment models for specialty providers under the Medicare 
program. Such report shall contain specific policy recommendations to 
reduce such barriers.

                TITLE IV--PHYSICIAN PAYMENT IMPROVEMENTS

SEC. 401. UPDATING THE BUDGET NEUTRALITY THRESHOLD.

    Section 1848(c)(2)(B)(ii)(II) of the Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. 
1395w-4(c)(2)(B)(ii)(II)) is amended--
            (1) by striking ``Subject to'' and inserting the following:
                                            ``(aa) In general.--Subject 
                                        to'';
            (2) in item (aa), as inserted by paragraph (1), by striking 
        ``$20,000,000'' and inserting ``the amount specified in item 
        (bb) for such year''; and
            (3) by adding at the end the following new items:
                                            ``(bb) Amount specified.--
                                        For purposes of item (aa), 
                                        subject to item (cc), the 
                                        amount specified in this item 
                                        is--

                                                    ``(AA) for years 
                                                before 2028, 
                                                $20,000,000;

                                                    ``(BB) for 2028, 
                                                $57,640,000; and

                                                    ``(CC) for 2029 and 
                                                each subsequent year, 
                                                the amount specified in 
                                                this item for the 
                                                preceding year.

                                            ``(cc) Indexing limitation 
                                        on annual adjustments.--For 
                                        2033 and every subsequent fifth 
                                        year, the Secretary shall 
                                        increase the amount specified 
                                        in item (bb) for such year by 
                                        the cumulative percentage 
                                        increase in the MEI (as defined 
                                        in section 1842(i)(3)) 
                                        applicable to physicians' 
                                        services for each year 
                                        occurring during the 5-year 
                                        period ending on the last day 
                                        of the preceding year.''.

SEC. 402. BUDGET NEUTRALITY CORRECTIONS RELATING TO ESTIMATED 
              UTILIZATION.

    (a) In General.--Section 1848(c)(2)(B) of the Social Security Act 
(42 U.S.C. 1395w-4(c)(2)(B)) is amended by adding at the end the 
following new clause:
                            ``(vii) Budget neutrality corrections 
                        relating to estimated utilization.--
                                    ``(I) In general.--In the case of a 
                                budget neutrality adjustment applied 
                                pursuant to clause (ii)(II) for a year 
                                (beginning with 2029) that is 
                                determined in part using estimated 
                                utilization (as defined in subclause 
                                (II)(bb)) with respect to a specified 
                                service (as defined in subclause 
                                (II)(cc)), the Secretary shall, as part 
                                of the final rule establishing the 
                                physician fee schedule under this 
                                section for the assumption correction 
                                period (as defined in subclause 
                                (II)(aa)) with respect to such year--
                                            ``(aa) determine the 
                                        difference between expenditures 
                                        for such service in such year 
                                        using estimated utilization and 
                                        actual utilization for such 
                                        service (in a manner determined 
                                        appropriate by the Secretary); 
                                        and
                                            ``(bb) in the case that the 
                                        Secretary determines the 
                                        difference described in item 
                                        (aa) is greater than the 
                                        threshold amount (as defined in 
                                        subclause (II)(dd)) for such 
                                        year, adjust the conversion 
                                        factor under this section for 
                                        such assumption correction 
                                        period by such amount to 
                                        reconcile such difference 
                                        (which may be positive or 
                                        negative), as determined by the 
                                        Secretary.
                                    ``(II) Definitions.--For purposes 
                                of this clause:
                                            ``(aa) Assumption 
                                        correction period.--The term 
                                        `assumption correction period' 
                                        means, with respect to a year, 
                                        the second year beginning after 
                                        such year.
                                            ``(bb) Estimated 
                                        utilization.--The term 
                                        `estimated utilization' means 
                                        an estimate of utilization used 
                                        for purposes of applying clause 
                                        (ii)(II).
                                            ``(cc) Specified service.--
                                        The term `specified service' 
                                        means, with respect to a year, 
                                        a service--

                                                    ``(AA) with 
                                                expected expenditures 
                                                for such year under 
                                                this section based on 
                                                estimated utilization 
                                                that exceed the 
                                                threshold amount (as 
                                                defined in item (dd)) 
                                                for such year; and

                                                    ``(BB) for which 
                                                payment had been 
                                                bundled into payment 
                                                for another service 
                                                during the preceding 
                                                year and for which a 
                                                separate payment or 
                                                add-on payment is made 
                                                during such year.

