Conservation of marine mammals adversely affected by climate change

(a)

In general

The Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 (16 U.S.C. 1361 et seq.) is amended by inserting after section 120 the following:

121.

Conservation of marine mammals adversely affected by climate change

(a)

Climate impact management plans

(1)Within 24 months after the date of enactment of this section, the Secretary, in consultation with the Marine Mammal Commission, shall publish in the Federal Register, after notice and opportunity for public comment, a list of those marine mammal species and population stocks in waters under the jurisdiction of the United States for which climate change, alone or in combination or interaction with other factors, is more likely than not to result in a decline in population abundance, of impeding population recovery, or of reducing carrying capacity. The list shall identify— (A)any species or population stock for which such impacts are likely to occur within 20 years; and (B)any species or population stock listed as a threatened species or endangered species under the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.) for which such impacts have more than a remote possibility of occurring within 100 years. (2) (A)The Secretary, in consultation with the Marine Mammal Commission, shall review the list adopted pursuant to paragraph (1) at least once every 5 years, or more frequently if significant new information becomes available, and, after notice and opportunity for public comment, shall publish a revised list in the Federal Register. (B)Within 12 months after receiving the petition of an interested person under section 553(e) of title 5, United States Code, to add a marine mammal species or population stock to the list published under paragraph (1), the Secretary, in consultation with the Marine Mammal Commission and after notice and opportunity for public comment, shall publish in the Federal Register its finding of whether the petitioned action is warranted. If the petitioned action is deemed warranted, the Secretary shall publish at the same time the revision adding such species or population stock. (3) (A) (i)The Secretary shall publish in the Federal Register a draft climate impact management plan for each marine mammal species or population stock— (I)listed under paragraph (1)(A), within 18 months after the listing; and (II)listed under paragraph (1)(B), within 30 months after the listing. (ii)Each draft climate impact management plan shall be developed in consultation with the Marine Mammal Commission and, as appropriate, other Federal agencies, and shall be made available for public review and comment for a period not to exceed 90 days. (iii)No later than 120 days after the close of the comment period required under clause (ii), the Secretary shall issue a final climate impact management plan and implementing regulations that are consistent with the other provisions of this section and, to the full extent available under the Secretary’s authorities under this Act and other statutes, implement the conservation and management measures identified in the plan. (iv) (I)If there is insufficient funding available to develop and implement a climate impact management plan under this subparagraph for each marine mammal species and population stock included on the list published under paragraph (1), the Secretary, after consultation with the Marine Mammal Commission, shall give highest priority to each marine mammal species and population stock for which the impacts described in paragraph (1) are most significant and for which a climate impact management plan will best promote the conservation of the marine mammal species or population stock. (II)Any marine mammal species or population stock included on the list published under paragraph (1) for which a climate impact management plan is not developed or implemented due to insufficient funding shall be deemed to be— (aa)depleted for purposes of implementing section 101(a)(3)(B); and (bb)a strategic stock for purposes of implementing this title. (B)Each climate impact management plan under subparagraph (A) shall include a comprehensive strategy for conserving and recovering of such marine mammal stocks and species given the anticipated direct and indirect effects of climate change and increasing resiliency in the species or population stock, and shall identify conservation and management measures to— (i)conserve and recover such species and population stocks given the anticipated adverse effects of climate change on such species and population stocks and their prey; (ii)monitor, reduce, and prevent interactions with fisheries and other human activities that may occur as a result of changes in marine mammal distribution or other indirect effects of climate change; (iii)increase resiliency by materially reducing other human impacts on such species and population stocks, including the reduction of incidental taking of marine mammals and of the degradation of the habitat of such species and population stocks, and by managing prey species to improve the availability of prey to such species and population stocks; and (iv)take any other action as may be necessary to implement the strategy set forth in the climate impact management plan. (C)Each climate impact management plan under subparagraph (A) shall include objective, measurable criteria for evaluating the effectiveness and sufficiency of such measures to meet the purposes of this Act. (D) (i)All other Federal agencies shall, in consultation with and with the assistance of the Secretary, utilize their authorities in furtherance of the strategy and conservation and management measures set forth in climate impact management plans developed under this subsection and ensure that their actions do not conflict or interfere with the objectives of such climate impact management plans. The Secretary shall consult with the Marine Mammal Commission and, as may be warranted, other agencies in the implementation of such climate impact management plans. (ii)With respect to any Federal agency action authorized, funded, or undertaken by such agency that, in the view of the Secretary or of the agency, may conflict or interfere with the objectives of such climate impact management plans, such agency shall, in consultation with the Secretary, ensure that such action is consistent with the climate impact management plans. To the extent that the Secretary determines it is impossible for such action to be consistent with the climate impact management plan, the Secretary shall require measures to minimize any such conflicts, in addition to any other measures required by law, and the agency shall adopt such measures required by the Secretary. (E)When appropriate, the Secretary may, and is encouraged to, integrate climate impact management plans into conservation plans adopted under section 115(b) or recovery plans adopted under section 4(f) of the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (16 U.S.C. 1533(f)). (F)The Secretary shall review climate impact management plans and implementing regulations at least once every 5 years, and shall revise and amend them as necessary to meet the goals and requirements of this section. Any changes shall be subject to the procedures and requirements applicable to the adoption of the initial climate impact management plans and regulations. (4)The Secretary shall report to Congress 4 years after the date of enactment of this section, and every 2 years thereafter, on— (A)actions taken to implement this section; (B)any backlog in meeting the schedule set forth in this subsection for adopting, reviewing, and implementing climate impact management plans, or additional resources necessary to address any such backlog; and (C)the effectiveness of implementation and sufficiency of the measures adopted in climate impact management plans, and any recommendations for improving the process or the applicable legislation. (b)