                                            ``(dd) Threshold amount.--
                                        The term `threshold amount' 
                                        means, with respect to a year, 
                                        0.1 percent of the total 
                                        estimated expenditures under 
                                        this part for services 
                                        furnished under this section 
                                        during such year.''.
    (b) Nonapplication of Budget Neutrality to Reconciliation 
Adjustments.--Section 1848(c)(2)(B) of the Social Security Act (42 
U.S.C. 1395w-4(c)(2)(B)) is amended--
            (1) in clause (iv)--
                    (A) in subclause (V), by striking ``and'' at the 
                end;
                    (B) in subclause (VI), by striking the period and 
                inserting ``; and''; and
                    (C) by adding at the end the following new 
                subclause:
                                    ``(VII) clause (vii)(I)(bb) for an 
                                assumption correction period (as 
                                defined in clause (vii)(II)) shall not 
                                be taken into account in applying 
                                clause (ii)(II) with respect to such 
                                period.''; and
            (2) in clause (v), by adding at the end the following new 
        subclause:
                                    ``(XII) Reductions attributable to 
                                an assumption correction.--For an 
                                assumption correction period (as 
                                defined in clause (vii)(II)), reduced 
                                expenditures attributable to 
                                application of clause (vii)(I)(bb) with 
                                respect to such period.''.

SEC. 403. TIMELY UPDATES TO DIRECT COSTS USED TO CALCULATE PRACTICE 
              EXPENSE RVUS.

    Section 1848(c)(2)(B) of the Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. 1395w-
4(c)(2)(B)), as amended by section 3, is further amended by adding at 
the end the following new clause:
                            ``(viii) Timely updates to direct costs 
                        used to calculate practice expense relative 
                        value units.--
                                    ``(I) Simultaneous updates to 
                                direct cost inputs at least once every 
                                5 years.--The Secretary shall, not less 
                                often than every 5 years, update the 
                                prices and rates, as applicable, on a 
                                category-wide basis for each of the 
                                categories of direct cost inputs 
                                described in subclause (II) used in the 
                                methodology for calculating the 
                                practice expense relative value units 
                                under this subsection for physicians' 
                                services. Updates made pursuant to the 
                                previous sentence shall be made in the 
                                same year for all categories of direct 
                                cost inputs described in such 
                                subclause.
                                    ``(II) Direct cost inputs 
                                categories described.--For purposes of 
                                this clause, the categories of direct 
                                cost inputs described in this subclause 
                                are clinical staff wage rates, prices 
                                of medical supplies, prices of 
                                equipment, and any other category of 
                                such inputs used in the methodology 
                                described in subclause (I) (as 
                                specified by the Secretary).
                                    ``(III) Consultation.--In making 
                                the updates under this clause, the 
                                Secretary shall consult with relevant 
                                stakeholders, including physician 
                                specialty societies.''.

SEC. 404. LIMITATION ON YEAR-TO-YEAR CONVERSION FACTOR VARIANCE.

    Section 1848(c)(2)(B) of the Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. 1395w-
4(c)(2)(B)), as amended by sections 3 and 4, is further amended by 
adding at the end the following new clause:
                            ``(ix) Limitation on conversion factor 
                        variance.--
                                    ``(I) In general.--Beginning with 
                                2027, the Secretary may not, for 
                                purposes of complying with clause 
                                (ii)(II), apply a budget neutrality 
                                adjustment to a conversion factor 
                                established under subsection (d) for 
                                such year that would cause such factor, 
                                not taking into account any adjustment 
                                to such factor for such year provided 
                                under such subsection, to vary by more 
                                than 2.5 percent compared to such 
                                factor so established for the preceding 
                                year.
                                    ``(II) Continued applicability of 
                                budget neutrality requirement.--Nothing 
                                in subclause (I) may be construed to 
                                alter the requirement described in 
                                clause (ii)(II).''.
                                 <all>