Monitoring of climate impacts

The Secretary shall establish a program within the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to monitor the adverse impacts of climate change on marine mammals. The purposes of the monitoring program shall be to— (1)improve models of projected future changes in marine mammal distribution and densities resulting from climate change; (2)identify and monitor interactions with fisheries and other human activities that may occur as a result of changes in marine mammal distribution or other effects of climate change; (3)monitor the abundance of species and population stocks, to an extent sufficient to detect a 20 percent population decline over 20 years; (4)improve understanding of the impacts of climate change on marine mammal species and population stocks; and (5)assess the direct and indirect contributions of marine mammals to carbon reduction, including through carbon sequestration and nutrient cycling. (c)

Promulgation of regulations for listing marine mammals adversely impacted by climate change

The Secretary shall, within 120 days after the date of the enactment of this section— (1)publish in the Federal Register for public comment, for a period of not less than 60 days, regulations for listing marine mammal species and population stocks adversely impacted by climate change, alone or in combination or interaction with other factors, as described in paragraphs (1) and (2) of subsection (a), taking into account both quantitative and qualitative indicators of adverse impacts of climate change and human activities on such species and stocks, including— (A)direct and indirect mortality and serious injury; (B)loss or degradation of habitat; (C)changes in the distribution or availability of prey; (D)changes in the distribution of marine mammal species and population stocks; (E)decreased genetic diversity or reproductive success; (F)increased susceptibility to pathogens; and (G)increased likelihood of interactions with fisheries and other human activities; and (2)no later than 90 days after the close of the period for such public comment, publish in the Federal Register final regulations for listing marine mammals as required by paragraphs (1) and (2) of subsection (a), to be reviewed at least once every 3 years. (d)

Lack of quantitative information

The lack of quantitative information shall not be a basis for a determination that a species or population stock is not adversely impacted by climate change, alone or in combination or interaction with other factors, as described in paragraphs (1) and (2) of subsection (a). (e)

Estimation of potential biological removal

(1)The Secretary, in estimating the potential biological removal level in stock assessments prepared in accordance with section 117, shall consider the adverse impacts of climate change in determining the recovery factor applied to each stock. (2)The Secretary, in preparing stock assessments in accordance with section 117, shall reexamine the stock definition and geographic range of marine mammal species and population stocks to identify climate-related changes in spatial distribution and stock definition and to identify how such changes may affect human impacts to the species. (f)

Authority To enter into agreements

The Secretary shall— (1)periodically review the status of agreements with foreign governments under section 108(a) concerning the management of transboundary marine mammal species and population stocks, and their prey species, that are, or may be affected by climate change; and (2)through the Secretary of State, initiate the amendment of any such agreement, or negotiations for the development of bilateral or multinational agreements, consistent with the goals and policies of this section. (g)

Construction

This section shall not be construed to limit or restrict any other responsibility of the Secretary or of any other person under this Act or any other statute. (h)

Authorization of appropriations

(1)There is authorized to be appropriated to the Administrator carry out this section, $10,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2027 through 2031. (2)There is authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of the Interior to carry out this section, $5,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2027 through 2031. (3)There is authorized to be appropriated to the Marine Mammal Commission to carry out this section, $1,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2027 through 2031.

(b)

Clerical amendment

The table of contents in the first section of such Act is amended by inserting after the item relating to section 120 the following:

Sec. 121. Conservation of marine mammals adversely affected by climate change.